THE_AT 2009_MC TRAFFICKING_NN1 IN_II PERSONS_NN2 (_( TIP_NN1 )_) REPORT_NN1 Purpose_NN1 The_AT Department_NN1 of_IO State_NN1 is_VBZ required_VVN by_II law_NN1 to_TO submit_VVI each_DD1 year_NNT1 to_II the_AT U.S._NP1 Congress_NN1 a_AT1 report_NN1 on_II foreign_JJ governments_NN2 '_GE efforts_NN2 to_TO eliminate_VVI severe_JJ forms_NN2 of_IO trafficking_VVG in_II persons_NN2 ._. 
This_DD1 is_VBZ the_AT ninth_MD annual_JJ TIP_NN1 Report_NN1 ;_; it_PPH1 seeks_VVZ to_TO increase_VVI global_JJ awareness_NN1 of_IO the_AT human_JJ trafficking_NN1 phenomenon_NN1 by_II shedding_VVG new_JJ light_NN1 on_II various_JJ facets_NN2 of_IO the_AT problem_NN1 and_CC highlighting_VVG shared_JJ and_CC individual_JJ efforts_NN2 of_IO the_AT international_JJ community_NN1 ,_, and_CC to_TO encourage_VVI foreign_JJ governments_NN2 to_TO take_VVI effective_JJ action_NN1 against_II all_DB forms_NN2 of_IO trafficking_VVG in_II persons_NN2 ._. 
The_AT United_NP1 States_NP1 '_GE Trafficking_NN1 Victims_NN2 Protection_NN1 Act_NN1 of_IO 2000_MC (_( TVPA_NP1 )_) ,_, as_CSA amended_VVN ,_, guides_NN2 efforts_NN2 to_TO combat_VVI human_JJ trafficking_NN1 ._. 
The_AT most_RGT recent_JJ amendments_NN2 to_II the_AT TVPA_NN1 were_VBDR enacted_VVN in_II December_NPM1 2008_MC ._. 
The_AT purpose_NN1 of_IO the_AT law_NN1 is_VBZ to_TO punish_VVI traffickers_NN2 ,_, protect_VV0 victims_NN2 ,_, and_CC prevent_VV0 trafficking_VVG from_II occurring_VVG ._. 
Freeing_VVG victims_NN2 from_II this_DD1 form_NN1 of_IO modern-day_JJ slavery_NN1 is_VBZ the_AT ultimate_JJ goal_NN1 of_IO this_DD1 report_NN1 --_NN1 and_CC of_IO the_AT U.S._NP1 Government_NN1 's_GE anti-human_JJ trafficking_NN1 policy_NN1 ._. 
Human_JJ trafficking_NN1 is_VBZ a_AT1 multi-dimensional_JJ issue_NN1 ._. 
It_PPH1 is_VBZ a_AT1 crime_NN1 that_CST deprives_VVZ people_NN of_IO their_APPGE human_JJ rights_NN2 and_CC freedoms_NN2 ,_, increases_VVZ global_JJ health_NN1 risks_NN2 ,_, fuels_NN2 growing_VVG networks_NN2 of_IO organized_JJ crime_NN1 ,_, and_CC can_VM sustain_VVI levels_NN2 of_IO poverty_NN1 and_CC impede_VVI development_NN1 in_II certain_JJ areas_NN2 ._. 
The_AT impacts_NN2 of_IO human_JJ trafficking_NN1 are_VBR devastating_JJ ._. 
Victims_NN2 may_VM suffer_VVI physical_JJ and_CC emotional_JJ abuse_NN1 ,_, rape_NN1 ,_, threats_NN2 against_II self_NN1 and_CC family_NN1 ,_, and_CC even_RR death_NN1 ._. 
But_CCB the_AT devastation_NN1 also_RR extends_VVZ beyond_II individual_JJ victims_NN2 ;_; human_JJ trafficking_NN1 undermines_VVZ the_AT health_NN1 ,_, safety_NN1 ,_, and_CC security_NN1 of_IO all_DB nations_NN2 it_PPH1 touches_VVZ ._. 
A_AT1 growing_JJ community_NN1 of_IO nations_NN2 is_VBZ making_VVG significant_JJ efforts_NN2 to_TO eliminate_VVI this_DD1 atrocious_JJ crime_NN1 ._. 
The_AT TVPA_NN1 outlines_NN2 minimum_JJ standards_NN2 for_IF the_AT elimination_NN1 of_IO trafficking_VVG in_II persons_NN2 ._. 
Countries_NN2 that_CST do_VD0 not_XX make_VVI significant_JJ efforts_NN2 to_TO comply_VVI with_IW the_AT minimum_JJ standards_NN2 receive_VV0 a_AT1 Tier_NN1 3_MC ranking_NN1 in_II this_DD1 report_NN1 ._. 
Such_DA an_AT1 assessment_NN1 could_VM prompt_VVI the_AT United_NP1 States_NP1 to_TO withhold_VVI nonhumanitarian_NN1 ,_, non-trade-related_JJ foreign_JJ assistance_NN1 ._. 
In_II assessing_VVG foreign_JJ governments_NN2 '_GE efforts_NN2 ,_, the_AT TIP_NN1 Report_NN1 highlights_VVZ the_AT "_" three_MC P_ZZ221 's_ZZ222 "_" --_JJ prosecution_NN1 ,_, protection_NN1 ,_, and_CC prevention_NN1 ._. 
But_CCB a_AT1 victim-centered_JJ approach_NN1 to_II trafficking_VVG also_RR requires_VVZ attention_NN1 to_II the_AT "_" three_MC R_ZZ221 's_ZZ222 "_" --_JJ rescue_NN1 ,_, rehabilitation_NN1 ,_, and_CC reintegration_NN1 ._. 
Sharing_VVG the_AT best_JJT practices_NN2 in_II these_DD2 areas_NN2 will_VM encourage_VVI governments_NN2 to_TO go_VVI beyond_II the_AT initial_JJ rescue_NN1 of_IO victims_NN2 and_CC restore_VV0 to_II them_PPHO2 dignity_NN1 and_CC the_AT hope_NN1 of_IO productive_JJ lives_NN2 ._. 
Human_JJ Trafficking_NN1 Defined_VVD The_AT TVPA_NN1 defines_VVZ "_" severe_JJ forms_NN2 of_IO trafficking_VVG "_" as_II :_: a._NNU sex_NN1 trafficking_VVG in_II which_DDQ a_AT1 commercial_JJ sex_NN1 act_NN1 is_VBZ induced_VVN by_II force_NN1 ,_, fraud_NN1 ,_, or_CC coercion_NN1 ,_, or_CC in_II which_DDQ the_AT person_NN1 induced_VVD to_TO perform_VVI such_DA an_AT1 act_NN1 has_VHZ not_XX attained_VVN 18_MC years_NNT2 of_IO age_NN1 ;_; or_CC b._NNU the_AT recruitment_NN1 ,_, harboring_VVG ,_, transportation_NN1 ,_, provision_NN1 ,_, or_CC obtaining_VVG of_IO a_AT1 person_NN1 for_IF labor_NN1 or_CC services_NN2 ,_, through_II the_AT use_NN1 of_IO force_NN1 ,_, fraud_NN1 ,_, or_CC coercion_NN1 for_IF the_AT purpose_NN1 of_IO subjection_NN1 to_II involuntary_JJ servitude_NN1 ,_, peonage_VV0 ,_, debt_NN1 bondage_NN1 ,_, or_CC slavery_NN1 ._. 
A_AT1 victim_NN1 need_VM not_XX be_VBI physically_RR transported_VVN from_II one_MC1 location_NN1 to_II another_DD1 in_BCL21 order_BCL22 for_IF the_AT crime_NN1 to_TO fall_VVI within_II these_DD2 definitions_NN2 ._. 
The_AT Scope_NN1 and_CC Nature_NN1 of_IO Modern-Day_JJ Slavery_NN1 The_AT common_JJ denominator_NN1 of_IO trafficking_VVG scenarios_NN2 is_VBZ the_AT use_NN1 of_IO force_NN1 ,_, fraud_NN1 ,_, or_CC coercion_NN1 to_TO exploit_VVI a_AT1 person_NN1 for_IF profit_NN1 ._. 
Traffickers_NN2 can_VM subject_NN1 victims_NN2 to_TO labor_VVI exploitation_NN1 ,_, sexual_JJ exploitation_NN1 ,_, or_CC both_DB2 ._. 
Trafficking_VVG for_IF labor_NN1 exploitation_NN1 ,_, the_AT form_NN1 of_IO trafficking_NN1 claiming_VVG the_AT greatest_JJT number_NN1 of_IO victims_NN2 ,_, includes_VVZ traditional_JJ chattel_NN1 slavery_NN1 ,_, forced_JJ labor_NN1 ,_, and_CC debt_NN1 bondage_NN1 ._. 
Trafficking_VVG for_IF sexual_JJ exploitation_NN1 typically_RR includes_VVZ abuse_NN1 within_II the_AT commercial_JJ sex_NN1 industry_NN1 ._. 
In_II other_JJ cases_NN2 ,_, individuals_NN2 exploit_VV0 victims_NN2 in_II private_JJ homes_NN2 ,_, often_RR demanding_VVG both_RR sex_NN1 and_CC work_NN1 ._. 
The_AT use_NN1 of_IO force_NN1 or_CC coercion_NN1 can_VM be_VBI direct_JJ and_CC violent_JJ or_CC psychological_JJ ._. 
A_AT1 wide_JJ range_NN1 of_IO estimates_NN2 exists_VVZ on_II the_AT scope_NN1 and_CC magnitude_NN1 of_IO modern-day_JJ slavery_NN1 ._. 
The_AT International_JJ Labor_NN1 Organization_NN1 (_( ILO_NP1 )_) --_NN1 the_AT United_JJ Nations_NN2 agency_NN1 charged_VVN with_IW addressing_VVG labor_NN1 standards_NN2 ,_, employment_NN1 ,_, and_CC social_JJ protection_NN1 issues_NN2 --_NN1 estimates_VVZ that_CST there_EX are_VBR at_RR21 least_RR22 12.3_MC million_NNO adults_NN2 and_CC children_NN2 in_II forced_JJ labor_NN1 ,_, bonded_VVD labor_NN1 ,_, and_CC commercial_JJ sexual_JJ servitude_NN1 at_II any_DD given_JJ time_NNT1 ._. 
Of_IO these_DD2 victims_NN2 ,_, the_AT ILO_NP1 estimates_VVZ that_CST at_RR21 least_RR22 1.39_MC million_NNO are_VBR victims_NN2 of_IO commercial_JJ sexual_JJ servitude_NN1 ,_, both_RR transnational_JJ and_CC within_II countries_NN2 ._. 
According_II21 to_II22 the_AT ILO_NP1 ,_, 56_MC percent_NNU of_IO all_DB forced_JJ labor_NN1 victims_NN2 are_VBR women_NN2 and_CC girls_NN2 ._. 
Human_JJ traffickers_NN2 prey_VV0 on_II the_AT weak_JJ ._. 
Targeting_VVG vulnerable_JJ men_NN2 ,_, women_NN2 ,_, and_CC children_NN2 ,_, they_PPHS2 use_VV0 creative_JJ and_CC ruthless_JJ ploys_NN2 designed_VVN to_TO trick_VVI ,_, coerce_VVI ,_, and_CC win_VVI the_AT confidence_NN1 of_IO potential_JJ victims_NN2 ._. 
Very_RG often_RR these_DD2 ruses_NN2 involve_VV0 promises_NN2 of_IO a_AT1 better_JJR life_NN1 through_II employment_NN1 ,_, educational_JJ opportunities_NN2 ,_, or_CC marriage_NN1 ._. 
The_AT nationalities_NN2 of_IO trafficked_JJ people_NN are_VBR as_RG diverse_JJ as_CSA the_AT world_NN1 's_GE cultures_NN2 ._. 
Some_DD leave_VV0 developing_JJ countries_NN2 ,_, seeking_VVG to_TO improve_VVI their_APPGE lives_NN2 through_II low-skilled_JJ jobs_NN2 in_II more_RGR prosperous_JJ countries_NN2 ._. 
Others_NN2 fall_VV0 victim_NN1 to_II forced_JJ or_CC bonded_JJ labor_NN1 in_II their_APPGE own_DA countries_NN2 ._. 
Women_NN2 ,_, eager_JJ for_IF a_AT1 better_JJR future_NN1 ,_, are_VBR susceptible_JJ to_II promises_NN2 of_IO jobs_NN2 abroad_RL as_CSA babysitters_NN2 ,_, housekeepers_NN2 ,_, waitresses_NN2 ,_, or_CC models_NN2 --_JJ jobs_NN2 that_CST traffickers_NN2 turn_VV0 into_II the_AT nightmare_NN1 of_IO forced_JJ prostitution_NN1 without_IW exit_NN1 ._. 
Some_DD families_NN2 give_VV0 children_NN2 to_II adults_NN2 ,_, often_RR relatives_NN2 ,_, who_PNQS promise_VV0 education_NN1 and_CC opportunity_NN1 but_CCB instead_RR sell_VV0 the_AT children_NN2 into_II exploitative_JJ situations_NN2 for_IF money_NN1 ._. 
But_CCB poverty_NN1 alone_RR does_VDZ not_XX explain_VVI this_DD1 tragedy_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ is_VBZ driven_VVN by_II fraudulent_JJ recruiters_NN2 ,_, employers_NN2 ,_, and_CC corrupt_JJ officials_NN2 who_PNQS seek_VV0 to_TO reap_VVI profits_NN2 from_II others_NN2 '_GE desperation_NN1 ._. 
Focus_NN1 of_IO the_AT 2009_MC TIP_NN1 Report_NN1 The_AT TIP_NN1 Report_NN1 is_VBZ the_AT most_RGT comprehensive_JJ worldwide_JJ report_NN1 on_II governments_NN2 '_GE efforts_NN2 to_TO combat_VVI severe_JJ forms_NN2 of_IO trafficking_VVG in_II persons_NN2 ._. 
It_PPH1 includes_VVZ countries_NN2 of_IO origin_NN1 ,_, transit_NN1 ,_, or_CC destination_NN1 for_IF trafficking_VVG victims_NN2 ._. 
It_PPH1 represents_VVZ an_AT1 updated_JJ ,_, global_JJ look_NN1 at_II the_AT nature_NN1 and_CC scope_NN1 of_IO trafficking_VVG in_II persons_NN2 and_CC the_AT broad_JJ range_NN1 of_IO government_NN1 actions_NN2 to_TO confront_VVI and_CC eliminate_VVI it_PPH1 ._. 
The_AT 2009_MC TIP_NN1 Report_NN1 covers_VVZ the_AT period_NN1 of_IO Apri_NP1 2008_MC through_II March_NPM1 2009_MC ._. 
During_II this_DD1 time_NNT1 and_CC since_CS the_AT passage_NN1 of_IO the_AT TVPA_NN1 ,_, the_AT fight_NN1 against_II trafficking_NN1 passed_VVD an_AT1 important_JJ milestone_NN1 ,_, as_CSA more_DAR than_CSN half_DB of_IO the_AT world_NN1 's_GE countries_NN2 have_VH0 enacted_VVN criminal_JJ legislation_NN1 prohibiting_VVG all_DB forms_NN2 of_IO trafficking_VVG in_II persons_NN2 ._. 
Over_II the_AT last_MD year_NNT1 alone_RR ,_, 26_MC countries_NN2 enacted_VVD new_JJ anti-trafficking_JJ legislation_NN1 ,_, some_DD going_VVG beyond_II the_AT minimum_JJ standards_NN2 of_IO the_AT TVPA_NN1 and_CC the_AT 2000_MC UN_NP1 TIP_NN1 Protocol_NN1 by_II offering_VVG the_AT victims_NN2 of_IO trafficking_NN1 restitution_NN1 through_II court_NN1 proceedings_NN2 and_CC other_JJ protections_NN2 ._. 
The_AT last_MD year_NNT1 was_VBDZ marked_VVN also_RR by_II the_AT onset_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 global_JJ financial_JJ crisis_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ has_VHZ raised_VVN the_AT specter_NN1 of_IO increased_JJ human_JJ trafficking_NN1 around_II the_AT world_NN1 ._. 
As_II a_AT1 result_NN1 of_IO the_AT crisis_NN1 ,_, two_MC concurrent_JJ trends_NN2 --_NN1 a_AT1 shrinking_JJ global_JJ demand_NN1 for_IF labor_NN1 and_CC a_AT1 growing_JJ supply_NN1 of_IO workers_NN2 willing_JJ to_TO take_VVI ever_RR greater_JJR risks_NN2 for_IF economic_JJ opportunities_NN2 --_NN1 seem_VV0 a_AT1 recipe_NN1 for_IF increased_JJ forced_JJ labor_NN1 cases_NN2 of_IO migrant_NN1 workers_NN2 and_CC women_NN2 in_II prostitution_NN1 ._. 
The_AT Department_NN1 of_IO Public_JJ Prosecutions_NN2 reported_VVD three_MC ongoing_JJ investigations_NN2 for_IF trafficking-related_JJ offenses_NN2 and_CC no_AT prosecutions_NN2 during_II the_AT reporting_NN1 period_NN1 ;_; the_AT department_NN1 was_VBDZ unable_JK to_TO produce_VVI data_NN on_II the_AT number_NN1 of_IO charges_NN2 related_VVN to_II trafficking_NN1 filed_VVN during_II the_AT year_NNT1 ._. 
Despite_II this_DD1 inability_NN1 to_TO gather_VVI and_CC disseminate_VVI information_NN1 at_II the_AT national_JJ level_NN1 ,_, district_NN1 courts_NN2 reportedly_RR heard_VVN several_DA2 trafficking_NN1 cases_NN2 during_II the_AT reporting_NN1 period_NN1 ._. 
In_II June_NPM1 2008_MC ,_, the_AT Loitokitok_NN1 District_NN1 Court_NN1 arraigned_VVD a_AT1 Kenyan_JJ woman_NN1 on_II charges_NN2 of_IO trafficking_VVG a_AT1 17-year_JJ old_JJ Ugandan_JJ girl_NN1 to_II her_APPGE home_NN1 for_IF domestic_JJ servitude_NN1 and_CC subjecting_VVG her_PPHO1 to_II cruelty_NN1 ;_; further_JJR details_NN2 on_II this_DD1 case_NN1 were_VBDR unavailable_JJ ._. 
In_II October_NPM1 2008_MC ,_, two_MC women_NN2 were_VBDR charged_VVN in_II a_AT1 Nairobi_NP1 court_NN1 with_IW forcing_VVG two_MC young_JJ girls_NN2 into_II prostitution_NN1 ._. 
In_II March_NPM1 2009_MC ,_, 119_MC parents_NN2 and_CC guardians_NN2 of_IO 209_MC children_NN2 were_VBDR charged_VVN in_II an_AT1 Eldoret_NN1 court_NN1 with_IW abusing_VVG their_APPGE children_NN2 by_II removing_VVG them_PPHO2 from_II school_NN1 and_CC forcing_VVG them_PPHO2 to_TO work_VVI as_RG domestic_JJ servants_NN2 ._. 
In_RR21 addition_RR22 ,_, the_AT government_NN1 cooperated_VVD with_IW the_AT United_NP1 Kingdom_NP1 ,_, Ireland_NP1 ,_, and_CC INTERPOL_VV0 in_II the_AT investigation_NN1 and_CC prosecution_NN1 of_IO at_RR21 least_RR22 two_MC transnational_JJ trafficking_NN1 cases_NN2 involving_VVG Kenyan_JJ children_NN2 during_II the_AT reporting_NN1 period_NN1 ._. 
Laws_NN2 against_II forced_JJ labor_NN1 were_VBDR not_XX well_RR enforced_VVN ,_, though_CS in_II June_NPM1 2008_MC ,_, the_AT Ministry_NN1 of_IO Labor_NN1 raided_VVN and_CC shut_VVN down_RP an_AT1 unregistered_JJ recruitment_NN1 agency_NN1 that_CST was_VBDZ illegally_RR sending_VVG Kenyan_JJ migrant_NN1 workers_NN2 to_II Dubai_NP1 ._. 
With_IW the_AT assistance_NN1 of_IO NGO_NP1 lecturers_NN2 ,_, the_AT Kenya_NP1 Police_NN2 Training_NN1 College_NN1 provided_CS anti-trafficking_JJ and_CC child_NN1 protection_NN1 training_NN1 to_II police_NN2 recruits_VVZ during_II their_APPGE training_NN1 as_CSA cadets_NN2 ._. 
Corruption_NN1 among_II law_NN1 enforcement_NN1 authorities_NN2 and_CC other_JJ public_JJ officials_NN2 continued_VVD to_TO hamper_VVI efforts_NN2 to_TO bring_VVI traffickers_NN2 to_II justice_NN1 ;_; anti-trafficking_JJ activists_NN2 made_VVD credible_JJ claims_NN2 that_CST ,_, in_II certain_JJ regions_NN2 ,_, corrupt_JJ police_NN2 or_CC border_NN1 officials_NN2 were_VBDR complicit_NN1 in_II human_JJ trafficking_NN1 ._. 
The_AT government_NN1 made_VVD no_AT efforts_NN2 to_TO investigate_VVI or_CC prosecute_VVI officials_NN2 suspected_VVN of_IO involvement_NN1 in_II or_CC facilitation_NN1 of_IO trafficking_VVG during_II the_AT reporting_NN1 period_NN1 ._. 
Somalia_NP1 remains_VVZ a_AT1 Special_JJ Case_NN1 for_IF a_AT1 seventh_MD consecutive_JJ year_NNT1 due_II21 to_II22 the_AT lack_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 viable_JJ central_JJ government_NN1 since_II 1991_MC ._. 
Control_NN1 of_IO its_APPGE geographic_JJ area_NN1 is_VBZ divided_VVN among_II the_AT self-declared_JJ independent_JJ Republic_NN1 of_IO Somaliland_NP1 ,_, the_AT semi-autonomous_JJ region_NN1 of_IO Puntland_NP1 ,_, and_CC the_AT remainder_NN1 of_IO the_AT country_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ is_VBZ nominally_RR under_II the_AT control_NN1 of_IO the_AT Transitional_JJ Federal_JJ Government_NN1 (_( TFG_NP1 )_) ._. 
Somalia_NP1 currently_RR lacks_VVZ a_AT1 national_JJ governing_JJ structure_NN1 that_CST could_VM assume_VVI responsibility_NN1 for_IF addressing_VVG the_AT country_NN1 's_GE human_JJ trafficking_NN1 problem_NN1 ._. 
During_II the_AT reporting_NN1 period_NN1 ,_, the_AT TFG_NP1 remained_VVD preoccupied_JJ with_IW the_AT task_NN1 of_IO securing_VVG government_NN1 representatives_NN2 and_CC installations_NN2 from_II attacks_NN2 by_II extremist_JJ elements_NN2 ;_; in_II this_DD1 perpetual_JJ state_NN1 of_IO insecurity_NN1 the_AT government_NN1 was_VBDZ not_XX able_JK to_TO address_VVI human_JJ trafficking_NN1 ._. 
In_RR21 addition_RR22 ,_, the_AT TFG_NP1 currently_RR lacks_VVZ the_AT necessary_JJ means_NN to_TO identify_VVI ,_, investigate_VVI ,_, or_CC address_VVI systemic_JJ issues_NN2 in_II Somalia_NP1 ,_, including_II those_DD2 related_VVN to_II trafficking_VVG in_II persons_NN2 ;_; its_APPGE capacity_NN1 to_TO address_VVI human_JJ trafficking_NN1 will_VM not_XX significantly_RR increase_VVI without_IW tangible_JJ progress_NN1 in_II reestablishing_VVG governance_NN1 and_CC stability_NN1 in_II Somalia_NP1 ._. 
Scope_NN1 and_CC Magnitude_NN1 ._. 
Information_NN1 regarding_II trafficking_VVG in_II Somalia_NP1 remains_VVZ extremely_RR difficult_JJ to_TO obtain_VVI or_CC verify_VVI ;_; however_RR ,_, the_AT Somali_JJ territory_NN1 is_VBZ believed_VVN to_TO be_VBI a_AT1 source_NN1 ,_, transit_NN1 ,_, and_CC perhaps_RR destination_NN1 country_NN1 for_IF trafficked_JJ men_NN2 ,_, women_NN2 ,_, and_CC children_NN2 ._. 
In_II Somali_JJ society_NN1 ,_, certain_JJ groups_NN2 are_VBR traditionally_RR viewed_VVN as_CSA inferior_JJ and_CC are_VBR marginalized_VVN ;_; Somali_JJ Bantus_NP1 and_CC Midgaan_NP1 are_VBR sometimes_RT kept_VVN in_II servitude_NN1 to_II other_JJ more_RGR powerful_JJ Somali_JJ clan_NN1 members_NN2 as_CSA domestics_NN2 ,_, farm_NN1 laborers_NN2 ,_, and_CC herders_NN2 ._. 
During_II the_AT year_NNT1 ,_, the_AT widespread_JJ use_NN1 of_IO children_NN2 in_II fighting_VVG forces_NN2 in_II the_AT country_NN1 was_VBDZ noted_VVN ;_; the_AT extremist_JJ groups_NN2 opposed_VVN to_II the_AT TFG_NP1 conscripted_VVD and_CC recruited_JJ children_NN2 as_RG young_JJ as_CSA eight_MC years_NNT2 of_IO age_NN1 ,_, including_II girls_NN2 ,_, for_IF use_NN1 in_II armed_JJ conflict_NN1 ,_, including_II soldiering_VVG ,_, planting_VVG bombs_NN2 ,_, carrying_VVG out_RP assassinations_NN2 ,_, portering_NN1 ,_, and_CC domestic_JJ servitude_NN1 ._. 
There_EX were_VBDR reports_NN2 that_CST militias_NN2 loyal_JJ to_II the_AT TFG_NP1 or_CC associated_VVN with_IW members_NN2 of_IO the_AT TFG_NP1 conscripted_VVD children_NN2 ._. 
Armed_JJ militias_NN2 also_RR purportedly_RR traffic_VV0 Somali_JJ women_NN2 and_CC children_NN2 within_II the_AT country_NN1 for_IF sexual_JJ exploitation_NN1 and_CC forced_JJ labor_NN1 ._. 
Because_II21 of_II22 an_AT1 inability_NN1 to_TO provide_VVI care_NN1 for_IF all_DB family_NN1 members_NN2 ,_, some_DD Somalis_NN2 willingly_RR surrender_VV0 custody_NN1 of_IO their_APPGE children_NN2 to_II people_NN with_IW whom_PNQO they_PPHS2 share_VV0 family_NN1 relations_NN2 and_CC clan_NN1 linkages_NN2 ;_; some_DD of_IO these_DD2 children_NN2 may_VM become_VVI victims_NN2 of_IO forced_JJ labor_NN1 or_CC commercial_JJ sexual_JJ exploitation_NN1 ._. 
There_EX are_VBR anecdotal_JJ reports_NN2 of_IO children_NN2 engaged_VVN in_II prostitution_NN1 within_II the_AT country_NN1 ,_, but_CCB the_AT practice_NN1 is_VBZ culturally_RR proscribed_VVN and_CC not_XX publicly_RR acknowledged_VVN ._. 
Human_JJ smuggling_NN1 is_VBZ widespread_JJ in_II Somalia_NP1 and_CC there_EX is_VBZ evidence_NN1 to_TO suggest_VVI that_CST traffickers_NN2 utilize_VV0 the_AT same_DA networks_NN2 and_CC methods_NN2 as_CSA those_DD2 used_VVN by_II smugglers_NN2 ._. 
Dubious_JJ employment_NN1 agencies_NN2 are_VBR involved_JJ with_IW or_CC serve_VV0 as_CSA fronts_NN2 for_IF traffickers_NN2 ,_, especially_RR to_TO target_VVI individuals_NN2 desiring_VVG to_TO reach_VVI the_AT Gulf_NP1 States_NP1 ._. 
Somali_JJ women_NN2 are_VBR trafficked_VVN to_II destinations_NN2 in_II the_AT Middle_JJ East_ND1 ,_, including_II Iraq_NP1 ,_, Lebanon_NP1 ,_, and_CC Syria_NP1 ,_, as_RG well_RR as_CSA to_II South_NP1 Africa_NP1 ,_, for_IF domestic_JJ labor_NN1 and_CC ,_, to_II a_AT1 lesser_JJ extent_NN1 ,_, commercial_JJ sexual_JJ exploitation_NN1 ._. 
Female_JJ Somali_JJ refugees_NN2 residing_VVG in_II Yemen_NP1 are_VBR trafficked_VVN by_II Somali_JJ men_NN2 into_II prostitution_NN1 in_II Aden_NP1 and_CC Lahj_NP1 governorates_VVZ ._. 
Somali_JJ men_NN2 are_VBR trafficked_VVN into_II labor_NN1 exploitation_NN1 as_CSA herdsmen_NN2 and_CC menial_JJ workers_NN2 in_II the_AT Gulf_NP1 States_NP1 ._. 
Some_DD Somalis_NN2 transit_VV0 Djibouti_NP1 to_TO reach_VVI Yemen_NP1 ._. 
Somali_JJ children_NN2 are_VBR reportedly_RR trafficked_VVN to_II Djibouti_NP1 for_IF commercial_JJ sexual_JJ exploitation_NN1 and_CC forced_JJ labor_NN1 ,_, as_RG well_RR as_CSA to_II Saudi_NP1 Arabia_NP1 through_II Yemen_NP1 for_IF forced_JJ begging_NN1 ._. 
Members_NN2 of_IO the_AT Somali_JJ diaspora_NN1 use_VV0 fake_JJ offers_NN2 of_IO marriage_NN1 to_II traffic_NN1 unsuspecting_JJ victims_NN2 ,_, many_DA2 of_IO whom_PNQO are_VBR relatives_NN2 ,_, to_II Europe_NP1 for_IF commercial_JJ sexual_JJ exploitation_NN1 ._. 
Ethiopian_JJ women_NN2 are_VBR trafficked_VVN through_II Somalia_NP1 to_II Yemen_NP1 and_CC onward_RL to_II other_JJ destinations_NN2 in_II the_AT Middle_JJ East_ND1 for_IF forced_JJ domestic_JJ labor_NN1 and_CC sexual_JJ exploitation_NN1 ._. 
Government_NN1 Efforts_NN2 ._. 
The_AT respective_JJ authorities_NN2 operating_VVG in_II Somalia_NP1 's_GE three_MC regions_NN2 did_VDD not_XX make_VVI significant_JJ progress_NN1 in_II addressing_VVG human_JJ trafficking_NN1 during_II the_AT reporting_NN1 period_NN1 ._. 
Understanding_NN1 of_IO the_AT phenomenon_NN1 of_IO human_JJ trafficking_NN1 and_CC how_RRQ it_PPH1 is_VBZ to_TO be_VBI identified_VVN and_CC addressed_VVN remains_VVZ low_JJ among_II government_NN1 officials_NN2 and_CC the_AT general_JJ population_NN1 ._. 
In_II Somaliland_NP1 ,_, laws_NN2 explicitly_RR prohibit_VV0 forced_JJ labor_NN1 ,_, involuntary_JJ servitude_NN1 ,_, and_CC slavery_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ ,_, in_II31 addition_II32 to_II33 trafficking_VVG for_IF sexual_JJ exploitation_NN1 ,_, may_VM be_VBI prohibited_VVN under_II the_AT most_RGT widespread_JJ interpretations_NN2 of_IO Shari'a_NP1 and_CC customary_JJ law_NN1 ._. 
