TRAUMA_NN1 ,_, EXPOSURE_NN1 ,_, AND_CC WORLD_NN1 RECONSTRUCTION_NN1 In_II posttraumatic_JJ stress_NN1 disorder_NN1 ,_, a_AT1 traumatic_JJ event_NN1 (_( or_CC series_NN of_IO events_NN2 )_) very_RG suddenly_RR ushers_VVZ the_AT individual_NN1 into_II a_AT1 new_JJ world_NN1 ._. 
Typically_RR ,_, the_AT individual_NN1 has_VHZ ,_, to_II that_DD1 point_NN1 ,_, inhabited_VVD a_AT1 world_NN1 marked_VVN for_RR41 the_RR42 most_RR43 part_RR44 by_II characteristics_NN2 of_IO safety_NN1 ,_, predictability_NN1 ,_, and_CC controllability_NN1 ._. 
In_II this_DD1 world_NN1 ,_, the_AT possibility_NN1 of_IO such_DA things_NN2 as_CSA cars_NN2 suddenly_RR careening_VVG into_II one_MC1 ,_, dates_NN2 assaulting_VVG one_PN1 sexually_RR ,_, or_CC flood_VV0 waters_NN2 rushing_VVG down_RP upon_II one_PN1 seemed_VVD remote_JJ ,_, warranting_VVG little_JJ attention_NN1 beyond_II elementary_JJ precautions_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 locking_VVG one_PN1 's_GE door_NN1 and_CC driving_VVG carefully_RR ._. 
If_CS distressing_JJ events_NN2 threatened_VVD ,_, the_AT sense_NN1 was_VBDZ that_CST one_PN1 could_VM probably_RR handle_VVI them_PPHO2 --_JJ get_VV0 out_II21 of_II22 the_AT way_NN1 in_II time_NNT1 ,_, verbally_RR or_CC physically_RR deal_VV0 with_IW the_AT threatening_JJ rapist_NN1 ,_, and_RR31 so_RR32 forth_RR33 ._. 
Thus_RR ,_, the_AT old_JJ world_NN1 was_VBDZ habitable_JJ ,_, viable_JJ ,_, comfortably_RR livable_JJ in_II these_DD2 senses_NN2 ._. 
With_IW an_AT1 implicit_JJ sense_NN1 of_IO trust_NN1 in_II it_PPH1 ,_, one_PN1 could_VM largely_RR forget_VVI it_PPH1 and_CC safely_RR focus_VVI one_PN1 's_GE attention_NN1 on_II the_AT many_DA2 relationships_NN2 ,_, duties_NN2 ,_, pastimes_NN2 ,_, joys_NN2 ,_, and_CC sorrows_NN2 occupying_VVG center_NN1 stage_NN1 in_II one_PN1 's_GE world_NN1 ._. 
The_AT traumatic_JJ event_NN1 radically_RR transforms_VVZ this_DD1 world_NN1 ._. 
Like_II the_AT sudden_JJ announcement_NN1 of_IO imminent_JJ atomic_JJ holocaust_NN1 ,_, it_PPH1 takes_VVZ over_II the_AT person_NN1 's_GE whole_JJ world_NN1 and_CC thrusts_VVZ other_JJ parts_NN2 of_IO that_DD1 world_NN1 to_II the_AT periphery_NN1 ._. 
This_DD1 transformed_JJ world_NN1 ,_, in_II contrast_NN1 with_IW the_AT old_JJ one_PN1 ,_, is_VBZ precisely_RR unsafe_JJ ,_, unpredictable_JJ ,_, and_CC uncontrollable_JJ ._. 
The_AT individual_NN1 has_VHZ drawn_VVN the_AT "_" lesson_NN1 "_" from_II the_AT traumatic_JJ event_NN1 that_CST catastrophic_JJ things_NN2 can_VM happen_VVI to_II him_PPHO1 or_CC her_PPHO1 ,_, and_CC that_CST when_CS they_PPHS2 do_VD0 ,_, there_EX may_VM be_VBI no_AT way_NN1 to_TO see_VVI them_PPHO2 coming_VVG and_CC no_AT way_NN1 to_TO master_VVI or_CC to_TO prevail_VVI over_II their_APPGE overwhelming_JJ power_NN1 ._. 
Further_RRR ,_, the_AT lesson_NN1 is_VBZ that_CST this_DD1 is_VBZ the_AT way_NN1 the_AT world_NN1 is_VBZ ,_, not_XX was_VBDZ ,_, for_IF a_AT1 now_RT past_RL ,_, brief_JJ ,_, anomalous_JJ moment_NN1 in_II time_NNT1 ._. 
The_AT sense_NN1 is_VBZ not_XX of_IO something_PN1 past_RL ,_, but_CCB of_IO something_PN1 present_JJ :_: the_AT new_JJ world_NN1 is_VBZ one_PN1 in_II which_DDQ such_DA things_NN2 do_VD0 happen_VVI and_CC in_II which_DDQ their_APPGE recurrence_NN1 represents_VVZ an_AT1 ever-present_JJ danger_NN1 ._. 
The_AT central_JJ purpose_NN1 of_IO this_DD1 article_NN1 is_VBZ to_TO develop_VVI the_AT many_DA2 advantages_NN2 and_CC implications_NN2 of_IO conceptualizing_VVG trauma_NN1 in_II31 terms_II32 of_II33 such_DA devastating_JJ transformations_NN2 to_II patients_NN2 '_GE conceptions_NN2 of_IO their_APPGE worlds_NN2 ,_, conceived_VVD here_RL as_II the_AT total_JJ psychological_JJ environments_NN2 within_II which_DDQ they_PPHS2 conduct_VV0 their_APPGE lives_NN2 (_( Bergner_NP1 ,_, 2005_MC )_) ._. 
The_AT article_NN1 includes_VVZ (_( 1_MC1 )_) an_AT1 analysis_NN1 of_IO how_RRQ this_DD1 view_NN1 renders_VVZ the_AT symptoms_NN2 of_IO PTSD_NP1 intelligible_JJ ,_, (_( 2_MC )_) a_AT1 demonstration_NN1 of_IO how_RRQ it_PPH1 integrates_VVZ research_NN1 findings_NN2 on_II who_PNQS is_VBZ most_RGT vulnerable_JJ to_II PTSD_NP1 ,_, (_( 3_MC )_) a_AT1 critique_NN1 of_IO the_AT currently_RR dominant_JJ "_" reprocessing_NN1 of_IO maladaptive_JJ memory_NN1 structures_VVZ "_" accounts_NN2 of_IO how_RRQ exposure_NN1 therapy_NN1 works_VVZ ,_, and_CC (_( 4_MC )_) a_AT1 reconceptualization_NN1 of_IO how_RRQ exposure_NN1 therapies_NN2 achieve_VV0 their_APPGE salutary_JJ results_NN2 ._. 
This_DD1 work_NN1 has_VHZ its_APPGE origins_NN2 in_II a_AT1 general_JJ approach_NN1 to_II psychology_NN1 known_VVN as_II Descriptive_JJ Psychology_NN1 (_( Ossorio_NP1 ,_, 1995_MC ,_, 2006_MC )_) ,_, and_CC within_II this_DD1 broader_JJR framework_NN1 ,_, an_AT1 approach_NN1 to_II psychotherapy_NN1 known_VVN as_II Status_NN1 Dynamics_NN (_( Ossorio_NP1 ,_, 1997_MC ;_; Bergner_NP1 ,_, 1999_MC ,_, 2005_MC ,_, 2007_MC )_) ._. 
WORLDS_NN2 ACCOUNT_NN1 MAKES_VVZ SENSE_NN1 OF_IO SYMPTOMS_NN2 In_II the_AT transformed_JJ world_NN1 described_VVN above_RL ,_, the_AT classical_JJ symptoms_NN2 of_IO PTSD_NP1 make_VV0 eminent_JJ sense_NN1 ._. 
The_AT individual_NN1 ,_, living_VVG in_II a_AT1 state_NN1 of_IO constant_JJ expectation_NN1 of_IO and_CC vigilance_NN1 for_IF a_AT1 return_NN1 of_IO the_AT dreaded_JJ event(s)_NN2 ,_, is_VBZ chronically_RR anxious_JJ ._. 
Given_VVN the_AT desperate_JJ need_NN1 to_TO avoid_VVI further_JJR confrontation_NN1 with_IW such_DA an_AT1 event_NN1 ,_, he_PPHS1 or_CC she_PPHS1 tries_VVZ strenuously_RR to_TO avoid_VVI situations_NN2 reminiscent_JJ of_IO it_PPH1 ,_, and_CC even_RR to_TO suppress_VVI all_DB thoughts_NN2 or_CC images_NN2 of_IO this_DD1 event_NN1 ._. 
However_RR ,_, this_DD1 attempted_JJ suppression_NN1 ,_, coupled_VVN with_IW the_AT need_NN1 to_TO somehow_RR come_VVI to_II terms_NN2 with_IW such_DA a_AT1 dangerous_JJ presence_NN1 in_II one_PN1 's_GE world_NN1 ,_, results_NN2 in_II a_AT1 kind_NN1 of_IO "_" return_NN1 of_IO the_AT suppressed_JJ "_" in_II which_DDQ self_NN1 is_VBZ compelled_VVN to_TO relive_VVI the_AT event_NN1 in_II reveries_NN2 ,_, dreams_NN2 ,_, and_CC even_RR flashbacks_NN2 ._. 
Further_RRR ,_, the_AT individual_NN1 is_VBZ so_RR consumed_VVN by_II the_AT ever-present_JJ ,_, life-and-death_JJ danger_NN1 that_CST nothing_PN1 else_RR matters_NN2 ,_, leaving_VVG him_PPHO1 or_CC her_PPHO1 emotionally_RR numb_JJ to_II life_NN1 's_GE other_JJ joys_NN2 and_CC sorrows_NN2 ._. 
Finally_RR ,_, when_CS something_PN1 in_II a_AT1 person_NN1 's_GE world_NN1 constitutes_VVZ such_DA an_AT1 enormous_JJ unthinkable_JJ threat_NN1 ,_, it_PPH1 creates_VVZ a_AT1 sense_NN1 ,_, not_XX of_IO danger_NN1 past_RL ,_, but_CCB of_IO danger_NN1 present_NN1 ._. 
By_II31 way_II32 of_II33 analogy_NN1 ,_, consider_VV0 a_AT1 bicycle_NN1 messenger_NN1 who_PNQS is_VBZ given_VVN a_AT1 million_NNO dollars_NNU2 in_II an_AT1 envelope_NN1 and_CC instructed_VVD to_TO transport_VVI it_PPH1 to_II a_AT1 bank_NN1 across_II town_NN1 ._. 
No_RGQV31 matter_RGQV32 how_RGQV33 slight_JJ he_PPHS1 might_VM logically_RR estimate_VVI the_AT danger_NN1 of_IO losing_VVG this_DD1 money_NN1 to_TO be_VBI ,_, the_AT magnitude_NN1 of_IO what_DDQ is_VBZ at_II stake_NN1 --_NN1 of_IO what_DDQ must_VM not_XX happen_VVI at_II all_DB costs_NN2 --_NN1 creates_VVZ a_AT1 powerful_JJ sense_NN1 of_IO present_JJ threat_NN1 ._. 
Likewise_RR ,_, when_CS unthinkable_JJ and_CC unfaceable_JJ dangers_NN2 have_VH0 entered_VVN the_AT posttraumatic_JJ patient_NN1 's_GE world_NN1 ,_, logic_NN1 and_CC probabilities_NN2 matter_VV0 little_RR ;_; what_DDQ is_VBZ at_II stake_NN1 is_VBZ the_AT possible_JJ reoccurrence_NN1 of_IO the_AT unthinkable_JJ ,_, and_CC such_DA circumstances_NN2 call_VV0 for_IF constant_JJ fear_NN1 and_CC vigilance_NN1 ._. 
The_AT posttraumatic_JJ world_NN1 is_VBZ one_PN1 in_II which_DDQ the_AT traumatized_JJ find_VV0 it_PPH1 extremely_RR difficult_JJ to_TO live_VVI ,_, and_CC one_PN1 from_II which_DDQ many_DA2 retreat_NN1 into_II a_AT1 highly_RR restricted_VVN ,_, safety_NN1 dominated_VVD ,_, anxiety_NN1 ridden_VVN existence_NN1 ._. 
Third_MD ,_, a_AT1 number_NN1 of_IO studies_NN2 on_II vulnerability_NN1 to_II PTSD_NP1 have_VH0 indicated_VVN that_CST the_AT greater_JJR the_AT immediate_JJ ,_, overwhelming_JJ ,_, and_CC life-threatening_JJ nature_NN1 of_IO the_AT traumatic_JJ event_NN1 ,_, the_AT greater_JJR the_AT likelihood_NN1 that_CST those_DD2 exposed_VVN to_II it_PPH1 will_VM suffer_VVI PTSD_NP1 in_II its_APPGE aftermath_NN1 (_( Hoge_NP1 ,_, Castro_NP1 ,_, Messer_NP1 ,_, McGurk_NP1 ,_, Cutting_VVG ,_, &;_NULL Koffman_NP1 ,_, 2004_MC )_) ._. 
Those_DD2 who_PNQS personally_RR witness_VV0 horrific_JJ events_NN2 involving_VVG such_DA things_NN2 as_CSA the_AT deaths_NN2 or_CC mutilations_NN2 of_IO loved_JJ ones_NN2 ,_, and/or_CC who_PNQS believe_VV0 that_CST they_PPHS2 themselves_PPX2 will_VM very_RG likely_RR perish_VVI ,_, are_VBR on_II average_NN1 more_RGR likely_JJ to_TO contract_VVI PTSD_NP1 than_CSN those_DD2 exposed_VVN to_II lesser_JJ disasters_NN2 ,_, more_RGR distant_JJ ones_NN2 ,_, or_CC ones_NN2 involving_VVG little_JJ risk_NN1 of_IO their_APPGE own_DA death_NN1 ._. 
If_CS a_AT1 situation_NN1 is_VBZ overwhelming_JJ ,_, catastrophic_JJ ,_, and_CC life_NN1 threatening_VVG enough_DD --_NN1 a_AT1 combat_NN1 situation_NN1 ,_, a_AT1 civilian_JJ war_NN1 zone_NN1 ,_, a_AT1 plane_NN1 crash_NN1 ,_, etc._RA --_JJ few_DA2 people_NN enter_VV0 with_IW worlds_NN2 that_CST can_VM accommodate_VVI them_PPHO2 ._. 
Such_DA events_NN2 ,_, such_DA horror_NN1 ,_, such_DA mutilation_NN1 and_CC death_NN1 ,_, are_VBR too_RG far_RR beyond_II the_AT pale_JJ for_IF a_AT1 great_JJ many_DA2 people_NN ,_, regardless_RR of_IO their_APPGE previous_JJ worlds_NN2 ._. 
Their_APPGE old_JJ worlds_NN2 are_VBR at_II high_JJ risk_NN1 of_IO being_VBG shattered_VVN ;_; the_AT unthinkable_JJ has_VHZ entered_VVN them_PPHO2 ._. 
Fourth_MD and_CC finally_RR ,_, a_AT1 number_NN1 of_IO studies_NN2 have_VH0 demonstrated_VVN that_CST following_VVG a_AT1 traumatic_JJ event_NN1 ,_, those_DD2 who_PNQS are_VBR able_JK to_TO find_VVI some_DD sense_NN1 or_CC meaning_VVG in_II the_AT event_NN1 do_VD0 better_RRR than_CSN those_DD2 who_PNQS are_VBR unable_JK to_TO do_VDI so_RR (_( Nolen-Hoeksema_NP1 &;_NULL Larson_NP1 ,_, 1999_MC )_) ._. 
For_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, those_DD2 with_IW a_AT1 religious_JJ outlook_NN1 who_PNQS are_VBR able_JK to_TO believe_VVI that_CST God_NP1 must_VM have_VHI had_VHN a_AT1 purpose_NN1 for_IF taking_VVG their_APPGE loved_JJ one_PN1 ,_, and_CC that_CST they_PPHS2 will_VM ultimately_RR be_VBI reunited_VVN with_IW that_DD1 loved_VVD one_PN1 in_II heaven_NN1 ,_, are_VBR at_II reduced_JJ risk_NN1 for_IF contracting_VVG PTSD_NP1 ._. 
Again_RT paraphrasing_VVG this_DD1 in_II31 terms_II32 of_II33 a_AT1 worlds_NN2 point_NN1 of_IO view_NN1 ,_, we_PPIS2 can_VM say_VVI that_CST such_DA persons_NN2 lived_VVN from_II the_AT outset_NN1 in_II a_AT1 world_NN1 that_CST could_VM better_RRR accommodate_VVI their_APPGE loss_NN1 ._. 
Further_RRR ,_, whatever_DDQV their_APPGE worlds_NN2 prior_II21 to_II22 the_AT traumatic_JJ event_NN1 ,_, if_CS in_II its_APPGE aftermath_NN1 they_PPHS2 are_VBR able_JK to_TO construct_VVI a_AT1 new_JJ and_CC more_RGR accomodative_JJ one_PN1 ,_, they_PPHS2 are_VBR more_RGR likely_JJ to_TO recover_VVI from_II PTSD_NP1 ._. 
PSYCHOTHERAPY_NP1 FOR_IF PTSD_NP1 For_IF individuals_NN2 with_IW PTSD_NP1 the_AT primary_JJ obstacle_NN1 to_II recovery_NN1 is_VBZ the_AT ongoing_JJ presence_NN1 in_II their_APPGE now_RT transformed_VVD worlds_NN2 of_IO something_PN1 that_CST ,_, like_II atomic_JJ holocaust_NN1 ,_, has_VHZ the_AT status_NN1 of_IO the_AT unthinkable_JJ and_CC unfaceable_JJ ._. 
Accordingly_RR ,_, the_AT preferred_JJ therapeutic_JJ goal_NN1 is_VBZ that_DD1 of_IO assisting_VVG these_DD2 victims_NN2 to_TO reconstruct_VVI their_APPGE worlds_NN2 in_II such_DA a_AT1 way_NN1 that_CST they_PPHS2 can_VM accommodate_VVI these_DD2 unthinkables_NN2 ._. 
The_AT goal_NN1 is_VBZ to_TO help_VVI them_PPHO2 ,_, one_PN1 might_VM say_VVI ,_, to_TO make_VVI the_AT unthinkable_JJ thinkable_JJ ._. 
A_ZZ1 now_RT substantial_JJ body_NN1 of_IO research_NN1 suggests_VVZ that_CST some_DD of_IO the_AT most_RGT effective_JJ therapies_NN2 for_IF posttraumatic_JJ stress_NN1 disorder_NN1 are_VBR the_AT various_JJ exposure_NN1 therapies_NN2 (_( Foa_NP1 &;_NULL Jaycox_NP1 ,_, 1999_MC ;_; Keane_NP1 &;_NULL Barlow_NP1 ,_, 2002_MC ;_; Resick_NP1 &;_NULL Calhoun_NP1 ,_, 2001_MC ;_; Davidson_NP1 &;_NULL Parker_NP1 ,_, 2001_MC )_) ._. 
In_II these_DD2 therapies_NN2 ,_, whether_CSW in_II the_AT form_NN1 of_IO systematic_JJ desensitization_NN1 ,_, in_JJ21 vivo_JJ22 exposure_NN1 ,_, flooding_NN1 ,_, or_CC eye_NN1 movement_NN1 desensitization_NN1 and_CC reprocessing_NN1 ,_, the_AT patient_NN1 is_VBZ made_VVN to_TO re-experience_VVI the_AT traumatic_JJ event(s)_NN2 in_II some_DD safe_JJ ,_, controlled_VVN and_CC established_JJ manner_NN1 ._. 
This_DD1 section_NN1 presents_NN2 (_( 1_MC1 )_) a_AT1 case_NN1 illustration_NN1 describing_VVG the_AT relatively_RR standard_JJ ,_, and_CC ultimately_RR successful_JJ ,_, use_NN1 of_IO exposure_NN1 therapy_NN1 with_IW a_AT1 patient_NN1 ;_; (_( 2_MC )_) a_AT1 listing_NN1 of_IO the_AT various_JJ dements_NN2 contained_VVN in_II this_DD1 therapy_NN1 ;_; (_( 3_MC )_) a_AT1 critique_NN1 of_IO the_AT currently_RR prevailing_JJ memory_NN1 processing_NN1 accounts_VVZ for_IF explaining_VVG the_AT positive_JJ outcomes_NN2 obtained_VVN with_IW exposure_NN1 therapy_NN1 ;_; and_CC (_( 4_MC )_) an_AT1 alternative_JJ account_NN1 of_IO these_DD2 outcomes_NN2 in_II31 terms_II32 of_II33 world_NN1 reconstruction_NN1 ._. 
In_II this_DD1 account_NN1 ,_, I_PPIS1 will_VM argue_VVI that_RG far_RR more_DAR than_CSN just_RR the_AT exposure_NN1 element_NN1 is_VBZ critical_JJ to_II the_AT success_NN1 of_IO these_DD2 therapies_NN2 ._. 
The_AT exposure_NN1 element_NN1 From_II a_AT1 worlds_NN2 point_NN1 of_IO view_NN1 ,_, what_DDQ EMDR_VV0 and_CC other_JJ exposure_NN1 therapies_NN2 provide_VV0 are_VBR vehicles_NN2 that_CST enable_VV0 the_AT patient_NN1 ,_, assured_VVD of_IO the_AT competence_NN1 of_IO the_AT therapist_NN1 and_CC the_AT safety_NN1 and_CC efficacy_NN1 of_IO the_AT procedure_NN1 ,_, to_TO look_VVI squarely_RR at_II what_DDQ had_VHD previously_RR been_VBN the_AT unthinkable_JJ and_CC to_TO reconsider_VVI its_APPGE status_NN1 as_II the_AT unthinkable_JJ ._. 
The_AT patient_NN1 is_VBZ typically_RR able_JJ ,_, under_II these_DD2 conditions_NN2 ,_, to_TO overcome_VVI his_APPGE or_CC her_APPGE immediate_JJ impulse_NN1 to_TO flee_VVI the_AT terrifying_JJ images_NN2 and_CC thoughts_NN2 ,_, and_CC instead_RR to_TO look_VVI squarely_RR at_II them_PPHO2 --_JJ to_TO "_" face_VVI them_PPHO2 down_RP "_" as_RR31 it_RR32 were_RR33 ._. 
Further_RRR ,_, particularly_RR in_II EMDR_NP1 ,_, an_AT1 arresting_JJ ,_, soothing_JJ ,_, and_CC slightly_RR emotionally_RR distancing_VVG accompaniment_NN1 to_II this_DD1 is_VBZ the_AT following_JJ of_IO the_AT therapist_NN1 's_GE hand_NN1 movements_NN2 and_CC voice_NN1 intonations_NN2 ._. 
Under_II these_DD2 carefully_RR implemented_VVN conditions_NN2 ,_, patients_NN2 are_VBR able_JK to_TO entertain_VVI images_NN2 of_IO the_AT traumatic_JJ events_NN2 or_CC circumstances_NN2 and_CC to_TO remove_VVI them_PPHO2 from_II the_AT realms_NN2 of_IO the_AT unthinkable_JJ and_CC unfaceable_JJ ._. 
This_DD1 is_VBZ so_RG both_RR for_IF cases_NN2 involving_VVG vivid_JJ sensory_JJ images_NN2 and_CC for_IF those_DD2 not_XX involving_VVG such_DA images_NN2 such_DA as_CSA those_DD2 cited_VVN previously_RR ._. 
On_II the_AT present_JJ view_NN1 ,_, what_DDQ occurs_VVZ in_II exposure_NN1 therapy_NN1 is_VBZ best_RRT conceived_VVN ,_, not_XX as_II the_AT reprocessing_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 memory_NN1 structure_NN1 ,_, but_CCB as_CSA very_RG much_RR the_AT same_DA kind_NN1 of_IO thing_NN1 that_CST occurs_VVZ in_II the_AT treatment_NN1 of_IO persons_NN2 with_IW pathological_JJ grief_NN1 reactions_NN2 ._. 
In_II this_DD1 treatment_NN1 ,_, a_AT1 common_JJ procedure_NN1 is_VBZ one_PN1 wherein_RRQ the_AT patient_NN1 's_GE denial_NN1 is_VBZ addressed_VVN by_II a_AT1 therapist_NN1 consistently_RR but_CCB carefully_RR urging_VVG him_PPHO1 or_CC her_PPHO1 to_TO fully_RR recognize_VVI the_AT reality_NN1 of_IO the_AT loss_NN1 (_( Worden_NP1 ,_, 2002_MC )_) ._. 
Like_II PTSD_NP1 sufferers_NN2 ,_, these_DD2 persons_NN2 are_VBR confronted_VVN with_IW a_AT1 new_JJ world_NN1 where_CS the_AT unthinkable_JJ has_VHZ occurred_VVN ._. 
In_II the_AT aftermath_NN1 ,_, they_PPHS2 find_VV0 themselves_PPX2 unable_JK to_TO fully_RR recognize_VVI the_AT reality_NN1 that_CST the_AT deceased_NN1 is_VBZ gone_VVN since_CS such_DA recognition_NN1 ,_, they_PPHS2 sense_VV0 ,_, would_VM leave_VVI them_PPHO2 nowhere_RL --_NN1 would_VM leave_VVI them_PPHO2 ,_, in_II other_JJ words_NN2 ,_, in_II an_AT1 impossible_JJ world_NN1 where_CS they_PPHS2 can_VM not_XX see_VVI how_RRQ they_PPHS2 could_VM survive_VVI (_( Bergner_NP1 ,_, 2005_MC )_) ._. 
The_AT job_NN1 of_IO the_AT therapist_NN1 becomes_VVZ one_PN1 ,_, then_RT ,_, of_IO helping_VVG them_PPHO2 to_TO come_VVI full_JJ face_NN1 with_IW the_AT reality_NN1 of_IO their_APPGE loss_NN1 and_CC to_TO create_VVI a_AT1 reconstructed_JJ world_NN1 where_CS they_PPHS2 can_VM not_XX only_RR go_VVI on_RP ,_, but_CCB can_VM have_VHI a_AT1 viable_JJ and_CC meaningful_JJ future_NN1 ._. 
The_AT therapist_NN1 knows_VVZ ,_, indeed_RR seems_VVZ to_TO take_VVI it_PPH1 as_II a_AT1 matter_NN1 of_RR21 course_RR22 ,_, that_CST there_EX is_VBZ nothing_PN1 here_RL in_II the_AT nature_NN1 of_IO blame_NN1 ._. 
That_DD1 rape_NN1 was_VBDZ not_XX my_APPGE fault_NN1 ._. 
I_PPIS1 'm_VBM not_XX a_AT1 weak_JJ ,_, blameworthy_JJ person_NN1 for_IF having_VHG this_DD1 reaction_NN1 to_TO combat_VVI ._. 
Others_NN2 who_PNQS have_VH0 experienced_VVN traumas_NN2 in_II their_APPGE pasts_NN2 --_NN1 perhaps_RR very_RG distant_JJ pasts_NN2 --_NN1 have_VH0 found_VVN themselves_PPX2 with_IW these_DD2 symptoms_NN2 decades_NNT2 later_RRR ._. 
This_DD1 is_VBZ the_AT nature_NN1 of_IO the_AT beast_NN1 ;_; it_PPH1 is_VBZ not_XX reason_NN1 to_TO blame_VVI myself_PPX1 for_IF being_VBG weak_JJ ._. 
Blame_NN1 does_VDZ not_XX seem_VVI to_TO be_VBI anywhere_RL in_II the_AT picture_NN1 here_RL ._. 
In_II these_DD2 and_CC other_JJ ways_NN2 ,_, the_AT therapist_NN1 can_VM usher_VVI patients_NN2 into_II a_AT1 reconstructed_JJ world_NN1 :_: a_AT1 world_NN1 where_CS the_AT awful_JJ events_NN2 are_VBR thinkable_JJ and_CC faceable_JJ ,_, where_CS they_PPHS2 make_VV0 sense_NN1 ,_, where_CS these_DD2 persons_NN2 have_VH0 the_AT status_NN1 of_IO one_PN1 who_PNQS has_VHZ come_VVN through_II a_AT1 terrible_JJ ordeal_NN1 and_CC emerged_VVD a_AT1 survivor_NN1 in_II the_AT human_JJ community_NN1 ,_, where_CS the_AT event_NN1 is_VBZ firmly_RR removed_VVN from_II the_AT present_NN1 and_CC placed_VVN in_II the_AT past_NN1 ,_, where_CS the_AT remote_JJ possibility_NN1 of_IO its_APPGE recurrence_NN1 is_VBZ something_PN1 they_PPHS2 can_VM live_VVI with_IW ,_, and_CC where_CS it_PPH1 is_VBZ something_PN1 that_CST others_NN2 have_VH0 gone_VVN through_RP and_CC not_XX only_RR survived_VVN but_CCB grown_VVN stronger_JJR ._. 
It_PPH1 may_VM be_VBI noted_VVN that_CST these_DD2 considerations_NN2 may_VM render_VVI intelligible_JJ the_AT empirical_JJ finding_NN1 that_CST social_JJ support_NN1 in_II the_AT wake_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 traumatic_JJ experience_NN1 is_VBZ conducive_JJ to_II more_RGR positive_JJ outcomes_NN2 (_( Shalev_NP1 ,_, Tuval-Mashiach_NP1 ,_, &;_NULL Hadar_NP1 ,_, 2004_MC )_) ._. 
In_II cases_NN2 where_RRQ the_AT patient_NN1 has_VHZ such_DA support_NN1 ,_, the_AT sorts_NN2 of_IO benefits_NN2 in_II31 terms_II32 of_II33 not_XX being_VBG alone_JJ with_IW the_AT problem_NN1 ,_, greater_JJR understanding_NN1 ,_, enhanced_JJ empathy_NN1 ,_, and_CC lessened_JJ self-blame_NN1 may_VM be_VBI realized_VVN to_II some_DD degree_NN1 by_II the_AT individual_NN1 's_GE social_JJ network_NN1 ._. 
CONCLUSION_NN1 The_AT central_JJ contention_NN1 of_IO this_DD1 article_NN1 has_VHZ been_VBN that_DD1 human_JJ trauma_NN1 is_VBZ best_JJT ,_, most_RGT coherently_RR ,_, and_CC most_RGT consistently_RR with_IW the_AT empirical_JJ evidence_NN1 ,_, viewed_VVN as_II a_AT1 state_NN1 of_IO affairs_NN2 in_II which_DDQ persons_NN2 ,_, as_CSA the_AT result_NN1 of_IO certain_JJ life_NN1 experiences_NN2 ,_, reconstruct_VV0 their_APPGE worlds_NN2 in_II highly_RR debilitating_JJ ways_NN2 ._. 
In_II the_AT article_NN1 ,_, I_PPIS1 have_VH0 attempted_VVN to_TO demonstrate_VVI how_RRQ this_DD1 view_NN1 (_( 1_MC1 )_) renders_VVZ the_AT symptoms_NN2 of_IO PTSD_NP1 intelligible_JJ ,_, (_( 2_MC )_) integrates_VVZ research_NN1 findings_NN2 on_II who_PNQS is_VBZ most_RGT vulnerable_JJ to_II PTSD_NP1 ,_, (_( 3_MC )_) exposes_VVZ ways_NN2 in_II which_DDQ the_AT currently_RR dominant_JJ memory_NN1 structure_NN1 theory_NN1 of_IO trauma_NN1 is_VBZ inadequate_JJ ,_, and_CC (_( 4_MC )_) provides_VVZ a_AT1 superior_JJ account_NN1 of_IO how_RRQ exposure_NN1 therapies_NN2 achieve_VV0 their_APPGE salutary_JJ results_NN2 ._. 
