Time_NNT1 for_IF a_AT1 Rethink_NN1 It_PPH1 is_VBZ hard_JJ to_TO object_VVI to_II the_AT Millennium_NNT1 Development_NN1 Goals_NN2 ,_, but_CCB that_DD1 does_VDZ n't_XX mean_VVI they_PPHS2 lay_VVD out_RP an_AT1 effective_JJ blueprint_NN1 for_IF development_NN1 AT_II the_AT start_NN1 of_IO what_DDQ became_VVD known_VVN as_II the_AT Doha_NP1 Round_NN1 of_IO multilateral_JJ trade_NN1 negotiations_NN2 ,_, many_DA2 proposed_VVD it_PPH1 be_VBI named_VVN the_AT Millennium_NNT1 Round_RP ._. 
But_CCB that_DD1 suggestion_NN1 went_VVD nowhere_RL after_II a_AT1 wit_NN1 observed_VVD that_CST this_DD1 could_VM mean_VVI it_PPH1 would_VM take_VVI a_AT1 millennium_NNT1 before_II the_AT negotiating_NN1 nations_NN2 would_VM reach_VVI consensus_NN1 to_TO close_VVI the_AT Round_JJ ._. 
This_DD1 is_VBZ not_XX quite_RG the_AT problem_NN1 with_IW the_AT Millennium_NNT1 Development_NN1 Goals_NN2 (_( MDGs_NP1 ;_; see_VV0 Box_NN1 1_MC1 in_II "_" Regaining_VVG Momentum_NN1 "_" in_II this_DD1 issue_NN1 of_IO F_ZZ1 &D).;_NULL They_PPHS2 are_VBR not_XX specific_JJ commitments_NN2 by_II nation-states_NN2 whose_DDQGE feet_NN2 would_VM be_VBI held_VVN to_II the_AT fire_NN1 in_II31 case_II32 of_II33 "_" default_NN1 "_" or_CC shortfall_NN1 --_NN1 the_AT way_NN1 that_CST ,_, say_VV0 ,_, a_AT1 multinational_JJ trade_NN1 agreement_NN1 creates_VVZ obligations_NN2 through_II the_AT World_NN1 Trade_NN1 Organization_NN1 (_( WTO_NP1 )_) ._. 
The_AT MDGs_NP1 are_VBR in_II fact_NN1 aspirational_JJ do-good_JJ targets_NN2 in_II selected_JJ areas_NN2 ,_, often_RR with_IW quantitative_JJ dimensions_NN2 (_( for_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, halving_VVG the_AT hunger_NN1 rate_NN1 ,_, not_XX just_RR reducing_VVG it_PPH1 )_) and_CC have_VH0 defined_VVN dates_NN2 --_NN1 with_IW the_AT exhortation_NN1 that_CST all_DB goals_NN2 be_VBI met_VVN everywhere_RL by_II September_NPM1 2015_MC ._. 
But_CCB there_EX are_VBR no_AT repercussions_NN2 on_II any_DD nations_NN2 if_CS the_AT goals_NN2 are_VBR not_XX met_VVN ,_, as_CSA seems_VVZ likely_JJ in_II most_DAT cases_NN2 ._. 
It_PPH1 is_VBZ not_XX surprising_JJ then_RT that_CST the_AT MDGs_NP1 have_VH0 been_VBN affirmed_VVN repeatedly_RR by_II consensus_NN1 among_II all_DB United_JJ Nations_NN2 (_( UN_NP1 )_) member_NN1 states_NN2 ;_; one_PN1 would_VM have_VHI to_TO be_VBI positively_RR ghoulish_JJ --_NN1 and_CC unmindful_JJ of_IO the_AT fact_NN1 that_CST failure_NN1 to_TO achieve_VVI carries_NN2 no_AT penalties_NN2 --_JJ to_TO abstain_VVI or_CC object_NN1 ._. 
But_CCB this_DD1 does_VDZ not_XX mean_VVI that_CST when_CS UN_NP1 Secretary-General_NN1 Kofi_NP1 Annan_NP1 proposed_VVD the_AT MDG_NP1 targets_NN2 ,_, based_VVN on_II the_AT Millennium_NNT1 Report_NN1 drafted_VVN by_II Assistant_JJ Secretary-General_NN1 John_NP1 Ruggie_NP1 's_GE team_NN1 ,_, there_EX were_VBDR no_AT objections_NN2 from_II nations_NN2 opposed_VVN to_II specific_JJ MDGs_NP1 ._. 
For_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, South_NP1 Africa_NP1 did_VDD not_XX initially_RR wish_VVI to_TO have_VHI a_AT1 reference_NN1 made_VVN to_II HIV/AIDS_FU ._. 
And_CC when_CS multilateral_JJ agencies_NN2 like_II the_AT World_NN1 Bank_NN1 began_VVD recording_VVG progress_NN1 toward_II the_AT MDGs_NP1 ,_, presumably_RR with_IW implications_NN2 for_IF aid_NN1 flows_NN2 ,_, representatives_NN2 of_IO countries_NN2 like_II India_NP1 did_VDD start_VVI recording_VVG objections_NN2 to_II certain_JJ MDG_NP1 targets_NN2 ._. 
Still_RR ,_, there_EX are_VBR some_DD skeptical_JJ and_CC even_RR hostile_JJ questions_NN2 that_CST must_VM be_VBI asked_VVN and_CC answered_VVN if_CS we_PPIS2 are_VBR to_TO assess_VVI the_AT MDG_NP1 initiative_NN1 meaningfully_RR on_II its_APPGE 10th_MD anniversary_NN1 ._. 
Setting_VVG priorities_NN2 From_II the_AT outset_NN1 ,_, critics_NN2 of_IO the_AT MDGs_NP1 have_VH0 asked_VVN ,_, why_RRQ these_DD2 specific_JJ MDGs_NP1 and_CC not_XX other_JJ ,_, possibly_RR more_RGR desirable_JJ ,_, targets_NN2 ?_? 
For_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, many_DA2 activists_NN2 have_VH0 been_VBN particularly_RR concerned_JJ that_CST the_AT gender-related_JJ targets_NN2 addressed_VVN by_II MDGs_NP1 3_MC and_CC 5_MC (_( on_II gender_NN1 equality_NN1 and_CC maternal_JJ health_NN1 )_) exclude_VV0 issues_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 the_AT trafficking_NN1 of_IO women_NN2 ._. 
And_CC scholars_NN2 and_CC activists_NN2 concerned_JJ with_IW gender_NN1 issues_NN2 deplore_VV0 the_AT fact_NN1 that_CST gender_NN1 pay_NN1 equality_NN1 is_VBZ not_XX specifically_RR mentioned_VVN ._. 
Although_CS the_AT MDGs_NP1 suggest_VV0 comprehensiveness_NN1 ,_, especially_RR when_CS the_AT subgroups_NN2 of_IO "_" indicators_NN2 for_IF monitoring_VVG progress_NN1 "_" are_VBR spelled_VVN out_RP ,_, they_PPHS2 are_VBR in_II fact_NN1 selective_JJ ._. 
And_CC it_PPH1 is_VBZ regrettable_JJ that_CST the_AT UN_NP1 officials_NN2 in_II31 charge_II32 of_II33 the_AT MDGs_NP1 have_VH0 not_XX explained_VVN why_RRQ the_AT chosen_JJ MDGs_NP1 are_VBR more_RGR socially_RR desirable_JJ than_CSN those_DD2 that_CST were_VBDR excluded_VVN ,_, or_CC examined_VVD whether_CSW they_PPHS2 ought_VMK to_TO be_VBI reset_VVN ._. 
It_PPH1 appears_VVZ that_CST once_CS the_AT MDGs_NP1 were_VBDR chosen_VVN alongside_II the_AT associated_JJ indicators_NN2 ,_, attention_NN1 shifted_VVN to_II overseeing_VVG and_CC even_RR steering_VVG progress_NN1 toward_II them_PPHO2 ._. 
As_II a_AT1 result_NN1 ,_, even_RR the_AT chosen_JJ MDGs_NP1 have_VH0 not_XX been_VBN systematically_RR examined_VVN in_II31 terms_II32 of_II33 social_JJ cost-benefit_JJ analysis_NN1 ,_, including_II trade-offs_NN2 among_II the_AT different_JJ MDGs_NP1 --_NN1 which_DDQ we_PPIS2 must_VM confront_VVI if_CS all_DB MDGs_NP1 can_VM not_XX be_VBI achieved_VVN simultaneously_RR ._. 
As_CSA it_PPH1 happens_VVZ ,_, even_RR within_II individual_JJ MDGs_NP1 ,_, there_EX are_VBR many_DA2 ways_NN2 to_TO achieve_VVI the_AT targets_NN2 ._. 
For_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, the_AT indicators_NN2 for_IF MDG_NP1 3_MC on_II gender_NN1 equality_NN1 and_CC empowering_JJ women_NN2 lists_VVZ the_AT "_" proportion_NN1 of_IO seats_NN2 held_VVN by_II women_NN2 in_II national_JJ parliament_NN1 ._. "_" 
Yet_RR women_NN2 's_GE effective_JJ representation_NN1 in_II local_JJ governance_NN1 (_( such_II21 as_II22 what_DDQ Indians_NN2 call_VV0 "_" village_NN1 panchayats_VVZ "_" )_) is_VBZ likely_JJ to_TO be_VBI far_RG more_RGR important_JJ than_CSN that_DD1 in_II national_JJ government_NN1 ,_, if_CS we_PPIS2 go_VV0 by_II several_DA2 recent_JJ scholarly_JJ studies_NN2 on_RP ,_, for_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, the_AT impact_NN1 of_IO public_JJ goods_NN2 expenditure_NN1 decisions_NN2 when_RRQ women_NN2 are_VBR put_VVN on_II these_DD2 panchayats_NN2 in_II the_AT state_NN1 of_IO West_ND1 Bengal_NP1 (_( Chattopadhyay_NP1 and_CC Duflo_NP1 ,_, 2004_MC )_) ._. 
And_CC MDG_NP1 7_MC on_II ensuring_VVG environmental_JJ sustainability_NN1 lists_VVZ a_AT1 number_NN1 of_IO indicators_NN2 --_NN1 yet_RR as_CSA the_AT lack_NN1 of_IO agreement_NN1 at_II the_AT global_JJ environmental_JJ summit_NN1 in_II Copenhagen_NP1 revealed_VVD last_MD year_NNT1 ,_, the_AT goal_NN1 faces_VVZ many_DA2 resource_VV0 constraints_NN2 ._. 
In_II fact_NN1 ,_, there_EX should_VM be_VBI far_RG more_DAR analysis_NN1 of_IO the_AT ranking_NN1 of_IO all_DB MDG_NP1 targets_NN2 so_CS21 that_CS22 meaningful_JJ choices_NN2 can_VM be_VBI made_VVN among_II them_PPHO2 when_CS everything_PN1 can_VM not_XX be_VBI accomplished_VVN ._. 
One_MC1 dramatic_JJ exercise_NN1 of_IO this_DD1 kind_NN1 has_VHZ come_VVN ,_, not_XX from_II the_AT MDG_NP1 bureaucrats_NN2 ,_, but_CCB from_II the_AT iconoclastic_JJ Bjrn_NP1 Lomborg_NP1 of_IO the_AT Copenhagen_NP1 Consensus_NN1 Center_NN1 ._. 
Over_II the_AT years_NNT2 ,_, he_PPHS1 has_VHZ put_VVN together_RL a_AT1 small_JJ group_NN1 of_IO world-class_JJ economists_NN2 to_TO assess_VVI numerous_JJ scientific_JJ and_CC economic_JJ studies_NN2 that_CST he_PPHS1 commissioned_VVD on_II alternative_JJ developmental_JJ targets_NN2 ,_, including_II last_MD year_NNT1 's_GE exercise_NN1 on_II spending_VVG an_AT1 Environmental_JJ Superfund_NN1 on_II alternative_JJ forms_NN2 of_IO mitigation_NN1 and_CC adjustment_NN1 ._. 
The_AT work_NN1 of_IO this_DD1 group_NN1 is_VBZ an_AT1 example_NN1 of_IO what_DDQ needs_VVZ to_TO be_VBI done_VDN for_IF each_DD1 specific_JJ MDG_NP1 instead_II21 of_II22 the_AT cheerleading_NN1 for_IF the_AT MDGs_NP1 in_RR21 general_RR22 that_DD1 emanates_VVZ for_RR41 the_RR42 most_RR43 part_RR44 from_II the_AT United_JJ Nations_NN2 Development_NN1 Programme_NN1 (_( UNDP_NP1 )_) ._. 
Hitting_VVG the_AT right_JJ targets_NN2 At_II the_AT same_DA time_NNT1 ,_, the_AT use_NN1 of_IO uniform_JJ MDG_NP1 targets_NN2 for_IF all_DB countries_NN2 is_VBZ inappropriate_JJ ._. 
A_AT1 substantial_JJ reduction_NN1 of_IO extreme_JJ poverty_NN1 from_II its_APPGE 1990_MC levels_NN2 (_( MDG_NP1 1_MC1 is_VBZ to_TO halve_VVI the_AT poverty_NN1 rate_NN1 between_II 1990_MC and_CC 2015_MC )_) is_VBZ something_PN1 that_CST India_NP1 almost_RR certainly_RR achieved_VVN even_RR before_II the_AT start_NN1 of_IO the_AT MDGs_NP1 10_MC years_NNT2 ago_RA ,_, because_II21 of_II22 the_AT enhanced_JJ growth_NN1 rates_NN2 of_IO income_NN1 resulting_VVG from_II "_" liberal_JJ "_" reforms_NN2 that_CST started_VVD in_II earnest_JJ in_II India_NP1 in_II 1991_MC and_CC helped_VVN pull_VVI nearly_RR 200_MC million_NNO people_NN above_II the_AT poverty_NN1 line_NN1 ._. 
By_II contrast_NN1 ,_, the_AT MDG_NP1 target_NN1 for_IF poverty_NN1 reduction_NN1 is_VBZ too_RG optimistic_JJ for_IF several_DA2 African_JJ countries_NN2 that_CST have_VH0 been_VBN handicapped_VVN by_II acutely_RR bad_JJ governance_NN1 for_IF a_AT1 variety_NN1 of_IO reasons_NN2 ._. 
Assigning_VVG the_AT same_DA target_NN1 to_II both_DB2 ,_, and_CC then_RT complimenting_VVG the_AT former_DA and_CC condemning_VVG the_AT latter_DA ,_, is_VBZ not_XX merely_RR bad_JJ economics_NN1 ;_; it_PPH1 is_VBZ also_RR unhelpful_JJ ._. 
In_II the_AT same_DA vein_NN1 ,_, it_PPH1 makes_VVZ little_DA1 sense_NN1 to_TO tell_VVI Thailand_NP1 ,_, where_CS child_NN1 prostitution_NN1 and_CC trafficking_NN1 are_VBR serious_JJ problems_NN2 ,_, that_CST the_AT government_NN1 and_CC nongovernmental_JJ organizations_NN2 (_( NGOs_NP2 )_) should_VM focus_VVI on_II women_NN2 's_GE participation_NN1 in_II the_AT national_JJ parliament_NN1 to_II the_AT same_DA degree_NN1 as_CSA in_II India_NP1 ,_, where_RRQ prostitution_NN1 and_CC trafficking_NN1 are_VBR not_XX nearly_RR as_CSA serious_JJ ._. 
Moreover_RR ,_, the_AT MDGs_NP1 are_VBR not_XX always_RR relevant_JJ targets_NN2 :_: sometimes_RT an_AT1 MDG_NP1 target_NN1 can_VM be_VBI fulfilled_VVN without_IW any_DD substantial_JJ improvement_NN1 in_II the_AT reality_NN1 the_AT MDG_NP1 seeks_VVZ to_TO improve_VVI ._. 
For_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, MDG_NP1 2_MC specifies_VVZ universal_JJ primary_JJ education_NN1 as_II a_AT1 target_NN1 ._. 
But_CCB one_PN1 can_VM get_VVI all_DB children_NN2 to_TO go_VVI to_II school_NN1 without_IW significantly_RR improving_VVG their_APPGE ability_NN1 to_TO read_VVI and_CC write_VVI ,_, let_VVD alone_RR do_VD0 arithmetic_NN1 ._. 
In_II India_NP1 ,_, teacher_NN1 absenteeism_NN1 has_VHZ undermined_VVN the_AT effect_NN1 of_IO increased_JJ school_NN1 enrollment_NN1 :_: children_NN2 learn_VV0 little_RR even_CS21 when_CS22 they_PPHS2 attend_VV0 primary_JJ school_NN1 because_CS the_AT teachers_NN2 do_VD0 not_XX turn_VVI up_RP ._. 
Targets_NN2 versus_II instruments_NN2 A_AT1 more_RGR serious_JJ problem_NN1 with_IW the_AT MDG_NP1 approach_NN1 ,_, however_RR ,_, is_VBZ that_CST the_AT central_JJ task_NN1 in_II development_NN1 is_VBZ not_XX the_AT specification_NN1 of_IO desirable_JJ targets_NN2 (_( put_VV0 into_II context_NN1 for_IF different_JJ countries_NN2 based_VVN on_II their_APPGE historical_JJ ,_, cultural_JJ ,_, and_CC political_JJ circumstance_NN1 )_) but_CCB rather_RR the_AT specification_NN1 of_IO policy_NN1 instruments_NN2 that_CST achieve_VV0 these_DD2 targets_NN2 ._. 
Confusion_NN1 over_II this_DD1 critical_JJ distinction_NN1 between_II targets_NN2 and_CC instruments_NN2 becomes_VVZ apparent_JJ when_CS one_MC1 contrasts_VVZ the_AT first_MD seven_MC MDGs_NP1 ,_, which_DDQ are_VBR indeed_RR targets_NN2 ,_, with_IW MDG_NP1 8_MC :_: "_" Develop_VV0 a_AT1 global_JJ partnership_NN1 for_IF development_NN1 ._. "_" 
Partnership_NN1 is_VBZ of_RR21 course_RR22 better_RRR than_CSN discord_NN1 ,_, but_CCB that_DD1 does_VDZ not_XX turn_VVI it_PPH1 into_II a_AT1 development_NN1 goal_NN1 ._. 
MDG_NP1 8_MC exhorts_VVZ the_AT private_JJ sector_NN1 to_TO advance_VVI information_NN1 technology_NN1 and_CC the_AT availability_NN1 of_IO generic_JJ drugs_NN2 in_II poor_JJ countries_NN2 ,_, but_CCB it_PPH1 also_RR advocates_NN2 freer_JJR trade_NN1 and_CC increased_JJ aid_NN1 (_( including_II debt_NN1 relief_NN1 )_) ._. 
The_AT problem_NN1 with_IW including_VVG these_DD2 instruments_NN2 as_CSA targets_NN2 is_VBZ that_CST the_AT MDG_NP1 exercise_NN1 has_VHZ as_II a_AT1 result_NN1 drawn_VVN criticism_NN1 ,_, not_XX just_RR regarding_II the_AT choice_NN1 of_IO goals_NN2 but_CCB also_RR regarding_II the_AT apparent_JJ embrace_NN1 of_IO policies_NN2 that_CST some_DD activist_NN1 groups_NN2 identify_VV0 with_IW corporate_JJ interests_NN2 ,_, neoliberal_JJ apologetics_NN2 ,_, and_CC the_AT like_JJ ._. 
For_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, Patrick_NP1 Bond_NP1 ,_, Director_NN1 of_IO the_AT Center_NN1 for_IF Civil_JJ Society_NN1 at_II the_AT University_NN1 of_IO KwaZulu-Natal_NP1 ,_, South_NP1 Africa_NP1 ,_, writes_VVZ ,_, the_AT "_" MDG_NP1 process_NN1 ,_, the_AT international_JJ venues_NN2 for_IF the_AT MDGs_NP1 '_GE elaboration_NN1 ,_, and_CC the_AT concrete_JJ strategies_NN2 for_IF achieving_VVG these_DD2 objectives_NN2 --_NN1 including_II privatisation_NN1 of_IO basic_JJ services_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 water_NN1 and_CC electricity_NN1 --_NN1 are_VBR doing_VDG more_DAR harm_NN1 than_CSN good_JJ "_" (_( Bond_NP1 ,_, 2006_MC ;_; emphasis_NN1 added_VVN )_) ._. 
And_CC Peggy_NP1 Antrobus_NN1 of_IO Development_NN1 Alternatives_NN2 for_IF Women_NN2 in_II a_AT1 New_JJ Era_NN1 unfairly_RR critiques_NN2 the_AT MDGs_NP1 for_IF envisaging_VVG the_AT state_NN1 as_CSA playing_VVG a_AT1 principal_JJ role_NN1 in_II achieving_VVG the_AT MDGs_NP1 ,_, but_CCB she_PPHS1 is_VBZ also_RR clearly_RR turned_VVN off_RP by_II "_" neoliberalism_NN1 "_" as_II the_AT guiding_JJ light_NN1 of_IO MDGs_NP1 ,_, a_AT1 result_NN1 no_AT doubt_NN1 of_IO MDG_NP1 8_MC ._. 
"_" I_PPIS1 do_VD0 not_XX believe_VVI in_II MDGs_NP1 ._. 
I_PPIS1 think_VV0 of_IO them_PPHO2 as_II a_AT1 Major_NNB Distraction_NP1 Gimmick_NP1 ...._... 
To_II the_AT extent_NN1 that_CST all_DB the_AT goals_NN2 relate_VV0 to_II the_AT role_NN1 of_IO the_AT state_NN1 ,_, one_PN1 must_VM ask_VVI how_RGQ feasible_JJ it_PPH1 is_VBZ that_CST states_NN2 weakened_VVN by_II the_AT requirements_NN2 of_IO neoliberalism_NN1 and_CC whose_DDQGE revenues_NN2 are_VBR reduced_VVN by_II privatization_NN1 and_CC trade_NN1 liberalism_NN1 can_VM be_VBI expected_VVN to_TO achieve_VVI the_AT goals_NN2 and_CC the_AT targets_NN2 of_IO the_AT MDGs_NP1 ,_, "_" she_PPHS1 said_VVD (_( quoted_VVN in_II Bond_NP1 ,_, 2006_MC ,_, p._NN1 341_MC ;_; emphasis_NN1 added_VVN )_) ._. 
As_II a_AT1 "_" neoliberal_NN1 "_" who_PNQS has_VHZ worked_VVN for_IF decades_NNT2 on_II several_DA2 aspects_NN2 of_IO free_JJ and_CC multilateral_JJ trade_NN1 ,_, I_PPIS1 am_VBM happy_JJ that_CST the_AT authors_NN2 of_IO the_AT MDGs_NP1 believe_VV0 that_CST "_" an_AT1 open_JJ ,_, non-discriminatory_JJ trading_NN1 system_NN1 "_" is_VBZ conducive_JJ to_II development_NN1 ._. 
But_CCB one_PN1 can_VM not_XX just_RR leave_VVI it_PPH1 at_II that_DD1 ._. 
Once_RR policy_NN1 preferences_NN2 are_VBR stated_VVN ,_, opposition_NN1 is_VBZ inevitable_JJ and_CC must_VM be_VBI confronted_VVN systematically_RR ._. 
True_JJ ,_, credible_JJ opponents_NN2 of_IO freer_JJR trade_NN1 are_VBR hard_JJ to_TO find_VVI ._. 
Yet_RR ,_, it_PPH1 should_VM have_VHI been_VBN possible_JJ for_IF the_AT UNDP_NN1 ,_, where_CS the_AT management_NN1 of_IO MDGs_NP1 was_VBDZ lodged_VVN by_II Kofi_NP1 Annan_NP1 ,_, to_TO bring_VVI in_RP the_AT top_JJ luminaries_NN2 in_II the_AT field_NN1 of_IO international_JJ trade_NN1 to_TO cut_VVI these_DD2 opponents_NN2 down_RP to_II size_NN1 ._. 
Then_RT again_RT ,_, what_DDQ was_VBDZ the_AT point_NN1 of_IO embracing_VVG a_AT1 "_" non-discriminatory_JJ "_" trading_NN1 system_NN1 ,_, and_CC then_RT presiding_VVG indifferently_RR over_II the_AT massive_JJ proliferation_NN1 of_IO preferential_JJ trade_NN1 agreements_NN2 in_II the_AT past_JJ decade_NNT1 (_( Bhagwati_NP1 ,_, 2008_MC )_) ?_? 
Including_II foreign_JJ aid_NN1 as_II an_AT1 instrument_NN1 of_IO MDG_NP1 8_MC poses_VVZ a_AT1 different_JJ problem_NN1 ._. 
Uncritical_JJ reliance_NN1 on_II aid_NN1 has_VHZ undermined_VVN the_AT credibility_NN1 of_IO MDGs_NP1 themselves_PPX2 ._. 
Many_DA2 African_JJ intellectuals_NN2 and_CC economists_NN2 have_VH0 come_VVN to_TO denounce_VVI it_PPH1 and_CC even_RR to_TO disown_VVI its_APPGE proponents_NN2 ,_, which_DDQ include_VV0 Jeffrey_NP1 Sachs_NP1 ,_, the_AT Columbia_NP1 University_NN1 professor_NN1 and_CC UNDP-based_JJ adviser_NN1 to_II the_AT UN_NP1 on_II MDGs_NP1 ,_, and_CC singer/activist_NN1 Bono_NP1 ._. 
We_PPIS2 know_VV0 now_CS21 that_CS22 it_PPH1 is_VBZ the_AT policy_NN1 framework_NN1 that_CST delivers_VVZ results_NN2 ._. 
With_IW a_AT1 bad_JJ policy_NN1 framework_NN1 ,_, neither_RR domestic_JJ nor_CC foreign_JJ resources_NN2 ,_, including_II aid_NN1 ,_, will_VM yield_VVI high_JJ returns_NN2 ._. 
India_NP1 did_VDD not_XX use_VVI aid_NN1 badly_RR ,_, but_CCB its_APPGE real_JJ growth_NN1 and_CC the_AT resultant_JJ drop_NN1 in_II poverty_NN1 began_VVD when_RRQ aid_NN1 to_II India_NP1 had_VHD virtually_RR ended_VVN and_CC the_AT counterproductive_JJ framework_NN1 of_IO aid_NN1 was_VBDZ replaced_VVN by_II the_AT new_JJ "_" liberal_JJ "_" policy_NN1 framework_NN1 (_( disliked_VVN viscerally_RR by_II Bond_NP1 and_CC Antrobus_NP1 )_) ._. 
Asserting_VVG that_CST those_DD2 who_PNQS worry_VV0 about_II the_AT efficacy_NN1 of_IO aid_NN1 --_NN1 an_AT1 issue_NN1 raised_VVN by_II the_AT great_JJ development_NN1 economist_NN1 Paul_NP1 Rosenstein-Rodan_NP1 in_II the_AT context_NN1 of_IO absorptive_JJ capacity_NN1 --_NN1 are_VBR morally_RR depraved_VVN is_VBZ a_AT1 lazy_JJ approach_NN1 to_II an_AT1 issue_NN1 of_IO critical_JJ importance_NN1 to_II development_NN1 in_II poor_JJ countries_NN2 ._. 
In_RR21 addition_RR22 ,_, MDG_NP1 8_MC suffers_VVZ from_II a_AT1 glaring_JJ omission_NN1 ._. 
Migration_NN1 has_VHZ become_VVN an_AT1 important_JJ issue_NN1 for_IF several_DA2 years_NNT2 ._. 
While_CS illegal_JJ migration_NN1 raises_VVZ serious_JJ human_JJ rights_NN2 and_CC economic_JJ problems_NN2 of_IO its_APPGE own_DA ,_, legal_JJ migration_NN1 of_IO skilled_JJ workers_NN2 from_II poor_JJ to_II rich_JJ countries_NN2 poses_VVZ a_AT1 different_JJ set_NN1 of_IO issues_NN2 and_CC puts_VVZ other_JJ MDG_NP1 targets_NN2 at_II risk_NN1 ,_, especially_RR in_II Africa_NP1 ._. 
Most_DAT professionals_NN2 in_II Africa_NP1 either_RR migrate_VV0 or_CC stay_VV0 on_RP after_II studying_VVG abroad_RL :_: this_DD1 is_VBZ inevitable_JJ as_CSA African_JJ working_JJ conditions_NN2 ,_, combined_VVN with_IW social_JJ legislation_NN1 and_CC politics_NN1 ,_, propel_VV0 professionals_NN2 away_II21 from_II22 home_NN1 ._. 
But_CCB the_AT continent_NN1 needs_VVZ a_AT1 skilled_JJ workforce_NN1 for_IF virtually_RR every_AT1 problem_NN1 that_CST one_PN1 can_VM think_VVI of_IO ._. 
The_AT biggest_JJT challenge_NN1 is_VBZ how_RRQ to_TO supply_VVI that_DD1 need_NN1 until_CS African_JJ development_NN1 takes_VVZ off_RP and_CC the_AT diaspora_NN1 begins_VVZ to_TO return_VVI home_RL ,_, as_CSA has_VHZ happened_VVN with_IW India_NP1 (_( see_VV0 box_NN1 )_) ._. 
Skilled_JJ manpower_NN1 bottleneck_NN1 Just_RR as_CSA success_NN1 follows_VVZ from_II a_AT1 constellation_NN1 of_IO good_JJ policies_NN2 ,_, failure_NN1 generally_RR results_VVZ from_II a_AT1 multitude_NN1 of_IO unfavorable_JJ factors_NN2 ._. 
Yet_RR ,_, one_MC1 can_VM usually_RR zero_VVI in_RP on_II certain_JJ critical_JJ missing_JJ elements_NN2 that_CST can_VM cripple_VVI a_AT1 developmental_JJ effort_NN1 ._. 
In_II Africa_NP1 ,_, an_AT1 overriding_JJ problem_NN1 is_VBZ the_AT lack_NN1 of_IO skilled_JJ manpower_NN1 ._. 
For_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, the_AT fight_NN1 against_II HIV/AIDS_FU has_VHZ been_VBN hampered_VVN by_II shortages_NN2 of_IO doctors_NN2 ,_, nurses_NN2 ,_, and_CC community_NN1 workers_NN2 in_II many_DA2 African_JJ countries_NN2 ,_, and_CC the_AT distribution_NN1 of_IO aid_NN1 relief_NN1 during_II famines_NN2 and_CC pestilence_NN1 has_VHZ often_RR required_VVN an_AT1 influx_NN1 of_IO foreign_JJ skilled_JJ personnel_NN2 ._. 
