Making_VVG Smart_JJ Windows_NN2 that_CST Are_VBR Also_RR Cheap_JJ "_" Tunable_JJ "_" windows_NN2 would_VM let_VVI people_NN adjust_VVI light_JJ and_CC heat_NN1 levels_NN2 ,_, but_CCB so_RG far_RR it_PPH1 's_VHZ been_VBN hard_RR to_TO make_VVI them_PPHO2 affordable_JJ ._. 
Windows_NN2 that_CST absorb_VV0 or_CC reflect_VV0 light_JJ and_CC heat_NN1 at_II the_AT flick_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 switch_NN1 could_VM help_VVI cut_JJ heating_NN1 and_CC cooling_VVG bills_NN2 ._. 
A_AT1 company_NN1 called_VVN Soladigm_NP1 has_VHZ developed_VVN methods_NN2 for_IF making_VVG these_DD2 "_" electrochromic_JJ "_" windows_NN2 cheaply_RR ,_, making_VVG them_PPHO2 more_RGR viable_JJ for_IF homes_NN2 and_CC office_NN1 buildings_NN2 ._. 
Existing_JJ electrochromic_JJ window_NN1 designs_NN2 cost_VV0 around_RG $100_NNU per_II square_JJ foot_NN1 ._. 
Soladigm_NN1 has_VHZ not_XX disclosed_VVN how_RGQ much_RR its_APPGE windows_NN2 will_VM cost_VVI ,_, but_CCB some_DD experts_NN2 say_VV0 the_AT method_NN1 could_VM reduce_VVI the_AT cost_NN1 to_II around_RG $20_NNU per_II square_JJ foot_NN1 ._. 
The_AT Milpitas_NP2 ,_, CA-based_JJ company_NN1 uses_VVZ a_AT1 thin-film_JJ deposition_NN1 process_VV0 that_CST creates_VVZ conducting_VVG layers_NN2 between_II two_MC panes_NN2 of_IO glass_NN1 for_IF controlling_VVG the_AT amount_NN1 of_IO sunlight_NN1 and_CC heat_NN1 that_CST can_VM pass_VVI through_RP ._. 
A_AT1 homeowner_NN1 or_CC office_NN1 dweller_NN1 could_VM control_VVI how_RGQ much_DA1 light_NN1 or_CC heat_VV0 a_AT1 window_NN1 lets_VVZ in_RP or_CC absorbs_VVZ and_CC reflects_VVZ ._. 
The_AT company_NN1 's_GE windows_NN2 contain_VV0 two_MC transparent_JJ conducting_NN1 oxide_NN1 films_NN2 sandwiching_VVG an_AT1 ion_NN1 storage_NN1 layer_NN1 ,_, an_AT1 electrolyte_NN1 ,_, and_CC an_AT1 electrochromic_JJ layer_NN1 --_NN1 all_DB between_II two_MC layers_NN2 of_IO glass_NN1 ._. 
Applying_VVG a_AT1 low_JJ voltage_NN1 to_II the_AT conductive_JJ oxide_NN1 kicks_VVZ the_AT ions_NN2 out_II21 of_II22 the_AT storage_NN1 layer_NN1 and_CC across_II the_AT electrolyte_NN1 to_TO meet_VVI with_IW the_AT electrochromic_JJ layer_NN1 ._. 
The_AT collision_NN1 prompts_VVZ the_AT electrochromic_JJ material_NN1 to_TO absorb_VVI or_CC reflect_VVI light_NN1 ._. 
It_PPH1 also_RR causes_VVZ the_AT material_NN1 to_TO darken_VVI ,_, giving_VVG the_AT window_NN1 a_AT1 tinted_JJ look_NN1 ._. 
Reversing_VVG the_AT voltage_NN1 sends_VVZ the_AT ions_NN2 back_RP to_II its_APPGE storage_NN1 layer_NN1 ,_, causing_VVG the_AT window_NN1 to_TO lighten_VVI in_II color_NN1 and_CC let_VVI more_DAR light_NN1 in_RP ._. 
"_" We_PPIS2 did_VDD a_AT1 case_NN1 study_VVI in_II five_MC cities_NN2 ,_, and_CC the_AT average_JJ savings_NN2 in_II commercial_JJ buildings_NN2 are_VBR about_RG 25_MC percent_NNU of_IO the_AT heating_NN1 ,_, ventilation_NN1 ,_, and_CC air-conditioning_JJ energy_NN1 use_NN1 annually_RR ,_, "_" says_VVZ Rao_NP1 Mulpuri_NP1 ,_, CEO_NN1 of_IO Soladigm_NN1 ._. 
The_AT trick_NN1 to_II making_VVG electrochromic_JJ windows_NN2 cheaply_RR is_VBZ the_AT right_JJ materials_NN2 and_CC latest_JJT manufacturing_NN1 method_NN1 ,_, says_VVZ Mulpuri_NN1 ._. 
Today_RT 's_GE thin-film_JJ deposition_NN1 equipment_NN1 --_NN1 the_AT same_DA used_VMK to_TO make_VVI flat_JJ panel_NN1 display_NN1 and_CC thin-film_JJ solar_JJ panels_NN2 --_NN1 is_VBZ much_RR better_RRR than_CSN that_DD1 used_VVD a_AT1 few_DA2 decades_NNT2 ago_RA ,_, when_CS the_AT electrochromic_JJ window_NN1 concept_NN1 emerged_VVD ._. 
Soladigm_NN1 will_VM use_VVI a_AT1 tungsten_NN1 oxide-based_JJ electrochromic_JJ layer_NN1 for_IF its_APPGE first_MD windows_NN2 ._. 
Tungsten_NN1 oxide_NN1 can_VM endure_VVI repeated_JJ cycling_NN1 between_II ion-rich_JJ and_CC ion-free_JJ stages-which_DDQ makes_VVZ it_PPH1 durable_JJ ,_, says_VVZ Delia_NP1 Milliron_NP1 ,_, a_AT1 Lawrence_NP1 Berkeley_NP1 National_JJ Laboratory_NN1 (_( LBNL_NP1 )_) researcher_NN1 in_II electrochromic_JJ materials_NN2 ._. 
However_RR ,_, using_VVG tungsten_NN1 oxide_NN1 can_VM heat_VVI up_RP a_AT1 window_NN1 until_CS it_PPH1 's_VBZ too_RG hot_JJ to_TO touch_VVI ;_; it_PPH1 also_RR does_VDZ n't_XX block_VVI infrared_JJ light_NN1 very_RG well_RR ,_, meaning_VVG it_PPH1 lets_VVZ plenty_PN of_IO heat_NN1 through_RP ._. 
Soladigm_NN1 has_VHZ licensed_VVN research_NN1 from_II LBNL_NP1 that_CST could_VM solve_VVI these_DD2 problems_NN2 ._. 
The_AT research_NN1 came_VVD from_II Tom_NP1 Richardson_NP1 ,_, a_AT1 researcher_NN1 at_II LBNL_NP1 's_GE Advanced_JJ Energy_NN1 Technologies_NN2 Department_NN1 who_PNQS found_VVD novel_JJ alternatives_NN2 to_II tungsten_NN1 oxide_NN1 ._. 
In_II one_MC1 ,_, a_AT1 magnesium-based_JJ electrochromic_JJ layer_NN1 reacts_VVZ with_IW hydrogen_NN1 ions_NN2 to_TO reflect_VVI light_NN1 ._. 
In_II another_DD1 ,_, an_AT1 alloy_NN1 of_IO antimony_NN1 with_IW materials_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 copper_NN1 or_CC silver_NN1 is_VBZ used_VVN with_IW lithium_NN1 ions_NN2 to_TO do_VDI the_AT same_DA ._. 
The_AT reflective_JJ approaches_NN2 not_XX only_RR prevent_VV0 heat_NN1 buildup_NN1 ,_, but_CCB also_RR can_VM precisely_RR control_VVI the_AT amount_NN1 of_IO visible_JJ and_CC near-infrared_JJ light_NN1 that_CST the_AT window_NN1 blocks_NN2 ,_, Richardson_NP1 says_VVZ ._. 
Either_DD1 approach_NN1 could_VM better_RRR control_VVI the_AT amount_NN1 of_IO heat_NN1 from_II near_RL infrared_JJ ,_, making_VVG it_PPH1 possible_JJ to_TO significantly_RR warm_VVI up_RP a_AT1 room_NN1 in_II cold_JJ days_NNT2 ._. 
"_" There_EX might_VM be_VBI time_NNT1 when_RRQ you_PPY want_VV0 light_NN1 blocked_VVN but_CCB you_PPY want_VV0 the_AT near-infrared_JJ to_TO get_VVI in_RP ._. 
In_II the_AT winter_NNT1 ,_, you_PPY want_VV0 light_JJ and_CC the_AT heat_NN1 to_TO warm_VVI up_RP the_AT house_NN1 ,_, so_RR having_VHG the_AT ability_NN1 to_TO switch_VVI both_RR or_CC independently_RR will_VM be_VBI ideal_JJ ,_, "_" Richardson_NP1 says_VVZ ._. 
The_AT ability_NN1 to_TO manage_VVI the_AT amount_NN1 of_IO light_NN1 and_CC heat_NN1 that_CST gets_VVZ into_II a_AT1 room_NN1 sets_VVZ electrochromic_JJ windows_NN2 apart_II21 from_II22 low-emittance_NN1 ,_, or_CC low-E_NP1 ,_, windows_NN2 ._. 
Low-E_NP1 windows_NN2 have_VH0 a_AT1 metal_NN1 oxide_NN1 coating_NN1 that_CST reflects_VVZ near-infrared_JJ light_NN1 and_CC allows_VVZ most_DAT visible_JJ light_NN1 to_TO pass_VVI through_RP ._. 
These_DD2 windows_NN2 generally_RR cost_VV0 around_RG $10_NNU per_II square_JJ foot_NN1 ._. 
Some_DD experts_NN2 say_VV0 that_CST installing_VVG electrochromic_JJ windows_NN2 could_VM cost_VVI considerably_RR more_DAR than_CSN installing_VVG low-E_NP1 windows_NN2 for_IF certain_JJ types_NN2 of_IO buildings_NN2 ._. 
"_" To_TO do_VDI a_AT1 whole_JJ facade_NN1 ,_, you_PPY would_VM have_VHI to_TO run_VVI electricity_NN1 to_II each_DD1 window_NN1 ,_, and_CC that_DD1 might_VM be_VBI cost-prohibitive_JJ ,_, "_" says_VVZ Aaron_NP1 Smith_NP1 ,_, a_AT1 researcher_NN1 in_II the_AT Lighting_NN1 Research_NN1 Center_NN1 of_IO Rensselaer_NP1 Polytechnic_NN1 Institute_NN1 ._. 
"_" It_PPH1 also_RR would_VM be_VBI more_RGR difficult_JJ to_TO install_VVI them_PPHO2 when_CS retrofitting_VVG older_JJR buildings_NN2 ._. "_" 
Applied_JJ Materials_NN2 Moves_VVZ Solar_JJ Expertise_NN1 to_II China_NP1 The_AT company_NN1 says_VVZ its_APPGE future_NN1 is_VBZ in_II energy_NN1 products_NN2 for_IF the_AT Chinese_JJ market_NN1 ._. 
The_AT world_NN1 's_GE biggest_JJT supplier_NN1 of_IO solar-manufacturing_JJ equipment_NN1 has_VHZ opened_VVN a_AT1 research_NN1 and_CC development_NN1 center_NN1 in_II China_NP1 ,_, and_CC its_APPGE chief_JJ technology_NN1 officer_NN1 will_VM relocate_VVI from_II Silicon_NN1 Valley_NN1 to_II that_DD1 country_NN1 next_MD month_NNT1 ._. 
Applied_JJ Materials_NN2 ,_, founded_VVN in_II 1967_MC as_II a_AT1 semiconductor_NN1 company_NN1 ,_, has_VHZ manufactured_VVN in_II China_NP1 for_IF 25_MC years_NNT2 ,_, but_CCB is_VBZ expanding_VVG its_APPGE presence_NN1 to_TO be_VBI closer_RRR to_II its_APPGE customers_NN2 and_CC develop_VV0 products_NN2 suited_VVN to_II the_AT country_NN1 's_GE urban_JJ population_NN1 ._. 
"_" We_PPIS2 're_VBR doing_VDG R_ZZ1 &D;_NULL in_II China_NP1 because_CS they_PPHS2 're_VBR becoming_VVG a_AT1 big_JJ market_NN1 whose_DDQGE needs_NN2 are_VBR different_JJ from_II those_DD2 in_II the_AT U.S._NP1 ,_, "_" says_VVZ Mark_NP1 Pinto_NP1 ,_, Applied_JJ Materials_NN2 's_GE CTO_NN1 ._. 
Going_VVG forward_RL ,_, he_PPHS1 says_VVZ ,_, "_" energy_NN1 will_VM become_VVI the_AT biggest_JJT business_NN1 for_IF the_AT company_NN1 ,_, "_" and_CC China_NP1 ,_, not_XX the_AT U.S._NP1 ,_, "_" will_VM be_VBI the_AT biggest_JJT solar_JJ market_NN1 in_II the_AT world_NN1 ._. "_" 
Indeed_RR ,_, the_AT move_NN1 by_II Applied_JJ Materials_NN2 is_VBZ just_RR the_AT latest_JJT sign_NN1 that_CST China_NP1 is_VBZ rapidly_RR moving_VVG to_II the_AT forefront_NN1 in_II adopting_VVG renewable_JJ energy_NN1 technologies_NN2 ._. 
China_NP1 is_VBZ no_AT model_NN1 for_IF addressing_VVG climate_NN1 change_NN1 --_NN1 its_APPGE greenhouse-gas_JJ emissions_NN2 are_VBR expected_VVN to_TO nearly_RR double_JJ by_II 2030_MC ._. 
The_AT lion_NN1 's_GE share_NN1 of_IO demand_NN1 for_IF photovoltaics_NN1 comes_VVZ from_II Europe_NP1 ,_, which_DDQ accounted_VVD for_IF 82_MC percent_NNU of_IO the_AT photovoltaics_NN2 sold_VVN in_II 2008_MC ,_, according_II21 to_II22 a_AT1 report_NN1 by_II Solarbuzz_NP1 ._. 
China_NP1 currently_RR makes_VVZ up_RP less_DAR than_CSN 1_MC1 percent_NNU of_IO the_AT demand_NN1 for_IF photovoltaics_NN2 ,_, but_CCB its_APPGE demand_NN1 for_IF photovoltaics_NN1 is_VBZ expected_VVN to_TO grow_VVI ;_; Beijing_NP1 aims_VVZ to_TO produce_VVI 20,000_MC megawatts_NN2 of_IO solar_JJ energy_NN1 by_II 2020_MC ._. 
Its_APPGE strategy_NN1 ,_, says_VVZ Pinto_NP1 ,_, is_VBZ to_TO "_" help_VVI drive_VVI down_RP costs_NN2 through_II scaling_NN1 ._. "_" 
The_AT company_NN1 developed_JJ equipment_NN1 for_IF building_VVG amorphous-silicon_JJ solar_JJ cells_NN2 on_II thin_JJ glass_NN1 panels_NN2 the_AT size_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 garage_NN1 door_NN1 ,_, 5.7_MC square_JJ meters_NN2 ._. 
These_DD2 sheets_NN2 can_VM then_RT be_VBI sliced_VVN into_II smaller_JJR panels_NN2 or_CC left_JJ as_CSA they_PPHS2 are_VBR ._. 
Working_VVG at_II this_DD1 scale_NN1 saves_VVZ money_NN1 ;_; Applied_JJ Materials_NN2 made_VVD it_PPH1 work_VVI by_II developing_JJ equipment_NN1 that_CST can_VM coat_VVI the_AT huge_JJ panels_NN2 with_IW uniform_JJ silicon_NN1 films_NN2 just_RR nanometers_NN2 thick_JJ ._. 
To_TO compete_VVI in_II both_DB2 the_AT U.S._NP1 and_CC Chinese_JJ markets_NN2 ,_, says_VVZ Ken_NP1 Zweibel_NP1 ,_, director_NN1 of_IO the_AT George_NP1 Washington_NP1 Solar_JJ Institute_NN1 ,_, the_AT company_NN1 will_VM need_VVI to_TO increase_VVI the_AT efficiency_NN1 of_IO the_AT solar_JJ cells_NN2 that_CST can_VM be_VBI made_VVN using_VVG its_APPGE equipment_NN1 ._. 
"_" Amorphous_JJ silicon_NN1 has_VHZ a_AT1 relatively_RR low_JJ cost_NN1 ,_, but_CCB its_APPGE efficiency_NN1 is_VBZ the_AT lowest_JJT of_IO all_DB the_AT thin-film_JJ solar_JJ cells_NN2 ,_, "_" says_VVZ Zweibel_NP1 ._. 
Cells_NN2 made_VVN of_IO cadmium_NN1 telluride_VV0 that_CST are_VBR sold_VVN by_II U.S._NP1 thin-film_JJ company_NN1 First_MD Solar_NN1 have_VH0 an_AT1 efficiency_NN1 of_IO around_RG 11_MC percent_NNU ._. 
The_AT amorphous-silicon_JJ solar_JJ cells_NN2 made_VVN on_II Applied_JJ Materials_NN2 's_GE equipment_NN1 are_VBR at_II just_RR over_RG 8_MC percent_NNU ._. 
"_" The_AT 3_MC percent_NNU difference_NN1 in_II efficiency_NN1 is_VBZ a_AT1 30_MC percent_NNU difference_NN1 in_II31 terms_II32 of_II33 overall_JJ cost_NN1 ,_, "_" Zweibel_NP1 notes_NN2 ._. 
Pinto_NN1 says_VVZ research_NN1 at_II the_AT Xi'an_JJ center_NN1 will_VM focus_VVI on_II products_NN2 suited_VVN to_II the_AT way_NN1 that_CST country_NN1 's_GE population_NN1 is_VBZ concentrated_VVN ,_, in_II cities_NN2 with_IW tall_JJ buildings_NN2 ._. 
"_" Cities_NN2 in_II China_NP1 do_VD0 n't_XX have_VHI very_RG much_DA1 rooftop_NN1 "_" on_II which_DDQ to_TO place_VVI solar_JJ cells_NN2 ,_, says_VVZ Pinto_NN1 ._. 
The_AT company_NN1 plans_VVZ to_TO develop_VVI technologies_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 electrochromic_JJ windows_NN2 ,_, which_DDQ save_VV0 heating_NN1 and_CC cooling_VVG costs_NN2 by_II changing_JJ color_NN1 with_IW the_AT weather_NN1 ._. 
Solar_JJ cells_NN2 embedded_VVN in_II windows_NN2 might_VM act_VVI both_RR as_II a_AT1 shade_NN1 and_CC an_AT1 energy_NN1 source_NN1 ._. 
The_AT company_NN1 is_VBZ also_RR researching_VVG LED_NN1 lighting_NN1 and_CC plans_VVZ to_TO work_VVI on_II thin-film_JJ batteries_NN2 ._. 
U.S._NP1 Solar_JJ Market_NN1 to_II Double_NN1 in_II the_AT Next_MD Year_NNT1 Government_NN1 incentives_NN2 and_CC lower_JJR solar_JJ prices_NN2 are_VBR starting_VVG to_TO pay_VVI off_RP ._. 
In_II a_AT1 few_DA2 years_NNT2 ,_, the_AT United_NP1 States_NP1 is_VBZ likely_JJ to_TO be_VBI the_AT world_NN1 's_GE largest_JJT market_NN1 for_IF solar_JJ power_NN1 ,_, eclipsing_VVG Germany_NP1 ,_, which_DDQ has_VHZ taken_VVN the_AT lead_NN1 as_II a_AT1 result_NN1 of_IO strong_JJ government_NN1 incentives_NN2 in_II31 spite_II32 of_II33 the_AT relative_JJ paucity_NN1 of_IO sunlight_NN1 in_II that_DD1 country_NN1 ._. 
A_AT1 number_NN1 of_IO factors_NN2 could_VM make_VVI growth_NN1 possible_JJ in_II the_AT United_NP1 States_NP1 --_NN1 especially_RR changes_VVZ in_II legislation_NN1 that_CST give_VV0 utilities_NN2 incentives_NN2 to_TO create_VVI large_JJ solar_JJ farms_NN2 ._. 
Last_MD year_NNT1 ,_, the_AT U.S._NP1 solar_JJ industry_NN1 got_VVD off_RP to_II a_AT1 slow_JJ start_NN1 ,_, but_CCB sales_NN rebounded_VVD in_II the_AT second_MD half_NN1 of_IO the_AT year_NNT1 ,_, largely_RR because_II21 of_II22 a_AT1 drop_NN1 in_II the_AT prices_NN2 of_IO solar_JJ panels_NN2 of_IO up_RG21 to_RG22 40_MC percent_NNU ,_, partly_RR caused_VVN by_II an_AT1 oversupply_RR due_II21 to_II22 the_AT recession_NN1 ._. 
Revenues_NN2 for_IF many_DA2 solar_JJ companies_NN2 were_VBDR likely_JJ flat_NN1 ,_, but_CCB the_AT megawatts_NN2 of_IO solar_NN1 installed_VVN in_II the_AT United_NP1 States_NP1 overall_RR grew_VVD by_II 25_MC to_II 40_MC percent_NNU last_MD year_NNT1 ,_, says_VVZ Roger_NP1 Efird_NP1 ,_, the_AT chairman_NN1 of_IO the_AT Solar_JJ Energy_NN1 Industry_NN1 Association_NN1 and_CC the_AT managing_JJ director_NN1 of_IO Suntech_NP1 America_NP1 ,_, a_AT1 branch_NN1 of_IO Suntech_NP1 Power_NP1 ,_, the_AT largest_JJT maker_NN1 of_IO crystalline_JJ silicon_NN1 solar_JJ panels_NN2 in_II the_AT world_NN1 ._. 
This_DD1 year_NNT1 ,_, Efird_NP1 says_VVZ ,_, solar_JJ installations_NN2 could_VM double_VVI ,_, reaching_VVG a_AT1 gigawatt_NN1 of_IO capacity_NN1 ._. 
"_" That_DD1 's_VBZ a_AT1 big_JJ number_NN1 ,_, "_" he_PPHS1 says_VVZ ._. 
"_" If_CS you_PPY are_VBR in_II the_AT solar_JJ business_NN1 ,_, you_PPY were_VBDR talking_VVG watts_NNU2 15_MC years_NNT2 ago_RA ,_, you_PPY were_VBDR talking_VVG kilowatts_NNU2 10_MC years_NNT2 ago_RA ,_, and_CC you_PPY have_VH0 trouble_NN1 even_RR talking_VVG megawatts_NN2 today_RT ._. "_" 
The_AT growth_NN1 had_VHD several_DA2 likely_JJ causes_NN2 ,_, including_II decreasing_JJ prices_NN2 for_IF solar_JJ panels_NN2 and_CC installation_NN1 costs_NN2 ,_, as_II31 well_II32 as_II33 increasing_JJ state_NN1 incentives_NN2 ,_, which_DDQ can_VM make_VVI solar_JJ far_RG more_RGR attractive_JJ ._. 
According_II21 to_II22 Harry_NP1 Fleming_NP1 ,_, the_AT CEO_NN1 of_IO Acro_NP1 Energy_NN1 Technologies_NN2 in_II Oakdale_NP1 ,_, CA_NP1 ,_, these_DD2 changes_NN2 mean_VV0 that_CST the_AT cost_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 typical_JJ five-kilowatt_JJ rooftop_NN1 solar_JJ system_NN1 has_VHZ dropped_VVN from_II $22,000_NNU after_II state_NN1 incentives_NN2 are_VBR applied_VVN (_( $40,000_NNU without_IW them_PPHO2 )_) to_II $16,000_NNU in_II the_AT last_MD 18_MC months_NNT2 ._. 
Prices_NN2 are_VBR expected_VVN to_TO fall_VVI to_II $13,000_NNU by_II the_AT end_NN1 of_IO the_AT year_NNT1 (_( $25,000_NNU without_IW incentives_NN2 )_) ._. 
"_" This_DD1 is_VBZ going_VVGK to_TO make_VVI solar_JJ a_AT1 middle-class_JJ product_NN1 ,_, "_" he_PPHS1 says_VVZ ._. 
At_II the_AT same_DA time_NNT1 ,_, it_PPH1 seems_VVZ likely_JJ that_CST projects_NN2 funded_VVN through_II the_AT federal_JJ stimulus_NN1 package_NN1 will_VM get_VVI underway_RR this_DD1 year_NNT1 ._. 
The_AT U.S._NP1 General_JJ Services_NN2 Administration_NN1 and_CC the_AT U.S._NP1 Department_NN1 of_IO Defense_NN1 ,_, for_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, are_VBR both_RR ready_JJ to_TO start_VVI solar_JJ projects_NN2 ,_, Efird_NP1 says_VVZ ._. 
"_" A_AT1 big_JJ kick_NN1 for_IF us_PPIO2 in_II 2010_MC will_VM be_VBI these_DD2 stimulus_NN1 funds_NN2 we_PPIS2 've_VH0 been_VBN waiting_VVG for_IF ,_, "_" he_PPHS1 says_VVZ ._. 
Another_DD1 key_NN1 could_VM be_VBI solar_JJ projects_NN2 undertaken_VVN by_II utilities_NN2 ._. 
Efird_NN1 says_VVZ that_CST a_AT1 small_JJ change_NN1 in_II the_AT tax_NN1 code_NN1 has_VHZ allowed_VVN utilities_NN2 to_TO take_VVI a_AT1 tax_NN1 credit_NN1 for_IF solar_JJ investment_NN1 ._. 
After_II that_DD1 ,_, "_" we_PPIS2 began_VVD to_TO see_VVI ,_, really_RR for_IF the_AT first_MD time_NNT1 ,_, utilities_NN2 starting_VVG to_TO get_VVI interested_JJ in_II solar_JJ as_II a_AT1 way_NN1 of_IO generating_JJ wholesale_JJ electricity_NN1 that_CST they_PPHS2 could_VM then_RT resell_VVI ._. "_" 
His_APPGE company_NN1 has_VHZ done_VDN demonstration_NN1 projects_NN2 in_II the_AT past_NN1 ,_, he_PPHS1 says_VVZ ,_, "_" but_CCB we_PPIS2 've_VH0 never_RR looked_VVN at_II the_AT utility_NN1 sector_NN1 and_CC said_VVN that_DD1 's_VBZ a_AT1 market_NN1 in_II itself_PPX1 ._. "_" 
About_RG a_AT1 third_MD of_IO the_AT new_JJ installations_NN2 next_MD year_NNT1 could_VM come_VVI from_II utilities_NN2 ._. 
It_PPH1 's_VBZ unlikely_JJ that_CST a_AT1 climate_NN1 bill_NN1 that_CST puts_VVZ a_AT1 price_NN1 on_II carbon_NN1 dioxide_NN1 will_VM pass_VVI this_DD1 year_NNT1 ,_, but_CCB other_JJ legislation_NN1 could_VM further_RRR help_VVI the_AT industry_NN1 ._. 
A_ZZ1 jobs_NN2 bill_NN1 ,_, for_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, might_VM include_VVI incentives_NN2 that_CST were_VBDR originally_RR included_VVN in_II a_AT1 climate_NN1 and_CC energy_NN1 bill_NN1 passed_VVN in_II the_AT House_NN1 last_MD year_NNT1 ._. 
These_DD2 incentives_NN2 could_VM include_VVI a_AT1 renewable_JJ energy_NN1 standard_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ would_VM require_VVI utilities_NN2 across_II the_AT country_NN1 to_TO use_VVI renewable_JJ energy_NN1 ._. 
Just_RR as_RG important_JJ could_VM be_VBI a_AT1 national_JJ standard_NN1 for_IF connecting_VVG solar_JJ installations_NN2 to_II the_AT grid_NN1 ._. 
Right_RR now_RT some_DD states_NN2 do_VD0 n't_XX have_VHI laws_NN2 that_CST allow_VV0 people_NN to_TO connect_VVI rooftop_NN1 solar_JJ panels_NN2 to_II the_AT grid_NN1 and_CC receive_VV0 credit_NN1 for_IF the_AT power_NN1 they_PPHS2 generate_VV0 ,_, and_CC the_AT laws_NN2 that_CST do_VD0 exist_VVI vary_VV0 from_II state_NN1 to_II state_NN1 ._. 
A_AT1 uniform_JJ standard_NN1 could_VM speed_VVI sales_NN and_CC installations_NN2 ._. 
Some_DD experts_NN2 ,_, however_RR ,_, expect_VV0 that_CST a_AT1 large_JJ number_NN1 of_IO the_AT solar_JJ projects_NN2 planned_VVN for_IF the_AT next_MD several_DA2 years_NNT2 will_VM fall_VVI through_II --_NN1 perhaps_RR as_RG many_DA2 as_CSA 75_MC percent_NNU --_NN1 because_II21 of_II22 the_AT relative_JJ "_" immaturity_NN1 "_" of_IO the_AT industry_NN1 ._. 
Few_DA2 large_JJ projects_NN2 have_VH0 been_VBN built_VVN so_RG far_RR ,_, and_CC so_RR there_EX will_VM likely_RR be_VBI large_JJ cost_NN1 overruns_NN2 ._. 
For_IF many_DA2 solar_JJ companies_NN2 ,_, regulations_NN2 ,_, land-permit_JJ requirements_NN2 ,_, and_CC the_AT need_NN1 for_IF transmission_NN1 lines_NN2 have_VH0 slowed_VVN down_RP projects_NN2 ._. 
In_II some_DD cases_NN2 ,_, smaller_JJR solar_JJ projects_NN2 located_VVD close_RR to_II substations_NN2 have_VH0 a_AT1 better_JJR chance_NN1 than_CSN large_JJ solar_JJ farms_NN2 that_CST require_VV0 special_JJ new_JJ transmission_NN1 lines_NN2 ,_, even_CS21 though_CS22 the_AT latter_DA could_VM ,_, in_II theory_NN1 ,_, be_VBI more_RGR economical_JJ ._. 
One_MC1 thing_NN1 that_CST could_VM help_VVI with_IW this_DD1 would_VM be_VBI designated_JJ areas_NN2 that_CST are_VBR preapproved_VVN for_IF solar_JJ farms_NN2 ,_, and_CC equipped_VVN with_IW transmission_NN1 lines_NN2 that_CST would_VM serve_VVI a_AT1 cluster_NN1 of_IO such_DA farms_NN2 ._. 
"_" But_CCB that_DD1 would_VM require_VVI a_AT1 degree_NN1 of_IO strategic_JJ thinking_NN1 that_CST 's_VBZ currently_RR absent_JJ ,_, "_" says_VVZ Jim_NP1 Barry_NP1 ,_, the_AT chief_JJ executive_NN1 of_IO the_AT Dublin_NP1 ,_, Ireland-based_JJ NRT_NP1 ,_, a_AT1 company_NN1 that_CST 's_VBZ currently_RR developing_VVG large_JJ solar_JJ projects_NN2 in_II the_AT United_NP1 States_NP1 ._. 
