Smokers_NN2 '_GE beliefs_NN2 about_II the_AT inability_NN1 to_TO stop_VVI smoking_VVG One_MC1 Monkey_NN1 See_VV0 ,_, Monkey_NN1 Do_VD0 When_RRQ we_PPIS2 get_VV0 right_RR down_RP to_II it_PPH1 ,_, what_DDQ do_VD0 we_PPIS2 human_JJ beings_NN2 do_VD0 all_RR day_NNT1 long_VVI ?_? 
We_PPIS2 read_VV0 the_AT world_NN1 ,_, especially_RR the_AT people_NN we_PPIS2 encounter_VV0 ._. 
My_APPGE face_NN1 in_II the_AT mirror_NN1 first_MD thing_NN1 in_II the_AT morning_NNT1 does_VDZ n't_XX look_VVI too_RG good_JJ ,_, but_CCB the_AT face_NN1 beside_II me_PPIO1 in_II the_AT mirror_NN1 tells_VVZ me_PPIO1 that_CST my_APPGE lovely_JJ wife_NN1 is_VBZ off_RP to_II a_AT1 good_JJ start_NN1 ._. 
One_MC1 glance_NN1 at_II my_APPGE eleven-year-old_NN1 daughter_NN1 at_II the_AT breakfast_NN1 table_NN1 tells_VVZ me_PPIO1 to_TO tread_VVI carefully_RR and_CC sip_NN1 my_APPGE espresso_NN1 in_II silence_NN1 ._. 
When_CS a_AT1 colleague_NN1 reaches_VVZ for_IF a_AT1 wrench_NN1 in_II the_AT laboratory_NN1 ,_, I_PPIS1 know_VV0 he_PPHS1 's_VBZ going_VVGK to_TO work_VVI on_II the_AT magnetic_JJ stimulation_NN1 machine_NN1 ,_, and_CC he_PPHS1 's_VBZ not_XX going_VVGK to_TO throw_VVI his_APPGE tool_NN1 against_II the_AT wall_NN1 in_II anger_NN1 ._. 
When_CS another_DD1 colleague_NN1 walks_VVZ in_RP with_IW a_AT1 grin_NN1 or_CC a_AT1 smirk_NN1 on_II her_PPHO1 face-the_AT line_NN1 can_VM be_VBI fine_JJ indeed_RR ,_, the_AT product_NN1 of_IO tiny_JJ differences_NN2 in_II the_AT way_NN1 we_PPIS2 set_VV0 our_APPGE face_NN1 muscles-I_NN2 automatically_RR and_CC almost_RR instantaneously_RR can_VM discern_VVI which_DDQ it_PPH1 is_VBZ ._. 
We_PPIS2 all_DB make_VV0 dozens-hundreds_NNO2 --_NN1 of_IO such_DA distinctions_NN2 every_AT1 day_NNT1 ._. 
It_PPH1 is_VBZ ,_, quite_RG literally_RR ,_, what_DDQ we_PPIS2 do_VD0 ._. 
Consider_VV0 the_AT teacup_NN1 experiment_NN1 I_PPIS1 dreamed_VVD up_RP some_DD years_NNT2 back_RP ,_, which_DDQ I_PPIS1 'll_VM discuss_VVI in_II considerable_JJ detail_NN1 later_RRR ._. 
The_AT test_NN1 subjects_NN2 are_VBR shown_VVN three_MC video_NN1 clips_NN2 involving_VVG the_AT same_DA simple_JJ action_NN1 :_: a_AT1 hand_NN1 grasping_VVG a_AT1 teacup_NN1 ._. 
In_II one_MC1 ,_, there_EX is_VBZ no_AT context_NN1 for_IF the_AT action_NN1 ,_, just_RR the_AT hand_NN1 and_CC the_AT cup_NN1 ._. 
In_II another_DD1 ,_, the_AT subj_JJ ects_NN2 see_VV0 a_AT1 messy_JJ table_NN1 ,_, complete_JJ with_IW cookie_NN1 crumbs_NN2 and_CC dirty_VV0 napkins-the_AT aftermath_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 tea_NN1 party_NN1 ,_, clearly_RR ._. 
The_AT third_MD video_NN1 shows_VVZ a_AT1 neatly_RR organized_VVN tabletop_NN1 ,_, in_II apparent_JJ preparation_NN1 for_IF the_AT tea_NN1 party_NN1 ._. 
In_II all_DB three_MC video_NN1 clips_NN2 ,_, a_AT1 hand_NN1 reaches_VVZ in_RP to_TO pick_VVI up_RP the_AT teacup_NN1 ._. 
Nothing_PN1 else_RR happens_VVZ ,_, so_CS the_AT grasping_JJ action_NN1 observed_VVN by_II the_AT subjects_NN2 in_II the_AT experiment_NN1 is_VBZ exactly_RR the_AT same_DA ._. 
The_AT only_JJ difference_NN1 is_VBZ the_AT context_NN1 ._. 
Two_MC Simon_NP1 Say_VV0 s_ZZ1 This_DD1 is_VBZ an_AT1 enormous_JJ difference_NN1 ,_, of_RR21 course_RR22 ,_, and_CC the_AT hypothesis_NN1 that_CST we_PPIS2 learn_VV0 by_II imitating_VVG presents_VVZ those_DD2 of_IO us_PPIO2 who_PNQS work_VV0 with_IW mirror_NN1 neurons_NN2 a_AT1 wonderful_JJ opportunity_NN1 to_TO fill_VVI the_AT explanatory_JJ gap_NN1 ._. 
Given_CS21 that_CS22 newborns_58 '_GE brains_NN2 do_VD0 not_XX have_VHI highly_RR sophisticated_JJ cognitive_JJ skills_NN2 ,_, the_AT fact_NN1 that_CST they_PPHS2 can_VM imitate_VVI suggests_VVZ that_CST the_AT mechanism_NN1 for_IF this_DD1 imitation_NN1 depends_VVZ on_II relatively_RR simple_JJ neural_JJ mechanisms_NN2 ._. 
When_CS Meltzoff_NP1 made_VVD his_APPGE discoveries_NN2 in_II the_AT 1_MC1 970s_MC2 ,_, mirror_NN1 neurons_NN2 had_VHD not_XX been_VBN discovered-not_XX in_II the_AT macaque_JJ brain_NN1 ,_, not_XX in_II the_AT human_NN1 brain-and_CC would_VM not_XX be_VBI for_IF another_DD1 fifteen_MC years_NNT2 ._. 
As_CSA we_PPIS2 learned_VVD more_RRR about_II these_DD2 neurons_NN2 ,_, some_DD of_IO us_PPIO2 expected_VVD that_CST they_PPHS2 might_VM be_VBI involved_JJ in_II early_JJ imitation_NN1 in_II babies_NN2 ,_, but_CCB how_RRQ would_VM we_PPIS2 gather_VVI the_AT brain_NN1 data_NN required_VVN to_TO confirm_VVI this_DD1 hypothesis_NN1 ?_? 
Our_APPGE imaging_NN1 machines_NN2 require_VV0 that_CST the_AT subjects_NN2 lie_VV0 very_RG still_RR :_: it_PPH1 is_VBZ not_XX easy_JJ to_TO convince_VVI babies_NN2 to_TO do_VDI that_DD1 ._. 
As_CSA adults_NN2 ,_, we_PPIS2 do_VD0 not_XX lose_VVI our_APPGE childhood_NN1 fondness_NN1 for_IF and_CC employment_NN1 of_IO imitation_NN1 ._. 
On_II the_AT contrary_NN1 ,_, imitative_JJ behavior_NN1 is_VBZ strongly_RR present_JJ in_II adulthood_NN1 ._. 
By_II transmitting_VVG social_JJ practices_NN2 from_II generation_NN1 to_II generation_NN1 ,_, it_PPH1 has_VHZ produced_VVN the_AT vast_JJ range_NN1 of_IO different_JJ cultures_NN2 throughout_II the_AT world_NN1 ._. 
It_PPH1 has_VHZ also_RR produced_VVN thousands_NNO2 of_IO languages_NN2 over_II tens_MC2 of_IO thousands_NNO2 of_IO years_NNT2 ,_, and_CC it_PPH1 is_VBZ still_RR producing_VVG regional_JJ accents_NN2 as_CSA we_PPIS2 speak_VV0 ._. 
The_AT explanation_NN1 was_VBDZ now_RT straightforward_JJ :_: The_AT presence_NN1 of_IO the_AT dot_NN1 had_VHD modified_VVN the_AT goal_NN1 of_IO this_DD1 strange_JJ game_NN1 they_PPHS2 were_VBDR playing_VVG ._. 
For_IF the_AT children_NN2 's_GE brains_NN2 ,_, the_AT goal_NN1 of_IO the_AT imitation_NN1 game_NN1 was_VBDZ now_RT to_TO "_" cover_VVI the_AT dot_NN1 ,_, "_" and_CC the_AT most_RGT direct_JJ way_NN1 of_IO doing_VDG it_PPH1 was_VBDZ to_TO use_VVI the_AT hand_NN1 on_II the_AT same_DA side_NN1 as_CSA the_AT dot_NN1 ._. 
In_II the_AT imitation_NN1 session_NNT1 without_IW the_AT dot_NN1 ,_, the_AT hand_NN1 movement_NN1 itself_PPX1 was_VBDZ the_AT goal_NN1 of_IO the_AT observed_JJ action_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ is_VBZ why_RRQ the_AT children_NN2 imitated_VVD perfectly_RR that_DD1 time_NNT1 ._. 
Three_MC Grasping_JJ Language_NN1 Speech-gesture_NN1 mismatches_NN2 seem_VV0 to_TO indicate_VVI rich_JJ mental_JJ activity_NN1 that_CST favors_VVZ the_AT grasping_JJ of_IO new_JJ concepts_NN2 in_II young_JJ learners_NN2 ._. 
Much_DA1 research_NN1 has_VHZ confirmed_VVN that_CST this_DD1 is_VBZ the_AT case_NN1 ._. 
Typically_RR ,_, though_CS not_XX always_RR ,_, gestures_NN2 are_VBR "_" ahead_RL "_" of_IO speech_NN1 in_II these_DD2 childhood_NN1 mismatches_NN2 ._. 
As_CSA in_II the_AT equation_NN1 illustration_NN1 above_RL ,_, the_AT gestures_NN2 tend_VV0 to_TO convey_VVI the_AT more_RGR advanced_JJ concepts_NN2 ._. 
They_PPHS2 facilitate_VV0 learning_NN1 ._. 
(_( During_II counting_VVG tasks_NN2 ,_, children_NN2 are_VBR helped_VVN by_II pointing_VVG gestures_NN2 ,_, especially_RR if_CS they_PPHS2 perform_VV0 the_AT gestures_NN2 themselves_PPX2 ._. 
)_) Indeed_RR ,_, the_AT mismatchers_NN2 show_VV0 a_AT1 better_JJR ability_NN1 to_TO generalize_VVI recently_RR acquired_VVN knowledge_NN1 and_CC concepts_NN2 than_CSN the_AT "_" skippers_NN2 "_" -that_CST is_VBZ ,_, kids_NN2 who_PNQS proceed_VV0 from_II incorrect_JJ explanations_NN2 matched_VVN in_II speech_NN1 and_CC gestures_NN2 directly_RR to_TO correct_VVI explanations_NN2 matched_VVN in_II speech_NN1 and_CC gestures_NN2 ._. 
In_II 1_MC1 866_MC ,_, the_AT Societe_FW de_FW Linguistique_NP1 de_NP1 Paris_NP1 banned_VVD all_DB speculation_NN1 on_II the_AT origins_NN2 of_IO language_NN1 ._. 
Around_II the_AT same_DA time_NNT1 ,_, the_AT British_JJ Academy_NN1 warned_VVD its_APPGE members_NN2 not_XX to_TO discuss_VVI the_AT topic_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ had_VHD apparently_RR become_VV0 so_RG contentious_JJ and_CC speculative_JJ that_CST the_AT only_JJ result_NN1 was_VBDZ endless_JJ discussion_NN1 of_IO unprovable_JJ theories_NN2 ._. 
Obviously_RR ,_, the_AT bans_NN2 did_VDD not_XX work_VVI ._. 
Speculation_NN1 on_II the_AT origins_NN2 of_IO language_NN1 did_VDD not_XX stop_VVI and_CC probably_RR never_RR will_VM ,_, especially_RR after_II the_AT discovery_NN1 of_IO mirror_NN1 neurons_NN2 ._. 
Are_VBR the_AT hand_NN1 and_CC the_AT mouth_NN1 coupled_VVD "_" equally_RR "_" early_RR in_II life_NN1 ,_, or_CC is_VBZ there_EX some_DD evidence_NN1 suggesting_VVG that_CST one_PN1 is_VBZ the_AT leader_NN1 and_CC the_AT other_JJ the_AT follower_NN1 in_II development_NN1 (_( and_CC consequently_RR in_II evolution_NN1 ,_, since_CS ontogeny_NN1 recapitulates_VVZ phylogeny_NN1 )_) ?_? 
Well_RR ,_, we_PPIS2 have_VH0 already_RR seen_VVN that_CST in_II children_NN2 showing_VVG speech-gesture_JJ mismatches_NN2 ,_, the_AT gestures_NN2 generally_RR reveal_VV0 more_RGR advanced_JJ concepts_NN2 than_CSN the_AT speech_NN1 ._. 
Much_RR earlier_RRR in_II development_NN1 ,_, 75_MC percent_NNU of_IO all_DB babbling_NN1 co-occurs_VVZ with_IW rhythmic_JJ manual_JJ activity_NN1 ,_, while_CS approximately_RR 40_MC percent_NNU of_IO rhythmic_JJ manual_JJ activity_NN1 co-occurs_VVZ with_IW babbling_VVG ._. 
These_DD2 numbers_NN2 suggest_VV0 an_AT1 earlier_JJR independence_NN1 of_IO the_AT hand_NN1 compared_VVN with_IW the_AT mouth_NN1 ._. 
Most_DAT important_JJ ,_, babies_NN2 use_VV0 communicative_JJ gestures_NN2 earlier_RRR than_CSN their_APPGE first_MD words_NN2 ._. 
These_DD2 precocious_JJ gestures_NN2 are_VBR pointing_VVG gestures_NN2 and_CC some_DD iconic_JJ gestures_NN2 ,_, such_II21 as_II22 flapping_VVG the_AT hands_NN2 to_TO represent_VVI birds_NN2 ._. 
Given_VVN the_AT links_NN2 between_II mirror_NN1 neurons_NN2 and_CC iconic_JJ gestures_NN2 previously_RR discussed_VVN ,_, the_AT use_NN1 of_IO iconic_JJ gestures_NN2 very_RG early_RR on_RP in_II development_NN1 reinforces_VVZ the_AT hypothesis_NN1 that_CST mirror_NN1 neurons_NN2 are_VBR critical_JJ brain_NN1 cells_NN2 for_IF language_NN1 development_NN1 and_CC language_NN1 evolution_NN1 ._. 
Four_MC See_VV0 Me_PPIO1 ,_, Feel_VV0 Me_PPIO1 I_PPIS1 believe_VV0 the_AT most_RGT likely_JJ explanation_NN1 of_IO my_APPGE empathy_NN1 for_IF the_AT emotions_NN2 of_IO the_AT head-butting_JJ episode_NN1 is_VBZ some_DD neural_JJ mechanism_NN1 for_IF mirroring_VVG in_II my_APPGE brain_NN1 ._. 
My_APPGE friends_NN2 in_II Giacomo_NP1 Rizzolatti_NP1 's_GE lab_NN1 in_II Parma_NP1 agree_VV0 ;_; among_II them_PPHO2 ,_, Vittorio_NP1 Gallese_NP2 was_VBDZ the_AT first_MD to_TO propose_VVI a_AT1 role_NN1 of_IO mirror_NN1 neurons_NN2 in_II both_RR understanding_VVG and_CC empathizing_VVG with_IW the_AT emotions_NN2 of_IO other_JJ people_NN ._. 
Gallese_NN1 ,_, the_AT investigator_NN1 whose_DDQGE interest_NN1 in_II philosophy_NN1 introduced_VVD the_AT team_NN1 to_II the_AT important_JJ work_NN1 of_IO the_AT phenomenologist_NN1 Maurice_NP1 Merleau-Ponty_NN1 ,_, also_RR pointed_VVN out_RP the_AT ground-breaking_JJ work_NN1 on_II empathy_NN1 by_II the_AT German_JJ psychologist_NN1 Theodor_NP1 Lipps_VVZ at_II the_AT beginning_NN1 of_IO the_AT twentieth_MD century_NNT1 ,_, work_VV0 that_CST ,_, in_II retrospect_NN1 ,_, points_VVZ directly_RR at_II a_AT1 role_NN1 for_IF mirror_NN1 neurons_NN2 ._. 
"_" Empathy_NN1 "_" is_VBZ actually_RR a_AT1 later_JJR English_JJ translation_NN1 of_IO the_AT German_JJ word_NN1 "_" Einfuhlung_VVD ,_, "_" which_DDQ Lipps_VVZ initially_RR proposed_VVN to_TO describe_VVI the_AT relationship_NN1 between_II a_AT1 work_NN1 of_IO art_NN1 and_CC its_APPGE observer_NN1 ._. 
He_PPHS1 subsequently_RR extended_VVD this_DD1 concept_NN1 to_II interactions_NN2 between_II people_NN :_: he_PPHS1 construed_VVD our_APPGE perception_NN1 of_IO the_AT movements_NN2 of_IO others_NN2 as_II a_AT1 form_NN1 of_IO inner_JJ imitation_NN1 and_CC provided_VVD the_AT example_NN1 of_IO watching_VVG an_AT1 acrobat_NN1 suspended_VVN on_II a_AT1 wire_NN1 high_JJ above_II the_AT seats_NN2 at_II the_AT circus_NN1 ._. 
When_CS we_PPIS2 watch_VV0 the_AT acrobat_NN1 on_II the_AT wire_NN1 ,_, Lipps_NP1 says_VVZ ,_, we_PPIS2 feel_VV0 ourselves_PPX2 inside_II the_AT acrobat_NN1 ._. 
His_APPGE phenomenological_JJ description_NN1 of_IO watching_VVG the_AT acrobat_NN1 is_VBZ eerily_RR predictive_JJ of_IO the_AT pattern_NN1 of_IO activity_NN1 displayed_VVN by_II mirror_NN1 neurons_NN2 that_CST fire_VV0 both_RR when_CS we_PPIS2 grasp_VV0 and_CC when_CS we_PPIS2 see_VV0 someone_PN1 else_RR grasping_JJ ,_, as_CS21 if_CS22 we_PPIS2 were_VBDR inside_II that_DD1 person_NN1 ._. 
In_II their_APPGE final_NN1 ,_, most_RGT critical_JJ experiment_NN1 ,_, Chartrand_NP1 and_CC Bargh_NP1 tested_VVD the_AT hypothesis_NN1 that_CST the_AT more_RGR you_PPY are_VBR a_AT1 chameleon_NN1 ,_, the_AT more_RGR you_PPY are_VBR concerned_JJ with_IW the_AT feelings_NN2 of_IO other_JJ people-that_CST is_VBZ ,_, the_AT more_DAR empathy_NN1 you_PPY have_VH0 ._. 
The_AT setting_NN1 of_IO this_DD1 third_MD experiment_NN1 was_VBDZ the_AT same_DA as_CSA in_II the_AT first_MD setup_NN1 ,_, with_IW the_AT confederate_NN1 either_RR rubbing_VVG the_AT face_NN1 or_CC shaking_VVG the_AT foot_NN1 ._. 
The_AT novel_JJ aspect_NN1 of_IO this_DD1 last_MD experiment_NN1 was_VBDZ that_CST the_AT participants_NN2 responded_VVN to_II a_AT1 questionnaire_NN1 that_CST measured_VVD their_APPGE empathic_JJ tendencies_NN2 ._. 
Now_RT Chartrand_NP1 and_CC Bargh_NP1 found_VVD a_AT1 strong_JJ correlation_NN1 between_II the_AT degree_NN1 of_IO imitative_JJ behavior_NN1 displayed_VVN by_II the_AT participants_NN2 and_CC their_APPGE tendency_NN1 to_TO empathize_VVI ._. 
The_AT more_RRR the_AT subject_NN1 imitated_VVD the_AT face_NN1 rubbing_VVG or_CC the_AT foot_NN1 shaking_VVG ,_, the_AT more_RRR that_DD1 subject_NN1 was_VBDZ an_AT1 empathic_JJ individual_NN1 ._. 
This_DD1 result_NN1 suggests_VVZ that_CST ,_, through_II imitation_NN1 and_CC mimicry_NN1 ,_, we_PPIS2 are_VBR able_JK to_TO feel_VVI what_DDQ other_JJ people_NN feel_VV0 ._. 
By_II being_VBG able_JK to_TO feel_VVI what_DDQ others_NN2 feel_VV0 ,_, we_PPIS2 are_VBR also_RR able_JK to_TO respond_VVI compassionately_RR to_II their_APPGE emotional_JJ states_NN2 ._. 
Five_MC Facing_VVG Yourself_PPX1 Self-recognition_JJ and_CC imitation_NN1 go_VV0 together_RL because_CS our_APPGE mirror_NN1 neurons_NN2 are_VBR born_VVN when_CS the_AT "_" other_NN1 "_" imitates_VVZ the_AT "_" self_NN1 "_" early_RR in_II life_NN1 ._. 
Mirror_NN1 neurons_NN2 are_VBR the_AT neural_JJ consequence_NN1 of_IO this_DD1 early_JJ motor_NN1 synchrony_NN1 between_II self_NN1 and_CC other_JJ ,_, and_CC they_PPHS2 become_VV0 the_AT neural_JJ elements_NN2 that_CST code_VV0 the_AT actors_NN2 of_IO this_DD1 synchrony_NN1 (_( the_AT self_NN1 and_CC the_AT other_JJ ,_, obviously_RR )_) ._. 
Of_RR21 course_RR22 ,_, we_PPIS2 must_VM have_VHI some_DD mirror_NN1 neurons_NN2 at_II birth_NN1 ,_, given_VVN Meltzoff_NP1 's_GE data_NN on_II imitation_NN1 in_II infants_NN2 ._. 
However_RR ,_, my_APPGE argument_NN1 is_VBZ based_VVN on_II the_AT assumption_NN1 that_CST the_AT mirror_NN1 neuron_NN1 system_NN1 is_VBZ largely_RR shaped_VVN by_II imitative_JJ interactions_NN2 between_II self_NN1 and_CC other_JJ ,_, especially_RR early_RR in_II life_NN1 (_( although_CS I_PPIS1 believe_VV0 that_CST the_AT experience_NN1 of_IO being_VBG imitated_VVN can_VM shape_VVI mirror_NN1 neurons_NN2 also_RR later_RRR in_II life_NN1 ,_, as_CSA we_PPIS2 will_VM see_VVI in_II the_AT next_MD chapter_NN1 )_) ._. 
According_II21 to_II22 my_APPGE theory_NN1 ,_, it_PPH1 makes_VVZ sense_NN1 that_CST the_AT pair_NN of_IO kids_NN2 who_PNQS could_VM self-recognize_VVI were_VBDR also_RR the_AT ones_NN2 who_PNQS imitated_VVD more_RRR ._. 
The_AT same_DA neurons-mirror_NN1 neurons-are_VBR concerned_JJ with_IW both_DB2 ,_, and_CC when_CS they_PPHS2 can_VM implement_VVI one_MC1 function_NN1 (_( self-recognition_NN1 )_) ,_, they_PPHS2 can_VM implement_VVI the_AT other_JJ function_NN1 (_( imitation_NN1 )_) too_RR ._. 
But_CCB what_DDQ do_VD0 scientists_NN2 mean_VVI with_IW the_AT term_NN1 "_" self-recognition_NN1 "_" !_! 
Six_MC Broken_JJ Mirrors_NN2 Understanding_VVG how_RRQ the_AT mirror_NN1 neuron_NN1 system_NN1 develops_VVZ early_RR in_II life_NN1 is_VBZ obviously_RR very_RG important_JJ in_II31 relation_II32 to_II33 autism_NN1 ,_, a_AT1 disorder_NN1 affecting_VVG roughly_RR one_MC1 out_II21 of_II22 a_AT1 thousand_NNO children_NN2 ._. 
Autism_NN1 is_VBZ diagnosed_VVN within_II the_AT second_MD year_NNT1 of_IO life_NN1 ,_, as_CSA the_AT child_NN1 begins_VVZ to_TO show_VVI severe_JJ deficits_NN2 in_II social_JJ relations_NN2 ._. 
Several_DA2 labs_NN2 are_VBR exploring_VVG the_AT hypothesis_NN1 that_CST a_AT1 dysfunction_NN1 of_IO the_AT mirror_NN1 neuron_NN1 system_NN1 is_VBZ responsible_JJ for_IF autism_NN1 ,_, and_CC some_DD scientists_NN2 are_VBR already_RR exploring_VVG the_AT implications_NN2 for_IF treatment_NN1 ._. 
One_MC1 of_IO the_AT obvious_JJ strategies_NN2 suggested_VVN by_II the_AT mirror_NN1 neuron_NN1 hypothesis_NN1 is_VBZ the_AT use_NN1 of_IO imitation_NN1 in_II treatment_NN1 ._. 
Indeed_RR ,_, there_EX are_VBR already_RR scientific_JJ reports_NN2 showing_VVG some_DD beneficial_JJ effects_NN2 of_IO imitation-based_JJ treatments_NN2 of_IO children_NN2 with_IW autism_NN1 ._. 
This_DD1 is_VBZ very_JJ exciting-and_CC I_PPIS1 guess_VV0 it_PPH1 is_VBZ why_RRQ I_PPIS1 am_VBM getting_VVG ahead_II21 of_II22 myself_PPX1 ._. 
First_MD I_PPIS1 should_VM explain_VVI what_DDQ we_PPIS2 know-or_CC at_RR21 least_RR22 speculate_VV0 ,_, since_CS there_EX are_VBR not_XX a_AT1 lot_NN1 of_IO empirical_JJ data_NN yet-about_RR mirror_VV0 neurons_NN2 in_II typical_JJ development_NN1 ,_, then_RT discuss_VV0 the_AT data_NN suggesting_VVG a_AT1 dysfunction_NN1 of_IO mirror_NN1 neurons_NN2 in_II autism_NN1 ,_, and_CC finally_RR look_VV0 at_II the_AT promising_JJ new_JJ treatments_NN2 ._. 
Seven_MC Super_JJ Mirrors_NN2 and_CC the_AT Wired_JJ B_ZZ1 rain_VV0 We_PPIS2 neuroscientists_NN2 face_VV0 tremendous_JJ barriers_NN2 in_II our_APPGE line_NN1 of_IO work_NN1 ._. 
The_AT type_NN1 of_IO research_NN1 that_CST allowed_VVD Vittorio_NP1 and_CC the_AT team_NN1 in_II Parma_NP1 to_TO discover_VVI mirror_NN1 neurons_NN2 in_II the_AT first_MD place_NN1 by_II peering_VVG inside_II the_AT brains_NN2 of_IO monkeys_NN2 at_II the_AT most_RGT exquisite_JJ ,_, fine-grained_JJ level-the_AT single_NN1 cell-is_VBZ invasive_JJ ,_, requiring_VVG surgery_NN1 to_TO implant_VVI the_AT electrodes_NN2 ._. 
Although_CS extreme_JJ care_NN1 is_VBZ taken_VVN by_II monkey_NN1 neurophysiologists_NN2 to_TO avoid_VVI discomfort_NN1 in_II the_AT implanted_JJ subjects_NN2 ,_, the_AT issues_NN2 preclude_VV0 such_DA research_NN1 on_II apes_NN2 and_CC humans_NN2 (_( with_IW rare_JJ exceptions_NN2 ,_, as_CSA we_PPIS2 have_VH0 seen_VVN ,_, and_CC with_IW one_MC1 more-the_AT most_RGT important-still_JJ to_TO come_VVI )_) ._. 
Meanwhile_RR ,_, the_AT incredible_JJ technology_NN1 with_IW which_DDQ labs_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 mine_PPGE at_II UCLA_NP1 study_VV0 the_AT human_JJ brain-fMRI_NN2 ,_, primarily-measures_NN2 ensemble_NN1 activity_NN1 ,_, that_REX21 is_REX22 ,_, the_AT activity_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 large_JJ number_NN1 of_IO cells_NN2 ,_, and_CC it_PPH1 has_VHZ not_XX been_VBN suitable_JJ for_IF use_NN1 with_IW animals_NN2 or_CC even_RR children_NN2 ,_, who_PNQS are_VBR not_XX very_RG dependable_JJ about_II lying_VVG quietly_RR without_IW moving_VVG while_CS inside_II loud_JJ machines_NN2 ._. 
Eight_MC The_AT Bad_JJ and_CC the_AT Ugly_JJ :_: Violence_NN1 and_CC Drug_NN1 Abuse_NN1 The_AT implications_NN2 of_IO these_DD2 considerations_NN2 are_VBR obviously_RR important_JJ for_IF every_AT1 society_NN1 ._. 
They_PPHS2 bring_VV0 to_II the_AT foreground_NN1 fundamental_JJ questions_NN2 of_IO ethics_NN ,_, justice_NN1 within_II the_AT legal_JJ system_NN1 ,_, and_CC public_JJ policy_NN1 ._. 
The_AT questions_NN2 raised_VVN by_II the_AT discovery_NN1 of_IO mirror_NN1 neurons_NN2 force_VV0 us_PPIO2 to_TO rethink_VVI ,_, or_CC at_RR21 least_RR22 to_TO consider_VVI with_IW new_JJ eyes_NN2 ,_, some_DD of_IO our_APPGE fundamental_JJ assumptions_NN2 ._. 
Indeed_RR ,_, a_AT1 whole_JJ new_JJ discipline_NN1 is_VBZ emerging_JJ ,_, named_VVD neuroethics_NN2 ._. 
Its_APPGE meetings_NN2 have_VH0 such_DA titles_NN2 as_CSA "_" Our_APPGE Brain_NN1 and_CC Us_NP1 :_: Neuroethics_NP1 ,_, Responsibility_NN1 ,_, and_CC the_AT Self_NN1 "_" (_( held_VVN at_II MIT_NP1 in_II Boston_NP1 in_II 2005_MC )_) ._. 
Nine_MC Mirroring_VVG Wanting_JJ and_CC Liking_VVG There_EX are_VBR several_DA2 kinds_NN2 of_IO translational_JJ dissociation_NN1 ._. 
Let_VV0 me_PPIO1 give_VVI you_PPY only_RR two_MC experimental_JJ examples_NN2 :_: thinking_VVG aloud_RR during_II problem_NN1 solving_NN1 has_VHZ been_VBN proven_VVN to_TO disrupt_VVI performance_NN1 ;_; being_VBG subliminally_RR primed_VVN with_IW the_AT words_NN2 "_" thirst_VV0 "_" and_CC "_" dry_JJ "_" has_VHZ shown_VVN increased_JJ drinking_NN1 ,_, but_CCB at_II the_AT same_DA time_NNT1 it_PPH1 did_VDD not_XX affect_VVI the_AT subjects_NN2 '_GE self-reported_JJ thirst_NN1 ._. 
