A_AT1 Charming_JJ Austrian_JJ Girl_NN1 She_PPHS1 was_VBDZ Viennese_JJ ,_, not_XX yet_RR seventeen_MC in_II the_AT spring_NN1 of_IO 1931_MC but_CCB already_RR a_AT1 professional_JJ actress_NN1 ,_, in_II rehearsal_NN1 for_IF a_AT1 play_NN1 ._. 
Hedwig_VV0 Kiesler_NP1 (_( pronounced_JJ HAYD-vig_JJ KEES-lur_NN1 )_) --_JJ Hedy_JJ --_NN1 had_VHD won_VVN a_AT1 small_JJ role_NN1 in_II the_AT Berlin_NP1 incarnation_NN1 of_IO The_AT Weaker_JJR Sex_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ the_AT celebrated_JJ Austrian_JJ impresario_NN1 Max_NP1 Reinhardt_NP1 was_VBDZ directing_VVG ._. 
When_CS Reinhardt_NP1 restaged_VVD the_AT play_NN1 in_II Vienna_NP1 that_DD1 spring_NN1 ,_, she_PPHS1 had_VHD single-mindedly_RR quit_VVN the_AT Berlin_NP1 cast_VV0 and_CC followed_VVN him_PPHO1 home_RL ._. 
"_" Are_VBR you_PPY here_RL too_RR ,_, Fraulein_NNB Kiesler_NP1 ?_? "_" he_PPHS1 'd_VHD asked_VVN her_PPHO1 in_II surprise_NN1 ._. 
"_" Are_VBR you_PPY living_VVG with_IW your_APPGE family_NN1 ?_? 
All_RR21 right_RR22 ,_, you_PPY can_VM be_VBI the_AT Americaness_NN1 again_RT ._. "_" 
?_? douard_NN1 Bourdet_NP1 's_GE play_NN1 was_VBDZ a_AT1 comedy_NN1 with_IW a_AT1 pair_NN of_IO boorish_JJ stage_NN1 Americans_NN2 as_CSA foils_VVZ ._. 
Reinhardt_NP1 had_VHD assigned_VVN the_AT actor_NN1 George_NP1 Weller_NP1 ,_, Hedy_NP1 's_GE husband_NN1 in_II the_AT play_NN1 ,_, to_TO teach_VVI her_PPHO1 some_DD American_JJ songs_NN2 ._. 
"_" I_PPIS1 took_VVD this_DD1 as_II a_AT1 mandate_NN1 to_TO make_VVI an_AT1 American_JJ out_II21 of_II22 Hedy_NP1 Kiesler_NP1 ,_, "_" the_AT young_JJ Bostonian_NN1 recalled_VVD ._. 
She_PPHS1 was_VBDZ eager_JJ to_TO be_VBI transformed_VVN ._. 
"_" Hedy_NP1 had_VHD only_RR the_AT vaguest_JJT ideas_NN2 of_IO what_DDQ the_AT United_NP1 States_NP1 were_VBDR ,_, "_" Weller_NP1 discovered_VVD ,_, "_" except_CS21 that_CS22 they_PPHS2 were_VBDR grouped_VVN around_II Hollywood_NP1 ._. "_" 
She_PPHS1 idolized_VVD the_AT California_NP1 tennis_NN1 star_NN1 Helen_NP1 Wills_NP1 ,_, "_" Little_RR Miss_NNB Poker_NP1 Face_NN1 ._. "_" 
Wills_NP1 ,_, focused_VVN and_CC unexpressive_JJ on_II the_AT courts_NN2 ,_, all_DB business_NN1 ,_, was_VBDZ the_AT world_NN1 's_VBZ number-one-ranked_JJR female_JJ tennis_NN1 player_NN1 ,_, midway_RL that_DD1 year_NNT1 through_II an_AT1 unbroken_JJ run_NN1 of_IO 180_MC victories_NN2 ._. 
"_" Watch_VV0 me_PPIO1 look_VV0 like_II Helen_NP1 Wills_NP1 ,_, "_" Hedy_NP1 teased_VVD Weller_NP1 when_CS they_PPHS2 rehearsed_VVD together_RL ._. 
"_" Du_FW ,_, schau'_VV0 mal_JJ ,_, hier_FW bin_NN1 ich_NN1 Kleine_FW Poker_NN1 Face_NN1 ._. "_" 
Her_APPGE lively_JJ young_JJ face_NN1 would_VM grow_VVI calm_NN1 ,_, Weller_NP1 remembered_VVD ,_, "_" expressionless_JJ and_CC assured_VVD ,_, her_APPGE brow_NN1 would_VM clarify_VVI ,_, and_CC for_IF a_AT1 moment_NN1 she_PPHS1 would_VM really_RR become_VVI an_AT1 American_JJ woman_NN1 ._. "_" 
Commandeering_VVG the_AT property_NN1 room_NN1 ,_, Hedy_NP1 and_CC George_NP1 practiced_VVD singing_VVG "_" Yes_UH ,_, Sir_NN1 ,_, That_DD1 's_VBZ My_APPGE Baby_NN1 ,_, "_" "_" Yes_UH ,_, We_PPIS2 Have_VH0 No_AT Bananas_NN2 ,_, "_" and_CC an_AT1 Austrian_JJ favorite_NN1 ,_, Al_NP1 Jolson_NP1 's_GE lugubrious_JJ "_" Sonny_NN1 Boy_NN1 ._. "_" 
It_PPH1 melted_VVD the_AT matrons_NN2 at_II matinees_NN2 ,_, many_DA2 of_IO them_PPHO2 mothers_NN2 with_IW sons_NN2 lost_VVN in_II the_AT long_JJ slaughter_NN1 of_IO the_AT Great_JJ War_NN1 ._. 
An_AT1 only_JJ child_NN1 ,_, entertaining_VVG herself_PPX1 with_IW her_APPGE dolls_NN2 ,_, Hedy_NP1 had_VHD dreamed_VVN since_CS she_PPHS1 was_VBDZ a_AT1 little_JJ girl_NN1 of_IO becoming_VVG a_AT1 movie_NN1 star_NN1 ._. 
"_" I_PPIS1 had_VHD a_AT1 little_JJ stage_NN1 under_II my_APPGE father_NN1 's_GE desk_NN1 ,_, "_" she_PPHS1 recalled_VVD ,_, "_" where_CS I_PPIS1 would_VM act_VVI out_RP fairy_NN1 tales_NN2 ._. 
When_CS someone_PN1 would_VM come_VVI into_II the_AT room_NN1 they_PPHS2 would_VM think_VVI my_APPGE mind_NN1 was_VBDZ really_RR wandering_VVG ._. 
I_PPIS1 was_VBDZ always_RR talking_VVG to_II myself_PPX1 ._. "_" 
Her_APPGE tall_JJ ,_, handsome_JJ ,_, vigorous_JJ father_NN1 ,_, Emil_NP1 ,_, an_AT1 athlete_NN1 as_II31 well_II32 as_II33 a_AT1 successful_JJ banker_NN1 ,_, told_VVD her_APPGE stories_NN2 ,_, read_VVD her_APPGE books_NN2 ,_, and_CC took_VVD her_PPHO1 on_II walks_NN2 in_II their_APPGE tree-lined_JJ neighborhood_NN1 and_CC in_II the_AT great_JJ park_NN1 of_IO the_AT Wienerwald_NN1 --_NN1 the_AT Vienna_NP1 Woods_NP1 ._. 
Wherever_RRQV they_PPHS2 went_VVD together_RL ,_, he_PPHS1 explained_VVD to_II her_PPHO1 how_RRQ everything_PN1 worked_VVD --_NN1 "_" from_II printing_VVG presses_NN2 to_II streetcars_NN2 ,_, "_" she_PPHS1 said_VVD ._. 
Her_APPGE father_NN1 's_GE enthusiasm_NN1 for_IF technology_NN1 links_VVZ her_APPGE lifelong_JJ interest_NN1 in_II invention_NN1 with_IW cherished_JJ memories_NN2 of_IO her_APPGE favorite_JJ parent_NN1 ._. 
Hedy_NP1 's_GE mother_NN1 was_VBDZ stricter_JJR ,_, concerned_JJ that_CST such_DA a_AT1 pretty_JJ ,_, vivacious_JJ child_NN1 would_VM grow_VVI up_RP spoiled_VVD unless_CS she_PPHS1 heard_VVD criticism_NN1 as_II31 well_II32 as_II33 compliments_NN2 ._. 
"_" She_PPHS1 has_VHZ always_RR had_VHN everything_PN1 ,_, "_" Trude_NP1 Kiesler_NP1 said_VVD ._. 
"_" She_PPHS1 never_RR had_VHN to_TO long_VVI for_IF anything_PN1 ._. 
First_MD there_EX was_VBDZ her_APPGE father_NN1 who_PNQS ,_, of_RR21 course_RR22 ,_, adored_VVD her_PPHO1 ,_, and_CC was_VBDZ very_RG proud_JJ of_IO her_PPHO1 ._. 
He_PPHS1 gave_VVD her_PPHO1 all_DB the_AT comforts_NN2 ,_, pretty_JJ clothes_NN2 ,_, a_AT1 fine_JJ home_NN1 ,_, parties_NN2 ,_, schools_NN2 ,_, sports_NN2 ._. 
He_PPHS1 looked_VVD always_RR for_IF the_AT sports_NN2 for_IF her_PPHO1 ,_, and_CC music_NN1 ._. "_" 
Trude_NP1 had_VHD trained_VVN as_II a_AT1 concert_NN1 pianist_NN1 before_II motherhood_NN1 intervened_VVD ._. 
In_II turn_NN1 ,_, she_PPHS1 supervised_VVD Hedy_NP1 's_GE lessons_NN2 on_II the_AT grand_JJ piano_NN1 in_II the_AT Kiesler_NP1 salon_NN1 ._. 
"_" I_MC1 underemphasized_JJ praise_NN1 and_CC flattery_NN1 ,_, "_" Trude_VV0 determined_JJ ,_, "_" hoping_VVG in_II this_DD1 way_NN1 to_TO balance_VVI the_AT scales_NN2 for_IF her_PPHO1 ._. "_" 
The_AT Kieslers_NP2 were_VBDR assimilated_JJ Jews_NN2 ,_, Trude_VV0 from_II Budapest_NP1 ,_, Emil_NP1 from_II Lemberg_NP1 (_( now_RT known_VVN as_II Lviv_NP1 )_) ._. 
Hedy_NP1 kept_VVD her_APPGE Jewish_JJ heritage_NN1 secret_NN1 throughout_II her_APPGE life_NN1 ;_; her_APPGE son_NN1 and_CC daughter_NN1 only_RR learned_VVN of_IO it_PPH1 after_II her_APPGE death_NN1 ._. 
In_II prewar_JJ Vienna_NP1 it_PPH1 had_VHD hardly_RR mattered_VVN ._. 
The_AT Viennese_JJ population_NN1 's_VBZ mixed_VVN legacy_NN1 of_IO Slavic_JJ ,_, Germanic_JJ ,_, Hungarian_JJ ,_, Italian_NN1 ,_, and_CC Jewish_JJ traditions_NN2 was_VBDZ one_MC1 of_IO its_APPGE glories_NN2 ,_, one_MC1 reason_NN1 for_IF the_AT city_NN1 's_GE unique_JJ creative_JJ ferment_NN1 in_II the_AT first_MD decades_NNT2 of_IO the_AT new_JJ century_NNT1 ._. 
Sigmund_NP1 Freud_NP1 's_GE daughters_NN2 attended_VVD the_AT same_DA girls_NN2 '_GE middle_JJ school_NN1 that_CST Hedy_NP1 later_RRR did_VDD ,_, and_CC after_CS the_AT war_NN1 Anna_NP1 Freud_NP1 taught_VVD there_RL ._. 
Leaving_VVG Fritz_NP1 Hedy_NP1 never_RR specified_VVN in_II detail_NN1 which_DDQ German_JJ technological_JJ advances_NN2 she_PPHS1 heard_VVD discussed_VVN over_II luncheons_NN2 and_CC dinners_NN2 in_II the_AT Mandl_NN1 mansions_NN2 ,_, but_CCB there_EX was_VBDZ much_DA1 to_TO hear_VVI ._. 
In_II 1935_MC ,_, the_AT monocoque-bodied_JJ Messerschmitt_NP1 Bf_NP1 109_MC fighter_NN1 and_CC the_AT dual-use_JJ Heinkel_NN1 He_PPHS1 111_MC bomber_NN1 both_RR saw_VVD their_APPGE first_MD flight_NN1 tests_NN2 ._. 
The_AT small_JJ ,_, heavily_RR armed_JJ cruisers_NN2 that_CST the_AT British_JJ called_JJ pocket_NN1 battleships_NN2 began_VVD entering_VVG service_NN1 in_II the_AT German_JJ navy_NN1 ._. 
In_II 1936_MC ,_, the_AT first_MD of_IO the_AT new_JJ Type_NN1 VII_MC diesel-electric_JJ attack_NN1 submarines_NN2 was_VBDZ commissioned_VVN ,_, and_CC Adolf_NP1 Hitler_NP1 began_VVD planning_VVG his_APPGE Westwall_NN1 of_IO defensive_JJ fortifications_NN2 opposite_II France_NP1 's_GE Maginot_NN1 Line_NN1 ._. 
Certainly_RR Hedy_NP1 listened_VVD closely_RR to_II discussions_NN2 of_IO submarine_NN1 and_CC aerial_NN1 torpedoes_NN2 ,_, weapon_NN1 systems_NN2 for_IF which_DDQ Hirtenberger_NP1 was_VBDZ supplying_VVG components_NN2 ._. 
The_AT genius_NN1 of_IO German_JJ torpedo_NN1 development_NN1 at_II that_DD1 time_NNT1 was_VBDZ a_AT1 northern_JJ German_JJ mechanical_JJ engineer_NN1 named_VVD Hellmuth_NP1 Walter_NP1 ._. 
Born_VVN with_IW the_AT century_NNT1 and_CC educated_VVN at_II the_AT Hamburg_NP1 Technical_JJ Institute_NN1 ,_, Walter_NP1 was_VBDZ particularly_RR interested_JJ in_II submarine_NN1 propulsion_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ was_VBDZ limited_VVN by_II the_AT problem_NN1 of_IO supplying_VVG oxygen_NN1 underwater_RL to_TO sustain_VVI combustion_NN1 ._. 
The_AT standard_JJ submarine_NN1 of_IO the_AT day_NNT1 (_( and_CC throughout_II World_NN1 War_NN1 II_MC )_) used_JJ diesel_NN1 engines_NN2 for_IF surface_NN1 operation_NN1 ,_, where_CS it_PPH1 could_VM draw_VVI in_II air_NN1 from_II outside_RL the_AT vessel_NN1 ._. 
Underwater_RL ,_, with_IW no_AT available_JJ air_NN1 supply_NN1 ,_, it_PPH1 had_VHD to_TO switch_VVI to_II battery-powered_JJ electric_JJ motors_NN2 ,_, which_DDQ limited_VVD its_APPGE speed_NN1 and_CC the_AT time_NNT1 it_PPH1 could_VM remain_VVI submerged_VVN before_II its_APPGE batteries_NN2 had_VHD to_TO be_VBI recharged_VVN ._. 
On_II the_AT surface_NN1 such_DA a_AT1 submarine_NN1 might_VM make_VVI 17_MC knots_NN2 (_( "_" knots_NN2 "_" is_VBZ a_AT1 phonetic_JJ abbreviation_NN1 of_IO "_" nautical_JJ miles_NNU2 per_II hour_NNT1 "_" ;_; 1_MC1 knot_NN1 equals_VVZ 1.15_MC miles_NNU2 per_II hour_NNT1 )_) ._. 
Underwater_RL it_PPH1 could_VM make_VVI half_DB that_DD1 speed_NN1 at_RR21 best_RR22 ,_, while_CS the_AT ships_NN2 it_PPH1 might_VM be_VBI stalking_VVG could_VM pull_VVI away_RL (_( or_CC hunt_VV0 it_PPH1 down_RP )_) at_II surface_NN1 speeds_NN2 of_IO up_RG21 to_RG22 35_MC knots_NN2 ._. 
Walter_NP1 wanted_VVD to_TO find_VVI a_AT1 means_NN ,_, he_PPHS1 wrote_VVD ,_, "_" to_TO drive_VVI a_AT1 submarine_NN1 at_II much_RR higher_JJR speeds_NN2 than_CSN the_AT conventional_JJ 6_MC or_CC 8_MC knots_NN2 ,_, submerged_VVN ._. "_" 
In_II the_AT 1920s_MC2 ,_, while_CS employed_VVN as_II a_AT1 marine_JJ engineer_NN1 at_II Stettiner_NP1 Maschinenbau_NP1 AG_FO Vulcan_NP1 in_II Stettin_NP1 ,_, on_II the_AT Baltic_NP1 ,_, Walter_NP1 worked_VVD out_RP his_APPGE ideas_NN2 :_: Instead_II21 of_II22 carrying_VVG fuel_NN1 for_IF engines_NN2 that_CST needed_VVD air_NN1 to_TO sustain_VVI combustion_NN1 ,_, preventing_VVG their_APPGE operation_NN1 underwater_RL ,_, why_RRQ not_XX identify_VVI an_AT1 oxygen-rich_JJ fuel_NN1 that_CST could_VM be_VBI chemically_RR decomposed_VVN to_TO supply_VVI its_APPGE own_DA oxygen_NN1 ,_, and_CC use_VVI that_DD1 reaction_NN1 to_TO drive_VVI a_AT1 turbine_NN1 directly_RR ?_? 
There_EX were_VBDR such_DA fuels_NN2 ._. 
Pure_JJ oxygen_NN1 was_VBDZ obviously_RR one_MC1 ,_, but_CCB storage_NN1 in_II a_AT1 small_JJ space_NN1 such_II21 as_II22 a_AT1 submarine_NN1 would_VM require_VVI that_CST it_PPH1 be_VBI cooled_VVN to_II a_AT1 liquid_JJ and_CC maintained_VVN there_RL ,_, below_II its_APPGE boiling_JJ point_NN1 of_IO ?_? 297.33&deg;F_FO ._. 
Nitric_JJ acid_NN1 was_VBDZ another_DD1 ,_, with_IW 63.5_MC percent_NNU oxygen_NN1 available_JJ when_CS decomposed_VVN ,_, but_CCB it_PPH1 was_VBDZ highly_RR corrosive_JJ and_CC difficult_JJ to_TO store_VVI and_CC handle_NN1 ._. 
A_AT1 little_JJ research_NN1 led_VVD Walter_NP1 to_II hydrogen_NN1 peroxide_NN1 ,_, H2O2_FO ,_, a_AT1 liquid_NN1 slightly_RR denser_JJR than_CSN water_NN1 first_MD isolated_VVN by_II the_AT French_JJ chemist_NN1 Louis_NP1 Jacques_NP1 Thenard_NP1 in_II 1818_MC ._. 
Used_VVN in_II low_JJ concentrations_NN2 ,_, up_RG21 to_RG22 30_MC percent_NNU ,_, as_CSA a_AT1 bleaching_JJ agent_NN1 and_CC a_AT1 disinfectant_NN1 ,_, hydrogen_NN1 peroxide_NN1 at_II high_JJ concentrations_NN2 could_VM be_VBI decomposed_VVN by_II contact_NN1 with_IW an_AT1 appropriate_JJ catalyst_NN1 into_II steam_NN1 and_CC oxygen_NN1 --_NN1 H2O_FO +_FO O_ZZ1 --_JJ in_II the_AT process_NN1 generating_VVG intense_JJ heat_NN1 :_: 80_MC percent_NNU H2O2_FO when_RRQ it_PPH1 decomposed_VVD would_VM generate_VVI a_AT1 temperature_NN1 of_IO 869&deg;F_FO ,_, superheating_VVG the_AT steam_NN1 sufficiently_RR to_TO drive_VVI a_AT1 power_NN1 plant_NN1 without_IW adding_VVG any_DD additional_JJ fuel_NN1 ._. 
Fuel_NN1 could_VM be_VBI added_VVN ,_, however_RR ,_, drawing_VVG on_II the_AT oxygen_NN1 released_VVN from_II the_AT H2O2_FO for_IF combustion_NN1 and_CC further_RRR superheating_VVG the_AT steam_NN1 ,_, increasing_VVG its_APPGE propulsive_JJ energy_NN1 ._. 
In_II the_AT first_MD case_NN1 ,_, the_AT purity_NN1 of_IO the_AT H2O2_FO would_VM determine_VVI the_AT rate_NN1 of_IO energy_NN1 release_NN1 ;_; in_II the_AT second_NNT1 ,_, the_AT injection_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 fuel_NN1 such_II21 as_II22 alcohol_NN1 or_CC kerosene_NN1 into_II a_AT1 combustion_NN1 chamber_NN1 to_TO mix_VVI with_IW the_AT decomposing_JJ H2O2_FO could_VM be_VBI throttled_VVN to_TO vary_VVI the_AT output_NN1 on_II demand_NN1 ._. 
In_II either_DD1 case_NN1 ,_, the_AT energy_NN1 would_VM be_VBI generated_VVN without_IW the_AT need_NN1 for_IF additional_JJ air_NN1 ._. 
Walter_NP1 found_VVD very_RG little_DA1 available_JJ research_NN1 on_II the_AT use_NN1 of_IO hydrogen_NN1 peroxide_NN1 for_IF energy_NN1 production_NN1 ,_, he_PPHS1 recalled_VVD ,_, "_" only_RR isolated_JJ suggestions_NN2 which_DDQ have_VH0 never_RR been_VBN developed_VVN beyond_II the_AT stage_NN1 of_IO theoretical_JJ discussion_NN1 ._. "_" 
Nor_CC was_VBDZ there_RL much_RR interest_NN1 at_II Vulcan_NP1 in_II H2O2_FO research_NN1 ._. 
Frustrated_JJ ,_, Walter_NP1 took_VVD his_APPGE ideas_NN2 to_II the_AT German_JJ naval_JJ command_NN1 in_II Berlin_NP1 ._. 
"_" Years_NNT2 later_RRR ,_, "_" a_AT1 biographer_NN1 writes_VVZ ,_, "_" colleagues_NN2 remembered_VVD him_PPHO1 carrying_VVG around_RP papers_NN2 for_IF his_APPGE Unterwasser_NN1 Schnellboot_NN1 &lsqb;_( underwater_JJ fast_JJ boat_NN1 &rsqb;_) ,_, so_CS21 that_CS22 he_PPHS1 could_VM lobby_VVI for_IF his_APPGE proposals_NN2 at_II any_DD opportunity_NN1 ._. "_" 
The_AT naval_JJ command_NN1 was_VBDZ interested_JJ ,_, but_CCB before_CS Walter_NP1 could_VM proceed_VVI with_IW research_NN1 and_CC development_NN1 ,_, he_PPHS1 had_VHD to_TO prove_VVI to_II its_APPGE officials_NN2 that_CST H2O2_FO was_VBDZ safe_JJ for_IF transportation_NN1 and_CC storage_NN1 ._. 
Higher_JJR concentrations_NN2 were_VBDR commonly_RR believed_VVN to_TO be_VBI dangerously_RR explosive_JJ ,_, a_AT1 prejudice_NN1 that_CST had_VHD seriously_RR retarded_JJ research_NN1 ._. 
Tests_NN2 at_II the_AT Chemical_NN1 State_NN1 Institute_NN1 in_II Berlin_NP1 --_NN1 exploding_VVG lead_NN1 azide_NN1 ,_, a_AT1 strong_JJ detonator_NN1 ,_, with_IW H2O2_FO ,_, decomposing_VVG it_PPH1 under_II pressure_NN1 --_NN1 established_VVD its_APPGE non-detonability_NN1 up_RG21 to_RG22 80_MC percent_NNU strength_NN1 ._. 
"_" After_CS the_AT encouraging_JJ results_NN2 of_IO this_DD1 period_NN1 of_IO predevelopment_NN1 and_CC research_NN1 ,_, "_" Walter_NP1 writes_VVZ ,_, "_" I_PPIS1 founded_VVD my_APPGE own_DA engineering_NN1 firm_NN1 on_II July_NPM1 1_MC1 ,_, 1935_MC ._. 
The_AT real_JJ development_NN1 of_IO engines_NN2 and_CC rockets_NN2 started_VVD after_II this_DD1 date_NN1 ._. "_" 
Commercialization_NN1 was_VBDZ further_RRR encouraged_VVN by_II President_NNB Jimmy_NP1 Carter_NP1 's_GE inflation_NN1 czar_NN1 ,_, Alfred_NP1 E._NP1 Kahn_NP1 ,_, a_AT1 Cornell_NP1 economist_NN1 best_RRT known_VVN for_IF deregulating_VVG the_AT U.S._NP1 airline_NN1 industry_NN1 while_CS chairman_NN1 of_IO the_AT Civil_JJ Aeronautics_NN1 Board_NN1 in_II 1978_MC ._. 
Kahn_NP1 ,_, a_AT1 liberal_JJ Democrat_NN1 ,_, promoted_VVN government_NN1 deregulation_NN1 for_IF economic_JJ reasons_NN2 ,_, believing_VVG that_CST it_PPH1 spurred_VVD economic_JJ development_NN1 --_NN1 a_AT1 cause_NN1 later_RRR taken_VVN up_RP with_IW conservative_JJ ideological_JJ fervor_NN1 by_II President_NNB Ronald_NP1 Reagan_NP1 ._. 
At_II the_AT Federal_JJ Communications_NN2 Commission_NN1 between_II 1977_MC and_CC 1981_MC ,_, chairman_NN1 Charles_NP1 D._NP1 Ferris_NP1 ,_, a_AT1 Boston-born_JJ physicist_NN1 and_CC attorney_NN1 ,_, abandoned_VVD the_AT usual_JJ FCC_NP1 practice_NN1 of_IO finding_VVG a_AT1 consensus_NN1 with_IW the_AT electronics_NN1 industry_NN1 before_II changing_VVG or_CC adding_VVG to_II FCC_NP1 rules_NN2 ._. 
Instead_RR ,_, in_II31 line_II32 with_II33 Carter_NP1 and_CC Kahn_NP1 's_GE emphasis_NN1 on_II deregulation_NN1 for_IF economic_JJ growth_NN1 ,_, Ferris_NP1 looked_VVD for_IF innovative_JJ technologies_NN2 hampered_VVD by_II what_DDQ his_APPGE assistant_JJ Michael_NP1 J._NP1 Marcus_NP1 calls_VVZ "_" anachronistic_JJ technical_JJ regulations_NN2 ._. "_" 
There_EX was_VBDZ a_AT1 reason_NN1 for_IF the_AT regulations_NN2 ,_, Marcus_NP1 explains_VVZ :_: In_II the_AT 1970s_MC2 the_AT spectrum_NN1 technology_NN1 area_NN1 was_VBDZ highly_RR concentrated_VVN ,_, with_IW only_RR a_AT1 few_DA2 major_JJ manufacturers_NN2 :_: Western_JJ Electric_NN1 was_VBDZ the_AT near-exclusive_JJ supplier_NN1 of_IO the_AT local_JJ and_CC long_JJ distance_NN1 telecommunications_NN2 industry_NN1 ,_, cellular_JJ was_VBDZ in_II its_APPGE experimental_JJ stage_NN1 ,_, and_CC the_AT regulatory_JJ status_NN121 quo_NN122 was_VBDZ rather_RG acceptable_JJ to_II the_AT small_JJ "_" club_NN1 "_" of_IO major_JJ manufacturers_NN2 serving_VVG the_AT US_NP1 market_NN1 ,_, all_DB of_IO whom_PNQO were_VBDR domestic_JJ companies_NN2 ._. 
While_CS regulations_NN2 prevented_VVD rapid_JJ innovation_NN1 ,_, it_PPH1 &lsqb;_( sic_RR &rsqb;_) also_RR generally_RR prevented_VVN both_RR new_JJ entrants_NN2 and_CC technological_JJ surprise_NN1 from_II the_AT few_DA2 competitors_NN2 ._. 
Products_NN2 could_VM be_VBI planned_VVN and_CC introduced_VVN with_IW assurances_NN2 that_CST the_AT R_ZZ1 &D;_NULL costs_NN2 could_VM be_VBI amortized_VVN over_II a_AT1 long_JJ sales_NN period_NN1 ._. 
It_PPH1 was_VBDZ a_AT1 cozy_JJ oligarchy_NN1 for_IF the_AT major_JJ manufacturers_NN2 ,_, but_CCB it_PPH1 denied_VVD the_AT public_NN1 the_AT benefits_NN2 of_IO rapid_JJ introduction_NN1 of_IO new_JJ technologies_NN2 and_CC services_NN2 just_RR as_CSA in_II the_AT parallel_JJ Bell_NN1 System_NN1 telecommunications_NN2 monopoly_NN1 ._. 
Ferris_NP1 set_VVD out_RP to_TO change_VVI the_AT situation_NN1 ,_, beginning_VVG with_IW a_AT1 study_NN1 the_AT FCC_NP1 commissioned_VVD ,_, delivered_VVN in_II December_NPM1 1980_MC ,_, titled_VVN Potential_JJ Use_NN1 of_IO Spread_NN1 Spectrum_NN1 Techniques_NN2 in_II Non-government_JJ Applications_NN2 ._. 
Its_APPGE key_JJ finding_NN1 :_: "_" Spread_VV0 spectrum_NN1 techniques_NN2 offer_VV0 a_AT1 unique_JJ method_NN1 of_IO sharing_VVG a_AT1 common_JJ band_NN1 between_II multiple_JJ users_NN2 without_IW requiring_VVG the_AT users_NN2 to_TO coordinate_VVI their_APPGE transmissions_NN2 in_II any_DD way_NN1 ._. "_" 
For_IF technical_JJ as_II31 well_II32 as_II33 political_JJ reasons_NN2 ,_, the_AT report_NN1 raised_VVD the_AT possibility_NN1 of_IO using_VVG what_DDQ are_VBR called_VVN the_AT ISM_FU bands_VVZ --_NN1 the_AT radio_NN1 frequencies_NN2 allocated_VVN to_II industrial_JJ ,_, scientific_JJ ,_, and_CC medical_JJ uses_NN2 other_II21 than_II22 communication_NN1 (_( such_II21 as_II22 microwave_NN1 ovens_NN2 and_CC equipment_NN1 for_IF medical_JJ diathermy_NN1 and_CC industrial_JJ heating_NN1 )_) --_NN1 for_IF spread-spectrum_JJ radio_NN1 ._. 
Such_DA equipment_NN1 generated_VVD radio_NN1 noise_NN1 that_CST interfered_VVD with_IW narrow-band_JJ radio_NN1 transmissions_NN2 ,_, which_DDQ was_VBDZ why_RRQ it_PPH1 had_VHD been_VBN allocated_VVN frequency_NN1 bands_NN2 of_IO its_APPGE own_DA ._. 
(_( They_PPHS2 were_VBDR also_RR called_VVN the_AT garbage_NN1 bands_NN2 ._. )_) 
Spread_VV0 spectrum_NN1 ,_, however_RR ,_, was_VBDZ resistant_JJ to_II such_DA interference_NN1 just_RR as_CSA it_PPH1 was_VBDZ resistant_JJ to_II jamming_NN1 ._. 
And_CC since_CS radio_NN1 spectrum_NN1 is_VBZ limited_VVN ,_, any_DD new_JJ technology_NN1 that_CST could_VM be_VBI overlaid_VVN onto_II spectrum_NN1 already_RR assigned_VVN to_II other_JJ transmissions_NN2 without_IW interfering_VVG with_IW those_DD2 transmissions_NN2 was_VBDZ of_IO obvious_JJ benefit_NN1 ._. 
Or_CC so_RR Ferris_NP1 and_CC Marcus_NP1 hoped_VVD ._. 
The_AT benefits_NN2 were_VBDR less_RGR obvious_JJ to_II competing_JJ interests_NN2 within_II both_RR government_NN1 and_CC industry_NN1 ._. 
Marcus_NP1 felt_VVD as_CS21 if_CS22 he_PPHS1 were_VBDR advancing_VVG into_II a_AT1 lion_NN1 's_GE den_NN1 in_II 1983_MC when_RRQ he_PPHS1 went_VVD to_II the_AT National_JJ Security_NN1 Agency_NN1 to_TO make_VVI his_APPGE case_NN1 ._. 
Celebrity_NN1 culture_NN1 spreads_VVZ like_II a_AT1 stain_NN1 ._. 
It_PPH1 engulfs_VVZ even_RR those_DD2 whose_DDQGE fame_NN1 is_VBZ rooted_VVN in_II real_JJ achievement_NN1 or_CC real_JJ responsibility_NN1 ._. 
As_II the_AT empty_JJ are_VBR valued_VVN ,_, so_CS the_AT valuable_JJ are_VBR emptied_VVN ._. 
They_PPHS2 are_VBR treated_VVN as_CS21 if_CS22 they_PPHS2 were_VBDR as_RG vacuous_JJ as_CSA pop_NN1 idols_NN2 ._. 
