In_II 1982_MC ,_, the_AT sociologist_NN1 Jonathan_NP1 Z._NP1 Smith_NP1 famously_RR called_VVN religion_NN1 a_AT1 "_" product_NN1 of_IO the_AT scholars_NN2 '_GE study_NN1 ._. "_" 
That_CST it_PPH1 certainly_RR is_VBZ ,_, but_CCB it_PPH1 is_VBZ equally_RR a_AT1 product_NN1 of_IO state_NN1 regulation_NN1 ,_, legal_JJ rulings_NN2 ,_, the_AT neighborhood_NN1 PTA_NP1 ,_, the_AT news_NN1 media_NN ,_, and_CC lest_CS we_PPIS2 forget_VV0 ,_, of_IO its_APPGE preachers_NN2 ,_, believers_NN2 ,_, saints_NN2 and_CC charlatans_NN2 ._. 
What_DDQ one_PN1 might_VM identify_VVI as_II "_" religion_NN1 "_" is_VBZ always_RR a_AT1 shifting_JJ entity_NN1 ,_, composed_VVD of_IO a_AT1 variety_NN1 of_IO ideas_NN2 ,_, discourses_NN2 and_CC interests_NN2 ._. 
Even_RR a_AT1 single_JJ religious_JJ tradition_NN1 comprises_VVZ a_AT1 variety_NN1 of_IO actors_NN2 and_CC voices_NN2 ,_, and_CC when_CS a_AT1 change_NN1 occurs_VVZ ,_, it_PPH1 concerns_VVZ not_XX only_RR the_AT ecclesiastical_JJ elite_NN1 ,_, but_CCB also_RR each_DD1 of_IO these_DD2 levels_NN2 as_RR21 well_RR22 ._. 
Consider_VV0 some_DD of_IO the_AT many_DA2 choices_NN2 that_CST shape_NN1 religion_NN1 today_RT ,_, such_II21 as_II22 whether_CSW to_TO consecrate_VVI homosexual_JJ bishops_NN2 in_II the_AT Anglican_JJ Church_NN1 or_CC to_TO ordain_VVI women_NN2 into_II the_AT Catholic_JJ priesthood_NN1 ._. 
Officially_RR ,_, the_AT final_JJ word_NN1 in_II such_DA decisions_NN2 is_VBZ that_DD1 of_IO a_AT1 small_JJ group_NN1 of_IO high-level_JJ church_NN1 leaders_NN2 who_PNQS shape_VV0 doctrine_NN1 ,_, based_VVN largely_RR ,_, if_CS not_XX exclusively_RR ,_, on_II interpretation_NN1 of_IO an_AT1 internal_JJ tradition_NN1 of_IO scripture_NN1 and_CC precedent_NN1 ._. 
However_RR ,_, their_APPGE considerations_NN2 are_VBR also_RR shaped_VVN by_II the_AT opinions_NN2 of_IO their_APPGE own_DA lay_JJ faithful_JJ ,_, and_CC by_II external_JJ forces_NN2 ,_, such_II21 as_II22 the_AT law_NN1 of_IO the_AT land_NN1 ,_, and_CC political_JJ and_CC social_JJ pressures_NN2 from_II a_AT1 wide_JJ variety_NN1 of_IO interest_NN1 groups_NN2 outside_II the_AT church_NN1 ._. 
The_AT exact_JJ relationship_NN1 between_II these_DD2 internal_JJ and_CC external_JJ forces_NN2 (_( in_II other_JJ words_NN2 ,_, between_II church_NN1 and_CC society_NN1 )_) ,_, is_VBZ itself_PPX1 mediated_VVN by_II a_AT1 number_NN1 of_IO structural_JJ factors_NN2 ,_, such_II21 as_II22 the_AT inclusivity_NN1 of_IO theological_JJ debate_NN1 ,_, the_AT ability_NN1 of_IO different_JJ public_JJ advocacy_NN1 groups_NN2 to_TO organize_VVI and_CC recruit_VVI effectively_RR ,_, and_CC to_TO express_VVI their_APPGE views_NN2 freely_RR and_CC the_AT intrusiveness_NN1 of_IO official_JJ political_JJ power_NN1 into_II the_AT process_NN1 ._. 
Broadly_RR speaking_VVG ,_, religious_JJ change_NN1 occurs_VVZ at_II these_DD2 three_MC levels_NN2 :_: society_NN1 ,_, theology_NN1 and_CC the_AT structural_JJ context_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ I_PPIS1 will_VM refer_VVI to_II as_CSA technology_NN1 ._. 
Of_RR21 course_RR22 ,_, these_DD2 categories_NN2 are_VBR not_XX absolute_JJ ._. 
Although_CS the_AT secular_JJ and_CC the_AT religious_JJ are_VBR often_RR treated_VVN in_II opposition_NN1 to_II each_PPX221 other_PPX222 ,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ of_IO somewhat_RR limited_JJ use_NN1 to_TO seek_VVI any_DD substantive_JJ distinction_NN1 between_II the_AT two_MC ._. 
Rather_II21 than_II22 asking_VVG whether_CSW theology_NN1 evolves_VVZ to_TO reflect_VVI society_NN1 or_CC the_AT reverse_NN1 ,_, I_PPIS1 see_VV0 the_AT two_MC as_CSA two_MC sides_NN2 of_IO the_AT same_DA coin_NN1 ,_, with_IW simultaneous_JJ change_NN1 to_II both_DB2 of_IO these_DD2 realms_NN2 often_RR initiated_VVN by_II the_AT technologies_NN2 through_II which_DDQ the_AT two_MC interact_VV0 ._. 
Used_VVN in_II this_DD1 sense_NN1 ,_, technology_NN1 refers_VVZ simply_RR to_II how_RRQ things_NN2 are_VBR done_VDN --_JJ ways_NN2 of_IO ruling_NN1 ,_, educating_VVG ,_, organizing_VVG and_CC communicating_JJ --_NN1 and_CC to_II the_AT ideological_JJ agendas_NN2 these_DD2 practices_NN2 invariably_RR bring_VV0 ._. 
New_JJ technologies_NN2 create_VV0 new_JJ realities_NN2 and_CC possibilities_NN2 ,_, instigating_VVG a_AT1 cascade_NN1 of_IO effects_NN2 on_II society_NN1 ,_, theology_NN1 and_CC the_AT relationship_NN1 between_II the_AT two_MC ._. 
Returning_VVG to_II one_MC1 of_IO the_AT examples_NN2 cited_VVN above_RL ,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ by_RR31 no_RR32 means_RR33 new_JJ for_IF certain_JJ people_NN within_RL and_CC outside_II21 of_II22 the_AT Catholic_JJ Church_NN1 to_TO support_VVI the_AT ordination_NN1 of_IO women_NN2 into_II the_AT priesthood_NN1 ._. 
What_DDQ does_VDZ change_VVI is_VBZ the_AT context_NN1 in_II which_DDQ it_PPH1 all_DB takes_VVZ place_NN1 ._. 
Compared_VVN to_II one_MC1 or_CC two_MC hundred_NNO years_NNT2 earlier_RRR ,_, current_JJ debates_NN2 within_II Western_JJ theology_NN1 are_VBR fundamentally_RR different_JJ because_CS (_( among_II other_JJ reasons_NN2 )_) they_PPHS2 are_VBR now_RT far-more_RGR inclusive_JJ ._. 
Not_XX only_RR do_VD0 opinions_NN2 on_II all_DB sides_NN2 reach_VV0 millions_NNO2 worldwide_RL by_II television_NN1 ,_, newspaper_NN1 and_CC the_AT Internet_NN1 but_CCB ,_, perhaps_RR more_RGR importantly_RR ,_, many_DA2 of_IO those_DD2 so_RR reached_VVN have_VH0 been_VBN educated_VVN in_II national_JJ schools_NN2 ,_, and_CC taught_VVN to_TO channel_VVI their_APPGE political_JJ and_CC social_JJ activism_NN1 into_II a_AT1 florescence_NN1 of_IO highly_RR specialized_JJ advocacy_NN1 networks_NN2 ._. 
Missionary_NN1 efforts_NN2 on_II the_AT Indonesian_JJ island_NN1 of_IO Nias_NP2 began_VVD in_II the_AT early_JJ nineteenth_MD century_NNT1 ._. 
The_AT French_JJ Catholic_JJ Church_NN1 had_VHD attempted_VVN to_TO establish_VVI a_AT1 mission_NN1 station_NN1 there_RL in_II 1832_MC ,_, but_CCB failed_VVD ._. 
In_II 1865_MC ,_, the_AT German_JJ Rhenish_JJ Missionary_NN1 Society_NN1 initiated_VVD Protestant_JJ missionary_NN1 activities_NN2 on_II the_AT island_NN1 ,_, but_CCB made_VVD very_RG slow_JJ progress_NN1 in_II its_APPGE efforts_NN2 until_II the_AT end_NN1 of_IO the_AT nineteenth_MD century_NNT1 ._. 
In_II the_AT first_MD decades_NNT2 of_IO the_AT twentieth_MD century_NNT1 the_AT Christianization_NN1 of_IO Nias_NP2 '_GE people_NN ,_, which_DDQ was_VBDZ supported_VVN by_II the_AT Dutch_JJ colonial_JJ government_NN1 ,_, intensified_VVD ,_, resulting_VVG in_II a_AT1 massconversion_NN1 from_II 1916_MC to_II 1930_MC what_DDQ became_VVD known_VVN as_II the_AT "_" Great_JJ Repentance_NN1 "_" movement_NN1 ._. 
Today_RT ,_, more_DAR than_CSN 90_MC percent_NNU of_IO Nias_NP2 '_GE population_NN1 are_VBR Christian_JJ ,_, mainly_RR Protestant_JJ ._. 
The_AT conversion_NN1 to_II Christianity_NN1 was_VBDZ linked_VVN to_II a_AT1 reinterpretation_NN1 of_IO indigenous_JJ worship_NN1 practices_NN2 and_CC cultural_JJ norms_NN2 by_II the_AT missionaries_NN2 ._. 
The_AT key_JJ question_NN1 to_TO be_VBI explored_VVN in_II this_DD1 paper_NN1 is_VBZ how_RRQ the_AT missionaries_NN2 dealt_VVN with_IW the_AT rich_JJ world_NN1 of_IO artifacts_NN2 on_II Nias_NP2 during_II the_AT period_NN1 of_IO early_JJ evangelization_NN1 ._. 
Their_APPGE approach_NN1 to_II the_AT material_NN1 culture_NN1 ,_, in_RR21 particular_RR22 wooden_JJ and_CC stone_NN1 statuary_NN1 ,_, is_VBZ marked_VVN by_II points_NN2 of_IO conflict_NN1 and_CC difference_NN1 but_CCB also_RR by_II points_NN2 of_IO convergence_NN1 and_CC appraisal_NN1 ._. 
Indigenous_JJ figures_NN2 connected_VVN to_II what_DDQ they_PPHS2 identified_VVD as_CSA "_" idolatry_NN1 "_" --_NN1 as_II a_AT1 focus_NN1 of_IO the_AT monotheistic_JJ polemic_NN1 --_NN1 were_VBDR destroyed_VVN and_CC violated_VVN by_II the_AT missionaries_NN2 ,_, as_II a_AT1 means_NN to_TO eradicate_VVI spirit_NN1 worship_NN1 and_CC to_TO disparage_VVI ancestral_JJ beliefs_NN2 ._. 
Other_JJ images_NN2 ,_, however_RR ,_, were_VBDR divested_VVN of_IO religious_JJ significance_NN1 or_CC given_VVN a_AT1 new_JJ Christian_JJ one_PN1 ._. 
These_DD2 became_VVD works_NN of_IO art_NN1 worthy_NN1 of_IO safeguarding_VVG as_CSA collectors_NN2 '_GE items_NN2 or_CC were_VBDR relabelled_VVN as_CSA profane_JJ monuments_NN2 ._. 
Cult_NN1 images_NN2 were_VBDR placed_VVN in_II museums_NN2 ,_, which_DDQ became_VVD new_JJ "_" sanctuaries_NN2 ._. "_" 
The_AT most_RGT obvious_JJ interreligious_JJ encounter_NN1 happened_VVD when_CS native_JJ megalithic_JJ sites_NN2 were_VBDR matched_VVN with_IW Christian_JJ graves_NN2 and_CC the_AT death_NN1 rituals_NN2 were_VBDR transformed_VVN to_TO become_VVI acceptable_JJ to_II Christian_JJ doctrines_NN2 ._. 
Following_VVG David_NP1 Morgan_NP1 ,_, I_PPIS1 argue_VV0 that_CST as_II a_AT1 subject_NN1 matter_NN1 ,_, the_AT study_NN1 of_IO visual_JJ culture_NN1 is_VBZ a_AT1 means_NN to_TO analyze_VVI social_JJ relations_NN2 ,_, acts_NN2 of_IO seeing_VVG and_CC perceptions_NN2 by_II using_VVG all_DB imagery_NN1 regarded_VVN as_II evidence_NN1 for_IF explanation_NN1 ._. 
In_II fact_NN1 ,_, from_II the_AT 1970s_MC2 theoretical_JJ reflections_NN2 of_IO art_NN1 historians_NN2 have_VH0 advanced_VVN the_AT question_NN1 of_IO how_RRQ images_NN2 participate_VV0 in_II the_AT social_JJ construction_NN1 of_IO reality_NN1 ._. 
This_DD1 visual_JJ field_NN1 was_VBDZ discovered_VVN by_II other_JJ disciplines_NN2 dealing_VVG with_IW a_AT1 broader_JJR rage_NN1 of_IO artifacts_NN2 moving_VVG beyond_II artistic_JJ and_CC stylistic_JJ questions_NN2 ._. 
The_AT study_NN1 of_IO images_NN2 and_CC visual_JJ practice_NN1 in_II recent_JJ years_NNT2 has_VHZ substantially_RR contributed_VVN to_II the_AT understanding_NN1 of_IO religion_NN1 and_CC missionary_NN1 history_NN1 ,_, as_II31 well_II32 as_II33 the_AT imagery_NN1 of_IO Orientalism_NN1 ._. 
One_MC1 perspective_NN1 from_II which_DDQ to_TO explore_VVI the_AT initial_JJ period_NN1 on_II Nias_NP2 ,_, when_CS the_AT new_JJ religion_NN1 continued_VVD to_TO be_VBI accepted_VVN ,_, is_VBZ provided_VVN by_II mainly_RR unpublished_JJ sources_NN2 of_IO the_AT German_JJ missionary_NN1 Eduard_NP1 Fries_NN2 ,_, who_PNQS spent_VVD nearly_RR 16_MC years_NNT2 on_II the_AT island_NN1 ,_, from_II 1904_MC to_II 1920_MC ._. 
Fries_NN2 was_VBDZ a_AT1 prolific_JJ author_NN1 ,_, having_VHG written_VVN more_DAR than_CSN five_MC hundred_NNO private_JJ letters_NN2 and_CC 65_MC circulars_NN2 which_DDQ were_VBDR published_VVN as_CSA circulars_NN2 from_II 1903_MC to_II 1914_MC for_IF a_AT1 rising_JJ audience_NN1 of_IO nearly_RR three_MC hundred_NNO subscribers_NN2 ._. 
He_PPHS1 also_RR left_VVD a_AT1 legacy_NN1 of_IO 140_MC drawings_NN2 and_CC 20_MC maps_NN2 of_IO Nias_NP2 and_CC a_AT1 few_DA2 of_IO Sumatra_NP1 ._. 
His_APPGE biography_NN1 is_VBZ a_AT1 valuable_JJ case_NN1 study_NN1 of_IO the_AT ambiguous_JJ role_NN1 in_II which_DDQ he_PPHS1 ,_, as_CSA an_AT1 actor_NN1 ,_, is_VBZ confronted_VVN with_IW the_AT otherness_NN1 of_IO an_AT1 alien_JJ culture_NN1 ,_, while_CS at_II the_AT same_DA time_NNT1 he_PPHS1 is_VBZ part_NN1 of_IO the_AT self-initiated_JJ transformation_NN1 process_NN1 ._. 
In_II the_AT course_NN1 of_IO his_APPGE work_NN1 ,_, the_AT conversion_NN1 experience_NN1 provided_VVD him_PPHO1 with_IW a_AT1 deeper_JJR ,_, though_CS ambivalent_JJ understanding_NN1 of_IO the_AT local_JJ culture_NN1 ._. 
Eduard_NP1 Fries_NN2 was_VBDZ born_VVN in_II 1877_MC in_II Barmen_NP1 ,_, northwest_ND1 Germany_NP1 ._. 
His_APPGE motivation_NN1 in_II becoming_VVG a_AT1 missionary_NN1 was_VBDZ molded_VVN by_II his_APPGE upbringing_NN1 ._. 
His_APPGE father_NN1 had_VHD been_VBN a_AT1 teacher_NN1 ,_, and_CC later_RRR the_AT director_NN1 of_IO the_AT August_NPM1 Hermann_NP1 Francke_NP1 Foundation_NN1 in_II Halle_NP1 ._. 
Latter_DA heading_VVG the_AT East_NP1 Indian_JJ Missionary_NN1 Society_NN1 also_RR had_VHD founded_VVN the_AT oldest_JJT showroom_NN1 of_IO ethnography_NN1 and_CC natural_JJ science_NN1 in_II Germany_NP1 ,_, which_DDQ Fries_NN2 often_RR visited_VVN ._. 
Unlike_II many_DA2 of_IO his_APPGE missionary_NN1 contemporaries_NN2 ,_, Fries_NN2 gained_VVD an_AT1 academic_JJ education_NN1 extended_VVN by_II a_AT1 missionary_NN1 training_NN1 program_NN1 ._. 
From_II 1895_MC to_II 1899_MC ,_, he_PPHS1 studied_VVD theology_NN1 at_II four_MC different_JJ German_JJ universities_NN2 ._. 
In_II 1902_MC ,_, he_PPHS1 then_RT became_VVD a_AT1 member_NN1 of_IO the_AT Rhenish_JJ Missionary_NN1 Society_NN1 ._. 
Fries_NN2 left_VVD one_MC1 year_NNT1 later_RRR to_TO travel_VVI to_II the_AT Netherlands_NP1 '_GE East_ND1 Indies_NP1 where_RRQ he_PPHS1 stayed_VVD with_IW his_APPGE missionary_NN1 relatives_NN2 on_II Sumatra_NP1 ._. 
In_II 1904_MC ,_, he_PPHS1 arrived_VVD on_II Nias_NP2 ,_, where_CS he_PPHS1 remained_VVD for_IF the_AT next_MD 16_MC years_NNT2 ,_, during_II which_DDQ time_NNT1 he_PPHS1 also_RR married_JJ and_CC fathered_VVD eight_MC children_NN2 ._. 
After_II starting_VVG the_AT first_MD mission_NN1 station_NN1 in_II the_AT interior_NN1 of_IO Nias_NP2 in_II Sifaoro'asi_NP1 ,_, Fries_NN2 then_RT moved_VVD east_ND1 in_II 1913_MC to_II Ombolata_NP1 where_RRQ he_PPHS1 started_VVD educating_VVG local_JJ priests_NN2 ._. 
Elected_VVN as_II the_AT head_NN1 of_IO the_AT Protestant_JJ mission_NN1 on_II Nias_NN2 he_PPHS1 coordinated_VVD the_AT missionary_NN1 work_NN1 on_II the_AT island_NN1 ._. 
In_II 1913_MC ,_, the_AT Protestants_NN2 maintained_VVD 13_MC missionary_JJ stations_NN2 with_IW 118_MC branches_NN2 and_CC 135_MC schools_NN2 ._. 
Fries_NN2 also_RR engaged_VVN in_II teaching_VVG new_JJ skills_NN2 ,_, educating_VVG illiterates_NN2 ,_, providing_VVG medical_JJ treatment_NN1 ,_, recording_VVG ethnographic_JJ observations_NN2 ,_, and_CC conducting_VVG translations_NN2 ._. 
In_II 1920_MC ,_, Fries_NN2 returned_VVN to_II Germany_NP1 for_IF the_AT first_MD time_NNT1 after_II 17_MC years_NNT2 ._. 
Despite_II his_APPGE intention_NN1 to_TO return_VVI to_II Nias_NP2 ,_, he_PPHS1 accepted_VVD an_AT1 appointment_NN1 to_TO become_VVI the_AT director_NN1 of_IO the_AT Rhenish_JJ Missionary_NN1 Society_NN1 in_II Barmen_NP1 ._. 
Fries_NN2 passed_VVN away_RL two_MC years_NNT2 later_RRR in_II 1923_MC ._. 
While_CS official_JJ policy_NN1 toward_II religion_NN1 was_VBDZ conditioned_VVN by_II these_DD2 preconceived_JJ theories_NN2 and_CC assumptions_NN2 ,_, its_APPGE effects_NN2 depended_VVN on_II what_DDQ those_DD2 practicing_VVG religion_NN1 themselves_PPX2 understand_VV0 by_II their_APPGE faiths_NN2 ._. 
In_II our_APPGE frontier_NN1 site_NN1 ,_, selected_VVN for_IF its_APPGE ethnic_JJ and_CC religious_JJ diversity_NN1 ,_, there_EX was_VBDZ no_AT unified_JJ conception_NN1 :_: instead_RR ,_, two_MC religious_JJ imaginaries_NN2 ,_, each_DD1 with_IW many_DA2 variations_NN2 ,_, underlay_VVD the_AT annual_JJ festival_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ local_JJ groups_NN2 celebrated_VVN on_II the_AT same_DA day_NNT1 ,_, the_AT 15th_MD of_IO the_AT sixth_MD lunar_JJ month_NNT1 ._. 
The_AT various_JJ religious_JJ buildings_NN2 and_CC caves_NN2 alongside_II travertine_JJ pools_NN2 and_CC waterfalls_NN2 were_VBDR familiar_JJ to_II all_DB visitors_NN2 ,_, but_CCB their_APPGE use_NN1 and_CC interpretation_NN1 differed_VVN for_IF Tibetans_NN2 and_CC Han_NP1 Chinese_NP1 ._. 
The_AT Han_NP1 Chinese_NP1 were_VBDR interested_JJ in_II the_AT deities_NN2 of_IO the_AT various_JJ shrines_NN2 and_CC temples_NN2 ,_, and_CC in_II the_AT Buddhist_JJ Middle_NN1 Temple_NP1 and_CC especially_RR in_II the_AT Rear_JJ Temple_NN1 of_IO the_AT god_NN1 Huanglong_NN1 ,_, built_VVN over_II a_AT1 huge_JJ cave_NN1 next_II21 to_II22 the_AT highest_JJT pool_NN1 called_VVN the_AT Multicolored_JJ Lake_NN1 (_( Wucai_NP1 chi_NN1 )_) ._. 
Tibetans_NN2 walked_VVD or_CC rode_VVD past_II the_AT same_DA sites_NN2 but_CCB their_APPGE main_JJ focus_NN1 was_VBDZ the_AT eternally_RR snow-capped_JJ mountain_NN1 Shar_NN1 Dung_NN1 ri_NN2 (_( Xiadongri_NP1 ,_, Eastern_JJ Conch_NP1 Mountain_NNL1 )_) overlooking_VVG the_AT lake_NN1 ._. 
The_AT difference_NN1 of_IO focus_NN1 reflected_VVD the_AT importance_NN1 of_IO venerated_JJ mountains_NN2 ,_, which_DDQ in_II Tibetan_JJ tradition_NN1 are_VBR deified_VVN and_CC oversee_VV0 surrounding_JJ landmarks_NN2 ._. 
Tibetans_NN2 regarded_VVN the_AT Multicolored_JJ Lakes_NN2 ,_, called_VVN the_AT Golden_JJ Lakes_NN2 ,_, as_CSA female_JJ dancers_NN2 who_PNQS entertained_VVD Shar_NP1 Dung_NN1 ri_NN2 or_CC ,_, along_II21 with_II22 the_AT great_JJ cave_NN1 ,_, as_CSA officials_NN2 in_II his_APPGE service_NN1 ._. 
The_AT Tibetan_JJ understanding_NN1 is_VBZ that_CST mountains_NN2 and_CC other_JJ elements_NN2 of_IO the_AT sacred_JJ landscape_NN1 were_VBDR produced_VVN by_II famous_JJ humans_NN2 of_IO the_AT past_NN1 ,_, who_PNQS were_VBDR in_II turn_NN1 sanctified_VVD in_II a_AT1 relationship_NN1 of_IO mutual_JJ signification_NN1 ._. 
Tonpa_NP1 Shenrap_NP1 (_( Ch_NN1 ._. 
Dongbaxinrao_NP1 )_) ,_, the_AT founder_NN1 of_IO the_AT Bonpo_NN1 sect_NN1 and_CC identical_JJ to_II the_AT Buddha_NP1 ,_, created_VVD this_DD1 and_CC other_JJ sacred_JJ mountains_NN2 ._. 
In_II the_AT twelfth_MD century_NNT1 ,_, the_AT lama_NN1 Skyang_NN1 'phags_NN2 is_VBZ said_VVN to_TO have_VHI opened_VVN three_MC roads_NN2 around_II the_AT mountain_NN1 ,_, uncovered_VVD magic_JJ implements_NN2 in_II a_AT1 stone_NN1 ,_, found_VVD an_AT1 image_NN1 of_IO Tonpa_NP1 Shenrap_NP1 in_II the_AT lake_NN1 ,_, and_CC purified_VVD the_AT waters_NN2 so_CS21 that_CS22 birds_NN2 ,_, local_JJ gods_NN2 and_CC demons_NN2 came_VVD to_TO worship_VVI him_PPHO1 ._. 
At_II the_AT age_NN1 of_IO 32_MC ,_, after_CS years_NNT2 of_IO self-cultivation_NN1 (_( xiushen_NN1 )_) ,_, he_PPHS1 sanctified_VVD and_CC perfected_VVD Shar_NP1 Dung_NN1 ri_NN2 in_II the_AT tiger_NN1 month_NNT1 (_( 6/15_MF )_) in_II 1158_MC ._. 
At_II the_AT same_DA time_NNT1 he_PPHS1 succeeded_VVD in_II his_APPGE personal_JJ search_NN1 for_IF transcendence_NN1 or_CC nirvana_NN1 ,_, leaving_VVG traces_NN2 of_IO his_APPGE acts_NN2 in_II particular_JJ rocks_NN2 ,_, caves_NN2 ,_, and_CC springs_NN2 that_CST only_RR the_AT most_RGT enlightened_JJ seekers_NN2 will_VM recognize_VVI ._. 
This_DD1 and_CC similar_JJ stories_NN2 project_VV0 onto_II the_AT landscape_NN1 a_AT1 version_NN1 of_IO local_JJ history_NN1 peopled_VVN by_II powerful_JJ Tibetan_JJ gods_NN2 ,_, mountains_NN2 ,_, and_CC lamas_NN2 --_NN1 three_MC mutually_RR reinforcing_VVG presences_NN2 that_CST are_VBR not_XX sharply_RR different_JJ in_II nature_NN1 ._. 
For_IF pilgrims_NN2 ,_, the_AT prior_JJ sanctification_NN1 lends_VVZ the_AT power_NN1 to_TO facilitate_VVI personal_JJ healing_NN1 and_CC extend_VVI life_NN1 ._. 
Within_II Tibetan_JJ local_JJ society_NN1 ,_, the_AT myths_NN2 '_GE emphasis_NN1 on_II the_AT privileged_JJ powers_NN2 of_IO lamas_NN2 affirms_VVZ the_AT hierarchy_NN1 of_IO the_AT Tibetan_JJ priesthood_NN1 ._. 
Nevertheless_RR ,_, in_II the_AT Tibetan_JJ version_NN1 ,_, godhead_NN1 does_VDZ not_XX need_VVI to_TO be_VBI vested_VVN in_II (_( or_CC sanctified_VVD by_II )_) temples_NN2 or_CC monasteries_NN2 on_II these_DD2 mountains_NN2 ._. 
Sanctity_NN1 is_VBZ immanent_JJ and_CC accessible_JJ in_II nature_NN1 ,_, not_XX through_II human_JJ building_NN1 ._. 
Feeling_VVG quite_RR at_II home_NN1 in_II the_AT mountains_NN2 ,_, Tibetans_NN2 focus_VV0 on_II the_AT production_NN1 of_IO individual_JJ sanctity_NN1 remote_JJ from_II society_NN1 ._. 
Their_APPGE distinctive_JJ rituals_NN2 ,_, for_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, scattering_VVG rlungrta_NN1 ,_, colored_VVD paper_NN1 squares_NN2 ,_, at_II high_JJ places_NN2 ,_, and_CC stringing_VVG cotton_NN1 scripture_NN1 sheets_NN2 in_II trees_NN2 and_CC thickets_NN2 ,_, do_VD0 not_XX usually_RR concentrate_VVI near_II buildings_NN2 or_CC places_NN2 of_IO worship_NN1 ._. 
They_PPHS2 also_RR have_VH0 the_AT tradition_NN1 of_IO circumambulating_VVG sacred_JJ mountains_NN2 ,_, and_CC of_IO overnight_JJ cave_NN1 sojourning_VVG ._. 
Even_RR today_RT ,_, lamas_NN2 and_CC others_NN2 well_RR informed_VVN of_IO Tibetan_JJ tradition_NN1 refrain_NN1 from_II visiting_VVG the_AT "_" Han_NP1 Huanglong_NP1 temple_NN1 ,_, "_" as_CSA some_DD call_VV0 it_PPH1 ,_, but_CCB simply_RR visit_VV0 the_AT Grotto_NN1 ,_, the_AT Lake_NN1 and_CC the_AT Spring_NN1 behind_II it_PPH1 ._. 
By_II "_" Huanglong_NP1 "_" is_VBZ understood_VVN a_AT1 doubled_JJ figure_NN1 :_: Huanglong_VV0 the_AT Perfected_JJ Man_NN1 (_( Huanglong_NP1 zhenren_NN1 )_) who_PNQS reached_VVD transcendence_NN1 in_II the_AT Grotto_NN1 ,_, and_CC the_AT Yellow_JJ Dragon_NN1 who_PNQS nourished_VVD and_CC controlled_VVD the_AT streams_NN2 ._. 
Thus_RR Huanglong_VV0 the_AT dragon_NN1 is_VBZ the_AT focus_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 fertility_NN1 cult_NN1 ,_, assisted_VVN by_II Yu_NP1 the_AT Great_JJ (_( Da_NP1 Yu_NP1 )_) ,_, the_AT Chinese_JJ water-controlling_JJ culture_NN1 hero_NN1 recognized_VVN in_II a_AT1 smaller_JJR shrine_NN1 above_II the_AT Rear_JJ Temple_NP1 ,_, just_RR beside_II the_AT Multicolored_JJ Lake_NN1 ._. 
