Jobless_JJ in_II America_NP1 :_: Is_VBZ Double-Digit_JJ Unemployment_NN1 Here_RL to_II Stay_NN1 ?_? 
It_PPH1 was_VBDZ not_XX a_AT1 lesson_NN1 Lawrence_NP1 Summers_NP1 mastered_VVD with_IW great_JJ ease_NN1 ._. 
But_CCB after_CS nearly_RR a_AT1 decade_NNT1 working_VVG beside_II sphinxlike_JJ Alan_NP1 Greenspan_NP1 ,_, and_CC having_VHG watched_VVN his_APPGE own_DA tenure_NN1 as_CSA president_NN1 of_IO Harvard_NP1 cut_VVD short_JJ by_II a_AT1 phrase_NN1 that_CST slipped_VVD too_RG nimbly_RR from_II brain_NN1 to_II mouth_NN1 ,_, Summers_NP1 ,_, director_NN1 of_IO the_AT President_NN1 's_GE National_JJ Economic_JJ Council_NN1 ,_, has_VHZ become_VVN a_AT1 restrained_JJ public_JJ man_NN1 ._. 
Gone_VVN are_VBR the_AT days_NNT2 when_RRQ he_PPHS1 would_VM glibly_RR compare_VVI flailing_JJ financial_JJ markets_NN2 to_II jet_NN1 crashes_NN2 ,_, as_CSA he_PPHS1 did_VDD to_II TIME_NNT1 in_II 1999_MC ._. 
He_PPHS1 is_VBZ mindful_JJ of_IO how_RGQ ill-considered_JJ asides_NN2 by_II policymakers_NN2 can_VM cause_VVI financial-market_JJ angina_NN1 ._. 
So_RR you_PPY can_VM probably_RR imagine_VVI the_AT ripple_NN1 that_CST ran_VVD through_II the_AT Peterson_NP1 Institute_NN1 for_IF International_JJ Economics_NN1 in_II Washington_NP1 in_II July_NPM1 when_RRQ Summers_NP1 looked_VVD up_RP from_II his_APPGE prepared_JJ speech_NN1 ,_, flashed_VVD a_AT1 grin_NN1 and_CC loosed_VVD the_AT sort_NN1 of_IO utterance_NN1 that_CST once_RR upon_II a_AT1 time_NNT1 marked_VVN imminent_JJ indiscretion_NN1 ._. 
"_" There_EX was_VBDZ ,_, "_" he_PPHS1 told_VVD the_AT room_NN1 ,_, "_" a_AT1 fight_NN1 about_II whether_CSW I_PPIS1 was_VBDZ allowed_VVN to_TO say_VVI this_DD1 now_CS21 that_CS22 I_PPIS1 work_VV0 in_II the_AT White_NP1 House_NN1 ._. "_" 
What_DDQ Summers_NP1 proceeded_VVD to_TO offer_VVI was_VBDZ ,_, in_II fact_NN1 ,_, an_AT1 unusually_RR candid_JJ insight_NN1 ._. 
And_CC though_CS couched_VVN in_II jargon_NN1 ,_, it_PPH1 was_VBDZ an_AT1 insider_NN1 's_GE confession_NN1 of_IO why_RRQ our_APPGE present_JJ economic_JJ moment_NN1 is_VBZ fraught_JJ with_IW both_RR danger_NN1 and_CC opportunity_NN1 ._. 
There_EX appears_VVZ to_TO be_VBI ,_, Summers_NP1 told_VVD the_AT suddenly_RR very_RG attentive_JJ crowd_NN1 ,_, a_AT1 strange_JJ bit_NN1 of_IO physics_NN1 working_VVG itself_PPX1 out_RP in_II our_APPGE economy_NN1 ._. 
The_AT problem_NN1 is_VBZ related_VVN to_II a_AT1 hiccup_NN1 in_II an_AT1 economic_JJ rule_NN1 called_VVN Okun_NP1 's_GE law_NN1 ._. 
First_MD mooted_VVN by_II economist_NN1 Arthur_NP1 Okun_NP1 in_II 1962_MC ,_, the_AT law_NN1 (_( it_PPH1 's_VBZ really_RR more_DAR of_IO a_AT1 rule_NN1 of_IO thumb_NN1 )_) says_VVZ that_CST when_CS the_AT economy_NN1 grows_VVZ ,_, it_PPH1 produces_VVZ jobs_NN2 at_II a_AT1 predictable_JJ rate_NN1 ,_, and_CC when_CS it_PPH1 shrinks_VVZ ,_, it_PPH1 sheds_VVZ them_PPHO2 at_II a_AT1 similarly_RR regular_JJ pace_NN1 ._. 
It_PPH1 's_VBZ a_AT1 labor_NN1 version_NN1 of_IO how_RRQ the_AT accelerator_NN1 on_II your_APPGE car_NN1 works_VVZ :_: add_VV0 gas_NN1 ,_, go_VV0 faster_RRR ;_; less_DAR gas_NN1 ,_, go_VV0 slower_RRR ._. 
What_DDQ made_VVD Summers_NP1 '_GE frank_JJ comment_NN1 important_JJ is_VBZ that_CST it_PPH1 suggests_VVZ this_DD1 just-add-gas_JJ relationship_NN1 may_VM now_RT be_VBI malfunctioning_VVG ._. 
The_AT American_JJ economy_NN1 has_VHZ been_VBN shedding_VVG jobs_NN2 much_RR ,_, much_RR faster_RRR than_CSN Okun_NP1 's_GE law_NN1 predicts_VVZ ._. 
According_II21 to_II22 that_DD1 rough_JJ rule_NN1 ,_, we_PPIS2 should_VM be_VBI at_II about_II 8.5%_FO unemployment_NN1 today_RT ,_, not_XX slipping_VVG toward_II 10%_NNU ._. 
Something_PN1 new_JJ and_CC possibly_RR strange_JJ seems_VVZ to_TO be_VBI happening_VVG in_II this_DD1 recession_NN1 ._. 
Something_PN1 unpredicted_JJ by_II the_AT experts_NN2 ._. 
"_" I_PPIS1 do_VD0 n't_XX think_VVI ,_, "_" Summers_NP1 told_VVD the_AT Peterson_NP1 Institute_NN1 crowd_NN1 --_NN1 deviating_VVG again_RT from_II his_APPGE text_NN1 --_NN1 "_" that_CST anyone_PN1 fully_RR understands_VVZ this_DD1 phenomenon_NN1 ._. "_" 
And_CC that_DD1 raises_VVZ some_DD worrying_JJ questions_NN2 ._. 
Will_NP1 creating_VVG jobs_NN2 be_VBI that_RG much_DA1 slower_JJR too_RR ?_? 
Will_NP1 double-digit_JJ unemployment_NN1 persist_VV0 even_RR after_CS we_PPIS2 emerge_VV0 from_II this_DD1 recession_NN1 ?_? 
Has_VHZ the_AT idea_NN1 of_IO full_JJ employment_NN1 rather_RG suddenly_RR become_VV0 antiquated_JJ ?_? 
Is_VBZ there_EX something_PN1 fundamentally_RR broken_VVN in_II the_AT heart_NN1 of_IO our_APPGE economy_NN1 ?_? 
And_CC if_CS so_RR ,_, how_RRQ can_VM we_PPIS2 fix_VVI it_PPH1 ?_? 
The_AT Labor_NN1 Conundrum_NP1 America_NP1 now_RT faces_VVZ the_AT direst_JJT employment_NN1 landscape_NN1 since_CS the_AT Depression_NN1 ._. 
It_PPH1 's_VBZ troubling_VVG not_XX simply_RR for_IF its_APPGE sheer_JJ scale_NN1 but_CCB also_RR because_CS the_AT labor_NN1 market_NN1 ,_, shaped_VVN by_II globalization_NN1 and_CC technology_NN1 and_CC financial_JJ meltdown_NN1 ,_, may_VM be_VBI fundamentally_RR different_JJ from_II anything_PN1 we_PPIS2 've_VH0 seen_VVN before_RT ._. 
And_CC if_CS the_AT result_NN1 is_VBZ that_CST we_PPIS2 're_VBR stuck_VVN with_IW persistent_JJ 9%-to-11%_FO unemployment_NN1 for_IF a_AT1 while_NNT1 --_NN1 a_AT1 range_NN1 whose_DDQGE mathematical_JJ congruence_NN1 with_IW that_DD1 other_JJ 9/11_MF is_VBZ impossible_JJ to_TO miss_VVI --_NN1 we_PPIS2 may_VM be_VBI looking_VVG at_II a_AT1 problem_NN1 that_CST will_VM define_VVI the_AT first_MD term_NN1 of_IO Barack_NP1 Obama_NP1 's_GE presidency_NN1 the_AT way_NN1 the_AT original_JJ 9/11_MF defined_JJ George_NP1 W._NP1 Bush_NP1 's_GE ._. 
Like_II that_DD1 9/11_MF ,_, this_DD1 one_PN1 demands_VVZ a_AT1 careful_JJ refiguring_NN1 of_IO some_DD of_IO the_AT most_RGT basic_JJ tenets_NN2 of_IO national_JJ policy_NN1 ._. 
And_CC just_RR as_CSA the_AT shock_NN1 of_IO Sept._NPM1 11_MC prompted_VVD long-overdue_JJ (_( and_CC still_RR not_XX cemented_VVN )_) reforms_NN2 in_II intelligence_NN1 and_CC defense_NN1 ,_, the_AT jobs_NN2 crisis_NN1 will_VM force_VVI us_PPIO2 to_TO examine_VVI a_AT1 climate_NN1 that_CST has_VHZ been_VBN deteriorating_VVG for_IF years_NNT2 ._. 
The_AT total_JJ number_NN1 of_IO nonfarm_NN1 jobs_NN2 in_II the_AT U.S._NP1 economy_NN1 is_VBZ about_II the_AT same_DA now_RT --_JJ roughly_RR 131_MC million_NNO --_JJ as_CSA it_PPH1 was_VBDZ in_II 1999_MC ._. 
And_CC the_AT Federal_JJ Reserve_NN1 is_VBZ predicting_VVG moderate_JJ growth_NN1 at_RR21 best_RR22 ._. 
That_DD1 means_VVZ more_DAR than_CSN a_AT1 decade_NNT1 without_IW real_JJ employment_NN1 expansion_NN1 ._. 
We_PPIS2 're_VBR a_AT1 long_JJ way_NN1 from_II Hoovervilles_NP2 ,_, of_RR21 course_RR22 ._. 
But_CCB it_PPH1 's_VBZ not_XX hard_JJ to_TO imagine_VVI ,_, if_CS we_PPIS2 're_VBR not_XX careful_JJ ,_, a_AT1 country_NN1 sprouting_VVG listless_JJ Obamavilles_NP2 :_: idled_JJ workers_NN2 minivanning_VVG aimlessly_RR through_II overleveraged_JJ cul-de-sacs_NN2 with_IW no_AT way_NN1 to_TO pay_VVI their_APPGE mortgages_NN2 ,_, no_AT health_NN1 care_NN1 ,_, little_JJ hope_NN1 of_IO meaningful_JJ work_NN1 and_CC only_RR the_AT hot_JJ comfort_NN1 of_IO angry_JJ politics_NN1 ._. 
This_DD1 is_VBZ why_RRQ the_AT problem_NN1 of_IO how_RRQ America_NP1 works_VVZ needs_NN2 to_TO become_VVI the_AT focus_NN1 of_IO an_AT1 urgent_JJ national_JJ debate_NN1 ._. 
The_AT jobs_NN2 crisis_NN1 offers_VVZ an_AT1 opportunity_NN1 to_TO think_VVI in_II profound_JJ ways_NN2 about_II how_RRQ and_CC why_RRQ we_PPIS2 work_VV0 ,_, about_II what_DDQ makes_VVZ employment_NN1 satisfying_JJ ,_, about_II the_AT jobs_NN2 Americans_NN2 can_VM and_CC should_VM do_VDI best_RRT ._. 
But_CCB the_AT ideas_NN2 Washington_NP1 has_VHZ delivered_VVN so_RG far_RR are_VBR insufficient_JJ ._. 
They_PPHS2 reflect_VV0 a_AT1 pre-9%-11%_FO way_NN1 of_IO thinking_VVG as_RG much_DA1 as_CSA old_JJ defense_NN1 policy_NN1 reflected_VVD a_AT1 pre-9/11_FU notion_NN1 of_IO who_PNQS our_APPGE enemies_NN2 were_VBDR ._. 
The_AT funding_NN1 for_IF job_NN1 creation_NN1 in_II the_AT American_JJ Recovery_NN1 and_CC Reinvestment_NP1 Act_NN1 was_VBDZ based_VVN on_II an_AT1 assumed_JJ 8.9%_FO unemployment_NN1 rate_NN1 ._. 
Now_RT 15%_NNU is_VBZ a_AT1 realistic_JJ possibility_NN1 ._. 
And_CC yet_RR we_PPIS2 're_VBR hearing_VVG few_DA2 interesting_JJ ideas_NN2 about_II how_RRQ to_TO enhance_VVI America_NP1 's_VBZ already_RR groaning_VVG unemployment_NN1 support_NN1 system_NN1 as_CSA millions_NNO2 of_IO Americans_NN2 sit_VV0 idle_JJ ._. 
Tangled_JJ in_II the_AT debate_NN1 over_II health_NN1 care_NN1 --_NN1 and_CC bleeding_RG political_JJ capital_NN1 --_NN1 the_AT White_NP1 House_NN1 may_VM find_VVI itself_PPX1 too_RG weak_JJ and_CC distracted_VVD to_TO deal_VVI with_IW the_AT danger_NN1 of_IO joblessness_NN1 ._. 
We_PPIS2 ca_VM n't_XX afford_VVI to_TO wait_VVI ._. 
The_AT longer_JJR someone_PN1 is_VBZ unemployed_JJ ,_, the_AT harder_JJR it_PPH1 is_VBZ to_TO get_VVI back_RP to_II work_NN1 ,_, a_AT1 fact_NN1 as_CSA true_JJ for_IF the_AT nation_NN1 as_CSA it_PPH1 is_VBZ for_IF you_PPY and_CC me_PPIO1 ._. 
As_II the_AT Peterson_NP1 Institute_NN1 's_GE Jacob_NP1 Kirkegaard_NP1 explains_VVZ ,_, "_" It_PPH1 is_VBZ entirely_RR possible_JJ that_CST what_DDQ started_VVD as_II a_AT1 cyclical_JJ rise_NN1 in_II unemployment_NN1 could_VM end_VVI up_RP as_II an_AT1 entrenched_JJ problem_NN1 ._. "_" 
Past_JJ crises_NN2 have_VH0 illustrated_VVN that_DD1 lesson_NN1 :_: the_AT longer_JJR you_PPY wait_VV0 ,_, the_AT harder_JJR it_PPH1 is_VBZ to_TO contain_VVI ._. 
This_DD1 is_VBZ as_RG true_JJ for_IF joblessness_NN1 as_CSA it_PPH1 was_VBDZ for_IF subprime_NN1 mortgages_NN2 ,_, al-Qaeda_NP1 and_CC computer_NN1 viruses_NN2 ._. 
Right_JJ Man_NN1 ,_, Right_JJ Time_NNT1 By_II one_MC1 of_IO those_DD2 strange_JJ Sully_VV0 Sullenberger_NN1 collisions_NN2 of_IO preparation_NN1 and_CC crisis_NN1 --_NN1 the_AT sort_NN1 that_CST put_VV0 Depression_NN1 expert_NN1 Ben_NP1 Bernanke_NP1 in_RP at_II the_AT Fed_VVN at_II the_AT moment_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 flameout_NN1 of_IO 1930s_MC2 magnitude_NN1 --_NN1 Larry_NP1 Summers_NP1 made_VVD his_APPGE reputation_NN1 as_II an_AT1 employment_NN1 theorist_NN1 ._. 
Summers_NP1 is_VBZ the_AT nephew_NN1 of_IO two_MC Nobel_NP1 economists_NN2 and_CC was_VBDZ regarded_VVN as_II the_AT smartest_JJT undergrad_NN1 anyone_PN1 knew_VVD ,_, but_CCB as_CSA he_PPHS1 surveyed_VVD his_APPGE research_NN1 options_NN2 30_MC years_NNT2 ago_RA ,_, he_PPHS1 settled_VVD on_II the_AT then_RT relatively_RR unsexy_JJ specialty_NN1 of_IO labor_NN1 ._. 
The_AT subject_NN1 tickled_VVD his_APPGE sense_NN1 of_IO skepticism_NN1 ._. 
"_" The_AT view_NN1 that_CST was_VBDZ taking_VVG hold_NN1 at_II that_DD1 time_NNT1 ,_, a_AT1 view_NN1 that_CST unemployment_NN1 was_VBDZ n't_XX a_AT1 terribly_RR serious_JJ problem_NN1 ,_, was_VBDZ importantly_RR wrong_JJ ,_, "_" Summers_NP1 says_VVZ ._. 
"_" I_PPIS1 thought_VVD if_CS you_PPY could_VM have_VHI areas_NN2 where_CS there_EX was_VBDZ long-term_JJ substantial_JJ unemployment_NN1 ,_, then_RT that_CST raised_VVD some_DD questions_NN2 about_II the_AT functioning_NN1 of_IO markets_NN2 ._. "_" 
In_II essence_NN1 ,_, Summers_NP1 saw_VVD in_II unemployment_NN1 a_AT1 chance_NN1 to_TO explore_VVI how_RRQ markets_NN2 do_VD0 n't_XX work_VVI --_JJ and_CC to_TO think_VVI about_II policies_NN2 that_CST could_VM correct_VVI for_IF the_AT failures_NN2 ._. 
Perfect_JJ training_NN1 for_IF 2009_MC ._. 
Many_DA2 of_IO the_AT ideas_NN2 Summers_NP1 developed_VVD were_VBDR codified_VVN in_II a_AT1 1986_MC article_NN1 titled_VVN "_" Hysteresis_NP1 and_CC the_AT European_JJ Unemployment_NN1 Problem_NN1 ._. "_" 
Even_RR today_RT it_PPH1 's_VBZ a_AT1 piece_NN1 he_PPHS1 's_VBZ proud_JJ of_IO :_: "_" Ah_UH ,_, yeah_UH ,_, the_AT hysteresis_NN1 article_NN1 ,_, "_" he_PPHS1 interjects_VVZ when_RRQ it_PPH1 's_VBZ mentioned_VVN ._. 
Hysteresis_NN1 is_VBZ a_AT1 word_NN1 that_CST you_PPY should_VM hope_VVI we_PPIS2 do_VD0 n't_XX hear_VVI too_RG much_DA1 of_IO in_II the_AT coming_JJ months_NNT2 ._. 
It_PPH1 comes_VVZ from_II the_AT Greek_JJ husteros_NN2 ,_, which_DDQ means_VVZ late_RR ._. 
It_PPH1 refers_VVZ to_II what_DDQ happens_VVZ when_RRQ something_PN1 snaps_VVZ in_II such_DA a_AT1 way_NN1 that_CST it_PPH1 can_VM never_RR be_VBI put_VVN back_RP together_RL ._. 
Bend_VV0 a_AT1 plastic_NN1 ruler_NN1 too_RG far_RR ,_, drop_VV0 that_CST lightbulb_VV0 --_JJ that_CST cracking_JJ sound_NN1 you_PPY hear_VV0 is_VBZ the_AT marker_NN1 of_IO hysteresis_NN1 ._. 
There_EX 's_VBZ no_AT way_NN1 to_TO restore_VVI what_DDQ has_VHZ just_RR been_VBN smashed_VVN ._. 
The_AT idea_NN1 that_CST hysteresis_NN1 happens_VVZ to_II economies_NN2 is_VBZ one_PN1 that_CST economists_NN2 do_VD0 n't_XX like_VVI to_TO think_VVI about_II ._. 
They_PPHS2 prefer_VV0 to_TO consider_VVI economies_NN2 as_CSA yo-yos_NN2 tethered_VVN to_II the_AT sturdy_JJ string_NN1 of_IO the_AT business_NN1 cycle_NN1 ,_, moving_VVG up_RP and_CC down_RP from_II growth_NN1 to_II slowdown_NN1 and_CC back_NN1 ._. 
But_CCB from_RR41 time_RR42 to_RR43 time_RR44 ,_, things_NN2 do_VD0 snap_VVI ._. 
And_CC Summers_NP1 '_GE argument_NN1 in_II 1986_MC was_VBDZ that_DD1 unemployment_NN1 in_II Europe_NP1 ,_, the_AT sort_NN1 that_CST might_VM persist_VVI in_II the_AT face_NN1 of_IO growth_NN1 ,_, was_VBDZ an_AT1 expression_NN1 of_IO an_AT1 economy_NN1 that_CST had_VHD snapped_VVN ._. 
Europe_NP1 's_GE economy_NN1 was_VBDZ hit_VVN not_XX only_RR by_II shocks_NN2 like_II an_AT1 oil-price_JJ spike_NN1 ,_, a_AT1 productivity_NN1 collapse_NN1 and_CC rocketing_JJ tax_NN1 rates_NN2 but_CCB also_RR by_II stubborn_JJ unions_NN2 that_CST made_VVD hiring_NN1 ,_, firing_VVG and_CC adjusting_VVG payrolls_NN2 near_II impossible_JJ ._. 
Hysteresis_NN1 ,_, Summers_NP1 explained_VVD ,_, could_VM come_VVI from_II all_DB sorts_NN2 of_IO shocks_NN2 like_II this_DD1 ._. 
And_CC that_DD1 may_VM be_VBI what_DDQ is_VBZ playing_VVG out_RP in_II the_AT U.S._NP1 If_CS you_PPY look_VV0 at_II the_AT three_MC great_JJ job_NN1 busts_NN2 of_IO the_AT past_JJ 100_MC years_NNT2 --_NN1 the_AT 1930s_MC2 ,_, the_AT early_JJ 1980s_MC2 and_CC today_RT --_JJ you_PPY find_VV0 an_AT1 important_JJ difference_NN1 ._. 
The_AT Reagan_NP1 recession_NN1 ended_VVN with_IW workers_NN2 returning_VVG to_II jobs_NN2 that_CST were_VBDR the_AT same_DA as_CSA or_CC similar_JJ to_II the_AT ones_NN2 they_PPHS2 had_VHD lost_VVN ._. 
But_CCB 1930s_MC2 joblessness_NN1 was_VBDZ structural_JJ ._. 
The_AT jobs_NN2 people_NN lost_VVD --_JJ largely_RR in_II agriculture_NN1 --_NN1 never_RR came_VVD back_RP ._. 
Workers_NN2 had_VHD to_TO move_VVI to_II the_AT industrial_JJ sector_NN1 ,_, a_AT1 transition_NN1 helped_VVN by_II the_AT demands_NN2 of_IO a_AT1 war_NN1 ._. 
It_PPH1 was_VBDZ massive_JJ national_JJ hysteresis_NN1 ._. 
Sound_VV0 familiar_JJ ?_? 
"_" A_AT1 lot_NN1 of_IO the_AT jobs_NN2 that_CST have_VH0 been_VBN lost_VVN will_VM never_RR come_VVI back_RP ,_, "_" the_AT Peterson_NP1 Institute_NN1 's_GE Kirkegaard_NP1 says_VVZ ._. 
Which_DDQ means_VVZ that_CST hiccup_VV0 in_II Okun_NP1 's_GE law_NN1 is_VBZ a_AT1 warning_NN1 :_: growth_NN1 alone_RR wo_VM n't_XX employ_VVI America_NP1 again_RT ._. 
Cash_NN1 for_IF Clunker_NN1 Careers_NN2 What_DDQ to_TO do_VDI ?_? 
If_CS your_APPGE goal_NN1 is_VBZ to_TO create_VVI jobs_NN2 ,_, you_PPY have_VH0 two_MC choices_NN2 --_NN1 and_CC one_MC1 painful_JJ fact_NN1 --_NN1 to_TO confront_VVI ._. 
The_AT painful_JJ fact_NN1 is_VBZ that_CST the_AT 1930s_MC2 option_NN1 ,_, to_TO have_VHI the_AT government_NN1 directly_RR employ_VV0 millions_NNO2 of_IO people_NN in_II labor_NN1 fronts_NN2 ,_, is_VBZ not_XX an_AT1 option_NN1 today_RT ._. 
"_" There_EX 's_VBZ no_AT way_NN1 to_TO create_VVI real_JJ jobs_NN2 using_VVG this_DD1 approach_NN1 ,_, "_" says_VVZ Harvard_NP1 professor_NN1 Roberto_NP1 Mangabeira_NP1 Unger_NP1 ._. 
In_II the_AT 1930s_MC2 ,_, you_PPY could_VM throw_VVI 10,000_MC people_NN with_IW shovels_NN2 at_II dam_NN1 or_CC road_NN1 projects_NN2 ._. 
Today_RT the_AT work_NN1 of_IO 10,000_MC shovels_NN2 is_VBZ done_VDN by_II a_AT1 few_DA2 machines_NN2 --_NN1 and_CC it_PPH1 was_VBDZ a_RR21@ lot_RR22 easier_JJR to_TO persuade_VVI farmers_NN2 to_TO switch_VVI to_II ditchdigging_VVG than_CSN it_PPH1 would_VM be_VBI to_TO get_VVI laid-off_JJ hedge-fund_JJ traders_NN2 to_TO switch_VVI to_II sewer_NN1 repair_NN1 ,_, appealing_VVG as_II such_DA an_AT1 idea_NN1 might_VM be_VBI ._. 
So_RR if_CS the_AT government_NN1 ca_VM n't_XX hire_VVI everyone_PN1 ,_, where_RRQ will_VM jobs_NN2 come_VVI from_II ?_? 
One_MC1 option_NN1 would_VM be_VBI to_TO rely_VVI on_II traditional_JJ strategies_NN2 :_: if_CS we_PPIS2 create_VV0 demand_NN1 through_II growth_NN1 ,_, cheap_JJ money_NN1 and_CC massive_JJ government_NN1 spending_NN1 ,_, then_RT some_DD jobs_NN2 will_VM return_VVI ._. 
In_II the_AT meantime_NNT1 ,_, train_VV0 people_NN for_IF whatever_DDQV work_NN1 they_PPHS2 can_VM get_VVI --_JJ fast_JJ food_NN1 ,_, nursing_VVG ,_, you_PPY name_VV0 it_PPH1 ._. 
But_CCB if_CS we_PPIS2 're_VBR in_II a_AT1 posthysteresis_NN1 world_NN1 ,_, then_RT just_RR adding_VVG gas_NN1 to_II the_AT economy_NN1 wo_VM n't_XX be_VBI enough_RR ,_, and_CC making_VVG cheap_JJ low-end_JJ jobs_NN2 wo_VM n't_XX deliver_VVI a_AT1 workforce_NN1 capable_JJ of_IO sustaining_VVG competitive_JJ growth_NN1 ._. 
Is_VBZ there_EX really_RR a_AT1 demand_NN1 for_IF machinists_NN2 ?_? 
Yes_UH --_NN1 even_RR in_II a_AT1 recession_NN1 ._. 
One_MC1 rough_JJ calculation_NN1 found_VVD that_CST about_RG a_AT1 million_NNO high-skilled_JJ jobs_NN2 remain_VV0 unfilled_JJ ._. 
This_DD1 is_VBZ why_RRQ a_AT1 fresh_JJ approach_NN1 to_II job-making_NN1 ,_, one_PN1 that_CST focuses_VVZ on_II mastery_NN1 of_IO skills_NN2 instead_II21 of_II22 simple_JJ button-pushing_NN1 ,_, matters_NN2 ._. 
"_" If_CS we_PPIS2 go_VV0 back_RP to_II the_AT old_JJ ways_NN2 ,_, "_" says_VVZ sociologist_NN1 Richard_NP1 Sennett_NP1 ,_, who_PNQS has_VHZ probably_RR studied_VVN the_AT quality_NN1 of_IO American_JJ working_NN1 life_NN1 as_RG thoroughly_RR as_CSA any_DD other_JJ scholar_NN1 in_II the_AT past_JJ few_DA2 decades_NNT2 ,_, "_" we_PPIS2 just_RR go_VV0 back_RP to_II a_AT1 very_RG unsustainable_JJ path_NN1 ._. "_" 
The_AT President_NN1 's_GE advisers_NN2 grasp_VV0 the_AT urgency_NN1 of_IO the_AT task_NN1 ._. 
"_" Would_VM I_PPIS1 like_VVI Americans_NN2 to_TO be_VBI more_RGR skilled_JJ ?_? "_" 
Summers_NP1 muses_NN2 ._. 
"_" Yes_UH ._. 
Would_VM I_PPIS1 like_VVI to_TO be_VBI able_JK to_TO increase_VVI skill_NN1 faster_RRR than_CSN is_VBZ likely_JJ to_TO be_VBI possible_JJ ?_? 
Sure_RR ._. 
Would_VM I_PPIS1 like_VVI a_AT1 larger_JJR fraction_NN1 of_IO good_JJ entrepreneurial_JJ ideas_NN2 to_TO happen_VVI in_II the_AT U.S._NP1 ?_? 
Of_RR21 course_RR22 ._. 
There_EX are_VBR millions_NNO2 of_IO people_NN who_PNQS need_VV0 work_NN1 ._. "_" 
But_CCB Summers_NP1 need_VV0 only_RR read_VVI his_APPGE own_DA research_NN1 to_TO recall_VVI that_DD1 traditional_JJ government_NN1 policies_NN2 are_VBR not_XX going_VVGK to_TO pull_VVI us_PPIO2 out_II21 of_II22 the_AT job_NN1 trap_NN1 ._. 
One_MC1 of_IO the_AT tropes_NN2 about_II Bush_NP1 's_GE 9/11_MF and_CC the_AT wars_NN2 that_CST followed_VVD was_VBDZ that_CST they_PPHS2 conveniently_RR allowed_VVN him_PPHO1 to_TO deal_VVI with_IW problems_NN2 bedeviling_VVG his_APPGE young_JJ Administration_NN1 :_: a_AT1 lack_NN1 of_IO focus_NN1 ,_, difficulty_NN1 reforming_VVG the_AT U.S._NP1 military_JJ ,_, trouble_NN1 articulating_VVG a_AT1 global_JJ vision_NN1 ._. 
Obama_NN1 now_RT faces_VVZ a_AT1 host_NN1 of_IO problems_NN2 of_IO his_APPGE own_DA :_: weakening_VVG political_JJ will_NN1 ,_, an_AT1 inevitable_JJ "_" What_DDQ next_MD ?_? "_" after_CS health_NN1 care_NN1 ,_, a_AT1 base_NN1 that_CST has_VHZ lost_VVN energy_NN1 ._. 
His_APPGE 9/11_MF is_VBZ just_RR the_AT sort_NN1 of_IO transcendent_JJ issue_NN1 that_CST can_VM reconnect_VVI him_PPHO1 to_II the_AT theme_NN1 of_IO hope_NN1 and_CC change_NN1 ._. 
A_AT1 tough_JJ challenge_NN1 ?_? 
You_PPY bet_VV0 ._. 
But_CCB as_CSA Obama_NP1 's_GE presidency_NN1 unfolds_VVZ ,_, it_PPH1 will_VM be_VBI the_AT most_RGT vital_JJ one_PN1 for_IF him_PPHO1 to_TO meet_VVI ._. 
