Global_JJ business_NN1 and_CC the_AT terrorist_JJ threat_NN1 Introduction_NN1 This_DD1 book_NN1 is_VBZ an_AT1 eclectic_JJ collection_NN1 of_IO chapters_NN2 that_CST explores_VVZ the_AT relationships_NN2 between_II global_JJ business_NN1 and_CC terrorism_NN1 ._. 
The_AT rationale_NN1 for_IF the_AT book_NN1 is_VBZ clear_JJ ._. 
One_MC1 of_IO the_AT sponsors_NN2 of_IO this_DD1 research_NN1 ,_, the_AT Department_NN1 of_IO Homeland_NN1 Security_NN1 ,_, has_VHZ spent_VVN large_JJ sums_NN2 of_IO money_NN1 inside_II the_AT United_NP1 States_NP1 to_TO protect_VVI the_AT homeland_NN1 ,_, but_CCB has_VHZ devoted_VVN little_DA1 attention_NN1 ,_, at_RR21 least_RR22 openly_RR ,_, to_II the_AT international_JJ aspects_NN2 of_IO terrorism_NN1 and_CC how_RRQ its_APPGE threats_NN2 can_VM affect_VVI the_AT global_JJ economy_NN1 ._. 
There_EX are_VBR many_DA2 examples_NN2 of_IO the_AT potential_JJ links_NN2 between_II global_JJ business_NN1 and_CC terrorism_NN1 ,_, some_DD of_IO which_DDQ (_( but_CCB not_XX all_RR )_) are_VBR discussed_VVN in_II this_DD1 book_NN1 ._. 
One_MC1 important_JJ example_NN1 is_VBZ how_RRQ a_AT1 major_JJ terrorist_JJ attack_NN1 in_II a_AT1 Western_JJ country_NN1 might_VM affect_VVI the_AT global_JJ economy_NN1 ,_, typically_RR by_II a_AT1 crash_NN1 in_II world_NN1 stock_NN1 markets_NN2 ._. 
Baumert_NP1 's_GE chapter_NN1 (_( Chapter_NN1 7_MC )_) sheds_VVZ some_DD light_NN1 on_II this_DD1 by_II showing_VVG that_CST the_AT Madrid_NP1 train_NN1 bombing_NN1 had_VHD a_AT1 modest_JJ and_CC short-term_JJ impact_NN1 on_II stock_NN1 markets_NN2 ._. 
However_RR ,_, we_PPIS2 should_VM not_XX generalize_VVI from_II a_AT1 single_JJ case_NN1 ._. 
Another_DD1 example_NN1 is_VBZ what_DDQ might_VM be_VBI the_AT consequences_NN2 of_IO an_AT1 attack_NN1 on_II a_AT1 multinational_JJ corporation_NN1 ._. 
There_EX have_VH0 been_VBN a_AT1 few_DA2 individual_JJ abductions_NN2 and_CC assassinations_NN2 ,_, but_CCB no_AT massive_JJ attack_NN1 ._. 
Alexander_NP1 's_GE chapter_NN1 (_( Chapter_NN1 8_MC )_) shows_VVZ how_RRQ a_AT1 multinational_JJ corporation_NN1 caved_VVD in_RP to_II threats_NN2 by_II paying_VVG protection_NN1 money_NN1 ,_, but_CCB this_DD1 was_VBDZ not_XX in_II31 response_II32 to_II33 a_AT1 direct_JJ major_JJ attack_NN1 ._. 
There_EX have_VH0 been_VBN several_DA2 attacks_NN2 in_II the_AT Nigerian_JJ oil_NN1 sector_NN1 ,_, for_REX21 instance_REX22 ,_, but_CCB they_PPHS2 have_VH0 not_XX received_VVN much_DA1 attention_NN1 and_CC appear_VV0 to_TO be_VBI more_RGR locally_RR inspired_JJ than_CSN related_VVN to_II international_JJ terrorism_NN1 ._. 
If_CS there_EX were_VBDR attacks_NN2 on_II major_JJ corporations_NN2 ,_, this_DD1 could_VM have_VHI significant_JJ repercussions_NN2 by_II raising_VVG operating_NN1 costs_VVZ in_II the_AT form_NN1 of_IO protection_NN1 or_CC by_II resulting_VVG in_II a_AT1 pull-out_NN1 from_II a_AT1 region_NN1 or_CC even_RR a_AT1 country_NN1 ._. 
An_AT1 especially_RR vulnerable_JJ aspect_NN1 of_IO global_JJ business_NN1 that_CST is_VBZ vulnerable_JJ to_II terrorist_JJ attacks_NN2 is_VBZ oil_NN1 and_CC natural_JJ gas_NN1 pipelines_NN2 ,_, especially_RR outside_II the_AT United_NP1 States_NP1 (_( 70_MC percent_NNU of_IO US_NP1 oil_NN1 consumption_NN1 is_VBZ from_II overseas_RL and_CC transferred_VVN locally_RR via_II pipelines_NN2 )_) ._. 
Some_DD pipelines_NN2 have_VH0 been_VBN attacked_VVN many_DA2 times_NNT2 ,_, but_CCB with_IW minimal_JJ long-term_JJ disruptions_NN2 probably_RR because_CS the_AT pipelines_NN2 are_VBR relatively_RR easy_JJ to_TO repair_VVI ._. 
Nevertheless_RR ,_, because_II21 of_II22 their_APPGE isolation_NN1 and_CC long_JJ distances_NN2 ,_, pipelines_NN2 are_VBR very_RG difficult_JJ to_TO protect_VVI so_RR there_EX is_VBZ a_AT1 possibility_NN1 that_CST a_AT1 small_JJ number_NN1 of_IO simultaneous_JJ attacks_NN2 at_II a_AT1 few_DA2 strategic_JJ locations_NN2 could_VM be_VBI much_RR more_RGR damaging_JJ ._. 
An_AT1 interesting_JJ idea_NN1 suggested_VVN by_II Napoleoni_NP1 (_( 2003_MC )_) is_VBZ that_DD1 international_JJ terrorism_NN1 is_VBZ itself_PPX1 a_AT1 global_JJ business_NN1 in_II the_AT sense_NN1 that_CST terrorist_JJ organizations_NN2 have_VH0 raised_VVN funds_NN2 for_IF terrorist_JJ activities_NN2 by_II investing_VVG in_II profitable_JJ businesses_NN2 ._. 
A_AT1 widely_RR quoted_VVN example_NN1 is_VBZ that_CST while_CS in_II Sudan_NP1 in_II 1997_MC ,_, Bin_VV0 Laden_JJ invested_VVD heavily_RR in_II the_AT Gum_NN1 Arabic_NN1 Co._NN1 ,_, of_IO which_DDQ 80_MC percent_NNU of_IO its_APPGE output_NN1 was_VBDZ exported_VVN to_II the_AT United_NP1 States_NP1 ._. 
One_MC1 estimate_NN1 ,_, quoted_VVN by_II Napoleoni_NP1 but_CCB not_XX clearly_RR substantiated_VVN ,_, is_VBZ that_DD1 the_AT global_JJ terrorism_NN1 business_NN1 is_VBZ worth_II $1.5_NNU trillion_NNO ._. 
A_AT1 related_JJ but_CCB unsupported_JJ argument_NN1 is_VBZ that_CST terrorists_NN2 ,_, being_VBG aware_JJ of_IO 9/11_MF in_II advance_NN1 ,_, indulged_VVN in_II insider_NN1 trading_NN1 to_TO take_VVI advantage_NN1 of_IO post-9/11_FU stock_NN1 market_NN1 changes_NN2 ._. 
There_EX is_VBZ no_AT firm_JJ evidence_NN1 for_IF these_DD2 arguments_NN2 ,_, although_CS it_PPH1 is_VBZ clear_JJ that_CST international_JJ terrorism_NN1 has_VHZ derived_VVN some_DD funding_NN1 from_II direct_JJ or_CC indirect_JJ business_NN1 activities_NN2 ._. 
Yet_RR another_DD1 possibility_NN1 ,_, hinted_VVN at_II by_II Intriligator_NP1 (_( Chapter_NN1 2_MC )_) ,_, is_VBZ the_AT opportunities_NN2 for_IF global_JJ businesses_NN2 to_TO counter_VVI terrorism_NN1 via_II a_AT1 range_NN1 of_IO activities_NN2 from_II consultancy_NN1 services_NN2 to_II developing_VVG new_JJ technologies_NN2 for_IF protective_JJ devices_NN2 and_CC systems_NN2 ._. 
There_EX are_VBR again_RT no_AT hard_JJ data_NN on_II the_AT scale_NN1 of_IO this_DD1 business_NN1 ,_, but_CCB judging_VVG by_II the_AT number_NN1 and_CC size_NN1 of_IO business_NN1 shows_NN2 and_CC conventions_NN2 as_CSA proxy_NN1 variables_NN2 ,_, this_DD1 appears_VVZ to_TO be_VBI a_AT1 rapidly_RR growing_JJ business_NN1 ._. 
In_II his_APPGE chapter_NN1 (_( Chapter_NN1 3_MC )_) ,_, Sheffi_NP1 discusses_VVZ the_AT importance_NN1 of_IO 'business_NN1 continuity'_NN1 ;_; a_AT1 more_RGR general_JJ term_NN1 might_VM be_VBI 'business_NN1 resilience'_NN1 ._. 
One_MC1 of_IO the_AT surprising_JJ immediate_JJ consequences_NN2 of_IO 9/11_MF was_VBDZ the_AT speed_NN1 of_IO adjustment_NN1 by_II downtown_JJ Manhattan_NP1 firms_NN2 impacted_VVD by_II the_AT attack_NN1 to_TO continue_VVI their_APPGE businesses_NN2 at_II satellite_NN1 locations_NN2 in_II New_NP1 Jersey_NP1 and_CC elsewhere_RL ._. 
As_II a_AT1 result_NN1 ,_, many_DA2 large_JJ corporations_NN2 have_VH0 now_RT developed_JJ contingency_NN1 plans_VVZ to_TO open_VVI up_RP offices_NN2 elsewhere_RL away_II21 from_II22 their_APPGE headquarters_NN ;_; some_DD have_VH0 even_RR decentralized_VVN completely_RR to_II locations_NN2 less_RRR at_II risk_NN1 ._. 
The_AT second_MD part_NN1 of_IO this_DD1 Introduction_NN1 is_VBZ a_AT1 brief_JJ review_NN1 of_IO the_AT chapters_NN2 in_II this_DD1 book_NN1 ._. 
As_CSA pointed_VVN out_RP by_II Intriligator_NP1 (_( Chapter_NN1 2_MC )_) ,_, globalization_NN1 is_VBZ a_AT1 powerful_JJ real_JJ aspect_NN1 of_IO the_AT new_JJ world_NN1 system_NN1 ,_, and_CC it_PPH1 represents_VVZ one_MC1 of_IO the_AT most_RGT influential_JJ forces_NN2 in_II determining_VVG the_AT future_JJ course_NN1 of_IO the_AT planet_NN1 ._. 
It_PPH1 has_VHZ manifold_JJ dimensions_NN2 :_: economic_JJ ,_, security_NN1 ,_, political_JJ and_CC others_NN2 ._. 
Two_MC important_JJ aspects_NN2 of_IO globalization_NN1 are_VBR global_JJ business_NN1 and_CC global_JJ terrorism_NN1 ,_, with_IW the_AT two_MC linked_JJ ._. 
This_DD1 chapter_NN1 discusses_VVZ these_DD2 links_NN2 and_CC evaluates_VVZ how_RRQ the_AT two_MC influence_VV0 each_PPX221 other_PPX222 ,_, including_II how_RGQ global_JJ terrorism_NN1 makes_VVZ use_NN1 of_IO global_JJ business_NN1 and_CC how_RGQ global_JJ business_NN1 could_VM play_VVI a_AT1 major_JJ role_NN1 in_II reducing_VVG the_AT dangers_NN2 of_IO global_JJ terrorism_NN1 ._. 
Global_JJ business_NN1 could_VM have_VHI an_AT1 important_JJ role_NN1 as_II a_AT1 major_JJ player_NN1 in_II the_AT development_NN1 of_IO new_JJ global_JJ institutions_NN2 that_CST would_VM combine_VVI public_JJ and_CC private_JJ interests_NN2 on_II a_AT1 multinational_JJ basis_NN1 to_TO counter_VVI global_JJ terrorism_NN1 ,_, challenging_VVG the_AT acquisition_NN1 of_IO various_JJ resources_NN2 by_II global_JJ terrorists_NN2 ._. 
Sheffi_NP1 's_GE chapter_NN1 (_( Chapter_NN1 3_MC )_) suggests_VVZ a_AT1 comprehensive_JJ framework_NN1 for_IF thinking_VVG about_II and_CC applying_VVG business_NN1 continuity_NN1 at_II the_AT corporate_JJ level_NN1 ._. 
It_PPH1 looks_VVZ at_II the_AT role_NN1 of_IO security_NN1 ;_; the_AT role_NN1 of_IO planning_VVG in_II creating_VVG options_NN2 for_IF response_NN1 and_CC resilience_NN1 ;_; how_RRQ detection_NN1 should_VM be_VBI integrated_VVN into_II the_AT framework_NN1 both_RR for_IF 'expected'_NN1 and_CC 'unexpected'_JJ disruptions_NN2 ;_; the_AT execution_NN1 of_IO business_NN1 continuity_NN1 ;_; and_CC issues_NN2 of_IO corporate_JJ culture_NN1 beyond_II planning_VVG for_IF bouncing_VVG back_RP from_II disruptions_NN2 ._. 
Operational_JJ planning_NN1 in_II every_AT1 company_NN1 takes_VVZ into_II account_NN1 several_DA2 sources_NN2 of_IO uncertainty_NN1 ._. 
The_AT main_JJ one_PN1 is_VBZ customer_NN1 demand_NN1 ,_, but_CCB other_JJ sources_NN2 of_IO uncertainty_NN1 include_VV0 manufacturing_NN1 yield_NN1 ,_, the_AT quality_NN1 of_IO parts_NN2 ,_, late_JJ deliveries_NN2 and_CC other_JJ normal_JJ fluctuations_NN2 ._. 
The_AT chapter_NN1 focuses_VVZ on_II high-impact_NN1 ,_, low-probability_JJ disruptive_JJ events_NN2 for_IF which_DDQ the_AT normal_JJ recovery_NN1 means_NN of_IO keeping_VVG extra_JJ inventory_NN1 or_CC increasing_JJ overtime_NN1 are_VBR not_XX enough_RR ._. 
In_II fact_NN1 ,_, many_DA2 of_IO these_DD2 events_NN2 can_VM result_VVI in_II the_AT loss_NN1 of_IO the_AT business_NN1 ._. 
The_AT chapter_NN1 also_RR classifies_VVZ the_AT sources_NN2 of_IO such_DA events_NN2 and_CC then_RT outlines_NN2 an_AT1 organization_NN1 's_GE possible_JJ responses_NN2 ._. 
During_II these_DD2 recovery_NN1 activities_NN2 the_AT organization_NN1 can_VM only_RR adopt_VVI options_NN2 that_CST were_VBDR prepared_VVN and_CC planned_VVN ahead_II21 of_II22 time_NNT1 ._. 
The_AT chapter_NN1 then_RT outlines_NN2 the_AT planning_NN1 activities_NN2 which_DDQ should_VM be_VBI undertaken_VVN to_TO generate_VVI these_DD2 options_NN2 ,_, and_CC describes_VVZ corporate_JJ culture_NN1 issues_NN2 that_CST go_VV0 beyond_II a_AT1 narrow_JJ definition_NN1 of_IO business_NN1 continuity_NN1 planning_NN1 ._. 
Kunreuther_VV0 and_CC Michel-Kerjan_NN1 (_( Chapter_NN1 4_MC )_) explain_VV0 that_CST increasing_JJ globalization_NN1 of_IO economic_JJ and_CC social_JJ activities_NN2 worldwide_RL makes_VVZ catastrophic_JJ risks_NN2 more_RRR and_CC more_RGR global_JJ because_II21 of_II22 interdependencies_NN2 across_II sectors_NN2 and_CC over_II time_NNT1 ._. 
A_AT1 hallmark_NN1 of_IO the_AT twenty-first_MD century_NNT1 is_VBZ a_AT1 new_JJ era_NN1 of_IO catastrophic_JJ risks_NN2 ,_, with_IW pressure_NN1 for_IF the_AT private_JJ and_CC public_JJ sectors_NN2 to_TO react_VVI very_RG quickly_RR even_CS21 though_CS22 they_PPHS2 can_VM not_XX always_RR predict_VVI the_AT impact_NN1 that_CST their_APPGE actions_NN2 will_VM have_VHI ._. 
Managing_JJ global_JJ risks_NN2 under_II conditions_NN2 of_IO uncertainty_NN1 ,_, interdependency_NN1 and_CC competing_JJ interests_NN2 is_VBZ not_XX simple_JJ ._. 
Three_MC years_NNT2 ago_RA ,_, the_AT World_NN1 Economic_JJ Forum_NN1 (_( WEF_NP1 )_) launched_VVD the_AT Global_JJ Risks_NN2 Initiative_NN1 to_TO address_VVI the_AT issues_NN2 related_VVN to_II these_DD2 events_NN2 ,_, under_II a_AT1 joint_JJ initiative_NN1 with_IW several_DA2 large_JJ companies_NN2 and_CC the_AT Wharton_NP1 Risk_NN1 Management_NN1 and_CC Decision_NN1 Processes_NN2 Center_NN1 at_II the_AT University_NN1 of_IO Pennsylvania_NP1 ._. 
Building_NN1 on_II the_AT WEF_NN1 Global_JJ Risks_NN2 2007_MC report_NN1 ,_, this_DD1 chapter_NN1 applies_VVZ pathways_NN2 to_II mitigation_NN1 of_IO the_AT risks_NN2 of_IO terrorism_NN1 and_CC natural_JJ disasters_NN2 by_II both_DB2 the_AT private_JJ and_CC public_JJ sectors_NN2 ._. 
These_DD2 pathways_NN2 include_VV0 improving_JJ insight_NN1 ,_, enhancing_VVG information_NN1 flow_NN1 ,_, refocusing_VVG incentives_NN2 and_CC improving_JJ investment_NN1 ._. 
The_AT chapter_NN1 also_RR explores_VVZ the_AT decision-making_JJ processes_NN2 of_IO individuals_NN2 that_CST are_VBR critical_JJ to_II developing_VVG better_JJR strategies_NN2 and_CC public_JJ policies_NN2 for_IF mitigating_VVG global_JJ risks_NN2 ._. 
One_MC1 of_IO the_AT biggest_JJT challenges_NN2 in_II implementing_VVG these_DD2 strategies_NN2 is_VBZ overcoming_VVG the_AT tendency_NN1 to_TO focus_VVI only_RR on_II immediate_JJ pay-offs_NN2 ._. 
Because_II21 of_II22 myopia_NN1 ,_, individuals_NN2 and_CC firms_NN2 require_VV0 a_AT1 sufficient_JJ return_NN1 in_II the_AT short_JJ run_NN1 to_TO justify_VVI the_AT upfront_JJ costs_NN2 of_IO protection_NN1 ._. 
We_PPIS2 often_RR decide_VV0 not_XX to_TO invest_VVI in_II risk-reducing_JJ measures_NN2 because_CS we_PPIS2 fail_VV0 to_TO consider_VVI that_CST the_AT expected_JJ benefits_NN2 from_II these_DD2 options_NN2 are_VBR likely_JJ to_TO extend_VVI over_RP many_DA2 years_NNT2 ._. 
Jaffee_NN1 and_CC Russell_NP1 (_( Chapter_NN1 5_MC )_) extend_VV0 the_AT discussion_NN1 on_II similar_JJ lines_NN2 ,_, but_CCB to_II more_RGR complicated_JJ issues_NN2 ._. 
Terrorists_NN2 equipped_VVN with_IW unconventional_JJ weapons_NN2 (_( also_RR known_VVN as_II nuclear_JJ ,_, biological_JJ ,_, chemical_JJ and_CC radiological_JJ or_CC NBCR_NP1 weapons_NN2 )_) present_VV0 a_AT1 real_JJ and_CC present_JJ threat_NN1 of_IO creating_VVG catastrophic_JJ losses_NN2 for_IF the_AT US_NP1 ,_, as_RG well_RR as_CSA for_IF many_DA2 other_JJ countries_NN2 in_II the_AT world_NN1 ._. 
NBCR_NP1 risks_NN2 have_VH0 long_RR been_VBN excluded_VVN from_II many_DA2 insurance_NN1 policies_NN2 in_II the_AT US_NP1 and_CC other_JJ countries_NN2 ,_, even_CS21 though_CS22 the_AT risk-sharing_NN1 created_VVN by_II insurance_NN1 would_VM clearly_RR be_VBI welfare_NN1 enhancing_VVG ._. 
Since_CS the_AT 9/11_MF terrorist_JJ attack_NN1 ,_, however_RR ,_, the_AT US_NP1 and_CC other_JJ countries_NN2 have_VH0 created_VVN government_NN1 programs_NN2 that_CST backstop_NN1 at_RR21 least_RR22 some_DD of_IO the_AT losses_NN2 that_CST would_VM be_VBI created_VVN by_II terrorist_JJ attacks_NN2 ,_, in_II some_DD cases_NN2 including_VVG ,_, and_CC other_JJ cases_NN2 excluding_VVG ,_, losses_NN2 created_VVN by_II NBCR_NP1 attacks_NN2 ._. 
In_II the_AT chapter_NN1 ,_, the_AT authors_NN2 begin_VV0 by_II exploring_VVG the_AT reasons_NN2 why_RRQ NBCR_NP1 risks_NN2 are_VBR so_RG often_RR excluded_VVN from_II insurance_NN1 coverage_NN1 ,_, starting_VVG with_IW the_AT historical_JJ context_NN1 and_CC finishing_VVG with_IW the_AT recently_RR created_VVN government_NN1 programs_NN2 ._. 
Not_XX surprisingly_RR ,_, the_AT dominant_JJ reason_NN1 is_VBZ the_AT magnitude_NN1 of_IO the_AT possible_JJ losses_NN2 ,_, which_DDQ could_VM well_RR exceed_VVI the_AT resources_NN2 available_JJ to_II a_AT1 country_NN1 's_GE insurance_NN1 industry_NN1 ._. 
The_AT chapter_NN1 then_RT focuses_VVZ on_II solutions_NN2 ,_, including_II the_AT possibility_NN1 of_IO unifying_JJ resources_NN2 on_II a_AT1 worldwide_JJ basis_NN1 through_II either_RR reinsurance_NN1 entities_NN2 or_CC the_AT capital_NN1 markets_NN2 directly_RR ._. 
Coafee_NP1 (_( Chapter_NN1 6_MC )_) turns_VVZ his_APPGE attention_NN1 to_II London_NP1 ._. 
The_AT early_JJ 1990s_MC2 witnessed_VVD a_AT1 noticeable_JJ targeting_NN1 of_IO global_JJ cities_NN2 and_CC in_RR21 particular_RR22 their_APPGE economic_JJ infrastructure_NN1 by_II terrorist_JJ organizations_NN2 in_BCL21 order_BCL22 to_TO attract_VVI global_JJ media_NN publicity_NN1 and_CC cause_VVI severe_JJ insurance_NN1 losses_NN2 and_CC disruptions_NN2 in_II trade_NN1 ._. 
In_II London_NP1 the_AT Provisional_JJ IRA_NP1 (_( Irish_JJ Republican_NN1 Army_NN1 )_) successfully_RR attacked_VVN a_AT1 number_NN1 of_IO key_JJ economic_JJ targets_NN2 in_II the_AT 1990s_MC2 with_IW large_JJ bombs_NN2 exploding_VVG within_II the_AT London_NP1 financial_JJ core_NN1 ._. 
These_DD2 bombings_NN2 ,_, and_CC the_AT subsequent_JJ reaction_NN1 of_IO the_AT urban_JJ authorities_NN2 ,_, served_VVD to_TO highlight_VVI the_AT need_NN1 for_IF more_RGR advanced_JJ approaches_NN2 of_IO counter-terrorism_NN1 and_CC new_JJ forms_NN2 of_IO terrorism_NN1 insurance_NN1 ,_, in_BCL21 order_BCL22 to_TO stop_VVI the_AT relocation_NN1 of_IO international_JJ business_NN1 and_CC to_TO protect_VVI the_AT image_NN1 of_IO the_AT UK_NP1 economy_NN1 ._. 
In_II the_AT chapter_NN1 ,_, the_AT response_NN1 of_IO central_JJ London_NP1 authorities_NN2 both_RR pre-_JJ and_CC post-9/11_FU is_VBZ used_VVN as_II the_AT lens_NN1 through_II which_DDQ to_TO view_VVI attempts_NN2 to_TO reduce_VVI the_AT real_JJ and_CC perceived_JJ threat_NN1 of_IO terrorist_JJ attacks_NN2 against_II economic_JJ infrastructure_NN1 in_II the_AT UK_NP1 ,_, including_II a_AT1 consideration_NN1 of_IO the_AT main_JJ provincial_JJ cities_NN2 identified_VVN as_CSA key_JJ terrorist_JJ targets_NN2 ._. 
Increasingly_RR ,_, such_DA responses_NN2 are_VBR seen_VVN in_II31 terms_II32 of_II33 attempts_NN2 to_TO embed_VVI 'resilience'_NN1 into_II the_AT managerial_JJ and_CC urban_JJ design_NN1 responses_NN2 of_IO both_DB2 local_JJ and_CC national_JJ government_NN1 in_BCL21 order_BCL22 to_TO reduce_VVI risk_NN1 and_CC give_VVI confidence_NN1 to_II business_NN1 communities_NN2 by_II enhanced_JJ securitization_NN1 of_IO the_AT public_JJ realm_NN1 and_CC more_RGR proactive_JJ contingency_NN1 planning_NN1 ._. 
Baumert_NP1 (_( Chapter_NN1 7_MC )_) explores_VVZ another_DD1 European_JJ case_NN1 ,_, the_AT Madrid_NP1 rail_NN1 bombings_NN2 of_IO 11_MC March_NPM1 2003_MC ,_, with_IW some_DD comparison_NN1 with_IW the_AT New_NP1 York_NP1 City_NN1 attack_NN1 of_IO 9/11_MF and_CC the_AT London_NP1 attacks_NN2 of_IO 7_MC July_NPM1 2005_MC ,_, specifically_RR focusing_VVG on_II the_AT impact_NN1 with_II31 respect_II32 to_II33 international_JJ stock_NN1 markets_NN2 ._. 
The_AT financial_JJ markets_NN2 '_GE reactions_NN2 to_II these_DD2 events_NN2 are_VBR especially_RR relevant_JJ ,_, as_CSA they_PPHS2 reflect_VV0 immediate_JJ investor_NN1 perceptions_NN2 about_II the_AT short-_JJ and_CC medium-term_JJ economic_JJ impact_NN1 of_IO the_AT attacks_NN2 ceteris_RR21 paribus_RR22 (_( normally_RR no_AT additional_JJ information_NN1 except_CS21 that_CS22 referring_VVG to_II the_AT attacks_NN2 is_VBZ considered_VVN )_) ._. 
Comparing_VVG the_AT sequential_JJ impacts_NN2 of_IO 11_MC March_NPM1 ,_, 11_MC September_NPM1 and_CC 7_MC July_NPM1 ,_, both_DB2 the_AT intensities_NN2 and_CC durations_NN2 of_IO the_AT reactions_NN2 became_VVD smaller_JJR ._. 
On_II the_AT one_MC1 hand_NN1 ,_, this_DD1 has_VHZ been_VBN because_II21 of_II22 effective_JJ macroeconomic_JJ responses_NN2 (_( assuring_VVG liquidity_NN1 ,_, suspending_VVG electronic_JJ trading_NN1 and_CC controlling_VVG the_AT news_NN1 flow_NN1 )_) ._. 
On_II the_AT other_JJ hand_NN1 ,_, most_RGT large_JJ firms_NN2 with_IW their_APPGE headquarters_NN in_II big_JJ cities_NN2 have_VH0 developed_VVN evacuation_NN1 plans_NN2 which_DDQ enable_VV0 them_PPHO2 to_TO transfer_VVI their_APPGE business_NN1 very_RG quickly_RR from_II a_AT1 central_JJ location_NN1 in_II the_AT City_NN1 to_II alternative_JJ suburban_JJ or_CC other_JJ peripheral_JJ locations_NN2 ._. 
These_DD2 plans_NN2 enable_VV0 business_NN1 to_TO continue_VVI with_IW minimal_JJ interruption_NN1 ._. 
Alexander_NP1 (_( Chapter_NN1 8_MC )_) examines_VVZ a_AT1 case_NN1 study_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 very_RG different_JJ type_NN1 ._. 
In_II March_NPM1 2007_MC US-headquartered_JJ Chiquita_NP1 Brands_VVZ International_JJ (_( CBI_NP1 )_) admitted_VVD to_II engaging_VVG in_II financial_JJ transactions_NN2 with_IW the_AT right-wing_JJ Colombian_JJ terrorist_JJ group_NN1 Autodefensas_NP2 Unidas_NN2 de_NP1 Colombia_NP1 ._. 
The_AT case_NN1 provides_VVZ an_AT1 example_NN1 of_IO how_RRQ collaboration_NN1 (_( almost_RR conspiracy_NN1 )_) may_VM arise_VVI between_II transnational_JJ companies_NN2 and_CC terrorist_JJ groups_NN2 based_VVN in_II host_NN1 countries_NN2 ._. 
The_AT chapter_NN1 provides_VVZ an_AT1 analysis_NN1 of_IO the_AT CBI_NP1 case_NN1 and_CC sheds_NN2 light_VV0 on_II the_AT challenges_NN2 such_DA firms_NN2 face_VV0 doing_VDG business_NN1 in_II politically_RR unstable_JJ environments_NN2 ._. 
It_PPH1 addresses_VVZ the_AT disparate_JJ steps_NN2 global_JJ firms_NN2 may_VM pursue_VVI should_VM they_PPHS2 face_VVI similar_JJ circumstances_NN2 ._. 
The_AT study_NN1 then_RT analyzes_VVZ the_AT multifaceted_JJ implications_NN2 of_IO several_DA2 alternatives_NN2 ._. 
The_AT study_NN1 concludes_VVZ that_CST terrorist_JJ activity_NN1 injects_VVZ another_DD1 layer_NN1 of_IO complexity_NN1 that_CST companies_NN2 have_VH0 to_TO contend_VVI with_IW while_NNT1 doing_VDG business_NN1 abroad_RL ._. 
