Globalization_NN1 ,_, global_JJ business_NN1 and_CC global_JJ terrorism_NN1 :_: the_AT value_NN1 of_IO mutual_JJ support_NN1 GLOBALIZATION_NN1 AND_CC PARALLELS_VVZ BETWEEN_II TODAY_RT AND_CC 1913_MC There_EX has_VHZ been_VBN much_DA1 recent_JJ discussion_NN1 of_IO globalization_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ is_VBZ a_AT1 reality_NN1 in_II the_AT current_JJ world_NN1 system_NN1 ._. 
As_CSA discussed_VVN in_II Intriligator_NP1 (_( 2004_MC )_) ,_, globalization_NN1 is_VBZ a_AT1 powerful_JJ real_JJ aspect_NN1 of_IO the_AT new_JJ world_NN1 system_NN1 ,_, and_CC it_PPH1 represents_VVZ one_MC1 of_IO the_AT most_RGT influential_JJ forces_NN2 in_II determining_VVG the_AT future_JJ evolution_NN1 of_IO the_AT planet_NN1 ._. 
It_PPH1 has_VHZ manifold_JJ dimensions_NN2 :_: economic_JJ ,_, political_JJ ,_, security_NN1 ,_, environmental_JJ ,_, health_NN1 ,_, social_JJ ,_, cultural_JJ ,_, and_CC others_NN2 ._. 
The_AT term_NN1 was_VBDZ coined_VVN in_II the_AT 1980s_MC2 ,_, and_CC it_PPH1 was_VBDZ a_AT1 guiding_JJ principle_NN1 as_II31 well_II32 as_II33 a_AT1 slogan_NN1 of_IO the_AT US_NP1 Clinton_NP1 administration_NN1 from_II 1993_MC to_II 2001_MC ,_, as_CSA discussed_VVN in_II Brzezinski_NP1 (_( 2007_MC )_) ._. 
The_AT concept_NN1 ,_, however_RR ,_, is_VBZ an_AT1 old_JJ one_PN1 that_CST has_VHZ different_JJ interpretations_NN2 for_IF different_JJ people_NN ._. 
Partly_RR as_II a_AT1 result_NN1 of_IO these_DD2 different_JJ interpretations_NN2 ,_, there_EX are_VBR very_RG different_JJ reactions_NN2 to_TO 'globalization'_VVI ,_, with_IW some_DD policy-makers_NN2 ,_, scholars_NN2 and_CC activists_NN2 seeing_VVG it_PPH1 as_II a_AT1 force_NN1 for_IF advancing_VVG the_AT world_NN1 economy_NN1 ,_, and_CC others_NN2 seeing_VVG it_PPH1 as_II a_AT1 serious_JJ danger_NN1 to_II the_AT world_NN1 economic_JJ system_NN1 ._. 
Intriligator_NP1 (_( 2004_MC )_) provides_VVZ a_AT1 discussion_NN1 of_IO the_AT benefits_NN2 and_CC costs_NN2 of_IO globalization_NN1 and_CC a_AT1 net_JJ assessment_NN1 that_CST concludes_VVZ that_DD1 globalization_NN1 can_VM be_VBI a_AT1 positive_JJ force_NN1 in_II a_AT1 world_NN1 featuring_VVG cooperation_NN1 to_TO solve_VVI common_JJ problems_NN2 but_CCB ,_, conversely_RR ,_, a_AT1 negative_JJ force_NN1 in_II a_AT1 world_NN1 without_IW such_DA cooperation_NN1 ._. 
It_PPH1 should_VM not_XX be_VBI forgotten_VVN ,_, however_RR ,_, that_CST the_AT current_JJ age_NN1 of_IO globalization_NN1 is_VBZ just_RR the_AT latest_JJT manifestation_NN1 of_IO this_DD1 phenomenon_NN1 that_CST has_VHZ recurred_VVN throughout_II history_NN1 ._. 
There_EX have_VH0 been_VBN repeated_VVN waves_NN2 of_IO globalization_NN1 ,_, going_VVG back_RP at_RR21 least_RR22 to_II the_AT Mongol_JJ empire_NN1 and_CC the_AT empires_NN2 of_IO Alexander_NP1 the_AT Great_JJ and_CC Tamerlane_NP1 (_( Timur_NP1 )_) as_II31 well_II32 as_II33 the_AT Roman_JJ Empire_NN1 ._. 
The_AT last_MD wave_NN1 of_IO globalization_NN1 ,_, extending_VVG over_II the_AT century_NNT1 from_II the_AT end_NN1 of_IO the_AT Napoleonic_JJ Wars_NN2 in_II the_AT 1815_MC Congress_NN1 of_IO Vienna_NP1 to_II the_AT outbreak_NN1 of_IO World_NN1 War_NN1 I_ZZ1 in_II 1914_MC ,_, and_CC embodied_VVN in_II the_AT colonial_JJ system_NN1 ,_, ended_VVN with_IW four_MC disastrous_JJ blows_NN2 ._. 
The_AT first_MD was_VBDZ World_NN1 War_NN1 I_ZZ1 ,_, the_AT so-called_JJ 'War_NN1 to_II End_NN1 All_DB Wars_NN2 '_GE ;_; the_AT second_NNT1 was_VBDZ the_AT influenza_NN1 pandemic_JJ of_IO 1918-19_MCMC ,_, that_CST killed_VVD more_DAR people_NN than_CSN most_DAT of_IO the_AT wars_NN2 ever_RR fought_VVN ;_; the_AT third_MD was_VBDZ the_AT Great_JJ Depression_NN1 starting_VVG in_II October_NPM1 1929_MC ;_; and_CC the_AT fourth_MD was_VBDZ World_NN1 War_NN1 II_MC ,_, starting_VVG in_II Europe_NP1 in_II 1939_MC and_CC even_RR earlier_RRR in_II Asia_NP1 ,_, the_AT greatest_JJT war_NN1 ever_RR fought_VVN on_II the_AT planet_NN1 ._. 
In_RR21 addition_RR22 there_EX were_VBDR rebellions_NN2 against_II the_AT colonial_JJ system_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ included_VVD episodes_NN2 of_IO terrorism_NN1 ._. 
Indeed_RR ,_, there_EX are_VBR disquieting_JJ similarities_NN2 between_II what_DDQ was_VBDZ about_RPK to_TO occur_VVI in_II 1913_MC ,_, on_II the_AT eve_NNT1 of_IO World_NN1 War_NN1 I_ZZ1 ,_, and_CC now_RT :_: then_RT the_AT unprecedented_JJ threat_NN1 of_IO extreme_JJ nationalism_NN1 and_CC now_CS21 that_CS22 of_IO global_JJ Islamist_JJ terrorism_NN1 ;_; then_RT the_AT Spanish_JJ f_ZZ1 u_ZZ1 pandemic_JJ and_CC now_RT a_AT1 potential_JJ avian_JJ f_ZZ1 u_ZZ1 pandemic_JJ ;_; as_II31 well_II32 as_II33 the_AT possibility_NN1 of_IO major_JJ wars_NN2 and_CC recessions_NN2 or_CC depressions_NN2 ._. 
It_PPH1 is_VBZ therefore_RR vital_JJ that_CST organizations_NN2 at_II all_DB levels_NN2 ,_, ranging_VVG from_II local_JJ institutions_NN2 to_II nations_NN2 to_II international_JJ institutions_NN2 ,_, including_II global_JJ businesses_NN2 ,_, take_VV0 the_AT initiative_NN1 in_II dealing_VVG with_IW today_RT 's_GE issues_NN2 and_CC major_JJ threats_NN2 to_II the_AT international_JJ system_NN1 ,_, including_II global_JJ terrorism_NN1 ._. 
GLOBAL_JJ BUSINESS_NN1 The_AT emergence_NN1 of_IO global_JJ business_NN1 that_CST evolved_VVD from_II transnational_JJ business_NN1 is_VBZ an_AT1 important_JJ aspect_NN1 of_IO globalization_NN1 ._. 
Indeed_RR ,_, another_DD1 major_JJ source_NN1 of_IO today_RT 's_GE globalization_NN1 has_VHZ been_VBN changes_NN2 in_II institutions_NN2 ,_, where_CS organizations_NN2 ,_, including_II businesses_NN2 ,_, have_VH0 a_AT1 wider_JJR reach_NN1 ._. 
This_DD1 change_NN1 has_VHZ been_VBN due_JJ ,_, in_RR21 part_RR22 ,_, to_II technological_JJ changes_NN2 and_CC to_II the_AT more_RGR wide-ranging_JJ horizons_NN2 of_IO managers_NN2 ,_, who_PNQS have_VH0 been_VBN empowered_VVN by_II advances_NN2 in_II communications_NN2 ._. 
Thus_RR ,_, corporations_NN2 that_CST had_VHD in_II earlier_JJR epochs_NN2 been_VBN mainly_RR focused_VVN on_II local_JJ markets_NN2 have_VH0 extended_VVN their_APPGE range_NN1 in_II31 terms_II32 of_II33 markets_NN2 and_CC production_NN1 facilities_NN2 to_II a_AT1 national_JJ ,_, multinational_JJ ,_, transnational_JJ and_CC ,_, increasingly_RR ,_, global_JJ reach_NN1 ._. 
These_DD2 changes_NN2 in_II industrial_JJ structure_NN1 have_VH0 led_VVN to_II increases_NN2 in_II the_AT productivity_NN1 ,_, profits_NN2 and_CC power_NN1 of_IO those_DD2 firms_NN2 that_CST can_VM choose_VVI among_II many_DA2 nations_NN2 for_IF their_APPGE sources_NN2 of_IO materials_NN2 ,_, production_NN1 facilities_NN2 ,_, markets_NN2 and_CC ideas_NN2 ,_, quickly_RR adjusting_VVG to_II changing_JJ market_NN1 conditions_NN2 ._. 
Virtually_RR every_AT1 major_JJ national_JJ or_CC international_JJ enterprise_NN1 has_VHZ such_DA a_AT1 structure_NN1 or_CC relies_VVZ on_II subsidiaries_NN2 or_CC strategic_JJ alliances_NN2 to_TO obtain_VVI a_AT1 comparable_JJ degree_NN1 of_IO influence_NN1 and_CC flexibility_NN1 ._. 
As_CSA one_MC1 measure_NN1 of_IO this_DD1 change_NN1 in_II industrial_JJ structure_NN1 ,_, almost_RR a_AT1 third_MD of_IO total_JJ international_JJ trade_NN1 now_RT occurs_VVZ solely_RR within_II multinational_JJ enterprises_NN2 ._. 
As_CSA another_DD1 measure_NN1 ,_, the_AT number_NN1 of_IO global_JJ businesses_NN2 has_VHZ increased_VVN from_II some_DD 7000_MC in_II 1968_MC to_II 35,000_MC in_II 1990_MC and_CC to_II 45,000_MC by_II the_AT year_NNT1 2000_MC ._. 
Their_APPGE size_NN1 has_VHZ also_RR increased_VVN dramatically_RR ,_, with_IW the_AT United_JJ Nations_NN2 Conference_NN1 on_II Trade_NN1 and_CC Development_NN1 (_( UNCTAD_NP1 )_) finding_VVG that_CST ,_, of_IO the_AT largest_JJT 100_MC economic_JJ entities_NN2 in_II the_AT world_NN1 in_II 2000_MC ,_, 29_MC were_VBDR global_JJ corporations_NN2 ,_, the_AT remaining_JJ 71_MC being_VBG nations_NN2 ._. 
As_CSA one_MC1 example_NN1 ,_, ExxonMobil_NP1 ,_, the_AT largest_JJT corporation_NN1 ,_, ranked_VVN 45th_MD on_II this_DD1 list_NN1 ,_, at_II about_II the_AT same_DA size_NN1 as_CSA Chile_NP1 and_CC Pakistan_NP1 ._. 
The_AT combined_JJ sales_NN of_IO the_AT world_NN1 's_GE largest_JJT 200_MC corporations_NN2 are_VBR far_RG greater_JJR than_CSN a_AT1 quarter_NN1 of_IO the_AT world_NN1 's_GE economic_JJ activity_NN1 and_CC are_VBR bigger_JJR than_CSN the_AT combined_JJ economies_NN2 of_IO all_DB countries_NN2 minus_II the_AT biggest_JJT nine_MC ;_; that_REX21 is_REX22 ,_, they_PPHS2 surpass_VV0 the_AT combined_JJ economies_NN2 of_IO 182_MC countries_NN2 ._. 
Wal-Mart_NP1 ,_, the_AT number_NN1 12_MC corporation_NN1 ,_, is_VBZ bigger_JJR than_CSN 161_MC countries_NN2 ,_, including_II Israel_NP1 ,_, Poland_NP1 and_CC Greece_NP1 ._. 
Mitsubishi_NP1 is_VBZ economically_RR larger_JJR than_CSN the_AT fourth_MD most_RGT populous_JJ nation_NN1 on_II earth_NN1 ,_, Indonesia_NP1 ;_; General_JJ Motors_NN2 is_VBZ bigger_JJR than_CSN Denmark_NP1 ;_; Ford_NP1 is_VBZ bigger_JJR than_CSN South_NP1 Africa_NP1 ;_; and_CC Toyota_NP1 is_VBZ bigger_JJR than_CSN Norway_NP1 ._. 
With_IW the_AT advent_NN1 of_IO such_DA global_JJ firms_NN2 ,_, international_JJ conflict_NN1 has_VHZ ,_, to_II some_DD extent_NN1 ,_, moved_VVD from_II nations_NN2 to_II these_DD2 firms_NN2 ,_, with_IW the_AT battle_NN1 no_RR21 longer_RR22 among_II nations_NN2 over_II territory_NN1 but_CCB rather_RR among_II firms_NN2 over_II their_APPGE share_NN1 of_IO world_NN1 markets_NN2 ._. 
These_DD2 global_JJ firms_NN2 are_VBR seen_VVN by_II some_DD as_II a_AT1 threat_NN1 to_II the_AT scope_NN1 and_CC autonomy_NN1 of_IO the_AT state_NN1 ,_, but_CCB while_CS these_DD2 firms_NN2 are_VBR powerful_JJ and_CC growing_JJ ,_, the_AT nation_NN1 state_NN1 still_RR retains_VVZ its_APPGE traditional_JJ dominant_JJ role_NN1 in_II the_AT world_NN1 economic_JJ and_CC political_JJ system_NN1 and_CC is_VBZ likely_JJ to_TO remain_VVI in_II this_DD1 role_NN1 ._. 
These_DD2 global_JJ firms_NN2 are_VBR also_RR partly_RR a_AT1 stimulus_NN1 to_II terrorism_NN1 ,_, as_CSA many_DA2 people_NN resent_VV0 their_APPGE role_NN1 and_CC influence_VV0 in_II the_AT global_JJ economy_NN1 ._. 
Compounding_VVG this_DD1 perception_NN1 is_VBZ the_AT fact_NN1 that_CST these_DD2 global_JJ firms_NN2 typically_RR have_VH0 their_APPGE headquarters_NN in_II advanced_JJ industrialized_JJ nations_NN2 ._. 
The_AT vast_JJ majority_NN1 ,_, 186_MC ,_, of_IO the_AT largest_JJT 200_MC firms_NN2 have_VH0 their_APPGE headquarters_NN in_II just_RR seven_MC countries_NN2 :_: Japan_NP1 ,_, the_AT United_NP1 States_NP1 ,_, Germany_NP1 ,_, France_NP1 ,_, the_AT United_NP1 Kingdom_NP1 ,_, the_AT Netherlands_NP1 and_CC Switzerland_NP1 ._. 
GLOBAL_JJ TERRORISM_NN1 Terrorism_NN1 is_VBZ 'the_NN1 premeditated_VVD use_NN1 or_CC threat_NN1 to_TO use_VVI violence_NN1 by_II individuals_NN2 or_CC subnational_JJ groups_NN2 in_BCL21 order_BCL22 to_TO obtain_VVI a_AT1 political_JJ or_CC social_JJ objective_NN1 through_II the_AT intimidation_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 large_JJ audience_NN1 beyond_II that_DD1 of_IO the_AT immediate_JJ victims_NN2 '_GE (_( Enders_NN2 and_CC Sandler_NP1 ,_, 2005_MC )_) ._. 
Terrorism_NN1 has_VHZ also_RR become_VV0 a_AT1 global_JJ phenomenon_NN1 in_II what_DDQ amounts_VVZ to_II yet_RR another_DD1 manifestation_NN1 of_IO globalization_NN1 ._. 
What_DDQ was_VBDZ formerly_RR a_AT1 phenomenon_NN1 of_IO nations_NN2 ,_, such_II21 as_II22 Ireland_NP1 ,_, Sri_NP1 Lanka_NP1 and_CC Israel_NP1 ,_, and_CC ,_, earlier_RRR ,_, a_AT1 tactic_NN1 used_VVN in_II the_AT developing_JJ world_NN1 's_GE struggle_NN1 for_IF independence_NN1 from_II the_AT colonial_JJ empires_NN2 of_IO Britain_NP1 ,_, France_NP1 ,_, Holland_NP1 ,_, Belgium_NP1 and_CC other_JJ great_JJ powers_NN2 ,_, has_VHZ evolved_VVN from_II a_AT1 regional_JJ to_II a_AT1 multinational_JJ and_CC even_RR global_JJ phenomenon_NN1 due_II21 to_II22 the_AT same_DA trends_NN2 noted_VVN earlier_RRR ._. 
For_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, the_AT terrorist_JJ organization_NN1 responsible_JJ for_IF the_AT 11_MC September_NPM1 2001_MC attacks_NN2 on_II the_AT US_NP1 in_II New_NP1 York_NP1 and_CC Washington_NP1 ,_, DC_NP1 ,_, al-Qaeda_NP1 (_( 'the_VV0 base'_NN1 )_) ,_, which_DDQ had_VHD earlier_RRR operated_VVN in_II Sudan_NP1 ,_, then_RT Afghanistan_NP1 and_CC Pakistan_NP1 ,_, is_VBZ now_RT a_AT1 global_JJ organization_NN1 with_IW branches_NN2 in_II Great_NP1 Britain_NP1 ,_, Morocco_NP1 ,_, Iraq_NP1 ,_, Indonesia_NP1 the_AT Philippines_NP2 and_CC elsewhere_RL ._. 
It_PPH1 has_VHZ ,_, in_II fact_NN1 ,_, learned_VVN from_II global_JJ business_NN1 entities_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 McDonald_NP1 's_GE and_CC Starbucks_VVZ the_AT value_NN1 of_IO franchising_VVG ,_, setting_VVG up_RP franchise_NN1 operations_NN2 in_II many_DA2 nations_NN2 ._. 
Indeed_RR ,_, Osama_NP1 bin_VV0 Laden_JJ has_VHZ run_VVN his_APPGE operations_NN2 in_II Sudan_NP1 and_CC Afghanistan_NP1 and_CC now_RT in_II Pakistan_NP1 like_II a_AT1 multinational_JJ corporation_NN1 ._. 
By_II contrast_NN1 ,_, the_AT US_NP1 after_II the_AT September_NPM1 11th_MD attacks_NN2 set_VV0 up_RP a_AT1 hierarchical_JJ organization_NN1 ,_, the_AT Department_NN1 of_IO Homeland_NN1 Security_NN1 (_( DHS_NP2 )_) ,_, to_TO counter_VVI al-Qaeda_JJ and_CC other_JJ terrorist_JJ organizations_NN2 ,_, that_DD1 was_VBDZ shown_VVN to_TO be_VBI dysfunctional_JJ in_II the_AT aftermath_NN1 of_IO hurricanes_NN2 Katrina_NP1 and_CC Rita_NP1 ._. 
The_AT terrorists_NN2 have_VH0 created_VVN dispersed_JJ and_CC f_ZZ1 at_II organizations_NN2 ,_, while_CS the_AT DHS_NP2 ,_, the_AT main_JJ US_NP1 antiterrorist_NN1 organization_NN1 ,_, is_VBZ one_PN1 that_CST is_VBZ concentrated_VVN and_CC top-heavy_JJ ,_, attempting_VVG to_TO pull_VVI together_RL many_DA2 prior_JJ agencies_NN2 and_CC operations_NN2 that_CST do_VD0 not_XX f_ZZ1 t_ZZ1 together_RL and_CC can_VM not_XX work_VVI together_RL ._. 
Global_JJ terrorist_JJ organizations_NN2 ,_, including_II al-Qaeda_NP1 ,_, have_VH0 also_RR borrowed_VVN from_II global_JJ business_NN1 the_AT value_NN1 of_IO modern_JJ technology_NN1 ,_, making_VVG extensive_JJ use_NN1 of_IO the_AT Web_NN1 ,_, the_AT Internet_NN1 ,_, cellphones_NN2 ,_, and_RR31 so_RR32 on_RR33 for_IF purposes_NN2 of_IO communication_NN1 ,_, recruitment_NN1 ,_, training_NN1 ,_, fund-raising_NN1 ,_, planning_VVG ,_, identification_NN1 of_IO targets_NN2 (_( for_REX21 example_REX22 via_II Google_NP1 World_NN1 )_) ,_, and_RR31 so_RR32 on_RR33 ._. 
The_AT phenomenon_NN1 of_IO global_JJ terrorism_NN1 has_VHZ made_VVN most_DAT industrialized_JJ countries_NN2 highly_RR vulnerable_JJ to_II terrorist_JJ attacks_NN2 due_II21 to_II22 the_AT globalization_NN1 of_IO communications_NN2 ,_, the_AT development_NN1 of_IO international_JJ transport_NN1 (_( notably_RR air_NN1 transport_NN1 )_) ,_, the_AT concentration_NN1 of_IO populations_NN2 and_CC resources_NN2 in_II urban_JJ zones_NN2 ,_, and_RR31 so_RR32 on_RR33 ._. 
For_IF many_DA2 reasons_NN2 --_NN1 including_II the_AT growth_NN1 of_IO grievances_NN2 ,_, particularly_RR those_DD2 toward_II the_AT US_NP1 and_CC Europe_NP1 ;_; religious_JJ fanaticism_NN1 ;_; the_AT advent_NN1 of_IO weak_JJ or_CC failed_VVD transitional_JJ states_NN2 ;_; the_AT diffusion_NN1 of_IO technology_NN1 ;_; the_AT composition_NN1 of_IO the_AT population_NN1 ,_, with_IW more_RGR single_JJ young_JJ men_NN2 who_PNQS may_VM become_VVI recruits_NN2 for_IF the_AT terrorists_NN2 ;_; extremist_JJ ideologies_NN2 ;_; global_JJ funding_NN1 ;_; the_AT growth_NN1 of_IO transnational_JJ crime_NN1 organizations_NN2 ;_; and_CC other_JJ factors_NN2 --_NN1 there_EX will_VM in_II all_DB likelihood_NN1 be_VBI a_AT1 continuation_NN1 of_IO high_JJ levels_NN2 or_CC even_RR the_AT growth_NN1 of_IO global_JJ terrorism_NN1 in_II the_AT foreseeable_JJ future_NN1 ._. 
These_DD2 factors_NN2 are_VBR discussed_VVN by_II a_AT1 Norwegian_JJ expert_NN1 on_II terrorism_NN1 ,_, Brynjar_NP1 Lia_NP1 ,_, in_II his_APPGE authoritative_JJ and_CC comprehensive_JJ book_NN1 ,_, Globalization_NN1 and_CC the_AT Future_NN1 of_IO Terrorism_NN1 :_: Patterns_NN2 and_CC Predictions_NN2 ,_, which_DDQ concludes_VVZ by_II stating_VVG that_CST there_EX are_VBR 'important_JJ structural_JJ factors_NN2 in_II today_RT 's_GE world_NN1 creating_VVG more_RGR propitious_JJ conditions_NN2 for_IF terrorism_NN1 ..._... &lsqb;_( leading_VVG to_II a_ZZ1 &rsqb;_) sustained_VVD ,_, if_CS not_XX higher_JJR ,_, level_NN1 of_IO transnational_JJ terrorism'_NN1 ._. 
Lia_NN1 ends_VVZ his_APPGE book_NN1 by_II stating_VVG that_CST :_: 'Regrettably_RR ,_, high_JJ levels_NN2 of_IO terrorism_NN1 are_VBR going_VVGK to_TO be_VBI with_IW us_PPIO2 for_IF a_AT1 very_RG long_JJ time_NNT1 ._. '_" 
(_( Lia_NN1 ,_, 2005_MC )_) ._. 
Because_II21 of_II22 globalization_NN1 ,_, a_AT1 terrorist_JJ threat_NN1 can_VM not_XX be_VBI addressed_VVN by_II one_MC1 nation_NN1 ,_, no_RGQV31 matter_RGQV32 how_RGQV33 powerful_JJ ,_, acting_VVG alone_RR ._. 
Rather_RR ,_, it_PPH1 requires_VVZ international_JJ cooperation_NN1 ,_, with_IW revitalized_JJ as_II31 well_II32 as_II33 new_JJ international_JJ institutions_NN2 ._. 
This_DD1 threat_NN1 of_IO global_JJ terrorism_NN1 also_RR demands_VVZ coordinated_JJ measures_NN2 at_II the_AT global_JJ level_NN1 ,_, involving_VVG governments_NN2 ,_, United_JJ Nations_NN2 (_( UN_NP1 )_) bodies_NN2 ,_, other_JJ international_JJ organizations_NN2 ,_, non-governmental_JJ organizations_NN2 (_( NGOs_NP2 )_) and_CC the_AT private_JJ sector_NN1 ._. 
At_II the_AT heart_NN1 of_IO such_DA a_AT1 coordinated_JJ approach_NN1 is_VBZ mutual_JJ support_NN1 ,_, with_IW entities_NN2 that_CST could_VM be_VBI damaged_VVN by_II international_JJ or_CC global_JJ terrorism_NN1 ,_, whether_CSW nations_NN2 ,_, international_JJ organizations_NN2 or_CC businesses_NN2 ,_, providing_VVG as_II31 well_II32 as_II33 making_VVG use_NN1 of_IO such_DA support_NN1 ._. 
For_IF a_AT1 system_NN1 of_IO global_JJ governance_NN1 to_TO deal_VVI effectively_RR with_IW a_AT1 fundamental_JJ threat_NN1 to_II security_NN1 in_II the_AT form_NN1 of_IO global_JJ terrorism_NN1 ,_, whether_CSW through_II the_AT UN_NP1 or_CC other_JJ organizations_NN2 ,_, it_PPH1 will_VM be_VBI necessary_JJ to_TO approach_VVI security_NN1 from_II a_AT1 global_JJ perspective_NN1 rather_II21 than_II22 a_AT1 national_JJ or_CC regional_JJ one_PN1 ._. 
Our_APPGE world_NN1 is_VBZ now_RT so_RG highly_RR connected_VVN and_CC interdependent_JJ that_CST it_PPH1 is_VBZ impossible_JJ to_TO conf_VVI ne_FW security_NN1 to_TO arbitrarily_RR def_VVI ned_JJ national_JJ frontiers_NN2 ,_, as_CSA in_II the_AT concept_NN1 of_IO 'national_JJ security'_NN1 ._. 
By_II contrast_NN1 ,_, the_AT concept_NN1 of_IO 'global_JJ security'_NN1 recognizes_VVZ the_AT need_NN1 to_TO create_VVI a_AT1 new_JJ global_JJ system_NN1 comparable_JJ to_II the_AT creation_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 new_JJ world_NN1 system_NN1 that_CST occurred_VVD after_II World_NN1 War_NN1 II_MC ,_, one_MC1 that_CST would_VM encompass_VVI not_XX only_RR security_NN1 but_CCB also_RR economic_JJ ,_, political_JJ and_CC other_JJ issue_NN1 areas_NN2 ._. 
(_( See_VV0 Intriligator_NP1 ,_, 1994_MC ,_, my_APPGE 1993_MC Presidential_JJ Address_NN1 to_II the_AT Peace_NN1 Science_NN1 Society_NN1 (_( International_JJ )_) ,_, 'Global_JJ security_NN1 after_II the_AT end_NN1 of_IO the_AT Cold_JJ War'_NN1 ;_; see_VV0 also_RR the_AT outstanding_JJ work_NN1 of_IO the_AT Global_JJ Governance_NN1 Group_NN1 in_II promoting_VVG global_JJ security_NN1 ._. )_) 
This_DD1 new_JJ global_JJ system_NN1 would_VM treat_VVI problems_NN2 of_IO security_NN1 ,_, both_RR military_JJ and_CC non-military_JJ ,_, including_II the_AT threat_NN1 of_IO global_JJ terrorism_NN1 ,_, through_II strengthening_VVG existing_JJ international_JJ institutions_NN2 or_CC the_AT creation_NN1 of_IO new_JJ global_JJ institutions_NN2 ._. 
These_DD2 new_JJ institutions_NN2 could_VM be_VBI built_VVN ,_, in_RR21 part_RR22 ,_, on_II the_AT UN_NP1 system_NN1 and_CC its_APPGE components_NN2 ._. 
They_PPHS2 should_VM ideally_RR involve_VVI supranational_JJ decision-making_NN1 and_CC authority_NN1 ,_, with_IW enforcement_NN1 capabilities_NN2 ,_, transparency_NN1 and_CC accountability_NN1 ,_, along_II21 with_II22 global_JJ perspectives_NN2 and_CC responses_NN2 ._. 
Participation_NN1 in_II the_AT global_JJ decision-making_JJ process_NN1 should_VM be_VBI through_II close_JJ international_JJ cooperation_NN1 and_CC mutual_JJ support_NN1 ._. 
It_PPH1 would_VM favor_VVI collective_JJ action_NN1 over_II pre-emption_NN1 by_II any_DD one_MC1 nation_NN1 ,_, no_RGQV31 matter_RGQV32 how_RGQV33 powerful_JJ ,_, including_VVG by_II the_AT US_NP1 ,_, the_AT current_JJ hegemonic_JJ global_JJ power_NN1 ._. 
Such_DA a_AT1 system_NN1 of_IO global_JJ security_NN1 should_VM be_VBI preferred_VVN to_II the_AT current_JJ system_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 virtually_RR powerless_JJ UN_NP1 system_NN1 with_IW no_AT independent_JJ ability_NN1 to_TO raise_VVI funds_NN2 or_CC commit_VV0 troops_NN2 ._. 
(_( Tinbergen_NN1 and_CC Fischer_NP1 ,_, 1987_MC note_VV0 that_CST while_CS the_AT UN_NP1 has_VHZ components_NN2 comparable_JJ to_II those_DD2 in_II national_JJ governments_NN2 ,_, such_II21 as_II22 the_AT World_NN1 Health_NN1 Organization_NN1 as_II a_AT1 counterpart_NN1 to_II national_JJ ministries_NN2 of_IO health_NN1 ,_, it_PPH1 has_VHZ neither_RR a_AT1 treasury_NN1 nor_CC a_AT1 ministry_NN1 of_IO defense_NN1 ._. )_) 
