Electric_JJ Vehicle_NN1 Battery_NN1 Selection_NN1 Narrow_JJ the_AT field_NN1 and_CC find_VV0 the_AT best_JJT battery_NN1 for_IF your_APPGE EV_NN1 ._. 
The_AT right_JJ batteries_NN2 and_CC design_NN1 can_VM make_VVI or_CC break_VVI how_RRQ your_APPGE electric_JJ vehicle_NN1 (_( EV_NN1 )_) functions_NN2 on_II the_AT open_JJ road_NN1 ,_, in_II31 terms_II32 of_II33 speed_NN1 ,_, range_NN1 ,_, reliability_NN1 ,_, and_CC consistent_JJ performance_NN1 under_II varying_JJ conditions_NN2 ._. 
The_AT trick_NN1 is_VBZ finding_VVG a_AT1 battery_NN1 pack_VV0 that_CST fits_VVZ your_APPGE needs_NN2 ,_, within_II the_AT physical_JJ limits_NN2 of_IO your_APPGE vehicle_NN1 and_CC the_AT financial_JJ constraints_NN2 of_IO your_APPGE budget_NN1 ._. 
The_AT Right_JJ Type_NN1 Some_DD batteries_NN2 offer_VV0 enough_DD power_NN1 for_IF excellent_JJ acceleration_NN1 but_CCB are_VBR limited_VVN in_II range_NN1 or_CC cycle_NN1 life_NN1 ,_, while_CS others_NN2 offer_VV0 better_JJR range_NN1 but_CCB with_IW high_JJ price_NN1 tags_NN2 ._. 
Unfortunately_RR ,_, you_PPY ca_VM n't_XX have_VHI it_PPH1 all_DB in_II one_MC1 battery_NN1 type_NN1 ,_, or_CC by_II mixing_VVG different_JJ types_NN2 ._. 
A_AT1 battery_NN1 pack_NN1 needs_VVZ to_TO be_VBI made_VVN up_RP of_IO identical_JJ units_NN2 --_JJ same_DA voltage_NN1 ,_, same_DA ratings_NN2 ,_, same_DA chemistry_NN1 ,_, and_CC even_RR similar_JJ age_NN1 --_NN1 so_CS21 that_CS22 duty_NN1 cycles_NN2 and_CC charging_JJ profiles_NN2 match_VV0 ._. 
You_PPY do_VD0 n't_XX need_VVI to_TO be_VBI a_AT1 battery_NN1 engineer_NN1 to_TO choose_VVI a_AT1 battery_NN1 ,_, but_CCB you_PPY do_VD0 need_VVI to_TO know_VVI how_RRQ batteries_NN2 work_VV0 in_II an_AT1 EV_NN1 ,_, and_CC which_DDQ types_NN2 will_VM not_XX ._. 
Physical_JJ characteristics_NN2 like_II size_NN1 ,_, shape_NN1 ,_, and_CC terminal_JJ type_NN1 are_VBR usually_RR dead_JJ giveaways_NN2 to_II a_AT1 battery_NN1 's_VBZ intended_VVN use_NN1 ._. 
But_CCB making_VVG the_AT distinction_NN1 with_IW EV_NN1 batteries_NN2 is_VBZ n't_XX always_RR that_DD1 easy_JJ --_NN1 they_PPHS2 often_RR look_VV0 alike_RR on_II the_AT outside_JJ ._. 
It_PPH1 's_VBZ what_DDQ 's_VBZ inside_JJ --_NN1 like_II number_NN1 of_IO plates_NN2 ,_, plate_NN1 thickness_NN1 ,_, or_CC chemistry_NN1 --_NN1 that_CST makes_VVZ all_DB the_AT difference_NN1 in_II how_RRQ a_AT1 battery_NN1 can_VM be_VBI used_VVN ._. 
Deep-cycle_JJ traction_NN1 batteries_NN2 ,_, which_DDQ are_VBR designed_VVN to_TO deliver_VVI high-current_JJ draws_NN2 and_CC tolerate_VVI deep_JJ discharges_NN2 ,_, are_VBR the_AT best_JJT choice_NN1 for_IF EVs_NN2 ._. 
Of_IO the_AT different_JJ types_NN2 of_IO traction_NN1 batteries_NN2 ,_, a_AT1 golf_NN1 cart-type_NN1 battery_NN1 offers_VVZ a_AT1 good_JJ balance_NN1 of_IO size_NN1 and_CC capacity_NN1 for_IF most_DAT EV_NN1 conversions_NN2 ._. 
They_PPHS2 come_VV0 in_II 6_MC or_CC 8_MC volts_NNU2 ,_, and_CC when_CS combined_VVN into_II high-voltage_JJ packs_NN2 can_VM propel_VVI a_AT1 passenger_NN1 car_NN1 at_II 100_MC mph_NNU or_CC faster_JJR --_NN1 and_CC provide_VV0 good_JJ range_NN1 and_CC cycle_NN1 life_NN1 ._. 
The_AT 8_MC V_NNU versions_NN2 sacrifice_VV0 a_RR21 little_RR22 amp-hour_JJ capacity_NN1 (_( affects_VVZ range_NN1 )_) to_TO provide_VVI additional_JJ voltage_NN1 (_( affects_VVZ speed_NN1 and_CC power_NN1 )_) ._. 
A_AT1 number_NN1 of_IO different_JJ chemical_JJ reactions_NN2 can_VM store_VVI and_CC release_VVI electricity_NN1 ._. 
Only_RR a_AT1 few_DA2 ,_, however_RR ,_, are_VBR appropriate_JJ for_IF EVs_NN2 ._. 
Flooded_VVD Lead-Acid_NP1 Batteries_NN2 Flooded_VVD lead-acid_NN1 (_( FLA_NP1 )_) batteries_NN2 --_NN1 the_AT most_RGT common_JJ EV_NN1 battery_NN1 in_II use_NN1 --_NN1 tend_VV0 to_TO be_VBI long-lived_JJ (_( up_RG21 to_RG22 four_MC years_NNT2 )_) and_CC offer_VV0 the_AT least_RRT cost_VV0 per_II amp-hour_NNT1 of_IO the_AT available_JJ batteries_NN2 ._. 
Size_NN1 and_CC weight_NN1 are_VBR the_AT main_JJ drawbacks_NN2 of_IO FLA_NP1 batteries_NN2 ._. 
With_IW an_AT1 energy_NN1 density_NN1 of_IO 15_MC to_II 20_MC watt-hours_NNT2 (_( Wh_NP1 )_) per_II pound_NN1 ,_, FLA_NP1 packs_NN2 are_VBR heavier_JJR and_CC take_VV0 up_RP more_DAR volume_NN1 to_TO achieve_VVI the_AT same_DA amount_NN1 of_IO range_NN1 compared_VVN to_II the_AT other_JJ battery_NN1 technologies_NN2 ._. 
The_AT energy_NN1 density_NN1 of_IO FLAs_NP2 is_VBZ low_JJ and_CC their_APPGE volume_NN1 per_II volt_NNU1 is_VBZ high_JJ ._. 
Each_DD1 cell_NN1 is_VBZ comprised_VVN of_IO positive_JJ and_CC negative_JJ plates_NN2 ,_, usually_RR lead_VV0 alloyed_JJ with_IW antimony_NN1 ,_, in_II an_AT1 electrolyte_NN1 solution_NN1 of_IO sulfuric_JJ acid_NN1 and_CC water_NN1 ._. 
During_II the_AT charging_JJ process_NN1 ,_, a_AT1 small_JJ amount_NN1 of_IO water_NN1 in_II the_AT electrolyte_NN1 is_VBZ turned_VVN to_II gas_NN1 and_CC escapes_NN2 ._. 
In_II31 addition_II32 to_II33 keeping_VVG the_AT top_NN1 and_CC terminals_NN2 clean_JJ and_CC regularly_RR equalizing_VVG the_AT pack_NN1 ,_, you_PPY will_VM need_VVI to_TO check_VVI the_AT electrolyte_NN1 level_NN1 and_CC add_VVI water_NN1 as_CSA necessary_JJ ._. 
Though_CS watering_NN1 does_VDZ mean_VVI regular_JJ maintenance_NN1 ,_, it_PPH1 also_RR means_VVZ FLA_NP1 batteries_NN2 are_VBR more_RGR forgiving_JJ of_IO charging_NN1 and_CC discharging_VVG abuse_NN1 than_CSN sealed_JJ batteries_NN2 ._. 
FLA_NP1 batteries_NN2 produce_VV0 hydrogen_NN1 gas_NN1 when_CS charging_VVG ,_, so_CS they_PPHS2 must_VM be_VBI fully_RR enclosed_VVN in_II boxes_NN2 if_CS they_PPHS2 "_" share_VV0 the_AT air_NN1 "_" with_IW passengers_NN2 (_( i.e._REX ,_, in_II the_AT passenger_NN1 compartment_NN1 or_CC hatchback/trunk_NN1 area_NN1 )_) ._. 
Forced-air_JJ ventilation_NN1 (_( using_VVG a_AT1 fan_NN1 and_CC ducting_VVG to_II the_AT outside_JJ )_) is_VBZ necessary_JJ to_TO release_VVI the_AT hydrogen_NN1 gas_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ can_VM be_VBI flammable_JJ in_II high_JJ concentrations_NN2 ._. 
FLA_NP1 batteries_NN2 also_RR lose_VV0 capacity_NN1 in_II cold_JJ conditions_NN2 and_CC may_VM need_VVI to_TO be_VBI insulated_VVN ._. 
Because_CS FLA_NP1 batteries_NN2 will_VM swell_VVI slightly_RR as_CSA they_PPHS2 age_VV0 ,_, you_PPY need_VV0 to_TO leave_VVI space_NN1 --_NN1 about_II 1/16_MF of_IO an_AT1 inch_NNU1 --_NN1 between_II the_AT new_JJ batteries_NN2 when_CS positioning_VVG them_PPHO2 in_II the_AT pack_NN1 ._. 
Otherwise_RR ,_, when_CS the_AT time_NNT1 comes_VVZ to_TO replace_VVI them_PPHO2 ,_, you_PPY 'll_VM find_VVI bloated_JJ batteries_NN2 wedged_VVN in_II place_NN1 ._. 
In_II FLA_NP1 batteries_NN2 ,_, a_AT1 battery_NN1 management_NN1 system_NN1 (_( BMS_NP2 )_) is_VBZ optional_JJ but_CCB can_VM extend_VVI battery_NN1 life_NN1 when_CS used_VVN properly_RR ._. 
Sealed_JJ Lead-Acid_NP1 Batteries_NN2 Sealed_JJ lead-acid_NN1 (_( SLA_NP1 )_) batteries_NN2 ,_, also_RR called_VVN "_" VRLA_NP1 "_" (_( valveregulated_JJ lead_NN1 acid_NN1 )_) ,_, are_VBR available_JJ in_II two_MC technologies_NN2 :_: absorbed_JJ glass_NN1 mat_NN1 (_( AGM_NN1 )_) and_CC gel_NN1 cell_NN1 ._. 
Instead_II21 of_II22 free_JJ liquid_NN1 as_CSA in_II a_AT1 flooded_JJ battery_NN1 ,_, the_AT electrolyte_NN1 is_VBZ held_VVN either_RR in_II mats_NN2 of_IO glass_NN1 fibers_NN2 next_II21 to_II22 the_AT lead_NN1 plates_NN2 or_CC in_II gel_NN1 form_NN1 ._. 
These_DD2 spillproof_JJ batteries_NN2 are_VBR more_RGR resistant_JJ to_TO damage_VVI from_II vibration_NN1 and_CC physical_JJ shock_NN1 than_CSN FLAs_NP2 ,_, and_CC have_VH0 a_AT1 lower_JJR energy_NN1 density_NN1 ,_, at_II 8_MC to_II 15_MC Wh_NP1 per_II pound_NN1 ._. 
"_" Sealed_JJ "_" batteries_NN2 are_VBR sealed_VVN only_RR in_II the_AT sense_NN1 that_CST you_PPY ca_VM n't_XX add_VVI any_DD liquid_NN1 to_II them_PPHO2 ._. 
They_PPHS2 are_VBR constructed_VVN with_IW vents_NN2 or_CC valves_NN2 to_TO automatically_RR relieve_VVI pressure_NN1 from_II gas_NN1 buildup_NN1 if_CS they_PPHS2 are_VBR overcharged_VVN or_CC discharged_VVN too_RG severely_RR ._. 
While_CS sealed_JJ batteries_NN2 are_VBR more_RGR convenient_JJ because_CS they_PPHS2 are_VBR "_" maintenance_NN1 free_JJ ,_, "_" they_PPHS2 are_VBR less_RGR forgiving_JJ of_IO abuse_NN1 because_CS there_EX is_VBZ no_AT way_NN1 to_TO restore_VVI lost_JJ electrolyte_NN1 ._. 
Overcharging_VVG or_CC discharging_VVG too_RG deeply_RR will_VM shorten_VVI the_AT battery_NN1 's_GE cycle_NN1 life_NN1 dramatically_RR ._. 
A_ZZ1 BMS_NP2 is_VBZ required_VVN for_IF most_DAT SLA_NN1 batteries_NN2 to_II better_JJR control_NN1 charge_NN1 and_CC discharge_NN1 ._. 
Unlike_II FLA_NP1 batteries_NN2 ,_, in_II high_JJ temperatures_NN2 ,_, SLA_NP1 batteries_NN2 may_VM require_VVI cooling_VVG airflow_NN1 from_II fans_NN2 since_CS overheating_NN1 causes_VVZ a_AT1 loss_NN1 of_IO electrolyte_NN1 that_CST can_VM shorten_VVI battery_NN1 life_NN1 ._. 
Nickel_NN1 Cadmium_NN1 (_( NiCd_NP1 )_) Nickel_NN1 cadmium_NN1 batteries_NN2 are_VBR alkaline_JJ batteries_NN2 that_CST use_VV0 nickel_NN1 oxide_NN1 hydroxide_NN1 and_CC metallic_JJ cadmium_NN1 as_CSA electrodes_VVZ ._. 
Delivering_VVG 20_MC to_II 30_MC Wh_NP1 per_II pound_NN1 ,_, NiCd_NP1 batteries_NN2 offer_VV0 a_AT1 higher_JJR energy_NN1 density_NN1 than_CSN lead-acid_NN1 batteries_NN2 --_NN1 in_II other_JJ words_NN2 ,_, a_AT1 NiCd_NN1 battery_NN1 is_VBZ smaller_JJR and_CC lighter_JJR than_CSN a_AT1 comparable_JJ lead-acid_NN1 battery_NN1 ._. 
NiCd_VV0 batteries_NN2 also_RR tolerate_VV0 deep_RR discharging_VVG for_IF longer_JJR periods_NN2 ._. 
These_DD2 two_MC points_NN2 initially_RR won_VVN over_II some_DD EV_NN1 enthusiasts_NN2 ,_, but_CCB the_AT technology_NN1 has_VHZ proved_VVN to_TO be_VBI less_DAR than_CSN ideal_JJ for_IF EV_NN1 conversions_NN2 ,_, since_CS the_AT batteries_NN2 are_VBR more_RGR expensive_JJ ,_, harder_RRR to_TO find_VVI in_II large_JJ formats_NN2 ,_, have_VH0 higher_JJR self-discharge_NN1 rates_NN2 ,_, and_CC ,_, ultimately_RR ,_, are_VBR more_RGR dangerous_JJ to_TO use_VVI in_II traction_NN1 applications_NN2 ._. 
If_CS too_RG deeply_RR discharged_VVN and_CC then_RT charged_VVD too_RG quickly_RR ,_, a_AT1 reaction_NN1 can_VM occur_VVI in_II NiCds_NP2 that_CST generates_VVZ heat_NN1 inside_II the_AT battery_NN1 until_CS it_PPH1 melts_VVZ down_RP or_CC catches_VVZ fire_NN1 ._. 
Because_II21 of_II22 this_DD1 risk_NN1 ,_, many_DA2 NiCd_NP1 batteries_NN2 have_VH0 been_VBN removed_VVN from_II service_NN1 and_CC replaced_VVN with_IW lead-acid_NN1 batteries_NN2 ._. 
NiCds_NN2 also_RR suffer_VV0 from_II "_" memory_NN1 "_" problems_NN2 ._. 
If_CS the_AT battery_NN1 is_VBZ repeatedly_RR discharged_VVN partially_RR and_CC then_RT recharged_VVN ,_, it_PPH1 will_VM "_" remember_VV0 "_" that_CST partial_JJ level_NN1 of_IO discharge_NN1 and_CC act_VV0 as_CS21 if_CS22 that_DD1 level_NN1 is_VBZ its_APPGE capacity_NN1 ._. 
These_DD2 batteries_NN2 need_VV0 to_TO be_VBI fully_RR discharged_VVN periodically_RR to_TO prevent_VVI this_DD1 from_II happening_NN1 ,_, and_CC require_VVI a_AT1 BMS_NP2 to_TO properly_RR charge_VVI and_CC equalize_VVI the_AT pack_NN1 ._. 
Unlike_JJ lead-acid_NN1 batteries_NN2 ,_, which_DDQ need_VV0 only_RR a_AT1 little_JJ space_NN1 between_II them_PPHO2 ,_, NiCds_NP2 need_VV0 to_TO be_VBI firmly_RR compressed_VVN to_TO keep_VVI the_AT electrolyte_NN1 covering_VVG the_AT plates_NN2 ._. 
Like_II lead-acids_NN2 ,_, they_PPHS2 need_VV0 to_TO have_VHI their_APPGE fluid_NN1 levels_NN2 checked_VVN and_CC topped_VVN off_RP as_CSA needed_VVN ,_, and_CC tops_NN2 wiped_VVD clean_JJ of_IO electrolyte_NN1 mist_NN1 ._. 
Because_CS NiCds_NN2 come_VV0 in_II 1.2_MC V_NNU cells_NN2 ,_, they_PPHS2 require_VV0 more_DAR interconnects_NN2 --_NN1 five_MC to_II 10_MC times_NNT2 as_RG many_DA2 for_IF the_AT same_DA voltage_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 2_MC V_NNU lead-acid_NN1 bank_NN1 ._. 
This_DD1 means_VVZ more_DAR work_NN1 when_CS assembling_VVG the_AT pack_NN1 and_CC less_DAR reliability_NN1 in_II the_AT long_JJ run_NN1 ,_, since_II doubling_VVG the_AT number_NN1 of_IO connections_NN2 quadruples_VVZ the_AT number_NN1 of_IO possible_JJ failure_NN1 points_NN2 ._. 
NiCds_NN2 do_VD0 not_XX need_VVI the_AT insulation_NN1 that_CST lead-acid_NN1 batteries_NN2 need_VV0 in_II cold_JJ climates_NN2 ,_, but_CCB they_PPHS2 may_VM need_VVI cooling_VVG ventilation_NN1 in_II hot_JJ climates_NN2 ._. 
Although_CS NiCds_NN2 store_VV0 more_DAR energy_NN1 and_CC perform_VV0 better_RRR in_II colder_JJR climates_NN2 than_CSN lead-acid_NN1 batteries_NN2 ,_, they_PPHS2 are_VBR not_XX recommended_VVN for_IF use_NN1 in_II conversions_NN2 today_RT because_II21 of_II22 the_AT chance_NN1 of_IO thermal_JJ runaway_NN1 ._. 
Nickel_NN1 Metal_NN1 Hydride_NN1 In_II the_AT 1990s_MC2 ,_, nickel_NN1 metal_NN1 hydride_NN1 (_( NiMH_NP1 )_) batteries_NN2 were_VBDR the_AT "_" next_MD big_JJ thing_NN1 "_" --_NN1 all_DB the_AT manufacturers_NN2 used_VVD them_PPHO2 in_II their_APPGE EVs_NN2 and_CC hybrids_NN2 ._. 
Not_XX only_RR can_VM they_PPHS2 pack_VVI the_AT same_DA voltage_NN1 into_II a_AT1 quarter_NN1 of_IO the_AT volume_NN1 of_IO FLA_NP1 batteries_NN2 ,_, and_CC half_DB to_II three-quarters_MF of_IO the_AT volume_NN1 of_IO SLA_NP1 or_CC NiCd_NP1 batteries_NN2 ,_, they_PPHS2 also_RR have_VH0 much_RR greater_JJR energy_NN1 density_NN1 ,_, at_II 35_MC to_II 40_MC Wh_NP1 per_II pound_NN1 ._. 
NiMH_NN1 batteries_NN2 do_VD0 not_XX have_VHI the_AT memory_NN1 problems_NN2 of_IO NiCd_NP1 batteries_NN2 nor_CC do_VD0 they_PPHS2 require_VVI watering_NN1 ._. 
They_PPHS2 do_VD0 ,_, however_RR ,_, require_VVI a_AT1 BMS_NP2 for_IF charging_VVG ._. 
The_AT main_JJ drawbacks_NN2 are_VBR that_CST they_PPHS2 are_VBR not_XX sold_VVN at_II retail_JJ level_NN1 and_CC cost_VV0 several_DA2 times_NNT2 as_RG much_DA1 as_CSA lead-acid_NN1 batteries_NN2 ._. 
Lithium-Ion_NP1 Lithium-ion_NN1 (_( Li_NP1 )_) batteries_NN2 are_VBR the_AT "_" next_MD big_JJ thing_NN1 ._. "_" 
Their_APPGE claim_NN1 to_II fame_NN1 is_VBZ much_RR the_AT same_DA as_CSA NiMH_NP1 technology_NN1 ,_, only_RR more_RGR so_RR --_NN1 more_DAR capacity_NN1 in_II a_AT1 lighter_JJR package_NN1 ,_, with_IW energy_NN1 densities_NN2 ranging_VVG from_II 30_MC to_II 95-plus_JJ Wh_NP1 per_II pound_NN1 ._. 
Lithium_NN1 batteries_NN2 ,_, which_DDQ have_VH0 lithium_NN1 metal_NN1 or_CC lithium_NN1 compounds_VVZ as_II an_AT1 anode_NN1 ,_, are_VBR available_JJ in_II different_JJ chemistries_NN2 ,_, but_CCB lithium_NN1 phosphate_NN1 is_VBZ the_AT chemistry_NN1 most_RGT widely_RR used_VVN in_II EVs_NN2 ._. 
(_( See_VV0 "_" Options_NN2 "_" sidebar_NN1 ._. )_) 
Lithium_NN1 batteries_NN2 come_VV0 in_II two_MC basic_JJ shapes_NN2 :_: cylindrical_JJ or_CC rectangular_JJ (_( a.k.a._NNU "_" prismatic_JJ "_" )_) ._. 
Each_DD1 shape_NN1 presents_VVZ different_JJ challenges_NN2 for_IF physical_JJ arrangement_NN1 ,_, interconnects_NN2 ,_, and_CC thermal_JJ control_NN1 ._. 
For_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, the_AT more_RGR uniform_JJ internal_JJ distribution_NN1 of_IO temperature_NN1 in_II prismatic_JJ cells_NN2 increases_VVZ performance_NN1 ._. 
Cylindrical_JJ cells_NN2 may_VM fit_VVI better_RRR in_II a_AT1 shallow_JJ space_NN1 ,_, whereas_CS prismatic_JJ cells_NN2 stack_VV0 better_RRR into_II uniform_JJ blocks_NN2 ,_, with_IW less_RGR wasted_JJ space_NN1 ._. 
Lithium_NN1 cells_NN2 are_VBR relatively_RR maintenance_NN1 free_JJ ,_, but_CCB they_PPHS2 do_VD0 require_VVI a_AT1 BMS_NP2 and_CC ventilation_NN1 for_IF cooling_VVG ,_, since_CS high_JJ temperatures_NN2 will_VM degrade_VVI the_AT batteries_NN2 '_GE performance_NN1 and_CC cycle_NN1 life_NN1 ._. 
Forced_JJ cooling_NN1 with_IW a_AT1 fan_NN1 is_VBZ the_AT minimum_NN1 ,_, but_CCB liquid_JJ cooling_NN1 (_( with_IW coolant_NN1 flowing_VVG through_II tubing_NN1 or_CC jackets_NN2 around_RP and_CC through_II the_AT battery_NN1 pack_NN1 )_) is_VBZ often_RR recommended_VVN ._. 
Despite_II their_APPGE higher_JJR energy_NN1 density_NN1 and_CC a_AT1 cycle_NN1 life_NN1 that_CST 's_VBZ about_RG 2.5_MC times_NNT2 that_DD1 of_IO a_AT1 lead-acid_NN1 battery_NN1 ,_, Li_NP1 batteries_NN2 have_VH0 their_APPGE challenges_NN2 ._. 
Primary_NN1 is_VBZ their_APPGE high_JJ cost_NN1 --_NN1 about_RG 10_MC times_NNT2 the_AT price_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 lead-acid_NN1 battery_NN1 ._. 
Even_RR with_IW projected_JJ price_NN1 drops_NN2 ,_, Li_NP1 technology_NN1 is_VBZ still_RR out_II21 of_II22 reach_NN1 for_IF most_DAT EV_NN1 conversions_NN2 ._. 
Availability_NN1 for_IF retail_JJ sales_NN is_VBZ very_RG limited_JJ and_CC will_VM likely_RR remain_VVI so_RR for_IF the_AT foreseeable_JJ future_JJ --_NN1 most_DAT manufacturers_NN2 are_VBR selling_VVG exclusively_RR to_II vehicle_NN1 manufacturers_NN2 and_CC continue_VV0 to_TO overlook_VVI the_AT retail_JJ conversion_NN1 market_NN1 ._. 
Lithium-based_JJ batteries_NN2 are_VBR more_RGR sensitive_JJ to_II overcharging_VVG or_CC overdischarging_JJ than_CSN any_DD other_JJ chemistry_NN1 ._. 
Under_II certain_JJ conditions_NN2 ,_, the_AT batteries_NN2 can_VM catch_VVI fire_NN1 ._. 
Manufacturers_NN2 are_VBR ,_, however_RR ,_, refining_VVG the_AT design_NN1 of_IO the_AT batteries_NN2 ,_, as_II31 well_II32 as_II33 the_AT charging_NN1 and_CC battery_NN1 management_NN1 systems_NN2 ,_, to_TO minimize_VVI the_AT potential_NN1 for_IF catastrophic_JJ failures_NN2 ._. 
Because_CS the_AT technology_NN1 is_VBZ so_RG new_JJ ,_, data_NN for_IF cycle_NN1 life_NN1 ,_, usable_JJ energy_NN1 ,_, and_CC other_JJ performance_NN1 specs_NN2 are_VBR based_VVN largely_RR on_II limited_JJ laboratory_NN1 testing_NN1 and_CC extrapolation_NN1 ._. 
Until_CS these_DD2 batteries_NN2 have_VH0 been_VBN on_II the_AT road_NN1 for_IF a_AT1 decade_NNT1 or_CC more_RRR ,_, manufacturers_NN2 '_GE specs_NN2 are_VBR really_RR just_RR guesstimates_VVZ ._. 
Comparing_VVG Costs_NN2 Computing_NN1 dollars_NNU2 per_II watt-hour_NNT1 is_VBZ one_MC1 way_NN1 to_TO compare_VVI different_JJ battery_NN1 technologies_NN2 ._. 
Take_VV0 the_AT basic_JJ unit_NN1 in_II which_DDQ the_AT battery_NN1 is_VBZ sold_VVN ,_, whether_CSW that_DD1 's_VBZ a_AT1 single-cell_NN1 or_CC multicell_VV0 unit_NN1 ,_, and_CC multiply_VV0 the_AT voltage_NN1 by_II the_AT amp-hour_JJ rating_NN1 to_TO get_VVI watt-hours_NNT2 ._. 
Then_RT divide_VV0 the_AT cost-per-unit_NN1 by_II the_AT watt-hours_NNT2 ._. 
Cost_VV0 &divide;_FO (_( V_ZZ1 x_ZZ1 Ah_UH )_) =_FO Cost_VV0 per_II Wh_NP1 As_II a_AT1 rule_NN1 ,_, avoid_VV0 bargain_NN1 or_CC store-brand_JJ batteries_NN2 ._. 
They_PPHS2 may_VM be_VBI supplied_VVN by_II multiple_JJ manufacturers_NN2 and_CC relabeled_VVD ,_, making_VVG it_PPH1 impossible_JJ to_TO get_VVI a_AT1 matched_JJ ,_, balanced_JJ pack_NN1 ._. 
They_PPHS2 're_VBR no_AT bargain_NN1 in_II the_AT long_JJ run_NN1 ,_, since_CS this_DD1 imbalance_NN1 will_VM result_VVI in_II poor_JJ range_NN1 and_CC short_JJ cycle_NN1 life_NN1 ._. 
Prices_NN2 jump_VV0 by_II an_AT1 order_NN1 of_IO magnitude_NN1 from_II one_MC1 chemistry_NN1 to_II another_DD1 ._. 
Ultimately_RR ,_, you_PPY have_VH0 to_TO decide_VVI whether_CSW the_AT advantages_NN2 of_IO a_AT1 more_RGR expensive_JJ battery_NN1 technology_NN1 are_VBR enough_DD to_TO justify_VVI the_AT added_JJ expense_NN1 ._. 
Access_VV0 Shari_NP1 Prange_NP1 (_( electro@cruzio.com_FO )_) is_VBZ co-author_NN1 with_IW Michael_NP1 Brown_NP1 of_IO the_AT widely_RR referenced_JJ book_NN1 ,_, Convert_VV0 It_PPH1 :_: A_ZZ1 Step-by-Step_NP1 Manual_NN1 for_IF Converting_VVG an_AT1 Internal_JJ Combustion_NN1 Vehicle_NN1 to_II Electric_JJ Power_NN1 ._. 
She_PPHS1 has_VHZ been_VBN co-owner_NN1 of_IO Electro_NP1 Automotive_NP1 ,_, a_AT1 supplier_NN1 of_IO EV_NN1 conversion_NN1 kits_NN2 ,_, since_II 1983_MC ._. 
