Hedonizing_VVG Technologies_NN2 Paths_NN2 to_II Pleasure_NN1 in_II Hobbies_NN2 and_CC Leisure_NN1 In_II 1978_MC family_NN1 sociologists_NN2 Jay_NP1 Mancini_NP1 and_CC Dennis_NP1 Orthner_NP1 published_VVD a_AT1 paper_NN1 in_II the_AT Journal_NN1 of_IO Sex_NN1 Research_NN1 reporting_VVG the_AT results_NN2 of_IO a_AT1 survey_NN1 of_IO leisure_NN1 preferences_NN2 among_II couples_NN2 in_II a_AT1 southwestern_JJ city_NN1 ._. 
The_AT top_JJ pick_NN1 among_II the_AT men_NN2 was_VBDZ predictable_JJ :_: 45_MC percent_NNU preferred_VVN to_TO spend_VVI their_APPGE spare_JJ time_NNT1 having_VHG sex_NN1 ,_, with_IW "_" attending_VVG athletic_JJ events_NN2 "_" and_CC "_" reading_VVG books_NN2 "_" coming_VVG in_II second_NNT1 and_CC third_MD ._. 
The_AT women_NN2 ,_, however_RR ,_, preferred_JJ books_NN2 to_II sex_NN1 :_: 37_MC percent_NNU would_VM rather_RR be_VBI reading_VVG ._. 
Sex_NN1 ran_VVD a_AT1 poor_JJ second_NNT1 at_II 26_MC percent_NNU ,_, nearly_RR tying_VVG with_IW activities_NN2 that_CST did_VDD not_XX even_RR register_VVI on_II the_AT male_JJ leisure_NN1 scale_NN1 :_: needlework_NN1 and_CC sewing_VVG at_II 25_MC percent_NNU ._. 
Because_CS the_AT authors_NN2 do_VD0 not_XX tell_VVI us_PPIO2 the_AT survey_NN1 's_GE margin_NN1 of_IO error_NN1 ,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ a_AT1 moot_JJ question_NN1 whether_CSW sex_NN1 really_RR won_VVD the_AT race_NN1 for_IF second_MD place_NN1 on_II the_AT side_NN1 of_IO the_AT family_NN1 ._. 
The_AT study_NN1 enjoyed_VVD its_APPGE fifteen_MC minutes_NNT2 of_IO fame_NN1 in_II the_AT form_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 brief_JJ but_CCB spirited_JJ debate_NN1 in_II newspaper_NN1 and_CC other_JJ periodical_NN1 editorials_NN2 ,_, and_CC in_II indignant_JJ letters_NN2 to_II advice_NN1 columnists_NN2 by_II men_NN2 who_PNQS took_VVD women_NN2 's_GE unflattering_JJ preferences_NN2 as_II a_AT1 personal_JJ criticism_NN1 ,_, as_CSA indeed_RR they_PPHS2 may_VM well_RR have_VHI been_VBN ._. 
A_ZZ1 Gallup_NP1 poll_NN1 in_II March_NPM1 1977_MC had_VHD also_RR ranked_VVN needlework_NN1 high_JJ among_II women_NN2 's_GE leisure_NN1 choices_NN2 ._. 
In_II31 answer_II32 to_II33 the_AT question_NN1 "_" What_DDQ is_VBZ your_APPGE favorite_JJ way_NN1 of_IO spending_VVG an_AT1 evening_NNT1 ?_? "_" a_AT1 predictable_JJ 30_MC percent_NNU of_IO both_DB2 sexes_NN2 chose_VVD watching_VVG television_NN1 ,_, with_IW reading_VVG a_AT1 faraway_NN1 second_NNT1 at_II 12_MC percent_NNU for_IF men_NN2 and_CC 17_MC percent_NNU for_IF women_NN2 ._. 
Needlework_NN1 was_VBDZ the_AT favorite_JJ activity_NN1 of_IO 8_MC percent_NNU of_IO the_AT women_NN2 in_II this_DD1 sample_NN1 and_CC ,_, not_XX very_RG surprisingly_RR ,_, of_IO less_DAR than_CSN 1_MC1 percent_NNU of_IO the_AT men_NN2 ,_, so_RG small_JJ a_AT1 number_NN1 that_CST Gallup_NP1 did_VDD not_XX even_RR bother_VVI to_TO report_VVI it_PPH1 ._. 
Sex_NN1 was_VBDZ not_XX offered_VVN as_II an_AT1 option_NN1 on_II the_AT survey_NN1 checklist_NN1 ,_, and_CC the_AT response_NN1 "_" home_RL with_IW family_NN1 "_" is_VBZ probably_RR not_XX an_AT1 adequate_JJ surrogate_NN1 ._. 
The_AT Gallup_NP1 study_NN1 showed_VVD that_CST women_NN2 did_VDD needlework_NN1 across_II all_DB income_NN1 categories_NN2 ,_, and_CC that_CST they_PPHS2 were_VBDR only_RR slightly_RR more_RGR likely_JJ to_TO do_VDI so_RR if_CS they_PPHS2 were_VBDR rural_JJ homemakers_NN2 rather_II21 than_II22 urban_JJ professionals_NN2 ._. 
Needlework_NN1 ,_, once_RR a_AT1 necessity_NN1 for_IF the_AT poor_JJ and_CC a_AT1 luxury_NN1 for_IF the_AT rich_JJ ,_, has_VHZ become_VVN in_II the_AT last_MD two_MC centuries_NNT2 a_AT1 rewarding_JJ hobby_NN1 for_IF large_JJ numbers_NN2 of_IO women_NN2 --_NN1 and_CC sometimes_RT men_NN2 --_NN1 of_IO all_DB social_JJ classes_NN2 :_: the_AT discount_NN1 store_NN1 clerk_NN1 who_PNQS crochets_VVZ afghans_NN2 ,_, the_AT schoolteacher_NN1 who_PNQS knits_VVZ ,_, the_AT stockbroker_NN1 who_PNQS works_VVZ cross-stitch_JJ samplers_NN2 ._. 
None_PN of_IO these_DD2 artisans_NN2 has_VHZ any_DD need_NN1 to_TO produce_VVI clothing_NN1 or_CC other_JJ goods_NN2 ,_, or_CC even_RR to_TO spend_VVI much_DA1 time_NNT1 repairing_VVG them_PPHO2 ._. 
Their_APPGE engagement_NN1 with_IW needlework_NN1 is_VBZ not_XX a_AT1 practical_JJ matter_NN1 ._. 
It_PPH1 is_VBZ now_RT a_AT1 leisure_NN1 activity_NN1 like_II sex_NN1 ,_, gourmet_NN1 cooking_NN1 ,_, and_CC amateur_JJ photography_NN1 ,_, and_CC like_VV0 them_PPHO2 its_APPGE technology_NN1 has_VHZ adjusted_VVN to_II a_AT1 market_NN1 that_CST privileges_NN2 the_AT enjoyment_NN1 of_IO the_AT process_NN1 over_II the_AT goal_NN1 of_IO efficient_JJ production_NN1 ._. 
The_AT Industrial_JJ Revolution_NN1 has_VHZ made_VVN leisure_NN1 needlework_NN1 a_AT1 technology_NN1 of_IO pleasure_NN1 ,_, along_II21 with_II22 many_DA2 other_JJ preindustrial_JJ activities_NN2 once_RR performed_VVN by_II necessity_NN1 and_CC now_RT marketed_VVN to_II consumers_NN2 as_CSA leisure_NN1 pastimes_NN2 ,_, including_II weaving_NN1 ,_, woodworking_NN1 ,_, ceramics_NN2 ,_, painting_NN1 ,_, hunting_NN1 ,_, fishing_NN1 with_IW hook_NN1 and_CC line_NN1 ,_, antique_JJ auto_NN1 restoration_NN1 ,_, the_AT making_NN1 of_IO soap_NN1 and_CC candles_NN2 ,_, cake_NN1 decorating_NN1 ,_, food_NN1 preserving_NN1 ,_, and_CC horticulture_NN1 ._. 
The_AT success_NN1 of_IO "_" home_NN1 improvement_NN1 "_" and_CC "_" do-it-yourself_JJ "_" enterprises_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 Home_NN1 Depot_NN1 ,_, and_CC Martha_NP1 Stewart_NP1 's_GE print_NN1 and_CC broadcast_VV0 obsessions_NN2 with_IW domestic_JJ crafts_NN2 ,_, are_VBR only_RR the_AT most_RGT recent_JJ manifestations_NN2 of_IO our_APPGE historical_JJ pleasure_NN1 in_II technologies_NN2 we_PPIS2 own_VV0 and_CC control_NN1 with_IW eye_NN1 and_CC hand_NN1 ._. 
In_II the_AT past_JJ ten_MC years_NNT2 ,_, there_EX has_VHZ been_VBN an_AT1 explosion_NN1 of_IO published_JJ and_CC reprinted_JJ titles_NN2 on_II pickling_VVG ,_, preserving_VVG ,_, drying_VVG ,_, and_CC other_JJ methods_NN2 of_IO "_" putting_VVG food_NN1 by_II ,_, "_" despite_II the_AT ubiquity_NN1 of_IO grocery_NN1 stores_NN2 ._. 
Like_II the_AT taste_NN1 of_IO grain_NN1 ,_, the_AT sensation_NN1 of_IO manipulating_VVG raw_JJ material_NN1 satisfies_VVZ us_PPIO2 at_II a_AT1 deep_JJ (_( and_CC possibly_RR genetic_JJ )_) level_NN1 ,_, resonating_VVG with_IW adaptive_JJ behaviors_NN2 dating_VVG at_RR21 least_RR22 to_II the_AT Paleolithic_JJ ._. 
Apparently_RR ,_, many_DA2 of_IO us_PPIO2 like_VV0 to_TO do_VDI things_NN2 with_IW our_APPGE hands_NN2 ,_, whether_CSW we_PPIS2 need_VV0 to_TO do_VDI them_PPHO2 or_CC not_XX ._. 
Although_CS technological_JJ change_NN1 since_CS the_AT eighteenth_MD century_NNT1 has_VHZ produced_VVN conditions_NN2 in_II which_DDQ hobby_NN1 and_CC leisure_NN1 activities_NN2 are_VBR economically_RR accessible_JJ to_TO nearly_RR everyone_PN1 in_II Western_JJ industrial_JJ democracies_NN2 ,_, the_AT phenomenon_NN1 of_IO what_DDQ we_PPIS2 may_VM call_VVI "_" leisure_NN1 work_NN1 "_" is_VBZ much_RR older_JJR ._. 
Gardening_NN1 ,_, hunting_NN1 ,_, and_CC fishing_NN1 became_VVD hedonized_VVD by_II the_AT wealthy_JJ in_II antiquity_NN1 as_CS31 soon_CS32 as_CS33 it_PPH1 was_VBDZ unnecessary_JJ for_IF these_DD2 individuals_NN2 to_TO hunt_VVI or_CC gather_VVI their_APPGE own_DA food_NN1 ._. 
In_II Britain_NP1 and_CC Europe_NP1 ,_, leisure_NN1 hunting_NN1 by_II the_AT nobility_NN1 was_VBDZ by_II the_AT Middle_JJ Ages_NN2 at_II the_AT very_RG latest_JJT an_AT1 activity_NN1 virtually_RR irrelevant_JJ to_II nutrition_NN1 ;_; at_II the_AT same_DA period_NN1 ,_, needlework_NN1 among_II noblewomen_NN2 was_VBDZ already_RR hedonized_VVN ,_, not_XX only_RR at_II home_NN1 but_CCB also_RR in_II convents_NN2 ,_, where_CS entire_JJ communities_NN2 set_VV0 aside_RL time_NNT1 to_TO enjoy_VVI the_AT quiet_JJ and_CC satisfying_JJ rhythm_NN1 of_IO passing_VVG a_AT1 needle_NN1 through_II cloth_NN1 ,_, making_VVG the_AT elaborate_JJ ,_, richly_RR decorated_JJ garments_NN2 and_CC church_NN1 ornaments_NN2 that_CST the_AT nuns_NN2 themselves_PPX2 did_VDD not_XX use_VVI ._. 
Their_APPGE modern_JJ sisters_NN2 would_VM crochet_VVI doilies_NN2 and_CC potholders_VVZ by_II the_AT dozen_NNO in_II much_RR the_AT same_DA way_NN1 ,_, and_CC in_II pursuit_NN1 ,_, I_PPIS1 shall_VM argue_VVI ,_, of_IO the_AT same_DA kind_NN1 of_IO pleasure_NN1 Most_DAT historians_NN2 of_IO leisure_NN1 and_CC hobbies_NN2 seem_VV0 to_TO regard_VVI the_AT embroidery_NN1 of_IO medieval_JJ noblewomen_NN2 and_CC nuns_NN2 as_CS21 if_CS22 it_PPH1 were_VBDR work_NN1 ,_, possibly_RR because_CS many_DA2 of_IO them_PPHO2 do_VD0 not_XX know_VVI how_RRQ to_TO make_VVI the_AT distinction_NN1 between_II plain_JJ sewing_NN1 and_CC fancywork_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ will_VM be_VBI explained_VVN later_RRR in_II this_DD1 section_NN1 ,_, or_CC perhaps_RR because_CS it_PPH1 is_VBZ not_XX perceived_VVN as_CSA parallel_RR to_II the_AT largely_RR male_JJ activities_NN2 of_IO hunting_NN1 ,_, hawking_VVG ,_, and_CC fishing_NN1 ._. 
What_DDQ seems_VVZ to_TO have_VHI largely_RR escaped_VVN scholarly_JJ attention_NN1 about_II this_DD1 use_NN1 of_IO time_NNT1 by_II rich_JJ women_NN2 of_IO the_AT Middle_JJ Ages_NN2 is_VBZ that_CST it_PPH1 was_VBDZ both_RR unnecessary_JJ on_II any_DD practical_JJ grounds_NN2 ,_, and_CC socially_RR approved_VVN ._. 
The_AT hypothesis_NN1 of_IO Steven_NP1 Gelber_NP1 and_CC others_NN2 regarding_II the_AT non-existence_NN1 of_IO hobbies_NN2 before_II the_AT nineteenth_MD century_NNT1 has_VHZ at_RR21 least_RR22 one_MC1 element_NN1 of_IO intuitive_JJ appeal_NN1 :_: the_AT rise_NN1 of_IO hobby-related_JJ publications_NN2 in_II that_DD1 century_NNT1 made_VVD leisure_NN1 activities_NN2 much_RR easier_JJR to_TO distinguish_VVI from_II their_APPGE murky_JJ backgrounds_NN2 of_IO work_NN1 and_CC necessity_NN1 ._. 
Since_CS the_AT principal_NN1 defining_VVG elements_NN2 of_IO a_AT1 leisure_NN1 activity_NN1 are_VBR that_CST one_PN1 does_VDZ not_XX have_VHI to_TO do_VDI it_PPH1 and_CC that_CST one_PN1 enjoys_VVZ the_AT process_NN1 ,_, our_APPGE lack_NN1 of_IO information_NN1 regarding_II what_DDQ preindustrial_JJ individuals_NN2 considered_VVD necessary_JJ and_CC whether_CSW31 or_CSW32 not_CSW33 they_PPHS2 enjoyed_VVD what_DDQ they_PPHS2 were_VBDR doing_VDG is_VBZ a_AT1 serious_JJ handicap_NN1 to_II hobby_NN1 and_CC leisure_NN1 historiography_NN1 ._. 
Leisure_NN1 gardening_NN1 and_CC hobby_NN1 farming_NN1 by_II those_DD2 who_PNQS could_VM afford_VVI professional_JJ gardeners_NN2 seem_VV0 definitely_RR to_TO have_VHI existed_VVN in_II antiquity_NN1 ,_, but_CCB we_PPIS2 know_VV0 little_RR about_II whether_CSW its_APPGE practitioners_NN2 --_NN1 particularly_RR Romans_NN2 like_II Seneca_NP1 who_PNQS were_VBDR very_RG conscious_JJ of_IO their_APPGE appearance_NN1 of_IO conformity_NN1 (_( or_CC lack_NN1 of_IO it_PPH1 )_) to_II traditional_JJ virtues_NN2 --_NN1 actually_RR enjoyed_VVD the_AT activity_NN1 for_IF its_APPGE own_DA sake_NN1 ,_, or_CC whether_CSW it_PPH1 was_VBDZ a_AT1 kind_NN1 of_IO social_JJ chore_NN1 ,_, comparable_JJ to_II attending_VVG a_AT1 socially_RR necessary_JJ party_NN1 at_II which_DDQ having_VHG a_AT1 good_JJ time_NNT1 is_VBZ not_XX the_AT point_NN1 ._. 
Hunting_NN1 for_IF sport_NN1 is_VBZ known_VVN to_TO have_VHI been_VBN a_AT1 standard_JJ activity_NN1 of_IO affluent_JJ men_NN2 in_II Greek_NN1 and_CC Roman_JJ times_NNT2 ,_, but_CCB again_RT ,_, we_PPIS2 can_VM not_XX determine_VVI the_AT social_JJ pressures_NN2 to_TO participate_VVI or_CC observe_VVI the_AT states_NN2 of_IO mind_NN1 of_IO the_AT participants._NNU 3_MC The_AT elder_JJR Pliny_NN1 ,_, arguably_RR antiquity_NN1 's_GE most_RGT prolific_JJ font_NN1 of_IO unreliable_JJ information_NN1 ,_, tells_VVZ us_PPIO2 that_DD1 gardening_NN1 was_VBDZ a_AT1 source_NN1 of_IO pleasure_NN1 for_IF the_AT likes_NN2 of_IO Epicurus_NP1 and_CC Cato_NP1 ,_, but_CCB we_PPIS2 have_VH0 corroborating_JJ first-person_JJ accounts_NN2 of_IO gardening_NN1 from_II neither_DD1 ._. 
The_AT same_DA difficulties_NN2 apply_VV0 to_II the_AT embroidery_NN1 of_IO the_AT female_JJ aristocracy_NN1 :_: we_PPIS2 know_VV0 that_CST they_PPHS2 spun_VVD ,_, wove_VVD ,_, and_CC embroidered_VVD ,_, and_CC that_CST in_II strictly_RR economic_JJ terms_NN2 they_PPHS2 did_VDD not_XX need_VVI to_TO do_VDI so_RR ,_, but_CCB we_PPIS2 know_VV0 nothing_PN1 whatever_DDQV about_II their_APPGE perceptions_NN2 of_IO social_JJ necessity_NN1 ,_, nor_CC how_RRQ they_PPHS2 felt_VVD about_II conforming_VVG to_II it_PPH1 ._. 
It_PPH1 is_VBZ written_VVN documentation_NN1 that_CST makes_VVZ the_AT mind_NN1 of_IO the_AT individual_NN1 in_II history_NN1 accessible_JJ to_II us_PPIO2 ,_, and_CC often_RR even_RR that_DD1 is_VBZ ambiguous_JJ ,_, as_CSA in_II the_AT case_NN1 of_IO Seneca_NP1 ._. 
Hunting_NN1 ,_, like_II gardening_NN1 ,_, can_VM be_VBI a_AT1 genuinely_RR pleasurable_JJ form_NN1 of_IO leisure_NN1 or_CC ,_, for_IF men_NN2 of_IO elite_NN1 classes_NN2 in_II various_JJ historical_JJ times_NNT2 and_CC places_NN2 ,_, a_AT1 social_JJ obligation_NN1 ._. 
I_PPIS1 shall_VM return_VVI to_II the_AT hedonization_NN1 of_IO hunting_NN1 in_II the_AT context_NN1 of_IO modern_JJ leisure_NN1 in_II Chapters_NN2 4_MC and_CC 5_MC ._. 
Although_CS the_AT questions_NN2 of_IO social_JJ pressure_NN1 and_CC personal_JJ enjoyment_NN1 persist_VV0 ,_, individual_JJ agency_NN1 regarding_II hobbies_NN2 and_CC leisure_NN1 began_VVD to_TO emerge_VVI from_II the_AT murk_NN1 of_IO necessity_NN1 in_II the_AT Middle_JJ Ages_NN2 ,_, and_CC the_AT technologies_NN2 of_IO these_DD2 hobbies_NN2 began_VVD to_TO take_VVI on_RP some_DD of_IO what_DDQ we_PPIS2 shall_VM come_VVI to_TO recognize_VVI as_II the_AT characteristic_JJ paths_NN2 to_II hedonization_NN1 ._. 
Historically_RR ,_, most_DAT women_NN2 have_VH0 been_VBN "_" obliged_VVN ,_, "_" in_II Tom_NP1 Sawyer_NP1 's_GE sense_NN1 ,_, to_TO do_VDI a_AT1 great_JJ deal_NN1 of_IO needlework_NN1 ,_, particularly_RR plain_JJ sewing_NN1 ,_, darning_VVG ,_, and_CC mending_VVG ,_, which_DDQ in_II the_AT industrial_JJ era_NN1 is_VBZ now_RT economically_RR and_CC socially_RR unnecessary_JJ ._. 
Anthropologist_NP1 Elizabeth_NP1 Barber_NP1 argues_VVZ persuasively_RR that_DD1 textile_NN1 making_NN1 became_VVD associated_VVN with_IW women_NN2 at_RR21 least_RR22 in_RR21 part_RR22 because_CS it_PPH1 is_VBZ compatible_JJ with_IW the_AT historically_RR omnipresent_JJ responsibility_NN1 for_IF child-herding_NN1 and_CC with_IW the_AT care_NN1 of_IO the_AT sick_JJ ._. 
Diaries_NN2 ,_, letters_NN2 ,_, and_CC fictional_JJ accounts_NN2 by_II women_NN2 show_VV0 clear_JJ evidence_NN1 ,_, however_RR ,_, that_CST many_DA2 women_NN2 and_CC some_DD men_NN2 (_( including_II a_AT1 number_NN1 of_IO sailors_NN2 and_CC sailmakers_NN2 )_) chose_VVD certain_JJ needlework_NN1 tasks_NN2 for_IF pleasure_NN1 even_CS21 when_CS22 other_JJ tasks_NN2 ,_, like_II mending_VVG ,_, were_VBDR performed_VVN as_CSA work_NN1 ._. 
The_AT distinction_NN1 between_II plain_NN1 and_CC fancy_JJ needlework_NN1 has_VHZ for_RR41 the_RR42 most_RR43 part_RR44 dropped_VVN out_II21 of_II22 common_JJ twenty-first-century_JJ parlance_NN1 ,_, principally_RR because_CS the_AT parallel_JJ processes_NN2 of_IO industrialization_NN1 and_CC hedonization_NN1 have_VH0 made_VVN all_DB needlework_NN1 optional_JJ ._. 
The_AT element_NN1 of_IO necessity_NN1 formerly_RR associated_VVN with_IW plain_JJ work_NN1 has_VHZ been_VBN entirely_RR eliminated_VVN ._. 
As_CSA historical_JJ categories_NN2 ,_, however_RR ,_, plain_JJ and_CC fancywork_NN1 are_VBR surprisingly_RR difficult_JJ to_TO define_VVI ;_; as_CSA in_II many_DA2 other_JJ craft_NN1 contexts_NN2 ,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ easier_JJR to_TO point_VVI to_II examples_NN2 than_CSN to_TO formulate_VVI comprehensive_JJ definitions_NN2 ._. 
My_APPGE approach_NN1 to_II what_DDQ some_DD will_VM no_AT doubt_NN1 consider_VVI to_TO be_VBI very_RG primitive_JJ bibliometrics_NN1 was_VBDZ to_TO search_VVI WorldCat_NP1 ,_, the_AT database_NN1 and_CC online_RR cataloging_VVG utility_NN1 of_IO the_AT Online_JJ Computer_NN1 Library_NN1 Center_NN1 (_( OCLC_NP1 )_) ,_, formerly_RR the_AT Ohio_NP1 College_NN1 Library_NN1 Center_NN1 ,_, on_II the_AT Library_NN1 of_IO Congress_NN1 Subject_NN1 Heading_NN1 (_( LCSH_NN1 )_) for_IF each_DD1 of_IO the_AT leisure_NN1 crafts_NN2 I_PPIS1 had_VHD identified_VVN as_CSA components_NN2 of_IO the_AT historical_JJ trend_NN1 toward_II hedonization_NN1 ._. 
Some_DD of_IO these_DD2 required_JJ searches_NN2 on_II two_MC headings_NN2 ;_; works_NN on_II ham_NN1 radio_NN1 ,_, for_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, may_VM be_VBI classed_VVN as_CSA "_" Radio_NN1 --_NN1 Amateurs_NN2 '_GE Manuals_NN2 "_" or_CC "_" Amateur_JJ Radio_NN1 Stations_NN2 ,_, "_" or_CC both_DB2 ._. 
Formats_NN2 were_VBDR limited_VVN to_TO exclude_VVI visual_JJ materials_NN2 ,_, musical_JJ works_NN ,_, sound_NN1 recordings_NN2 ,_, and_CC maps_NN2 ._. 
Each_DD1 subject_NN1 search_NN1 began_VVD with_IW the_AT "_" Early_JJ Works_NN to_II 1800_MC "_" subhead_NN1 appended_VVD to_II the_AT LCSH_NN1 ,_, even_RR in_II cases_NN2 where_RRQ I_PPIS1 knew_VVD there_EX would_VM be_VBI no_AT results_NN2 ,_, as_CSA in_II that_DD1 of_IO "_" High-Fidelity_NP1 Sound_NN1 Systems_NN2 ._. "_" 
I_PPIS1 included_VVD 1800_MC in_II my_APPGE searches_NN2 for_IF the_AT first_MD decade_NNT1 of_IO the_AT nineteenth_MD century_NNT1 ,_, but_II21 for_II22 the_AT following_JJ decades_NNT2 set_VV0 temporal_JJ delimiters_NN2 of_IO the_AT form_NN1 "_" 1811_MC -_- 1820_MC ._. "_" 
WorldCat_NN1 ,_, the_AT online_JJ union_NN1 catalog_NN1 of_IO the_AT Online_JJ Computer_NN1 Library_NN1 Center_NN1 ,_, with_IW more_DAR than_CSN 50,000_MC member_NN1 libraries_NN2 in_II 96_MC countries_NN2 at_II this_DD1 writing_NN1 ,_, has_VHZ bibliographic_JJ records_NN2 for_IF about_RG 70_MC million_NNO titles_NN2 ._. 
A_AT1 "_" title_NN1 "_" is_VBZ a_AT1 bibliographic_JJ entity_NN1 with_IW its_APPGE own_DA identity_NN1 ;_; for_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, although_CS a_AT1 serial_NN1 may_VM run_VVI to_II many_DA2 volumes_NN2 ,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ all_RR one_MC1 "_" title_NN1 ._. "_" 
Not_XX all_DB materials_NN2 in_II member_NN1 libraries_NN2 appear_VV0 on_II WorldCat_NP1 ;_; most_DAT large_JJ libraries_NN2 ,_, including_II the_AT Library_NN1 of_IO Congress_NN1 ,_, have_VH0 not_XX yet_RR completed_VVN the_AT irreducibly_RR labor-intensive_JJ and_CC expensive_JJ process_NN1 of_IO converting_VVG their_APPGE old_JJ card_NN1 catalogs_NN2 to_II MARC_NN1 (_( MAchine_VV0 Readable_JJ Cataloging_NP1 )_) format_VV0 records_NN2 compatible_JJ with_IW modern_JJ international_JJ bibliographic_JJ standards_NN2 ._. 
WorldCat_NN1 is_VBZ ,_, however_RR ,_, one_MC1 of_IO the_AT largest_JJT bibliographic_JJ databases_NN2 available_JJ to_II scholars_NN2 and_CC is_VBZ readily_RR searchable_JJ on_II a_AT1 wide_JJ variety_NN1 of_IO access_NN1 points_VVZ :_: subject_NN1 ,_, author_NN1 ,_, title_NN1 ,_, ISBN_NP1 ,_, and_RR31 so_RR32 on_RR33 ._. 
One_MC1 of_IO WorldCat_NP1 's_GE many_DA2 virtues_NN2 is_VBZ that_CST it_PPH1 represents_VVZ the_AT product_NN1 of_IO more_DAR than_CSN a_AT1 hundred_NNO years_NNT2 of_IO argument_NN1 ,_, counter-argument_NN1 ,_, and_CC consensus-building_NN1 among_II librarians_NN2 about_II controlled_JJ vocabularies_NN2 ,_, which_DDQ makes_VVZ it_PPH1 possible_JJ for_IF researchers_NN2 to_TO pull_VVI up_RP more_RRR consistently_RR related_JJ titles_NN2 using_VVG LCSHs_NN2 than_CSN would_VM be_VBI feasible_JJ using_VVG keywords_NN2 ._. 
A_AT1 keyword_NN1 search_NN1 on_II "_" Needlework_NN1 ,_, "_" for_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, even_RR with_IW date_NN1 limitations_NN2 ,_, would_VM yield_VVI a_AT1 bewildering_JJ and_CC overwhelming_JJ number_NN1 of_IO references_NN2 ._. 
Like_II all_DB databases_NN2 ,_, WorldCat_NP1 has_VHZ limitations_NN2 and_CC biases_NN2 ._. 
It_PPH1 is_VBZ dominated_VVN by_II works_NN in_II English_NN1 ,_, is_VBZ weak_JJ in_II ephemera_NN1 (_( especially_RR of_IO the_AT "_" pulp_NN1 "_" type_NN1 )_) ,_, and_CC is_VBZ limited_VVN to_II what_DDQ is_VBZ in_II libraries_NN2 and_CC cataloged_VVD ._. 
Most_DAT of_IO the_AT data_NN comes_VVZ from_II large_JJ repositories_NN2 like_II university_NN1 libraries_NN2 ._. 
Cataloging_VVG conventions_NN2 --_JJ most_RGT notably_RR ,_, dating_VVG works_NN of_IO unknown_JJ date_NN1 by_II probable_JJ century_NNT1 --_NN1 create_VV0 statistical_JJ artifacts_NN2 ._. 
In_II the_AT case_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 publication_NN1 of_IO unknown_JJ date_NN1 ,_, the_AT cataloger_NN1 may_VM only_RR be_VBI able_JK to_TO identify_VVI or_CC make_VVI an_AT1 educated_JJ guess_NN1 at_II the_AT century_NNT1 in_II which_DDQ the_AT work_NN1 was_VBDZ published_VVN ,_, e.g._REX ,_, "_" 1800s_MC2 "_" or_CC "_" 1900s_MC2 ._. "_" 
In_II the_AT tables_NN2 and_CC charts_NN2 at_II the_AT end_NN1 of_IO this_DD1 appendix_NN1 ,_, this_DD1 creates_VVZ a_AT1 "_" heaping_VVG "_" effect_NN1 on_II the_AT initial_JJ years_NNT2 of_IO centuries_NNT2 ,_, creating_VVG the_AT false_JJ impression_NN1 that_CST more_DAR works_NN were_VBDR published_VVN in_II these_DD2 years_NNT2 than_CSN in_II the_AT immediately_RR preceding_JJ and_CC following_JJ years_NNT2 ._. 
This_DD1 effect_NN1 is_VBZ especially_RR noticeable_JJ in_II the_AT case_NN1 of_IO serials_NN2 ._. 
