Bee_NN1 Afraid_JJ ,_, Bee_NN1 Very_RG Afraid_JJ The_AT concern_NN1 was_VBDZ ,_, maybe_RR this_DD1 is_VBZ a_AT1 new_JJ disease_NN1 ._. 
The_AT bees_NN2 were_VBDR maybe_RR dying_VVG away_II21 from_II22 the_AT hive_NN1 ,_, and_CC they_PPHS2 were_VBDR leaving_VVG their_APPGE queen_NN1 behind_RL and_CC all_DB their_APPGE babies_NN2 behind_RL ._. 
And_CC what_DDQ was_VBDZ really_RR alarming_JJ to_II people_NN ,_, you_PPY think_VV0 about_II one_MC1 hive_NN1 can_VM produce_VVI a_AT1 hundred_NNO pounds_NN2 of_IO honey_NN1 ,_, that_DD1 's_VBZ an_AT1 irresistible_JJ temptation_NN1 to_II all_DB kinds_NN2 of_IO hive_NN1 pests_NN2 ,_, but_CCB even_RR hive_NN1 pests_NN2 were_VBDR leaving_VVG these_DD2 colonies_NN2 alone_JJ ._. 
Now_RT bees_NN2 have_VH0 periodically_RR disappeared_VVN ,_, since_CS about_II the_AT 1880s_MC2 ,_, every_AT1 now_RT and_CC then_RT bees_NN2 mysteriously_RR disappear_VV0 ._. 
The_AT disappearances_NN2 in_II the_AT past_NN1 were_VBDR very_RG localized_JJ and_CC very_RG short_JJ term_NN1 ._. 
So_RR this_DD1 particular_JJ disappearance_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ we_PPIS2 came_VVD to_TO call_VVI colony_NN1 collapse_NN1 disorder_NN1 ,_, was_VBDZ unprecedented_JJ in_II its_APPGE severity_NN1 and_CC its_APPGE magnitude_NN1 ._. 
By_II June_NPM1 of_IO 2007_MC ,_, remember_VV0 it_PPH1 started_VVD in_II November_NPM1 2006_MC ,_, colony_NN1 collapse_NN1 disorder_NN1 had_VHD been_VBN reported_VVN in_II at_RR21 least_RR22 35_MC states_NN2 ._. 
People_NN were_VBDR quite_RG concerned_JJ ._. 
In_II fact_NN1 there_EX was_VBDZ a_AT1 meeting_NN1 for_IF scientists_NN2 that_CST work_VV0 on_II bees_NN2 to_TO prioritize_VVI research_NN1 to_TO figure_VVI out_RP what_DDQ was_VBDZ going_VVG on_RP ._. 
The_AT scientists_NN2 thought_VVD the_AT most_RGT likely_JJ explanations_NN2 were_VBDR a_AT1 new_JJ disease_NN1 ,_, maybe_RR pesticide_NN1 poisoning_VVG --_JJ Bees_NN2 are_VBR very_RG sensitive_JJ to_II pesticides_NN2 ;_; ill_JJ health_NN1 due_II21 to_II22 management_NN1 --_NN1 being_VBG put_VVN on_II trucks_NN2 and_CC driven_VVN across_II the_AT country_NN1 --_NN1 or_CC just_RR poor_JJ nutrition_NN1 ._. 
Beekeepers_NN2 are_VBR feeding_VVG their_APPGE bees_NN2 high_JJ fructose_NN1 corn_NN1 syrup_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ is_VBZ the_AT stuff_NN1 you_PPY drink_VV0 in_II Coca-Cola_NP1 ,_, not_XX so_RG good_JJ for_IF bees_NN2 either_RR ._. 
What_DDQ did_VDD the_AT public_NN1 think_VVI ?_? 
What_DDQ did_VDD n't_XX the_AT public_NN1 think_VVI ?_? 
Various_JJ explanations_NN2 offered_VVN for_IF disappearances_NN2 included_VVN and_CC not_XX limited_VVN to_II genetically_RR modified_JJ corn_NN1 pollens_NN2 ,_, cell_NN1 phones_NN2 ,_, Wi-Fi_NP1 ,_, elevated_JJ carbon_NN1 dioxide_NN1 ,_, elevate_VV0 ultra-violet_JJ light_NN1 ,_, Osama_NP1 Bin_NN1 Laden_VVN ,_, automobile_NN1 growth_NN1 ,_, solar_JJ maxima_NN2 ,_, jet_NN1 chemical_NN1 contrails_NN2 ,_, mutant_NN1 bee_NN1 cannibalism_NN1 ,_, fluctuations_NN2 in_II the_AT Earth_NN1 's_GE magnetic_JJ field_NN1 ,_, radiation_NN1 from_II Chernobyl_NP1 ,_, alien_JJ abduction_NN1 --_NN1 those_DD2 were_VBDR the_AT explanations_NN2 that_CST nobody_PN1 had_VHD any_DD evidence_NN1 for_IF ._. 
So_RR ,_, it_PPH1 's_VBZ really_RR important_JJ for_IF scientists_NN2 to_TO get_VVI together_RL and_CC use_VVI modern_JJ tools_NN2 to_TO solve_VVI this_DD1 mystery_NN1 ._. 
And_CC in_II fact_NN1 ,_, these_DD2 are_VBR forensic_JJ tools_NN2 ,_, just_RR like_VV0 you_PPY see_VV0 on_II the_AT show_NN1 CSI_NN2 ,_, in_II fact_NN1 Gil_NP1 Grissom_NP1 ,_, the_AT character_NN1 on_II CSI_NP1 ,_, the_AT head_NN1 forensic_JJ scientist_NN1 ,_, is_VBZ an_AT1 entomologist_NN1 by_II training_NN1 and_CC in_II this_DD1 episode_NN1 he_PPHS1 goes_VVZ to_II a_AT1 crime_NN1 scene_NN1 and_CC he_PPHS1 starts_VVZ working_VVG on_II colony_NN1 collapse_NN1 disorder_NN1 ._. 
In_II fact_NN1 a_AT1 lot_NN1 of_IO us_PPIO2 were_VBDR tuned_VVN in_II the_AT CSI_JJ to_TO figure_VVI out_RP if_CS Gil_NP1 Grissom_NP1 could_VM solve_VVI this_DD1 ._. 
So_RR we_PPIS2 do_VD0 n't_XX exactly_RR know_VVI how_RRQ he_PPHS1 went_VVD about_II it_PPH1 ,_, but_CCB we_PPIS2 know_VV0 that_CST there_EX are_VBR all_DB kinds_NN2 of_IO tools_NN2 for_IF forensic_JJ investigation_NN1 ._. 
Forensic_NP1 is_VBZ just_RR a_AT1 word_NN1 that_CST means_VVZ "_" legal_JJ "_" or_CC "_" law_NN1 "_" ,_, but_CCB a_AT1 lot_NN1 of_IO people_NN use_VV0 forensic_JJ in_II the_AT context_NN1 of_IO investigating_VVG death_NN1 ,_, so_RR that_DD1 's_VBZ what_DDQ we_PPIS2 were_VBDR doing_VDG ._. 
Deaths_NN2 or_CC disappearances_NN2 ,_, and_CC we_PPIS2 had_VHD ,_, there_EX are_VBR all_DB kinds_NN2 of_IO tools_NN2 for_IF investigating_VVG mysterious_JJ deaths_NN2 or_CC disappearances_NN2 ,_, but_CCB they_PPHS2 are_VBR all_DB made_VVN for_IF humans_NN2 ;_; they_PPHS2 are_VBR not_XX easily_RR translated_VVN to_II working_VVG on_II bees_NN2 ._. 
Among_II other_JJ things_NN2 ,_, what_DDQ does_VDZ Gil_NP1 Grissom_NP1 and_CC his_APPGE crew_NN1 always_RR do_VD0 ?_? 
They_PPHS2 talk_VV0 to_II people_NN ._. 
Well_RR ,_, we_PPIS2 could_VM n't_XX talk_VVI to_II the_AT bees_NN2 ,_, we_PPIS2 could_VM n't_XX really_RR even_RR check_VVI the_AT bodies_NN2 of_IO the_AT victims_NN2 because_CS there_EX were_VBDR n't_XX any_DD bodies_NN2 ._. 
But_CCB we_PPIS2 could_VM use_VVI some_DD of_IO those_DD2 tools_NN2 ,_, like_II a_AT1 microscope_NN1 ,_, very_RG basic_JJ tools_NN2 ._. 
and_CC it_PPH1 was_VBDZ very_RG clear_RR using_VVG a_AT1 microscope_NN1 ,_, honeybees_NN2 have_VH0 all_DB kinds_NN2 of_IO problems_NN2 ._. 
Varroa_NN1 ,_, it_PPH1 's_VBZ a_AT1 parasitic_JJ mite_NN1 ,_, it_PPH1 sucks_VVZ the_AT blood_NN1 of_IO bees_NN2 particularly_RR when_CS they_PPHS2 're_VBR in_II the_AT pupal_JJ stage_NN1 ,_, when_CS they_PPHS2 are_VBR metamorphosing_VVG or_CC transforming_VVG from_II a_AT1 grub_NN1 to_II an_AT1 adult_NN1 ,_, they_PPHS2 ca_VM n't_XX move_VVI ,_, they_PPHS2 're_VBR sealed_VVN in_II their_APPGE little_JJ waxed_JJ cells_NN2 ;_; and_CC the_AT mite_NN1 is_VBZ sucking_VVG its_APPGE blood_NN1 and_CC the_AT bee_NN1 is_VBZ helpless_JJ ._. 
So_RR ,_, can_VM you_PPY imagine_VVI some_DD creature_NN1 on_II your_APPGE body_NN1 that_CST 's_VBZ about_II the_AT size_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 lobster_NN1 sucking_VVG your_APPGE blood_NN1 ,_, so_CS it_PPH1 's_VBZ a_AT1 very_RG serious_JJ pest_NN1 and_CC it_PPH1 's_VBZ particularly_RR a_AT1 pest_NN1 ,_, because_CS just_RR like_II mosquitoes_NN2 can_VM spread_VVI viruses_NN2 like_II yellow_JJ fever_NN1 as_CSA they_PPHS2 suck_VV0 blood_NN1 ,_, Varroa_NP1 mites_NN2 can_VM spread_VVI viruses_NN2 to_II bees_NN2 ._. 
Eighteen_MC different_JJ viruses_NN2 affect_VV0 bees_NN2 ._. 
So_RR the_AT thought_NN1 was_VBDZ maybe_RR Varroa_NP1 ,_, which_DDQ has_VHZ been_VBN here_RL in_II the_AT U.S._NP1 since_CS the_AT 1980s_MC2 ,_, brought_VVN in_II a_AT1 new_JJ virus_NN1 ._. 
And_CC sure_JJ enough_RR using_VVG molecular_JJ techniques_NN2 ,_, a_AT1 new_JJ virus_NN1 was_VBDZ discovered_VVN ._. 
It_PPH1 was_VBDZ called_VVN Israeli_JJ Acute_JJ Paralysis_NN1 Virus_NN1 ._. 
it_PPH1 's_VHZ only_RR been_VBN known_VVN since_II 2004_MC ;_; it_PPH1 was_VBDZ described_VVN in_II Israel_NP1 ._. 
But_CCB it_PPH1 was_VBDZ n't_XX quite_RG right_JJ ._. 
It_PPH1 's_VBZ called_VVN Paralysis_NN1 Virus_NN1 because_CS the_AT bees_NN2 are_VBR paralyzed_VVN ,_, but_CCB these_DD2 bees_NN2 were_VBDR n't_XX paralyzed_JJ --_NN1 they_PPHS2 were_VBDR gone_VVN ,_, they_PPHS2 disappeared_VVD ._. 
But_CCB it_PPH1 was_VBDZ found_VVN in_II 83_MC percent_NNU of_IO the_AT colonies_NN2 that_CST were_VBDR afflicted_VVN ._. 
However_RR ,_, biologists_NN2 went_VVD into_II their_APPGE freezers_NN2 and_CC collected_JJ samples_NN2 that_CST were_VBDR healthy_JJ from_II years_NNT2 before_II CCD_NP1 and_CC they_PPHS2 found_VVD this_DD1 virus_NN1 ._. 
So_RR it_PPH1 ca_VM n't_XX have_VHI been_VBN Israeli_JJ Acute_JJ Paralysis_NN1 Virus_NN1 unless_CS the_AT virus_NN1 mutated_VVD ,_, because_CS it_PPH1 's_VHZ been_VBN here_RL all_DB along_RP ,_, we_PPIS2 did_VDD n't_XX just_RR did_VDD n't_XX know_VVI it_PPH1 was_VBDZ here_RL ._. 
So_RR more_DAR investigation_NN1 with_IW more_DAR microscopes_NN2 turned_VVD up_RP another_DD1 disease_NN1 of_IO bees_NN2 ._. 
This_DD1 time_NNT1 it_PPH1 's_VBZ a_AT1 fungus_NN1 ._. 
There_EX are_VBR two_MC types_NN2 of_IO fungi_NN2 that_CST infect_VV0 bees_NN2 ._. 
They_PPHS2 're_VBR called_VVN nosema_NN1 ,_, and_CC Nosema_NP1 ceranae_NN2 is_VBZ a_AT1 new_JJ virus_NN1 that_CST 's_VHZ been_VBN here_RL since_II 1995_MC ;_; it_PPH1 basically_RR turns_VVZ the_AT bees_NN2 to_II goo_NN1 ._. 
And_CC they_PPHS2 found_VVD it_PPH1 in_II a_AT1 hundred_NNO percent_NNU of_IO the_AT sick_JJ colonies_NN2 ._. 
So_RR that_DD1 's_VBZ it_PPH1 ,_, right_RR ?_? 
No_UH ,_, it_PPH1 's_VBZ not_XX :_: They_PPHS2 found_VVD it_PPH1 in_II 81_MC percent_NNU of_IO the_AT healthy_JJ colonies_NN2 ._. 
So_RR the_AT first_MD few_DA2 months_NNT2 of_IO investigation_NN1 ,_, people_NN kept_VVD finding_VVG things_NN2 wrong_JJ with_IW bees_NN2 that_CST were_VBDR not_XX the_AT explanation_NN1 for_IF CCD_NP1 ._. 
But_CCB what_DDQ about_II pesticides_NN2 that_CST are_VBR used_VVN to_TO control_VVI those_DD2 mites_NN2 ?_? 
Beekeepers_NN2 have_VH0 been_VBN using_VVG pesticides_NN2 in_II the_AT hive_NN1 ._. 
A_AT1 pesticide_NN1 is_VBZ something_PN1 that_CST kills_VVZ an_AT1 undesirable_JJ organism_NN1 ,_, and_CC a_AT1 mite_NN1 ,_, is_VBZ very_RG closely_RR related_VVN to_II a_AT1 bee_NN1 ._. 
So_RR a_AT1 chemical_NN1 that_CST kills_VVZ a_AT1 mite_NN1 is_VBZ very_RG likely_JJ to_TO kill_VVI a_AT1 bee_NN1 ,_, too_RR ._. 
So_RR it_PPH1 's_VBZ very_RG hard_JJ to_TO find_VVI a_AT1 pesticide_NN1 that_CST kills_VVZ only_JJ mites_NN2 and_CC not_XX insects_NN2 ._. 
Mites_NN2 are_VBR arachnids_NN2 ,_, bees_NN2 are_VBR insects_NN2 ._. 
But_CCB they_PPHS2 use_VV0 one_MC1 pesticide_NN1 called_VVN Apistan_NN1 ;_; it_PPH1 's_VHZ been_VBN in_II the_AT hive_NN1 ,_, maybe_RR that_DD1 's_VBZ what_DDQ causing_VVG problems_NN2 --_NN1 they_PPHS2 are_VBR sensitive_JJ to_II the_AT pesticide_NN1 ._. 
Moreover_RR ,_, bees_NN2 fly_VV0 through_II all_DB kinds_NN2 of_IO agricultural_JJ fields_NN2 and_CC are_VBR exposed_VVN to_II all_DB kinds_NN2 of_IO pesticides_NN2 ._. 
Maybe_RR it_PPH1 was_VBDZ a_AT1 new_JJ pesticide_NN1 that_CST was_VBDZ causing_VVG these_DD2 problems_NN2 ._. 
And_CC in_II fact_NN1 there_EX is_VBZ a_AT1 new_JJ pesticide_NN1 ;_; it_PPH1 's_VBZ only_RR about_RG ten_MC years_NNT2 old_JJ ,_, a_AT1 group_NN1 called_VVN the_AT neonicotinoids_NN2 ._. 
Everyone_PN1 knows_VVZ what_DDQ nicotine_NN1 is_VBZ ,_, right_RR ?_? 
It_PPH1 's_VBZ in_II tobacco_NN1 ,_, it_PPH1 's_VBZ a_AT1 nerve_NN1 toxin_NN1 ,_, it_PPH1 's_VBZ a_AT1 neurotoxin_NN1 ._. 
Kids_NN2 :_: Do_VD0 n't_XX smoke_VVI ,_, it_PPH1 actually_RR screws_VVZ up_RP your_APPGE nervous_JJ system_NN1 ._. 
Well_RR that_DD1 's_VBZ what_DDQ this_DD1 new_JJ pesticide_NN1 did_VDD ,_, and_CC people_NN in_II France_NP1 ,_, beekeepers_NN2 in_II France_NP1 were_VBDR convinced_VVN that_CST this_DD1 was_VBDZ causing_VVG the_AT mysterious_JJ disappearances_NN2 of_IO bees_NN2 ._. 
It_PPH1 actually_RR causes_VVZ brain_NN1 damage_NN1 in_II bees_NN2 ._. 
It_PPH1 makes_VVZ them_PPHO2 forget_VVI ._. 
What_DDQ does_VDZ a_AT1 bee_NN1 have_VHI to_TO remember_VVI ?_? 
Well_RR the_AT way_NN1 home_RL among_II other_JJ things_NN2 ,_, So_CS the_AT bee_NN1 keepers_NN2 in_II France_NP1 were_VBDR absolutely_RR convinced_VVN it_PPH1 had_VHD to_TO be_VBI this_RG new_JJ pesticide_NN1 ,_, Imidacloprid_NP1 ._. 
It_PPH1 's_VHZ got_VVN a_AT1 long_JJ name_NN1 called_VVD Imidacloprid_NP1 ,_, and_CC they_PPHS2 banned_VVD it_PPH1 for_IF use_NN1 in_II sunflowers_NN2 ,_, a_AT1 big_JJ crop_NN1 in_II France_NP1 ._. 
Bees_NN2 love_VV0 sunflowers_NN2 ._. 
The_AT neonicotinoid_NN1 ,_, the_AT Imidacloprid_NN1 ,_, shows_VVZ up_RP in_II the_AT pollen_NN1 and_CC nectar_NN1 ._. 
The_AT French_JJ beekeepers_NN2 thought_VVD ,_, "_" That_DD1 's_VBZ how_RRQ they_PPHS2 are_VBR getting_VVG poisoned_JJ ;_; we_PPIS2 'll_VM ban_VVI this_DD1 pesticide_NN1 ._. "_" 
What_DDQ about_II in_II the_AT U.S._NP1 ?_? 
Well_RR France_NP1 banned_VVD the_AT pesticide_NN1 ;_; they_PPHS2 still_RR have_VH0 colonies_NN2 disappearing_VVG ._. 
Imidacloprid_NN1 has_VHZ been_VBN here_RL for_IF ten_MC years_NNT2 ._. 
Why_RRQ did_VDD n't_XX it_PPH1 cause_VVI disappearances_NN2 ?_? 
And_CC finally_RR ,_, when_CS chemists_NN2 started_VVD using_VVG another_DD1 forensic_JJ technique_NN1 ,_, a_AT1 machine_NN1 called_VVN a_AT1 GC_NP1 mass_JJ spect_NN1 ,_, Gas_NN1 Chromatograph_NN1 ,_, looking_VVG for_IF pesticide_NN1 residues_NN2 in_II the_AT afflicted_JJ colonies_NN2 ,_, they_PPHS2 found_VVD only_RR three_MC out_RP a_AT1 108_MC pollen_NN1 samples_NN2 with_IW this_DD1 chemical_NN1 that_CST was_VBDZ suspected_VVN ._. 
Well_RR that_DD1 ca_VM n't_XX be_VBI it_PPH1 either_RR ._. 
So_RR ,_, we_PPIS2 can_VM almost_RR just_RR21 about_RR22 rule_VVI out_RP the_AT Israeli_JJ Acute_JJ Paralysis_NN1 Virus_NN1 ,_, the_AT nosema_NN1 fungus_NN1 ,_, the_AT neonicotinoid_JJ pesticide_NN1 ._. 
Well_RR we_PPIS2 're_VBR narrowing_VVG things_NN2 down_RP ,_, but_CCB we_PPIS2 still_RR do_VD0 n't_XX know_VVI what_DDQ it_PPH1 is_VBZ ._. 
Well_RR in_II October_NPM1 2006_MC ,_, right_RR before_II colony_NN1 collapse_NN1 disorder_NN1 hit_VVD ,_, a_AT1 new_JJ tool_NN1 became_VVD available_JJ for_IF forensic_JJ investigation_NN1 and_CC that_DD1 's_VBZ the_AT honeybee_NN1 genome_NN1 ._. 
The_AT genome_NN1 is_VBZ the_AT genetic_JJ blueprint_NN1 ,_, the_AT DNA_NN1 instructions_NN2 for_IF making_VVG an_AT1 organism_NN1 ._. 
And_CC the_AT whole_JJ thing_NN1 ,_, all_DB 10,000_MC genes_NN2 in_II a_AT1 honeybee_NN1 genome_NN1 ,_, were_VBDR all_DB sequenced_JJ and_CC annotated_VVD and_CC available_JJ ._. 
So_RR this_DD1 is_VBZ my_APPGE student_NN1 Reed_NP1 Johnson_NP1 who_PNQS 's_VBZ the_AT first_MD person_NN1 to_TO use_VVI new_JJ molecular_JJ methods_NN2 to_TO find_VVI out_RP what_DDQ was_VBDZ going_VVG on_RP inside_II the_AT bees_NN2 by_II looking_VVG at_II their_APPGE genes_NN2 ._. 
And_CC he_PPHS1 used_VVD a_AT1 technique_NN1 called_VVN microarray_NN1 ,_, whole_JJ genome_NN1 microarray_NN1 ._. 
It_PPH1 's_VBZ a_AT1 little_JJ glass_NN1 slide_VV0 that_CST has_VHZ little_JJ dots_NN2 on_II it_PPH1 ,_, little_JJ dots_NN2 of_IO DNA_NN1 ._. 
Each_DD1 dot_NN1 corresponds_VVZ to_II one_MC1 gene_NN1 ._. 
Every_AT1 single_JJ gene_NN1 in_II the_AT honeybee_NN1 genome_NN1 is_VBZ on_II that_DD1 slide_NN1 ._. 
So_RR what_DDQ you_PPY can_VM do_VDI is_VBZ use_NN1 this_DD1 microarray_NN1 ,_, this_DD1 little_JJ array_NN1 ,_, to_TO see_VVI which_DDQ genes_NN2 are_VBR being_VBG turned_VVN on_RP and_CC which_DDQ are_VBR turned_VVN off_RP in_II the_AT honeybee_NN1 ._. 
It_PPH1 's_VBZ called_VVN gene_NN1 expression_NN1 --_NN1 whether_CSW a_AT1 gene_NN1 is_VBZ turned_VVN on_RP or_CC turned_VVD off_RP ._. 
The_AT idea_NN1 is_VBZ ,_, if_CS they_PPHS2 are_VBR exposed_VVN to_II a_AT1 pesticide_NN1 ,_, the_AT genes_NN2 that_CST code_NN1 for_IF enzymes_NN2 that_CST break_VV0 down_RP pesticides_NN2 will_VM be_VBI turned_VVN on_RP ._. 
If_CS they_PPHS2 're_VBR exposed_VVN to_II a_AT1 new_JJ disease_NN1 their_APPGE immune_JJ genes_NN2 will_VM be_VBI turned_VVN on_RP ,_, just_RR like_VV0 if_CS you_PPY 're_VBR exposed_VVN to_II a_AT1 disease_NN1 ,_, your_APPGE immune_JJ system_NN1 gets_VVZ activated_VVN ._. 
So_RR Reed_NP1 looked_VVD at_II the_AT microarray_NN1 of_IO healthy_JJ bees_NN2 and_CC sick_JJ bees_NN2 and_CC colony_NN1 collapse_NN1 disorder_NN1 bees_NN2 to_TO see_VVI if_CSW there_EX was_VBDZ a_AT1 difference_NN1 in_II which_DDQ genes_NN2 were_VBDR turned_VVN on_RP and_CC which_DDQ were_VBDR turned_VVN off_RP ._. 
He_PPHS1 compared_VVD healthy_JJ bees_NN2 ,_, and_CC that_DD1 was_VBDZ hard_JJ ;_; we_PPIS2 did_VDD n't_XX know_VVI where_RRQ the_AT healthy_JJ bees_NN2 were_VBDR ._. 
So_RR we_PPIS2 actually_RR had_VHD to_TO use_VVI bees_NN2 from_II the_AT freezer_NN1 from_II 2004_MC and_CC 2005_MC to_TO absolutely_RR know_VVI that_CST they_PPHS2 did_VDD n't_XX have_VHI CCD_NP1 ,_, because_CS there_EX was_VBDZ no_AT CCD_NP1 then_RT ._. 
He_PPHS1 ground_VVD them_PPHO2 up_RP ,_, extracted_VVD their_APPGE DNA_NN1 with_IW their_APPGE genetic_JJ material_NN1 ,_, and_CC looked_VVD to_TO see_VVI which_DDQ genes_NN2 were_VBDR turned_VVN on_RP and_CC which_DDQ were_VBDR turned_VVN off_RP ._. 
What_DDQ did_VDD we_PPIS2 find_VVI ?_? 
A_AT1 lot_NN1 of_IO genes_NN2 ._. 
So_RR we_PPIS2 looked_VVD for_IF the_AT genes_NN2 that_CST were_VBDR expressed_VVN differently_RR in_II healthy_JJ bees_NN2 and_CC in_II colony_NN1 collapse_NN1 disorder_NN1 bees_NN2 and_CC we_PPIS2 found_VVD a_AT1 mixture_NN1 ._. 
We_PPIS2 found_VVD that_CST some_DD other_JJ genes_NN2 for_IF detoxifying_VVG pesticides_NN2 were_VBDR turned_VVN on_RP ,_, some_DD were_VBDR turned_VVN off_RP ,_, some_DD of_IO the_AT genes_NN2 that_CST help_VV0 bees_NN2 fight_VVI off_RP pathogens_NN2 were_VBDR turned_VVN on_RP ,_, others_NN2 were_VBDR turned_VVN off_RP ._. 
And_CC the_AT biggest_JJT ,_, most_RGT definitive_JJ category_NN1 that_CST we_PPIS2 found_VVD clearly_RR associated_VVN with_IW colony_NN1 collapse_NN1 disorder_NN1 ,_, we_PPIS2 do_VD0 n't_XX know_VVI what_DDQ those_DD2 genes_NN2 do_VD0 ._. 
But_CCB we_PPIS2 know_VV0 that_CST they_PPHS2 are_VBR markers_NN2 for_IF the_AT disease_NN1 ,_, for_IF this_DD1 phenomenon_NN1 ,_, and_CC when_CS we_PPIS2 figure_VV0 out_RP what_DDQ those_DD2 genes_NN2 do_VD0 ,_, we_PPIS2 'll_VM know_VVI what_DDQ 's_VBZ causing_VVG colony_NN1 collapse_NN1 disorders_NN2 ._. 
So_RR ,_, we_PPIS2 have_VH0 n't_XX ruled_VVN out_RP any_DD of_IO the_AT possibilities_NN2 ,_, but_CCB now_RT we_PPIS2 do_VD0 have_VHI some_DD tools_NN2 ,_, some_DD molecular_JJ tools_NN2 we_PPIS2 can_VM use_VVI to_TO diagnose_VVI colony_NN1 collapse_NN1 disorder_NN1 ._. 
Now_RT anybody_PN1 who_PNQS watches_VVZ CSI_NP1 knows_VVZ that_CST Grissom_NP1 can_VM wrap_VVI these_DD2 things_NN2 up_RP in_II two_MC episodes_NN2 ,_, max_NN1 ._. 
So_RR here_RL we_PPIS2 are_VBR ,_, it_PPH1 's_VHZ been_VBN since_II October_NPM1 2006_MC ,_, and_CC we_PPIS2 still_RR do_VD0 n't_XX know_VVI exactly_RR know_VV0 what_DDQ 's_VBZ going_VVG on_RP ._. 
There_EX are_VBR lots_PN of_IO people_NN working_VVG on_II this_DD1 ._. 
We_PPIS2 have_VH0 the_AT genetic_JJ footprint_NN1 of_IO colony_NN1 collapse_NN1 disorder_NN1 ,_, and_CC we_PPIS2 're_VBR trying_VVG to_TO figure_VVI out_RP what_DDQ it_PPH1 is_VBZ ._. 
The_AT next_MD question_NN1 is_VBZ :_: How_RRQ can_VM you_PPY help_VVI ?_? 
How_RRQ can_VM you_PPY help_VVI stop_VVI these_DD2 losses_NN2 ._. 
Well_RR ,_, we_PPIS2 plant_VV0 acres_NNU2 and_CC acres_NNU2 and_CC acres_NNU2 of_IO one_MC1 particular_JJ crop_NN1 ._. 
Bees_NN2 are_VBR used_JJ to_II going_VVG from_II one_MC1 flower_NN1 to_II another_DD1 ;_; they_PPHS2 feed_VV0 on_II hundreds_NNO2 of_IO different_JJ flowers_NN2 ._. 
We_PPIS2 've_VH0 changed_VVN the_AT landscape_NN1 so_RR and_CC kept_VVN things_NN2 so_RG free_JJ of_IO weeds_NN2 ,_, there_EX 's_VBZ nothing_PN1 for_IF them_PPHO2 to_TO eat_VVI ._. 
So_RR one_MC1 thing_NN1 you_PPY can_VM do_VDI is_VBZ plant_NN1 a_AT1 garden_NN1 ,_, plant_NN1 flowers_NN2 ,_, plant_NN1 food_NN1 for_IF the_AT bees_NN2 ._. 
Another_DD1 thing_NN1 you_PPY can_VM do_VDI is_VBZ do_VDI n't_XX be_VBI afraid_JJ ._. 
People_NN have_VH0 very_RG mixed_VVN feelings_NN2 about_II bees_NN2 ._. 
Yes_UH at_II one_MC1 end_NN1 there_EX is_VBZ a_AT1 stinger_NN1 ;_; yes_UH ,_, they_PPHS2 can_VM sting_VVI if_CSW you_PPY disturb_VV0 their_APPGE hive_NN1 --_NN1 that_CST 's_VBZ the_AT only_JJ reason_NN1 they_PPHS2 'll_VM sting_VVI or_CC ,_, if_CS you_PPY step_VV0 on_II them_PPHO2 by_II accident_NN1 ._. 
But_CCB each_DD1 bee_NN1 can_VM sting_VVI only_RR once_RR ;_; then_RT she_PPHS1 dies_VVZ ._. 
They_PPHS2 're_VBR not_XX particularly_RR anxious_JJ to_TO inflict_VVI pain_NN1 on_II you_PPY ._. 
They_PPHS2 will_VM be_VBI perfectly_RR happy_JJ if_CS you_PPY go_VV0 away_RL ._. 
Learn_VV0 to_TO appreciate_VVI bees_NN2 ,_, just_RR keep_VV0 your_APPGE distance_NN1 ,_, they_PPHS2 wo_VM n't_XX bother_VVI you_PPY if_CS you_PPY do_VD0 n't_XX bother_VVI them_PPHO2 ._. 
And_CC if_CS you_PPY look_VV0 at_II them_PPHO2 as_CSA your_APPGE allies_NN2 and_CC not_XX as_CSA your_APPGE enemy_NN1 that_CST also_RR will_VM help_VVI the_AT bees_NN2 ._. 
Finally_RR ,_, you_PPY could_VM be_VBI a_AT1 beekeeper_NN1 ._. 
It_PPH1 's_VBZ not_XX so_RG hard_JJ ,_, universities_NN2 all_DB across_II the_AT country_NN1 offer_NN1 courses_NN2 ;_; you_PPY can_VM order_VVI the_AT materials_NN2 ,_, and_CC you_PPY can_VM be_VBI the_AT first_MD person_NN1 on_II your_APPGE block_NN1 to_TO have_VHI 30,000_MC pets_NN2 ._. 
