Accessible_JJ image_NN1 analysis_NN1 for_IF art_NN1 assessment_NN1 The_AT main_JJ purpose_NN1 of_IO this_DD1 study_NN1 is_VBZ to_TO illustrate_VVI capabilities_NN2 of_IO several_DA2 public_JJ domain_NN1 image_NN1 analysis_NN1 software_NN1 (_( PDIAS_NP2 )_) programs_NN2 to_TO complement_VVI subjective_JJ scoring_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ is_VBZ predominant_JJ in_II the_AT field_NN1 of_IO art_NN1 therapy_NN1 ._. 
Although_CS subjective_JJ scoring_NN1 can_VM provide_VVI a_AT1 good_JJ deal_NN1 of_IO information_NN1 the_AT author_NN1 feels_VVZ quantitative_JJ approaches_NN2 can_VM provide_VVI additional_JJ data_NN ._. 
Quantitative_JJ analysis_NN1 is_VBZ aptly_RR suited_VVN for_IF the_AT determination_NN1 of_IO near-exact_JJ percentages_NN2 and_CC dimensions_NN2 of_IO formal_JJ elements_NN2 ,_, as_CSA shown_VVN in_II the_AT results_NN2 of_IO the_AT demonstration_NN1 ._. 
However_RR ,_, the_AT author_NN1 maintains_VVZ that_CST a_AT1 synthesis_NN1 of_IO quantitative_JJ and_CC qualitative_JJ approaches_NN2 is_VBZ necessary_JJ for_IF complete_JJ assessment_NN1 ,_, and_CC thus_RR emphasizes_VVZ the_AT addition_NN1 of_IO quantitative_JJ methodology_NN1 ._. 
It_PPH1 is_VBZ important_JJ to_TO acknowledge_VVI that_CST biases_NN2 exist_VV0 with_IW quantitative_JJ approaches_NN2 to_II collecting_VVG data_NN ._. 
The_AT discussion_NN1 following_VVG the_AT study_NN1 explains_VVZ some_DD of_IO these_DD2 biases_NN2 ,_, particularly_RR during_II the_AT use_NN1 of_IO PDIAS_NP2 ._. 
For_IF this_DD1 study_NN1 ,_, PDIAS_NN2 programs_NN2 were_VBDR adapted_VVN for_IF the_AT analysis_NN1 of_IO the_AT Face_NN1 Stimulus_NN1 Assessment_NN1 to_TO establish_VVI a_AT1 model_NN1 for_IF how_RGQ quantitative_JJ methods_NN2 could_VM generalize_VVI to_II other_JJ instruments_NN2 ._. 
The_AT software_NN1 ,_, explained_VVN in_II subsequent_JJ sections_NN2 ,_, includes_VVZ Image_NN1 Java_NP1 (_( ImageJ_NP1 )_) ,_, Scion_NP1 Image_NN1 ,_, and_CC Measuring_VVG Vegetative_JJ Health_NN1 (_( MVH_NP1 )_) ._. 
National_JJ Institutes_NN2 of_IO Health_NN1 (_( NIH_NP1 )_) developed_VVD ImageJ_NP1 to_TO analyze_VVI biomedical_JJ images_NN2 with_IW high_JJ degrees_NN2 of_IO accuracy_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ stemmed_VVD from_II comparing_VVG known_VVN to_II measured_JJ areas_NN2 within_II an_AT1 image_NN1 ._. 
Scion_NN1 Image_NN1 is_VBZ a_AT1 descendant_NN1 of_IO ImageJ_NP1 ,_, and_CC shares_NN2 many_DA2 of_IO its_APPGE capabilities_NN2 ._. 
Educational_JJ programs_NN2 and_CC color_NN1 analysis_NN1 of_IO satellite_NN1 imagery_NN1 are_VBR primary_JJ applications_NN2 of_IO MVH_NP1 ._. 
The_AT developer_NN1 of_IO MVHestablished_JJ is_VBZ accuracy_NN1 by_II testing_VVG select_JJ itemsprior_NN1 to_TO release_VVI ,_, though_CS independent_JJ testing_NN1 is_VBZ pending_JJ ._. 
Researchers_NN2 using_VVG the_AT latest_JJT computer_NN1 technology_NN1 developed_VVD these_DD2 programs_NN2 for_IF distribution_NN1 to_II colleagues_NN2 at_II no_AT cost_NN1 ._. 
The_AT use_NN1 of_IO computer_NN1 technology_NN1 in_II art_NN1 therapy_NN1 is_VBZ expanding_JJ and_CC creating_VVG new_JJ avenues_NN2 for_IF research_NN1 ._. 
The_AT Discussion_NN1 section_NN1 explains_VVZ potential_JJ developments_NN2 that_CST are_VBR workable_JJ by_II even_RR the_AT most_DAT novices_NN2 of_IO computer_NN1 users_NN2 ,_, due_JJ in_RR21 part_RR22 to_II PDIAS_NN2 ._. 
With_IW computerized_JJ image_NN1 analysis_NN1 forming_VVG accurate_JJ rating_NN1 scales_NN2 ,_, researchers_NN2 developing_VVG common_JJ procedures_NN2 can_VM explore_VVI various_JJ techniques_NN2 and_CC terms_NN2 from_II PDIAS_NN2 ._. 
Digitally_RR analyzing_VVG two_MC dimensional_JJ art_NN1 for_IF assessment_NN1 is_VBZ accomplishable_JJ through_II PDIAS_NN2 ,_, as_CSA shown_VVN in_II the_AT measurements_NN2 portion_NN1 of_IO this_DD1 study_NN1 ._. 
As_CSA professionals_NN2 begin_VV0 to_TO explore_VVI such_DA programs_NN2 ,_, common_JJ procedures_NN2 may_VM develop_VVI from_II the_AT research_NN1 ._. 
Common_JJ procedures_NN2 ,_, theoretical_JJ approaches_NN2 ,_, and_CC observational_JJ terms_NN2 are_VBR all_DB important_JJ characteristics_NN2 of_IO valid_JJ fields_NN2 ._. 
Increased_JJ validity_NN1 of_IO computer-assisted_JJ art_NN1 therapy_NN1 assessment_NN1 may_VM result_VVI from_II standardizing_VVG processes_NN2 of_IO image_NN1 analysis_NN1 techniques_NN2 ._. 
This_DD1 and_CC other_JJ studies_NN2 have_VH0 begun_VVN to_TO explore_VVI objective_JJ methods_NN2 of_IO analysis_NN1 applied_VVN to_II art_NN1 assessment_NN1 ._. 
Joining_VVG science_NN1 and_CC art_NN1 could_VM benfit_VVI art_NN1 therapy_NN1 by_II offering_VVG standardization_NN1 and_CC worth_NN1 ._. 
This_DD1 study_NN1 incorporated_VVN practices_NN2 and_CC procedures_NN2 from_II objective_JJ disciplines_NN2 ._. 
Standardized_JJ measurements_NN2 overview_NN1 In_II this_DD1 study_NN1 ,_, PDIAS_NN2 measured_VVD several_DA2 formal_JJ element_NN1 categories_NN2 featured_VVN in_II the_AT FSA_NP1 ._. 
These_DD2 were_VBDR color_NN1 percentage_NN1 ,_, line_NN1 ,_, and_CC shape_NN1 (_( see_VV0 Table_NN1 1_MC1 )_) ._. 
This_DD1 analysis_NN1 incorporated_VVN procedures_NN2 from_II the_AT development_NN1 of_IO the_AT Computer-Color-Related_JJ Art_NN1 Therapy_NN1 Evaluation_NN1 System_NN1 ._. 
It_PPH1 also_RR integrated_JJ research_NN1 in_II image_NN1 analysis_NN1 and_CC quantitative_JJ assessment_NN1 ._. 
Many_DA2 art-based_JJ assessments_NN2 exclude_VV0 quantitative_JJ data_NN ._. 
An_AT1 overview_NN1 of_IO major_JJ art-based_JJ assessment_NN1 tests_NN2 revealed_VVD few_DA2 with_IW reasonable_JJ validity_NN1 or_CC reliability_NN1 ._. 
To_TO achieve_VVI credibility_NN1 ,_, art-based_JJ assessments_NN2 should_VM establish_VVI validity_NN1 and_CC reliability_NN1 through_II standardization_NN1 (_( Brooke_NP1 )_) ._. 
It_PPH1 is_VBZ important_JJ to_TO standardize_VVI measurement_NN1 techniques_NN2 so_RR tests_NN2 may_VM be_VBI replicated_VVN ;_; they_PPHS2 should_VM also_RR measure_VVI what_DDQ they_PPHS2 claim_VV0 ._. 
Developing_JJ standardized_JJ methods_NN2 in_II assessment_NN1 rating_NN1 and_CC scoring_NN1 could_VM assist_VVI in_II generating_VVG reasonable_JJ levels_NN2 of_IO reliability_NN1 and_CC validity_NN1 through_II objectivity_NN1 ._. 
There_RL appear_VV0 to_TO be_VBI few_DA2 objective_JJ solutions_NN2 to_II problems_NN2 arising_VVG from_II the_AT interpretation_NN1 of_IO drawings_NN2 ._. 
Measurements_NN2 Color_VV0 measurements_NN2 Recent_JJ technological_JJ advances_NN2 allow_VV0 for_IF analysis_NN1 of_IO color_NN1 ._. 
Human_JJ color_NN1 perception_NN1 varies_VVZ according_II21 to_II22 each_DD1 individual_NN1 ._. 
Because_II21 of_II22 this_DD1 variance_NN1 ,_, objective_JJ computer_NN1 assistance_NN1 in_II color_NN1 rating_NN1 warrants_VVZ investigation_NN1 ._. 
Color_NN1 scoring_VVG for_IF client_NN1 insight_NN1 is_VBZ achieved_VVN through_II both_RR manual_JJ and_CC computer_NN1 assistance_NN1 in_II art-based_JJ instruments_NN2 ._. 
In_II the_AT Descriptive_JJ Analysis_NN1 of_IO Psychiatric_JJ Artwork_NN1 ,_, the_AT presence_NN1 or_CC absence_NN1 of_IO red_NN1 ,_, yellow_JJ ,_, orange_NN1 ,_, purple_JJ ,_, green_JJ ,_, blue_JJ ,_, brown_JJ ,_, white_JJ ,_, and_CC black_NN1 was_VBDZ manually_RR rated_VVN over_RG 20_MC sections_NN2 of_IO each_DD1 artwork_NN1 ._. 
Three_MC scales_NN2 measured_VVD line_NN1 thickness_NN1 and_CC color_NN1 intensity_NN1 ._. 
The_AT raters_NN2 from_II this_DD1 study_NN1 approximated_VVD form_NN1 location_NN1 ._. 
Subjectivity_NN1 poses_VVZ problems_NN2 for_IF the_AT analysis_NN1 of_IO artwork_NN1 because_CS the_AT rater_NN1 relies_VVZ on_II judgment_NN1 and_CC observation_NN1 ._. 
An_AT1 early_JJ study_NN1 attempted_VVD to_TO distinguish_VVI phases_NN2 of_IO bipolar_JJ II_MC based_VVN on_II several_DA2 characteristics_NN2 ,_, including_II color_NN1 ;_; the_AT inter-rater_JJ agreement_NN1 from_II this_DD1 study_NN1 proved_VVD to_TO be_VBI moderately_RR accurate_JJ ._. 
A_AT1 recent_JJ study_NN1 revealed_VVD a_AT1 low_JJ level_NN1 of_IO inter-rater_JJ reliability_NN1 for_IF the_AT Prominence_NN1 of_IO Color_NN1 in_II the_AT FSA_NP1 ._. 
Gantt_VV0 and_CC Tabone_NP1 included_VVD a_AT1 system_NN1 for_IF manually_RR rating_VVG color_NN1 in_II the_AT FEATS_NN2 ._. 
However_RR ,_, she_PPHS1 also_RR proposed_VVD a_AT1 computerized_JJ scale_NN1 for_IF rating_VVG color_NN1 categories_NN2 ._. 
Line_NN1 measurements_NN2 Euclid_NP1 defined_VVD a_AT1 line_NN1 as_II a_AT1 length_NN1 without_IW breadth_NN1 ,_, and_CC a_AT1 straight_JJ line_NN1 as_CSA something_PN1 that_CST lays_VVZ evenly_RR with_IW all_DB points_NN2 on_II itself_PPX1 ._. 
Line_NN1 is_VBZ an_AT1 infinite_JJ figure_NN1 without_IW dimension_NN1 ,_, extending_VVG in_II each_DD1 of_IO two_MC directions_NN2 ._. 
For_IF art_NN1 assessment_NN1 ,_, an_AT1 assumption_NN1 for_IF this_DD1 study_NN1 is_VBZ that_DD1 line_NN1 contains_VVZ length_NN1 and_CC width_NN1 ._. 
In_RR21 addition_RR22 ,_, a_AT1 drawing_NN1 may_VM contain_VVI numerous_JJ lines_NN2 ,_, leading_VVG to_II a_AT1 line_NN1 count_NN1 technique_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ is_VBZ also_RR a_AT1 feature_NN1 in_II many_DA2 PDIAS_NN2 programs_NN2 ._. 
Human_JJ perception_NN1 of_IO line_NN1 is_VBZ relative_JJ ,_, especially_RR when_CS judging_VVG ratios_NN2 and_CC lengths_NN2 ._. 
Human_JJ perception_NN1 could_VM lower_VVI inter-rater_JJ agreement_NN1 ._. 
Comparing_VVG perception_NN1 of_IO line_NN1 to_II objective_JJ computer_NN1 analysis_NN1 would_VM therefore_RR be_VBI a_AT1 noteworthy_JJ approach_NN1 to_II addressing_VVG relative_JJ perception_NN1 ._. 
Furthermore_RR ,_, past_JJ research_NN1 explored_VVD line_NN1 and_CC affective_JJ states_NN2 ,_, which_DDQ is_VBZ an_AT1 additional_JJ factor_NN1 to_TO consider_VVI in_II the_AT assessment_NN1 of_IO line_NN1 ._. 
Face_VV0 Stimulus_NN1 Assessment_NN1 Donna_NP1 Betts_NP1 constructed_VVD the_AT FSA_NP1 for_IF nonverbal_JJ clientele_NN1 exhibiting_VVG cognitive_JJ impairments_NN2 ._. 
These_DD2 individuals_NN2 were_VBDR unable_JK to_TO understand_VVI basic_JJ directives_NN2 ;_; therefore_RR ,_, the_AT use_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 stimulus_NN1 drawing_NN1 seemed_VVD a_AT1 fitting_JJ means_NN to_TO elicit_VVI verbalization_NN1 ._. 
Those_DD2 with_IW autism_NN1 ,_, communication_NN1 disorders_NN2 ,_, and_CC a-motivation_NN1 responded_VVD well_RR to_TO face_VVI stimulus_NN1 drawings_NN2 ._. 
The_AT design_NN1 of_IO this_DD1 instrument_NN1 was_VBDZ inspired_VVN by_II previous_JJ work_NN1 in_II which_DDQ research_NN1 participant_NN1 's_VBZ significantly_RR perceived_VVN vertical_JJ orientation_NN1 of_IO the_AT face_NN1 through_II their_APPGE senses_NN2 ._. 
The_AT result_NN1 was_VBDZ a_AT1 series_NN of_IO stimulus_NN1 drawings_NN2 ._. 
The_AT FSA_NP1 consists_VVZ of_IO three_MC drawing_NN1 sheets_NN2 measuring_VVG the_AT size_NN1 of_IO standard_JJ letter_NN1 paper_NN1 --_NN1 21.59&times;27.94_FO centimeters_NN2 (_( cm_NNU )_) each_DD1 ._. 
The_AT first_MD is_VBZ a_AT1 pre-drawn_JJ face_NN1 ._. 
The_AT second_NNT1 is_VBZ a_AT1 featureless_JJ outline_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 head_NN1 ._. 
The_AT third_MD is_VBZ a_AT1 blank_JJ sheet_NN1 of_IO paper_NN1 that_CST assesses_VVZ projective_JJ information_NN1 ._. 
Equipment_NN1 Analysis_NN1 of_IO the_AT case_NN1 study_NN1 commenced_VVN with_IW a_AT1 flatbed_JJ Hewlett-_NN1 Packard_NP1 Printer-Scanner-Copier_NP1 (_( HP_NN1 PSC_NP1 )_) 1410_MC with_IW 4800&times;1200_FO dots_NN2 per_II inch_NNU1 (_( dpi_NN2 )_) resolution_NN1 ._. 
Image_NN1 processing_NN1 involved_VVD a_AT1 computer_NN1 with_IW 2.4_MC gigahertz_NN1 (_( GHz_NNU )_) of_IO read-only_JJ memory_NN1 (_( ROM_NN1 )_) and_CC 512megabytes_NNU2 (_( MB_NNU )_) of_IO random_JJ access_NN1 memory_NN1 (_( RAM_NN1 )_) ._. 
Methodology_NN1 Processing_VVG The_AT basic_JJ steps_NN2 to_II image_NN1 processing_NN1 include_VV0 acquisition_NN1 ,_, discrimination_NN1 ,_, segmentation_NN1 ,_, measurement_NN1 ,_, and_CC stereological_JJ interpretation_NN1 ._. 
The_AT final_JJ step_NN1 of_IO stereological_JJ interpretation_NN1 normally_RR pertains_VVZ to_II three-dimensional_JJ objects_NN2 ,_, so_CS this_DD1 study_NN1 excluded_VVD it_PPH1 ._. 
Acquisition_NN1 ,_, however_RR ,_, was_VBDZ necessary_JJ for_IF image_NN1 processing_NN1 ._. 
Conversion_NN1 to_II Tagged_VVD Image_NN1 File_NN1 Format_NN1 (_( TIFF_NP1 )_) from_II an_AT1 analog_NN1 state_NN1 further_RRR readied_VVD the_AT image_NN1 for_IF processing_NN1 ._. 
The_AT Joint_JJ Photographic_JJ Experts_NN2 Group_NN1 (_( JPEG_NP1 )_) format_VV0 ,_, although_CS high_JJ fidelity_NN1 ,_, does_VDZ not_XX allow_VVI for_IF true_JJ image_NN1 analysis_NN1 ._. )_) 
Therefore_RR ,_, this_DD1 study_NN1 retained_VVD the_AT TIFF_NP1 format_NN1 ._. 
Scale_NN1 of_IO the_AT image_NN1 format_NN1 was_VBDZ set_VVN for_IF accuracy_NN1 at_II 84_MC pixels_NN2 per_II cm_NNU ,_, and_CC filtering_VVG techniques_NN2 lowered_JJ noise_NN1 ._. 
Filtering_VVG Filtering_NN1 is_VBZ a_AT1 component_NN1 of_IO processing_VVG that_CST addresses_VVZ noise_NN1 ._. 
Noise_NN1 can_VM be_VBI introduced_VVN at_II various_JJ points_NN2 of_IO image_NN1 acquisition_NN1 and_CC processing_NN1 ,_, and_CC may_VM alter_VVI the_AT results_NN2 of_IO analysis_NN1 ._. 
This_DD1 analysis_NN1 used_VVD a_AT1 3&times;3_FO median_JJ filter_NN1 ._. 
The_AT median_JJ filter_NN1 is_VBZ a_AT1 common_JJ tool_NN1 used_VVN in_II image_NN1 analysis_NN1 ;_; it_PPH1 is_VBZ also_RR effective_JJ for_IF image_NN1 analysis_NN1 applications_NN2 ._. 
The_AT median_JJ filter_NN1 works_VVZ by_II ranking_VVG neighboring_JJ pixels_NN2 in_II a_AT1 square_NN1 ,_, selecting_VVG the_AT brightest_JJT pixel_NN1 ,_, and_CC positioning_VVG it_PPH1 in_II the_AT center_NN1 of_IO this_DD1 square_NN1 ._. 
The_AT result_NN1 is_VBZ the_AT rejection_NN1 of_IO certain_JJ types_NN2 of_IO noise_NN1 ._. 
The_AT C-CREATES_VVZ analyses_NN2 use_VV0 this_DD1 type_NN1 of_IO filter_NN1 ._. 
Case_NN1 example_NN1 The_AT individual_NN1 in_II this_DD1 case_NN1 was_VBDZ a_AT1 46-year-old_JJ male_NN1 who_PNQS lived_VVD in_II a_AT1 small_JJ rural_JJ area_NN1 where_CS he_PPHS1 attended_VVD a_AT1 voluntary_JJ community_NN1 program_NN1 sanctioned_VVN by_II a_AT1 local_JJ mental_JJ health_NN1 agency_NN1 ._. 
He_PPHS1 was_VBDZ unemployed_JJ ,_, single_JJ ,_, and_CC formally_RR diagnosed_VVN with_IW schizophrenia_NN1 by_II history_NN1 ._. 
Several_DA2 features_NN2 within_II his_APPGE drawing_NN1 necessitated_VVD analysis_NN1 ._. 
The_AT author_NN1 chose_VVD this_DD1 particular_JJ drawing_NN1 for_IF analysis_NN1 because_CS it_PPH1 clearly_RR revealed_VVN formal_JJ elements_NN2 ._. 
The_AT author_NN1 also_RR selected_VVN this_DD1 case_NN1 drawing_VVG because_II21 of_II22 bizarre_JJ features_NN2 and_CC lack_NN1 of_IO detail_NN1 ._. 
Psychopathology_NN1 of_IO schizophrenic_JJ individuals_NN2 is_VBZ present_JJ in_II large_JJ collections_NN2 of_IO artwork_NN1 ._. 
Individuals_NN2 with_IW schizophrenia_NN1 generally_RR included_VVN bizarre_JJ imagery_NN1 and_CC lack_NN1 of_IO detail_NN1 in_II their_APPGE depictions_NN2 of_IO the_AT Person_NN1 Picking_VVG an_AT1 Apple_NN1 from_II a_AT1 Tree_NN1 ._. 
In_RR21 addition_RR22 ,_, yellow_NN1 was_VBDZ prominent_JJ in_II the_AT sun_NN1 figure_NN1 ._. 
In_II the_AT DAPA_NN1 ,_, the_AT yellow_JJ differentiated_JJ schizophrenia_NN1 (_( 
