The_AT curious_JJ case_NN1 of_IO clioquinol_NN1 An_AT1 indigestion_NN1 drug_NN1 blamed_VVN for_IF a_AT1 debilitating_JJ illness_NN1 that_CST affected_VVD thousands_NNO2 of_IO people_NN in_II the_AT 1950s_MC2 has_VHZ been_VBN resurrected_VVN as_II a_AT1 potential_JJ treatment_NN1 for_IF Alzheimer_NP1 's_GE disease_NN1 ._. 
But_CCB not_XX everyone_PN1 is_VBZ cheering_VVG for_IF the_AT drug_NN1 ,_, clioquinol_NN1 ,_, to_TO make_VVI a_AT1 comeback_NN1 ._. 
Walking_VVG with_IW the_AT help_NN1 of_IO his_APPGE cane_NN1 ,_, polio_NN1 survivor_NN1 Herbert_NP1 Schaumburg_NP1 searched_VVD the_AT halls_NN2 of_IO the_AT conference_NN1 building_NN1 in_II Geneva_NP1 ,_, Switzerland_NP1 ._. 
It_PPH1 was_VBDZ 1980_MC ,_, and_CC Schaumburg_NP1 was_VBDZ there_RL to_TO speak_VVI about_II a_AT1 discontinued_JJ drug_NN1 embroiled_VVN in_II a_AT1 health_NN1 scare_NN1 scandal_NN1 ._. 
Schaumburg_NP1 ducked_VVD into_II a_AT1 room_NN1 ,_, hoping_VVG to_TO find_VVI the_AT place_NN1 for_IF his_APPGE scientific_JJ presentation_NN1 ,_, and_CC was_VBDZ surprised_JJ to_TO see_VVI a_AT1 host_NN1 of_IO other_JJ disabled_JJ people_NN ._. 
Some_DD were_VBDR in_II wheelchairs_NN2 ,_, others_NN2 were_VBDR blind_JJ and_CC others_NN2 relied_VVN on_II canes_NN2 ,_, just_RR like_II him_PPHO1 ._. 
"_" They_PPHS2 greeted_VVD me_PPIO1 warmly_RR ,_, "_" says_VVZ Schaumburg_NP1 ._. 
"_" They_PPHS2 thought_VVD I_PPIS1 was_VBDZ one_MC1 of_IO them_PPHO2 ._. "_" 
But_CCB Schaumburg_NP1 was_VBDZ n't_XX one_MC1 of_IO them_PPHO2 ,_, because_CS he_PPHS1 did_VDD n't_XX suffer_VVI from_II the_AT same_DA nervous_JJ system_NN1 pain_NN1 and_CC paralysis_NN1 that_CST had_VHD brought_VVN them_PPHO2 there_RL ._. 
He_PPHS1 had_VHD accidentally_RR walked_VVN into_II a_AT1 meeting_NN1 of_IO people_NN who_PNQS had_VHD come_VVN to_TO share_VVI their_APPGE experiences_NN2 as_CSA victims_NN2 of_IO a_AT1 debilitating_JJ condition_NN1 with_IW one_PPX121 another_PPX122 ._. 
In_II contrast_NN1 ,_, Schaumburg_NP1 had_VHD come_VVN as_II a_AT1 scientific_JJ expert_NN1 to_TO speak_VVI about_II the_AT presumed_JJ cause_NN1 of_IO their_APPGE illness_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ had_VHD claimed_VVN a_AT1 reported_JJ 10,000_MC victims_NN2 ._. 
He_PPHS1 had_VHD come_VVN to_TO talk_VVI about_II a_AT1 drug_NN1 called_VVN clioquinol_NN1 ._. 
Across_II the_AT ocean_NN1 and_CC two_MC decades_NNT2 later_RRR ,_, an_AT1 Australian_JJ doctoral_JJ student_NN1 named_VVD Ashley_NP1 Bush_NP1 came_VVD across_II clioquinol_NN1 while_CS exploring_VVG an_AT1 unorthodox_JJ theory_NN1 about_II Alzheimer_NP1 's_GE disease_NN1 ._. 
The_AT theory_NN1 centers_NN2 on_II the_AT belief_NN1 that_CST the_AT illness_NN1 is_VBZ triggered_VVN by_II a_AT1 buildup_NN1 of_IO metals_NN2 in_II the_AT brain_NN1 ._. 
And_CC one_MC1 drug_NN1 that_CST could_VM stop_VVI that_DD1 buildup_NN1 ,_, Bush_NP1 discovered_VVD ,_, was_VBDZ clioquinol_NN1 ,_, the_AT same_DA compound_NN1 that_CST had_VHD been_VBN implicated_VVN in_II the_AT disease_NN1 outbreak_NN1 ._. 
"_" I_PPIS1 've_VH0 had_VHN a_AT1 hell_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 time_NNT1 with_IW &lsqb;_( this_DD1 drug_NN1 &rsqb;_) ,_, "_" he_PPHS1 says_VVZ ._. 
"_" But_CCB I_PPIS1 'm_VBM confident_JJ that_CST we_PPIS2 'll_VM come_VVI out_RP on_II top_NN1 ._. "_" 
One_MC1 of_IO the_AT earliest_JJT mass-marketed_JJ drugs_NN2 ,_, clioquinol_NN1 has_VHZ had_VHN a_AT1 long_JJ and_CC complicated_JJ history_NN1 ,_, with_IW its_APPGE reputation_NN1 once_RR seemingly_RR beyond_II rescue_NN1 ._. 
However_RR ,_, the_AT blacklisted_JJ compound_NN1 seems_VVZ to_TO be_VBI on_II its_APPGE way_NN1 to_II redemption_NN1 --_NN1 Bush_NP1 and_CC other_JJ researchers_NN2 who_PNQS study_VV0 neurodegenerative_JJ diseases_NN2 are_VBR making_VVG a_AT1 case_NN1 for_IF clioquinol_NN1 's_GE potential_NN1 as_II a_AT1 therapy_NN1 ._. 
Lab_NN1 tests_NN2 have_VH0 suggested_VVN that_CST the_AT compound_NN1 inhibits_VVZ an_AT1 enzyme_NN1 implicated_VVD in_II aging_NN1 called_VVN clk-1_MC1 ._. 
And_CC new_JJ studies_NN2 offer_VV0 evidence_NN1 that_CST it_PPH1 may_VM even_RR fight_VVI cancer_NN1 ._. 
With_IW these_DD2 findings_NN2 and_CC other_JJ new_JJ research_NN1 ,_, clioquinol_NN1 perhaps_RR has_VHZ a_AT1 chance_NN1 of_IO overcoming_VVG its_APPGE haunted_JJ past_NN1 ._. 
A_AT1 haunted_JJ history_NN1 Clioquinol_NN1 acts_VVZ as_II a_AT1 mild_JJ metal_NN1 chelator_NN1 ,_, binding_VVG metals_NN2 like_II iron_NN1 ,_, copper_NN1 and_CC zinc_NN1 in_II the_AT body_NN1 ._. 
Originally_RR produced_VVN as_II a_AT1 topical_JJ antiseptic_JJ ,_, it_PPH1 was_VBDZ later_RRR marketed_VVN by_II the_AT Swiss_JJ company_NN1 Ciba-Geigy_NP1 (_( now_RT Novartis_NP1 )_) in_II the_AT 1930s_MC2 as_II an_AT1 effective_JJ amebicide_NN1 for_IF treating_VVG indigestion_NN1 and_CC diarrhea_NN1 ._. 
A_AT1 cheap_JJ over-the-counter_JJ drug_NN1 with_IW little_DA1 to_II no_AT apparent_JJ side_NN1 effects_NN2 at_II the_AT time_NNT1 ,_, it_PPH1 was_VBDZ used_VVN occasionally_RR by_II Americans_NN2 and_CC Europeans_NN2 when_CS traveling_VVG abroad_RL ._. 
In_II Japan_NP1 ,_, however_RR ,_, people_NN took_VVD clioquinol_NN1 much_RR more_RGR often_RR ._. 
"_" They_PPHS2 consumed_VVD it_PPH1 with_IW heroic_JJ abandon_NN1 ,_, "_" Schaumburg_NP1 says_VVZ ._. 
"_" Their_APPGE doctrine_NN1 was_VBDZ to_TO be_VBI clean_JJ inside_NN1 as_II31 well_II32 as_II33 out_RP ._. 
The_AT Japanese_NN1 ate_VVD it_PPH1 the_AT way_NN1 you_PPY ate_VVD oatmeal_NN1 every_AT1 morning_NNT1 ._. "_" 
An_AT1 estimated_JJ 30,000_MC kilograms_NNU2 per_II year_NNT1 of_IO clioquinol_NN1 were_VBDR consumed_VVN in_II Japan_NP1 in_II the_AT early_JJ 1950s_MC2 ._. 
In_II 1956_MC ,_, however_RR ,_, people_NN in_II Japan_NP1 began_VVD complaining_VVG of_IO numbness_NN1 ,_, pain_NN1 and_CC intestinal_JJ distress_NN1 ._. 
The_AT symptoms_NN2 only_RR got_VVN worse_RRR ,_, with_IW many_DA2 victims_NN2 ending_VVG up_RP paralyzed_JJ and_CC blind_JJ ,_, and_CC the_AT disease_NN1 continued_VVD to_TO spread_VVI ._. 
Baffled_JJ doctors_NN2 named_VVD it_PPH1 subacute_VV0 myelo-optic_JJ neuropathy_NN1 ,_, or_CC SMON_NP1 ._. 
The_AT Japanese_JJ government_NN1 launched_VVD an_AT1 extensive_JJ clinical_JJ and_CC scientific_JJ investigation_NN1 to_TO find_VVI the_AT source_NN1 of_IO SMON_NN1 ._. 
Outbreaks_NN2 had_VHD occurred_VVN in_II clusters_NN2 ,_, indicating_VVG a_AT1 virus_NN1 ,_, but_CCB researchers_NN2 could_VM n't_XX come_VVI to_II any_DD definite_JJ conclusions_NN2 ._. 
Meanwhile_RR ,_, more_DAR people_NN poured_VVN through_II doctors_NN2 '_GE offices_NN2 with_IW the_AT illness_NN1 ._. 
"_" When_RRQ people_NN got_VVD sick_JJ with_IW diarrhea_NN1 ,_, the_AT doctor_NN1 would_VM just_RR give_VVI them_PPHO2 more_RRR &lsqb;_( clioquinol_NN1 &rsqb;_) ,_, "_" says_VVZ Schaumburg_NP1 ._. 
"_" They_PPHS2 gave_VVD enormous_JJ amounts_NN2 of_IO the_AT stuff_NN1 ._. "_" 
The_AT first_MD real_JJ clue_NN1 to_II the_AT outbreak_NN1 was_VBDZ tied_VVN to_II the_AT illness_NN1 's_GE most_RGT bizarre_JJ symptom_NN1 :_: patients_NN2 '_GE tongues_NN2 would_VM turn_VVI blackish_JJ green_NN1 ._. 
In_II 1970_MC ,_, researchers_NN2 tested_VVD the_AT green_JJ deposit_NN1 and_CC found_VVD it_PPH1 to_TO be_VBI an_AT1 iron_NN1 deposit_NN1 of_IO clioquinol_NN1 ._. 
They_PPHS2 quickly_RR tested_VVD the_AT drug_NN1 on_II dogs_NN2 and_CC discovered_VVD clioquinol_NN1 had_VHD the_AT same_DA deleterious_JJ neurologic_JJ effects_NN2 on_II the_AT animals_NN2 ._. 
Scientists_NN2 at_II Ciba-Geigy_NP1 were_VBDR unable_JK to_TO reproduce_VVI the_AT results_NN2 ,_, spurring_VVG them_PPHO2 to_TO call_VVI in_II Schaumburg_NP1 ,_, a_AT1 neurologist_NN1 at_II the_AT Albert_NP1 Einstein_NP1 College_NN1 of_IO Medicine_NN1 in_II New_NP1 York_NP1 ,_, along_II21 with_II22 other_JJ experts_NN2 to_TO serve_VVI on_II a_AT1 panel_NN1 that_CST reviewed_VVD 220_MC clinical_JJ cases_NN2 for_IF five_MC days_NNT2 ._. 
Not_XX every_AT1 case_NN1 was_VBDZ legitimate_JJ ,_, and_CC the_AT scientists_NN2 suspected_VVD that_CST many_DA2 of_IO the_AT 10,000_MC reported_JJ cases_NN2 in_II Japan_NP1 were_VBDR unrelated_JJ ._. 
However_RR ,_, they_PPHS2 agreed_VVD the_AT disease_NN1 was_VBDZ real_JJ and_CC caused_VVN by_II clioquinol_NN1 ._. 
Whereas_CS the_AT Ciba-Geigy_NP1 scientists_NN2 had_VHD given_VVN the_AT drug_NN1 to_II dogs_NN2 on_II an_AT1 empty_JJ stomach_NN1 ,_, the_AT Japanese_JJ scientists_NN2 had_VHD given_VVN clioquinol_NN1 to_II dogs_NN2 after_II feeding_VVG them_PPHO2 ._. 
It_PPH1 took_VVD a_AT1 full_JJ belly_NN1 of_IO food_NN1 for_IF the_AT drug_NN1 to_TO behave_VVI as_CSA it_PPH1 did_VDD in_II humans_NN2 ._. 
Schaumburg_NP1 subsequently_RR cooperated_VVD in_II a_AT1 series_NN of_IO toxicology_NN1 studies_NN2 with_IW Ciba-Geigy_NP1 scientists_NN2 ,_, and_CC the_AT team_NN1 eventually_RR reproduced_VVN a_AT1 SMON-like_JJ illness_NN1 in_II the_AT brains_NN2 of_IO dogs_NN2 ._. 
Weighing_VVG the_AT "_" boatload_NN1 of_IO horrible_JJ publicity_NN1 ,_, "_" and_CC fearful_JJ of_IO more_DAR instances_NN2 of_IO the_AT disease_NN1 ,_, Schaumburg_NP1 says_VVZ ,_, Ciba-Geigy_NP1 executives_NN2 made_VVD a_AT1 formal_JJ apology_NN1 ._. 
"_" In_II31 view_II32 of_II33 the_AT fact_NN1 that_CST medical_JJ products_NN2 manufactured_VVN and_CC sold_VVN by_II us_PPIO2 have_VH0 been_VBN responsible_JJ for_IF the_AT tragedy_NN1 ,_, we_PPIS2 extend_VV0 our_APPGE apologies_NN2 ,_, frankly_RR and_CC without_IW reservation_NN1 ,_, to_II the_AT plaintiffs_NN2 and_CC their_APPGE families_NN2 ,_, "_" they_PPHS2 said_VVD in_II a_AT1 statement_NN1 ._. 
In_II March_NPM1 1985_MC ,_, Ciba-Geigy_NP1 finally_RR took_VVD the_AT drug_NN1 off_II the_AT market_NN1 worldwide_RL ,_, ending_VVG clioquinol_NN1 's_GE era_NN1 as_II an_AT1 over-the-counter_JJ pill_NN1 ._. 
The_AT comeback_NN1 While_CS pursuing_VVG his_APPGE doctoral_JJ degree_NN1 at_II the_AT University_NN1 of_IO Melbourne_NP1 in_II Australia_NP1 in_II the_AT 1990s_MC2 ,_, Ashley_NP1 Bush_NP1 unwittingly_RR resurrected_VVN clioquinol_NN1 as_CSA he_PPHS1 developed_VVD his_APPGE theory_NN1 about_II Alzheimer_NP1 's_GE disease_NN1 and_CC amyloid_JJ plaques_NN2 (_( the_AT globs_NN2 of_IO protein_NN1 found_VVN in_II the_AT brains_NN2 of_IO individuals_NN2 with_IW Alzheimer_NP1 's_GE )_) ._. 
Scientists_NN2 have_VH0 hotly_RR debated_VVN whether_CSW the_AT amyloid_JJ plaques_NN2 are_VBR the_AT cause_NN1 or_CC the_AT effect_NN1 of_IO the_AT disease_NN1 ._. 
Bush_NP1 believes_VVZ these_DD2 amyloid_JJ plaques_NN2 are_VBR precipitated_VVN by_II trace_NN1 metals_NN2 ,_, such_II21 as_II22 zinc_NN1 and_CC copper_NN1 accumulating_VVG in_II the_AT brain_NN1 ,_, leading_VVG to_II Alzheimer_NP1 's_GE ._. 
He_PPHS1 has_VHZ used_VVN evidence_NN1 from_II clioquinol_NN1 experiments_NN2 to_TO support_VVI his_APPGE theory_NN1 ._. 
In_II one_MC1 study_NN1 ,_, Bush_NP1 used_VVD a_AT1 strain_NN1 of_IO mice_NN2 that_CST develop_VV0 amyloid_JJ plaques_NN2 in_II the_AT brain_NN1 ._. 
The_AT mice_NN2 that_CST received_VVD clioquinol_NN1 had_VHD half_DB as_RG many_DA2 plaques_NN2 after_II nine_MC weeks_NNT2 of_IO treatment_NN1 when_CS compared_VVN with_IW their_APPGE control_NN1 counterparts_NN2 ._. 
Although_CS clioquinol_NN1 is_VBZ conventionally_RR recognized_VVN as_II a_AT1 metal_NN1 chelator-binding_NN1 metals_NN2 and_CC blocking_VVG their_APPGE reactions_NN2 --_JJ Bush_NN1 is_VBZ convinced_JJ that_CST it_PPH1 also_RR functions_VVZ as_II an_AT1 ionophore_NN1 ,_, a_AT1 compound_NN1 that_CST moves_VVZ ions_NN2 across_II cell_NN1 membranes_NN2 ._. 
Specifically_RR ,_, he_PPHS1 believes_VVZ that_CST the_AT drug_NN1 moves_VVZ metals_NN2 from_II outside_RL the_AT cell_NN1 ,_, where_CS they_PPHS2 cause_VV0 neuron_NN1 damage_NN1 ,_, back_RP inside_II it_PPH1 ,_, where_CS they_PPHS2 are_VBR safely_RR metabolized_VVN ._. 
Despite_II positive_JJ results_NN2 in_II his_APPGE research_NN1 ,_, Bush_NP1 's_GE theory_NN1 has_VHZ frequently_RR been_VBN dismissed_VVN by_II the_AT mainstream_JJ research_NN1 community_NN1 ._. 
"_" It_PPH1 's_VBZ amazing_JJ how_RGQ fast_JJ people_NN 's_GE eyes_NN2 glaze_VV0 over_RP when_CS you_PPY talk_VV0 about_II metals_NN2 in_II a_AT1 biological_JJ conference_NN1 ._. 
We_PPIS2 're_VBR taught_VVN to_TO ignore_VVI them_PPHO2 ,_, "_" he_PPHS1 says_VVZ ._. 
"_" They_PPHS2 call_VV0 them_PPHO2 trace_VV0 metals_NN2 ,_, but_CCB at_II the_AT concentrations_NN2 they_PPHS2 're_VBR in_II the_AT brain_NN1 ,_, I_PPIS1 do_VD0 n't_XX know_VVI why_RRQ the_AT hell_NN1 we_PPIS2 call_VV0 them_PPHO2 trace_VV0 ._. "_" 
Ignoring_VVG naysayers_NN2 ,_, Bush_NP1 forged_VVD ahead_RL and_CC began_VVD clinical_JJ trials_NN2 with_IW the_AT company_NN1 Prana_NP1 Biotechnology_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ he_PPHS1 co-founded_VVD in_II 1997_MC in_II his_APPGE native_JJ city_NN1 of_IO Melbourne_NP1 ._. 
In_II 2000_MC ,_, they_PPHS2 launched_VVD a_AT1 randomized_JJ ,_, double-blind_JJ ,_, phase_NN1 2_MC clinical_JJ trial_NN1 involving_VVG 32_MC participants_NN2 with_IW Alzheimer_NP1 's_GE disease_NN1 ._. 
The_AT report_NN1 showed_VVD that_CST people_NN with_IW Alzheimer_NP1 's_VBZ on_II placebos_NN2 deteriorated_VVD to_II a_AT1 severely_RR affected_VVN status_NN1 ,_, whereas_CS the_AT cognitive_JJ abilities_NN2 of_IO the_AT clioquinol-treated_JJ group_NN1 stayed_VVD steady_JJ over_RG 36_MC weeks_NNT2 ._. 
The_AT team_NN1 saw_VVD no_AT adverse_JJ effects_NN2 due_II21 to_II22 clioquinol_NN1 ,_, thanks_NN2 to_II low_JJ and_CC controlled_VVD doses_NN2 ,_, and_CC Prana_NP1 prepared_VVD to_II ramp_NN1 up_II production_NN1 and_CC run_VV0 more_DAR trials_NN2 with_IW the_AT drug_NN1 ._. 
Other_JJ experts_NN2 remain_VV0 concerned_JJ ,_, however_RR ,_, about_II the_AT therapeutic_JJ use_NN1 of_IO clioquinol_NN1 ._. 
"_" There_EX was_VBDZ no_AT question_NN1 the_AT cause_NN1 of_IO SMON_NP1 was_VBDZ clioquinol_NN1 ,_, &lsqb;_( and_CC &rsqb;_) it_PPH1 's_VBZ a_AT1 very_RG miserable_JJ neurological_JJ condition_NN1 ,_, "_" says_VVZ Masaaki_NP1 Konagaya_NP1 ,_, a_AT1 physician_NN1 at_II the_AT Suzuka_NP1 hospital_NN1 in_II Suzuka_NP1 ,_, Japan_NP1 and_CC a_AT1 member_NN1 of_IO the_AT country_NN1 's_GE SMON_NN1 Research_NN1 Commission_NN1 ._. 
"_" As_II21 for_II22 potential_JJ treatment_NN1 of_IO Alzheimer_NP1 's_GE disease_NN1 ,_, the_AT neurotoxicity_NN1 of_IO &lsqb;_( clioquinol_NN1 &rsqb;_) should_VM be_VBI noticed_VVN ._. "_" 
Schaumburg_NP1 is_VBZ also_RR cautious_JJ when_CS it_PPH1 comes_VVZ to_II using_VVG the_AT drug_NN1 to_TO combat_VVI Alzheimer_NP1 's_GE ._. 
"_" You_PPY have_VH0 to_TO be_VBI careful_JJ --_NN1 you_PPY 're_VBR talking_VVG about_II giving_VVG it_PPH1 to_II those_DD2 people_NN for_IF life_NN1 ._. 
If_CS you_PPY give_VV0 a_AT1 lot_NN1 of_IO medicine_NN1 at_II a_AT1 low_JJ level_NN1 ,_, eventually_RR you_PPY 'll_VM get_VVI the_AT same_DA effect_NN1 as_CSA if_CS you_PPY gave_VVD a_AT1 large_JJ dose_NN1 at_II one_MC1 time_NNT1 ,_, "_" he_PPHS1 says_VVZ ._. 
"_" This_DD1 drug_NN1 is_VBZ potentially_RR too_RG toxic_JJ for_IF these_DD2 poor_JJ old_JJ people_NN ,_, --_NN1 for_IF that_DD1 reason_NN1 ,_, I_PPIS1 would_VM n't_XX give_VVI it_PPH1 to_II my_APPGE grandma_NN1 ._. "_" 
However_RR ,_, Bush_NP1 claims_VVZ that_DD1 of_IO nearly_RR 2,500_MC people_NN diagnosed_VVN with_IW SMON_NN1 in_II Japan_NP1 ,_, 25%_NNU had_VHD never_RR taken_VVN clioquinol_NN1 ._. 
"_" It_PPH1 was_VBDZ overdiagnosed_VVN ,_, "_" Schaumburg_NP1 concedes_VVZ ._. 
"_" A_AT1 lot_NN1 of_IO people_NN actually_RR had_VHN MS_NN1 &lsqb;_( multiple_JJ sclerosis_NN1 &rsqb;_) --_JJ Japanese_JJ doctors_NN2 diagnosed_VVD anybody_PN1 who_PNQS was_VBDZ spastic_JJ ._. 
There_EX were_VBDR very_RG few_DA2 genuine_JJ cases_NN2 ._. "_" 
Bush_NP1 is_VBZ skeptical_JJ that_CST clioquinol_NN1 caused_VVD any_DD cases_NN2 of_IO SMON_NP1 at_RR21 all_RR22 ._. 
"_" We_PPIS2 learned_VVD the_AT hard_JJ way_NN1 that_CST when_CS you_PPY manufacture_VV0 clioquinol_NN1 ,_, you_PPY create_VV0 a_AT1 toxic_JJ byproduct_NN1 ,_, "_" he_PPHS1 says_VVZ ,_, noting_VVG how_RRQ Prana_NP1 had_VHD been_VBN planning_VVG to_II ramp_NN1 up_II production_NN1 of_IO the_AT pill_NN1 a_AT1 few_DA2 years_NNT2 ago_RA when_CS their_APPGE batch_NN1 became_VVD contaminated_VVN ._. 
Bush_NP1 speculates_VVZ that_CST this_DD1 same_DA contaminant_NN1 might_VM have_VHI gotten_VVN into_II Ciba-Geigy_NP1 's_GE clioquinol_NN1 two_MC decades_NNT2 ago_RA ,_, possibly_RR causing_VVG the_AT SMON_NN1 outbreak_NN1 ._. 
"_" Maybe_RR people_NN &lsqb;_( in_II Japan_NP1 &rsqb;_) had_VHD ingested_VVN the_AT toxic_JJ byproduct_NN1 ,_, "_" says_VVZ Bush_NP1 ._. 
For_IF Prana_NP1 ,_, it_PPH1 was_VBDZ too_RG costly_JJ to_TO attempt_VVI to_TO purify_VVI the_AT clioquinol_NN1 ;_; they_PPHS2 decided_VVD to_TO move_VVI on_RP to_II a_AT1 clioquinol_NN1 derivative_NN1 ,_, PBT2_FO ,_, which_DDQ seems_VVZ to_TO avoid_VVI the_AT problems_NN2 associated_VVN with_IW clioquinol_NN1 and_CC offers_NN2 even_RR better_JJR results_NN2 ,_, according_II21 to_II22 Bush_NP1 ._. 
"_" It_NN1 benefits_NN2 cognition_NN1 in_II animals_NN2 extremely_RR quickly_RR ._. 
They_PPHS2 performed_VVD better_RRR than_CSN a_AT1 normal_JJ mouse_NN1 ,_, "_" he_PPHS1 says_VVZ ._. 
"_" It_PPH1 's_VBZ the_AT most_RGT potent_JJ preclinical_JJ agent_NN1 out_RP there_RL ._. "_" 
Bush_NP1 has_VHZ since_RR tested_VVN the_AT clioquinol_NN1 derivative_NN1 in_II a_AT1 preliminary_JJ clinical_JJ trial_NN1 with_IW 74_MC subjects_NN2 ,_, which_DDQ showed_VVD a_AT1 time-_NN1 and_CC dose-dependent_JJ improvement_NN1 in_II performance_NN1 on_II two_MC frontal_JJ lobe_NN1 tests_NN2 compared_VVN to_II subjects_NN2 on_II placebo_NN1 6_MC ._. 
Bush_NP1 says_VVZ Prana_NP1 plans_VVZ to_TO run_VVI two_MC more_DAR phase_NN1 3_MC trials_NN2 and_CC claims_VVZ that_CST the_AT drug_NN1 could_VM be_VBI on_II the_AT market_NN1 in_RP as_CS31 soon_CS32 as_CS33 three_MC or_CC four_MC years_NNT2 ._. 
Despite_II these_DD2 results_NN2 ,_, however_RR ,_, Bush_NP1 still_RR feels_VVZ like_II an_AT1 underdog_NN1 ._. 
"_" It_PPH1 's_VHZ been_VBN a_AT1 long_JJ time_NNT1 since_CS I_PPIS1 've_VH0 been_VBN invited_VVN to_II an_AT1 Alzheimer_NP1 's_GE conference_NN1 ,_, let_VV0 me_PPIO1 tell_VVI you_PPY ,_, "_" says_VVZ Bush_NP1 ._. 
"_" They_PPHS2 're_VBR trying_VVG to_TO ignore_VVI us_PPIO2 ,_, but_CCB we_PPIS2 're_VBR publishing_VVG too_RG much_DA1 ._. "_" 
Indeed_RR ,_, their_APPGE positive_JJ results_NN2 have_VH0 gained_VVN them_PPHO2 some_DD respect_NN1 ._. 
"_" I_PPIS1 think_VV0 it_PPH1 's_VBZ perfectly_RR viable_JJ strategy_NN1 ._. 
It_PPH1 's_VBZ wacky_JJ in_II an_AT1 upbeat_JJ way_NN1 ,_, because_CS the_AT results_NN2 look_VV0 promising_JJ ,_, "_" says_VVZ Sam_NP1 Gandy_NP1 ,_, an_AT1 Alzheimer_NP1 's_GE researcher_NN1 at_II the_AT Mount_NNL1 Sinai_NP1 School_NN1 of_IO Medicine_NN1 in_II New_NP1 York_NP1 ._. 
"_" Last_MD year_NNT1 ,_, before_CS they_PPHS2 had_VHD those_DD2 results_NN2 ,_, it_PPH1 was_VBDZ just_RR wacky_JJ ._. "_" 
Old_JJ drug_NN1 ,_, new_JJ hope_NN1 Researchers_NN2 studying_VVG other_JJ neurodegenerative_JJ diseases_NN2 also_RR have_VH0 hope_NN1 for_IF clioquinol_NN1 ._. 
Steven_NP1 Massa_NP1 ,_, a_AT1 neurologist_NN1 at_II the_AT University_NN1 of_IO California-San_NP1 Francisco_NP1 reported_VVD that_CST in_II a_AT1 mouse_NN1 model_NN1 of_IO Huntington_NP1 's_GE disease_NN1 ,_, the_AT mice_NN2 given_VVN clioquinol_NN1 improved_VVN in_II outward_JJ symptoms_NN2 and_CC showed_VVN a_AT1 decrease_NN1 in_II the_AT brain_NN1 protein_NN1 aggregates_VVZ symptomatic_JJ of_IO the_AT disease_NN1 ._. 
Julie_NP1 Anderson_NP1 ,_, a_AT1 neurobiologist_NN1 at_II the_AT Buck_NN Institute_NN1 for_IF Age_NN1 Research_NN1 in_II Novato_NP1 ,_, California_NP1 gave_VVD clioquinol_NN1 to_II mice_NN2 with_IW a_AT1 Parkinson's-like_JJ disease_NN1 ,_, showing_VVG that_CST the_AT drug_NN1 offered_VVD some_DD protection_NN1 against_II the_AT disease_NN1 in_II mice_NN2 ._. 
Siegfried_NP1 Hekimi_NP1 ,_, a_AT1 biologist_NN1 at_II McGill_NP1 University_NN1 who_PNQS specializes_VVZ in_II the_AT mechanisms_NN2 of_IO aging_NN1 ,_, has_VHZ a_AT1 theory_NN1 on_II why_RRQ clioquinol_NN1 seemingly_RR protects_VVZ the_AT brain_NN1 against_II Huntington_NP1 's_GE ,_, Parkinson_NP1 's_GE and_CC Alzheimer_NP1 's_GE ._. 
He_PPHS1 has_VHZ an_AT1 inkling_NN1 that_CST the_AT drug_NN1 might_VM work_VVI "_" because_CS it_PPH1 does_VDZ something_PN1 that_CST ultimately_RR results_VVZ in_II the_AT slowing_VVG down_RP of_IO aging_NN1 ._. "_" 
Specifically_RR ,_, Hekimi_NP1 believes_VVZ clioquinol_NN1 binds_VVZ an_AT1 iron_NN1 atom_NN1 in_II the_AT mitochondrial_JJ enzyme_NN1 clk-1_MC1 ,_, thereby_RR inhibiting_VVG it_PPH1 ._. 
Previous_JJ studies_NN2 have_VH0 shown_VVN that_CST when_CS the_AT clk-1_MC1 enzyme_NN1 is_VBZ inhibited_VVN in_II mice_NN2 and_CC worms_NN2 ,_, the_AT animals_NN2 '_GE aging_JJ process_NN1 is_VBZ slowed_VVN down_RP ._. 
Hekimi_NN2 gave_VVD clioquinol_NN1 to_II Caenorhabditis_NP1 elegans_NP1 worms_NN2 ,_, which_DDQ showed_VVD a_AT1 marked_JJ decrease_NN1 in_II growth_NN1 --_NN1 remaining_VVG in_II the_AT larval_JJ stage_NN1 when_CS untreated_JJ worms_NN2 had_VHD already_RR grown_VVN into_II adults_NN2 ;_; biochemical_JJ analysis_NN1 also_RR proved_VVN that_CST the_AT worms_NN2 ?_? clk-1_MC1 enzyme_NN1 was_VBDZ inhibited_VVN ._. 
Clioquinol_NN1 is_VBZ even_RR being_VBG tested_VVN as_II a_AT1 tool_NN1 to_TO fight_VVI cancer_NN1 ._. 
Research_NN1 out_II21 of_II22 the_AT lab_NN1 of_IO Wei-Qun_NP1 Ding_FU at_II the_AT University_NN1 of_IO Oklahoma_NP1 showed_VVD that_CST eight_MC different_JJ human_JJ cancer_NN1 cell_NN1 lines_NN2 were_VBDR killed_VVN when_CS treated_VVN with_IW clioquinol_NN1 ._. 
