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This_DD1 result_NN1 implies_VVZ the_AT potential_JJ application_NN1 of_IO the_AT DNA/AgNC-based_NN1 assay_NN1 in_II quantitative_JJ analysis_NN1 of_IO cell_NN1 apoptosis_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT monodentate_NN1 ligands_VVZ such_II21 as_II22 PPh3_FO and_CC P(pTol)3_FO afforded_VVD a_AT1 mixture_NN1 of_IO E-_NN1 and_CC Z-selective_JJ products_NN2 in_II very_RG poor_JJ yields_NN2 (_( Table_NN1 1_MC1 ,_, entries_NN2 1_MC1 and_CC 2_MC )_) ._. 
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It_PPH1 can_VM be_VBI clearly_RR seen_VVN that_CST both_DB2 the_AT position_NN1 of_IO the_AT 002PC_NNU peak_NN1 and_CC the_AT intensity_NN1 ratio_NN1 of_IO (_( 111_MC )_) R_ZZ1 and_CC (_( 1-11_MCMC )_) R_ZZ1 vary_VV0 with_IW the_AT amplitude_NN1 of_IO applied_JJ electric_JJ field_NN1 ._. 
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It_PPH1 is_VBZ then_RT important_JJ to_TO ensure_VVI their_APPGE efficacy_NN1 and_CC safety_NN1 ._. 
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For_IF phase_NN1 characterization_NN1 and_CC identification_NN1 ,_, the_AT microcrystalline_NN1 powders_NN2 of_IO title_NN1 compounds_NN2 used_VVN for_IF various_JJ performance_NN1 tests_NN2 were_VBDR prepared_VVN by_II grinding_VVG the_AT single_JJ crystals_NN2 after_II washing_VVG with_IW N_ZZ1 ,_, N-dimethylformamide_NN1 (_( DMF_NP1 )_) ._. 
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However_RR ,_, those_DD2 dimensions_NN2 have_VH0 a_AT1 great_JJ impact_NN1 on_II plasma_NN1 robustness_NN1 ,_, as_CSA they_PPHS2 may_VM affect_VVI the_AT axial_JJ velocity_NN1 of_IO the_AT aerosol_NN1 and_CC the_AT extent_NN1 of_IO mixing_VVG with_IW N2_FO as_II31 well_II32 as_II33 any_DD energy_NN1 transfer_NN1 from_II the_AT bulk_NN1 plasma_NN1 to_II the_AT central_JJ channel_NN1 that_CST may_VM be_VBI promoted_VVN by_II the_AT high_JJ thermal_JJ conductivity_NN1 of_IO N2_FO ,_, drastically_RR affecting_VVG the_AT analytical_JJ characteristics_NN2 of_IO the_AT resulting_JJ ICP_NN1 ._. 
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This_DD1 enhancement_NN1 was_VBDZ observed_VVN when_CS a_AT1 fluorophore_NN1 was_VBDZ located_VVN between_II two_MC AuNps_NN2 with_IW a_AT1 controlled_JJ distance_NN1 &lsqb;_( 65_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, &lsqb;_( 66_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, &lsqb;_( 67_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, and_CC more_RGR recently_RR ,_, a_AT1 FRET_NN1 enhancement_NN1 was_VBDZ observed_VVN when_CS the_AT donor-acceptor_JJ pair_NN was_VBDZ close_JJ to_II a_AT1 5_MC nm_FU AuNp_NP1 &lsqb;_( 68_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
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Therefore_RR ,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ important_JJ to_TO ensure_VVI adequate_JJ levels_NN2 of_IO vitamins_NN2 in_II dietary_JJ supplements_NN2 ,_, unable_JK to_TO produce_VVI adverse_JJ effects_NN2 &lsqb;_( 4_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
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During_II measurement_NN1 ,_, both_DB2 grips_NN2 moved_VVD simultaneously_RR in_II opposite_JJ directions_NN2 to_TO keep_VVI the_AT X-ray_NN1 beam_NN1 at_II a_AT1 xed_JJ position_NN1 on_II the_AT specimen_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT hybrid_JJ AgNPs_NN2 were_VBDR attached_VVN to_II a_AT1 gold_NN1 substrate_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT higher_JJR proton_NN1 conductivity_NN1 of_IO Nafion–s-GCN_JJ hybrid_JJ membrane_NN1 expresses_VVZ the_AT potential_JJ application_NN1 of_IO s-GCN_NN1 in_II Nafion_NP1 matrix_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT best_JJT results_NN2 for_IF iAs_NN2 and_CC DMA_NP1 were_VBDR obtained_VVN with_IW 3_MC mol_NN1 L1_FO HCl_NP1 plus_II heating_NN1 and_CC ultrasound-assisted_JJ agitation_NN1 ._. 
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In_II31 addition_II32 to_II33 this_DD1 ,_, MoS2_FO based_VVN strain_NN1 sensor_NN1 was_VBDZ developed_VVN with_IW high_JJ optical_JJ transparency_NN1 ,_, high_JJ guage_NN1 factor_NN1 and_CC large_JJ mechanical_JJ flexibility_NN1 ._. 
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Garcia-Florentino_NP1 et_NP1 al.131_FO quantified_VVN light_JJ elements_NN2 (_( Z_ZZ1 ≤_FO 20_MC )_) in_II aqueous_JJ extracts_NN2 and_CC heavy_JJ elements_NN2 (_( Z_ZZ1 >_FO 20_MC )_) in_II acid_NN1 extracts_NN2 of_IO materials_NN2 from_II "_" built_VVD heritage_NN1 "_" (_( mortars_NN2 ,_, black_JJ crusts_NN2 ,_, and_CC calcium_NN1 carbonate_NN1 formations_NN2 )_) ._. 
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The_AT combined_JJ organic_JJ phase_NN1 was_VBDZ concentrated_VVN to_II dryness_NN1 in_II vacuo_NN1 to_TO give_VVI syn-tpmcp_NN1 as_II a_AT1 white_JJ powder_NN1 ._. 
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However_RR ,_, any_DD other_JJ programming_NN1 language_NN1 can_VM be_VBI used_VVN for_IF the_AT PC_NN1 application_NN1 as_CS31 long_CS32 as_CS33 it_PPH1 offers_VVZ access_NN1 to_II USB-RS232_JJ drivers_NN2 ._. 
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Interestingly_RR ,_, a_AT1 distinct_JJ difference_NN1 is_VBZ noted_VVN in_II the_AT observed_JJ line_NN1 width_NN1 of_IO the_AT microwire_NN1 sample_NN1 for_IF the_AT composition_NN1 CH3NH3PbI2.25Br0.75_FO relative_II21 to_II22 those_DD2 templated_VVN by_II the_AT SiNTs_NN2 ,_, where_CS the_AT rather_RG extreme_JJ broadness_NN1 of_IO this_DD1 peak_NN1 infers_VVZ the_AT presence_NN1 of_IO multiple_JJ species_NN in_II the_AT microwire_NN1 sample_NN1 ._. 
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Results_NN2 showed_VVD a_AT1 high_JJ concentration_NN1 of_IO PE_NN1 films_NN2 ,_, i.e._REX 3_MC g_NNU PE_NN1 per_II m2_FO soil_NN1 with_IW a_AT1 mean_JJ size_NN1 of_IO 28_MC cm2_FO ,_, found_VVN in_II 10%_NNU surface_NN1 soil_NN1 samples_NN2 ._. 
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The_AT reported_JJ results_NN2 and_CC the_AT plethora_NN1 of_IO material_NN1 combinations_NN2 holds_VVZ the_AT promise_NN1 of_IO new_JJ exciting_JJ discoveries_NN2 with_II31 respect_II32 to_II33 energy_NN1 conversion_NN1 based_VVN on_II carbodiimide_NN1 materials_NN2 ._. 
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In_RR21 addition_RR22 ,_, the_AT Ircatalyzed_JJ asymmetric_JJ hydrogenation_NN1 of_IO tetrasubstituted_JJ -_- fluoro-_JJ β_NULL -enamino_JJ ethyl_NN1 ester_JJR substrates_NN2 with_IW different_JJ substituted_JJ groups_NN2 on_II the_AT phenyl_NN1 ring_NN1 of_IO the_AT aniline_NN1 motif_NN1 was_VBDZ also_RR performed_VVN ,_, the_AT hydrogenation_NN1 products_NN2 chiral_JJ -fluoro-_NN1 β_NULL -_- amino_NN1 ethyl_NN1 esters_NN2 (_( 2f_RA 2j_FO )_) were_VBDR afforded_VVN with_IW good_JJ to_II excellent_JJ results_NN2 (_( 80%_NNU >99%_FO conversions_NN2 ,_, 73%_NNU 98%_NNU yields_NN2 ,_, 91%_NNU >99%_FO ee_UH ,_, >25:1_FO dr_NNU )_) ._. 
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The_AT concentrations_NN2 of_IO 4-fluorobutyrylfentanyl_NN1 in_II blood_NN1 were_VBDR 91_MC and_CC 112_MC ng/mL_FU ,_, while_CS in_II urine_NN1 200_MC and_CC 414_MC ng/mL_FU for_IF cases_NN2 1_MC1 and_CC 2_MC ,_, respectively_RR ._. 
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The_AT low_JJ concentration_NN1 of_IO B1_FO ,_, D3_FO and_CC E_ZZ1 ,_, whose_DDQGE content_NN1 was_VBDZ labeled_VVN ,_, did_VDD not_XX allow_VVI their_APPGE detection_NN1 ._. 
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Biochemical_JJ analyses_NN2 are_VBR used_VVN to_TO diagnose_VVI CVDs_NP1 by_II checking_VVG several_DA2 parameters_NN2 ,_, including_II biomarkers_NN2 ,_, cholesterol_NN1 ,_, glucose_NN1 or_CC DNA_NN1 ._. 
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Figure_NN1 10_MC shows_VVZ the_AT simulated_JJ spectrum_NN1 at_II 1.6_MC K_ZZ1 ,_, which_DDQ yields_VVZ a_AT1 very_RG good_JJ fit_NN1 to_II the_AT experimental_JJ spectrum_NN1 of_IO δnifBZ_FO MoFe_NP1 protein+NifZ_FO ._. 
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Because_II21 of_II22 allosteric_JJ changes_NN2 in_II the_AT binding_JJ site_NN1 of_IO PRODAN_NN1 to_II SAs_NP1 by_II incorporation_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 terpene_NN1 ,_, an_AT1 increase_NN1 in_II fluorescence_NN1 intensity_NN1 at_II the_AT wavelength_NN1 of_IO the_AT free_JJ indicator_NN1 was_VBDZ observed_VVN ._. 
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This_DD1 unique_JJ feature_NN1 simplifies_VVZ the_AT device_NN1 design_NN1 and_CC further_RRR contributes_VVZ to_II the_AT high_JJ sensitivity_NN1 and_CC accuracy_NN1 of_IO the_AT assay_NN1 ._. 
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They_PPHS2 investigated_VVD ZnO_NP1 nanoparticles_NN2 with_II31 regard_II32 to_II33 possible_JJ isotope_NN1 fractionation_NN1 and_CC systematically_RR analysed_VVD 17_MC commercially_RR available_JJ ZnO_NN1 nanomaterials_NN2 ._. 
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For_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, fixed_VVN vs._II non-fixed_JJ samples_NN2 ,_, hydrated_VVD vs._II dehydrated_JJ samples_NN2 ,_, and_CC the_AT destructive_JJ vs._II non-destructive_JJ nature_NN1 of_IO the_AT techniques_NN2 ._. 
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Our_APPGE initial_JJ interest_NN1 in_II the_AT application_NN1 of_IO "_" range-extended_NN1 "_" EXAFS_VVZ measurement_NN1 is_VBZ analyses_NN2 on_II the_AT local_JJ structure_NN1 of_IO Pt_FO species_NN of_IO dilute_JJ Pt_NN1 catalysts_NN2 in_II the_AT presence_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 W_ZZ1 element_NN1 and_CC the_AT local_JJ structure_NN1 of_IO Pt_FO and_CC Au_FO atoms_NN2 of_IO Pt–Au_NN1 clusters_NN2 ._. 
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Comments_NN2 of_IO three_MC anonymous_JJ referees_NN2 helped_VVD to_TO improve_VVI the_AT quality_NN1 of_IO this_DD1 manuscript_NN1 ._. 
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This_DD1 is_VBZ probably_RR due_II21 to_II22 some_DD more_DAR complex_JJ processes_NN2 taking_VVG place_NN1 in_II the_AT experiments_NN2 as_II a_AT1 result_NN1 of_IO water_NN1 vapor_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ could_VM not_XX be_VBI easily_RR accounted_VVN for_IF in_II the_AT 0D_NNU plasma_NN1 chemistry_NN1 model_NN1 ._. 
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Meanwhile_RR ,_, the_AT TEM_NN1 images_NN2 in_II Fig._NN1 3_NN1 (_( a_AT1 and_CC b_ZZ1 )_) further_RRR identify_VV0 the_AT typical_JJ wrinkled_JJ structure_NN1 of_IO porous_JJ nanosheets_NN2 ,_, which_DDQ is_VBZ composed_VVN of_IO interconnected_JJ nanoparticles_NN2 ._. 
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After_CS extraction_NN1 of_IO the_AT 1-Acid-Monomer_JJ features_NN2 ,_, the_AT dynamics_NN of_IO 1-Acid-Dimer_NP1 are_VBR clearly_RR distinguished_JJ ._. 
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Finally_RR ,_, the_AT generated_JJ proton_NN1 can_VM be_VBI reduced_VVN by_II the_AT Co(I)_JJ catalyst_NN1 to_TO release_VVI a_AT1 molecule_NN1 of_IO hydrogen_NN1 and_CC regenerate_VVI the_AT Co(III)_JJ catalyst_NN1 at_II the_AT same_DA time_NNT1 ,_, turning_VVG over_RP the_AT cobalt_NN1 catalytic_JJ cycle_NN1 ._. 
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According_II21 to_II22 the_AT XRD_NP1 ,_, Raman_NP1 and_CC TEM_NP1 characterization_NN1 ,_, the_AT as-prepared_JJ carbon-based_JJ materials_NN2 are_VBR rich_JJ in_II structural_JJ defects_NN2 ._. 
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Clovinol_NN1 capsules_NN2 were_VBDR prepared_VVN by_II encapsulating_VVG with_IW gelatin_NN1 ._. 
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PEI_NP1 layer_NN1 as_CSA we_PPIS2 had_VHD not_XX done_VDN this_DD1 for_IF our_APPGE PEI/PB-PEO-channel_NP1 membrane_NN1 either_RR ._. 
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At_II 77_MC K_ZZ1 ,_, the_AT τ_NULL F_ZZ1 of_IO &lsqb;_( bod_NN1 &rsqb;_) increases_VVZ to_II 45.3_MC ps_NNU2 ,_, indicating_VVG that_CST kET(S1)_FO decreases_VVZ by_II 2-fold_JJ (_( 2.2_MC ×_II 1010_MC s–1_JJ )_) ,_, a_AT1 value_NN1 similar_JJ to_II most_DAT values_NN2 reported_VVN in_II the_AT literature_NN1 ,_, thus_RR suggesting_VVG that_CST the_AT higher_JJR value_NN1 at_II 298_MC K_ZZ1 is_VBZ thermally_RR promoted_VVN at_II a_AT1 higher_JJR temperature_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT cobalt/nickel_NN1 binary_NN1 phosphates_NN2 are_VBR thus_RR predicted_VVN to_TO give_VVI higher_JJR supercapacitive_JJ performance_NN1 compared_VVN to_II either_RR cobalt-_JJ or_CC nickel-phosphate_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT XRD_NP1 patterns_NN2 of_IO MWCNTs_NP1 and_CC MWCNTs/Co3O4_FU composites_NN2 are_VBR shown_VVN in_II Fig._NN1 4a_FO ._. 
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Fast_RR capillary_JJ filling_NN1 of_IO solvent_NN1 and_CC slow_JJ of_IO solute_NN1 were_VBDR directly_RR observed_VVN ,_, deviating_VVG significantly_RR from_II classical_JJ theories_NN2 ._. 
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The_AT 1H_FO NMR_NP1 spectrum_NN1 of_IO the_AT irradiated_JJ complex_NN1 confirmed_VVD 100%_NNU conversion_NN1 of_IO 4-spy_JJ ligands_NN2 into_II (_( rctt-4-ppcb_NN1 )_) ._. 
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Microbolometer_NP1 array_NN1 detectors_NN2 typically_RR have_VH0 a_AT1 frame_NN1 rate_NN1 of_IO 20–60_MCMC Hz_NNU and_CC array_NN1 sizes_NN2 of_IO 640_MC ×_II 480_MC pixels.84_FO Albeit_CS the_AT substantially_RR larger_JJR intrinsic_JJ time_NNT1 constant_NN1 of_IO microbolometer_JJR detectors_NN2 (_( as_CSA compared_VVN to_II MCT_NP1 detectors_NN2 )_) ,_, the_AT sub-second_MD time_NNT1 for_IF acquiring_VVG an_AT1 image_NN1 in_II combination_NN1 with_IW the_AT high_JJ spectral_JJ power_NN1 density_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 QCL_NP1 should_VM allow_VVI for_IF very_RG fast_RR hyperspectral_JJ analysis_NN1 of_IO thin_JJ tissue_NN1 sections_NN2 ._. 
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That_REX21 is_REX22 ,_, upon_II increase_NN1 from_II 10_MC dBm_NNU to_II 20_MC dBm_NNU ,_, 0.5_MC m_NNO particles_NN2 behaviour_NN1 shifts_VVZ from_II streaming_NN1 to_II streaming_NN1 and_CC patterning_VVG ._. 
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Petrelli_NP1 et_NP1 al.412_FO examined_VVD the_AT potential_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 quadrupole_NN1 LA-ICP-MS_NP1 system_NN1 for_IF high_JJ resolution_NN1 trace_NN1 element_NN1 analysis_NN1 of_IO volcanic_JJ glasses_NN2 from_II ash_NN1 particles_NN2 using_VVG laser_NN1 beam_NN1 sizes_NN2 of_IO 5_MC to_II 15_MC m_NNO ._. 
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This_DD1 work_NN1 was_VBDZ supported_VVN by_II the_AT Distinguished_JJ Youth_NN1 Foundation_NN1 of_IO Anhui_JJ Province_NN1 (_( 1708085J09_FO )_) ,_, the_AT National_JJ Basic_JJ Research_NN1 Program_NN1 of_IO China_NP1 under_II Grant_NP1 No._NN1 2015CB932200_FO ,_, the_AT National_JJ Natural_JJ Science_NN1 Foundation_NN1 of_IO China_NP1 under_II Grant_NP1 No._NN1 21403247_MC ,_, and_CC the_AT Major/Innovative_JJ Program_NN1 of_IO Development_NN1 Foundation_NN1 of_IO Hefei_NP1 Center_NN1 for_IF Physical_JJ Science_NN1 and_CC Technology_NN1 (_( 2016FXZY003_FO )_) ._. 
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Primers_NN2 can_VM compete_VVI for_IF the_AT recombinase_NN1 proteins_NN2 ,_, with_IW one_MC1 of_IO the_AT reactions_NN2 consequently_RR being_VBG suppressed_VVN &lsqb;_( 53_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
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When_CS performing_VVG the_AT dehydrogenation_NN1 reaction_NN1 under_RG 1_MC1 atm_NN1 of_IO oxygen_NN1 at_II 60_MC °C_NNU ,_, we_PPIS2 were_VBDR pleased_JJ to_TO find_VVI that_CST the_AT conversion_NN1 increased_VVD significantly_RR to_II 76%_NNU after_II 24_MC h_ZZ1 (_( Table_NN1 3_MC ,_, entry_NN1 5_MC )_) ._. 
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Labeling_VVG methods_NN2 are_VBR not_XX suitable_JJ in_II some_DD cases_NN2 ,_, because_CS labeling_VVG materials_NN2 may_VM occupied_VVD the_AT important_JJ binding_JJ sites_NN2 or_CC cause_VV0 steric_JJ hindrance_NN1 ,_, resulting_VVG in_II false_JJ information_NN1 ._. 
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Bruker_NP1 MicroTOF-Q_NP1 II_MC instrument_NN1 (_( Bruker_NP1 Daltonics_NP1 ,_, Billerica_NP1 ,_, MA_NNA )_) ._. 
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E.A_NP1 Maier_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
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pointed_VVN out_RP that_CST the_AT CRMs_NP1 are_VBR a_AT1 cornerstone_NN1 that_CST enables_VVZ essential_JJ comparisons_NN2 across_II European_JJ frontiers_NN2 on_II an_AT1 ever-increasing_JJ range_NN1 of_IO subjects_NN2 &lsqb;_( 10_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
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When_CS the_AT threshold_NN1 is_VBZ less_DAR than_CSN a_AT1 certain_JJ value_NN1 ,_, there_EX is_VBZ no_AT characteristic_JJ peak_NN1 in_II the_AT spectrum_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ is_VBZ regarded_VVN as_CSA spurious_JJ spectral_JJ data_NN ._. 
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It_PPH1 is_VBZ found_VVN that_CST the_AT TCs_NP1 of_IO polycrystalline_JJ silicene_NN1 are_VBR weakened_VVN with_IW grain_NN1 size_NN1 decreasing_VVG ._. 
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In_II contrast_NN1 ,_, sample_NN1 2_MC recovered_VVD from_II the_AT Pdots-(5,5)_FO barcode_NN1 would_VM only_RR have_VHI signals_NN2 in_II the_AT channels_NN2 for_IF Nd150_FO and_CC Sm147_FO but_CCB not_XX in_II the_AT channels_NN2 of_IO Er170_FO and_CC Yb171_FO ._. 
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Once_CS the_AT nucleus_NN1 surpasses_VVZ the_AT critical_JJ size_NN1 ,_, the_AT cluster_NN1 becomes_VVZ a_AT1 nucleus_NN1 capable_JJ of_IO further_JJR growth_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT authors_NN2 gratefully_RR thank_VV0 the_AT Natural_JJ Science_NN1 Foundation_NN1 of_IO China_NP1 (_( 21427813_MC )_) for_IF financial_JJ support_NN1 of_IO this_DD1 work_NN1 ._. 
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In_II this_DD1 paper_NN1 ,_, we_PPIS2 present_VV0 a_AT1 novel_JJ optofluidic_JJ sunlight_NN1 manipulation_NN1 technology_NN1 for_IF solar_JJ indoor_JJ lighting_NN1 using_VVG the_AT electrowetting_JJ principle_NN1 ._. 
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Multiple_NN1 ,_, independent_JJ studies_NN2 have_VH0 shown_VVN that_CST there_EX is_VBZ a_AT1 link_NN1 between_II diabetes_NN1 type-1_MC1 and_CC the_AT amount_NN1 of_IO acetone_NN1 in_II human_JJ breath_NN1 (_( see_VV0 e.g._REX Wang_NP1 and_CC Wang29_FO )_) ._. 
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The_AT in-plane_NN1 pores_NN2 on_II the_AT graphene_NN1 sheets_NN2 link_VV0 up_RP the_AT out-of-plane_JJ interval_NN1 between_II the_AT graphene_NN1 sheets_NN2 to_TO form_VVI a_AT1 hierarchical_JJ network_NN1 porous_JJ structure_NN1 through_II which_DDQ the_AT electrolyte_NN1 ions_NN2 can_VM directly_RR access_VVI to_II the_AT internal_JJ graphene_NN1 layers_NN2 in_II the_AT LGH_NP1 during_II the_AT electrochemical_JJ processes_NN2 ._. 
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The_AT assembled_JJ MWCNTs/Co3O4_FU composites_NN2 were_VBDR used_VVN to_TO detect_VVI acetone_NN1 vapors_NN2 and_CC showed_VVN enhanced_JJ sensing_NN1 performances_NN2 than_CSN a_AT1 pure_JJ MWCNT-based_JJ sensor_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT main_JJ reason_NN1 for_IF this_DD1 problem_NN1 may_VM be_VBI that_CST the_AT melting_NN1 point_NN1 of_IO SePb_NP1 (_( 1065_MC °C_NNU )_) ,_, as_CSA the_AT cathode_NN1 ,_, is_VBZ much_RR higher_JJR than_CSN that_DD1 of_IO Se_NP1 (_( 217_MC °C_NNU )_) ._. 
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Existing_JJ data_NN systems_NN2 are_VBR based_VVN on_II messages_NN2 between_II silos_NN2 ,_, with_IW different_JJ organizations_NN2 having_VHG different_JJ or_CC incomplete_JJ data_NN ._. 
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The_AT majority_NN1 of_IO the_AT cells_NN2 in_II the_AT spheroids_NN2 were_VBDR labeled_JJ green_NN1 and_CC only_RR a_AT1 small_JJ fraction_NN1 of_IO the_AT cells_NN2 appeared_VVD red_JJ under_II the_AT microscope_NN1 even_RR after_II 5_MC days_NNT2 of_IO culture_NN1 ._. 
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So_RR ,_, in_II the_AT present_JJ work_NN1 we_PPIS2 have_VH0 designed_VVN a_AT1 simple_JJ elastic_JJ model_NN1 for_IF 1D_NNU spin-crossover_JJ networks_NN2 including_II an_AT1 elastic_JJ frustration_NN1 between_II nnn_NNU sites_NN2 leading_VVG to_II antagonist_NN1 equilibrium_NN1 between_II nearest-_NN1 and_CC newt-nearest-neighbors_NN2 ._. 
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M1–M4_NP1 achieved_VVD a_AT1 specific_JJ capacitance_NN1 of_IO 356_MC F_ZZ1 g1_FO ,_, 80_MC F_ZZ1 g1_FO ,_, 25_MC F_ZZ1 g1_FO and_CC 141_MC F_ZZ1 g1_FO at_II 5.0_MC mV_NNU s1_FO ,_, respectively_RR ._. 
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All_DB reagents_NN2 were_VBDR purchased_VVN commercially_RR and_CC used_VVN without_IW further_JJR purification_NN1 ._. 
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In_RR21 addition_RR22 ,_, a_AT1 slit_NN1 that_CST limited_VVD the_AT horizontal_JJ acceptance_NN1 (_( opening_NN1 )_) angle_NN1 of_IO the_AT detector_NN1 was_VBDZ inserted_VVN behind_II the_AT polycapillary_NN1 ._. 
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Data_NN analysis_NN1 for_IF a_AT1 384-well_JJ plate_NN1 was_VBDZ performed_VVN in_RP under_RG an_AT1 hour_NNT1 ,_, depending_II21 on_II22 available_JJ computing_NN1 power_NN1 ._. 
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All_DB H_ZZ1 atoms_NN2 on_II NH4+_FO cations_NN2 and_CC water_NN1 molecules_NN2 were_VBDR directly_RR included_VVN in_II the_AT molecular_JJ formula_NN1 ._. 
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HPLC_NP1 in_II31 conjunction_II32 with_II33 different_JJ detectors_NN2 are_VBR also_RR available_JJ ,_, such_II21 as_II22 the_AT LC-thermospray-MS_NP1 system_NN1 that_CST can_VM quantify_VVI cloxacillin_NN1 and_CC its_APPGE degradation_NN1 products_NN2 in_II milk_NN1 &lsqb;_( 54_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
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This_DD1 figure_NN1 demonstrates_VVZ obvious_JJ spectral_JJ differences_NN2 among_II different_JJ groups_NN2 ,_, especially_RR the_AT differences_NN2 between_II the_AT "_" asymptomatic_JJ "_" group_NN1 and_CC the_AT other_JJ two_MC groups_NN2 ._. 
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Thermogravimetric_JJ analysis_NN1 spectra_NN2 of_IO A2SO4·SbF3_FO (_( A_ZZ1 =_FO Na+_FO ,_, NH4+_FO ,_, K+_FO ,_, Rb+_FO )_) under_II a_AT1 N2_FO gas_NN1 atmosphere_NN1 are_VBR displayed_VVN in_II Fig_NN1 ._. 
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S1._FO The_AT TG_NP1 curve_NN1 shows_VVZ that_CST Na2SO4·SbF3_FO is_VBZ stable_JJ up_RG21 to_RG22 257_MC °C_NNU ,_, and_CC a_AT1 total_JJ weight_NN1 loss_NN1 of_IO about_II 30.31%_FO occurred_VVD in_II the_AT temperature_NN1 regions_NN2 of_IO about_RG 257–696_MCMC °C_NNU ._. 
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<s>
Nelyubina_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 proposal_NN1 is_VBZ that_DD1 clearing_JJ points_NN2 and_CC mesophase_VV0 ranges_NN2 (_( less_RGR so_RR melting_VVG points_NN2 )_) will_VM decrease_VVI as_II the_AT anion_NN1 volume_NN1 increases_NN2 ._. 
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The_AT volume_NN1 change_NN1 of_IO the_AT pressure_NN1 chamber_NN1 induced_VVN by_II finger_NN1 actuation_NN1 determines_VVZ the_AT compressed_JJ volume_NN1 of_IO the_AT actuation_NN1 chamber_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 effect_NN1 has_VHZ been_VBN used_VVN to_TO investigate_VVI the_AT structures_NN2 and_CC structural_JJ changes_NN2 of_IO various_JJ proteins_NN2 including_II myoglobin_NN1 &lsqb;_( 26_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, &lsqb;_( 29_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
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<s>
It_PPH1 is_VBZ extremely_RR important_JJ to_TO confirm_VVI the_AT formation_NN1 of_IO Rh-PP-InP_NP1 before_II proceeding_VVG with_IW the_AT photoluminescence_NN1 investigations_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Before_CS measurement_NN1 ,_, hydroxylation_NN1 of_IO an_AT1 optical_JJ fiber_NN1 was_VBDZ accomplished_VVN by_II immersing_VVG the_AT ITO_NN1 fiber_NN1 in_II 1.0_MC M_NNO sodium_NN1 hydroxide_NN1 for_IF 60_MC min_NNU ,_, which_DDQ was_VBDZ followed_VVN by_II rinsing_VVG with_IW Milli-Q_NP1 water_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Importantly_RR ,_, the_AT rate_NN1 performance_NN1 is_VBZ remarkable_JJ ,_, as_CSA a_AT1 capacity_NN1 of_IO 580_MC mA_NN1 h_ZZ1 g1_FO could_VM be_VBI obtained_VVN at_II 10_MC A_ZZ1 g1_FO ._. 
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<s>
It_PPH1 can_VM be_VBI observed_VVN from_II Figure_NN1 9c_FO that_DD1 in_II the_AT case_NN1 of_IO PGC–FGO_NP1 ,_, the_AT curves_NN2 became_VVD more_RRR broadened_VVN with_IW the_AT addition_NN1 of_IO FGO_NP1 and_CC their_APPGE maxima_NN2 shift_VV0 to_II higher_JJR temperature_NN1 consistently_RR ._. 
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<s>
Similarly_RR ,_, Tumpa_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
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<s>
&lsqb;_( 88_MC &rsqb;_) provide_VV0 guidance_NN1 for_IF the_AT development_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 HILIC_JJ method_NN1 using_VVG QbD_NP1 principles_NN2 ._. 
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Referring_VVG to_II the_AT table_NN1 ,_, several_DA2 codoped_JJ composites_NN2 have_VH0 shown_VVN lower_JJR decomposition_NN1 Ea_NP1 values_NN2 as_CSA compared_VVN to_II single_JJ doped_JJ composites_NN2 ._. 
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In_II 2014_MC ,_, Gue_NP1 and_CC co-workers_NN2 developed_VVD a_AT1 femtogram_NN1 ultrasensitive_JJ platform_NN1 for_IF detection_NN1 of_IO AFB1_FO (_( LOD_NP1 =_FO 25_MC fg/mL_FU )_) ._. 
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<s>
We_PPIS2 envisioned_VVD that_CST the_AT reaction_NN1 of_IO 2_MC with_IW a_AT1 primary_JJ amine_NN1 could_VM potentially_RR yield_VVI both_DB2 2H-indazoles_NN2 (_( 4_MC )_) and_CC indazolones_NN2 (_( 5_MC ;_; Scheme_NN1 2_MC )_) by_II formation_NN1 of_IO nitrosoimine_NN1 3_MC via_II pathways_NN2 A_ZZ1 and_CC B_ZZ1 ,_, respectively_RR ._. 
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Details_NN2 of_IO the_AT typical_JJ operating_NN1 parameters_NN2 are_VBR reported_VVN in_II Table_NN1 2_MC ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 result_NN1 is_VBZ significant_JJ because_CS it_PPH1 indicates_VVZ that_CST the_AT device_NN1 (_( electrodes_NN2 and_CC membrane_NN1 )_) do_VD0 not_XX undergo_VVI significant_JJ biofouling_NN1 while_CS the_AT voltage_NN1 source_NN1 is_VBZ off_RP ._. 
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<s>
In_II31 terms_II32 of_II33 a-iPP_NN1 which_DDQ belongs_VVZ to_II the_AT monoclinic_JJ system_NN1 ,_, Wilchinsky_NP1 proposed_VVD that_CST &lsqb;_( 59_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
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<s>
Subsequently_RR ,_, OA_NP1 of_IO the_AT N–H_NN1 bond_NN1 onto_II Pd(0)_FO occurs_VVZ viaTS6_FO to_TO produce_VVI the_AT hydridopalladium_NN1 species_NN INT9_FO ._. 
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<s>
If_CS manufacturers_NN2 keep_VV0 their_APPGE formulas_NN2 as_CSA business_NN1 secrets_NN2 ,_, they_PPHS2 will_VM have_VHI to_TO decide_VVI whether_CSW to_TO reveal_VVI them_PPHO2 and_CC ,_, without_IW a_AT1 clear_JJ policy_NN1 in_II this_DD1 respect_NN1 ,_, they_PPHS2 may_VM stand_VVI on_II the_AT wrong_JJ side_NN1 of_IO the_AT trends_NN2 line_NN1 &lsqb;_( 73_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
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<s>
He_PPHS1 had_VHD a_AT1 network_NN1 with_IW 140_MC steps_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 rinsing_JJ process_NN1 continued_VVD until_CS the_AT conductivity_NN1 of_IO the_AT rinsing_JJ solution_NN1 remained_VVD constant_JJ at_II 0.75_MC mS/cm_FU ,_, which_DDQ is_VBZ the_AT conductivity_NN1 of_IO DI_NN1 water_NN1 equilibrated_VVD with_IW the_AT carbon_NN1 dioxide_NN1 in_II ambient_JJ air_NN1 &lsqb;_( 55_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
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<s>
In_II the_AT following_JJ ,_, we_PPIS2 compare_VV0 the_AT switching_JJ rates_NN2 of_IO two_MC deprotonated_VVD ttbPc_NNU isomers_NN2 ,_, C4_FO and_CC D2_FO ._. 
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<s>
It_PPH1 is_VBZ worth_II noting_VVG that_CST the_AT CuCu_NN1 distances_NN2 in_II the_AT two_MC clusters_NN2 range_VV0 from_II 2.603_MC to_II 2.998_MC ?_AT1 ,_, which_DDQ are_VBR comparable_JJ with_IW the_AT sum_NN1 of_IO the_AT van_NP1 der_NP1 Waals_NP1 radii_NN2 of_IO Cu(i)_NP1 (_( 2.8_MC ?_ZZ1 )_) ,_, indicating_VVG that_CST there_EX is_VBZ a_AT1 metal–metal_JJ cuprophilic_JJ interaction_NN1 in_II the_AT structure_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Fig._NN1 8_MC depicts_VVZ the_AT results_NN2 of_IO executing_VVG each_DD1 of_IO the_AT algorithms_NN2 ,_, and_CC Table_NN1 2_MC summarizes_VVZ the_AT evaluation_NN1 of_IO performance_NN1 metrics_NN2 ._. 
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Caco-2_MC ,_, HepG2_FO ,_, and_CC U251_FO cells_NN2 were_VBDR co-cultured_VVN in_II a_AT1 3D_NNU model_NN1 to_TO mimic_VVI the_AT intestine_NN1 ,_, liver_NN1 ,_, and_CC glioblastoma_NN1 ,_, respectively_RR ._. 
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<s>
Detailed_JJ crystal_NN1 data_NN and_CC structure_NN1 refinement_NN1 parameters_NN2 for_IF C1–C4_NP1 are_VBR listed_VVN in_II Table_NN1 S1._FO CCDCs_NP2 1841900_MC ,_, 1841901_MC ,_, 1841902_MC and_CC 1841903_MC contain_VV0 the_AT supplementary_JJ crystallographic_JJ data_NN for_IF this_DD1 paper_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
In_II the_AT trinuclear_JJ Mg(ii)_JJ building_NN1 blocks_NN2 ,_, there_EX are_VBR two_MC different_JJ coordinated_JJ Mg(ii)_JJ ions_NN2 :_: Mg1_FO is_VBZ six-connected_JJ with_IW four_MC coordinated_JJ COOH_NN1 groups_NN2 from_II four_MC different_JJ H2L_FO ligands_VVZ in_II bridging_VVG mode_NN1 and_CC two_MC oxygen_NN1 atoms_NN2 from_II bridging_VVG 2-(OH)_UH groups_NN2 ;_; the_AT other_JJ Mg2_FO also_RR adopts_VVZ a_AT1 six-connected_JJ coordination_NN1 mode_NN1 ,_, two_MC of_IO them_PPHO2 come_VV0 from_II H2L_FO ligands_VVZ along_II21 with_II22 one_MC1 DMF_NP1 molecule_NN1 ,_, one_MC1 H2O_FO molecule_NN1 and_CC one_MC1 CH3COO_FO ._. 
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<s>
The_AT S_NP1 was_VBDZ finally_RR determined_VVN using_VVG ID-ICP-MS_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Free_JJ cholesterol_NN1 is_VBZ determined_VVN over_II the_AT range_NN1 5.0_MC ×_II 108_MC mol_NN1 L1–5.0_NP1 ×_II 107_MC mol_NN1 L1_FO ,_, with_IW a_AT1 limit_NN1 of_IO detection_NN1 (_( 3_MC )_) of_IO 1.9_MC ×_II 108_MC mol_NN1 L1_FO ._. 
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<s>
In_RR21 general_RR22 ,_, mesoporous_JJ carbon_NN1 has_VHZ the_AT properties_NN2 of_IO polarity_NN1 and_CC hydrophobicity_NN1 ,_, but_CCB it_PPH1 could_VM be_VBI endowed_VVN with_IW different_JJ properties_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 even_JJ hydrophilicity_NN1 through_II series_NN of_IO different_JJ synthetic_JJ routes_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT obtained_VVN solutions_NN2 after_II each_DD1 synthesis_NN1 have_VH0 been_VBN systematically_RR characterized_VVN by_II XRD_NP1 ,_, absorption_NN1 and_CC emission_NN1 spectroscopies_NN2 and_CC TEM_NP1 ;_; see_VV0 Figure_NN1 1_MC1 ._. 
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<s>
However_RR ,_, as_RR21 yet_RR22 we_PPIS2 '_NULL ve_VV0 not_XX performed_VVN detailed_JJ DSC_NN1 measurements_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Hz_NNU ,_, 8H_FO )_) ,_, 0.88_MC (_( s_ZZ1 ,_, 9H_FO )_) ,_, 0.67_MC (_( qd_NNU ,_, J_ZZ1 =_FO 7.9_MC ,_, 1.9_MC Hz_NNU ,_, 6H_FO )_) ;_; 13C_FO NMR_NP1 (_( 126_MC MHz_NNU ,_, CDCl3_FO )_) δ_FO 83.9_MC ,_, 79.5_MC ,_, 69.6_MC ,_, 36.0_MC ,_, 25.9_MC ,_, 23.5_MC ,_, 7.1_MC ,_, 5.4_MC ;_; HRMS_NP1 (_( ESI_NP1 )_) m/z_ZZ1 &lsqb;_( M_ZZ1 +_FO Na_FO &rsqb;_) +_FO calcd_VV0 for_IF C14H28OSiNa+_FO 263.1802_MC ,_, found_VVD 263.1795_MC ._. 
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<s>
The_AT Cambridge_NP1 sequential_JJ total_JJ energy_NN1 package_NN1 (_( CASTEP_NP1 )_) module17_FO was_VBDZ employed_VVN in_II these_DD2 calculations_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
MOFs_NN2 play_VV0 a_AT1 significant_JJ role_NN1 in_II large_JJ biomolecule_NN1 extraction_NN1 and_CC enrichment_NN1 ,_, such_II21 as_II22 low-abundance_JJ peptides_NN2 ,_, post-translational_JJ modification_NN1 (_( PTM_NP1 )_) peptides_NN2 ,_, proteins_NN2 ,_, glycans_NN2 and_CC nucleic_JJ acids_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT As_CSA concentrations_NN2 were_VBDR in_II the_AT range_NN1 1.6–8.6_MCMC g_NNU g1_FO dry_JJ mass_NN1 and_CC correlated_VVN with_IW the_AT silt_NN1 and_CC clay_NN1 content_NN1 ,_, and_CC the_AT Fe_NP1 and_CC Mn_FO concentrations_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
PCA_NP1 is_VBZ an_AT1 unsupervised_JJ linear_JJ dimensionality_NN1 reduction_NN1 method_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Similar_JJ to_II the_AT above-mentioned_JJ sampling_NN1 scenarios_NN2 ,_, the_AT argon_NN1 flow_NN1 was_VBDZ fixed_VVN with_II31 respect_II32 to_II33 the_AT focusing_JJ lens_NN1 position_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Compared_VVN with_IW off-line_JJ technique_NN1 ,_, on-line_JJ extraction_NN1 facilitates_VVZ the_AT decrease_NN1 of_IO sample_NN1 consumption_NN1 ,_, minimum_JJ usage_NN1 of_IO organic_JJ solvents_NN2 and_CC integration_NN1 of_IO sample_NN1 preparing_VVG steps_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
For_IF process_NN1 simplicity_NN1 ,_, we_PPIS2 selected_VVD the_AT flat_JJ type_NN1 design_NN1 (_( Fig._NN1 4a_FO )_) for_IF the_AT piezo-ring-on-chip_JJ microfluidic_JJ device_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
So_RR when_CS monochromatic_JJ laser_NN1 light_NN1 is_VBZ guided_VVN through_II a_AT1 gas_NN1 sample_NN1 ,_, most_DAT photons_NN2 pass_VV0 the_AT volume_NN1 without_IW any_DD interaction_NN1 and_CC remain_VV0 unaltered_JJ in_II direction_NN1 and_CC energy_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT use_NN1 of_IO DART-HRAMS_NN2 in_II Se_ND1 speciation_NN1 has_VHZ been_VBN limited_VVN due_II21 to_II22 its_APPGE low_JJ performance_NN1 when_CS analysing_VVG Se_ND1 incorporated_VVN to_II large_JJ molecules_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 selenoproteins_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
For_IF both_DB2 anionic_JJ and_CC neutral_JJ clusters_NN2 ,_, the_AT value_NN1 of_IO Eb_NP1 gradually_RR increases_VVZ with_IW increasing_JJ cluster_NN1 size_NN1 n_ZZ1 ,_, implying_VVG that_CST larger_JJR clusters_NN2 form_VV0 more_RGR easily_RR than_CSN do_VD0 smaller_JJR clusters_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Our_APPGE general_JJ procedure_NN1 involved_VVD submerging_VVG 100_MC individual_JJ MNs_NP1 (_( equivalent_JJ to_II four_MC MN_FO arrays_NN2 )_) in_II sodium_NN1 acetate/acetic_NN1 acid_NN1 buffer_NN1 solution_NN1 (_( pH_NN1 4.0_MC )_) to_TO simulate_VVI needles_NN2 broken_VVN off_RP into_II the_AT skin_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
All_DB the_AT reagents_NN2 used_VVD were_VBDR of_IO analytical_JJ grade_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT MALDI_NP1 mass_JJ spectrum_NN1 acquired_VVN with_IW 2-NPG_NP1 as_CSA matrix_NN1 has_VHZ generated_VVN highly_RR charged_VVN ions_NN2 ,_, (_( 22_MC )_) from_II 1+_FO to_II 8+_FO ,_, with_IW 2+_FO being_VBG the_AT most_RGT abundant_JJ ,_, as_CSA shown_VVN in_II Figure_NN1 1a_FO ._. 
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<s>
For_IF the_AT control_NN1 experiment_NN1 ,_, the_AT same_DA red_JJ dye_NN1 solution_NN1 was_VBDZ diluted_VVN to_II 0_MC ,_, 1/16_MF ,_, 2/16_MF ,_, 3/1616/16_MF manually_RR ._. 
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<s>
Ni_NP1 and_CC K_ZZ1 ,_, further_RRR confirming_VVG this_DD1 assumption_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Optimization_NN1 of_IO contractile_JJ force_NN1 has_VHZ been_VBN one_MC1 approach_NN1 ,_, 40_MC but_CCB focusing_VVG on_II other_JJ properties_NN2 of_IO muscle_NN1 (_( e.g._REX contraction_NN1 velocity_NN1 ,_, calcium_NN1 dynamics_NN )_) could_VM shift_VVI fiber_NN1 type_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Furthermore_RR ,_, there_EX has_VHZ been_VBN considerable_JJ recent_JJ progress_NN1 towards_II research_NN1 on_II integrating_VVG MOFs_NN2 into_II solid_JJ state_NN1 devices_NN2 and_CC microelectronics_NN1 and_CC this_DD1 trend_NN1 is_VBZ expected_VVN to_TO continue_VVI in_II the_AT coming_NN1 years.7_FO Such_DA developments_NN2 are_VBR of_IO great_JJ importance_NN1 in_BCL21 order_BCL22 to_TO pass_VVI from_II the_AT proof-of-concept_NN1 to_II the_AT actual_JJ application_NN1 stage_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
However_RR ,_, there_EX are_VBR certain_JJ considerations_NN2 that_CST are_VBR generally_RR important_JJ for_IF maintaining_VVG viable_JJ and_CC healthy_JJ cells_NN2 in_II devices_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
We_PPIS2 present_VV0 here_RL in_RR21 vitro_RR22 liquid_JJ extraction_NN1 surface_NN1 analysis_NN1 mass_NN1 spectrometry_NN1 (_( ivLESA-MS_NN1 )_) ,_, a_AT1 variation_NN1 on_II LESA-MS_NN1 ,_, performed_VVD directly_RR on_II adherent_NN1 cells_NN2 grown_VVN in_II 96-well_JJ cell_NN1 culture_NN1 plates_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
In_II the_AT presence_NN1 of_IO analyte_NN1 ,_, the_AT activity_NN1 of_IO AChE_NN1 was_VBDZ inhibited_VVN and_CC the_AT complex_NN1 of_IO Cu-chlorpyrifos_NN2 was_VBDZ formed_VVN ,_, which_DDQ can_VM prevent_VVI the_AT electron_NN1 transfer_NN1 and_CC further_RRR reduce_VV0 the_AT photocurrent_JJ intensity_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
For_IF the_AT flow_NN1 cell_NN1 experiment_NN1 (_( Fig._NN1 3_MC left_JJ )_) ,_, a_AT1 single_JJ flow-cell_NN1 was_VBDZ imaged_VVN at_II three_MC different_JJ positions_NN2 in_II 10_MC min_NNU intervals_NN2 ._. 
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Inversely_RR ,_, the_AT detectable_JJ time_NNT1 was_VBDZ proportional_JJ to_II the_AT initial_JJ inoculum_NN1 of_IO E._NP1 coli_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
More_RGR importantly_RR ,_, the_AT types_NN2 of_IO neurochemicals_NN2 measured_VVN with_IW OECSs_NN1 can_VM be_VBI readily_RR extended_VVN from_II a_AT1 single_JJ analyte_NN1 to_II multiple_JJ analytes_NN2 ,_, making_VVG OECS_NN2 very_RG useful_JJ in_II the_AT investigation_NN1 of_IO the_AT interplays_NN2 between_II different_JJ neurochemicals_NN2 during_II various_JJ processes_NN2 &lsqb;_( 138_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, &lsqb;_( 139_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, &lsqb;_( 140_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, &lsqb;_( 141_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, &lsqb;_( 142_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
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<s>
Although_CS this_DD1 review_NN1 ,_, will_VM focus_VVI on_II the_AT second_MD class_NN1 of_IO devices_NN2 ,_, there_EX are_VBR several_DA2 device_NN1 design_NN1 and_CC usage_NN1 conditions_NN2 that_CST are_VBR relevant_JJ to_II both_DB2 these_DD2 categories_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
To_TO determine_VVI the_AT contribution_NN1 of_IO ArO+_FO and_CC other_JJ plasma-based_JJ polyatomic_JJ interferences_NN2 to_II the_AT Fe_NP1 blank_NN1 compared_VVN to_II the_AT contribution_NN1 from_II the_AT extraction_NN1 procedure_NN1 ,_, several_DA2 aliquots_NN2 of_IO the_AT 1.6_MC M_ZZ1 HNO3_FO elution_NN1 acid_NN1 were_VBDR run_VVN on_II each_DD1 day_NNT1 of_IO analysis_NN1 on_II the_AT ICP-MS/MS_FU and_CC the_AT counts_NN2 in_II the_AT elution_NN1 acid_NN1 and_CC the_AT extracted_JJ blanks_NN2 were_VBDR compared_VVN ._. 
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<s>
Considering_CS21 that_CS22 the_AT optimized_JJ ground-state_JJ molecular_JJ structures_NN2 show_VV0 a_AT1 shorter_JJR Pt–Pt_NN1 distance_NN1 in_II 2_MC (_( 2.872_MC ?_ZZ1 )_) than_CSN in_II 1_MC1 (_( 2.934_MC ?_ZZ1 )_) as_CSA shown_VVN in_II Figure_NN1 6a_FO ,_, which_DDQ closely_RR matches_VVZ results_NN2 from_II the_AT crystal_NN1 structures_NN2 ,_, this_DD1 feature_NN1 follows_VVZ the_AT expected_JJ result_NN1 where_CS a_AT1 higher_JJR force_NN1 constant_NN1 corresponds_VVZ to_II a_AT1 shorter_JJR Pt–Pt_NN1 distance_NN1 ._. 
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Altering_VVG the_AT order_NN1 can_VM also_RR have_VHI positive_JJ impacts_NN2 ,_, shown_VVN particularly_RR in_II '_NULL 100210_MC '_NULL representative_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 vector_NN1 normalisation_NN1 and_CC a_AT1 first_MD derivative_JJ filter_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 aspect_NN1 of_IO the_AT work_NN1 is_VBZ ongoing_JJ ._. 
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<s>
The_AT net_JJ uncertainty_NN1 in_II methane_NN1 concentration_NN1 is_VBZ therefore_RR about_RG 10%_NNU while_CS that_DD1 of_IO butane_NN1 ,_, ethane_NN1 ,_, and_CC propane_NN1 is_VBZ about_RG 14%_NNU each_DD1 ._. 
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<s>
Pb_FO also_RR displays_VVZ a_AT1 fairly_RR uniform_JJ profile_NN1 ,_, although_CS with_IW more_DAR variability_NN1 which_DDQ may_VM represent_VVI a_AT1 genuine_JJ biogeochemical_JJ process_NN1 or_CC may_VM be_VBI due_II21 to_II22 element_NN1 specific_JJ contamination_NN1 during_II sampling_NN1 or_CC analysis_NN1 at_II levels_NN2 <10_FO pmol_VV0 L1_FO ._. 
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<s>
The_AT catalytic_JJ properties_NN2 of_IO the_AT Cux/Ni1x-TiO2(B)_NN1 NT_NN1 composites_NN2 towards_II the_AT production_NN1 of_IO H2_FO were_VBDR compared_VVN under_II visible_JJ light_NN1 ,_, UV_JJ light_NN1 ,_, and_CC darkroom_NN1 conditions_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT description_NN1 of_IO the_AT Mn_FO energy_NN1 path_NN1 is_VBZ improved_VVN even_CS21 though_CS22 the_AT repulsion_NN1 part_NN1 is_VBZ still_RR not_XX well_RR reproduced_VVN ._. 
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<s>
The_AT sensitivity_NN1 of_IO each_DD1 &lsqb;_( M–F_NP1 &rsqb;_) +_FO was_VBDZ illustrated_VVN as_II the_AT corrected_JJ SBR_NP1 ,_, which_DDQ was_VBDZ calculated_VVN based_VVN on_II the_AT isotopic_JJ abundance_NN1 of_IO the_AT measured_JJ isotopes_NN2 for_IF each_DD1 metal_NN1 and_CC corrected_VVN for_IF moles_NN2 (_( calculations_NN2 shown_VVN in_II the_AT ESI_NN1 )_) ._. 
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<s>
Catalytic_JJ effects_NN2 of_IO the_AT catalysts_NN2 were_VBDR assessed_VVN and_CC analyzed_VVN based_VVN on_II Sieverts-type_JJ (_( PCT_NP1 )_) ,_, X-ray_NN1 diffraction_NN1 (_( XRD_NP1 )_) ,_, differential_JJ scanning_NN1 calorimetry_NN1 (_( DSC_NN1 )_) ,_, and_CC scanning_VVG electron_NN1 microscope_NN1 (_( SEM_NP1 )_) ._. 
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<s>
To_TO cover_VVI these_DD2 ,_, we_PPIS2 classify_VV0 microfluidic_JJ experimentation_NN1 into_II three_MC generic_JJ stages_NN2 :_: 1_MC1 )_) introducing_VVG cells_NN2 into_II devices_NN2 2_MC )_) keeping_VVG cells_NN2 in_II devices_NN2 3_MC )_) retrieving_VVG cells_NN2 or_CC information_NN1 from_II the_AT device_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT diffraction_NN1 peaks_NN2 appearing_VVG at_II 44.6°_FO ,_, 52.0°_FO ,_, and_CC 76.6°_FO correspond_VV0 to_II the_AT nickel_NN1 foam_NN1 and_CC match_VV0 well_RR with_IW the_AT JCPDS_NP1 card_NN1 no._NN1 42-0712_MCMC ._. 
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<s>
After_II investigating_VVG the_AT maximum_JJ sample_NN1 mass_NN1 ,_, the_AT concentration_NN1 of_IO the_AT absorbing_JJ solution_NN1 was_VBDZ studied_VVN and_CC the_AT results_NN2 for_IF Ce_NP1 and_CC La_NP1 are_VBR shown_VVN in_II Fig._NN1 2_MC ._. 
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<s>
During_II the_AT early_JJ stage_NN1 of_IO drug_NN1 delivery_NN1 ,_, the_AT thickness_NN1 and_CC volume_NN1 of_IO the_AT polymeric_JJ system_NN1 is_VBZ increased_VVN due_II21 to_II22 rapid_JJ uptake_NN1 of_IO water_NN1 &lsqb;_( 36_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
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<s>
High_JJ recoveries_NN2 (_( >91%_FO )_) and_CC effective_JJ separation_NN1 of_IO Nd_NP1 from_II Ce_NP1 and_CC Sm_NP1 (_( Cd/Nd_NN1 <1.2_FO ×_II 105_MC and_CC Sm/Nd_NP1 <5.2_FO ×_II 106_MC )_) were_VBDR achieved_VVN ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT crystal_NN1 structure_NN1 (_( Figure_NN1 3_MC )_) confirms_VVZ that_CST the_AT palladium_NN1 ion_NN1 has_VHZ square-planar_JJ geometry_NN1 where_CS it_PPH1 is_VBZ coordinated_VVN to_II the_AT pyridine_NN1 ,_, two_MC amidic_JJ nitrogen_NN1 atoms_NN2 ,_, and_CC acetonitrile_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Himani_NP1 Medhi_NP1 communicated_VVD to_II Carin_NP1 H._NP1 J._NP1 T._NP1 Dietz_NP1 :_: You_PPY have_VH0 concluded_VVN that_CST "_" Higher_JJR diffusion_NN1 was_VBDZ also_RR achieved_VVN using_VVG DESs_NN1 with_IW lower_JJR viscosity_NN1 and_CC stronger_JJR interactions_NN2 with_IW FF_NNU and_CC HMF_NP1 "_" ._. 
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<s>
In_II31 addition_II32 to_II33 that_DD1 ,_, assemblies_NN2 having_VHG chiral_JJ backbones_NN2 could_VM help_VVI in_II chiral_JJ induction_NN1 and_CC eventually_RR the_AT selective_JJ synthesis_NN1 of_IO enantiopure_NN1 molecules_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
During_II a_AT1 10_MC min_NNU period_NN1 ,_, the_AT volume_NN1 of_IO plasma_NN1 extracted_VVD was_VBDZ 43_MC L_NNU out_II21 of_II22 a_AT1 243_MC L_ZZ1 extraction_NN1 volume_NN1 at_II 15%_NNU hematocrit_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
A_ZZ1 Beckman_NP1 Coulter_NP1 DU_FW 720_MC spectrophotometer_NN1 (_( Beckman_NP1 Coulter_NP1 Inc._JJ ,_, Brea_NP1 ,_, CA_NP1 ,_, United_NP1 States_NP1 )_) was_VBDZ used_VVN to_TO record_VVI UV/vis_FU absorption_NN1 spectra_NN2 of_IO Pdot_NN1 solutions_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Another_DD1 alternative_NN1 to_TO improve_VVI chemical_JJ compatibility_NN1 would_VM be_VBI to_TO micromachine_VVI entire_JJ bricks_NN2 out_II21 of_II22 a_AT1 material_NN1 like_II PTFE_NP1 or_CC PE_NN1 ,_, or_CC use_VV0 injection_NN1 molding_VVG to_TO manufacture_VVI standard_JJ units_NN2 ,_, followed_VVN by_II micromilling_VVG for_IF customization_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Arsenic_NN1 concentrations_NN2 on_II Java_NP1 were_VBDR generally_RR much_RR higher_JJR (_( up_RG21 to_RG22 9220_MC g_ZZ1 L1_FO )_) than_CSN those_DD2 from_II Bali_NP1 (_( highest_JJT concentration_NN1 <40_FO g_ZZ1 L1_FO )_) ._. 
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<s>
The_AT resultant_JJ white_JJ powder_NN1 is_VBZ labeled_VVN as_CSA s-GCN_NP1 and_CC employed_VVN as_II the_AT bifunctional_JJ filler_NN1 to_TO modify_VVI the_AT Nafion_NN1 membrane_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
In_BCL21 order_BCL22 to_TO determine_VVI the_AT couplings_NN2 J1_FO and_CC J2_FO from_II the_AT magnetic_JJ susceptibility_NN1 data_NN ,_, we_PPIS2 performed_VVD grid_NN1 calculations_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
For_IF the_AT logic_NN1 operation_NN1 and_CC large-scale_JJ integration_NN1 on_II microfluidic_JJ chips_NN2 ,_, digital_JJ microfluidics_NN2 could_VM be_VBI a_AT1 potential_JJ solution_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Data_NN were_VBDR presented_VVN as_CSA group_NN1 means_VVZ ±_FO standard_JJ deviation_NN1 (_( SD_NP1 )_) and_CC were_VBDR analyzed_VVN by_II the_AT one-way_JJ ANOVA_NN1 test_NN1 using_VVG OriginPro_NN1 8.0_MC (_( OriginLab_NP1 Corporation_NP1 ,_, MA_NNA ,_, USA_NP1 )_) ._. 
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<s>
Host_VV0 cavitands_NN2 and_CC organic_JJ guest_NN1 molecules_NN2 independently_RR adsorbed_VVD on_II silica_NN1 particles_NN2 when_CS mixed_VVN and_CC shaken_VVN in_II the_AT presence_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 few_DA2 drops_NN2 of_IO water_NN1 underwent_VVD intra-_JJ and_CC interparticle_NN1 migration_NN1 to_TO form_VVI capsular_JJ complexes_NN2 that_CST were_VBDR not_XX formed_VVN either_RR in_II water_NN1 or_CC organic_JJ solvents_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT transition_NN1 moments_NN2 for_IF the_AT excited_JJ states_NN2 (_( not_XX the_AT orbital_JJ )_) can_VM then_RT be_VBI expressed_VVN by_II the_AT linear_JJ combination_NN1 of_IO these_DD2 orbital_JJ transition_NN1 moments_NN2 ,_, which_DDQ can_VM be_VBI estimated_VVN using_VVG the_AT spherical_JJ harmonics_NN2 as_CSA follows_VVZ ._. 
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<s>
Powder_NN1 X-ray_NN1 diffraction_NN1 was_VBDZ not_XX sensitive_JJ to_II the_AT presence_NN1 of_IO this_DD1 contaminant_NN1 ,_, probably_RR due_II21 to_II22 its_APPGE low_JJ crystallinity_NN1 or_CC small_JJ particle_NN1 size_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT fast_JJ switching_NN1 of_IO H_ZZ1 in_II the_AT NH_NP1 group_NN1 of_IO DPA_NP1 promotes_VVZ the_AT hydrogen_NN1 bonding_NN1 connection_NN1 between_II two_MC DPA_NN1 molecules_NN2 ,_, which_DDQ are_VBR oriented_VVN in_II the_AT layered_JJ structure_NN1 such_CS21 that_CS22 they_PPHS2 approach_VV0 each_PPX221 other_PPX222 and_CC finally_RR form_VV0 the_AT 3D_NNU framework_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
On_II the_AT other_JJ hand_NN1 ,_, LIC_NP1 has_VHZ a_AT1 wider_JJR potential_JJ window_NN1 ;_; hence_RR the_AT usage_NN1 of_IO high_JJ capacity_NN1 conversion-_NN1 and_CC alloy-type_JJ materials_NN2 along_II21 with_II22 high_JJ surface_NN1 area_NN1 carbonaceous_JJ materials_NN2 is_VBZ possible_JJ ,_, and_CC high_JJ energy_NN1 densities_NN2 can_VM be_VBI realized_VVN ._. 
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<s>
In_RR21 addition_RR22 ,_, 3aa_FO could_VM be_VBI treated_VVN with_IW p-nitrobenzaldehyde_JJ to_TO give_VVI the_AT compound_NN1 5_MC in_II 85%_NNU yield_NN1 (_( Scheme_NN1 3_MC ,_, eq_VV0 4_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
In_RR21 general_RR22 ,_, higher_JJR concentrations_NN2 of_IO As_CSA species_NN were_VBDR found_VVN in_II water_NN1 from_II glass_NN1 bottles_NN2 whereas_CS SbV_NP1 was_VBDZ found_VVN in_II water_NN1 stored_VVN in_II polyethylene_NN1 bottles_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
All_DB chemicals_NN2 of_IO reagent_JJ grade_NN1 in_II the_AT experiment_NN1 were_VBDR commercially_RR available_JJ and_CC used_VVN without_IW further_JJR purification_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Ramos_NP1 suspension_NN1 cells_NN2 are_VBR free_JJ floating_JJ in_II culture_NN1 media_NN containing_VVG RPMI-1640_MC supplemented_VVD with_IW 10%_NNU fetal_JJ bovine_JJ serum_NN1 and_CC are_VBR difficult_JJ to_TO attach_VVI to_II the_AT bottom_JJ substrate_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT increasing_JJ of_IO the_AT thiophene_NN1 content_NN1 increased_VVD the_AT porosity_NN1 of_IO the_AT silica_NN1 aerogels_NN2 and_CC the_AT BET_NN1 surface_NN1 areas_NN2 ranged_VVN from_II 740_MC m2_FO g1_FO to_II 834_MC m2_FO g1_FO ._. 
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At_II the_AT moment_NN1 ,_, we_PPIS2 lack_VV0 the_AT data_NN to_TO answer_VVI this_DD1 denitively_RR ._. 
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<s>
The_AT powdered_JJ samples_NN2 used_VVN for_IF magnetic_JJ measurements_NN2 were_VBDR prepared_VVN by_II crushing_VVG lots_PN of_IO sheet_NN1 crystals_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
In_II the_AT last_MD few_DA2 years_NNT2 ,_, a_AT1 few_DA2 commercial_JJ NAATs_NN2 have_VH0 received_VVN CLIA-waived_JJ status_NN1 ,_, e.g._REX the_AT Alere_NN1 i?_MC1 system_NN1 ,_, Roche_NP1 Molecular_JJ cobas?_NN2 Liat?_VV0 system_NN1 ,_, among_II a_AT1 few_DA2 others_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Samples_NN2 were_VBDR then_RT cut_VVN to_II smaller_JJR pieces_NN2 (_( ca._NNU 10_MC ng_NNU estimated_VVN from_II their_APPGE volume_NN1 and_CC density_NN1 &lsqb;_( 59_MC &rsqb;_) )_) and_CC placed_VVN carefully_RR on_II the_AT Flash_NP1 DSC_NNA 1_MC1 UFS1_FO microchip_NN1 using_VVG an_AT1 eyelash_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT metal_NN1 contribution_NN1 is_VBZ almost_RR the_AT same_DA for_IF the_AT Ce–C_NP1 and_CC U–C_NP1 bonds_NN2 ,_, which_DDQ suggests_VVZ similar_JJ character_NN1 of_IO these_DD2 bonds_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Figure_NN1 2A_FO presents_VVZ a_AT1 chromatogram_NN1 for_IF the_AT separation_NN1 of_IO amino_NN1 acids_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
All_DB other_JJ chemicals_NN2 were_VBDR at_RR21 least_RR22 of_IO analytical_JJ grade_NN1 and_CC used_VVN without_IW further_JJR purification_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Pb_FO isotope_VV0 analyses_NN2 of_IO the_AT inclusions_NN2 were_VBDR carried_VVN out_RP using_VVG the_AT technique_NN1 described_VVN in_II Section_NN1 3.1_MC ._. 
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<s>
To_TO overcome_VVI these_DD2 pitfalls_NN2 ,_, great_JJ progress_NN1 has_VHZ been_VBN made_VVN in_II reducing_VVG the_AT undesired_JJ byproduct5_FO as_II31 well_II32 as_II33 in_II addressing_VVG the_AT problems_NN2 in_II the_AT handling_NN1 and_CC preparation_NN1 of_IO the_AT cross-coupling_NN1 partner.6_FO However_RR ,_, the_AT alkylation_NN1 of_IO (_( iso_NN1 )_) quinolines_NN2 and_CC arenes_NN2 without_IW using_VVG organometallic_JJ species_NN have_VH0 been_VBN rather_RG limited_JJ until_II now_RT ._. 
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<s>
QA_NN1 chemistry_NN1 becomes_VVZ important_JJ only_RR at_II very_RG low_JJ ,_, with_IW OH–_NP1 in_II the_AT presence_NN1 of_IO ASU_NN1 showing_VVG significantly_RR more_DAR coordination_NN1 than_CSN BTMA_NP1 and_CC BTEA_NP1 ,_, although_CS due_II21 to_II22 low_JJ amounts_NN2 of_IO water_NN1 ,_, the_AT average_JJ cumulative_JJ CN_NP1 is_VBZ similar_JJ ._. 
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<s>
Although_CS opioids_NN2 are_VBR characterized_VVN as_CSA controlled_VVN drugs_NN2 ,_, they_PPHS2 are_VBR also_RR essential_JJ drugs_NN2 for_IF the_AT relief_NN1 of_IO pain_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Its_APPGE easy_JJ way_NN1 of_IO preparation_NN1 and_CC their_APPGE fast_JJ and_CC simple_JJ assays_NN2 protocols_NN2 make_VV0 protein_NN1 microarrays_VVZ useful_JJ platforms_NN2 for_IF answering_VVG the_AT need_NN1 of_IO real_JJ time_NNT1 analysis_NN1 of_IO marine_JJ waters_NN2 in_II multi-stressor_JJ conditions_NN2 and_CC the_AT monitoring_NN1 of_IO pollutant_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 levels_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
To_TO illustrate_VVI ,_, Figure_NN1 3_MC shows_VVZ the_AT absorption_NN1 spectrum_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 single_JJ a_AT1 ?_FO 4.5_MC nm_FU CdSe_NP1 NW_ND1 ._. 
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<s>
Their_APPGE biosensor_NN1 was_VBDZ based_VVN on_II SPR_NP1 combined_VVD with_IW antibodies_NN2 against_II SNAP-25_MC and_CC VAMP2_FO &lsqb;_( 44_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
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<s>
Such_DA detailed_JJ study_NN1 can_VM aid_VVI in_II evaluating_VVG the_AT effect_NN1 of_IO varied_JJ process_NN1 parameters_NN2 (_( viz._REX shape_NN1 ,_, size_NN1 and_CC composition_NN1 of_IO the_AT drug_NN1 delivery_NN1 system_NN1 )_) on_II the_AT overall_JJ drug_NN1 release_NN1 rate_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT abnormality_NN1 of_IO glycan_NN1 structure_NN1 and_CC aberrant_JJ glycosylation_NN1 sites_NN2 are_VBR closely_RR related_VVN to_II the_AT occurrence_NN1 and_CC development_NN1 of_IO some_DD human_JJ diseases_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT international_JJ standard_NN1 ISO/IEC_NP1 17025_MC proposes_VVZ that_CST a_AT1 laboratory_NN1 should_VM establish_VVI ,_, implement_VVI and_CC maintain_VVI a_AT1 quality_NN1 system_NN1 that_CST is_VBZ appropriate_JJ to_II the_AT scope_NN1 of_IO its_APPGE activities_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT carrier_NN1 and_CC reductant_JJ streams_NN2 consisted_VVN of_IO 1.5%_FO (_( m/v_ZZ1 )_) hydrochloric_JJ acid_NN1 and_CC 2%_NNU (_( m/v_ZZ1 )_) tin_NN1 chloride_NN1 ,_, respectively_RR ._. 
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<s>
Optofluidics_NN1 is_VBZ an_AT1 emerging_JJ research_NN1 field_NN1 that_CST combines_VVZ the_AT two_MC disciplines_NN2 of_IO microfluidics_NN2 and_CC optics_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT spectral_JJ background_NN1 was_VBDZ corrected_VVN by_II subtracting_VVG a_AT1 spectrum_NN1 of_IO argon_NN1 (_( Ar_UH )_) ,_, as_CSA Raman-inactive_JJ noble_JJ gas_NN1 ,_, during_II the_AT calibration_NN1 process_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Currently_RR ,_, 250_MC 250_MC mm2_FO are_VBR routinely_RR stitched_VVN ,_, The_AT adsorption_NN1 isotherms_NN2 of_IO N2_FO were_VBDR obtained_VVN at_II 77_MC K_ZZ1 in_II a_AT1 liquid_JJ nitrogen_NN1 bath_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
These_DD2 values_NN2 corresponding_VVG to_II the_AT oxygen_NN1 vacancy_NN1 formation_NN1 were_VBDR decreased_VVN by_II taking_VVG into_II consideration_NN1 the_AT effect_NN1 of_IO pressure_NN1 and_CC temperature_NN1 at_II the_AT operating_NN1 conditions_NN2 of_IO the_AT SOFC_NN1 to_II 0.52_MC and_CC 0.38_MC eV_NN1 for_IF the_AT S_NP1 atom_NN1 between_II two_MC Ba_NN1 atoms_NN2 ,_, and_CC for_IF the_AT S_NP1 atom_NN1 on_II31 top_II32 of_II33 an_AT1 O_ZZ1 atom_NN1 ,_, respectively_RR ._. 
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<s>
Taking_VVG the_AT above_JJ ongoing_JJ arguments_NN2 into_II account_NN1 ,_, a_AT1 systematic_JJ study_NN1 concerning_II the_AT structural_JJ evolution_NN1 of_IO iPP_NN1 during_II deformation_NN1 is_VBZ of_IO great_JJ importance_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT thermo-optics_JJ coefficient_NN1 (_( 3.89_MC ×_II 104_MC RIU_NP1 °C1_FO )_) can_VM be_VBI calculated_VVN by_II measuring_VVG the_AT RI_NP1 of_IO standard_JJ refractive_JJ index_NN1 liquid_NN1 at_II each_DD1 temperature_NN1 using_VVG a_AT1 high_JJ precision_NN1 Abbe_NP1 type_NN1 refractometer_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
It_PPH1 can_VM be_VBI connected_VVN to_II an_AT1 observable_JJ segregation_NN1 length_NN1 through_II the_AT formula_NN1 R_ZZ1 =_FO e–a/_NN1 (_( 2_MC )_) ,_, and_CC in_II practice_NN1 contains_VVZ the_AT effect_NN1 of_IO temperature_NN1 and_CC any_DD other_JJ relevant_JJ parameters_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
In_RR21 addition_RR22 ,_, with_IW regards_VVZ to_II SCSC_NP1 reactions_NN2 ,_, there_EX is_VBZ an_AT1 emphasis_NN1 on_II crystallinity_NN1 with_IW no_AT disintegration_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
By_II contrast_NN1 ,_, the_AT polycrystalline_JJ structures_NN2 generated_VVN by_II the_AT Voronoi_JJ method_NN1 express_VV0 much_RR more_RGR obvious_JJ randomicity_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ are_VBR closer_JJR to_II the_AT actual_JJ cases_NN2 and_CC coincide_VV0 more_RRR with_IW uncontrolled_JJ experimentally_RR produced_VVN polycrystalline_JJ structures_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
As_CSA has_VHZ been_VBN mentioned_VVN before_RT ,_, even_CS21 if_CS22 sometimes_RT infrared_JJ spectroscopy_NN1 can_VM be_VBI considered_VVN destructive_JJ ,_, there_EX are_VBR several_DA2 configurations_NN2 to_TO perform_VVI infrared_JJ measurements_NN2 in_II a_AT1 non_FU destructive_JJ way_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
There_EX is_VBZ literature_NN1 precedent_NN1 for_IF reaction_NN1 of_IO M_ZZ1 Sb_NP1 moieties_NN2 with_IW fluoride_NN1 leading_VVG to_II formation_NN1 of_IO new_JJ Sb_NP1 F_ZZ1 bonds_NN2 ,_, lending_VVG support_NN1 to_II the_AT latter_DA conjecture.22_FO In_II an_AT1 attempt_NN1 to_TO provide_VVI experimental_JJ support_NN1 for_IF our_APPGE proposal_NN1 ,_, reactions_NN2 of_IO isolated_JJ Pd(I)_NP1 salts_NN2 with_IW Sb_NP1 (_( 2-_NN1 C6H4OCH3_FO )_) 3_MC (_( 3w_NNU )_) in_II THF_NP1 were_VBDR studied_VVN using_VVG 31P_NNU NMR_NP1 spectroscopy_NN1 :_: although_CS ,_, under_II the_AT catalytic_JJ coupling_NN1 conditions_NN2 3w_NNU performed_VVD poorly_RR (_( Table_NN1 2_MC ,_, 5w_NNU )_) ,_, the_AT large_JJ steric_JJ profile_NN1 is_VBZ attractive_JJ from_II a_AT1 practical_JJ perspective_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 level_NN1 is_VBZ then_RT shown_VVN to_TO directly_RR correlate_VVI with_IW the_AT analyte_NN1 concentration_NN1 in_II the_AT original_JJ sample_NN1 establishing_VVG the_AT quantitative_JJ nature_NN1 of_IO our_APPGE assay_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
AdNDP_VV0 analysis_NN1 shows_VVZ that_CST the_AT B3(CO)4+_FO cation_NN1 involves_VVZ two_MC 2c–2e_JJ bonds_NN2 between_II the_AT boron_NN1 skeleton_NN1 ,_, four_MC 2c–2e_JJ bonds_NN2 between_II boron_NN1 and_CC the_AT carbonyl_NN1 ligand_NN1 ,_, and_CC two_MC 6c–2e_JJ delocalized_JJ bonds_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT most_RGT informative_JJ region_NN1 of_IO the_AT GC_NP1 chromatogram_NN1 has_VHZ been_VBN delimited_VVN between_II C1_FO to_II C40_FO paraffins_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
In_II this_DD1 second_NNT1 stage_NN1 ,_, the_AT shortening_NN1 of_IO the_AT second_MD C_ZZ1 C_ZZ1 bond_NN1 is_VBZ continuous_JJ ,_, and_CC there_EX is_VBZ no_AT appreciable_JJ time_NNT1 spent_VVN in_II the_AT acyclic_JJ conformation_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Manganese_NN1 is_VBZ a_AT1 gray_JJ ,_, hard_RR ,_, brittle_JJ ,_, shiny_JJ metal_NN1 with_IW more_DAR than_CSN 60_MC compounds_NN2 ,_, with_IW some_DD common_JJ ones_NN2 being_VBG manganese_NN1 dioxide_NN1 ,_, trimanganese_NN1 tetraoxide_NN1 ,_, manganese_NN1 chloride_NN1 ,_, manganese_NN1 sulfate_NN1 ,_, manganese_NN1 chromate_NN1 ,_, with_IW manganese_NN1 dioxide_NN1 being_VBG the_AT most_RGT stable_JJ ._. 
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<s>
These_DD2 nanomaterials_NN2 are_VBR discussed_VVN in_II the_AT next_MD section_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Zhang_VV0 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
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<s>
&lsqb;_( 13_MC &rsqb;_) developed_VVD an_AT1 "_" off-on_JJ "_" method_NN1 for_IF detection_NN1 of_IO hepatitis_NN1 virus_NN1 ._. 
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Due_II21 to_II22 p(FSS)_NNU rising_VVG significantly_RR ,_, the_AT controller_NN1 does_VDZ not_XX need_VVI any_DD additional_JJ monomer_NN1 to_TO reach_VVI the_AT desired_JJ molecular_JJ weight_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Their_APPGE surface_NN1 shows_VVZ a_AT1 faithful_JJ arrangement_NN1 to_II that_DD1 observed_VVD in_II previous_JJ works_NN ,_, and_CC the_AT number_NN1 of_IO polypeptides_NN2 per_II nm2_FO is_VBZ close_JJ to_II 3.9_MC ._. 
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<s>
An_AT1 efficient_JJ way_NN1 to_TO realize_VVI this_DD1 is_VBZ by_II using_VVG a_AT1 narrow-bore_NN1 ,_, open_VV0 ,_, tubular_JJ (_( OT_NP1 )_) column_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
In_II recent_JJ work_NN1 ,_, Speran?a_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
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<s>
&lsqb;_( 82_MC &rsqb;_) used_JJ LIBS_NN2 to_TO directly_RR analyze_VVI solder_NN1 masks_NN2 typically_RR commercialized_VVD for_IF homemade_JJ PCB_NN1 production_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
X-ray_NN1 photoelectron_NN1 spectroscopy_NN1 (_( XPS_NP1 )_) was_VBDZ performed_VVN on_II a_AT1 PHI5000_FO Versaprobe_NP1 system_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT plot_NN1 of_IO k2_FO vs_II pH_NN1 is_VBZ shown_VVN in_II Figure_NN1 5_MC ;_; such_DA a_AT1 kinetic_JJ behavior_NN1 is_VBZ consistent_JJ with_IW the_AT rate_NN1 law_NN1 shown_VVN in_II eq_NN1 1._MC (_( 1_MC1 )_) Ka_NN1 is_VBZ the_AT acid_NN1 dissociation_NN1 constant_NN1 of_IO the_AT S–H_NN1 of_IO l-cysteine_NN1 and_CC is_VBZ taken_VVN as_CSA 4.27_MC ×_II 10–9_MCMC M._NNU (_( 51_MC )_) ka_NN1 and_CC kb_NNU are_VBR the_AT rate_NN1 constants_NN2 for_IF oxidation_NN1 of_IO HSCH2CH(NH3+)CO2–_FO and_CC ,_, respectively_RR ._. 
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<s>
A_AT1 mixture_NN1 of_IO H6TATAT_FO (_( 31_MC mg_NNU ,_, 0.05_MC mmol_NN1 )_) and_CC Zn(NO3)2·6H2O_FO (_( 15_MC mg_NNU ,_, 0.05_MC mmol_NN1 )_) in_II DMF/MeOH/H2O/HCOOH_NP1 (_( 4_MC mL/2_FU mL/0.5_FU mL/40_FU L_MC )_) was_VBDZ sealed_VVN in_II a_AT1 Teflon-lined_JJ stainless_JJ steel_NN1 container_NN1 (_( 15_MC mL_NNU )_) ._. 
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<s>
MIPs_NNU are_VBR artificial_JJ three-dimensional_JJ network_NN1 polymers_NN2 with_IW molecular_JJ recognition_NN1 sites_NN2 that_CST can_VM specifically_RR rebind_VVI a_AT1 target_NN1 molecule_NN1 in_II preference_NN1 to_II other_JJ closely-related_JJ compounds_NN2 &lsqb;_( 76_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
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<s>
The_AT precise_JJ control_NN1 over_II the_AT microenvironment_NN1 afforded_VVN by_II microfluidic_JJ devices_NN2 opened_VVD up_RP an_AT1 opportunity_NN1 to_TO investigate_VVI ,_, for_IF the_AT first_MD time_NNT1 ,_, the_AT formation_NN1 and_CC growth_NN1 of_IO flocs_NN2 independently_RR from_II floc_NN1 breakage_NN1 and_CC ageing_JJ phases_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Three_MC types_NN2 of_IO pellet_NN1 were_VBDR compared264_FO for_IF determination_NN1 of_IO 30_MC elements_NN2 in_II soil_NN1 and_CC sediment_NN1 by_II LA-ICP-MS_NP1 :_: original_JJ sample_NN1 ;_; sample_NN1 mixed_VVN with_IW boric_JJ acid_NN1 ;_; and_CC sample_NN1 mixed_VVN with_IW hexane_NN1 ,_, dried_VVN at_II 50_MC °C_NNU ,_, then_RT mixed_VVN with_IW DCM_NP1 and_CC dried_VVN again_RT ._. 
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<s>
It_PPH1 is_VBZ also_RR worth_II noting_VVG that_CST the_AT prodrug_NN1 fell_VVD apart_RL in_II PBS_NP1 buffer_NN1 ,_, pH_NN1 7_MC at_II 37_MC °C_NNU in_II a_AT1 clean_JJ manner_NN1 without_IW any_DD other_JJ discernible_JJ artifacts_NN2 aside_II21 from_II22 the_AT three_MC components_NN2 (_( Figure_NN1 S4_FO )_) ._. 
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<s>
In_II the_AT experiments_NN2 ,_, every_AT1 cell_NN1 was_VBDZ first_MD monitored_VVN in_II the_AT light_JJ field_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
It_PPH1 is_VBZ conjectured_VVN that_CST the_AT steric_JJ effect_NN1 of_IO the_AT chlorosilylene_NN1 ligand_NN1 in_II complex_NN1 6_MC makes_VVZ one_MC1 of_IO the_AT two_MC Ph2P–_JJ groups_NN2 free_VV0 (_( uncoordinated_JJ )_) ._. 
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Combined_JJ structural_JJ and_CC microstructural_JJ studies_NN2 ,_, supported_VVN by_II the_AT analysis_NN1 of_IO the_AT existing_JJ literature_NN1 data_NN ,_, strongly_RR suggest_VV0 that_CST the_AT redox_NN1 processes_NN2 during_II the_AT LFZ_NP1 process_NN1 can_VM be_VBI rather_RG determined_JJ by_II kinetics_NN1 of_IO melt_VV0 crystallization_NN1 ,_, nuclei_NN2 formation_NN1 and_CC heat_NN1 transfer_NN1 than_CSN by_II the_AT oxygen_NN1 content_NN1 in_II the_AT gas_NN1 phase_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT method_NN1 was_VBDZ in-house_JJ validated_VVD using_VVG corresponding_JJ single_JJ compound_NN1 TraceCERT_NP1 CRMs_NP1 for_IF IC_NP1 (_( Sigma-Aldrich_NP1 ,_, FR_NP1 )_) ._. 
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MAS-NMR_JJ spectra_NN2 ,_, 1H_FO NMR_NP1 spectra_NN2 ,_, 13C_FO NMR_NP1 spectra_NN2 and_CC FTIR_NN1 spectra_NN2 of_IO 30_MC demonstrated_VVD the_AT above_JJ observations_NN2 ._. 
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To_TO further_RRR improve_VVI the_AT spatial_JJ resolution_NN1 ,_, super_JJ resolution_NN1 image_NN1 processing_NN1 algorithms_NN2 were_VBDR applied_VVN with_IW a_AT1 source_NN1 array_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT flow_NN1 of_IO the_AT required_JJ reagents_NN2 for_IF the_AT capture_NN1 chamber_NN1 functionalization_NN1 and_CC the_AT flow_NN1 of_IO sample_NN1 through_II the_AT biochip_NN1 were_VBDR performed_VVN using_VVG a_AT1 Harvard_NP1 PHD_NNA ULTRA?_RR pump_NN1 (_( Harvard_NP1 Apparatus_NP1 ,_, MA_NNA ,_, USA_NP1 )_) ._. 
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Arsenic_NN1 species_NN (_( iAsIII_NN2 ,_, iAsV_NN1 ,_, MMA_NP1 and_CC DMA_NP1 )_) were_VBDR measured_VVN in_II the_AT urine_NN1 using_VVG an_AT1 established_JJ HPLC-HG-ICP-MS_NP1 method_NN1 ,_, achieving_VVG LODs_NN2 of_IO 0.2_MC g_ZZ1 L1_FO for_IF iAsIII_NN2 ,_, MMA_NP1 and_CC DMA_NP1 ,_, and_CC 0.5_MC g_ZZ1 L1_FO for_IF iAsV_NN1 ._. 
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Factors_NN2 that_CST may_VM influence_VVI As_II metabolism_NN1 were_VBDR also_RR determined_VVN including_II erythrocyte_NN1 Cu_FO ,_, Mn_FO ,_, Se_NP1 and_CC Zn_NP1 (_( by_II ICP-MS_NN1 )_) ,_, urine_NN1 Se_NP1 (_( by_II ICP-MS_NN1 )_) ,_, plasma_NN1 folate_NN1 and_CC vitamin_NN1 B12_FO (_( Roche_NP1 ECLIA_NP1 immunoassays_VVZ )_) ._. 
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<s>
There_EX are_VBR other_JJ compression_NN1 methods_NN2 for_IF MSI_JJ data_NN available_JJ ,_, e.g._REX ,_, °randomized_FO approximation_NN1 compressed_VVD PCA_NP1 process±_FO and_CC °numerical_FO compression_NN1 schemes±_FO ._. 
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<s>
The_AT compressed_JJ PCA_NN1 process_NN1 reported_VVN by_II Palmer_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 (_( 17_MC )_) reduces_VVZ the_AT dimensionality_NN1 of_IO the_AT MSI_JJ data_NN and_CC has_VHZ a_AT1 compression_NN1 ratio_NN1 >170:1_FO ,_, which_DDQ is_VBZ much_RR higher_JJR than_CSN our_APPGE compression_NN1 ratio_NN1 (_( 5:1_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
Knowing_VVG that_CST &lsqb;_( bod_NN1 &rsqb;_) does_VDZ not_XX stack_VVI very_RG well_RR ,_, because_II21 of_II22 the_AT BF2_FO groups_NN2 ,_, then_RT the_AT conclusion_NN1 from_II this_DD1 work_NN1 suggests_VVZ that_CST the_AT formation_NN1 of_IO interchain_NN1 J-aggregates_NN2 (_( &lsqb;_( Zn_NP1 &rsqb;_) )_) may_VM very_RG well_RR occur_VVI and_CC play_VVI a_AT1 positive_JJ role_NN1 in_II the_AT increase_NN1 of_IO the_AT PCE_NN1 via_II efficient_JJ energy_NN1 transfer_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT typical_JJ synthesis_NN1 process_NN1 is_VBZ described_VVN as_II follows_VVZ :_: nickel_NN1 chloride_NN1 aqueous_JJ solution_NN1 (_( 15_MC mL_NNU ,_, 5_MC mM_NNU )_) was_VBDZ mixed_VVN with_IW copper_JJ chloride_NN1 aqueous_JJ solution_NN1 (_( 5_MC mL_NNU ,_, 5_MC mM_NNU )_) in_II a_AT1 Teflon-lined_JJ stainless_JJ steel_NN1 autoclave_NN1 at_II room_NN1 temperature_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT key_JJ advances_NN2 identified_VVN are_VBR fast_RR wash-out_JJ ablation_NN1 cells_NN2 ,_, calibration_NN1 strategies_NN2 (_( such_II21 as_II22 ink_NN1 printing_NN1 and_CC dried-droplets_NN2 )_) ,_, mapping_NN1 of_IO elemental_JJ distribution_NN1 in_II animal_NN1 ,_, human_JJ and_CC plant_NN1 tissues_NN2 ,_, nanoparticle_NN1 uptake_NN1 ,_, and_CC protein_NN1 and_CC single_JJ cell_NN1 analysis_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Notably_RR ,_, immobilising_VVG the_AT salen_JJ group_NN1 into_II the_AT MOF_NN1 structure_NN1 increased_VVD the_AT stability_NN1 of_IO the_AT catalyst_NN1 from_II a_AT1 few_DA2 minutes_NNT2 to_II a_AT1 few_DA2 hours_NNT2 ._. 
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<s>
Similarly_RR ,_, the_AT COOH_NP1 (_( or_CC CO_FO )_) binding_JJ energy_NN1 from_II CE-np_NN1 converges_VVZ to_II 1.80_MC (_( or_CC 0.75_MC )_) eV_NN1 at_II the_AT center_NN1 of_IO the_AT (_( 100_MC )_) facets_NN2 of_IO cubic_JJ and_CC cuboctahedral_JJ NPs_NP1 ,_, which_DDQ is_VBZ compared_VVN with_IW the_AT DFT_NP1 binding_JJ energy_NN1 of_IO 1.70_MC (_( or_CC 0.72_MC )_) eV_NN1 calculated_VVD using_VVG Au(100)_FO slab_NN1 model_NN1 with_IW 1/18_MF ML_NNU (_( Figure_NN1 7b_FO )_) ._. 
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<s>
With_IW this_DD1 new_JJ LIRFP_NN1 ion_NN1 source_NN1 ,_, the_AT CD_NN1 QIT-MS_NN1 could_VM acquire_VVI ion_NN1 signals_NN2 with_IW good_JJ signal-to-noise_JJ ratio_NN1 and_CC measure_VV0 the_AT mass-to-charge_NN1 (_( m/z_ZZ1 )_) ratio_NN1 and_CC charge_NN1 (_( z_ZZ1 )_) of_IO submicrometer-sized_JJ macroions_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Pioneering_JJ work_NN1 in_II QCL-based_JJ transmission_NN1 measurements_NN2 of_IO liquids_NN2 started_VVD around_II the_AT year_NNT1 2000_MC (_( see_VV0 e.g._REX Lendl_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 44_MC Martin_NP1 et_NP1 al.45_FO and_CC Lambrecht_NP1 et_NP1 al.46_FO )_) ._. 
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<s>
As_CSA described_VVN previously_RR ,_, 19_MC a_AT1 solution_NN1 of_IO acyl_NN1 chloride_NN1 (_( 3_MC 5_MC mmol_NN1 )_) in_II CH2Cl2_FO (_( 10_MC mL_NNU )_) was_VBDZ chilled_VVN to_II 0_MC °C_NNU ,_, and_CC a_AT1 mixture_NN1 of_IO pent-4-en-1-_JJ ol_NN1 (_( 5_MC mmol_NN1 )_) and_CC Et3N_FO (_( 5_MC mmol_NN1 )_) was_VBDZ added_VVN dropwise_RR ._. 
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<s>
SXRD_NP1 spectra_NN2 were_VBDR acquired_VVN at_II the_AT Advanced_JJ Photon_NN1 Source_NN1 at_II Argonne_NP1 National_JJ Laboratory_NN1 on_II beamline_NN1 11-BM_NP1 (_( =_FO 0.4145_MC ?_ZZ1 )_) ._. 
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<s>
The_AT energy_NN1 (_( heat_NN1 )_) transfer_VV0 between_II the_AT ANP_NP1 and_CC the_AT environment_NN1 is_VBZ assumed_VVN to_TO be_VBI accelerated_VVN in_II the_AT preheating_JJ stage_NN1 ,_, owing_II21 to_II22 the_AT enhancement_NN1 of_IO the_AT collision_NN1 probability_NN1 as_II Ta_UH and_CC NO2_FO increase_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Monte_NP1 Carlo_NP1 simulations_NN2 showed_VVD that_CST regions_NN2 containing_VVG 0.065%_FO of_IO Au_FO and_CC 0.04%_FO of_IO Gd_JJ by_II weight_NN1 could_VM be_VBI reconstructed_VVN ._. 
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The_AT crystal_NN1 structure_NN1 of_IO LiB2C2_FO was_VBDZ investigated_VVN by_II the_AT single_JJ crystal_NN1 method_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT DOS_NN1 and_CC Kohn–Sham_NP1 defect_NN1 levels_NN2 within_II the_AT band_NN1 gap_NN1 ,_, with_II31 respect_II32 to_II33 vacuum_NN1 ,_, are_VBR shown_VVN in_II Figure_NN1 3_MC ._. 
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<s>
After_II using_VVG the_AT ALNRS_NP2 ,_, the_AT vacuum_NN1 processes_NN2 speeded_VVD up_RG21 to_RG22 1.9_MC ×_II 109_MC mbar_NN1 within_II four_MC hours_NNT2 ,_, which_DDQ were_VBDR the_AT final_JJ vacuum_NN1 conditions_NN2 achieved_VVN in_II this_DD1 study_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT element_NN1 content_NN1 of_IO plastics_NN2 down_RP to_II about_II 1_MC1 mm_NNU in_II diameter_NN1 and_CC 0.1_MC mm_NNU in_II thickness_NN1 could_VM be_VBI determined_VVN rapidly_RR ._. 
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<s>
In_II this_DD1 mode_NN1 the_AT instrument_NN1 is_VBZ operated_VVN such_CS21 that_CS22 Q1_FO (_( the_AT first_MD quadrupole_NN1 )_) selects_VVZ ions_NN2 at_II the_AT m/z_ZZ1 of_IO interest_NN1 ,_, allowing_VVG both_RR analyte_NN1 and_CC interfering_VVG ions_NN2 to_TO pass_VVI to_II Q2_FO (_( the_AT collision/reaction_NN1 cell_NN1 )_) which_DDQ is_VBZ pressurised_VVN with_IW a_AT1 reaction_NN1 gas_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
When_CS utilized_VVN as_II an_AT1 electrode_NN1 material_NN1 for_IF supercapacitors_NN2 ,_, NiCo2O4/CeO2_VV0 in_II 3.0_MC M_NNO KOH_NN1 +_FO 0.10_MC M_ZZ1 K4&lsqb;Fe_FO (_( CN_NP1 )_) 6_MC &rsqb;_) electrolyte_NN1 showed_VVD a_AT1 specific_JJ capacitance_NN1 of_IO 2659.1_MC F_ZZ1 g1_FO at_II 5.0_MC A_ZZ1 g1_FO and_CC excellent_JJ cycling_NN1 performances_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
At_II the_AT highest_JJT current_JJ density_NN1 (_( i_ZZ1 =_FO 0.64_MC mA_NN1 cm–2_NN1 )_) ,_, globular_JJ and_CC dendritic_JJ protrusions_NN2 are_VBR obtained_VVN ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 design_NN1 consists_VVZ of_IO 96_MC parallel_JJ microfluidic_JJ channels_NN2 ,_, each_DD1 having_VHG 40_MC compartments_NN2 in_II series_NN at_II an_AT1 areal_JJ density_NN1 of_IO approximately_RR 4_MC compartments_NN2 per_II mm2_FO (_( cmpts_NNU mm2_FO )_) ._. 
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<s>
Importantly_RR ,_, this_DD1 strategy_NN1 realized_VVD amplified_JJ detection_NN1 in_II buffer_NN1 ,_, with_IW detection_NN1 limits_NN2 of_IO microRNA_NN1 as_RG low_JJ as_CSA 34_MC pM_RA ._. 
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<s>
Furthermore_RR ,_, this_DD1 method_NN1 was_VBDZ successfully_RR applied_VVN to_TO detect_VVI microRNA-21_MC in_II serum_NN1 and_CC cell_NN1 culture_NN1 media_NN ._. 
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<s>
They_PPHS2 are_VBR benzamide_NN1 ,_, acetamide_NN1 or_CC piperazine_NN1 derivatives_NN2 with_IW a_AT1 full_JJ or_CC partial_JJ activity_NN1 on_II different_JJ opioid_JJ receptors_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
CH3_FO ,_, R2_FO =_FO CF3_FO ;_; n_ZZ1 =_FO 3_MC )_) on_II the_AT basis_NN1 of_IO CoII_JJ may_VM be_VBI susceptible_JJ to_II a_AT1 one-step_JJ VT_NP1 rearrangement_NN1 (_( Fig_NN1 ._. 
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S6_FO and_CC Table_NN1 S3_FO )_) ._. 
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<s>
A_AT1 mesoporous_JJ TiO2_FO layer_NN1 (_( ?1_FO m_ZZ1 )_) was_VBDZ spin-coated_JJ at_II 3000_MC rpm_NNU onto_II the_AT FTO/bl-TiO2_NN1 substrate_NN1 using_VVG a_AT1 homemade_JJ P25_FO TiO2_FO (_( Degussa_NP1 )_) paste_NN1 diluted_VVN with_IW ethanol_NN1 ,_, and_CC then_RT calcined_VVD at_II 510_MC °C_NNU for_IF 30_MC min_NNU in_II air_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT resulting_JJ spectrum_NN1 depends_VVZ on_II the_AT optical_JJ constants_NN2 of_IO the_AT film_NN1 and_CC the_AT substrate_NN1 ,_, the_AT angle_NN1 of_IO incidence_NN1 ,_, as_II31 well_II32 as_II33 the_AT p-_NN1 and_CC s-polarized_JJ components_NN2 of_IO the_AT incident_NN1 IR_NN1 radiation_NN1 ._. 
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They_PPHS2 also_RR observed_VVD that_CST the_AT dominant_JJ peak_NN1 moved_VVN to_II smaller_JJR droplet_NN1 sizes_NN2 and_CC itself_PPX1 became_VVD narrower_JJR (_( more_DAR monodisperse_NN1 )_) as_CSA viscosity_NN1 was_VBDZ increased_VVN ._. 
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<s>
Due_II21 to_II22 superior_JJ detection_NN1 limits_NN2 ,_, many_DA2 available_JJ standard_JJ protocols_NN2 ,_, and_CC widely_RR established_VVN databases_NN2 ,_, MS_NN1 technologies_NN2 have_VH0 overwhelmed_VVN less_RGR popular_JJ molecular_JJ spectroscopic_JJ methods_NN2 ,_, for_IF hyphenation_NN1 with_IW GC_NP1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT second_MD book_NN1 "_" Handbook_NN1 of_IO Rare_JJ Earth_NN1 Elements_NN2 :_: Analytics_NP1 "_" ,_, again_RT a_AT1 collection_NN1 of_IO chapters_NN2 written_VVN by_II various_JJ experts_NN2 ,_, contains_VVZ 14_MC chapters.8_FO However_RR ,_, in_II this_DD1 case_NN1 only_RR one_MC1 of_IO them_PPHO2 is_VBZ related_VVN to_II speciation_NN1 analysis_NN1 ,_, namely_REX '_NULL analysis_NN1 and_CC speciation_NN1 of_IO lanthanoids_NN2 '_NULL ,_, which_DDQ would_VM appear_VVI to_TO deal_VVI only_RR with_IW compounds_NN2 of_IO Gd_JJ (_( contrast_NN1 agents_NN2 )_) ._. 
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Most_RGT importantly_RR ,_, with_IW the_AT addition_NN1 of_IO Ge_NP1 ,_, the_AT non-thermally_RR coupled_VVD Ho_NP1 green_NN1 and_CC red_NN1 emitting_VVG levels_NN2 are_VBR associated_VVN together_RL ,_, and_CC the_AT red-to-green_JJ emission_NN1 intensity_NN1 ratio_NN1 becomes_VVZ sensitive_JJ to_II environmental_JJ temperature_NN1 change_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT yield_NN1 of_IO 1&lsqb;_FO (_( ±_FO )_) -T+C_FO &rsqb;_) decreased_VVD to_II 86%_NNU when_CS the_AT reaction_NN1 time_NNT1 was_VBDZ decreased_VVN to_II 10_MC min_NNU (_( Table_NN1 1_MC1 ,_, entry_NN1 7_MC )_) ,_, and_CC the_AT yields_NN2 were_VBDR equal_JJ when_CS the_AT reaction_NN1 time_NNT1 was_VBDZ 20_MC or_CC 30_MC min_NNU (_( Table_NN1 1_MC1 ,_, entries_NN2 1_MC1 and_CC 8_MC )_) ._. 
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The_AT Rh/N-methylation_FU of_IO ZhaoPhos_NP1 L2_FO catalytic_JJ system_NN1 also_RR worked_VVN well_RR ;_; almost_RR the_AT same_DA excellent_JJ results_NN2 can_VM be_VBI afforded_VVN with_IW S/C_JJ =_FO 24_MC 000_MC (_( Table_NN1 2_MC ,_, entry_NN1 5_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
Whilst_CS 3D_NNU printed_JJ fluidic_JJ devices_NN2 can_VM be_VBI coupled_VVN to_II large_JJ and_CC sophisticated_JJ detection_NN1 setups_NN2 (_( so-called_JJ "_" chip-in-a-lab_JJ "_" systems_NN2 )_) ,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ an_AT1 attractive_JJ proposition_NN1 to_TO integrate_VVI the_AT detection_NN1 system_NN1 within_II the_AT chip_NN1 platform_NN1 &lsqb;_( 34_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, particularly_RR for_IF remote_JJ environmental_JJ deployments_NN2 and_CC point-of-care_JJ medical_JJ use_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 is_VBZ confounded_VVN by_II high_JJ background_NN1 levels_NN2 of_IO metals_NN2 in_II the_AT reagents_NN2 ,_, dyes_NN2 and_CC gels_NN2 ,_, which_DDQ may_VM result_VVI in_II substitution_NN1 of_IO metals_NN2 in_II a_AT1 non-endogenous_JJ manner_NN1 ,_, producing_VVG spurious_JJ results_NN2 &lsqb;_( 37_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
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We_PPIS2 have_VH0 to_TO look_VVI at_II the_AT data_NN carefully_RR ,_, In_II the_AT paper_NN1 of_IO Harts_NP2 and_CC collaborators_NN2 ,_, the_AT impact_NN1 of_IO two_MC different_JJ kind_NN1 of_IO hips_NN2 implants_NN2 have_VH0 been_VBN investigated_VVN by_II31 means_II32 of_II33 XANES_NN2 and_CC micro-SXRF_VV0 on_II human_JJ tissue_NN1 ex_II vivo_NN1 ._. 
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In_II the_AT case_NN1 of_IO WS2_FO ,_, (_( 0/–1_MCMC )_) and_CC (_( 1/–2_MCMC )_) levels_NN2 for_IF VW_NP1 occurs_VVZ at_II 1.02_MC and_CC 1.6_MC eV_NN1 above_II the_AT VBM_NP1 ._. 
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Although_CS this_DD1 method_NN1 targeted_VVD adenine_JJ methylation_NN1 and_CC measured_VVD the_AT activity_NN1 of_IO Dam_NN1 MTase_NN1 ,_, a_AT1 similar_JJ strategy_NN1 can_VM be_VBI easily_RR adapted_VVN for_IF cytosine_NN1 methylation_NN1 analysis_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT equatorial_JJ oxygens_NN2 of_IO the_AT TeO4_FO units_NN2 and_CC two_MC oxygens_NN2 arranged_VVN on_II one_MC1 edge_NN1 of_IO the_AT TeO6_FO octahedron_NN1 are_VBR terminal_JJ and_CC charge-compensated_NN1 by_II the_AT Ba2+_FO and_CC Zn2+_FO cations_NN2 between_II the_AT Te2O7_FO sheets_NN2 ._. 
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Using_VVG this_DD1 approach_NN1 ,_, we_PPIS2 assigned_VVD each_DD1 urine_NN1 sample_NN1 to_II an_AT1 albumin_NN1 concentration_NN1 range_NN1 ,_, setting_VVG the_AT cut-off_NN1 values_NN2 of_IO 3_MC ,_, 6_MC and_CC 10_MC g_ZZ1 mL1_FO ._. 
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Depending_II21 on_II22 the_AT underlying_JJ mechanism_NN1 of_IO the_AT fractionation_NN1 process_NN1 ,_, the_AT slope_NN1 of_IO this_DD1 plot_NN1 can_VM be_VBI predicted_VVN from_II the_AT nuclide_NN1 masses_NN2 alone_RR ._. 
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While_CS a_AT1 slightly_RR lower_JJR light_JJ intensity_NN1 observed_VVN at_II the_AT first_MD few_DA2 prisms_NN2 is_VBZ unavoidable_JJ due_II21 to_II22 the_AT incident_NN1 angle_NN1 of_IO incoming_JJ light_NN1 ,_, the_AT intensity_NN1 distribution_NN1 becomes_VVZ mostly_RR uniform_JJ along_II the_AT subsequent_JJ prism_NN1 array_NN1 ,_, as_CSA shown_VVN in_II Fig._NN1 4_MC and_CC 8(b)_FO ._. 
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The_AT conversion_NN1 of_IO the_AT Amam_NN1 component_NN1 into_II P42/mnm_NN1 showed_VVD no_AT reversibility_NN1 upon_II discharge_NN1 ._. 
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Similarly_RR ,_, Suchanová_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
&lsqb;_( 106_MC &rsqb;_) also_RR analyzed_VVD 15_MC PAHs_NP2 in_II smoked_JJ cheese_NN1 samples_NN2 of_IO Czech_JJ Republic_NN1 using_VVG HPLC-FLD_NN1 with_IW conventional_JJ Soxhlet_NN1 extractor_NN1 for_IF removal_NN1 and_CC gel_NN1 bio_NN1 beads_NN2 (_( S-X3_NN1 )_) for_IF clean-up_NN1 purposes_NN2 ._. 
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However_RR ,_, the_AT system_NN1 suffered_VVN from_II a_AT1 lack_NN1 of_IO catalytic_JJ turnover_NN1 and_CC the_AT limited_JJ scope_NN1 of_IO the_AT guests_NN2 for_IF chiral_JJ induction_NN1 ._. 
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In_II the_AT same_DA way_NN1 described_VVN for_IF the_AT sulfidation_NN1 process_NN1 ,_, the_AT effect_NN1 of_IO the_AT oxygen_NN1 chemical_NN1 potential_NN1 at_II the_AT chosen_JJ operating_NN1 conditions_NN2 of_IO the_AT SOFC_NN1 was_VBDZ considered_VVN ;_; thus_RR the_AT energy_NN1 corresponding_VVG to_II the_AT H2O_FO desorption_NN1 from_II the_AT surface_NN1 to_II the_AT gas_NN1 phase_NN1 and_CC therefore_RR the_AT formation_NN1 of_IO the_AT oxygen_NN1 vacancy_NN1 was_VBDZ decreased_VVN to_II 0.58_MC eV_NN1 for_IF the_AT BaOT_NN1 surface_NN1 and_CC to_II 1.87_MC eV_NN1 for_IF the_AT TiO2T_FO surface_NN1 ._. 
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Porcine_JJ tissue_NN1 samples_NN2 of_IO a_AT1 5_MC mm_NNU thickness_NN1 were_VBDR placed_VVN in_II31 front_II32 of_II33 the_AT cuvette_NN1 and_CC brought_VVN into_II contact_NN1 with_IW the_AT laser_NN1 ,_, leaving_VVG no_AT space_NN1 between_II the_AT nose_NN1 cone_NN1 and_CC the_AT sample_NN1 (_( ESI_NP1 ,_, Fig_NN1 ._. 
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S1_FO )_) ._. 
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<s>
And_CC if_CS the_AT emission_NN1 intensity_NN1 exceeds_VVZ a_AT1 threshold_NN1 value_NN1 ,_, the_AT spectral_JJ data_NN are_VBR classified_VVN as_CSA true_JJ data_NN ._. 
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On_II the_AT other_JJ hand_NN1 ,_, the_AT heat_NN1 capacity_NN1 step_NN1 at_II glass_NN1 transition_NN1 is_VBZ signicantly_RR suppressed_VVN in_II the_AT composites_NN2 ,_, suggesting_VVG the_AT formation_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 rigid_JJ polymer_NN1 fraction_NN1 (_( RAF_NP1 )_) at_II the_AT interfaces_NN2 with_IW nanoparticles_NN2 due_II21 to_II22 strong_JJ physical_JJ interaction_NN1 (_( hydrogen_NN1 bonding_NN1 )_) ._. 
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The_AT limits_NN2 of_IO detection_NN1 (_( LODs_NP2 )_) ,_, defined_VVN as_II the_AT analyte_NN1 concentration_NN1 equivalent_NN1 to_II three_MC times_NNT2 the_AT standard_JJ deviation_NN1 of_IO 11_MC measurements_NN2 of_IO a_AT1 blank_JJ solution_NN1 ,_, were_VBDR 0.21_MC and_CC 0.28_MC g_ZZ1 L1_FO for_IF Se(vi)_NP1 and_CC Se(iv)_NP1 ,_, with_IW a_AT1 relative_JJ standard_JJ deviation_NN1 (_( RSD_NP1 ,_, n_ZZ1 =_FO 3_MC )_) of_IO 2.5%_FO and_CC 1.0%_FO for_IF Se(vi)_NP1 and_CC Se(iv)_NN1 at_II a_AT1 concentration_NN1 of_IO 20_MC g_ZZ1 L1_FO ,_, respectively_RR ._. 
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Although_CS the_AT LODs_NP2 reported_VVD here_RL are_VBR in_II the_AT parts-per-trillion_NN2 range_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ is_VBZ adequate_JJ for_IF most_DAT applications_NN2 ,_, in_II some_DD cases_NN2 the_AT MSC_NN1 method_NN1 may_VM be_VBI suitable_JJ to_II applications_NN2 more_RGR concerned_JJ with_IW accuracy_NN1 than_CSN sensitivity_NN1 ._. 
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In_II contrast_NN1 ,_, when_CS performing_VVG the_AT same_DA experiment_NN1 in_II the_AT case_NN1 of_IO complexes_NN2 1_MC1 and_CC 3_MC ,_, despite_II the_AT visible_JJ shifts_NN2 of_IO the_AT initial_JJ NMR_NP1 patterns_NN2 (_( Fig_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
S10_FO and_CC S11_FO )_) ,_, no_AT high_JJ shielded_JJ signals_NN2 appeared_VVD ._. 
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<s>
To_TO make_VVI sure_JJ the_AT "_" peak_NN1 cut_NN1 "_" procedure_NN1 is_VBZ suitable_JJ for_IF other_JJ isotope_NN1 systems_NN2 ,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ essential_JJ to_TO firstly_RR investigate_VVI the_AT detailed_JJ behavior_NN1 of_IO the_AT isotopes_NN2 during_II column_NN1 separation_NN1 and_CC mass_JJ determination_NN1 ._. 
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Before_II collecting_VVG Rb_NP1 ,_, the_AT resin_NN1 was_VBDZ washed_VVN with_IW 4.4_MC mL_NNU of_IO 3_MC M_ZZ1 HNO3_FO to_TO remove_VVI most_DAT major_JJ and_CC trace_VVI elements_NN2 ,_, such_II21 as_II22 Ca_NP1 ,_, Na_UH ,_, Al_NP1 ,_, Fe_NP1 ,_, Mn_FO ,_, Ti_NP1 ,_, P_ZZ1 and_CC REE_NN1 elements_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Decays_NN2 were_VBDR recorded_VVN to_II 104_MC counts_NN2 in_II the_AT peak_NN1 channel_NN1 with_IW a_AT1 record_NN1 length_NN1 of_IO at_RR21 least_RR22 1000_MC channels_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT potential_JJ to_TO ascertain_VVI the_AT origin_NN1 and_CC aging_NN1 of_IO bloodstains_NN2 have_VH0 various_JJ important_JJ applications_NN2 in_II the_AT field_NN1 of_IO forensic_JJ science_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
On_II the_AT other_JJ hand_NN1 ,_, a_AT1 majority_NN1 of_IO luminescent_JJ CPs_NP1 (_( LCPs_NP1 )_) are_VBR concerned_JJ with_IW transition_NN1 metals_NN2 in_II the_AT d10_FO configuration_NN1 (_( ZnII_NP1 ,_, CdII_MC ,_, CuI_NP1 ,_, AgI_NP1 )_) and_CC lanthanide_VV0 ions_NN2 ,_, 10_MC while_CS less_DAR consideration_NN1 has_VHZ been_VBN given_VVN to_II the_AT main_JJ group_NN1 metals_NN2 that_CST possess_VV0 stereochemically_RR active_JJ lone_JJ pairs_NN2 (_( ns2np0_FO electron_NN1 configuration_NN1 )_) such_II21 as_II22 lead_NN1 and_CC bismuth_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ may_VM reduce_VVI the_AT radiative_JJ lifetime_NNT1 of_IO triplets_NN2 by_II increasing_JJ spin–orbit_NN1 coupling_NN1 and_CC promote_VV0 emission_NN1 from_II the_AT triplet_NN1 state_NN1 under_II ambient_JJ conditions_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
To_TO obtain_VVI more_RGR regular_JJ shapes_NN2 and_CC optimal_JJ dimensions_NN2 of_IO MIP_NN1 particles_NN2 used_VVN as_CSA fillings_NN2 of_IO HPLC_NP1 columns_NN2 it_PPH1 is_VBZ recommended_VVN to_TO prepare_VVI new_JJ MIP_NN1 materials_NN2 ,_, for_REX21 example_REX22 silica-gel_JJ surface_NN1 modification_NN1 polymerization_NN1 techniques_NN2 ._. 
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This_DD1 decision_NN1 flow-chart_NN1 is_VBZ intended_VVN to_TO provide_VVI a_AT1 hands-on_JJ overview_NN1 for_IF users_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
It_PPH1 is_VBZ routinely_RR available_JJ for_IF XRF_NP1 studies_NN2 at_II the_AT ID16A_FO nanoimaging_VVG beamline_NN1 of_IO the_AT ESRF_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
For_IF structure_NN1 optimizations_NN2 and_CC Raman_NN1 calculations_NN2 in_II the_AT ground_NN1 state_NN1 ,_, we_PPIS2 used_VVD the_AT PBE_NN1 functional_JJ with_IW the_AT zeroth_MD order_NN1 relativistic_JJ approximation_NN1 (_( ZORA_NP1 )_) ._. 
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<s>
(_( 3638_MC )_) A_ZZ1 double-zeta_JJ polarized_JJ basis_NN1 set_NN1 (_( DZP_NP1 )_) was_VBDZ used_VVN for_IF light_JJ atoms_NN2 ,_, while_CS a_AT1 triple-zeta_JJ basis_NN1 (_( TZP_NP1 )_) was_VBDZ used_VVN for_IF platinum_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Small_JJ impurities_NN2 found_VVN in_II some_DD crystals_NN2 (_( K3LaTe2O9_FO and_CC CsYTe3O8_FO )_) have_VH0 no_AT influence_NN1 on_II the_AT TeOn_NN1 species_NN that_CST are_VBR the_AT focus_NN1 of_IO this_DD1 study_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Other_JJ chemicals_NN2 including_II formic_JJ acid_NN1 (_( HCOOH_NP1 ,_, ≥88.0_FO wt%_FO )_) ,_, ammonia_NN1 (_( NH3·H2O_FO ,_, 25.0–28.0_MCMC wt%_FO )_) ,_, KNO3_FO ,_, NaCl_NN1 ,_, K2SO4_FO ,_, HNO3_FO and_CC H2O2_FO were_VBDR all_DB purchased_VVN from_II Kelong_NP1 Chemical_NN1 Reagent_NN1 Co_NN1 ._. 
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(_( Chengdu_NN1 ,_, China_NP1 )_) ._. 
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<s>
A_AT1 mixture_NN1 of_IO P(O)_NN1 OH_UH compounds_NN2 (_( 0.5_MC mmol_NN1 )_) ,_, arenes_NN2 (_( 0.5_MC mmol_NN1 )_) ,_, Bu4NI_FO (_( 0.1_MC mmol_NN1 )_) ,_, and_CC TBHP_NP1 (_( 1.5_MC mmol_NN1 )_) was_VBDZ dissolved_VVN in_II CH2Cl2_FO under_II an_AT1 ambient_JJ air_NN1 atmosphere_NN1 and_CC was_VBDZ stirred_VVN at_II 80_MC °C_NNU for_IF 12_MC h_ZZ1 ._. 
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<s>
Removal_NN1 of_IO the_AT solvent_NN1 under_II reduced_JJ pressure_NN1 gave_VVD the_AT crude_JJ product_NN1 ;_; pure_JJ product_NN1 was_VBDZ obtained_VVN by_II passing_VVG the_AT crude_JJ product_NN1 through_II a_AT1 short_JJ silica_NN1 gel_NN1 column_NN1 using_VVG hexane/_NN1 EtOAc_NP1 (_( 1:1_MC 5:1_MC )_) as_II the_AT eluent_JJ ._. 
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<s>
These_DD2 include_VV0 differentiating_VVG between_II the_AT same_DA types_NN2 of_IO bullet_NN1 from_II different_JJ manufacturers_NN2 and_CC identifying_VVG any_DD potential_JJ false_JJ positives_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
GasCliquid_JJ swelling_JJ data_NN can_VM also_RR be_VBI used_VVN to_TO determine_VVI gas_NN1 solubility_NN1 and_CC diffusivity_NN1 in_II the_AT liquid_JJ phase_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT base_NN1 peak_NN1 at_II m/z_ZZ1 274.13_MC in_II this_DD1 spectrum_NN1 is_VBZ from_II the_AT most_RGT abundant_JJ ions_NN2 of_IO the_AT trimer._NNU (_( 17,18_MC )_) Other_JJ oligomers_NN2 including_II dimer_NN1 ,_, tetramer_NN1 ,_, pentamer_NN1 ,_, hexamer_NN1 ,_, heptamer_NN1 ,_, and_CC octamer_NN1 were_VBDR found_VVN at_II m/z_ZZ1 183.09_MC ,_, 363.16/365.18_MF ,_, 454.20_MC ,_, 545.24_MC ,_, 634.27_MC ,_, and_CC 725.31._MC (_( 19,20_MC )_) Appearance_NN1 of_IO the_AT peak_NN1 cluster_NN1 on_II the_AT basis_NN1 of_IO m/z_ZZ1 value_NN1 ,_, e.g._REX ,_, m/z_ZZ1 363.16_MC and_CC 365.18_MC ,_, implies_VVZ that_CST at_RR21 least_RR22 two_MC different_JJ tetramers_NN2 were_VBDR formed_VVN ._. 
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Forty_MC different_JJ conditions_NN2 were_VBDR evaluated_VVN with_IW the_AT FLOC_NN1 ._. 
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Compound_VV0 15_MC was_VBDZ submitted_VVN to_II the_AT thiol-maleimide_JJ coupling_NN1 reaction_NN1 ,_, yielding_VVG quantitatively_RR compound_VV0 18_MC ._. 
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<s>
Three_MC phase_NN1 geometries_NN2 ,_, including_II simple_JJ cubic_JJ arrangement_NN1 (_( SC_FO )_) ,_, parallel_JJ channels_NN2 (_( PC_NNU )_) and_CC herringbone_VV0 channels_NN2 (_( HC_NP1 )_) (_( Fig._NN1 4_MC )_) were_VBDR printed_VVN and_CC characterised_VVN ._. 
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<s>
Gratifyingly_RR ,_, electrophilic_JJ borylation_NN1 of_IO 2_MC with_IW PhBCl2_FO produced_VVN BN-pyrrolo&lsqb;1,2-_FO a_ZZ1 &rsqb;_) quinoline_NN1 (_( 3b_FO )_) in_II moderate_JJ yield_NN1 (_( Method_NN1 B_ZZ1 ,_, Scheme_NN1 1_MC1 )_) ._. 
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<s>
A_AT1 table_NN1 (_( Table_NN1 S1_FO )_) containing_VVG basic_JJ information_NN1 (_( journal_NN1 reference_NN1 ,_, type_NN1 of_IO mass_JJ spectrometry_NN1 ,_, ionization_NN1 process_NN1 ,_, sample_NN1 type_NN1 ,_, modulator_NN1 )_) relative_II21 to_II22 the_AT 343_MC research_NN1 works_NN has_VHZ been_VBN included_VVN as_CSA supplementary_JJ material_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
An_AT1 increasing_JJ fi_NN2 and_CC a_AT1 decreasing_JJ fb_NNU have_VH0 been_VBN found_VVN in_II Fig._NN1 3_MC ,_, which_DDQ induces_VVZ a_AT1 decreasing_JJ h/Rg_FU ._. 
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<s>
Fig._NN1 3(aed)_FO indicate_VV0 that_CST as_CSA fA_NN1 increases_NN2 ,_, a_AT1 much_RR larger_JJR fA1/fA_NN1 value_NN1 is_VBZ required_VVN for_IF inducing_VVG the_AT free_JJ A-blocks_NN2 folding_VVG into_II the_AT B-rich_JJ domain_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ is_VBZ consistent_JJ with_IW the_AT result_NN1 that_CST the_AT maximum_NN1 of_IO h/Rg_FU curve_NN1 shifts_VVZ to_II a_AT1 larger_JJR fA1/fA_NN1 as_CSA fA_NN1 increases_NN2 shown_VVN in_II Fig._NN1 6_MC ._. 
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<s>
Each_DD1 of_IO the_AT soft_JJ ionization_NN1 techniques_NN2 ,_, ES_NP1 and_CC MALDI_NP1 ,_, offers_VVZ specific_JJ advantages_NN2 :_: ES_NP1 can_VM be_VBI easily_RR coupled_VVN on-line_JJ to_II an_AT1 LC_NP1 column_NN1 and_CC can_VM be_VBI used_VVN for_IF analysis_NN1 of_IO non-covalent_JJ protein–metal_JJ complexes_NN2 ;_; MALDI_NP1 is_VBZ a_AT1 simple_JJ ,_, quick_JJ and_CC sensitive_JJ technique_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ is_VBZ generally_RR useful_JJ for_IF the_AT identification_NN1 of_IO substances_NN2 after_II direct_JJ analysis_NN1 of_IO their_APPGE mixtures_NN2 with_IW a_AT1 suitable_JJ absorbing_JJ matrix_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 reduction_NN1 explains_VVZ the_AT reductions_NN2 in_II kin_NN and_CC kc_NNU in_II the_AT low-concentration_JJ regime_NN1 as_CSA compared_VVN to_II the_AT kin_NN and_CC kc_NNU in_II bulk_NN1 graphite_NN1 ._. 
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In_II this_DD1 process_NN1 ,_, nucleic_JJ acid_NN1 molecules_NN2 are_VBR amplified_VVN exponentially_RR via_II reaction_NN1 with_IW primers_NN2 at_II 2–3_MCMC different_JJ temperatures_NN2 ;_; as_II such_DA ,_, precise_JJ temperature_NN1 control_NN1 is_VBZ required_VVN for_IF such_DA "_" thermocycling_NN1 ._. "_" 
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<s>
In_BCL21 order_BCL22 to_TO evaluate_VVI the_AT analytical_JJ sensitivity_NN1 of_IO the_AT fs-LA-SIBS_NN2 technique_NN1 and_CC compare_VV0 it_PPH1 with_IW the_AT fs-LIBS_NN2 technique_NN1 ,_, the_AT limits_NN2 of_IO detection_NN1 (_( LODs_NP2 )_) of_IO chromium_NN1 ,_, manganese_NN1 ,_, magnesium_NN1 and_CC copper_NN1 in_II aluminum_NN1 alloys_NN2 were_VBDR determined_VVN experimentally_RR ._. 
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<s>
The_AT MIL-68_MC precursor_NN1 was_VBDZ obtained_VVN after_II centrifugation_NN1 and_CC washing_NN1 using_VVG ethanol_NN1 and_CC finally_RR vacuum_VV0 dried_JJ for_IF 12_MC h_ZZ1 at_II 60_MC °C_NNU ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 is_VBZ intricately_RR linked_VVN to_II the_AT column_NN1 dimensions_NN2 ,_, flow_NN1 rates_NN2 ,_, and_CC mobile-phase_JJ compositions_NN2 used_VVD ,_, where_RRQ ,_, in_II many_DA2 cases_NN2 ,_, incompatible_JJ or_CC strong_JJ solvents_NN2 are_VBR introduced_VVN in_II the_AT second-dimension_NN1 (_( 2D_NNU )_) column_NN1 ,_, leading_VVG to_TO peak_VVI broadening_JJ and_CC the_AT need_NN1 for_IF more_RGR complex_JJ interfacing_NN1 approaches_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT pore-size_JJ distribution_NN1 of_IO the_AT CdS@3D-NPC_FO composite_JJ photocatalysts_NN2 was_VBDZ obtained_VVN from_II their_APPGE isotherms_NN2 based_VVN on_II the_AT BJH_NP1 model_NN1 (_( Fig._NN1 5d_NNU )_) ._. 
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<s>
In_II summary_NN1 ,_, we_PPIS2 have_VH0 developed_VVN a_AT1 new_JJ ruthenium(II)-catalyzed_JJ cascade_NN1 reaction_NN1 of_IO 2H-imidazoles_NN2 with_IW alkynes_NN2 ,_, which_DDQ involves_VVZ direct_JJ C_ZZ1 H_ZZ1 of_IO imide_NN1 into_II the_AT carbonyl_NN1 group_NN1 cascade_NN1 process_NN1 by_II using_VVG 2H-imidazole_NN1 as_II a_AT1 traceless_JJ directing_JJ group_NN1 ._. 
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This_DD1 is_VBZ expressed_VVN in_II Equation_NN1 (_( 3_MC )_) where_RRQ R_ZZ1 is_VBZ the_AT gas_NN1 constant_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT subsequent_JJ cell_NN1 lysis_NN1 allows_VVZ release_NN1 of_IO nuclei_NN2 while_CS keeping_VVG information_NN1 on_II the_AT spatial_JJ organization_NN1 of_IO chromosomes_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Hz_NNU ,_, Hb_NP1 )_) ,_, 5.01_MC (_( 8H_FO ,_, s_ZZ1 ,_, Hc_NP1 )_) ,_, 2.07_MC (_( 12H_FO ,_, s_ZZ1 ,_, Hd_NP1 )_) ,_, 1.96_MC (_( 12H_FO ,_, s_ZZ1 ,_, He_PPHS1 )_) ppm_NNU ;_; 13C_FO NMR_NP1 (_( CD3CN/MeOD_NP1 9_MC :_: 1_MC1 ,_, 100_MC MHz_NNU ,_, )_) :_: δC_FO 143.7_MC ,_, 141.7_MC ,_, 135.7_MC ,_, 135.1_MC ,_, 132.4_MC (_( Ca_NP1 )_) ,_, 127.6_MC ,_, 126.9_MC (_( Cb_FO )_) ,_, 117.6_MC ,_, 49.32_MC (_( Cc_NNU )_) ,_, 12.46_MC (_( Cd_NN1 )_) ,_, 9.56_MC (_( Ce_NP1 )_) ppm_NNU ;_; MS_NN1 (_( ESI_NP1 )_) :_: m/z_ZZ1 calc_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Formation_NN1 of_IO spherical_JJ micelle_NN1 type_NN1 aggregates_VVZ with_IW uniform_JJ distribution_NN1 conrms_VVZ the_AT possibility_NN1 of_IO formation_NN1 of_IO stable_JJ polyplexes_NN2 ._. 
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The_AT authors_NN2 reported_VVD a_AT1 1H_FO enhancement_NN1 of_IO 80_MC at_II 240_MC K_ZZ1 and_CC 15_MC at_II room_NN1 temperature_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT plug-and-play_JJ setup_NN1 was_VBDZ based_VVN on_II polycapillary_JJ X-ray_NN1 optics_NN1 and_CC enabled_VVN 3D_NNU confocal_JJ XRF_NP1 and_CC XAS_NP2 of_IO local_JJ micro-volumes_NN2 of_IO 8_MC ×_II 8_MC ×_II 11_MC m_NNU (_( FWHM_NP1 at_II 7_MC keV_NN1 )_) ._. 
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<s>
The_AT decomposition_NN1 of_IO hydrogen_NN1 peroxide_NN1 produces_VVZ oxygen_NN1 ;_; this_DD1 is_VBZ an_AT1 exothermic_JJ reaction_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ can_VM be_VBI catalyzed_VVN by_II a_AT1 variety_NN1 of_IO catalysts_NN2 ,_, such_II21 as_II22 catalase_NN1 ,_, transition_NN1 metals_NN2 ,_, and_CC transition_NN1 metal_NN1 ions_NN2 ._. 
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However_RR ,_, the_AT length_NN1 and_CC width_NN1 of_IO the_AT voids_NN2 are_VBR similar_JJ regardless_RR of_IO the_AT morphology_NN1 of_IO NJS_NP2 ._. 
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Importantly_RR ,_, this_DD1 in_JJ21 vitro_JJ22 model_NN1 platform_NN1 modeling_VVG human_JJ stomach_NN1 represents_VVZ a_AT1 new_JJ system_NN1 of_IO drug_NN1 screening_VVG to_TO help_VVI predict_VVI the_AT efficacy_NN1 of_IO drugs_NN2 as_II31 well_II32 as_II33 improve_VV0 success_NN1 rate_NN1 of_IO disease_NN1 treatments_NN2 using_VVG patient-derived_JJ hGOs_NN2 by_II designing_VVG patient-specific_JJ treatments_NN2 while_CS avoiding_VVG unnecessary_JJ animal_NN1 testing_NN1 ._. 
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A_AT1 remarkable_JJ polymorphic_JJ behavior_NN1 is_VBZ observed_VVN in_II these_DD2 samples_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
If_CS the_AT quantity_NN1 of_IO reactants_NN2 to_TO transfer_VVI is_VBZ lower_JJR than_CSN kex_NN1 ,_, only_RR the_AT number_NN1 of_IO reactants_NN2 necessary_JJ to_TO make_VVI equal_JJ concentration_NN1 inside_II the_AT two_MC droplets_NN2 will_VM be_VBI exchanged_VVN ._. 
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<s>
Hz_NNU ,_, 1H_FO )_) ,_, 5.10_MC (_( s_ZZ1 ,_, 1H_FO )_) ,_, 4.26_MC (_( q_ZZ1 ,_, J_ZZ1 =_FO 6.8_MC Hz_NNU ,_, 4H_FO )_) ,_, 3.80_MC (_( s_ZZ1 ,_, 3H_FO )_) ,_, 1.27_MC (_( t_ZZ1 ,_, J_ZZ1 =_FO 7.2_MC Hz_NNU ,_, 6H_FO )_) ppm_NNU ;_; 13C_FO NMR_NP1 (_( 100_MC MHz_NNU ,_, CDCl3_FO )_) :_: δ_FO 196.3_MC ,_, 168.2_MC ,_, 146.8_MC ,_, 142.8_MC ,_, 138.3_MC ,_, 131.6_MC ,_, 130.7_MC ,_, 129.4_MC ,_, 129.2_MC ,_, 128.7_MC ,_, 128.3_MC ,_, 121.2_MC ,_, 114.4_MC ,_, 61.9_MC ,_, 55.4_MC ,_, 50.6_MC ,_, 14.1_MC ppm_NNU ;_; HRMS_NP1 (_( ESI-ion_JJ trap_NN1 )_) m/z_ZZ1 :_: &lsqb;_( M_ZZ1 +_FO Na_FO &rsqb;_) +_FO Calcd_VV0 for_IF C25H26O6Na_FO 445.1622_MC ;_; found_VVD :_: 445.1621_MC ._. 
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<s>
Interestingly_RR ,_, the_AT reaction_NN1 tolerated_VVD a_AT1 4-iodo-substituent_JJ ._. 
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<s>
In_II fact_NN1 ,_, the_AT highest_JJT PLQY_NN1 ,_, 74.3%_FO ,_, has_VHZ been_VBN obtained_VVN for_IF the_AT samples_NN2 grown_VVN at_II 150_MC °C_NNU where_CS 7%_NNU of_IO Sn_NN1 was_VBDZ incorporated_VVN ._. 
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<s>
Because_II21 of_II22 the_AT period_NN1 of_IO the_AT TM0–TE1_JJ lattice_NN1 being_VBG relatively_RR large_JJ compared_VVN with_IW the_AT waveguide_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 width_NN1 ,_, the_AT optical_JJ traps_NN2 have_VH0 elongated_JJ shapes_NN2 ,_, as_CSA evidenced_VVN by_II the_AT map_NN1 of_IO the_AT potential_NN1 well_RR experienced_VVN by_II a_AT1 1_MC1 m_NNO bead_NN1 shown_VVN in_II Fig._NN1 3(b)_FO ._. 
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Nevertheless_RR ,_, with_IW the_AT evolution_NN1 of_IO the_AT new_JJ generation_NN1 non-destructive_JJ analytical_JJ techniques_NN2 ,_, there_EX is_VBZ no_AT reason_NN1 for_IF the_AT destruction_NN1 of_IO samples_NN2 ._. 
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All_DB the_AT reactants_NN2 were_VBDR sonicated_VVN for_IF 20_MC minutes_NNT2 before_II heating_NN1 ._. 
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Finally_RR ,_, 13/21e_FU extends_VVZ below_RL for_IF a_AT1 range_NN1 of_IO NW_ND1 sizes_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT formal_JJ potential_NN1 (_( E0_FO '_NULL )_) of_IO AA_NP1 in_II a_AT1 neutral_JJ pH_NN1 was_VBDZ determined_VVN to_TO be_VBI ca._NNU +0.058_MC V_NNU (_( vs_II ._. 
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<s>
RHE_NP1 )_) ,_, suggesting_VVG it_PPH1 is_VBZ unstable_JJ chemically_RR and_CC can_VM be_VBI easily_RR degraded_VVN by_II atmospheric_JJ oxygen_NN1 &lsqb;_( 88_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, &lsqb;_( 89_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
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<s>
For_IF an_AT1 example_NN1 ,_, we_PPIS2 found_VVD the_AT peak_NN1 m/z_ZZ1 =_FO 909.6_MC ,_, which_DDQ should_VM be_VBI the_AT position_NN1 of_IO fourth_MD isotopic_JJ peak_NN1 of_IO C24COH_FO ,_, had_VHD a_AT1 totally_RR different_JJ distribution_NN1 than_CSN the_AT first_MD three_MC isotopic_JJ peaks_NN2 of_IO C24COH_FO (_( m/z_ZZ1 =_FO 906.6346_MC )_) in_II ion_NN1 images_NN2 (_( Figure_NN1 S7A_FO )_) ._. 
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Next_MD ,_, they_PPHS2 studied_VVD the_AT effects_NN2 of_IO the_AT stem-interval_JJ distance_NN1 on_II copper_NN1 binding_VVG in_II Cu-A1_NN1 (_( Fig._NN1 3A_FO )_) ._. 
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The_AT capillary_JJ pressure_NN1 difference_NN1 ,_, (_( δP_FO )_) ,_, is_VBZ the_AT instantaneous_JJ pressure_NN1 at_II the_AT liquid–air_NN1 interface_NN1 which_DDQ can_VM undergo_VVI large_JJ variations_NN2 within_II a_AT1 few_DA2 micrometers_NN2 if_CS the_AT channel_NN1 cross-section_NN1 changes_NN2 abruptly_RR ._. 
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<s>
It_PPH1 is_VBZ also_RR important_JJ to_TO show_VVI that_CST the_AT new_JJ insights_NN2 are_VBR both_RR important_JJ and_CC generalizable_JJ ._. 
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Based_VVN on_II the_AT above_JJ analysis_NN1 ,_, CoMo-LDH_NP1 with_IW ultrathin_NN1 nanosheet_NN1 structure_NN1 was_VBDZ successfully_RR synthesized_VVN ._. 
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<s>
Arsenic_NN1 species_NN were_VBDR extracted_VVN by_II using_VVG a_AT1 30_MC mmol_VV0 L1_FO HNO3_FO solution_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Note_VV0 that_CST the_AT diffusiophoretic_JJ exclusion_NN1 ,_, such_II21 as_II22 the_AT particle-free_JJ zone_NN1 in_II Fig._NN1 3_MC ,_, stopped_VVN after_II the_AT internal_JJ protons_NN2 were_VBDR completely_RR consumed_VVN ,_, resulting_VVG in_II the_AT collapse_NN1 of_IO the_AT ion_NN1 concentration_NN1 boundary_NN1 layer_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT main_JJ contribution_NN1 to_TO uc(M)_VVI originates_VVZ from_II R_ZZ1 measx_VV0 ,_, 2_MC ,_, the_AT measured_JJ isotope_NN1 ratio_NN1 U(30Si)/U(29Si)_NN2 in_II the_AT enriched_JJ Si_FW sample_NN1 (_( here_RL U_ZZ1 denotes_VVZ the_AT measured_JJ voltage_NN1 of_IO the_AT respective_JJ isotope_NN1 )_) with_IW 66%_NNU in_II the_AT case_NN1 of_IO the_AT sapphire_NN1 torch_NN1 and_CC 79%_NNU in_II the_AT case_NN1 of_IO the_AT quartz_NN1 torch_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
On_II the_AT other_JJ hand_NN1 a_AT1 reduced_JJ access_NN1 of_IO water_NN1 to_II the_AT CAs_NP2 inside_II the_AT MOF_NN1 after_II loading_VVG with_IW additional_JJ drug_NN1 molecules_NN2 and_CC additional_JJ external_JJ surface_NN1 functionalisation_NN1 might_VM lead_VVI to_II new_JJ challenges_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
As_CSA these_DD2 data_NN were_VBDR from_II 2016_MC ,_, they_PPHS2 do_VD0 not_XX include_VVI the_AT recently_RR slower-than-expected_JJR pace_NN1 of_IO introduction_NN1 of_IO non-invasive_JJ wearable_JJ chemical_JJ sensors_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Chen_NP1 et_NP1 al.26_FO initially_RR examined_VVD the_AT isotopic_JJ homogeneity_NN1 of_IO NIST_NP1 SRM_NP1 683_MC ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT analytical_JJ model_NN1 that_CST we_PPIS2 provided_VVD for_IF continuous_JJ sample_NN1 accumulation_NN1 subjected_VVN to_II depletion_NN1 for_IF the_AT reservoir_NN1 enables_VVZ prediction_NN1 of_IO the_AT assay_NN1 time_NNT1 required_VVN for_IF processing_VVG a_AT1 certain_JJ fraction_NN1 of_IO the_AT reservoir_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 content_JJ (_( e.g._REX 6_MC min_NNU is_VBZ required_VVN to_TO process_VVI 50%_NNU of_IO the_AT sample_NN1 in_II the_AT reservoir_NN1 under_RG 120_MC A_ZZ1 )_) ._. 
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<s>
In_II total_NN1 ,_, six_MC real_JJ ternary_JJ phases_NN2 are_VBR detected_VVN ,_, which_DDQ have_VH0 no_AT extended_JJ homogeneity_NN1 range_NN1 to_II a_AT1 binary_JJ end-member_JJ borderline_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Typical_JJ procedure_NN1 :_: To_II a_AT1 25_MC mL_NNU round_II bottom_JJ flask_NN1 at_II open_JJ air_NN1 ,_, Many_DA2 amplification_NN1 strategies_NN2 are_VBR following_VVG this_DD1 principle_NN1 ,_, being_VBG applied_VVN in_II detection_NN1 of_IO biological_JJ toxins_NN2 &lsqb;_( 65_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, alkaloid_NN1 &lsqb;_( 66_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, plant_NN1 hormones_NN2 &lsqb;_( 67_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, ATP_NN1 &lsqb;_( 68_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, tumor_NN1 marker_NN1 &lsqb;_( 34_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, &lsqb;_( 69_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, &lsqb;_( 70_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, cancer_NN1 cells_NN2 &lsqb;_( 71_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT absorption_NN1 lines_NN2 of_IO gases_NN2 are_VBR distributed_VVN over_II a_AT1 large_JJ wavelength_NN1 range_NN1 and_CC the_AT access_NN1 to_II those_DD2 lines_NN2 is_VBZ limited_VVN by_II the_AT choice_NN1 of_IO light_JJ source_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Goetz_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 (_( 17_MC )_) found_VVD that_CST the_AT natural_JJ NGAL_JJ ligand_NN1 is_VBZ centered_VVN between_II the_AT guanidinium_NN1 group_NN1 of_IO Arg81_FO and_CC the_AT N?_FU atoms_NN2 of_IO Lys126_FO and_CC Lys135_FO ._. 
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<s>
AFM_NP1 and_CC TEM_NP1 allowed_VVD nanomechanical_JJ analysis_NN1 and_CC characterization_NN1 of_IO the_AT blends_NN2 '_NULL morphologies_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Raman_NN1 spectroscopy_NN1 measurements_NN2 were_VBDR conducted_VVN on_II a_AT1 laser_NN1 confocal_JJ micro-Raman_NN1 spectrometer_NN1 (_( LabRAMHR800_FO )_) ,_, with_IW an_AT1 excitation_NN1 laser_NN1 beam_NN1 wavelength_NN1 of_IO 532_MC nm_FU ._. 
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<s>
All_DB the_AT tested_JJ PCs_NN2 inhibit_VV0 the_AT CL_NP1 signals_NN2 of_IO phen/H2O2/CTAB_NN1 and_CC DPC/phen/H2O2/CTAB_NP1 system_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 octahedral_JJ symmetry_NN1 of_IO the_AT crystallographically_RR unique_JJ TeO6_FO results_VVZ in_II much_RR narrower_JJR 125Te_FO NMR_NP1 spectra_NN2 (_( span_NN1 of_IO =_FO 220(14)_FO ppm_NNU )_) than_CSN those_DD2 observed_VVN for_IF crystals_NN2 with_IW coordination_NN1 numbers_NN2 ,_, NTe_NP1 ,_, of_IO 3–5_MCMC ,_, and_CC because_II21 of_II22 the_AT 3-fold-symmetry_JJ axis_NN1 ,_, the_AT skew_NN1 is_VBZ 1_MC1 (_( Figure_NN1 3_MC and_CC Table_NN1 1_MC1 )_) ._. 
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<s>
The_AT resultant_JJ products_NN2 were_VBDR stored_VVN at_II 4_MC °C_NNU for_IF further_JJR use_NN1 after_II inactivating_VVG Exo_NP1 I_ZZ1 and_CC Exo_NP1 III_MC at_II 80_MC °C_NNU for_IF 20_MC min_NNU ._. 
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<s>
The_AT fluorescence_NN1 images_NN2 and_CC pH_NN1 calibration_NN1 curve_NN1 are_VBR acquired_VVN from_II an_AT1 Olympus_NN1 FV1000_FO confocal_JJ laser_NN1 scanning_VVG microscope_NN1 with_IW a_AT1 yellow_JJ channel_NN1 (_( Ex_II =_FO 405_MC nm_FU ,_, The_AT highest_JJT values_NN2 of_IO repeatability_NN1 obtained_VVN with_IW DLPME-ICP-MS_NP1 compared_VVD to_II DLPME-ICP_JJ OES_NN2 can_VM be_VBI associated_VVN with_IW the_AT classical_JJ effect_NN1 in_II which_DDQ the_AT decrease_NN1 in_II analyte_NN1 concentration_NN1 causes_VVZ difficulties_NN2 in_II the_AT precision_NN1 of_IO the_AT measurement.47,48_FO However_RR ,_, even_RR under_II these_DD2 more_DAR challenging_JJ concentration_NN1 conditions_NN2 ,_, the_AT results_NN2 presented_VVD a_AT1 method_NN1 that_CST is_VBZ fully_RR satisfactory_JJ for_IF quantification_NN1 at_II this_DD1 concentration_NN1 level_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Consequently_RR ,_, this_DD1 membrane_NN1 can_VM be_VBI a_AT1 promising_JJ candidate_NN1 to_TO use_VVI as_CSA PEM_NP1 in_II DMFCs_NP1 ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 type_NN1 of_IO study_NN1 is_VBZ of_IO obvious_JJ interest_NN1 because_CS the_AT use_NN1 of_IO DBS_NP1 could_VM be_VBI ideal_JJ to_TO establish_VVI fetal_JJ exposure_NN1 to_II mercury_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ is_VBZ an_AT1 important_JJ issue_NN1 as_CSA even_RR minimal_JJ amounts_NN2 of_IO Hg_FO can_VM have_VHI a_AT1 severe_JJ effect_NN1 on_II a_AT1 still_RR not_XX fully_RR developed_JJ brain_NN1 and_CC nervous_JJ system_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
In_II the_AT same_DA way_NN1 for_IF -XRF_JJ mapping_NN1 ,_, most_DAT of_IO the_AT studies_NN2 concerning_II the_AT use_NN1 of_IO LIBS_NN2 are_VBR focused_VVN on_II the_AT mapping_NN1 of_IO hyperaccumulating_VVG plants_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Although_CS perpetrators_NN2 would_VM most_RGT likely_JJ not_XX have_VHI a_AT1 completely_RR clean_JJ solder_NN1 tip_NN1 ,_, such_DA contamination_NN1 could_VM still_RR be_VBI useful_JJ in_II linking_VVG which_DDQ soldering_NN1 tip_VV0 the_AT suspect_NN1 used_VVN when_CS building_VVG the_AT IED_JJ ._. 
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<s>
Finally_RR ,_, since_CS no_AT pumps_NN2 are_VBR required_VVN for_IF the_AT EOF-balanced_JJ ITP_NN1 boundary_NN1 to_TO remain_VVI stationary_JJ ,_, we_PPIS2 utilize_VV0 the_AT small_JJ footprint_NN1 of_IO the_AT channel_NN1 and_CC show_VV0 a_AT1 multiplexed_JJ platform_NN1 in_II which_DDQ 12_MC assays_NN2 are_VBR operated_VVN in_II parallel_NN1 on_II a_AT1 24-well_JJ plate_NN1 format_NN1 ,_, allowing_VVG the_AT analysis_NN1 of_IO multiple_JJ targets_NN2 or_CC samples_NN2 in_II parallel_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
They_PPHS2 used_VVD printing_VVG electronics_NN1 (_( PEs_NN2 )_) as_II an_AT1 approach_NN1 to_TO fabricate_VVI this_DD1 chip_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
For_IF evaluation_NN1 of_IO pigment_NN1 identity_NN1 and_CC to_TO prevent_VVI false_JJ positive_JJ findings_NN2 ,_, a_AT1 decision_NN1 tree_NN1 was_VBDZ developed_VVN for_IF data_NN analysis_NN1 (_( Fig._NN1 4_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
The_AT sticky_JJ solution_NN1 was_VBDZ stirred_VVN in_II an_AT1 oil_NN1 bath_NN1 at_II 30_MC °C_NNU until_II solidification_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT perspective_NN1 view_NN1 of_IO complex_NN1 1_MC1 is_VBZ depicted_VVN in_II Figure_NN1 1a_FO ._. 
</s>
<s>
X-ray_NN1 diffraction_NN1 (_( XRD_NP1 )_) patterns_NN2 were_VBDR recorded_VVN using_VVG a_AT1 Philips_NP1 (_( PAN_NP1 analytical_JJ )_) instrument_NN1 (_( Cu_FO K_ZZ1 radiation_NN1 )_) ._. 
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<s>
However_RR ,_, the_AT quantitation_NN1 of_IO intact_JJ proteins_NN2 in_II complex_JJ matrices_NN2 ,_, such_II21 as_II22 processed_JJ food_NN1 is_VBZ extremely_RR complicated_JJ ._. 
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<s>
A_AT1 variety_NN1 of_IO Surface_NN1 plasmon_NN1 resonance_NN1 assays_NN2 ,_, have_VH0 been_VBN used_VVN for_IF detection_NN1 of_IO Botulinum_NP1 neurotoxin_NN1 &lsqb;_( 41_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
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<s>
As_II a_AT1 consequence_NN1 ,_, the_AT ability_NN1 of_IO the_AT microemulsion_NN1 to_TO manipulate_VVI the_AT metal_NN1 segregation_NN1 in_II the_AT bimetallic_JJ nanoparticles_NN2 disappears_VVZ when_RRQ the_AT two_MC chemical_JJ reductions_NN2 are_VBR slow_JJ ._. 
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<s>
A_AT1 method_NN1 for_IF the_AT speciation_NN1 analysis_NN1 of_IO arsenite_NN1 As(III)_NN1 ,_, arsenate_JJ As(V)_NN1 ,_, monomethylarsonic_JJ acid_NN1 (_( MMA_NP1 )_) ,_, dimethylarsinic_JJ acid_NN1 (_( DMA_NP1 )_) ,_, arsenobetaine_NN1 (_( AsB_NP1 )_) ,_, selenite_NN1 Se(IV)_NN1 ,_, selenate_JJ Se(VI)_NN1 ,_, (_( SeCys_NP1 )_) 2_MC ,_, selenomethione_VV0 ,_, and_CC Se-MeSeCys_NN2 in_II reference_NN1 materials_NN2 and_CC in_II one_MC1 Se_NP1 dietary_JJ supplement_NN1 was_VBDZ proposed_VVN considering_II the_AT use_NN1 of_IO CE_NN1 in_II combination_NN1 with_IW dynamic_JJ reaction_NN1 cell_NN1 (_( DRC_NP1 )_) -ICP-MS_NN1 &lsqb;_( 34_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
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<s>
The_AT colour_NN1 of_IO the_AT NCI_JJ isosurface_NN1 indicates_VVZ that_CST the_AT interaction_NN1 with_IW H2O_FO is_VBZ more_RGR dispersive_JJ than_CSN with_IW EtOH_NP1 ,_, being_VBG more_RGR electrostatic_JJ for_IF EtOH_NP1 (_( see_VV0 Fig._NN1 8_MC ,_, bottom_NN1 )_) ._. 
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<s>
The_AT plots_NN2 in_II Fig._NN1 1_MC1 display_VV0 the_AT number_NN1 of_IO particle_NN1 events_NN2 or_CC the_AT mean_JJ intensity_NN1 value_NN1 of_IO 107Ag_FO versus_II the_AT AgNP_NN1 concentrations_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Then_RT ,_, N-methylimidazole_NN1 (_( as_CSA the_AT IL-based_JJ cation_NN1 )_) ,_, hexafluorophosphate_NN1 (_( as_CSA the_AT IL-based_JJ anion_NN1 )_) ,_, and_CC (_( as_CSA the_AT silica-coupling_JJ agent_NN1 )_) were_VBDR used_VVN to_TO prepare_VVI silica-coupling_JJ agent_NN1 attached_VVN to_II the_AT IL_FW ._. 
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<s>
The_AT fact_NN1 that_CST the_AT 4n_FO peak_NN1 can_VM be_VBI recognized_VVN better_RRR in_II single-element_JJ analysis_NN1 could_VM be_VBI a_AT1 consequence_NN1 of_IO spectral_JJ skewing_NN1 under_II standard_JJ multi-element_JJ measurements_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT mean_JJ urinary_JJ concentrations_NN2 of_IO most_DAT elements_NN2 found_VVN in_II the_AT general_JJ population_NN1 of_IO Northern_JJ France_NP1 were_VBDR higher_JJR than_CSN those_DD2 found_VVN in_II the_AT French_JJ national_JJ survey_NN1 for_IF the_AT same_DA period_NN1 except_II21 for_II22 urinary_NN1 V._II However_RR ,_, the_AT mean_JJ blood_NN1 Pb_FO concentration_NN1 was_VBDZ markedly_RR lower_JJR than_CSN found_VVN for_IF the_AT French_JJ national_JJ population_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Our_APPGE model_NN1 provides_VVZ a_AT1 physical_JJ explanation_NN1 that_CST contributes_VVZ to_II the_AT reduction_NN1 in_II the_AT current_JJ signal_NN1 in_II these_DD2 studies_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
However_RR ,_, if_CS the_AT Ni_NP1 cluster_NN1 adsorption_NN1 is_VBZ favourable_JJ ,_, EDX_NP1 analysis_NN1 revealed_VVD the_AT presence_NN1 of_IO Cu_FO and_CC Ni_NP1 ,_, in_II31 addition_II32 to_II33 the_AT TiO2(B)_FO support_NN1 (_( Fig._NN1 3b_FO )_) ._. 
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<s>
We_PPIS2 perform_VV0 four_MC additional_JJ spot_NN1 measurements_NN2 on_II the_AT sample_NN1 (_( Table_NN1 6_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT Ca-oxalate_NN1 appeared_VVD inhomogeneous_JJ and_CC scattered_JJ ._. 
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<s>
Using_VVG Ag2CO3_FO in_II31 conjunction_II32 with_II33 HOAc_NP1 ,_, a_AT1 variety_NN1 of_IO heteroarenes_NN2 ,_, such_II21 as_II22 thiophenes_NN2 ,_, furans_NN2 and_CC indoles_NN2 ,_, were_VBDR effectively_RR coupled_VVN (_( Scheme_NN1 56_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
For_IF ligation_NN1 reaction_NN1 ,_, the_AT digestion_NN1 solution_NN1 in_II the_AT loading_NN1 chambers_NN2 was_VBDZ replaced_VVN by_II ligation_NN1 solution_NN1 made_VVN by_II mixing_VVG 18_MC L_ZZ1 H2O_FO ,_, 2_MC L_ZZ1 10á_FO ligation_NN1 enzyme_NN1 buffer_NN1 (_( 1á_FO ligation_NN1 buffer_NN1 :_: 30_MC mM_NNU Tris-HCl_NP1 ,_, 10_MC mM_NNU MgCl2_FO ,_, 10_MC mM_NNU DTT_NP1 ,_, 1_MC1 mM_NNU ATP_NN1 ,_, pH_NN1 =_FO 7.8_MC )_) and_CC 4_MC U_ZZ1 T4_FO ligase_NN1 enzyme_NN1 (_( Promega_NP1 ,_, Cat_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Advances_NN2 in_II methods_NN2 to_TO produce_VVI differentiated_JJ cells_NN2 and_CC tissues_NN2 from_II embryonic_JJ or_CC induced_VVD human_JJ pluripotent_JJ stem_NN1 cells_NN2 (_( hPSCs_NNU )_) or_CC to_TO transdifferentiate_VVI cells_NN2 ,_, such_II21 as_II22 fibroblasts_NN2 to_II skeletal_JJ muscle_NN1 cells_NN2 ,_, offer_VV0 new_JJ opportunities_NN2 to_TO develop_VVI in_JJ21 vitro_JJ22 disease_NN1 models_NN2 to_TO study_VVI mechanisms_NN2 and_CC develop_VVI new_JJ therapies_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
V_ZZ1 can_VM be_VBI attributed_VVN to_II the_AT Cu2+_FO reduction_NN1 to_II Cu+_FO ,_, resulting_VVG in_II Cu2O_FO deposition_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Although_CS 12_MC was_VBDZ insoluble_JJ in_II CH3OH_FO a_AT1 distinct_JJ colour_NN1 change_NN1 from_II dark_JJ purple_NN1 to_II pale_JJ yellow_NN1 was_VBDZ noted_VVN after_II 3_MC hours_NNT2 stirring_VVG ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT c-AFM_JJ images_NN2 of_IO Figure_NN1 10c–e_NN1 were_VBDR taken_VVN at_II successively_RR increasing_JJ wavelengths_NN2 of_IO monochromatic_JJ illumination_NN1 ;_; the_AT monochromatic_JJ radiation_NN1 was_VBDZ chosen_VVN such_CS21 that_CS22 the_AT energies_NN2 straddled_VVD the_AT bandgap_NN1 of_IO Cu2O_FO ._. 
</s>
<s>
Illuminating_VVG the_AT device_NN1 with_IW light_NN1 of_IO wavelength_NN1 500_MC nm_FU (_( ?2.48_FO eV_NN1 )_) and_CC 600_MC nm_FU (_( ?2.06_FO eV_NN1 )_) results_NN2 in_II a_AT1 sizable_JJ short_JJ circuit_NN1 current_JJ that_CST is_VBZ observed_VVN as_II the_AT light_JJ green_JJ areas_NN2 in_II Figure_NN1 10c_FO and_CC Figure_NN1 10d_NNU ._. 
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<s>
UV–vis_NN1 spectra_NN2 were_VBDR recorded_VVN with_IW a_AT1 dual-beam_JJ PerkinElmer_NN1 Lambda_NN1 950_MC spectrophotometer_NN1 in_II quartz_NN1 cuvettes_NN2 with_IW a_AT1 1_MC1 cm_NNU optical_JJ path_NN1 length_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT coumarin_NN1 skeleton_NN1 exists_VVZ in_II numerous_JJ natural_JJ products_NN2 ,_, The_AT orifice_NN1 of_IO the_AT micro-reactor_NN1 is_VBZ suitable_JJ to_TO mechanically_RR support_VVI the_AT lipid-bilayer_JJ membrane_NN1 owing_II21 to_II22 its_APPGE First_MD ,_, CYTOP-A_NP1 was_VBDZ spin-coated_JJ on_II a_AT1 glass_NN1 cover_NN1 slide_NN1 (_( 32_MC mm_NNU ×_II 24_MC mm_NNU )_) and_CC baked_VVN for_IF 1_MC1 h_ZZ1 at_II 180_MC °C_NNU ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT temperature_NN1 increased_VVN from_II 28.0_MC °C_NNU to_II 34.9_MC ,_, 40.3_MC ,_, 48_MC ,_, 58.6_MC and_CC 75.6_MC °C_NNU at_II a_AT1 concentration_NN1 of_IO 12.5_MC ,_, 25_MC ,_, 50_MC ,_, 100_MC ,_, and_CC 200_MC g_ZZ1 mL1_FO ,_, respectively_RR ._. 
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<s>
After_II cleaning_VVG with_IW Piranha_NP1 for_IF 30_MC min_NNU ,_, the_AT chip_NN1 was_VBDZ anodic-bonded_JJ with_IW borosilicate_NN1 glass_NN1 at_II 100_MC V_NNU and_CC 673_MC K_ZZ1 to_TO seal_VVI the_AT nanochannel_NN1 (_( both_DB2 the_AT top_NN1 of_IO the_AT glass_NN1 and_CC the_AT bottom_NN1 of_IO the_AT silicon_NN1 wafer_NN1 were_VBDR attached_VVN to_II 673_MC K_ZZ1 hot_JJ plates_NN2 during_II bonding_NN1 ,_, to_TO ensure_VVI no-stress_NN1 bonding26_FO )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II any_DD other_JJ case_NN1 we_PPIS2 perform_VV0 a_AT1 linear_JJ interpolation_NN1 between_II the_AT SL_NP1 profiles_NN2 with_IW nML_NNU and_CC nML_NNU In_II monolayers_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT Hg_FO LOD_NN1 of_IO 0.090_MC g_ZZ1 L1_FO was_VBDZ two_MC orders_NN2 of_IO magnitude_NN1 better_RRR than_CSN that_DD1 obtained_VVD using_VVG conventional_JJ ICP-AES_NP2 (_( 23_MC g_ZZ1 L1_FO )_) ._. 
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<s>
M.E._NN1 was_VBDZ supported_VVN by_II the_AT Ministry_NN1 of_IO Education_NN1 ,_, Culture_NN1 ,_, Sports_NN2 ,_, Science_NN1 and_CC Technology_NN1 (_( MEXT_NP1 ,_, Japan_NP1 )_) through_II Program_NN1 for_IF Leading_JJ Graduate_NN1 Schools_NN2 (_( Hokkaido_NP1 University_NN1 "_" Ambitious_JJ Leader_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 Program_NN1 "_" )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Application_NN1 of_IO the_AT ATR_NN1 method_NN1 in_II spectroelectrochemical_JJ measurements_NN2 is_VBZ an_AT1 excellent_JJ strategy_NN1 that_CST overcomes_VVZ the_AT problems_NN2 caused_VVN by_II the_AT short_JJ length_NN1 of_IO the_AT optical_JJ path_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT measurement_NN1 of_IO Rb_NP1 isotopes_NN2 was_VBDZ carried_VVN out_RP on_II a_AT1 Thermo_NP1 Fisher_NP1 Scientific_JJ Neptune_NP1 Plus_II MC-ICP-MS_NN1 at_II the_AT GIG-CAS_NP2 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT optimized_JJ complex_JJ structure_NN1 of_IO Li-82–_NN1 reveals_VVZ that_CST the_AT lithium_NN1 ion_NN1 interacts_VVZ with_IW CN_NP1 group_NN1 and_CC the_AT oxygen_NN1 atom_NN1 of_IO the_AT methoxy_JJ group_NN1 (_( Figure_NN1 5_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
The_AT most_RGT significant_JJ development_NN1 seems_VVZ to_TO be_VBI the_AT advance_NN1 of_IO 2D_NNU and_CC 3D_NNU imaging_NN1 using_VVG LA-ICP-MS_NP1 ,_, and_CC the_AT challenges_NN2 associated_VVN with_IW how_RRQ to_TO process_VVI the_AT large_JJ amounts_NN2 of_IO data_NN produced_VVD ._. 
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<s>
Using_VVG custom_NN1 image_NN1 analysis_NN1 algorithms_NN2 (_( Figure_NN1 S6_FO )_) ,_, we_PPIS2 tracked_VVD a_AT1 total_NN1 of_IO 1,560_MC cells_NN2 every_AT1 14_MC s_ZZ1 for_IF a_AT1 total_NN1 of_IO 750,720_MC data_NN points_NN2 for_IF the_AT duration_NN1 of_IO the_AT assay_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
In_II the_AT latter_DA case_NN1 ,_, an_AT1 HPLC-MS_JJ method_NN1 was_VBDZ developed_VVN for_IF the_AT hydrazide_NN1 impurity_NN1 in_II atazanavir_NN1 sulfate_NN1 API_NN2 &lsqb;_( 64_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Wixforth_NP1 et_NP1 al.177_FO first_MD demonstrated_JJ drop_NN1 translation_NN1 using_VVG a_AT1 combination_NN1 of_IO TSAW_NP1 and_CC patterning_NN1 of_IO the_AT surface_NN1 wettability_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Given_CS21 that_CS22 -bromo_JJ cinnamates_NN2 are_VBR capable_JJ substrates_NN2 themselves_PPX2 in_II accepting_VVG electrons_NN2 in_II a_AT1 visible-light-mediated_JJ photoredox_NN1 process_NN1 (_( e.g._REX ,_, Ered_JJ (_( 2a_FO )_) =_FO 1.33_MC V_NNU vs_II SCE_NP1 )_) ,_, 18_MC the_AT redox_NN1 potentials_NN2 of_IO an_AT1 external_JJ radical_NN1 generated_VVN by_II an_AT1 SET_NN1 must_VM be_VBI carefully_RR matched_VVN ._. 
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<s>
In_II some_DD cases_NN2 ,_, e.g._REX when_CS using_VVG the_AT intensity_NN1 of_IO chromatographic_JJ peaks_NN2 or_CC m/z_ZZ1 signals_NN2 from_II the_AT detector_NN1 of_IO PTR-MS_NN1 the_AT number_NN1 of_IO independent_JJ variables_NN2 can_VM easily_RR exceed_VVI the_AT number_NN1 of_IO samples_NN2 ,_, as_CSA on_II average_NN1 more_DAR than_CSN 200_MC VOCs_NP2 can_VM be_VBI detected_VVN in_II samples_NN2 of_IO alveolar_JJ breath_NN1 &lsqb;_( 43_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
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<s>
Therefore_RR this_DD1 results_VVZ suggest_VV0 that_CST the_AT presence_NN1 of_IO AA_NP1 slightly_RR increase_VV0 the_AT stiffness_NN1 of_IO ECs_NP2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Alongside_II these_DD2 ,_, we_PPIS2 have_VH0 invited_VVN previous_JJ co-workers_NN2 ,_, collaborators_NN2 and_CC chemists_NN2 whose_DDQGE work_NN1 shares_VVZ an_AT1 affinity_NN1 with_IW Professor_NNB Power_NP1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 to_TO submit_VVI innovative_JJ research_NN1 close_VV0 in_II theme_NN1 to_II his_APPGE foci_NN2 in_II Dalton_NP1 Transactions_NN2 and_CC Chemical_NN1 Communications_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Finally_RR ,_, these_DD2 bare_JJ AuNPs_NN2 will_VM start_VVI to_TO aggregate_VVI with_IW each_PPX221 other_PPX222 in_II high_JJ salt_NN1 concentration_NN1 ,_, exhibiting_VVG a_AT1 red-to-purple_JJ color_NN1 shift_VV0 in_II LSPR_NP1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT concept_NN1 of_IO fluorescence_NN1 imaging_VVG in_II sub-10_JJ nm_FU channels_NN2 is_VBZ shown_VVN in_II Fig._NN1 1_MC1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 work_NN1 provides_VVZ an_AT1 emerging_JJ strategy_NN1 to_TO realize_VVI the_AT dendritefree_JJ and_CC superordered_JJ lithium_NN1 metal_NN1 anode_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
PMT-based_JJ quantification_NN1 is_VBZ a_AT1 sequential_JJ method_NN1 wherein_RRQ only_RR one_MC1 droplet_NN1 can_VM be_VBI evaluated_VVN at_II a_AT1 time_NNT1 ._. 
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<s>
We_PPIS2 gratefully_RR acknowledge_VV0 the_AT Key_NN1 R_ZZ1 &D;_NULL Program_NN1 of_IO Shandong_NP1 Province_NN1 (_( grant_VV0 number_NN1 2016YYSP013_FO )_) and_CC the_AT Natural_JJ Science_NN1 Foundation_NN1 of_IO Shandong_NP1 Province_NN1 (_( grant_VV0 number_NN1 ZR2016BM11_FO ,_, ZR2016BP01_FO )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
These_DD2 results_NN2 indicate_VV0 that_CST the_AT CuMo2S3_FO NCs_NP2 still_RR possess_VV0 excellent_JJ photothermal_JJ effect_NN1 in_RR21 vivo_RR22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
However_RR ,_, infected_JJ cells_NN2 did_VDD not_XX have_VHI a_AT1 sphered_JJ shape_NN1 in_II the_AT phase_NN1 image_NN1 and_CC showed_VVD a_AT1 better_JJR correlation_NN1 with_IW the_AT biconcave_JJ profile_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
In_II agreement_NN1 with_IW previous_JJ studies_NN2 ,_, we_PPIS2 also_RR found_VVN 5hmC_FO patterns_NN2 that_CST were_VBDR tissue_NN1 specific_JJ ;_; some_DD of_IO the_AT genomic_JJ loci_NN2 with_IW unique_JJ 5hmC_FO patterns_NN2 are_VBR shown_VVN in_II Supplementary_JJ Figure_NN1 S6_FO ,_, and_CC a_AT1 list_NN1 of_IO the_AT top_JJ tissue-specific_JJ sites_NN2 are_VBR in_II Supplementary_JJ Tables_NN2 S5C8_FO ._. 
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<s>
Below-band-gap_JJ excitation_NN1 releases_VVZ free_JJ carriers_NN2 ,_, which_DDQ are_VBR excited_VVN directly_RR to_II the_AT trapped_JJ centers_NN2 underlying_VVG the_AT band_NN1 gap_NN1 of_IO C3N4_FO ._. 
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<s>
The_AT power_NN1 applied_VVN to_II the_AT IDT_NN1 is_VBZ linearly_RR related_VVN to_II the_AT amplitude_NN1 of_IO the_AT ARF_FU and_CC strength_NN1 of_IO the_AT acoustic_JJ streaming_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Non_FU Fickian_JJ processes_NN2 are_VBR normally_RR seen_VVN in_II31 case_II32 of_II33 vitreous_JJ polymers_NN2 ,_, where_CS the_AT environmental_JJ temperature_NN1 is_VBZ less_DAR than_CSN the_AT glass_NN1 transition_NN1 temperature_NN1 (_( Tg_NP1 )_) ._. 
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<s>
An_AT1 ever-increasing_JJ body_NN1 of_IO data_NN accumulated_VVN in_II numerous_JJ studies_NN2 ,_, however_RR ,_, has_VHZ provided_VVN a_AT1 basis_NN1 for_IF clearer_JJR understanding_NN1 of_IO true_JJ potential_NN1 and_CC inherent_JJ limitations_NN2 of_IO MIP_NN1 materials_NN2 in_II chiral_JJ recognition_NN1 applications_NN2 &lsqb;_( 5_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
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<s>
It_PPH1 was_VBDZ shown_VVN that_CST when_CS the_AT same_DA pressure_NN1 drop_NN1 model_NN1 was_VBDZ used_VVN for_IF estimation_NN1 of_IO pore_NN1 size_NN1 and_CC adsorbed_JJ layer_NN1 thickness_NN1 ,_, an_AT1 error_NN1 of_IO only_RR about_RG 10%_NNU was_VBDZ made_VVN ,_, regardless_RR of_IO which_DDQ pressure_NN1 drop_NN1 model_NN1 was_VBDZ used_VVN ._. 
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<s>
The_AT concentrations_NN2 and_CC flow_NN1 rate_NN1 used_VVD meant_VVN that_CST approximately_RR 500000_MC NPs_NP1 were_VBDR introduced_VVN to_II the_AT ICP_NN1 every_AT1 ms_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
These_DD2 cargoes_NN2 were_VBDR released_VVN upon_II the_AT degradation_NN1 of_IO the_AT nMOF_NN1 framework_NN1 ,_, and_CC the_AT release_NN1 rate_NN1 of_IO the_AT cargo_NN1 was_VBDZ controlled_VVN by_II coating_VVG the_AT nMOF_NN1 particles_NN2 with_IW a_AT1 silica_NN1 shell_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
A_AT1 number_NN1 of_IO modalities_NN2 are_VBR known_VVN for_IF the_AT vapor-phase_JJ growth_NN1 of_IO manganese_NN1 oxide_NN1 films_NN2 by_II CVD/ALD_NN1 using_VVG a_AT1 variety_NN1 of_IO commercially_RR available_JJ precursors_NN2 (_( Table_NN1 1_MC1 )_) ._. 
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<s>
Therefore_RR ,_, we_PPIS2 conclude_VV0 that_CST the_AT mechanistic_JJ proposal_NN1 depicted_VVN in_II Scheme_NN1 3_MC ,_, which_DDQ involves_VVZ formation_NN1 of_IO the_AT iminium-enamine_JJ tautomeric_JJ mixture_NN1 and_CC ensuing_JJ enamine-Mannich_JJ reaction_NN1 ,_, was_VBDZ actually_RR taking_VVG place_NN1 as_II all_DB involved_JJ species_NN were_VBDR clearly_RR identified_VVN in_II the_AT mass_JJ spectrometric_JJ measurements_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT whole_JJ film_NN1 was_VBDZ then_RT calcined_VVN at_II 400_MC ?C_NN1 for_IF 1_MC1 h_ZZ1 at_II a_AT1 heating_NN1 rate_NN1 of_IO 2_MC ?C_NN1 minC1_FO and_CC cooled_VVD down_RP to_II room_NN1 temperature_NN1 naturally_RR ._. 
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<s>
The_AT comparison_NN1 of_IO signal_NN1 to_II noise_NN1 ratios_NN2 is_VBZ not_XX straight_JJ21 forward_JJ22 ,_, since_CS for_IF imaging_VVG the_AT signal_NN1 to_II noise_NN1 ratio_NN1 can_VM be_VBI calculated_VVN in_II two_MC ways_NN2 ;_; either_RR on_II a_AT1 pixel_NN1 basis_NN1 ,_, or_CC for_IF an_AT1 integrated_JJ number_NN1 of_IO pixels_NN2 making_VVG up_RP an_AT1 averagely_RR sized_VVN cell_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
By_II using_VVG a_AT1 multisyringe_NN1 burette_NN1 coupled_VVN with_IW one_MC1 multiport_NN1 selection_NN1 valve_NN1 ,_, the_AT time-based_JJ injection_NN1 provided_CS precise_JJ known_JJ volumes_NN2 of_IO sample_NN1 ,_, a_AT1 reducing_JJ sodium_NN1 tetrahydroborate_NN1 solution_NN1 and_CC a_AT1 pre-reducing_JJ solution_NN1 which_DDQ are_VBR dispensed_VVN into_II a_AT1 gas–liquid_JJ separation_NN1 cell_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
It_PPH1 is_VBZ also_RR observed_VVN GNPs_NN2 with_IW edges_NN2 partially_RR folded_VVN and_CC without_IW polymer_NN1 on_II their_APPGE surface_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ means_VVZ that_CST all_DB the_AT polymer_NN1 is_VBZ located_VVN in_II the_AT bulk_NN1 of_IO the_AT FGCs_NP1 and_CC provides_VVZ high_JJ mechanical_JJ properties_NN2 ;_; see_VV0 Figure_NN1 1b_FO ._. 
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<s>
He_PPHS1 is_VBZ currently_RR undertaking_VVG his_APPGE major_JJ MSc_NN1 research_NN1 project_NN1 under_II the_AT supervision_NN1 of_IO Dr_NNB Stefania_NP1 Tanase_NP1 ,_, working_VVG on_II the_AT designed_JJ synthesis_NN1 of_IO homochiral_JJ metal–organic_JJ frameworks_NN2 via_II chiral_JJ induction_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 was_VBDZ the_AT first_MD experimental_JJ demonstration_NN1 truly_RR to_TO reveal_VVI the_AT potential_NN1 of_IO MIR_NP1 fibres_NN2 to_TO emit_VVI across_II the_AT MIR_NP1 molecular_JJ "_" fingerprint_NN1 region_NN1 "_" and_CC a_AT1 key_JJ first_MD step_NN1 towards_II portable_JJ ,_, broadband_JJ MIR_NP1 sources_NN2 for_IF real-time_JJ MIR_NP1 molecular_JJ sensing28,29_FO (_( Fig._NN1 7_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
Ono_NP1 et_NP1 al.218_FO studied_VVD the_AT physical_JJ characteristics_NN2 of_IO particles_NN2 emitted_VVD from_II the_AT Fukushima_NP1 Nuclear_JJ Power_NN1 Plant_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Hz_NNU ,_, 3H_FO )_) ,_, 1.11_MC 1.04_MC (_( m_ZZ1 ,_, 7H_FO )_) ,_, In_II our_APPGE experiment_NN1 ,_, all_DB liquids_NN2 were_VBDR kept_VVN in_II 500_MC l_ZZ1 gastight_JJ glass_NN1 syringes_NN2 (_( Hamilton_NP1 )_) ,_, which_DDQ were_VBDR driven_VVN by_II a_AT1 pulsation-free_JJ syringe_NN1 pump_NN1 system_NN1 (_( neMESYS_NN2 ,_, Cetoni_NP1 )_) to_TO deliver_VVI samples_NN2 to_II the_AT device_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Using_VVG droplets_NN2 ,_, cells_NN2 ,_, and_CC multicellular_JJ organisms_NN2 ,_, we_PPIS2 have_VH0 successfully_RR demonstrated_VVN sorting_VVG based_VVN on_II both_DB2 bright_JJ light_NN1 and_CC fluorescence_NN1 imaging_VVG at_II a_AT1 maximal_JJ rate_NN1 of_IO 2.4_MC Hz_NNU ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 special_JJ issue_NN1 "_" Advanced_JJ Polymers_NN2 for_IF 3D_NNU Printing/Additive_FU Manufacturing_NN1 "_" is_VBZ dedicated_VVN to_II the_AT late_JJ Professor_NNB Garth_NP1 L._NP1 Wilkes_NP1 ,_, who_PNQS was_VBDZ an_AT1 interdisciplinary_JJ scholar_NN1 ,_, faculty_NN1 colleague_NN1 ,_, and_CC personal_JJ friend_NN1 to_II many_DA2 people_NN around_II the_AT world_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT charge_NN1 transfer_NN1 rate_NN1 was_VBDZ evaluated_VVN by_II plotting_VVG Nyquist_NP1 plots_NN2 between_II different_JJ combinations_NN2 of_IO electrodes_NN2 (_( i.e._REX ,_, CPE_NP1 ,_, CoFe2O4/CPE_NP1 ,_, GO/CPE_FU ,_, and_CC CoFe2O4/GO/CPE_NP1 :_: Rct_NP1 values_NN2 of_IO 418.2_MC ,_, 286.6_MC ,_, 65.6_MC ,_, and_CC 30.4_MC ,_, respectively_RR )_) ._. 
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<s>
Subsequently_RR ,_, a_AT1 new_JJ generation_NN1 of_IO inert_JJ columns_NN2 including_II SLB-IL60i_NN1 ,_, SLB-IL76i_NN1 ,_, and_CC SLB-IL111i_NN1 was_VBDZ introduced_VVN in_II 2016_MC ._. 
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<s>
Regarding_II illumination_NN1 with_IW light_NN1 ,_, transparent_JJ devices_NN2 have_VH0 advantages_NN2 over_RP ,_, e.g._REX ,_, silicon_NN1 chips_NN2 ,_, such_II21 as_II22 significantly_RR lower_JJR absorption_NN1 and_CC warming_NN1 of_IO the_AT substrate_NN1 as_II31 well_II32 as_II33 less_DAR reflection_NN1 and_CC resulting_JJ changes_NN2 of_IO the_AT exposure_NN1 dose_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT resulting_JJ PAMP_NN1 (_( Fig_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
S1_FO )_) with_IW 70_MC repeating_JJ units_NN2 ,_, The_AT results_NN2 reveal_VV0 that_CST the_AT stand-alone_JJ algorithms_NN2 other_II21 than_II22 NCC_NP1 spent_VVD more_DAR than_CSN 60_MC seconds_NNT2 to_TO obtain_VVI the_AT cell_NN1 counting_NN1 results_NN2 ;_; i.e._REX ,_, LR_NP1 ,_, SVM_NP1 and_CC CNN_NP1 had_VHD average_NN1 elapsed_VVN times_NNT2 of_IO 69.96_MC ,_, 60.69_MC and_CC 161.4_MC seconds_NNT2 ,_, respectively_RR ._. 
</s>
<s>
It_PPH1 was_VBDZ observed_VVN that_CST FAM-modified_JJ aptamers_NN2 had_VHD a_AT1 favorable_JJ fluorescence_NN1 output_NN1 signals_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Sodium_NN1 tetrachloroaurate(iii)_NN2 dihydrate_VV0 (_( 681_MC L_ZZ1 ,_, final_JJ concentration_NN1 0.254_MC M_NNU )_) and_CC sodium_NN1 citrate_NN1 trihydrate_NN1 (_( 528_MC L_ZZ1 ,_, final_JJ concentration_NN1 0.171_MC M_NNU )_) were_VBDR added_VVN to_II 5.007_MC ml_NNU of_IO 28_MC nm_FU seeds_NN2 and_CC made_VVD up_RG21 to_RG22 120_MC ml_NNU with_IW dH2O_FO ._. 
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<s>
The_AT cumulus_NN1 cells_NN2 that_CST are_VBR in_II close_JJ contact_NN1 with_IW the_AT oocyte_NN1 ,_, also_RR known_VVN as_II corona_NN1 cells_NN2 ,_, develop_VV0 cytoplasmic_JJ projections_NN2 which_DDQ cross_VV0 the_AT zona_NN1 pellucida_NN1 and_CC form_VV0 gap_NN1 junctions_NN2 with_IW the_AT oolemma.38_FO In_II ART_NN1 clinics_NN2 ,_, oocytes_NN2 must_VM be_VBI denuded_VVN from_II the_AT cumulus–corona_NN1 cell_NN1 mass_NN1 ,_, usually_RR via_II enzymatic_JJ action_NN1 of_IO hyaluronidase_NN1 and_CC mechanical_JJ pipetting_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ are_VBR inefficient_JJ and_CC suffers_VVZ from_II the_AT operator-to-operator_JJ variation_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT SEC_NP1 measurements_NN2 were_VBDR useful_JJ for_IF observing_VVG differences_NN2 in_II Se-containing_JJ peak_NN1 patterns_NN2 between_II stages_NN2 of_IO disease_NN1 progression_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
We_PPIS2 also_RR carried_VVD out_RP this_DD1 kinetic_JJ resolution_NN1 process_NN1 on_II a_AT1 gram_NNU1 scale_NN1 using_VVG 1.1_MC g_NNU of_IO 1a_FO and_CC 0.42_MC g_NNU of_IO 2_MC as_II the_AT starting_NN1 materials_NN2 under_II the_AT optimized_JJ conditions_NN2 (_( Scheme_NN1 4_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
The_AT quality_NN1 factor_NN1 is_VBZ influenced_VVN by_II dielectric_JJ losses_NN2 of_IO the_AT piezoelectric_JJ materials_NN2 ,_, loading_VVG effects_NN2 ,_, ohmic_JJ losses_NN2 ,_, and_CC acoustic_JJ leakage_NN1 to_II the_AT substrate_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
In_II the_AT presence_NN1 of_IO the_AT target_NN1 ssDNA_NN1 sequence_NN1 ,_, the_AT probe_NN1 hybridized_VVD with_IW the_AT target_NN1 DNA_NN1 to_TO create_VVI duplex_JJ form_NN1 of_IO DNA_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
A_AT1 long_JJ tail_NN1 extended_VVN into_II the_AT whole_JJ visible_JJ range_NN1 appeared_VVD in_II the_AT optical_JJ absorption_NN1 spectrum_NN1 is_VBZ attributed_VVN to_TO light_VVI scattering_VVG ,_, which_DDQ was_VBDZ also_RR reflected_VVN in_II the_AT photograph_NN1 of_IO LSCs_NP1 with_IW a_AT1 hazy_JJ appearance_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Functional_JJ modification_NN1 of_IO separators_NN2 has_VHZ been_VBN proved_VVN to_TO be_VBI an_AT1 efficient_JJ strategy_NN1 to_TO restrain_VVI the_AT polysulfide_NN1 shuttling_VVG ._. 
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<s>
Therefore_RR ,_, the_AT TiO2/SiO2_JJ film_NN1 exhibits_VVZ a_AT1 higher_JJR specific_JJ surface_NN1 area_NN1 than_CSN the_AT bare_JJ TiO2_FO film_NN1 ,_, providing_VVG more_DAR sites_NN2 for_IF Sb2S3_FO deposition_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT second_NNT1 paper186_FO described_VVN a_AT1 Matlab-based_JJ data_NN mining_VVG system_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ is_VBZ capable_JJ of_IO extracting_VVG LA-ICP-MS_NP1 data_NN with_IW no_AT user_NN1 input_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
In_II the_AT year_NNT1 1930_MC ,_, Schwarzacher_NP1 &lsqb;_( 71_MC &rsqb;_) correlated_VVD the_AT dissolving_JJ of_IO bloodstains_NN2 in_II water_NN1 with_IW the_AT age_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Thicker_JJR slabs_NN2 of_IO TiC_NN1 were_VBDR shown_VVN to_TO give_VVI similar_JJ results_NN2 and_CC are_VBR discussed_VVN in_II the_AT Supporting_JJ Information_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Qu_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
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<s>
demonstrated_VVD the_AT potential_JJ to_TO tune_VVI interfacial_JJ interaction_NN1 in_II poly_NN1 (_( methyl_NN1 methacrylate_NN1 )_) /silica_NN1 PNCs_NP1 as_II a_AT1 function_NN1 of_IO either_RR nanoller_NN1 surface_NN1 chemistry_NN1 or_CC polymer_NN1 reactivity_NN1 &lsqb;_( 36_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
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<s>
Till_II now_RT ,_, various_JJ methods_NN2 have_VH0 been_VBN developed_VVN to_TO realize_VVI these_DD2 three_MC steps_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 experimental_JJ observation_NN1 highlights_VVZ the_AT moderate_JJ nucleophilicity_NN1 of_IO the_AT ring-nitrogen_JJ atom_NN1 of_IO the_AT deprotonated_JJ pNHC_NNU ligand_NN1 in_II 1_MC1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT sensor-less_DAR devices_NN2 are_VBR usually_RR based_VVN on_II well-established_JJ analytical_JJ techniques_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 gas_NN1 chromatography_NN1 ,_, mass_JJ spectrometry_NN1 ,_, or_CC ion_NN1 mobility_NN1 spectrometry_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Histograms_NN2 of_IO cell_NN1 diameters_NN2 extracted_VVN from_II image_NN1 processing_VVG on_II our_APPGE platform_NN1 and_CC cell_NN1 diameters_NN2 measured_VVN from_II coulter_NN1 counter_NN1 measurements_NN2 for_IF all_DB three_MC HL60_FO populations_NN2 are_VBR shown_VVN in_II Fig._NN1 3d_NNU ._. 
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<s>
Minimizing_VVG the_AT non-specific_JJ amplification_NN1 and_CC signals_NN2 caused_VVN by_II excess_JJ DNA_NN1 probes_NN2 (_( i.e._REX ,_, the_AT circular_JJ probes_NN2 )_) as_II31 well_II32 as_II33 other_JJ nucleic_JJ acids_NN2 is_VBZ essentially_RR critical_JJ for_IF the_AT performance_NN1 of_IO RCA_NN1 assays_NN2 ,_, in_RR21 particular_RR22 when_CS the_AT targeted_JJ miRNA_NN1 is_VBZ at_II low_JJ abundance_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
In_II solution_NN1 ,_, the_AT absorption_NN1 spectra_NN2 are_VBR dominated_VVN by_II the_AT strong_JJ →_NULL *_FU transition_NN1 of_IO the_AT ligand_NN1 below_RG 350_MC nm_FU and_CC weak_JJ d–d_NN1 transition_NN1 of_IO the_AT copper_NN1 ions_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
During_II this_DD1 time_NNT1 ,_, gradients_NN2 of_IO compound_NN1 concentrations_NN2 form_VV0 within_II the_AT cell_NN1 culture_NN1 area_NN1 (_( Video_NN1 S2_FO )_) ._. 
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<s>
The_AT 5hmC_FO sites_NN2 were_VBDR then_RT glucosylated_VVN with_IW 8_MC U_JJ of_IO 5hmC_FO glucosyltransferase_NN1 and_CC 100_MC M_NNO UDPG_NN1 at_II 37_MC ?C_NN1 for_IF 2_MC h_ZZ1 and_CC heat-inactivated_JJ at_II 65_MC ?C_NN1 for_IF 15_MC min_NNU ,_, and_CC the_AT DNA_NN1 was_VBDZ purified_VVN using_VVG DCC-5_MC ._. 
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<s>
Recognition_NN1 of_IO PAHs_NP2 in_II the_AT MIP_NN1 cavities_NN2 is_VBZ therefore_RR controlled_VVN by_II the_AT shape_NN1 and_CC size_NN1 of_IO the_AT cavities_NN2 through_II hydrophobic_JJ and_CC –_- interactions_NN2 between_II template_NN1 and_CC monomer_NN1 molecules_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Specifically_RR ,_, for_IF an_AT1 a_ZZ1 =_FO 4.0_MC nm_FU NW_ND1 the_AT model_NN1 shows_VVZ that_CST the_AT transition_NN1 has_VHZ an_AT1 anisotropy_NN1 value_NN1 of_IO =_FO 0.961_MC ._. 
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<s>
As_CSA controls_VVZ ,_, perovskite_NN1 microwires_NN2 (_( or_CC microcubes_NN2 ,_, in_II the_AT case_NN1 of_IO bromide-containing_JJ species_NN )_) are_VBR prepared_VVN by_II placing_VVG 1_MC1 drop_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 solution_NN1 1:1_MC of_IO CH3NH3X_FO and_CC PbX2_FO (_( 6.18_MC ×_II 10–3_MCMC M_NNU each_DD1 )_) in_II DMF_NP1 ._. 
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<s>
Optical_JJ biosensors_NN2 for_IF determination_NN1 of_IO Botulinum_NP1 neurotoxin_NN1 in_II various_JJ products_NN2 &lsqb;_( 28_MC &rsqb;_) provide_VV0 abundant_JJ advantages_NN2 over_II conventional_JJ analytical_JJ techniques_NN2 for_IF direct_JJ and_CC real-time_JJ detection_NN1 &lsqb;_( 29_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
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<s>
With_IW a_AT1 share_NN1 of_IO approximately_RR 60%_NNU by_II weight_NN1 ,_, water_NN1 constitutes_VVZ the_AT most_RGT dominant_JJ ,_, ubiquitous_JJ molecular_JJ species_NN in_II the_AT human_JJ body_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Smooth_JJ muscle_NN1 and_CC connective_JJ tissue_NN1 are_VBR selected_VVN as_II the_AT regions_NN2 of_IO interest_NN1 to_TO obtain_VVI their_APPGE autofluorescence_NN1 (_( Fig._NN1 1C2_FO )_) and_CC H_ZZ1 &E;_NULL lifetime_NNT1 images_NN2 (_( Fig._NN1 1C3_FO )_) ._. 
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<s>
The_AT geometric_JJ mean_NN1 of_IO weekly_JJ urine_NN1 Co_NN1 measurements_NN2 correlated_VVN with_IW blood_NN1 and_CC erythrocyte_NN1 Co_NN1 but_CCB the_AT individual_JJ urine_NN1 results_NN2 were_VBDR highly_RR variable_JJ ._. 
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<s>
After_CS this_DD1 the_AT final_JJ spectrum_NN1 is_VBZ combined_VVN from_II these_DD2 measurements_NN2 ,_, depending_II21 on_II22 the_AT intensity_NN1 of_IO the_AT detected_JJ radiation_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
One_MC1 of_IO the_AT major_JJ roles_NN2 of_IO a_AT1 perfusable_JJ vessel_NN1 is_VBZ making_VVG the_AT model_NN1 available_JJ for_IF cell_NN1 transendothelial_JJ migration_NN1 assays_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Besides_II the_AT widely_RR used_JJ PEO_NN1 and_CC PVP_NP1 viscoelastic_JJ aqueous_JJ solutions_NN2 ,_, some_DD other_JJ solutions_NN2 are_VBR used_VVN as_CSA viscoelastic_JJ fluids_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Future_JJ experiments_NN2 will_VM extend_VVI on_II the_AT suitability_NN1 of_IO the_AT Raman_NN1 gas_NN1 sensor_NN1 for_IF hydrogen_NN1 monitoring_NN1 as_CSA this_DD1 is_VBZ also_RR a_AT1 very_RG important_JJ process_NN1 parameter_NN1 in_II the_AT power-to-gas_JJ energy_NN1 concept_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Good_JJ correlation_NN1 coefficients_NN2 for_IF S_ZZ1 compound_VV0 calibration_NN1 (_( >0.9993_FO )_) ,_, and_CC detection_NN1 limits_VVZ in_II the_AT pg_NNU of_IO S_ZZ1 s1_FO level_NN1 were_VBDR achieved_VVN in_II 2016_MC with_IW a_AT1 modern_JJ version_NN1 of_IO the_AT SCD_NP1 &lsqb;_( 214_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
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<s>
Therefore_RR ,_, to_TO warrant_VVI use_NN1 of_IO synchrotron_NN1 imaging_NN1 techniques_NN2 ,_, the_AT impact_NN1 of_IO direct_JJ imaging_NN1 biochemical_JJ and_CC elemental_JJ markers_NN2 must_VM outweigh_VVI the_AT relative_JJ difficulty_NN1 of_IO access_NN1 and_CC clearly_RR add_VV0 additional_JJ information_NN1 to_II what_DDQ can_VM be_VBI provided_VVN by_II laboratory_NN1 based_VVN techniques_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Interestingly_RR ,_, Weiss_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
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<s>
showed_VVD that_CST the_AT anion_NN1 had_VHD a_AT1 strong_JJ influuence_NN1 on_II the_AT domain_NN1 sizes_NN2 present_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
In_II existing_JJ contact_NN1 impedance/capacitance_NN1 systems_NN2 ,_, (_( 23_MC 25,40_MC )_) or_CC even_RR remote_JJ electrical_JJ approaches_NN2 ,_, (_( 26_MC 28_MC )_) there_EX are_VBR working_VVG electrodes_NN2 or_CC sensors_NN2 immersed_VVN in_II culture_NN1 medium_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Two_MC major_JJ ionisation_NN1 processes_NN2 can_VM be_VBI observed_VVN with_IW the_AT applied_JJ acetate-enhanced_JJ ESI_JJ method_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Enzyme-linked_JJ immuno-sorbent_JJ assay_NN1 is_VBZ mostly_RR used_VVN for_IF detection_NN1 and_CC determination_NN1 of_IO CA_NP1 125_MC &lsqb;_( 13_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
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<s>
These_DD2 low_JJ yields_NN2 can_VM be_VBI attributed_VVN to_II the_AT inefficient_JJ purification_NN1 process_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Aluminum_NN1 foil_NN1 electrodes_NN2 were_VBDR simply_RR cut_VVN with_IW scissors_NN2 and_CC clamped_VVN in_II place_NN1 on_II a_AT1 LN_NP1 substrate_NN1 to_TO produce_VVI a_AT1 Lamb_NN1 wave_NN1 device_NN1 capable_JJ of_IO producing_VVG flow_NN1 in_II a_AT1 channel_NN1 ,_, mixing_VVG in_II a_AT1 drop_NN1 ,_, and_CC atomization_NN1 from_II a_AT1 drop.92_FO It_PPH1 is_VBZ likely_JJ that_CST this_DD1 type_NN1 of_IO electrode_NN1 will_VM significantly_RR reduce_VVI performance_NN1 due_II21 to_II22 poor_JJ electrical_JJ and_CC mechanical_JJ contact_NN1 ,_, but_CCB may_VM still_RR be_VBI useful_JJ for_IF some_DD applications_NN2 where_RRQ cost_NN1 and_CC complexity_NN1 are_VBR extremely_RR limiting_VVG ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 work_NN1 is_VBZ supported_VVN by_II the_AT National_JJ Natural_JJ Science_NN1 Foundation_NN1 of_IO China_NP1 (_( Grants_VVZ 21603099_MC and_CC 21675093_MC )_) ,_, the_AT Taishan_NP1 Scholar_NN1 Program_NN1 of_IO Shandong_NP1 Province_NN1 of_IO China_NP1 (_( Grant_NP1 ts20110829_FO )_) ,_, and_CC State_VV0 Key_JJ Laboratory_NN1 of_IO Analytical_JJ Chemistry_NN1 for_IF Life_NN1 Science_NN1 (_( Grant_NP1 SKLACLS1802_FO )_) ._. 
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Consequently_RR ,_, there_EX is_VBZ a_AT1 strong_JJ need_NN1 for_IF detailed_JJ diffusion_NN1 studies_NN2 as_II a_AT1 function_NN1 of_IO Li_NP1 concentration_NN1 in_II LixSi_NN1 done_VDN by_II the_AT same_DA method_NN1 and_CC samples_NN2 all_RR prepared_VVN in_II the_AT same_DA way_NN1 ._. 
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Clearly_RR ,_, as_CSA the_AT HOMO–LUMO_NN1 gap_NN1 vanishes_VVZ the_AT conductance_NN1 will_VM saturate_VVI at_II a_AT1 value_NN1 close_RR to_II G0_FO ,_, the_AT quantum_NN1 of_IO conductance_NN1 ,_, and_CC the_AT transport_NN1 will_VM become_VVI resonant_JJ ,_, thus_RR forming_VVG the_AT upper_JJ limit_NN1 for_IF reverse_JJ conductance_NN1 decay_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT advantages_NN2 of_IO the_AT proposed_JJ method_NN1 were_VBDR claimed_VVN as_CSA simplicity_NN1 and_CC low_JJ cost_NN1 ,_, in_II31 comparison_II32 with_II33 ID_NN1 methods_NN2 ,_, which_DDQ require_VV0 highly_RR enriched_JJ isotopes_NN2 ,_, expensive_JJ instrumentation_NN1 ,_, such_II21 as_II22 TIMS_NP2 or_CC SF-ICP-MS_NN1 ,_, and_CC very_RG skilled_JJ staff_NN ._. 
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We_PPIS2 have_VH0 developed_VVN a_AT1 biosupramolecular_JJ complementation_NN1 assay_NN1 by_II assembling_VVG a_AT1 fluorescent_JJ Spinach_NN1 aptamer_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ is_VBZ a_AT1 synthetic_JJ RNA_NN1 mimic_NN1 of_IO the_AT Green_JJ Fluorescent_JJ Protein_NN1 ,_, from_II its_APPGE split_JJ segments_NN2 ._. 
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Fe_NP1 is_VBZ elevated_VVN within_II the_AT medullary_JJ cavity_NN1 (_( Fig._NN1 4G_NNU )_) and_CC areas_NN2 of_IO mineral_NN1 infill_NN1 (_( Fig._NN1 4H_FO ;_; arrows_NN2 )_) ._. 
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The_AT between-sensor_JJ reproducibility_NN1 (_( expressed_VVN as_II the_AT %_NNU RSD_NP1 of_IO the_AT Cd_NN1 stripping_VVG signal_NN1 for_IF the_AT detection_NN1 of_IO 20_MC g_ZZ1 LC1_FO Cd(II)_MC at_II 5_MC different_JJ ePADs_NN2 )_) was_VBDZ 4.8%_FO ,_, indicating_VVG satisfactory_JJ fabrication_NN1 reproducibility_NN1 ._. 
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Notably_RR ,_, the_AT amounts_NN2 of_IO compound_NN1 4_MC were_VBDR depended_VVN on_II the_AT nature_NN1 of_IO 4-substituent_JJ and_CC were_VBDR high_JJ for_IF 4-phenyl_NN1 and_CC low_JJ for_IF 4-methyl_JJ derivatives_NN2 ._. 
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Therefore_RR ,_, the_AT IS_VBZ was_VBDZ able_JK to_TO minimize_VVI the_AT interference_NN1 observed_VVN during_II analyte_NN1 determination_NN1 when_CS MW-AD_JJ was_VBDZ used_VVN for_IF petroleum_NN1 coke_NN1 digestion_NN1 ,_, avoiding_VVG the_AT dilution_NN1 step_NN1 and_CC achieving_VVG better_JJR LOQs_NN2 ._. 
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Next_MD ,_, based_VVN on_II the_AT obtained_VVN initial_JJ configuration_NN1 ,_, the_AT annealing_JJ procedure_NN1 is_VBZ taken_VVN to_TO get_VVI the_AT stable_JJ structure_NN1 :_: first_MD ,_, the_AT structure_NN1 is_VBZ relaxed_VVN at_II a_AT1 temperature_NN1 of_IO 600_MC K_ZZ1 for_IF 500_MC ps_NNU2 with_IW NPT_NP1 (_( constant_JJ pressure_NN1 and_CC temperature(47,48)_FO )_) ensemble_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT crude_JJ product_NN1 was_VBDZ purified_VVN by_II flash_JJ chromatography_NN1 (_( silica_NN1 gel_NN1 ,_, methanol/dichloromethane_NN1 ,_, 1:20_MC )_) ._. 
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The_AT determination_NN1 of_IO AFB1_FO in_II pistachio_NN1 nuts_NN2 was_VBDZ conducted_VVN using_VVG both_RR normal_JJ and_CC synchronous_JJ fluorimetry_NN1 in_II combination_NN1 with_IW several_DA2 different_JJ multivariate_JJ calibration_NN1 methods_NN2 and_CC derivative_JJ techniques_NN2 &lsqb;_( 78_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
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Therefore_RR ,_, designing_VVG rational_JJ nanostructures_NN2 with_IW rich_JJ edge_NN1 sites_NN2 as_CSA electrode_NN1 materials_NN2 is_VBZ thought_VVN to_TO improve_VVI the_AT electrical_JJ conductivity_NN1 ,_, increase_VV0 the_AT surface_NN1 area_NN1 of_IO the_AT active_JJ materials_NN2 and_CC facilitate_VV0 ion_NN1 and_CC electron_NN1 transport_NN1 ,_, finally_RR improving_VVG the_AT electrochemical_JJ properties_NN2 ._. 
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In_II comparison_NN1 to_II continuous_JJ GD_JJ ,_, the_AT detection_NN1 limits_VVZ with_IW PGD_NP1 were_VBDR 1.5–14_MCMC times_NNT2 lower_JJR for_IF different_JJ spectral_JJ lines_NN2 ._. 
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Only_RR a_AT1 few_DA2 studies_NN2 reported_VVD the_AT sensing_NN1 behavior_NN1 of_IO Gr-based_JJ electrodes_NN2 against_II narcotics_NN2 ._. 
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In_RR21 addition_RR22 ,_, the_AT use_NN1 of_IO other_JJ modern_JJ pigments_NN2 during_II the_AT 1980_MC restoration_NN1 process_NN1 was_VBDZ confirmed_VVN ._. 
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Schedule_NN1 II_MC includes_VVZ drugs_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 amphetamine_NN1 ,_, cocaine_NN1 ,_, morphine_NN1 ,_, methadone_VV0 ,_, fentanyl_NN1 ,_, hydromorphone_VV0 oxycodone_NN1 ,_, and_CC hydrocodone_NN1 ,_, and_CC more_RRR ._. 
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Particles_NN2 with_IW 235U_FO enrichments_NN2 in_II the_AT range_NN1 of_IO 0.32%_FO to_II 3.28%_FO and_CC 236U_FO enrichments_NN2 from_II no_AT enrichment_NN1 to_II 0.015%_FO provided_VVN by_II the_AT International_JJ Atomic_JJ Energy_NN1 Agency_NN1 (_( IAEA_NP1 )_) were_VBDR analyzed_VVN directly_RR using_VVG the_AT NAUTILUS_NN1 ._. 
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In_II another_DD1 study_NN1 by_II Vis/NIR_FU HSI_NN2 over_II the_AT spectral_JJ range_NN1 of_IO 400–900_MCMC nm_FU in_II which_DDQ the_AT contaminated_JJ samples_NN2 were_VBDR prepared_VVN by_II inoculating_VVG the_AT toxigenic_JJ A._NP1 flavus_NN1 suspension_NN1 artificially_RR at_II an_AT1 early_JJ dough/late_FU milk_NN1 stage_NN1 of_IO kernel_NN1 development_NN1 ,_, Zhu_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
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&lsqb;_( 101_MC &rsqb;_) obtained_VVD 90%_NNU overall_JJ accuracies_NN2 from_II the_AT germ_NN1 side_NN1 when_CS taking_VVG 20_MC and_CC 100_MC g/kg_NNU as_II thresholds_NN2 ,_, separately_RR ._. 
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When_CS indole-3-acetic_JJ acid_NN1 ,_, 11_MC which_DDQ served_VVD as_CSA plant_NN1 hormone_NN1 of_IO the_AT auxin_NN1 class_NN1 ,_, was_VBDZ applied_VVN to_II this_DD1 reaction_NN1 ,_, the_AT anticipated_JJ product_NN1 3u_FO was_VBDZ formed_VVN in_II moderate_JJ yield_NN1 ,_, indicating_VVG that_CST an_AT1 unprotected_JJ indole_NN1 skeleton_NN1 was_VBDZ well_RR tolerated_VVN in_II the_AT protocol_NN1 ._. 
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For_IF Ba4Zn5Sc2(BO3)8_FO ,_, raw_JJ materials_NN2 of_IO BaCO3_FO ,_, MgO_NP1 ,_, ZnO_NP1 ,_, Sc2O3_FO ,_, B2O3_FO and_CC PbO_NN1 in_II a_AT1 molar_JJ ratio_NN1 of_IO 2_MC :_: 1_MC1 :_: 1_MC1 :_: 0.5_MC :_: 2_MC :_: 2_MC were_VBDR adopted_VVN using_VVG the_AT same_DA heating_NN1 procedure_NN1 as_CSA that_DD1 for_IF Ba2ZnSc(BO3)3_FO ._. 
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<s>
To_TO optimize_VVI the_AT luminescence_NN1 intensity_NN1 of_IO the_AT phosphor_NN1 NZF:Mn_FO ,_, a_AT1 series_NN of_IO samples_NN2 was_VBDZ prepared_VVN using_VVG the_AT same_DA procedure_NN1 with_IW various_JJ synthetic_JJ parameters_NN2 ._. 
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The_AT value_NN1 of_IO b_ZZ1 elucidates_VVZ the_AT reaction_NN1 mechanism_NN1 on_II the_AT electrode_NN1 surface_NN1 ,_, whereas_CS the_AT exchange_NN1 current_JJ density_NN1 jo_NN1 (_( obtained_VVN when_RRQ is_VBZ considered_VVN to_TO be_VBI zero_MC )_) determines_VVZ the_AT intrinsic_JJ catalytic_JJ activity_NN1 under_II equilibrium_NN1 conditions_NN2 ._. 
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Compared_VVN to_II gold_NN1 complexes_NN2 ,_, the_AT Ag+_FO complexes_NN2 may_VM also_RR be_VBI strongly_RR photoluminescent_JJ ,_, highly_RR photostable_JJ ,_, and_CC of_IO broad_JJ applications_NN2 ,_, yet_RR at_II lower_JJR cost_NN1 &lsqb;_( 64_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
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This_DD1 derivative_NN1 significantly_RR increases_VVZ sensitivity_NN1 using_VVG UV–visible_JJ detection_NN1 ,_, with_IW a_AT1 detection_NN1 wavelength_NN1 (_( 406_MC nm_FU )_) well_RR removed_VVN from_II standard_JJ matrix_NN1 interferences_NN2 (_( 190–380_MCMC nm_FU )_) ._. 
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Forensic_JJ relevant_JJ species_NN must_VM be_VBI included_VVN in_II the_AT model_NN1 for_IF the_AT determination_NN1 of_IO the_AT origin_NN1 of_IO species_NN cases_NN2 and_CC related_JJ cases_NN2 ._. 
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In_II other_JJ cases_NN2 the_AT analyte_NN1 may_VM be_VBI non-volatile_JJ and/or_CC non-chromophoric_JJ ,_, making_VVG application_NN1 of_IO standard_JJ techniques_NN2 challenging_VVG ,_, at_RR21 least_RR22 in_II31 terms_II32 of_II33 direct_JJ analysis_NN1 and_CC detection_NN1 ._. 
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As_II the_AT Cu2O_FO formation_NN1 requires_VVZ OH–_JJ ions_NN2 (_( Figure_NN1 2_MC )_) ,_, the_AT reaction_NN1 rate_NN1 will_VM also_RR be_VBI faster_RRR if_CS the_AT concentration_NN1 of_IO OH–_NP1 ions_NN2 is_VBZ higher_JJR ._. 
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A_AT1 semi-continuous_JJ method_NN1 for_IF the_AT determination_NN1 of_IO dissolved_JJ elemental_JJ mercury131_FO used_VVD an_AT1 adapted_JJ CV-AAS_NP2 system_NN1 as_CSA detector_NN1 ._. 
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Moreover_RR ,_, it_PPH1 was_VBDZ robust_JJ and_CC sensitive_JJ for_IF monitoring_VVG BoNT/B_NP1 in_II food_NN1 products_NN2 &lsqb;_( 20_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
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This_DD1 optimal_JJ number_NN1 of_IO factors_NN2 was_VBDZ chosen_VVN based_VVN on_II the_AT RMSE_NN1 vs._II number_NN1 of_IO factors_NN2 plot_VV0 (_( see_VV0 ESI_JJ Fig._NN1 3_MC )_) ._. 
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Dr_NNB Sun_NP1 also_RR thanks_VVZ the_AT Natural_JJ Science_NN1 Foundation_NN1 of_IO Shandong_NP1 Province_NN1 (_( JQ201803_FO and_CC ZR2017MB061_FO )_) ,_, the_AT Qilu_NP1 Young_NP1 Scholar_NN1 Program_NN1 of_IO Shandong_NP1 University_NN1 ,_, and_CC the_AT Fundamental_JJ Research_NN1 Funds_NN2 of_IO Shandong_NP1 University_NN1 (_( 104.205.2.5_MC )_) ._. 
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Then_RT ,_, considering_CS the_AT overlap_NN1 of_IO the_AT diffraction_NN1 peak_NN1 positions_NN2 for_IF the_AT electrodeposited_JJ Ni_NP1 and_CC Ni_NP1 foam_NN1 ,_, NiONi_NP1 and_CC NiO_NP1 nanosheets_VVZ on_II carbon_NN1 cloth_NN1 (_( NiONi/CC_NP1 and_CC NiO/CC_NP1 )_) were_VBDR also_RR synthesized_VVN with_IW the_AT identical_JJ process_NN1 to_TO verify_VVI the_AT existence_NN1 of_IO electrodeposited_JJ Ni_NP1 on_II NiO_NP1 nanosheets_VVZ ._. 
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The_AT authors_NN2 point_VV0 that_CST the_AT detection_NN1 limit_NN1 for_IF ISP_NN1 is_VBZ one_MC1 order_NN1 of_IO magnitude_NN1 lower_JJR than_CSN that_DD1 of_IO the_AT CL_NP1 method_NN1 with_IW hydroxide_NN1 ,_, luminol–periodate_NN1 and_CC capillary_JJ electrophoresis–CL_NN1 systems_NN2 ._. 
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C._NP1 Cope_NP1 Fund_NN1 is_VBZ gratefully_RR acknowledged_VVN ._. 
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<s>
The_AT three_MC main_JJ instruments_NN2 used_VVN for_IF the_AT experiment_NN1 were_VBDR a_AT1 Q-switched_NN1 Nd:YAG_FO laser_NN1 (_( wavelength_NN1 :_: 532_MC nm_FU ;_; pulse_NN1 energy_NN1 :_: 30_MC mJ_NNU ;_; repetition_NN1 rate_NN1 :_: 10_MC Hz_NNU ;_; pulse_NN1 width_NN1 :_: 8_MC ns_FO ;_; French_NP1 Quantel_NP1 ,_, Brilliant_JJ B_ZZ1 )_) ,_, an_AT1 echelle_NN1 spectrometer_NN1 (_( resolution_NN1 :_: /δ_VV0 =_FO 5000_MC ;_; spectral_JJ range_NN1 :_: 200–950_MCMC nm_FU ;_; United_NP1 Kingdom_NP1 ,_, Andor_NP1 Tech._NP1 ,_, Mechelle_NP1 5000_MC )_) ,_, and_CC an_AT1 intensified_JJ charge-coupled_JJ device_NN1 (_( ICCD_NP1 )_) camera_NN1 (_( United_NP1 Kingdom_NP1 ,_, Andor_NP1 Tech._NP1 ,_, iStar_NN1 DH-334T_FO )_) ._. 
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<s>
Electrical_JJ lysis_NN1 relies_VVZ on_II the_AT generation_NN1 of_IO small_JJ transient_JJ pores_NN2 in_II cell_NN1 membranes_NN2 by_II electric_JJ field_NN1 to_TO release_VVI intracellular_JJ molecules_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Moreover_RR ,_, we_PPIS2 see_VV0 that_CST the_AT relaxed_JJ nn_NNU distances_NN2 in_II the_AT LS_NP2 (_( xLLrelax_NN1 )_) and_CC in_II the_AT ordered_JJ antiferro-like_JJ HS-LS_NNU2 state_NN1 ,_, (_( xHLrelax_NN1 )_) ,_, are_VBR bigger_JJR than_CSN their_APPGE respective_JJ nonfrustrated_JJ values_NN2 ,_, R0LL_FO and_CC R0HL_FO ,_, and_CC they_PPHS2 are_VBR simply_RR linear_JJ increasing_JJ functions_NN2 of_IO the_AT frustration_NN1 parameter_NN1 >_FO 0_MC and_CC the_AT lattice_NN1 parameter_NN1 misfit_NN1 δR_FO ._. 
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The_AT manufactured_JJ sensor_NN1 is_VBZ able_JK to_TO detect_VVI HBV_NP1 DNA_NN1 with_IW a_AT1 LOD_NN1 as_RG low_JJ as_CSA 50_MC aM_RA and_CC to_TO develop_VVI a_AT1 highly_RR accurate_JJ and_CC simple_JJ sensor_NN1 as_II a_AT1 POC_NP1 device_NN1 for_IF early_JJ detection_NN1 of_IO HBV_NP1 ._. 
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The_AT amount_NN1 of_IO active_JJ material_NN1 placed_VVN on_II the_AT graphite_NN1 ranged_VVN between_II 3.5_MC and_CC 4.4_MC mg_NNU cm–2_NN1 ._. 
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In_RR21 general_RR22 ,_, analysis_NN1 of_IO the_AT certified_JJ reference_NN1 materials_NN2 ERM-EC681_NN1 ,_, ERM-EC680_NN1 ,_, PE_NN1 H11A_FO ,_, ERM-EC591_NN1 ,_, BAM-H010_JJ and_CC PE-L-11A_FO led_VVN to_II reasonable_JJ agreement_NN1 between_II the_AT techniques_NN2 and_CC with_IW certified_JJ values_NN2 ._. 
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The_AT results_NN2 indicate_VV0 that_CST various_JJ substituted_JJ phenyl_NN1 moieties_NN2 ,_, possessing_VVG electron-donating_JJ or_CC weak_JJ electron-withdrawing_JJ substituents_NN2 (_( F_ZZ1 ,_, Cl_FO ,_, Br_NP1 )_) ,_, were_VBDR well_RR tolerated_VVN in_II this_DD1 transformation_NN1 ._. 
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Moreover_RR ,_, enals_NN2 having_VHG substituents_NN2 at_II the_AT 3-_NN1 and_CC 2-positions_NN2 of_IO the_AT β_NULL -aryl_JJ ring_NN1 did_VDD not_XX affect_VVI the_AT reactivity_NN1 ,_, and_CC the_AT desired_JJ products_NN2 were_VBDR isolated_VVN in_II high_JJ yields_NN2 and_CC selectivities_NN2 (_( 3l_NNU 3p_NNU )_) ._. 
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O2-TPD_NP1 was_VBDZ carried_VVN out_RP in_II the_AT same_DA flow-type_JJ reactor_NN1 ,_, as_CSA described_VVN above_RL for_IF the_AT H2-TPR_JJ experiments_NN2 ._. 
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For_IF the_AT last_MD several_DA2 decades_NNT2 ,_, there_EX has_VHZ been_VBN a_AT1 rapid_JJ development_NN1 of_IO nanoscience_NN1 and_CC nanotechnology_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT resulting_JJ solutions_NN2 were_VBDR dried_VVN ,_, re-dissolved_VVN in_II 6_MC mol_NN1 L1_FO HCl_NP1 ,_, left_VVN at_II 130_MC °C_NNU overnight_JJ to_TO equilibrate_VVI ,_, then_RT dried_VVD again_RT and_CC re-dissolved_VVN in_II 1_MC1 mol_NN1 L1_FO HCL_NP1 prior_II21 to_II22 undergoing_VVG anion_NN1 exchange_NN1 chromatography_NN1 to_TO separate_VVI Zn_NP1 from_II other_JJ matrix_NN1 components_NN2 ._. 
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As_II31 opposed_II32 to_II33 resistive_JJ heating_NN1 ,_, this_DD1 device_NN1 can_VM be_VBI used_VVN for_IF starting_VVG the_AT temperature_NN1 ramp_NN1 at_II subambient_JJ temperatures_NN2 ._. 
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Additionally_RR ,_, detergents_NN2 retained_VVN in_II protein_NN1 solution_NN1 may_VM likewise_RR suppress_VVI the_AT signal_NN1 and_CC interfere_VVI with_IW MS_NN1 analysis._NNU (_( 12_MC )_) Distler_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 (_( 13_MC )_) isolated_VVD the_AT resident_JJ membranes_NN2 to_TO reduce_VVI sample_NN1 complexity_NN1 and_CC used_JJ liquid_JJ chromatography_NN1 coupled_VVN with_IW MS_NN1 to_TO simplify_VVI the_AT digestion_NN1 products_NN2 ,_, providing_VVG high_JJ coverage_NN1 of_IO proteins_NN2 without_IW involvement_NN1 of_IO detergents_NN2 ._. 
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First_MD ,_, the_AT effect_NN1 of_IO the_AT blending_JJ protocols_NN2 on_II the_AT compatibilized_JJ blends_NN2 '_NULL morphologies_NN2 was_VBDZ studied_VVN by_II complementary_JJ AFM_NP1 and_CC TEM_VV0 analyses_NN2 and_CC correlated_VVN with_IW their_APPGE rheological_JJ properties_NN2 ._. 
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Thereafter_RT ,_, the_AT effect_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 base_NN1 was_VBDZ examined_VVN ._. 
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First_MD ,_, we_PPIS2 illustrate_VV0 the_AT binding_JJ targets_NN2 of_IO aptamers_NN2 ,_, including_II small_JJ molecules_NN2 ,_, macromolecules_NN2 ,_, and_CC even_RR living_JJ cells_NN2 ,_, accompanied_VVN by_II the_AT binding_JJ parameters_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
She_PPHS1 obtained_VVD her_APPGE PhD_NN1 in_II Inorganic_JJ Chemistry_NN1 in_II 2002_MC from_II the_AT University_NN1 of_IO Bucharest_NP1 for_IF which_DDQ she_PPHS1 received_VVD a_AT1 Young_JJ Investigator_NN1 Award_NN1 ._. 
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Bricks_NN2 were_VBDR printed_VVN at_II multiple_JJ orientations_NN2 and_CC a_AT1 best_JJT orientation_NN1 was_VBDZ chosen_VVN for_IF each_DD1 process_NN1 that_CST maximized_VVD width_NN1 accuracy_NN1 and_CC planar_JJ isotropy_NN1 in_II repeatability_NN1 (_( Fig_NN1 ._. 
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S11_FO )_) ._. 
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Parts_NN2 a_AT1 and_CC b_ZZ1 of_IO Figure_NN1 5_MC depict_VV0 the_AT absorption_NN1 and_CC desorption_NN1 kinetics_NN1 profiles_NN2 for_IF the_AT milled_JJ MgH2_FO and_CC the_AT MgH2–10_JJ wt_NN1 %_NNU K2NbF7–5_JJ wt_NN1 %_NNU MWCNT_NP1 composite_JJ ._. 
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Non-destructive_JJ methods_NN2 are_VBR typically_RR preferred_VVN as_CSA this_DD1 allows_VVZ a_AT1 single_JJ sample_NN1 to_TO be_VBI reused_VVN for_IF other_JJ analytical_JJ methods_NN2 ._. 
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A_AT1 sensitivity_NN1 analysis_NN1 indicates_VVZ that_CST the_AT propensity_NN1 to_TO backow_VVI is_VBZ most_RGT sensitive_JJ to_II the_AT lament_NN1 diameter_NN1 ,_, followed_VVN by_II the_AT degree_NN1 of_IO shear_VV0 thinning_VVG ,_, in_II relevant_JJ FFF_NP1 conditions_NN2 ._. 
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This_DD1 can_VM be_VBI used_VVN for_IF qualitative_JJ analysis_NN1 of_IO complex_JJ mixtures_NN2 &lsqb;_( 77_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
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In_RR21 addition_RR22 ,_, the_AT e-SIL_NP1 technology_NN1 is_VBZ also_RR able_JK to_TO utilize_VVI the_AT rest_NN1 of_IO the_AT sunlight_NN1 ,_, i.e._REX the_AT excess_JJ sunlight_NN1 which_DDQ does_VDZ not_XX contribute_VVI to_II interior_JJ illumination_NN1 ,_, for_IF other_JJ solar_JJ applications_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 indoor_JJ farming_NN1 and_CC photovoltaics_NN2 that_CST can_VM be_VBI executed_VVN inside_RL of_IO buildings_NN2 where_RRQ sunlight_NN1 can_VM not_XX reach_VVI ,_, as_CSA illustrated_VVN in_II Fig._NN1 1_MC1 ._. 
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Low-molecular_JJ weight_NN1 compounds_NN2 are_VBR present_JJ in_II the_AT resins_NN2 but_CCB do_VD0 not_XX represent_VVI more-than_CSN 22%_NNU of_IO V_ZZ1 and_CC Ni_NP1 present_NN1 in_II crude_JJ oil_NN1 ._. 
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In_II the_AT next_MD step_VV0 the_AT arrangement_NN1 of_IO interlinked_JJ machines_NN2 will_VM be_VBI set-up_NN1 and_CC integrated_VVN to_II the_AT ADIR_NN1 demonstrator_NN1 (_( 2018_MC )_) ._. 
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Similarly_RR ,_, we_PPIS2 can_VM clearly_RR see_VVI in_II Fig._NN1 6a_FO that_CST the_AT LOD_NN1 of_IO 1_MC1 is_VBZ found_VVN to_TO be_VBI 1_MC1 ×_II 108_MC M_NNO ,_, which_DDQ is_VBZ low_RR enough_RR to_TO detect_VVI Cr2O72_FO in_II drinking_VVG water_NN1 (_( Fig_NN1 ._. 
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S14a_FO )_) ._. 
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This_DD1 algorithm_NN1 identifies_VVZ microtubule_NN1 ends_VVZ in_II each_DD1 frame_NN1 and_CC localizes_VVZ their_APPGE positions_NN2 with_IW sub-pixel_JJ resolution_NN1 (_( Fig._NN1 2a_FO )_) ._. 
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The_AT syringe_NN1 was_VBDZ mounted_VVN on_II a_AT1 syringe_NN1 pump_NN1 that_CST supplied_VVD a_AT1 constant_JJ flow_NN1 rate_NN1 of_IO 0.5_MC ,_, 0.75_MC or_CC 1_MC1 mL_NNU min1_FO ._. 
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Imaging_NN1 of_IO 3D_NNU blood_NN1 vessels_NN2 was_VBDZ performed_VVN with_IW a_AT1 confocal_JJ microscope_NN1 (_( LSM_NP1 780_MC ,_, Zeiss_NP1 )_) ._. 
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The_AT latter_DA guideline_NN1 also_RR defines_VVZ '_NULL degradation_NN1 profile_NN1 '_NULL as_II :_: '_NULL A_AT1 description_NN1 of_IO the_AT degradation_NN1 products_NN2 observed_VVN in_II the_AT drug_NN1 substance_NN1 or_CC drug_NN1 product_NN1 '_NULL &lsqb;_( 2_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, &lsqb;_( 3_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
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Based_VVN on_II the_AT channel_NN1 slant_NN1 angle_NN1 in_II the_AT initial_JJ state_NN1 which_DDQ is_VBZ defined_VVN as_CSA θ_NULL in_II Fig._NN1 4(a)_FO ,_, we_PPIS2 can_VM classify_VVI channels_NN2 on_II chip_NN1 into_II four_MC categories_NN2 ,_, including_II azimuthal_JJ channel_NN1 ,_, radial_JJ channel_NN1 ,_, left_JJ slant_NN1 channel_NN1 and_CC right_JJ slant_NN1 channel_NN1 ,_, depicted_VVN as_CSA A_ZZ1 ,_, B_ZZ1 ,_, C_ZZ1 and_CC D_ZZ1 in_II Fig._NN1 4(a)_FO ,_, respectively_RR ._. 
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An_AT1 additional_JJ RF_NP1 potential_NN1 is_VBZ applied_VVN to_TO confine_VVI the_AT ions_NN2 ._. 
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Reasons_NN2 ,_, location_NN1 and_CC responsible_JJ staff_NN can_VM be_VBI easily_RR traced_VVN ,_, and_CC losses_NN2 and_CC hazards_NN2 reduced_VVD largely_RR ,_, as_II a_AT1 result_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
And_CC that_CST the_AT single_JJ crystalline_JJ structure_NN1 of_IO CeO2_FO is_VBZ preserved_VVN particularly_RR in_II the_AT (_( 111_MC )_) and_CC (_( 200_MC )_) planes_NN2 (_( Fig._NN1 2k1_FO and_CC k2_FO )_) ._. 
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The_AT fitted_JJ results_NN2 ,_, including_II atomic_JJ disorder_NN1 ,_, Einstein_NP1 temperature_NN1 ,_, vibrational_JJ frequency_NN1 ,_, and_CC local_JJ force_NN1 constants_NN2 ,_, are_VBR listed_VVN in_II Table_NN1 2_MC ._. 
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<s>
After_CS complete_JJ oxidation_NN1 of_IO the_AT Al_NP1 core_NN1 ,_, the_AT oxide_NN1 shell_NN1 continues_VVZ to_TO react_VVI with_IW ambient_JJ O_ZZ1 atoms_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 model_NN1 suggests_VVZ lack_NN1 of_IO uniformity_NN1 ,_, where_CS only_RR certain_JJ molecules_NN2 contact_VV0 the_AT electrodes_NN2 directly_RR and_CC preclude_VV0 assessment_NN1 of_IO enhancement_NN1 in_II rectification_NN1 behavior_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Very_RG recently_RR we_PPIS2 have_VH0 developed_VVN such_DA a_AT1 model_NN1 of_IO triblock_NN1 Janus_NP1 particles_NN2 in_II the_AT presence_NN1 of_IO solvent_NN1 and_CC a_AT1 supporting_JJ surface_NN1 ,_, on_II which_DDQ the_AT particles_NN2 crystallize_VV0 in_II two_MC dimensions_NN2 (_( unpublished_JJ results_NN2 )_) ._. 
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<s>
The_AT modification_NN1 of_IO sensing_VVG electrode_NN1 with_IW the_AT Gr_NP1 alone_RR may_VM lead_VVI to_II the_AT generation_NN1 of_IO false_JJ signals_NN2 due_II21 to_II22 the_AT diffusion_NN1 of_IO electrolytes_NN2 and_CC other_JJ interfering_JJ molecules_NN2 ._. 
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This_DD1 N_ZZ1 ,_, S-CQDs-based_NP1 biosensor_NN1 could_VM be_VBI applied_VVN for_IF ultrasensitive_JJ pesticide_NN1 detection_NN1 with_IW the_AT LOD_NN1 of_IO 5.4_MC g_ZZ1 L1_FO ._. 
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<s>
The_AT FTO_NN1 substrates_NN2 were_VBDR ultrasonically_RR cleaned_VVN in_II soap_NN1 solution_NN1 ,_, 1%_NNU H2SO4_FO ,_, DI_NN1 water_NN1 ,_, and_CC IPA_NP1 ,_, respectively_RR ,_, and_CC then_RT dried_VVN via_II N2_FO flushing_VVG ._. 
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<s>
The_AT Smart_NP1 Analyzer_NP1 Vision_NN1 software_NN1 of_IO the_AT ICPOES_NP2 instrument_NN1 was_VBDZ utilized_VVN to_TO select_VVI sensitive_JJ atomic_JJ and_CC ionic_JJ emission_NN1 lines_NN2 ,_, which_DDQ were_VBDR free_JJ from_II possible_JJ spectroscopic_JJ interference_NN1 ._. 
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However_RR ,_, due_II21 to_II22 that_DD1 the_AT flexible_JJ toy_NN1 pencil_NN1 is_VBZ not_XX accessible_JJ at_II all_DB cases_NN2 ,_, the_AT sensors_NN2 written_VVN by_II this_DD1 type_NN1 of_IO pencil_NN1 are_VBR hard_JJ to_TO be_VBI applied_VVN widely_RR ._. 
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<s>
The_AT intensity_NN1 data_NN for_IF the_AT compounds_NN2 were_VBDR collected_VVN on_II a_AT1 Nonius_NP1 KappaCCD_NP1 diffractometer_NN1 using_VVG graphite-monochromated_JJ Mo-K_NP1 radiation_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Benefitting_VVG from_II the_AT above_JJ advantages_NN2 ,_, the_AT CoMo-LDH_JJ ultrathin_NN1 nanosheet_NN1 shows_VVZ a_AT1 superior_JJ catalytic_JJ activity_NN1 and_CC durability_NN1 when_CS used_VVN as_II a_AT1 HER_PPHO1 and_CC OER_JJR catalyst_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
To_TO better_RRR understand_VVI the_AT PV_NN1 behavior_NN1 of_IO Pb2I8_FO layered_JJ perovskite_NN1 solar_JJ cells_NN2 ,_, impedance_NN1 spectroscopy_NN1 measurements_NN2 were_VBDR conducted_VVN both_RR in_II the_AT dark_NN1 and_CC at_II 0.1_MC sun_NN1 under_II a_AT1 range_NN1 of_IO bias_NN1 ._. 
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It_PPH1 was_VBDZ found_VVN that_CST the_AT work_NN1 function_NN1 of_IO the_AT m-C_NNU layer_NN1 can_VM be_VBI effectively_RR enhanced_VVN from_II 4.94_MC to_II 5.04_MC eV_NN1 by_II incorporating_VVG NiO_NP1 ._. 
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<s>
When_CS the_AT ZrO2_FO layer_NN1 is_VBZ relatively_RR thin_JJ (_( 500–1000_MCMC nm_FU )_) ,_, through_II varying_VVG the_AT ratio_NN1 of_IO NiO_NP1 in_II the_AT m-C_NNU layer_NN1 and_CC the_AT thickness_NN1 of_IO the_AT ZrO2_FO layer_NN1 ,_, the_AT enhancement_NN1 in_II VOC_NN1 of_IO the_AT devices_NN2 can_VM be_VBI up_RG21 to_RG22 90_MC mV_NNU ._. 
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When_CS the_AT thickness_NN1 of_IO the_AT ZrO2_FO layer_NN1 increased_VVN to_II ?3000_FO nm_FU ,_, the_AT enhancement_NN1 in_II the_AT VOC_NN1 as_II the_AT work_NN1 function_NN1 increased_VVN became_VVD less_RGR distinct_JJ ._. 
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<s>
The_AT effect_NN1 of_IO switching_VVG isomer_JJR can_VM be_VBI interpreted_VVN in_II31 terms_II32 of_II33 the_AT packing_NN1 efciency_NN1 ,_, intermolecular_JJ interactions_NN2 and_CC crosslink_VV0 density_NN1 of_IO the_AT network_NN1 ._. 
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Accordingly_RR ,_, for_IF finding_VVG the_AT formation_NN1 mechanism_NN1 ,_, a_AT1 series_NN of_IO controlled_JJ experiments_NN2 regarding_II the_AT reaction_NN1 agents_NN2 have_VH0 been_VBN conducted_VVN ,_, and_CC some_DD intermediates_NN2 are_VBR also_RR checked_VVN by_II TEM_NP1 ._. 
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PMOs_NN2 are_VBR very_RG common_JJ as_CSA sorbents_NN2 for_IF extracting_VVG PAHs_NN2 ._. 
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Some_DD analytical_JJ techniques_NN2 allow_VV0 protein_NN1 samples_NN2 to_TO be_VBI measured_VVN in_II the_AT native_JJ state_NN1 while_CS others_NN2 measure_VV0 proteins_NN2 in_II a_AT1 non-native_JJ state_NN1 conformation_NN1 ._. 
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Typically_RR ,_, this_DD1 decision_NN1 making_NN1 is_VBZ driven_VVN by_II the_AT volatility_NN1 of_IO the_AT analyte_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Reactions_NN2 used_VVD stoichiometric_JJ ,_, excess_NN1 ,_, or_CC catalytic_JJ amounts_NN2 of_IO the_AT complexes_NN2 and_CC were_VBDR accelerated_VVN by_II either_RR heat_VV0 or_CC photolysis_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT pH_NN1 values_NN2 in_II the_AT aqueous_JJ solutions_NN2 were_VBDR controlled_VVN by_II a_AT1 Mettler_NP1 Toledo_NP1 SevenMulti_NP1 pH_NN1 meter_NN1 (_( Mettler-Toledo_NP1 ,_, Shanghai_NP1 ,_, China_NP1 )_) supplied_VVD with_IW a_AT1 combined_JJ electrode_NN1 ._. 
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Sodium_NN1 (_( 1H-indazole_NN1 )_) ruthenate(III)_NN2 &rsqb;_) is_VBZ a_AT1 new_JJ drug_NN1 being_VBG trialled_VVN ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 kind_NN1 of_IO analyses_NN2 are_VBR very_RG useful_JJ in_II Mars_NP1 surface_NN1 to_TO research_VVI on_II weathering_NN1 processes_VVZ that_CST change_VV0 the_AT surface_NN1 and_CC to_TO identify_VVI the_AT raw_JJ soil_NN1 and_CC compare_VVI it_PPH1 with_IW historic_JJ evidences_NN2 that_CST are_VBR reflected_VVN in_II the_AT different_JJ layers_NN2 of_IO the_AT soil_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
In_II order_NN1 to_TO completely_RR inhibit_VVI the_AT hydrolysis_NN1 of_IO silyl_NN1 enol_NN1 ethers_NN2 ,_, thetrimethylsilyl_NN1 chloride_NN1 (_( TMSCl_NP1 )_) was_VBDZ utilized_VVN to_TO trap_VVI the_AT trace_NN1 amount_NN1 of_IO moisture_NN1 (_( Table_NN1 1_MC1 ,_, entry_NN1 3_MC )_) and_CC a_AT1 90%_NNU (_( Z/E_ZZ1 =_FO 22/1_MF )_) yield_NN1 of_IO 3a_FO was_VBDZ obtained_VVN under_II these_DD2 conditions_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
To_TO exclude_VVI that_CST the_AT increase_NN1 in_II turbidity_NN1 is_VBZ caused_VVN by_II the_AT hydration_NN1 of_IO the_AT PEG-based_JJ blocks_NN2 contained_VVN in_II the_AT surfactants_NN2 ,_, we_PPIS2 disperse_VV0 FSH2-Jeffamine2000_NN1 ,_, a_AT1 surfactant_NN1 with_IW a_AT1 much_RR higher_JJR PEG_NN1 molecular_JJ weight_NN1 than_CSN that_DD1 of_IO FSH2-Jeffamine900_NN1 ,_, in_II the_AT oil_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
A_AT1 buffered_JJ (_( pH_NN1 5_MC )_) solution_NN1 of_IO the_AT oligonucleotides_NN2 (_( 10_MC mol_NN1 L_ZZ1 1_MC1 ON1_FO and_CC 20_MC mol_NN1 L_ZZ1 1_MC1 ON2_FO ,_, at_II 24_MC °C_NNU )_) was_VBDZ then_RT prepared_VVN ,_, and_CC the_AT progress_NN1 of_IO the_AT expected_JJ ligation_NN1 was_VBDZ followed_VVN by_II an_AT1 ion-exchange_JJ chromatography_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Among_II these_DD2 ,_, the_AT Parallel_JJ Reaction_NN1 Monitoring_NN1 (_( PRM_NP1 )_) option_NN1 available_JJ on_II a_AT1 Q-Orbitrap_NP1 equipment_NN1 acquires_VVZ a_AT1 Full_JJ MS/MS_NN1 fragmentation_NN1 spectrum_NN1 for_IF a_AT1 specific_JJ parent_NN1 ion_NN1 ,_, providing_VVG the_AT simultaneous_JJ monitoring_NN1 of_IO all_DB the_AT product_NN1 ions_NN2 at_II high_JJ accuracy_NN1 and_CC resolving_VVG power_NN1 &lsqb;_( 94_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
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The_AT LOD_NN1 ,_, linearity_NN1 in_II different_JJ concentration_NN1 range_NN1 and_CC RSD_NP1 were_VBDR given_VVN for_IF two_MC of_IO four_MC presented_JJ studies_NN2 &lsqb;_( 50_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, &lsqb;_( 51_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
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<s>
Smartphone-based_JJ fluorescence_NN1 detection153–157_NN1 is_VBZ also_RR an_AT1 option_NN1 for_IF reducing_VVG the_AT hardware_NN1 complexity_NN1 and_CC cost_NN1 ._. 
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Further_JJR control_NN1 of_IO fluid_NN1 geometry_NN1 may_VM allow_VVI even_RR better_JJR mode_NN1 selection_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT problems_NN2 associated_VVN with_IW B_ZZ1 analysis_NN1 in_II water_NN1 have_VH0 been_VBN rediscovered.138_FO Preservation_NN1 of_IO samples_NN2 and_CC immediate_JJ analysis_NN1 (_( within_II 24_MC h_ZZ1 )_) after_II sampling_NN1 were_VBDR essential_JJ ._. 
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They_PPHS2 showed_VVD the_AT stable_JJ existence_NN1 of_IO &lsqb;_( (_( 8_MC )_) 42_MC &rsqb;_) in_II solution_NN1 ._. 
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If_CS internal_JJ viscous_JJ damping_NN1 dominates_VVZ then_RT eqn_NN1 (_( 8_MC )_) holds_VVZ ,_, but_CCB if_CS inertial_JJ forcing_NN1 dominates_VVZ then_RT eqn_NN1 (_( 9_MC )_) holds_VVZ ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 means_VVZ that_CST the_AT configuration_NN1 space_NN1 can_VM be_VBI biased_VVN by_II adding_VVG potentials_NN2 to_II the_AT potential_JJ energy_NN1 of_IO the_AT system_NN1 ,_, as_CSA explained_VVN ,_, to_TO transform_VVI one_MC1 phase_NN1 into_II the_AT other_JJ ._. 
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Indeed_RR ,_, despite_II improvements_NN2 in_II instrumentation_NN1 and_CC methods_NN2 based_VVN on_II MS_NN1 ,_, CGE-LIF_NP1 is_VBZ still_RR the_AT key_JJ CE_NN1 technique_NN1 for_IF glycan_NN1 profiling_VVG ._. 
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The_AT discrepancy_NN1 in_II the_AT size_NN1 of_IO the_AT steps_NN2 is_VBZ not_XX clear_JJ at_II this_DD1 time_NNT1 ._. 
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<s>
Endpoint_VV0 images_NN2 of_IO QUASR_NN1 reactions_NN2 were_VBDR captured_VVN using_VVG a_AT1 ProteinSimple_NN1 fluorescent_JJ gel_NN1 imager_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Future_JJ work_NN1 could_VM include_VVI a_AT1 deeper_JJR exploration_NN1 of_IO the_AT connection_NN1 between_II the_AT distributions_NN2 and_CC final_JJ properties_NN2 ,_, including_II film_NN1 forming_VVG ,_, solid_JJ state_NN1 ,_, thermal_JJ ,_, and_CC other_JJ properties_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT bulky_JJ product_NN1 39_MC no_RR21 longer_RR22 remains_VVZ suitable_JJ to_TO stay_VVI in_II the_AT cavity_NN1 ,_, and_CC ,_, hence_RR ,_, supramolecule_VV0 37_MC spits_VVZ it_PPH1 out_RP eventually_RR ._. 
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<s>
It_PPH1 has_VHZ been_VBN proven_VVN in_II ref_NN1 (_( 36_MC )_) that_CST a_AT1 collection_NN1 of_IO individual_JJ molecules_NN2 form_VV0 an_AT1 ensemble_NN1 assembled_VVN on_II the_AT surface_NN1 of_IO an_AT1 electrode_NN1 with_IW a_AT1 capacitive_JJ macroscopic_JJ response_NN1 accessible_JJ experimentally_RR as_CSA C_ZZ1 by_II impedance_NN1 or_CC potential_JJ sweep_NN1 methods_NN2 ._. 
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The_AT binding_JJ energy_NN1 of_IO the_AT methanol_NN1 dimer_NN1 and_CC its_APPGE influence_NN1 on_II the_AT dimerization_NN1 constant_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT patients_NN2 can_VM be_VBI also_RR asked_VVN to_TO hold_VVI their_APPGE breath_NN1 for_IF a_AT1 fixed_JJ period_NN1 of_IO time_NNT1 which_DDQ results_VVZ in_II a_AT1 more_RGR even_RR distribution_NN1 and_CC a_AT1 higher_JJR concentration_NN1 of_IO analytes_NN2 &lsqb;_( 44_MC &rsqb;_) (_( Fig._NN1 1d_NNU )_) ._. 
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<s>
Interestingly_RR ,_, inclusion_NN1 of_IO all_DB the_AT cell-types_NN2 together_RL (_( tetra-culture_NN1 )_) had_VHD a_AT1 response_NN1 not_XX observed_VVN in_II co-culture_NN1 with_IW each_DD1 cell_NN1 type_NN1 individually_RR ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 study_NN1 was_VBDZ supported_VVN by_II a_AT1 grant_NN1 from_II the_AT National_JJ Research_NN1 Foundation_NN1 of_IO Korea_NP1 (_( NRF_NP1 )_) funded_VVN by_II the_AT Ministry_NN1 of_IO Science_NN1 ,_, ICT_VV0 &;_NULL Future_JJ Planning_NN1 (_( No._NN1 2016R1E1A1A01940995_FO )_) ._. 
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Unfortunately_RR ,_, using_VVG the_AT respective_JJ τ_NULL m_ZZ1 histogram_NN1 ,_, only_RR the_AT three-color_JJ image_NN1 can_VM be_VBI obtained_VVN (_( Fig_NN1 ._. 
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S6_FO )_) ._. 
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<s>
The_AT observation_NN1 of_IO totally_RR distinct_JJ coherent_JJ wavepacket_NN1 dynamics_NN between_II 1_MC1 and_CC 2_MC presented_VVD here_RL provides_VVZ crucial_JJ information_NN1 about_II the_AT correlation_NN1 between_II molecular_JJ geometry_NN1 and_CC energy_NN1 relaxation_NN1 dynamics_NN ,_, supported_VVN by_II complementary_JJ quantum_NN1 chemical_NN1 calculations_NN2 ,_, which_DDQ successfully_RR clarify_VV0 the_AT origin_NN1 of_IO coherent_JJ nuclear_JJ dynamics_NN ._. 
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<s>
The_AT Hg0_FO released_VVN was_VBDZ collected_VVN on_II a_AT1 gold_NN1 trap_NN1 for_IF a_AT1 minimum_NN1 of_IO 3_MC minutes_NNT2 (_( high_JJ concentration_NN1 flue_NN1 gas_NN1 scrubber_NN1 samples_NN2 )_) and_CC a_AT1 maximum_NN1 of_IO 4–6_MCMC minutes_NNT2 (_( seawater_NN1 samples_NN2 )_) ._. 
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<s>
Following_VVG this_DD1 trail_NN1 ,_, some_DD potentiometric_JJ biosensors_NN2 have_VH0 been_VBN reported_VVN for_IF the_AT multidetection_NN1 of_IO pollutants_NN2 using_VVG different_JJ heavy_JJ metal_NN1 ions_NN2 as_CSA redox_NN1 tags_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT dangling_JJ H–O_NN1 bond_NN1 is_VBZ 10%_NNU shorter_JJR than_CSN in_II the_AT bulk_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
In_II this_DD1 review_NN1 ,_, we_PPIS2 firstly_RR introduce_VV0 various_JJ kinds_NN2 of_IO papers_NN2 and_CC pens_NN2 employed_VVN in_II the_AT PoP_NN1 strategies_NN2 ,_, and_CC then_RT summarize_VV0 the_AT state-of-art_JJ advances_NN2 of_IO PoP_NN1 strategies_NN2 for_IF making_VVG paper-based_JJ POCT_NN1 platforms_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Last_MD year_NNT1 saw_VVD the_AT application_NN1 of_IO ICP-QQQMS_NP1 to_TO halide_VVI analysis_NN1 in_II blood_NN1 plasma_NN1 and_CC this_DD1 year_NNT1 the_AT technique_NN1 has_VHZ been_VBN used_VVN to_TO determine_VVI F_ZZ1 in_II tea.60_FO Due_II21 to_II22 its_APPGE low_JJ IP_NN1 ,_, F_NP1 was_VBDZ converted_VVN to_II BaF+_FO in_II the_AT plasma_NN1 before_II reaction_NN1 with_IW gas_NN1 mixture_NN1 10_MC :_: 90_MC NH3_FO :_: He_PPHS1 at_II 8.0_MC mL_NNU min1_FO to_TO form_VVI BaF(NH3)3+_FO ,_, which_DDQ was_VBDZ monitored_VVN at_II m/z_ZZ1 157_MC →_NULL 208_MC ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 result_NN1 implies_VVZ that_DD1 water_NN1 can_VM act_VVI not_XX only_RR as_II a_AT1 "_" lubricant_NN1 "_" but_CCB also_RR as_II an_AT1 external_JJ stimulus_NN1 to_TO switch_VVI off_RP shuttling_VVG (_( detailed_JJ information_NN1 is_VBZ provided_VVN in_II Figure_NN1 S6_FO in_II the_AT Supporting_JJ Information_NN1 )_) ._. 
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The_AT single_JJ crystal_NN1 growth_NN1 of_IO AM2X2_FO compounds_NN2 has_VHZ primarily_RR been_VBN used_VVN to_TO obtain_VVI small_JJ crystals_NN2 necessary_JJ for_IF structure_NN1 determination_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Thereinto_NN1 absolutely_RR noble-metal_JJ free_JJ H2-evolving_JJ molecular_JJ devices_NN2 are_VBR of_IO particular_JJ interest_NN1 because_CS they_PPHS2 don_VV0 '_NULL t_ZZ1 contain_VV0 precious_JJ and_CC scarce_JJ noble-metal_NN1 based_VVN components_NN2 ._. 
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The_AT present_JJ review_NN1 is_VBZ focused_VVN on_II the_AT recent_JJ trends_NN2 on_II the_AT extraction_NN1 of_IO different_JJ bioactive_JJ chemical_JJ constituents_NN2 depending_II21 on_II22 the_AT nature_NN1 of_IO sample_NN1 matrices_NN2 and_CC their_APPGE chemical_JJ classes_NN2 including_II anthocyanins_NN2 ,_, flavonoids_NN2 ,_, polyphenols_NN2 ,_, alkaloids_NN2 ,_, oils_NN2 ,_, etc_RA ._. 
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<s>
It_PPH1 can_VM be_VBI difficult_JJ to_II advice_NN1 on_II which_DDQ loading_NN1 method_NN1 to_TO use_VVI as_CSA it_PPH1 will_VM depend_VVI greatly_RR on_II the_AT API_NN1 and_CC thereby_RR on_II which_DDQ dose_NN1 is_VBZ needed_VVN to_TO achieve_VVI a_AT1 therapeutic_JJ response_NN1 in_II animals_NN2 or_CC humans_NN2 ._. 
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What_DDQ is_VBZ completely_RR unknown_JJ and_CC is_VBZ the_AT subject_NN1 of_IO this_DD1 study_NN1 is_VBZ if_CS they_PPHS2 have_VH0 the_AT resolving_VVG power_NN1 to_TO distinguish_VVI one_MC1 species_NN from_II the_AT competing_JJ other_JJ 1017_MC species_NN accompanying_VVG it_PPH1 ._. 
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<s>
Here_RL ,_, we_PPIS2 specifically_RR explore_VV0 modification_NN1 of_IO the_AT waveform_NN1 holding_VVG potential_NN1 (_( to_II those_DD2 positive_JJ of_IO the_AT commonly_RR employed_VVD 0.4_MC V_NNU vs_II Ag/AgCl_FU )_) ,_, as_II31 well_II32 as_II33 alternative_JJ carbon-fiber_JJ materials_NN2 (_( i.e._REX ,_, pitch-based_NN1 vs_II polyacrylonitrile-based_NN1 )_) ,_, as_II a_AT1 means_NN to_TO address_VVI these_DD2 issues_NN2 ._. 
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Pesticides_NN2 (_( mainly_RR including_II carbamates_NN2 and_CC OPs_NN2 )_) are_VBR typical_JJ inhibitors_NN2 of_IO AChE_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Beyond_II that_DD1 ,_, organophosphorus_NN1 hydrolase_NN1 (_( OPH_NP1 )_) is_VBZ also_RR widely_RR used_VVN as_II the_AT recognition_NN1 element_NN1 for_IF pesticide_NN1 biosensors_NN2 ,_, which_DDQ can_VM accelerate_VVI the_AT hydrolysis_NN1 of_IO OPs_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT electrolyte_NN1 used_VVN in_II both_DB2 cases_NN2 was_VBDZ 1_MC1 M_ZZ1 LiTFSI_NP1 dissolved_VVD in_II EMITFSI_NP1 because_CS lithium_NN1 salt_NN1 is_VBZ needed_VVN for_IF the_AT performance_NN1 of_IO the_AT cathode_NN1 material_NN1 that_CST must_VM insert/desintert_VVI the_AT Li+_FO ions_NN2 during_II the_AT charge/discharge_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
To_TO be_VBI sure_JJ ,_, this_DD1 method_NN1 of_IO calculating_VVG LODs_NN2 is_VBZ not_XX entirely_RR satisfying_JJ in_II31 terms_II32 of_II33 a_AT1 comprehensive_JJ analytical_JJ evaluation_NN1 where_CS calibration_NN1 functions_NN2 would_VM be_VBI incorporated_VVN ._. 
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<s>
An_AT1 ANG_NP1 I_MC1 purity_NN1 mass_NN1 fraction_NN1 value_NN1 and_CC its_APPGE corresponding_JJ expanding_JJ uncertainty_NN1 (_( U_ZZ1 )_) using_VVG a_AT1 coverage_NN1 factor_NN1 of_IO k_ZZ1 =_FO 2_MC to_TO obtain_VVI a_AT1 confidence_NN1 level_NN1 of_IO approximately_RR 95%_NNU of_IO 794_MC ±_FO 9_MC mg/g_NNU for_IF the_AT candidate_NN1 material_NN1 is_VBZ obtained_VVN by_II the_AT alternative_JJ approach_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Well_RR separated_VVN single_JJ cells_NN2 were_VBDR selected_VVN manually_RR and_CC were_VBDR ablated_VVN using_VVG optimized_JJ LA-parameters_NN2 ,_, see_VV0 Section_NN1 2.4_MC ,_, and_CC ICP-MS_JJ data_NN acquisition_NN1 parameters_NN2 optimized_VVN for_IF multi-element_JJ analysis_NN1 ,_, see_VV0 ESI-3.Fig._NNU 3_MC shows_VVZ the_AT targeted_JJ single_JJ spot_NN1 ablation_NN1 of_IO two_MC single_JJ cells_NN2 (_( a_ZZ1 )_) before_II (_( blue_JJ circles_NN2 )_) and_CC (_( b_ZZ1 )_) after_II ablation_NN1 by_II three_MC pulses_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT use_NN1 of_IO MCT_NP1 culture_NN1 approaches_VVZ such_II21 as_II22 these_DD2 will_VM be_VBI of_IO significant_JJ value_NN1 for_IF improving_VVG our_APPGE understanding_NN1 basic_JJ tissue_NN1 and_CC tumor_NN1 biology_NN1 ,_, such_II21 as_II22 how_RGQ different_JJ tumor_NN1 microenvironments_NN2 may_VM impact_NN1 therapy_NN1 response_NN1 of_IO different_JJ individuals_NN2 (_( i.e._REX ,_, personalized_VVD medicine_NN1 )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT advantages_NN2 of_IO using_VVG acoustic_JJ waves_NN2 for_IF the_AT desorption_NN1 of_IO viruses_NN2 and_CC cells_NN2 include_VV0 no_AT matrix_NN1 interference_NN1 ,_, (_( 23_MC )_) no_AT fragmentation_NN1 of_IO analytes_NN2 ,_, and_CC a_AT1 reduction_NN1 of_IO background_NN1 interference._NNU (_( 28,29_MC )_) Second_MD ,_, an_AT1 rf_NNU plasma_NN1 was_VBDZ triggered_VVN by_II the_AT same_DA laser_NN1 pulse_NN1 to_TO create_VVI a_AT1 plasma_NN1 cloud_NN1 that_CST was_VBDZ maintained_VVN for_IF a_AT1 few_DA2 seconds_NNT2 to_TO ionize_VVI analytes_NN2 by_II ion/molecule_NN1 reactions_NN2 with_IW Ar_UH ions_NN2 (_( can_VM be_VBI N2_FO or_CC other_JJ reagent_JJ gases_NN2 )_) that_CST were_VBDR generated_VVN by_II the_AT addition_NN1 of_IO argon_NN1 reagent_NN1 gas_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Analysis_NN1 of_IO these_DD2 very_RG low_JJ concentration_NN1 solutions_NN2 using_VVG GC–MS_NN2 are_VBR typically_RR challenging_JJ &lsqb;_( 142_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
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<s>
It_PPH1 gives_VVZ an_AT1 overview_NN1 of_IO the_AT capabilities_NN2 of_IO sNP-ICP-MS_NN1 ,_, instrumental_JJ limitations_NN2 ,_, heterogenous_JJ ,_, homogenous_JJ and_CC single_JJ molecule_NN1 assays_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT semiconductor_NN1 layers_NN2 were_VBDR deposited_VVN at_II Pa_NN1 at_II a_AT1 rate_NN1 of_IO about_II 1_MC1 nm_FU min–1_JJ and_CC the_AT substrate_NN1 temperature_NN1 was_VBDZ maintained_VVN at_II 180_MC °C_NNU ._. 
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<s>
By_II this_DD1 method_NN1 ,_, the_AT agglomeration_NN1 and_CC oxidation_NN1 of_IO nanoparticles_NN2 could_VM be_VBI prevented_VVN ._. 
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<s>
With_IW the_AT optimal_JJ conditions_NN2 for_IF the_AT aza-Friedel_JJ Crafts_NN2 reaction_NN1 of_IO alkyl_NN1 aldimines_VVZ in_II hand_NN1 (_( Table_NN1 1_MC1 ,_, entry_NN1 13_MC )_) ,_, the_AT scope_NN1 of_IO phenols_NN2 viable_JJ in_II the_AT additions_NN2 to_II the_AT imine_NN1 2a_FO and_CC the_AT N-tosyl-n-butyraldehyde_NP1 imine_NN1 2b_FO was_VBDZ investigated_VVN (_( Scheme_NN1 2_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Tensile_JJ tests_NN2 Mechanical_JJ properties_NN2 were_VBDR tested_VVN on_II an_AT1 Instron_NN1 5565_MC testing_JJ machine_NN1 at_II a_AT1 crosshead_NN1 displacement_NN1 rate_NN1 of_IO 10_MC mm_NNU min1_FO ._. 
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<s>
For_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, an_AT1 appropriate_JJ selection_NN1 of_IO substrate_NN1 of_IO MIPMs_NP1 was_VBDZ presented_VVN to_TO be_VBI a_AT1 very_RG important_JJ parameter_NN1 &lsqb;_( 63_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
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<s>
The_AT schematic_JJ of_IO the_AT working_JJ principle_NN1 of_IO this_DD1 SERS-based_JJ immunoassay_NN1 is_VBZ given_VVN in_II Fig._NN1 11_MC ._. 
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<s>
In-cell_JJ FPOP_NN1 (_( IC-FPOP_NP1 )_) successfully_RR oxidized_VVD 105_MC proteins_NN2 inside_II live_JJ cells_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Beyond_II these_DD2 basic_JJ techniques_NN2 to_TO control_VVI image_NN1 contrast_NN1 ,_, other_JJ more_RGR advanced_JJ techniques_NN2 can_VM be_VBI exploited_VVN for_IF contrast_NN1 manipulation_NN1 or_CC for_IF assessing_VVG tissue_NN1 parameters_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 diffusion_NN1 or_CC magnetisation_NN1 transfer_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT pair-wise_RR classification_NN1 accuracies_NN2 between_II toxigenic_JJ AF13_FO and_CC each_DD1 atoxigenic_JJ fungal_JJ species_NN (_( AF38_FO ,_, AF283_FO and_CC AF2038_FO )_) were_VBDR 80%_NNU ,_, 91%_NNU and_CC 95%_NNU ,_, respectively_RR ,_, under_II halogen_NN1 light_NN1 sources_NN2 ,_, and_CC 75%_NNU ,_, 97%_NNU and_CC 99%_NNU under_II UV_JJ lights_NN2 ,_, respectively_RR ._. 
</s>
<s>
For_REX21 instance_REX22 ,_, the_AT use_NN1 of_IO light_NN1 has_VHZ been_VBN confirmed_VVN as_II an_AT1 effective_JJ way_NN1 to_TO realize_VVI remote_JJ pumping_NN1 control_NN1 for_IF surface_NN1 tension-driven_NN1 micropumps101,102_FO and_CC self-automated_JJ chemical_NN1 micropumps.103_FO The_AT heat_NN1 effect_NN1 caused_VVN by_II light_NN1 explosion101_FO or_CC electricity_NN1 can_VM also_RR play_VVI the_AT role_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 valving_JJ function_NN1 for_IF capillary_JJ flow_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Selection_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 proper_JJ template_NN1 (_( reference_NN1 compound_NN1 )_) ,_, which_DDQ is_VBZ the_AT most_RGT expensive_JJ chemical_NN1 used_VVD ,_, has_VHZ a_AT1 direct_JJ impact_NN1 on_II the_AT costs_NN2 of_IO the_AT entire_JJ procedure_NN1 of_IO new_JJ sorption_NN1 material_NN1 production_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Next_MD ,_, the_AT dienone_NN1 phenol_NN1 rearrangement_NN1 was_VBDZ investigated_VVN ._. 
</s>
<s>
Notably_RR ,_, more_RGR increased_JJ expressions_NN2 of_IO CTIP2_FO positive_JJ cells_NN2 were_VBDR observed_VVN in_II brain_NN1 organoids_NN2 with_IW low-dose_JJ nicotine_NN1 treatment_NN1 than_CSN that_DD1 with_IW high-dose_JJ nicotine_NN1 treatment_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Conductive_JJ carbon_NN1 coating_NN1 is_VBZ an_AT1 effective_JJ method_NN1 for_IF enhancing_VVG the_AT electronic_JJ conductivity_NN1 of_IO LZTO_NP1 and_CC suppressing_VVG the_AT particle_NN1 growth_NN1 during_II heat_NN1 treatment.24–31_NNU Small_JJ particle_NN1 size_NN1 can_VM shorten_VVI the_AT diffusion_NN1 distances_NN2 of_IO Li+_FO ions_NN2 and_CC then_RT benefit_VV0 the_AT rate_NN1 capability_NN1 of_IO LZTO_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
During_II differentiation_NN1 towards_II mDA_NN1 neurons_NN2 ,_, cells_NN2 change_VV0 their_APPGE metabolic_JJ profile_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
For_IF this_DD1 reason_NN1 ,_, P_ZZ1 ,_, N-bidentate_JJ and_CC congested_JJ ligands_NN2 are_VBR employed_VVN ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 adaptation_NN1 allows_VVZ each_DD1 measurement_NN1 module_NN1 to_TO be_VBI optimized_VVN individually_RR and_CC makes_VVZ the_AT platform_NN1 readily_RR extensible_JJ to_II more_DAR measurement_NN1 techniques_NN2 as_CSA constraints_NN2 on_II investigation_NN1 space_NN1 are_VBR mitigated_VVN ._. 
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<s>
IC50_FO is_VBZ the_AT inhibitor_NN1 concentration_NN1 needed_VVD to_TO reach_VVI 50%_NNU enzymatic_JJ activity_NN1 inhibition_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT δHacid_FO calculated_VVN for_IF 6_MC with_IW M06-2X/6-311+G_NN1 (_( 2d_VV0 ,_, p_ZZ1 )_) level_NN1 of_IO theory_NN1 is_VBZ 279.0_MC kcal/mol_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT stronger_JJR C_ZZ1 C_ZZ1 bond_VV0 in_II compound_NN1 3a_FO provides_VVZ a_AT1 stabilization_NN1 energy_NN1 of_IO 6.8_MC kcal/mol_NN1 proceeding_VVG from_II TS3_FO or_CC TS3_FO ,_, with_IW barriers_NN2 of_IO 24.3_MC and_CC 18.8_MC kcal/mol_NN1 ,_, respectively_RR ._. 
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<s>
Recent_JJ requests_NN2 for_IF applications_NN2 from_II the_AT National_JJ Institutes_NN2 of_IO Health_NN1 (_( RFA_NP1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 )_) have_VH0 expressed_VVN reservation_NN1 about_II the_AT use_NN1 of_IO PDMS_NP1 in_II microphysiological_JJ systems_NN2 (_( e.g._REX ,_, RFA-TR-16-017_NP1 )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Among_II that_DD1 ,_, corn_NN1 is_VBZ the_AT mainly_RR focused_VVN product_NN1 ,_, and_CC has_VHZ been_VBN studied_VVN a_RR21 lot_RR22 compared_VVN to_II other_JJ products_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Immunochemical_JJ assays_NN2 (_( ICAs_NP2 )_) based_VVN on_II the_AT characteristic_JJ antigen-antibody_JJ binding_JJ phenomenon_NN1 exhibit_VV0 several_DA2 advantages_NN2 ,_, including_II low_JJ price_NN1 ,_, simple_JJ operation_NN1 ,_, high_JJ throughput_NN1 ,_, and_CC rapid_JJ detection_NN1 &lsqb;_( 5_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, &lsqb;_( 6_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, &lsqb;_( 7_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 wetting_NN1 state_NN1 remains_VVZ unchanged_JJ after_II aging_VVG in_II mineral_NN1 oil_NN1 for_IF 30_MC days_NNT2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Special_JJ attention_NN1 is_VBZ dedicated_VVN to_II reviewing_VVG the_AT important_JJ implications_NN2 of_IO water_NN1 as_II an_AT1 electrolyte_NN1 and_CC solvent_NN1 ,_, and_CC the_AT electrochemical_JJ mechanisms_NN2 occurring_VVG at_II transition_NN1 metal_NN1 oxide_NN1 interfaces_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Each_DD1 simulation_NN1 performed_VVD 1000_MC iterations_NN2 with_IW the_AT residuals_NN2 dropping_VVG below_II ?1015_FO ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT as-prepared_JJ electrodes_NN2 were_VBDR immersed_VVN in_II the_AT gel_NN1 electrolyte_NN1 for_IF several_DA2 minutes_NNT2 ,_, and_CC then_RT were_VBDR put_VVN into_II a_AT1 vacuum_NN1 drying_NN1 oven_NN1 to_TO remove_VVI the_AT bubbles_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 work_NN1 was_VBDZ supported_VVN by_II an_AT1 NSERC_NN1 Discovery_NN1 grant_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Laser_NN1 ablation_NN1 has_VHZ become_VVN a_AT1 dominant_JJ technology_NN1 for_IF direct_JJ solid_JJ sampling_NN1 in_II analytical_JJ chemistry_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
It_PPH1 was_VBDZ found_VVN that_CST acetone_VV0 ,_, an_AT1 aprotic_JJ solvent_NN1 ,_, was_VBDZ inefficient_JJ ,_, corresponding_VVG to_II its_APPGE 65%_NNU conversion_NN1 (_( entry_NN1 5_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
In_BCL21 order_BCL22 to_TO evaluate_VVI this_DD1 aspect_NN1 ,_, the_AT retentive_JJ behavior_NN1 of_IO both_DB2 the_AT temperature-responsive_JJ and_CC reverse-phased_JJ columns_NN2 were_VBDR investigated_VVN and_CC compared_VVN for_IF selected_JJ analytes_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Thus_RR ,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ crucial_JJ to_TO carefully_RR select_JJ and_CC optimise_VV0 an_AT1 analytical_JJ method_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Moreover_RR ,_, this_DD1 highly_RR efficient_JJ asymmetric_JJ hydrogenation_NN1 methodology_NN1 exhibited_VVD powerful_JJ synthetic_JJ utility_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Solid-state_JJ CD_NN1 spectra_NN2 were_VBDR recorded_VVN on_II a_AT1 Bio-Logic_NP1 MOS-500_MC spectropolarimeter_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Omega_NN1 transition_NN1 The_AT omega_NN1 transition_NN1 temperatures_NN2 are_VBR given_VVN (_( where_RRQ possible_JJ )_) in_II Table_NN1 1_MC1 and_CC the_AT peaks_NN2 are_VBR shown_VVN graphically_RR in_II Fig._NN1 7_MC ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT impurity_NN1 may_VM also_RR be_VBI included_VVN in_II the_AT European_JJ Pharmacopoeia_NN1 '_NULL transparency_NN1 lists_NN2 '_NULL of_IO likely_JJ detectable_JJ impurities_NN2 ,_, in_II which_DDQ case_VV0 it_PPH1 is_VBZ likely_JJ to_TO be_VBI qualified_VVN and_CC the_AT applicant_NN1 should_VM contact_VVI their_APPGE regulatory_JJ agency_NN1 for_IF further_JJR discussions_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT shifts_NN2 are_VBR referenced_VVN to_II 1_MC1 M_ZZ1 Te(OH)6_FO at_II 713_MC ppm_NNU ._. 
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<s>
Such_DA porous_JJ sidewalls_NN2 are_VBR necessary_JJ for_IF effective_JJ infiltration_NN1 of_IO reactants_NN2 inside_II the_AT NT_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT total_JJ SL_NP1 thickness_NN1 ,_, however_RR ,_, strongly_RR impacts_NN2 ,_, even_RR down_RP to_II micrometric_JJ thicknesses_NN2 ,_, and_CC the_AT interplay_NN1 between_II thickness_NN1 and_CC composition_NN1 profile_NN1 is_VBZ a_AT1 major_JJ source_NN1 of_IO tunability_NN1 for_IF this_DD1 material_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Risk_VV0 assessment_NN1 of_IO trace_NN1 elements_NN2 in_II airborne_JJ particulate_NN1 matter_NN1 was_VBDZ evaluated_VVN by_II solid_JJ sampling_NN1 ETV-ICP-OES_NP1 (_( As_CSA ,_, Sb_NP1 ,_, Cd_NN1 ,_, Cu_FO ,_, Cr_NP1 ,_, Mn_FO ,_, Ni_NP1 ,_, Pb_FO ,_, Sr_FO ,_, V_ZZ1 and_CC Zn_NP1 )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT selectivity_NN1 assessment_NN1 to_II PPi_NP1 was_VBDZ evaluated_VVN by_II mixing_VVG 5.0_MC equiv_NN1 of_IO several_DA2 interfering_JJ substances_NN2 with_IW 1.0_MC equiv_NN1 of_IO PPi_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Furthermore_RR ,_, the_AT critical_JJ particle_NN1 size_NN1 for_IF efficient_JJ particle_NN1 washing_NN1 and_CC on-chip_JJ washing_NN1 of_IO Jurkat_NN1 cells_NN2 using_VVG the_AT co-flow_NN1 of_IO viscoelastic_JJ fluid_NN1 and_CC Newtonian_JJ fluid_NN1 were_VBDR presented_VVN ,_, 87_MC as_CSA shown_VVN in_II Fig._NN1 6(c)_FO ._. 
</s>
<s>
A_AT1 Student_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 t-test_JJ at_II the_AT 95%_NNU confidence_NN1 level_NN1 was_VBDZ done_VDN to_TO compare_VVI measured_JJ concentrations_NN2 to_II certified_JJ values_NN2 (_( the_AT uncertainties_NN2 on_II the_AT latter_DA for_IF Cr_NP1 and_CC Cu_FO were_VBDR reported_VVN by_II Ihnat22_FO )_) ._. 
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<s>
The_AT crystal_NN1 structure_NN1 of_IO this_DD1 new_JJ NC_NP1 is_VBZ determined_VVN by_II X-ray_NN1 crystallography_NN1 ,_, and_CC its_APPGE precise_JJ composition_NN1 is_VBZ identified_VVN as_CSA (_( Au2Pd6_FO for_IF short_JJ )_) ._. 
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<s>
It_PPH1 necessarily_RR improves_VVZ the_AT accuracy_NN1 of_IO the_AT final_JJ result_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II the_AT following_JJ ,_, we_PPIS2 will_VM only_RR consider_VVI the_AT case_NN1 of_IO two_MC isolated_JJ membranes_NN2 with_IW 8_MC nanostructured_JJ electrodes_NN2 each_DD1 ._. 
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<s>
However_RR ,_, this_DD1 makes_VVZ it_PPH1 difficult_JJ to_TO determine_VVI whether_CSW the_AT large_JJ variation_NN1 in_II mobility_NN1 from_II one_MC1 compound_NN1 to_II another_DD1 (_( o_ZZ1 varies_VVZ from_II ?30–300_FO cm2_FO V1_FO s1_FO )_) is_VBZ inherent_JJ to_II the_AT materials_NN2 ,_, or_CC is_VBZ due_II21 to_II22 processing_NN1 or_CC impurities_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Fluorescence-conjugated_JJ monoclonal_JJ mouse_NN1 anti-human_NN1 VE-cadherin_NN1 (_( eBioscience_NN1 ,_, USA_NP1 )_) and_CC anti-human_NN1 CD31_FO (_( BioLegend_NP1 ,_, USA_NP1 )_) primary_JJ antibodies_NN2 were_VBDR prepared_VVN in_II 1_MC1 :_: 200_MC dilution_NN1 and_CC incubated_VVD overnight_RT at_II 4_MC °C_NNU ._. 
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<s>
In_II contrast_NN1 to_II the_AT OH_UH molecular_JJ emission_NN1 ,_, intensities_NN2 of_IO Hg_FO and_CC Pb_FO were_VBDR significantly_RR decreased_VVN at_II high_JJ extraction_NN1 temperature_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
PLS_NP2 regression_NN1 was_VBDZ used_VVN to_TO build_VVI the_AT calibration_NN1 models_NN2 for_IF PC_NN1 and_CC ABS_JJ ._. 
</s>
<s>
Paper-based_JJ MS_NN1 was_VBDZ created_VVN to_TO carry_VVI out_RP quantitative_JJ analysis_NN1 of_IO imatinib_NN1 in_II blood_NN1 sample_NN1 ,_, showing_VVG its_APPGE potential_NN1 in_II the_AT field_NN1 of_IO point-of-care_JJ testing_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
However_RR ,_, the_AT molecular_JJ to_II atomic_JJ ratio_NN1 (_( ITiO/ITi_NP1 I_ZZ1 )_) integrated_VVN between_II 1_MC1 to_II 2_MC s_ZZ1 shown_VVN in_II Fig._NN1 7b_FO does_VDZ not_XX follow_VVI the_AT expected_JJ trend_NN1 based_VVN on_II the_AT temperature_NN1 profile_NN1 shown_VVN in_II Fig._NN1 7a_FO ._. 
</s>
<s>
To_TO further_RRR interpret_VVI why_RRQ Co3O4_FO nanosheets_NN2 show_VV0 much_RR better_JJR electrochemical_JJ performance_NN1 than_CSN bulk-type_JJ Co3O4_FO ,_, EIS_NP1 was_VBDZ performed_VVN ._. 
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<s>
The_AT manuscript_NN1 is_VBZ organized_VVN as_CSA follows_VVZ :_: in_II Section_NN1 2_MC ,_, we_PPIS2 describe_VV0 the_AT experimental_JJ methods_NN2 and_CC the_AT computational_JJ setup_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Analysis_NN1 showed_VVD that_CST the_AT average_JJ size_NN1 of_IO MSCs_NP2 increased_VVD from_II early_JJ to_II late_JJ passages_NN2 ,_, and_CC the_AT total_JJ MSCs_NN2 were_VBDR successfully_RR separated_VVN into_II subgroups_NN2 with_IW distinct_JJ size_NN1 differences_NN2 (_( p_ZZ1 <_FO 0.05_MC )_) at_II all_DB passages_NN2 (_( Fig._NN1 2A_FO )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
With_IW dilution_NN1 of_IO TNT-saturating_JJ air_NN1 by_II fresh_JJ air_NN1 ,_, the_AT quenching_JJ efficiency_NN1 was_VBDZ gradually_RR decreased_VVN ._. 
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<s>
The_AT expanded_JJ high_JJ frequency_NN1 region_NN1 is_VBZ given_VVN in_II the_AT inset_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Scheme_VV0 1_MC1 illustrates_VVZ the_AT synthetic_JJ process_NN1 of_IO free-standing_JJ ,_, yellowish_JJ ,_, and_CC transparent_JJ ionogels_NN2 by_II combination_NN1 of_IO the_AT carboxyl-functionalized_JJ IL_FW (_( bromide_NN1 ,_, &lsqb;_( Carboim_NP1 &rsqb;_) Br_JJ )_) and_CC the_AT organosilica_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT fabricated_JJ CuO-based_JJ ASC_NN1 device_NN1 exhibits_VVZ excellent_JJ energy_NN1 storage_NN1 performance_NN1 with_IW an_AT1 energy_NN1 density_NN1 of_IO 27.17_MC Wh_NP1 kg–1_NN1 at_II a_AT1 power_NN1 density_NN1 of_IO 800_MC W_ZZ1 kg–1_JJ and_CC a_AT1 high_JJ cycle_NN1 stability_NN1 with_IW capacity_NN1 retention_NN1 of_IO 98.47%_FO after_II 4000_MC cycles_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Results_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 these_DD2 have_VH0 significant_JJ implications_NN2 for_IF how_RRQ the_AT TME_NN1 may_VM perturb_VVI progression_NN1 and_CC therapeutic_JJ effects_NN2 in_RR21 vivo_RR22 and_CC underscore_VV0 the_AT need_NN1 for_IF engineered_JJ MCT_NP1 models_NN2 to_TO unravel_VVI the_AT complexity_NN1 of_IO these_DD2 interactions_NN2 and_CC potentially_RR offer_VV0 new_JJ approaches_NN2 to_II increasing_VVG therapeutic_JJ efficacy_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
While_CS ,_, the_AT results_NN2 of_IO Scaffidi_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
indicated_VVN that_CST the_AT ablated_JJ mass_NN1 (_( N_ZZ1 )_) increases_VVZ with_IW sample_NN1 temperature_NN1 during_II single-shot_NN1 fs_FO laser_NN1 ablation.26_FO Obviously_RR ,_, the_AT decrease_NN1 of_IO spectral_JJ intensity_NN1 with_IW the_AT increase_NN1 of_IO sample_NN1 temperature_NN1 in_II femtosecond_NN1 LIBS_NN2 is_VBZ attributed_VVN to_II the_AT reduction_NN1 in_II plasma_NN1 temperature_NN1 (_( T_ZZ1 )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II other_JJ words_NN2 ,_, faradaic_JJ and_CC nonfaradaic_JJ are_VBR interfacial_JJ processes_NN2 that_CST comply_VV0 or_CC not_XX with_IW Faraday_NP1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 law_NN1 of_IO electrolysis_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Owing_II21 to_II22 the_AT moderate_JJ density_NN1 at_II this_DD1 position_NN1 ,_, the_AT hard-sphere_JJ interaction_NN1 term_NN1 is_VBZ negligible_JJ ._. 
</s>
<s>
Therefore_RR ,_, precise_JJ control_NN1 of_IO the_AT morphology_NN1 and_CC component_NN1 of_IO the_AT nanometal_JJ is_VBZ absolutely_RR essential_JJ in_BCL21 order_BCL22 to_TO shed_VVI light_NN1 on_II the_AT mechanism_NN1 in_II the_AT nanometal-induced_JJ improvement_NN1 of_IO the_AT HER_APPGE activity_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT remaining_JJ 1.4%_FO of_IO the_AT input_NN1 power_NN1 indicates_VVZ the_AT rays_NN2 that_CST are_VBR not_XX able_JK to_TO be_VBI steered_VVN to_II the_AT prism_NN1 bottom_NN1 for_IF the_AT given_JJ prism_NN1 angles_NN2 of_IO 0°_NNU ≤_FO ≤_FO 10°_NNU by_II propagating_VVG in_II parallel_NN1 or_CC nearly_RR parallel_RR to_II the_AT prisms_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Several_DA2 studies_NN2 have_VH0 confirmed_VVN Feynman_NP1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 interpretation_NN1 ,_, The_AT data_NN typically_RR consist_VV0 of_IO electrical_JJ potential_NN1 ,_, impedance_NN1 and/or_CC resistance_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Furthermore_RR ,_, we_PPIS2 demonstrate_VV0 with_IW these_DD2 reverse_JJ and_CC forward_JJ experiments_NN2 that_CST consistent_JJ results_NN2 can_VM be_VBI obtained_VVN with_IW the_AT DiLeu_NN1 cPILOT_NN1 approach_NN1 across_II independent_JJ sample_NN1 workups_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT primary_JJ metric_JJ of_IO bio-sensor_JJ performance_NN1 is_VBZ sensitivity_NN1 so_CS the_AT large_JJ attenuation_NN1 that_CST occurs_VVZ when_RRQ Rayleigh_NP1 SAW_VVD encounter_VV0 a_AT1 fluid_NN1 initially_RR precluded_VVN SAW_NN1 bio-sensors_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Masses_NN2 were_VBDR annotated_VVN using_VVG FlexAnalysis_NN1 3.0_MC software_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Therefore_RR ,_, the_AT cavitation_NN1 behavior_NN1 should_VM be_VBI less_RGR intense_JJ with_IW the_AT increase_NN1 of_IO Kb_NNU considering_II the_AT proposal_NN1 by_II Galeski_NP1 ,_, which_DDQ is_VBZ totally_RR contradictory_JJ to_II the_AT results_NN2 in_II this_DD1 study_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
A_AT1 method_NN1 to_TO ensure_VVI the_AT same_DA volume_NN1 is_VBZ processed_VVN with_IW each_DD1 test_NN1 ,_, independent_JJ of_IO the_AT user_NN1 input_NN1 ,_, would_VM greatly_RR increase_VVI the_AT robustness_NN1 of_IO the_AT device_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
However_RR ,_, size_NN1 also_RR changed_VVN based_VVN on_II the_AT frequency_NN1 of_IO modulation_NN1 with_IW a_AT1 peak_NN1 at_II 1_MC1 kHz_NNU ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II a_AT1 hemidirectional_JJ structure_NN1 ,_, the_AT lone_JJ pair_NN is_VBZ stereochemically_RR active_JJ ,_, usually_RR in_II the_AT form_NN1 of_IO unusually_RR asymmetric_JJ bond_NN1 lengths_NN2 around_II the_AT coordination_NN1 sphere_NN1 of_IO the_AT lead(ii)_NN2 ,_, while_CS the_AT holodirectional_JJ lead(ii)_NN2 complexes_NN2 show_VV0 much_RR more_RGR symmetrical_JJ coordination_NN1 spheres_NN2 and_CC bond_VV0 lengths_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Monitoring_VVG the_AT Na_FU emission_NN1 line_NN1 at_II 589_MC nm_FU yielded_VVN a_AT1 LOD_NN1 of_IO 0.28_MC mg_NNU m2_FO with_IW a_AT1 linear_JJ range_NN1 extending_VVG to_II 20_MC mg_NNU m2_FO ._. 
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<s>
Performing_VVG the_AT reduction_NN1 at_II 0_MC °C_NNU led_VVN to_TO amine_VVI byproduct_NN1 3_MC as_II the_AT sole_JJ product_NN1 (_( entry_NN1 5_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
As_II a_AT1 powerful_JJ analytical_JJ technique_NN1 ,_, ECL_VV0 with_IW excellent_JJ controllability_NN1 ,_, high_JJ sensitivity_NN1 ,_, and_CC low-cost_JJ instruments_NN2 has_VHZ been_VBN widely_RR applied_VVN in_II -PADs.162–164_NP1 As_CSA shown_VVN in_II Fig._NN1 36_MC ,_, Wang_NP1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 group165_FO developed_VVN a_AT1 self-powered_JJ 3D_NNU origami_NN2 microfluidic_JJ ECL_NN1 biosensing_VVG device_NN1 (_( -s-OECLD_NP1 )_) for_IF the_AT very_RG first_MD time_NNT1 ,_, which_DDQ integrated_VVD with_IW a_AT1 noble_JJ metal-free_JJ and_CC environmentally-friendly_JJ primary_JJ battery_NN1 to_TO measure_VVI the_AT concentration_NN1 of_IO glucose_NN1 from_II 0.1_MC mM_NNU to_II 3_MC mM_NNU (_( R_ZZ1 =_FO 0.9954_MC )_) with_IW a_AT1 detection_NN1 limit_NN1 of_IO 0.1_MC mM_NNU ._. 
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<s>
Both_DB2 are_VBR equally_RR important_JJ in_II a_AT1 device_NN1 ,_, regardless_RR of_IO the_AT scientific_JJ branch_NN1 they_PPHS2 originated_VVD from_II ._. 
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<s>
The_AT optical_JJ microscope_NN1 is_VBZ coupled_VVN to_II a_AT1 spectrometer_JJR 5_MC cm1_FO FWHM_NP1 and_CC ±2_FO cm1_FO wavenumber_NN1 accuracy_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT aforementioned_JJ methods_NN2 are_VBR time_VV0 consuming_VVG and_CC sophisticated_JJ ._. 
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<s>
However_RR ,_, with_IW intact_JJ IgG_NN1 ,_, small_JJ modifications_NN2 or_CC changes_NN2 in_II the_AT micro-heterogeneity_NN1 often_RR have_VH0 a_AT1 too_RG small_JJ effect_NN1 to_TO be_VBI resolved_VVN using_VVG analytical_JJ techniques_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Uptake_NN1 was_VBDZ found_VVN to_TO be_VBI greater_JJR with_IW smaller_JJR (_( 3–4_MCMC nm_FU )_) or_CC sodium_NN1 carboxylate-modified_NN1 AuNPs_NN2 than_CSN with_IW larger_JJR (_( 13–14_MCMC nm_FU )_) or_CC PEGylate_NP1 AuNPs_NP1 ,_, for_IF which_DDQ there_EX was_VBDZ minimal_JJ passage_NN1 through_II the_AT trophoblast_NN1 barrier_NN1 layer_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
DA_FU and_CC AA_NP1 can_VM undergo_VVI oxidation_NN1 at_II similar_JJ potential_NN1 and_CC electrolytic_JJ conditions_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT ability_NN1 of_IO bioimprints_NN2 to_TO discriminate_VVI between_II cells_NN2 identical_JJ on_II a_AT1 micrometer_NN1 scale_NN1 ,_, due_II21 to_II22 differences_NN2 in_II nanometer_JJR scale_NN1 signifies_VVZ possible_JJ applications_NN2 as_CSA biosensors_NN2 ,_, separating_VVG cells_NN2 based_VVN on_II subtle_JJ differences_NN2 in_II cell-surface_JJ proteins_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
In_II the_AT absence_NN1 of_IO heavy_JJ metal_NN1 ions_NN2 ,_, citrate_JJ caps_NN2 provided_VVD sufficient_JJ electrostatic_JJ repulsion_NN1 to_TO prevent_VVI AuNP_NN1 aggregation_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Si_FW ,_, Ge_NP1 ,_, and_CC Sn_NN1 ;_; Q_ZZ1 =_FO S_ZZ1 and_CC Se_NP1 )_) ,_, a_AT1 series_NN of_IO new_JJ IR_NN1 NLO_NN1 materials_NN2 have_VH0 been_VBN found_VVN and_CC they_PPHS2 undergo_VV0 structural_JJ transformation_NN1 with_IW different_JJ element_NN1 substitution_NN1 except_II the_AT Li2BaMIVQ4_FO system_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Herein_RR ,_, simultaneous_JJ multi-target_JJ imaging_NN1 by_II multiplexed_JJ fluorescence_NN1 lifetimes_NNT2 of_IO eosin_NN1 exhibited_VVD advantages_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 simplicity_NN1 of_IO operation_NN1 without_IW the_AT need_NN1 for_IF complex_JJ experimental_JJ conditions.14–19_NNU This_DD1 strategy_NN1 relies_VVZ on_II eosin_NN1 labels_NN2 with_IW different_JJ tissues_NN2 that_CST are_VBR excitable_JJ at_II the_AT same_DA wavelength_NN1 and_CC detectable_JJ within_II the_AT same_DA spectral_JJ window_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT high_JJ catalytic_JJ activity_NN1 of_IO 1_MC1 and_CC 3_MC can_VM be_VBI attributed_VVN to_II their_APPGE specific_JJ frameworks_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 toxin_NN1 is_VBZ life_NN1 threatening_VVG for_IF millions_NNO2 of_IO people_NN and_CC growing_JJ menace_NN1 to_II society_NN1 since_II causing_VVG human_JJ botulism_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Cardoso_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
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<s>
&lsqb;_( 55_MC &rsqb;_) used_VVD a_AT1 metal_NN1 stamping_JJ technique_NN1 to_TO fabricate_VVI PADs_NN2 for_IF the_AT detection_NN1 of_IO nitrites_NN2 in_II various_JJ sources_NN2 (_( e.g._REX ,_, saliva_NN1 ,_, ham_NN1 ,_, sausage_NN1 and_CC river_NN1 water_NN1 )_) for_IF clinical_JJ ,_, food_NN1 and_CC environmental_JJ applications_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Thawed_JJ porcine_JJ skin_NN1 was_VBDZ tattooed_VVN with_IW self-mixed_JJ tattoo_NN1 ink_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Recent_JJ emphasis_NN1 on_II the_AT measurement_NN1 of_IO trace_NN1 element_NN1 concentrations_NN2 in_II pharmaceuticals_NN2 has_VHZ stimulated_VVN analytical_JJ approaches_NN2 that_CST are_VBR rapid_JJ ,_, simple_JJ and_CC reliable_JJ ._. 
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<s>
The_AT statistical_JJ calculations_NN2 were_VBDR made_VVN with_IW "_" Statgraphics_NP1 Centurion_NP1 XVI_MC "_" software_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
To_TO analyze_VVI these_DD2 potential_JJ differences_NN2 of_IO the_AT tautomerization_NN1 behavior_NN1 ,_, one_MC1 ttbPc_NNU molecule_NN1 of_IO each_DD1 type_NN1 was_VBDZ investigated_VVN by_II31 means_II32 of_II33 spatially_RR resolved_VVN measurements_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Three_MC LC–MS/MS_FU methods_NN2 are_VBR described_VVN in_II literature_NN1 for_IF the_AT determination_NN1 of_IO cis-3-methylfentanyl_NN1 in_II blood_NN1 and_CC urine_NN1 &lsqb;_( 6_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, &lsqb;_( 10_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, &lsqb;_( 29_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
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<s>
To_TO use_VVI the_AT liquid_JJ metal-based_JJ pressure_NN1 sensor_NN1 ,_, its_APPGE calibration_NN1 curve_NN1 was_VBDZ obtained_VVN by_II varying_VVG the_AT pressure_NN1 from_II 0_MC kPa_NN1 to_II 230_MC kPa_NN1 for_IF deionized_JJ water_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Focusing_VVG on_II this_DD1 particular_JJ type_NN1 of_IO sensors_NN2 ,_, the_AT recent_JJ advances_NN2 are_VBR comprehensively_RR summarized_VVN with_IW abundant_JJ illustrations_NN2 and_CC summary_NN1 tables_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT overall_JJ time_NNT1 evolutions_NN2 of_IO the_AT core_NN1 Al_NP1 and_CC ambient_JJ O_ZZ1 atoms_NN2 '_NULL consumption_NN1 rates_NN2 (_( dNatom/dt_NN1 ,_, Figure_NN1 7b_FO )_) ,_, system_NN1 temperature_NN1 derivative_NN1 (_( dTsystem/dt_NN1 ,_, Figure_NN1 7c_FO )_) were_VBDR also_RR examined_VVN ._. 
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<s>
Compound_VV0 17_MC was_VBDZ crystallized_VVN from_II ethyl_NN1 acetate_NN1 to_TO afford_VVI a_AT1 white_JJ solid_NN1 in_II 92%_NNU (_( 0.1472_MC g_NNU ,_, 0.45_MC mmol_NN1 )_) ._. 
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<s>
Table_NN1 1_MC1 summarizes_VVZ the_AT detailed_JJ optimized_JJ conditions_NN2 of_IO the_AT sources_NN2 ,_, transmission_NN1 system_NN1 ,_, and_CC TOFMS_NP1 system_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Hydrogen_NN1 adsorption_NN1 at_II the_AT negative_JJ potential_NN1 is_VBZ called_VVN the_AT overpotential_JJ deposition_NN1 of_IO H_ZZ1 (_( OPD_NP1 H_ZZ1 )_) and_CC the_AT species_NN is_VBZ called_VVN the_AT overpotential_JJ deposited_VVD H_ZZ1 (_( HOPD_NP1 )_) ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 implies_VVZ a_AT1 nitrogen/metal_NN1 (_( N/M_ZZ1 ,_, M_ZZ1 =_FO Pd2+_FO or_CC Pt2+_FO )_) atom_NN1 relationship_NN1 ≥2_FO for_IF the_AT MWCNT/HBPEI/Pd_NP1 hybrids_NN2 if_CS two_MC or_CC three_MC nitrogen_NN1 atoms_NN2 form_VV0 the_AT chelate_NN1 (_( the_AT other_JJ positions_NN2 being_VBG occupied_VVN by_II chloride_NN1 )_) ._. 
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<s>
The_AT morphology_NN1 of_IO the_AT products_NN2 (_( Figure_NN1 S5_FO ,_, Supporting_JJ Information_NN1 )_) obtained_VVD by_II varying_VVG the_AT microwave-irradiation_JJ duration_NN1 was_VBDZ found_VVN to_TO be_VBI similar_JJ ._. 
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<s>
However_RR ,_, here_RL we_PPIS2 propose_VV0 and_CC demonstrate_VV0 a_AT1 quantitative_JJ and_CC easy-to-use_JJ mathematical_JJ algorithm_NN1 to_TO give_VVI us_PPIO2 robust_JJ antimicrobial_JJ R/S_ZZ1 results_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Finally_RR ,_, the_AT topmost_JJ lateral_JJ flow_NN1 layer_NN1 was_VBDZ brought_VVN into_II contact_NN1 and_CC the_AT device_NN1 was_VBDZ moved_VVN to_II an_AT1 adjacent_JJ microcentrifuge_NN1 tube_NN1 to_TO perform_VVI the_AT lateral_JJ flow_NN1 assay_NN1 (_( LFA_NP1 )_) upon_II addition_NN1 of_IO the_AT SSC_NN1 buffer_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT corresponding_JJ values_NN2 were_VBDR 172.1_MC ,_, 140.8_MC ,_, 136.8_MC ,_, 114.5_MC ,_, 110.1_MC and_CC 92.5_MC F_ZZ1 g1_FO at_II 2_MC ,_, 3_MC ,_, 4_MC ,_, 8_MC ,_, 10_MC and_CC 20_MC A_ZZ1 g1_FO ,_, respectively_RR as_CSA shown_VVN in_II Fig._NN1 7c_FO ._. 
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<s>
Despite_II these_DD2 characteristics_NN2 ,_, GC–UV–vis_NP1 has_VHZ been_VBN a_AT1 niche_NN1 area_NN1 of_IO limited_JJ acceptance_NN1 within_II the_AT GC–detection_NN1 sphere_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
In_RR21 addition_RR22 ,_, changing_VVG the_AT loading_NN1 of_IO DTBP_NP1 did_VDD not_XX increase_VVI the_AT yield_NN1 (_( entries_NN2 14_MC 15_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
The_AT numerical_JJ approach_NN1 is_VBZ compared_VVN with_IW the_AT analytical_JJ expression_NN1 by_II neglecting_VVG transport_NN1 because_II21 of_II22 diffusion_NN1 ,_, and_CC the_AT agreement_NN1 is_VBZ found_VVN to_TO be_VBI good_JJ ._. 
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<s>
Such_DA integrated_JJ platforms_NN2 show_VV0 promise_NN1 for_IF future_JJ lab-on-a-chip_JJ systems_NN2 that_CST utilize_VV0 the_AT functionality_NN1 described_VVN in_II this_DD1 review_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Besides_RR ,_, this_DD1 electrode_NN1 also_RR shows_VVZ excellent_JJ activity_NN1 for_IF urea_NN1 oxidation_NN1 with_IW the_AT need_NN1 for_IF just_RR 0.28_MC and_CC 0.36_MC V_NNU (_( vs_II SCE_NP1 )_) to_TO attain_VVI 10_MC and_CC 100_MC mA_NN1 cm2_FO in_II 1.0_MC M_NNO KOH_NN1 with_IW 0.33_MC M_NNO urea_NN1 ,_, respectively_RR ._. 
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<s>
Except_II21 for_II22 the_AT above_JJ enzyme-free_JJ pesticide_NN1 biosensor_NN1 ,_, there_EX are_VBR other_JJ enzyme-free_JJ biosensors_NN2 using_VVG bacterial_JJ cells_NN2 ,_, such_II21 as_II22 Escherichia_NP1 coli_NN2 ,_, Pseudomonas_NN1 putida_NN1 ,_, and_CC Saccharomyces_NP2 cerevisiae_NN2 cells_NN2 &lsqb;_( 72_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, &lsqb;_( 73_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, &lsqb;_( 74_MC &rsqb;_) as_II the_AT bio-recognition_JJ elements_NN2 for_IF pesticide_NN1 detection_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
XRF_NP1 large-scale_JJ mapping_NN1 (_( decimetre_NNU1 scale_NN1 )_) shows_VVZ Zn_NP1 to_TO be_VBI concentrated_VVN within_II secondary_JJ osteons_NN2 (_( arrow_NN1 and_CC inset_NN1 ;_; Fig._NN1 3_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
The_AT dip_NN1 in_II the_AT MIR-SC_FO power_NN1 out_RP at_II ?11.5–12.5_FO m_ZZ1 wavelength_NN1 in_II Fig._NN1 7_MC was_VBDZ due_II21 to_II22 extrinsic_JJ absorption_NN1 loss_NN1 arising_VVG from_II oxide_NN1 contamination_NN1 in_II the_AT chalcogenide-glass_JJ fibre_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
On_II the_AT other_JJ hand_NN1 ,_, the_AT two_MC mirror-RRBS_NN2 negative-control_NN1 replicates_VVZ had_VHD constant_JJ background_NN1 levels_NN2 regardless_RR of_IO the_AT position_NN1 of_IO the_AT CpG_NP1 site_NN1 within_II a_AT1 genomic_JJ fragment_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
CR2025-type_JJ coin_NN1 cells_NN2 were_VBDR assembled_VVN in_II an_AT1 argon-filled_JJ glove_NN1 box_NN1 (_( O2_FO ,_, H2O_FO contents_NN2 <0.1_FO ppm_NNU )_) for_IF electrochemical_JJ test_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
In_II summary_NN1 ,_, six_MC cyclometalated_JJ iridium(iii)_NN2 complexes_NN2 containing_VVG various_JJ imine-N-heterocyclic_JJ carbene_NN1 ligands_NN2 have_VH0 been_VBN synthesized_VVN and_CC utilized_VVN as_RG highly_RR potent_JJ anticancer_NN1 agents_NN2 toward_II HeLa_NP1 ,_, A549_FO ,_, HepG2_FO ,_, GL261_FO and_CC A549R_FO cancer_NN1 cell_NN1 lines_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
From_II an_AT1 operational_JJ point_NN1 of_IO view_NN1 ,_, classification_NN1 models_NN2 can_VM be_VBI subdivided_VVN in_II discriminant_JJ and_CC class-modeling_NN1 &lsqb;_( 16_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
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<s>
Zr-MOF_NP1 based_VVD monolithic_JJ capillary_NN1 &lsqb;_( 32_MC &rsqb;_) was_VBDZ successfully_RR prepared_VVN through_II copolymerization_NN1 method_NN1 by_II Li_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
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<s>
and_CC it_PPH1 showed_VVD excellent_JJ performance_NN1 in_II phosphopeptide_NN1 enrichment_NN1 as_II an_AT1 off-line_JJ platform_NN1 (_( Fig._NN1 2_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
When_CS analyzing_VVG levels_NN2 of_IO an_AT1 MI_NP1 in_II an_AT1 API_NN1 or_CC intermediate_JJ ,_, the_AT API_NN1 or_CC intermediate_JJ effectively_RR becomes_VVZ an_AT1 interfering_JJ matrix_NN1 that_CST may_VM hamper_VVI accurate_JJ measurement_NN1 through_II factors_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 co-elution_NN1 and/or_CC ion-suppression_JJ where_CS mass_JJ spectrometry_NN1 is_VBZ employed_VVN ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 compound_NN1 was_VBDZ prepared_VVN according_II21 to_II22 general_JJ procedure_NN1 C_ZZ1 from_II (_( S_ZZ1 )_) -11b_FO (_( 1.6_MC g_NNU ,_, 9.1_MC mmol_NN1 )_) to_TO give_VVI 2.54_MC g_NNU of_IO a_AT1 clear_JJ oil_NN1 ,_, 96%_NNU yield_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Each_DD1 period_NN1 of_IO cyclic_JJ expansion_NN1 and_CC contraction_NN1 directly_RR corresponded_VVN to_II the_AT speed_NN1 of_IO the_AT peristaltic_JJ pump_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
To_TO prepare_VVI the_AT TEM_NN1 samples_NN2 ,_, a_AT1 drop_NN1 of_IO the_AT perovskite_NN1 NP_NP1 solution_NN1 (_( 10_MC mg/mL_NNU in_II hexane_NN1 )_) was_VBDZ deposited_VVN onto_II carbon_NN1 film_NN1 supported_VVN on_II a_AT1 copper_NN1 grid_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ was_VBDZ subsequently_RR dried_VVN ._. 
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<s>
Therefore_RR ,_, there_EX is_VBZ an_AT1 urgent_JJ need_NN1 to_TO develop_VVI a_AT1 material_NN1 for_IF the_AT selective_JJ and_CC sensitive_JJ detection_NN1 of_IO Fe3+_FO and_CC nitro_NN1 explosives_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Yellow_JJ crystals_NN2 of_IO 6d_NNU were_VBDR obtained_VVN at_II 0_MC °C_NNU ._. 
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<s>
The_AT XPS_NP1 survey_NN1 and_CC high-resolution_JJ Co_NN1 2p_NNU spectrum_NN1 are_VBR shown_VVN in_II Fig._NN1 8c_FO and_CC d_ZZ1 ,_, respectively_RR ._. 
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<s>
The_AT outcomes_NN2 presented_VVN in_II these_DD2 two_MC setups_NN2 demonstrate_VV0 that_CST the_AT proposed_JJ CE–MST_NN1 interface_NN1 is_VBZ workable_JJ from_II a_AT1 technical_JJ point_NN1 of_IO view_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Under_II this_DD1 circumstance_NN1 ,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ mandatory_JJ to_TO recognize_VVI the_AT potential_NN1 and_CC switching_JJ time_NNT1 precisely_RR to_TO obtain_VVI larger_JJR grains_NN2 via_II a_AT1 two-step_JJ potential_JJ electrodeposition_NN1 method_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
We_PPIS2 here_RL introduce_VV0 an_AT1 online_JJ 2D-LC-HCD-MS/MS_FU platform_NN1 for_IF comprehensive_JJ glycated_JJ peptide_NN1 quantification_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
All_DB the_AT proteins_NN2 identified_VVN in_II two_MC cell_NN1 samples_NN2 were_VBDR then_RT ranked_VVN according_II21 to_II22 abundance_NN1 and_CC were_VBDR divided_VVN into_II three_MC sections_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT Petri_NP1 dish_NN1 was_VBDZ closed_VVN for_IF 10_MC min_NNU to_TO let_VVI the_AT vapor_NN1 saturate_VVI the_AT treatment_NN1 chamber_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Herein_RR ,_, we_PPIS2 report_VV0 on_II the_AT development_NN1 of_IO self-filling_JJ microwell_NN1 arrays_NN2 (_( SFMAs_NP2 )_) capable_JJ of_IO producing_VVG tumor_NN1 spheroids_NN2 for_IF drug_NN1 studies_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Stoichiometry_NN1 and_CC Structure_NN1 of_IO Solvates_NP1 ,_, Chem_NP1 ._. 
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<s>
Afterwards_RT ,_, the_AT resultant_JJ mixture_NN1 was_VBDZ transferred_VVN into_II a_AT1 Teflon-sealed_JJ autoclave_NN1 and_CC kept_VVN at_II 100_MC °C_NNU for_IF 8_MC h_ZZ1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT elimination_NN1 of_IO the_AT unnecessary_JJ source_NN1 movements_NN2 outside_II the_AT tissue_NN1 region_NN1 ,_, or_CC accelerating_VVG it_PPH1 as_II an_AT1 interim_JJ step_NN1 ,_, reduces_VVZ the_AT overall_JJ data_NN collection_NN1 time_NNT1 in_II spatially_RR resolved_VVN imaging_VVG applications_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Intermediate_JJ situations_NN2 can_VM then_RT be_VBI investigated_VVN by_II31 means_II32 of_II33 finite_JJ 2D_NNU aggregates_NN2 with_IW adjustable_JJ coordination_NN1 numbers_NN2 ,_, leading_VVG to_II a_AT1 range_NN1 of_IO interesting_JJ theoretically_RR tractable_JJ issues_NN2 to_TO compare_VVI ._. 
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<s>
In_II the_AT pursuit_NN1 of_IO higher_JJR photocatalytic_JJ activity_NN1 ,_, most_RGT existing_JJ work_NN1 in_II the_AT literature_NN1 does_VDZ not_XX address_VVI the_AT loss_NN1 of_IO ion_NN1 exchange_NN1 ability_NN1 ,_, or_CC attempt_VV0 to_TO discover_VVI ways_NN2 to_TO mitigate_VVI loss_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT CoRWLC-2_MC framework_NN1 was_VBDZ prepared_VVN by_II adding_VVG (_( H3BTB_FO )_) (_( 15.4_MC mg_NNU ,_, 0.035_MC mmol_NN1 )_) and_CC RuBpy_NP1 (_( 69.4_MC mg_NNU ,_, 0.093_MC mmol_NN1 of_IO Cl-salt_NN1 )_) to_II 3_MC mL_NNU of_IO 1_MC1 :_: 1_MC1 (_( v/v_ZZ1 )_) ethanol_NN1 :_: dimethylformamide_VV0 (_( EtOH/DMF_NP1 )_) solution_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Both_DB2 complexes_NN2 &lsqb;_( (_( NCOC6H42CH_FO )_) K(18-crown-6)_NP1 &rsqb;_) (_( 3_MC )_) (_( ESI_NP1 )_) and_CC particularly_RR surprisingly_RR &lsqb;_( (_( NCOC6H42CH_FO )_) K(thf)_NP1 &rsqb;_) (_( 2_MC )_) are_VBR stable_JJ towards_II hydrolysis_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
In_II fact_NN1 ,_, blockchains_NN2 can_VM be_VBI useful_JJ as_CSA traceability_NN1 systems_NN2 by_II virtue_NN1 of_IO the_AT ability_NN1 to_TO detect_VVI and_CC identify_VVI specific_JJ products_NN2 within_II a_AT1 few_DA2 seconds_NNT2 even_CS21 though_CS22 the_AT same_DA result_NN1 could_VM be_VBI achieved_VVN with_IW a_AT1 well-performing_JJ centralized_JJ system_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Compound_VV0 1_MC1 (_( 0.3_MC mg_NNU )_) dissolved_VVD in_II deuterated_JJ pyridine_NN1 (_( 0.25_MC mL_NNU )_) was_VBDZ transferred_VVN into_II a_AT1 clean_JJ NMR_NP1 tube_NN1 ,_, and_CC then_RT a_AT1 small_JJ quantity_NN1 of_IO was_VBDZ added_VVN ._. 
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<s>
It_PPH1 is_VBZ striking_VVG that_CST most_DAT exchanges_NN2 are_VBR calculated_VVN to_TO be_VBI stronger_JJR in_II the_AT HP_NN1 form_NN1 despite_II the_AT longer_JJR Cu–Cu_NN1 distances_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Then_RT ,_, P_ZZ1 anions_NN2 were_VBDR introduced_VVN by_II annealing_VVG CoFeOH_NN1 in_II the_AT presence_NN1 of_IO triphenylphosphine_NN1 (_( TPP_NP1 )_) in_II N2_FO atmosphere_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
In_RR21 addition_RR22 ,_, a_AT1 Boltzmann_NN1 equation_NN1 is_VBZ used_VVN to_TO calculate_VVI the_AT rate_NN1 coefficients_NN2 of_IO all_DB of_IO the_AT electron_NN1 impact_NN1 reactions_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT atomic_JJ composition_NN1 of_IO each_DD1 cell_NN1 (_( including_II metal_NN1 tags_VVZ )_) was_VBDZ then_RT measured_VVN by_II time-of-flight_JJ mass_JJ spectrometry_NN1 ,_, generating_VVG distinct_JJ mass_JJ spectra_NN2 of_IO each_DD1 cell_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT first_MD successful_JJ Mn-salen_NN1 based_VVD MOF_NP1 ,_, Zn2_NP1 (_( C14H8O4)2&lsqb;Mn_NP1 (_( C38H42N4O2Cl_FO )_) &rsqb;_) ,_, for_IF the_AT asymmetric_JJ epoxidation_NN1 of_IO olefins_NN2 was_VBDZ achieved_VVN using_VVG Mn-salen-derived_JJ bipyridine_NN1 bridging_VVG ligands_NN2 in_II combination_NN1 with_IW 4,4-biphenyldicarboxylic_FO acid_NN1 linkers_NN2 and_CC Zn2+_FO ions_NN2 (_( Fig._NN1 11_MC )_) .29_MC The_AT catalyst_NN1 could_VM be_VBI recycled_VVN and_CC reused_VVN three_MC times_NNT2 ,_, with_IW the_AT ee_UH values_NN2 decreasing_VVG only_RR in_II the_AT third_MD cycle_NN1 ._. 
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CCDC_NP1 1551142_MC (_( 5_MC )_) ,_, 1548758_MC (_( 6_MC )_) and_CC 1560796_MC (_( 6d_NNU )_) contain_VV0 supplementary_JJ crystallographic_JJ data_NN for_IF this_DD1 paper_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT final_JJ readout_NN1 was_VBDZ performed_VVN in_II an_AT1 autosampler_NN1 platform_NN1 of_IO the_AT LUMINEX100_FO ._. 
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<s>
Two_MC recent_JJ review_NN1 articles_NN2 have_VH0 covered_VVN many_DA2 important_JJ studies_NN2 up_RG21 to_RG22 2014_MC involving_VVG the_AT use_NN1 of_IO Raman_NP1 (_( and_CC infrared_JJ (_( IR_NN1 )_) )_) spectroscopy_NN1 to_TO analyze_VVI trace_NN1 evidence_NN1 such_II21 as_II22 hairs_NN2 ,_, fibers_NN2 ,_, GSR_NP1 ,_, paints_NN2 ,_, and_CC inks_NN2 ,_, bodily_JJ fluids_NN2 ,_, bones_NN2 ,_, drugs_NN2 ,_, pharmaceuticals_NN2 ,_, explosives_NN2 ,_, and_CC chemical_JJ and_CC biological_JJ threat_NN1 agents_NN2 &lsqb;_( 2_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, &lsqb;_( 3_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
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Holes_NN2 for_IF inlets_NN2 and_CC outlets_NN2 were_VBDR punched_VVN using_VVG a_AT1 1.00_MC mm-diameter_JJ Harris_NP1 Uni-Core_NP1 biopsy_NN1 punch_NN1 (_( Electron_NN1 Microscopy_NN1 Sciences_NN2 )_) ._. 
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Results_NN2 are_VBR summarized_VVN in_II Table_NN1 2_MC ._. 
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<s>
Therefore_RR I_PPIS1 would_VM like_VVI to_TO ask_VVI if_CSW you_PPY have_VH0 considered_VVN that_CST &lsqb;_( C3mim_FO &rsqb;_) &lsqb;_( I3.66_FO &rsqb;_) could_VM be_VBI behaving_VVG as_II a_AT1 single_JJ phase_NN1 ,_, and_CC whether_CSW you_PPY have_VH0 other_JJ forms_NN2 of_IO evidence_NN1 that_CST support_VV0 the_AT multiple-phase_JJ interpretation_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT assay_NN1 was_VBDZ performed_VVN according_II21 to_II22 the_AT manufacturer_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 instruction_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT high_JJ sensitivity_NN1 achieved_VVN by_II enhanced_JJ ECL_NN1 emission_NN1 and_CC high_JJ catalytic_JJ efficiency_NN1 of_IO porous_JJ Ag-paper_NN1 working_VVG electrode_NN1 allows_VVZ the_AT immunological_JJ device_NN1 to_TO be_VBI used_VVN to_TO detect_VVI cancer_NN1 markers_NN2 almost_RR simultaneously_RR in_II serum_NN1 samples_NN2 with_IW short_JJ incubation_NN1 times_NNT2 and_CC low_JJ detection_NN1 limits_NN2 ._. 
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It_PPH1 is_VBZ obviously_RR of_IO great_JJ significance_NN1 to_TO review_VVI the_AT roles_NN2 of_IO defects_NN2 ,_, which_DDQ could_VM offer_VVI new_JJ insights_NN2 into_II controlling_VVG suitable_JJ defects_NN2 in_II semiconductors_NN2 for_IF efficient_JJ electron–hole_NN1 separation_NN1 ._. 
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Other_JJ interesting_JJ applications_NN2 included_VVD a_AT1 HH-XRF_JJ spectrometry_NN1 method75_FO for_IF measuring_VVG in_II a_AT1 cost-_NN1 and_CC time-efficient_JJ manner_NN1 the_AT release_NN1 of_IO Cu_FO and_CC Zn_NP1 from_II antifouling_VVG paints_NN2 ._. 
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In_II the_AT period_NN1 2015–2018_MCMC ,_, about_RG 14%_NNU of_IO publications_NN2 from_II South_ND1 America_NP1 were_VBDR in_II analytical_JJ chemistry_NN1 in_II31 relation_II32 to_II33 all_DB chemistry_NN1 areas_NN2 ,_, with_IW a_AT1 field-weighted_JJ citation_NN1 impact_NN1 of_IO 1.11_MC (_( "_" 1_MC1 "_" is_VBZ the_AT general_JJ world_NN1 mean_NN1 )_) ._. 
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So_RR ,_, the_AT conventional_JJ MSPE_NN1 is_VBZ widely_RR used_VVN for_IF the_AT determination_NN1 of_IO preservatives_NN2 &lsqb;_( 31_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, proteins_NN2 &lsqb;_( 62_MC &rsqb;_) and_CC metal_NN1 ions_NN2 &lsqb;_( 65_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
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It_PPH1 had_VHD originally_RR been_VBN designed_VVN to_TO introduce_VVI cells_NN2 to_II the_AT plasma_NN1 ._. 
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Dietary_JJ exposure_NN1 of_IO the_AT Italian_JJ population_NN1 to_II iAs_NN2 has_VHZ been_VBN assessed_VVN in_II the_AT national_JJ Total_JJ Diet_NN1 Study_NN1 carried_VVN out_RP in_II 2012–2014.93_MCMC Over_RG 3000_MC food_NN1 samples_NN2 were_VBDR collected_VVN to_TO model_VVI the_AT Italian_JJ diet_NN1 of_IO the_AT whole_JJ population_NN1 ,_, prepared_VVN as_CSA consumed_VVN ,_, and_CC pooled_VVN into_II 51_MC food_NN1 groups_NN2 ._. 
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On_II the_AT other_JJ hand_NN1 ,_, although_CS the_AT PoP_NN1 strategies_NN2 for_IF deposition_NN1 of_IO reagents_NN2 in_II preparing_VVG POCT_NN1 platforms_NN2 have_VH0 shown_VVN many_DA2 attractive_JJ features_NN2 (_( e.g._REX ,_, low_JJ cost_NN1 ,_, simplicity_NN1 and_CC portability_NN1 )_) ,_, some_DD challenges_NN2 still_RR exist_VV0 ,_, such_II21 as_II22 deficiency_NN1 in_II precise_JJ control_NN1 of_IO the_AT amount_NN1 of_IO reagents_NN2 ._. 
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We_PPIS2 found_VVD that_CST a_AT1 channel_NN1 length_NN1 of_IO 7_MC mm_NNU and_CC an_AT1 electric_JJ current_NN1 of_IO 120_MC A_ZZ1 (_( resulting_VVG in_II an_AT1 operating_NN1 voltage_NN1 of_IO ?50–70_FO V_ZZ1 )_) provide_VV0 robust_JJ and_CC repeatable_JJ results_NN2 without_IW significant_JJ evaporation_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT ability_NN1 to_TO separate_VVI microscale_NN1 particles_NN2 has_VHZ also_RR been_VBN shown_VVN using_VVG SFITs_NN2 ._. 
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Even_RR information_NN1 about_II the_AT likely_JJ IMPs_NN2 present_VV0 in_II the_AT candidate_NN1 material_NN1 ,_, including_II late-stage_JJ process_NN1 IMPs_NN2 ,_, DPs_NP1 ,_, and_CC processing_VVG reagents/solvents_NN2 is_VBZ desired_VVN (_( meaning_VVG '_NULL IMPs_NN2 '_NULL in_II '_NULL IMPs_NN2 '_NULL )_) ._. 
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The_AT six_MC peaks_NN2 observed_VVN at_II BEs_NP1 of_IO 881.85_MC ,_, 888.43_MC ,_, 897.89_MC ,_, 900.60_MC ,_, 906.95_MC and_CC 916.20_MC eV_NN1 could_VM be_VBI attributed_VVN to_II Ce_NP1 3d_NNU of_IO CeO2_FO ,_, which_DDQ were_VBDR identical_JJ to_II the_AT reported_JJ values_NN2 ._. 
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However_RR ,_, there_EX is_VBZ a_AT1 recent_JJ review_NN1 on_II membrane_NN1 based_VVN separation_NN1 techniques_NN2 for_IF ion_NN1 chromatography_NN1 &lsqb;_( 98_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
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With_IW only_RR this_DD1 information_NN1 ,_, it_PPH1 could_VM be_VBI possible_JJ to_TO detect_VVI some_DD areas_NN2 of_IO interest_NN1 ,_, such_II21 as_II22 the_AT inclusions_NN2 present_VV0 in_II the_AT centre_NN1 of_IO the_AT image_NN1 ._. 
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This_DD1 distinction_NN1 might_VM be_VBI due_II21 to_II22 the_AT neglect_NN1 of_IO temperature_NN1 ,_, humidity_NN1 ,_, friction_NN1 force_NN1 and_CC pattern_NN1 uniformity_NN1 during_II the_AT simulations_NN2 ._. 
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Compared_VVN to_II traditional_JJ protein_NN1 antibodies_NN2 ,_, aptamers_NN2 have_VH0 several_DA2 advantages_NN2 ,_, such_II21 as_II22 their_APPGE small_JJ size_NN1 ,_, high_JJ binding_JJ affinity_NN1 ,_, specificity_NN1 ,_, flexible_JJ structure_NN1 ,_, being_VBG chemical_JJ synthesizable_JJ and_CC modifiable_JJ ,_, good_JJ biocompatibility_NN1 ,_, high_JJ stability_NN1 and_CC low_JJ immunogenicity_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ all_DB contribute_VV0 to_II their_APPGE widely_RR applications_NN2 in_II the_AT biomedical_JJ field_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT evidence_NN1 of_IO this_DD1 is_VBZ what_DDQ may_VM initially_RR appear_VVI are_VBR gross_JJ spectral_JJ differences_NN2 in_II absorbance_NN1 ,_, but_CCB are_VBR in_II actual_JJ fact_NN1 indicative_JJ of_IO inconsistencies_NN2 in_II the_AT sampling_NN1 ._. 
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This_DD1 approach_NN1 sequentially_RR eluted_VVD and_CC separated_JJ mono-phosphorylated_JJ and_CC multi-phosphorylated_JJ peptides_NN2 ,_, resulting_VVG in_II a_AT1 3-fold_JJ increase_NN1 in_II the_AT recovery_NN1 of_IO multi-phosphorylated_JJ peptides_NN2 ._. 
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Further_JJR insights_NN2 into_II the_AT variations_NN2 of_IO R_ZZ1 shown_VVN in_II Figure_NN1 6_MC can_VM be_VBI obtained_VVN from_II the_AT similar_JJ plots_NN2 shown_VVN in_II Figure_NN1 7_MC for_IF (_( a_ZZ1 )_) C-core/C-shell_NP1 NPs_NP1 ,_, (_( b_ZZ1 )_) Al-core/Al-shell_NP1 NPs_NP1 ,_, (_( c_ZZ1 )_) Cu-core/Cu-shell_NP1 NPs_NP1 ,_, and_CC (_( d_ZZ1 )_) Au-core/Au-shell_NP1 NPs_NP1 ._. 
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The_AT supernatant_JJ plasma_NN1 (_( containing_VVG WBCs_NP1 ,_, platelets_NN2 ,_, ions_NN2 and_CC plasma_NN1 proteins_NN2 )_) was_VBDZ discarded_VVN and_CC the_AT precipitate_NN1 consisting_VVG mostly_RR of_IO RBCs_NP1 was_VBDZ mixed_VVN with_IW 10_MC mM_NNU phosphate_NN1 buffer_NN1 saline_JJ (_( PBS_NP1 )_) to_TO make_VVI RBC_NP1 dispersions_NN2 of_IO varying_JJ dilutions_NN2 (_( 50×_FO ,_, 100×_FO and_CC 200×_FO )_) ._. 
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The_AT Fe_NP1 K-edge_JJ spectrum_NN1 LCF_NP1 analysis_NN1 confirmed_VVD that_CST most_DAT of_IO the_AT iron_NN1 detected_VVN around_II asbestos_NN1 fiber_NN1 (_( coating_NN1 and_CC ferruginous_JJ bodies_NN2 )_) is_VBZ compatible_JJ with_IW the_AT presence_NN1 of_IO ferritin_NN1 ,_, a_AT1 typical_JJ Fe_NP1 storage_NN1 protein_NN1 ,_, and_CC as_RG +3_MC main_JJ oxidation_NN1 state_NN1 ._. 
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Several_DA2 forms_NN2 of_IO energy_NN1 could_VM be_VBI proposed_VVN ,_, such_II21 as_II22 microwaves_NN2 ,_, vortex_VV0 ,_, ultrasound_VV0 ,_, photochemical_JJ or_CC electrochemical_JJ ._. 
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They_PPHS2 engineered_VVD nanosecond_NN1 pulse_NN1 signals_NN2 whose_DDQGE duration_NN1 was_VBDZ less_RRR than_CSN the_AT time-of-flight_NN1 between_II transducers_NN2 so_RR that_DD1 standing_NN1 waves_NN2 were_VBDR only_RR set_VVN up_RP in_II a_AT1 central_JJ region_NN1 of_IO tunable_JJ width_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT additional_JJ washing_NN1 process_NN1 was_VBDZ seen_VVN to_TO have_VHI no_AT impact_NN1 on_II the_AT cellular_JJ classification_NN1 and_CC could_VM easily_RR be_VBI introduced_VVN into_II the_AT automated_JJ sample_NN1 processing_NN1 protocol_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT reaction_NN1 temperature_NN1 is_VBZ 303_MC K_ZZ1 and_CC the_AT mass_NN1 of_IO the_AT catalyst_NN1 is_VBZ 10_MC mg_NNU ._. 
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This_DD1 modified_JJ sensor_NN1 also_RR exhibited_VVN good_JJ response_NN1 in_II the_AT measurement_NN1 of_IO buprenorphine_NN1 in_II urine_NN1 ,_, blood_NN1 plasma_NN1 ,_, and_CC pharmaceutical_JJ samples_NN2 &lsqb;_( 82_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
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Finally_RR the_AT images_NN2 were_VBDR corrected_VVN for_IF the_AT non-linearity_NN1 of_IO the_AT x–y_JJ stage_NN1 of_IO the_AT piezoelectric_JJ drives_NN2 ._. 
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According_II21 to_II22 the_AT 1D_NNU 1H_FO MAS_JJ NMR_NP1 (_( Fig_NN1 ._. 
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S5a_FO )_) and_CC 2D_NNU 1H_FO DQ-SQ_NNU MAS_JJ NMR_NP1 (_( Fig_NN1 ._. 
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S5b_FO )_) ,_, the_AT molecular_JJ structure_NN1 of_IO DPA·H3PO4_FO is_VBZ depicted_VVN in_II Fig_NN1 ._. 
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S6._FO As_CSA shown_VVN in_II Fig._NN1 6a_FO ,_, for_IF the_AT sample_NN1 crystallized_VVN for_IF 3_MC h_ZZ1 ,_, the_AT auto-correlation_NN1 1H_FO signals_NN2 are_VBR only_RR originating_VVG from_II methyl_NN1 (_( 1.32_MC ppm_NNU )_) ,_, methylene_NN1 (_( 2.10_MC ppm_NNU )_) ,_, and_CC methylene_NN1 adjacent_II21 to_II22 nitrogen_NN1 (_( 3.26_MC ppm_NNU )_) in_II the_AT DPA_NN1 molecules_NN2 ,_, and_CC the_AT auto-correlation_NN1 signal_NN1 at_II 9.18_MC ppm_NNU is_VBZ originating_VVG from_II the_AT pronated_JJ DPA_NN1 molecules_NN2 ._. 
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When_CS utilizing_VVG a_AT1 viscoelastic_JJ medium_NN1 in_II the_AT microchannel_NN1 ,_, particles_NN2 are_VBR focused_VVN at_II equilibrium_NN1 positions_NN2 by_II the_AT balance_NN1 of_IO elastic_NN1 and_CC inertial_JJ lift_NN1 forces_NN2 ._. 
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By_II31 means_II32 of_II33 this_DD1 technique_NN1 ,_, it_PPH1 was_VBDZ possible_JJ to_TO evaluate_VVI the_AT overall_JJ behavior_NN1 of_IO the_AT hybrid_JJ cell_NN1 and_CC the_AT faradaic_JJ and_CC capacitive_JJ electrodes_NN2 simultaneously_RR and_CC to_TO compare_VVI it_PPH1 with_IW the_AT performance_NN1 of_IO selected_JJ standard_JJ cells_NN2 ._. 
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The_AT readout_NN1 of_IO one_MC1 histone_NN1 PTM_NP1 may_VM be_VBI regulated_VVN by_II another_DD1 adjacent_JJ PTM_NP1 ;_; (_( 2,6_MC )_) for_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, the_AT phosphorylation_NN1 of_IO serine_NN1 10_MC on_II histone_NN1 H3_FO (_( H3S10ph_FO )_) promotes_VVZ acetylase_NN1 Gcn5_FO to_TO acetylate_VVI histone_NN1 H3_FO at_II lysine_NN1 14_MC during_II gene_NN1 activation_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT fMWCNT/MGCE_NN1 exhibited_VVD a_AT1 substantial_JJ negative_JJ shift_NN1 in_II the_AT peak_NN1 potential_NN1 of_IO methadone_NN1 oxidation_NN1 relative_II21 to_II22 the_AT bare_JJ GCE_NN1 ._. 
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Currently_RR ,_, the_AT non-noble_JJ metal_NN1 catalysts_NN2 based_VVN on_II 3-d_JJ transition_NN1 metals_NN2 have_VH0 been_VBN widely_RR investigated_VVN attributed_VVN to_II their_APPGE rich_JJ reserves_NN2 ,_, low_JJ price_NN1 ,_, environmental_JJ friendliness_NN1 ,_, and_CC superior_JJ activity_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Our_APPGE results_NN2 show_VV0 that_CST the_AT initial_JJ conditions_NN2 of_IO the_AT experiment_NN1 are_VBR defined_VVN and_CC should_VM make_VVI an_AT1 adapted_JJ analysis_NN1 possible_JJ if_CS the_AT interdiffusion_NN1 of_IO the_AT two_MC solvents_NN2 is_VBZ taken_VVN into_II account_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ lead_VV0 to_II a_AT1 dynamic_JJ density_NN1 gradient_NN1 ._. 
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Moreover_RR ,_, the_AT lowest-coordinated_NN1 ScO5_FO polyhedra_NN1 ,_, as_II31 well_II32 as_II33 the_AT coexistence_NN1 of_IO two_MC types_NN2 of_IO ZnOn_NN1 units_NN2 (_( n_ZZ1 =_FO 4_MC and_CC 6_MC )_) ,_, are_VBR observed_VVN for_IF the_AT first_MD time_NNT1 in_II Ba4Zn5Sc2(BO3)8_FO ._. 
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Such_DA dynamic_JJ pressure_NN1 equilibria_NN2 at_II frequencies_NN2 near_II the_AT repetition_NN1 rate_NN1 of_IO the_AT laser_NN1 (_( several_DA2 kHz_NNU )_) exist_VV0 inside_II acoustic_JJ resonators_NN2 ._. 
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Thrombin_NN1 ,_, l-cysteine_NN1 ,_, trypsin_NN1 ,_, bovine_JJ serum_NN1 albumin_NN1 (_( BSA_NP1 )_) ,_, cytochrome_NN1 ,_, 1-ethyl-3-_NN1 (_( 3-_NN1 (_( dimethylamino_NN1 )_) propyl_NN1 )_) carbodiimide_VV0 ehydrochloride_NN1 (_( EDC_NP1 )_) ,_, and_CC 2-(N-morpholino)_JJ ethanesulfonic_JJ acid_NN1 (_( MES_NN2 )_) were_VBDR purchased_VVN from_II Sigma-Aldrich_NP1 (_( Shanghai_NP1 ,_, China_NP1 )_) ._. 
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Simultaneously_RR ,_, the_AT oxygen-containing_JJ groups_NN2 could_VM improve_VVI the_AT hydrophilicity_NN1 of_IO the_AT electrode_NN1 materials_NN2 to_TO promote_VVI the_AT electrolyte_NN1 ions_NN2 diffusing_VVG into_II the_AT electrode_NN1 materials_NN2 ._. 
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The_AT effect_NN1 of_IO quadrupole_NN1 settling_VVG time_NNT1 and_CC the_AT duration_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 measurement_NN1 cycle_NN1 when_CS no_AT data_NN is_VBZ recorded_VVN ,_, on_II the_AT accuracy_NN1 of_IO sNP-ICP-MS_JJ particle_NN1 size_NN1 measurements_NN2 was_VBDZ investigated.288_FO In_II this_DD1 work_NN1 the_AT sample_NN1 transport_NN1 efficiency_NN1 was_VBDZ measured_VVN by_II collection_NN1 of_IO the_AT aspirated_JJ solution_NN1 onto_II silica_NN1 gel_NN1 placed_VVN at_II the_AT torch_NN1 injector_NN1 exit_NN1 ._. 
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Hermann_NP1 et_NP1 al.54_FO investigated_VVN theoretically_RR the_AT effect_NN1 of_IO pressure_NN1 from_II 105_MC Pa_NNU to_II 300_MC GPa_NP1 atmospheric_JJ pressure_NN1 on_II the_AT ground_NN1 states_NN2 of_IO stoichiometries_NN2 ranging_VVG between_II LiB15_FO and_CC Li5B_FO ._. 
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With_IW increasing_JJ pressure_NN1 ,_, the_AT two_MC binary_JJ compounds_NN2 LiB3_FO and_CC Li3B14_FO are_VBR no_RR21 longer_RR22 even_RR metastable_JJ ,_, while_CS the_AT hexagonal_JJ LiB_NN1 structure_NN1 transforms_VVZ into_II a_AT1 cubic_JJ NaTl-type_JJ structure_NN1 ._. 
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Our_APPGE strategy_NN1 employs_VVZ NaN3_FO deflagration_NN1 to_TO supply_VVI Na_FO nanoclusters_NN2 as_CSA self-sacrificing_JJ templates_NN2 ,_, N_ZZ1 radicals_NN2 as_II a_AT1 nitrogen_NN1 source_NN1 ,_, and_CC a_AT1 high_JJ temperature_NN1 to_TO realize_VVI the_AT synthesis_NN1 of_IO carbon_NN1 hollow_NN1 nanospheres_NN2 with_IW abundant_JJ catalytic_JJ sites_NN2 and_CC excellent_JJ mass_JJ transfer_NN1 characteristics_NN2 ._. 
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In_RR21 short_RR22 ,_, our_APPGE simulation_NN1 study_NN1 provides_VVZ new_JJ insights_NN2 into_II the_AT GO_NN1 interaction_NN1 mechanism_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ will_VM be_VBI valuable_JJ in_II improving_VVG the_AT GO_NN1 solution_NN1 dispersion_NN1 processes_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Detection_NN1 limits_NN2 obtained_VVN for_IF cobalamin_NN1 and_CC cobinamide_NN1 ,_, using_VVG CN-Cbl_JJ standards_NN2 ,_, were_VBDR clearly_RR improved_VVN compared_VVN with_IW those_DD2 reached_VVN with_IW UV_JJ detection_NN1 ,_, being_VBG between_II 0.15_MC and_CC 0.32_MC g/mL_NNU ._. 
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Speciation_NN1 of_IO strontium_NN1 can_VM be_VBI obtained_VVN by_II fitting_JJ XANES_NN2 spectra_NN2 from_II unknown_JJ samples_NN2 against_II spectra_NN2 of_IO known_JJ samples_NN2 ._. 
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Most_RGT importantly_RR ,_, the_AT sample_NN1 gas_NN1 flow_NN1 from_II the_AT ICP-MS_NN1 was_VBDZ redirected_VVN through_II the_AT GC_NP1 to_TO heat_VVI the_AT argon_NN1 gas_NN1 and_CC to_TO achieve_VVI a_AT1 higher_JJR flow_NN1 through_II the_AT transfer_NN1 line_NN1 which_DDQ was_VBDZ held_VVN at_II 350_MC °C_NNU ._. 
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Martin_NP1 Edwards_NP1 opened_VVD a_AT1 general_JJ discussion_NN1 of_IO the_AT papers_NN2 by_II Andrea_NP1 Vezzoli_NP1 ,_, Keeping_VVG that_DD1 in_II mind_NN1 ,_, we_PPIS2 set_VV0 out_RP to_TO evaluate_VVI the_AT possibility_NN1 of_IO Pd_NP1 NPs_NP1 to_TO catalyze_VVI the_AT cyanation_NN1 reaction_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT appearance_NN1 of_IO the_AT new_JJ ordered_JJ structure_NN1 is_VBZ proven_VVN to_TO be_VBI ascribed_VVN to_II the_AT antiparallel_NN1 displacements_NN2 of_IO cations_NN2 ._. 
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In_II Figures_NN2 6_MC ,_, S8_FO ,_, and_CC S9_FO ,_, experimental_JJ MSRD_NP1 curves_NN2 of_IO Cu2Zn1–xCoxSnSe4_NP1 (_( x_ZZ1 =_FO 0_MC ,_, 0.04_MC )_) are_VBR presented_VVN at_II the_AT Cu_FO ,_, Zn_NP1 ,_, and_CC Se_ND1 K-edges_NP1 ,_, respectively_RR ._. 
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The_AT Pb_FO isotope_VV0 ratios_NN2 are_VBR similar_JJ to_II those_DD2 previously_RR obtained_VVN by_II SIMS_NP1 with_IW a_AT1 Cameca_NP1 IMS_NP1 1270_MC (_( ?40_FO ×_II 20_MC m_NNO elliptic_JJ spot_NN1 and_CC ?2_FO m_ZZ1 depth_NN1 )_) ._. 
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ABSTRACT_VV0 :_: Hybridization_NN1 of_IO two_MC prominent_JJ electrochemical_JJ energy_NN1 storage_NN1 systems_NN2 ,_, such_II21 as_II22 high-energy_JJ Li-ion_JJ batteries_NN2 and_CC high-power_JJ supercapacitors_NN2 into_II a_AT1 single_JJ system_NN1 ,_, tends_VVZ to_TO deliver_VVI high-energy_JJ and_CC highpower_VVI capabilities_NN2 ;_; such_DA systems_NN2 are_VBR often_RR called_VVN Li-ion_JJ capacitors_NN2 (_( LICs_NP1 )_) ._. 
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On_II the_AT other_JJ hand_NN1 ,_, some_DD free_JJ radicals_NN2 came_VVD from_II the_AT reaction_NN1 of_IO fenoterol/ractopamine_NN1 with_IW DPN_NP1 can_VM give_VVI luminol_NN1 rapidly_RR in_II the_AT course_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ leads_VVZ to_II more_DAR luminol_NN1 free_JJ radicals_NN2 to_TO produce_VVI stronger_JJR CL_NP1 emissions_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II31 terms_II32 of_II33 practical_JJ application_NN1 ,_, economical_JJ noble-metal-free_JJ cocatalysts_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 cobalt_NN1 ,_, copper_NN1 ,_, molybdenum_NN1 ,_, and_CC nickel_NN1 based_VVN materials_NN2 have_VH0 attracted_VVN much_DA1 attention_NN1 in_II recent_JJ years.24_FO Based_VVN on_II the_AT density_NN1 functional_JJ theory_NN1 (_( DFT_NP1 )_) calculations_NN2 by_II Greeley_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, nickel_NN1 could_VM achieve_VVI the_AT optimal_JJ hydrogen_NN1 evolution_NN1 performance_NN1 owing_II21 to_II22 its_APPGE suitable_JJ hydrogen_NN1 intermediate_JJ binding_JJ energy.25_FO For_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, some_DD have_VH0 reported_VVN that_CST Ni_NP1 cocatalysts_NN2 loaded_VVN onto_II CdS_NN2 materials_NN2 can_VM enhance_VVI their_APPGE photocatalytic_JJ hydrogen_NN1 generation_NN1 activity.26–28_NNU Moreover_RR ,_, Ni–g-C3N46_JJ and_CC Ni–LaxNa1xTaO329_NP1 also_RR show_VV0 enhanced_JJ photocatalytic_JJ capability_NN1 in_II hydrogen_NN1 production_NN1 ._. 
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CeO2_FO nanomaterials_NN2 commonly_RR exhibit_VV0 more_DAR surface_NN1 defects_NN2 owing_II21 to_II22 their_APPGE non-stoichiometric_JJ characteristic_NN1 under_II an_AT1 ambient_NN1 atmosphere.21,71_FO The_AT introduction_NN1 of_IO CeO2_FO into_II NiCo2O4_FO further_RRR increases_VVZ the_AT surface_NN1 defects_NN2 of_IO NiCo2O4/CeO2_JJ hybrid_JJ materials_NN2 because_II21 of_II22 the_AT lattice_NN1 mismatch_NN1 between_II CeO2_FO and_CC NiCo2O4_FO ,_, remarkably_RR enhancing_VVG the_AT effective_JJ utilization_NN1 of_IO the_AT active_JJ materials_NN2 ._. 
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Unfortunately_RR common_JJ Friedel_NN1 Crafts_NN2 acylation_NN1 conditions_NN2 ,_, such_II21 as_II22 AlCl3_FO or_CC TFAA/SnCl4_NP1 ,_, 16_MC failed_VVD to_TO yield_VVI the_AT desired_JJ product_NN1 5_MC from_II the_AT acid_NN1 6a_FO (_( Scheme_NN1 3_MC ,_, top_NN1 )_) ._. 
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Thus_RR ,_, the_AT catalyst_NN1 is_VBZ robust_JJ enough_RR for_IF a_AT1 facile_JJ guest_NN1 uptake_NN1 and_CC could_VM spit_VVI out_RP the_AT product_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ eventually_RR helps_VVZ in_II the_AT progress_NN1 of_IO the_AT reaction_NN1 ._. 
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As_CSA shown_VVN in_II Fig._NN1 3b_FO and_CC c_ZZ1 the_AT relative_JJ stripe_NN1 width_NN1 ,_, w2/w0_VV0 ,_, decreased_VVN when_CS we_PPIS2 increased_VVD the_AT relative_JJ rate_NN1 at_II which_DDQ the_AT secondary_JJ bioink_NN1 was_VBDZ supplied_VVN compared_VVN with_IW the_AT primary_JJ one_PN1 ,_, QM2/QM1_NP1 ,_, while_CS keeping_VVG the_AT total_JJ bioink_NN1 flow_NN1 rate_NN1 ,_, QM2_FO +_FO QM1_FO ,_, unchanged_JJ ._. 
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In_RR21 addition_RR22 ,_, recovery_NN1 range_NN1 of_IO this_DD1 aptasensor_NN1 in_II beer_NN1 and_CC wine_NN1 samples_NN2 was_VBDZ from_II 89%_NNU to_II 103%_NNU &lsqb;_( 53_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
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Then_RT ,_, the_AT perovskite_NN1 precursor_NN1 is_VBZ dropped_VVN on_II the_AT substrate_NN1 and_CC covered_VVN by_II a_AT1 piece_NN1 of_IO soft_JJ film_NN1 ,_, such_II21 as_II22 polyimide_NN1 (_( PI_NN1 )_) and_CC polytetrafluoroethylene_NN1 (_( PTFE_NP1 )_) films_NN2 with_IW a_AT1 high_JJ heat_NN1 deflection_NN1 temperature_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
HA_UH has_VHZ most_RGT commonly_RR been_VBN used_VVN as_II a_AT1 hydrogel_NN1 form_NN1 ,_, Metabolites_NN2 were_VBDR identified_VVN or_CC predicted_VVN by_II comparing_VVG the_AT MS_NN1 or_CC MS/MS_NN1 spectra_NN2 or_CC referring_VVG to_II databases_NN2 (_( METLIN_NP1 ,_, http_NNU :_: ;_; MassBank_NP1 ,_, http_NNU :_: ;_; and_CC LIPID_JJ MAPS_NN2 ,_, http_NNU :_: )_) ._. 
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Both_RR optical_JJ and_CC scanning_VVG electron_NN1 microscopy_NN1 (_( SEM_NP1 )_) techniques_NN2 were_VBDR utilized_VVN ._. 
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To_II a_AT1 solution_NN1 of_IO hexakis-adduct_NN1 15_MC (_( 100_MC mg_NNU ,_, 19.07_MC mol_NN1 )_) in_II DMF_NP1 (_( 2_MC mL_NNU )_) ,_, 1-octanethiol_NN1 (_( 5.8_MC mg_NNU ,_, 38.14_MC mol_NN1 )_) was_VBDZ added_VVN ._. 
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M._NN1 J._NP1 Affenzeller_NP1 ,_, A._NP1 Darehshouri_NP1 ,_, A._NP1 Andosch_NP1 ,_, C._ZZ1 L_ZZ1 utz_NN1 and_CC U._NP1 L_NP1 utz-Meindl_NP1 ,_, J._NP1 Exp_NP1 ._. 
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Specifically_RR ,_, the_AT order_NN1 in_II which_DDQ multiple-measurements_NN2 are_VBR collected_VVN ,_, and_CC the_AT specific_JJ sample_NN1 requirements_NN2 must_VM be_VBI considered_VVN carefully_RR ._. 
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More_RGR recently_RR a_AT1 paper_NN1 focused_VVN on_II N-oxide_JJ degradants_NN2 was_VBDZ published_VVN ._. 
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At_II certain_JJ time_NNT1 intervals_NN2 ,_, 3_MC mL_NNU aliquots_NN2 were_VBDR extracted_VVN and_CC centrifuged_VVN ,_, and_CC then_RT analysed_VVN on_II UV-vis_MC2 spectrophotometer_NN1 at_II max_NN1 wavelength_NN1 of_IO 357_MC nm_FU ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 study_NN1 provides_VVZ important_JJ guidance_NN1 in_II the_AT active_JJ regulation_NN1 of_IO the_AT anisotropic_JJ thermal_JJ conductivities_NN2 of_IO layered_JJ materials_NN2 for_IF thermal_JJ management_NN1 in_II energy_NN1 storage_NN1 and_CC conversion_NN1 ._. 
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On_II the_AT one_MC1 hand_NN1 ,_, they_PPHS2 act_VV0 as_RG nano-fluidic_JJ channels_NN2 for_IF the_AT flow_NN1 of_IO molecules_NN2 or_CC drugs_NN2 from_II the_AT underlying_JJ channels_NN2 ,_, providing_VVG a_AT1 way_NN1 to_TO deliver_VVI them_PPHO2 locally_RR only_RR to_II the_AT cells_NN2 lying_VVG on_II the_AT nanotubes_NN2 ._. 
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In_RR21 addition_RR22 ,_, carbon_NN1 can_VM also_RR be_VBI used_VVN as_II a_AT1 buffering_JJ matrix_NN1 to_TO relax_VVI the_AT expansion_NN1 that_CST occurs_VVZ within_II an_AT1 electrode_NN1 upon_II the_AT process_NN1 ._. 
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A_AT1 constant_JJ potential_NN1 of_IO 2.2_MC V_NNU was_VBDZ applied_VVN with_IW lithium_NN1 as_II the_AT counter_NN1 electrode_NN1 ._. 
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To_TO evaluate_VVI the_AT ion-pair_JJ sensing_NN1 properties_NN2 of_IO the_AT receptors_NN2 1_MC1 and_CC 2_MC by_II fluorescence_NN1 ,_, the_AT Zn2+_FO cation_NN1 was_VBDZ chosen_VVN as_II the_AT cationic_JJ partner_NN1 ,_, since_CS it_PPH1 was_VBDZ demonstrated_VVN that_CST Zn2+_FO displayed_VVD the_AT highest_JJT selectivity_NN1 and_CC affinity_NN1 for_IF these_DD2 receptors_NN2 (_( see_VV0 above_RL )_) ._. 
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Whether_CSW these_DD2 species_NN are_VBR relevant_JJ to_II Se_ND1 metabolism_NN1 in_II other_JJ mammals_NN2 or_CC in_II man_NN1 ,_, or_CC whether_CSW they_PPHS2 are_VBR specific_JJ to_II the_AT golden_JJ hamster_NN1 remains_VVZ to_TO be_VBI determined_VVN ._. 
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The_AT concentrations_NN2 in_II a_AT1 rice_NN1 flour_NN1 CRM_NP1 and_CC locally_RR purchased_VVN rice_NN1 were_VBDR reported_VVN ._. 
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The_AT final_JJ surface_NN1 density_NN1 of_IO the_AT as-immobilized_JJ HCA_NN1 was_VBDZ 4.75_MC ng/mm2_NN1 or_CC 15.6_MC pmol/cm2_NN1 ,_, deduced_VVN from_II the_AT final_JJ baseline_NN1 (_( also_RR shown_VVN as_II the_AT black_JJ line_NN1 in_II Figure_NN1 3B_FO )_) ._. 
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A_AT1 tattoo_NN1 matrix_NN1 was_VBDZ simulated_VVN through_II mixing_VVG aqueous_JJ 20%_NNU solutions_NN2 of_IO glycerol_NN1 and_CC propylene_NN1 glycol_NN1 ,_, ultrapure_VV0 water_NN1 and_CC ACN_VV0 as_RG organic_JJ solvent_NN1 in_II a_AT1 volume_NN1 ratio_NN1 of_IO 1_MC1 :_: 1_MC1 :_: 1_MC1 :_: 2_MC ._. 
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Some_DD advantages_NN2 of_IO this_DD1 catalyst_NN1 include_VV0 catalytic_JJ activity_NN1 in_II the_AT covalent_JJ functionalization_NN1 of_IO GO-MnFe2O4_NN1 with_IW the_AT palladium_NN1 complex_NN1 ,_, insolubility_NN1 in_II the_AT reaction_NN1 medium_NN1 and_CC easy_JJ separation_NN1 from_II the_AT reaction_NN1 medium_NN1 by_II applying_VVG an_AT1 external_JJ magnetic_JJ field_NN1 ._. 
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It_PPH1 was_VBDZ found_VVN that_CST the_AT number_NN1 of_IO phosphopeptides_NN2 from_II basophilic_JJ kinase_NN1 substrates_NN2 identified_VVN in_II the_AT depleted_JJ fraction_NN1 showed_VVD an_AT1 obvious_JJ increase_NN1 when_CS compared_VVN with_IW the_AT undepleted_JJ method_NN1 ._. 
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To_TO achieve_VVI a_AT1 wide_JJ content_JJ range_NN1 detection_NN1 of_IO analytical_JJ elements_NN2 ,_, 60_MC low-alloy_JJ steel_NN1 reference_NN1 samples_NN2 were_VBDR used_VVN in_II this_DD1 study_NN1 to_TO establish_VVI the_AT calibration_NN1 models_NN2 for_IF the_AT analyzed_JJ elements_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
HRMS_NP1 (_( ESI_NP1 )_) (_( M_ZZ1 +_FO Na+_FO )_) calcd_VV0 for_IF C16H23ClF2NNaO5P+_FO m/z_ZZ1 :_: 436.0862_MC ;_; found_VVD m/z_ZZ1 :_: 436.0861_MC ._. 
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According_II21 to_II22 previous_JJ studies_NN2 ,_, miRNAs_NN2 can_VM stably_RR exist_VVI in_II complex_JJ environments_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 exosomes_NN2 and_CC body_NN1 fluids_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
In_II this_DD1 work_NN1 ,_, catecholate-type_JJ ligands_NN2 including_II catecholate_NN1 and_CC naphthalene-2,3-diolate_FO were_VBDR introduced_VVN into_II the_AT Ti8-oxo_JJ clusters_NN2 &lsqb;_( &rsqb;_) and_CC &lsqb;_( &rsqb;_) ,_, respectively_RR ._. 
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<s>
In_II this_DD1 study_NN1 ,_, a_AT1 novel_JJ portable_JJ device_NN1 combining_VVG an_AT1 aptamer_NN1 probe_NN1 and_CC a_AT1 nanofluidic_JJ component_NN1 was_VBDZ developed_VVN ,_, enabling_VVG the_AT buffer-free_JJ continuous_JJ monitoring_NN1 of_IO small_JJ molecules_NN2 in_II biological_JJ fluids_NN2 ._. 
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The_AT Nyquist_NP1 plot_NN1 is_VBZ ascribed_VVN to_II the_AT charge_NN1 transfer_NN1 resistance_NN1 (_( Rct_NP1 )_) between_II the_AT catalysts_NN2 and_CC the_AT electrolyte_NN1 ,_, solution_NN1 resistance_NN1 Rs_NNU2 and_CC capacitance_NN1 of_IO double_JJ layer_NN1 (_( Cdl_MC )_) ,_, respectively_RR ._. 
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<s>
For_IF the_AT kb_NNU pathway_NN1 ,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ proposed_VVN that_CST the_AT ruthenium(IV)_NN1 sulfilamido_NN1 species_NN is_VBZ formed_VVN via_II direct_JJ nucleophilic_JJ attack_NN1 of_IO the_AT thiolate_NN1 group_NN1 at_II 1_MC1 followed_VVN by_II rapid_JJ protonation_NN1 by_II the_AT solvent_NN1 (_( eq_VV0 5_MC )_) ._. 
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The_AT triptyceno_NN1 subunits_NN2 form_VV0 a_AT1 nanosized_JJ nest_NN1 on_II one_MC1 side_NN1 of_IO the_AT aromatic_JJ plane_NN1 with_IW spacematching_VVG fullerenes_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 C60_FO and_CC C70_FO to_TO afford_VVI shapecomplementary_JJ supramolecular_JJ complexes_NN2 ._. 
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Multiple_JJ linear_JJ regression_NN1 analysis_NN1 demonstrated_VVD that_CST the_AT predictor_NN1 variables_NN2 for_IF Cd_NN1 in_II blood_NN1 were_VBDR the_AT standardised_JJ body_NN1 weight_NN1 ,_, smoking_VVG ,_, age_NN1 ,_, alcohol_NN1 consumption_NN1 and_CC intake_NN1 of_IO leafy_JJ vegetables_NN2 ,_, whereas_CS for_IF blood_NN1 Pb_FO concentrations_NN2 they_PPHS2 were_VBDR sex_NN1 and_CC age_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT LoD_NP1 device_NN1 was_VBDZ then_RT stopped_VVN and_CC DCM_NP1 was_VBDZ loaded_VVN (_( 35_MC l_NNU ,_, Fig._NN1 3f_RA )_) )_) ._. 
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<s>
ESI-MS_NN1 m/z_ZZ1 :_: &lsqb;_( M_ZZ1 +_FO Na_FO &rsqb;_) +_FO Calcd_VV0 for_IF C20H23NO3Na_FO 348.1576_MC ;_; Found_VVD 348.1570_MC ._. 
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Brightness_NN1 and_CC stability_NN1 are_VBR two_MC critical_JJ parameters_NN2 that_CST determine_VV0 the_AT performance_NN1 of_IO fluorescent_JJ probes_NN2 in_II biological_JJ imaging_NN1 ._. 
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It_PPH1 is_VBZ worth_II mentioning_VVG that_CST the_AT photoreactivity_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 ground_NN1 powder_NN1 of_IO 18_MC was_VBDZ even_RR higher_JJR ,_, with_IW 80%_NNU conversion_NN1 of_IO C&lsqb;double_NP1 bond_NN1 ,_, length_NN1 as_CSA m-dash_JJ &rsqb;_) C_ZZ1 bonds_NN2 within_II just_RR 2_MC h_ZZ1 ._. 
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The_AT CO2_FO conversion_NN1 is_VBZ mainly_RR caused_VVN by_II electron_NN1 impact_NN1 dissociation_NN1 under_II these_DD2 conditions_NN2 (_( see_VV0 below_RL and_CC ref_NN1 (_( 29_MC )_) )_) ._. 
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Up_II21 to_II22 now_RT ,_, very_RG different_JJ analytical_JJ instruments_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 high-performance_JJ liquid_JJ chromatography_NN1 ,_, gas_NN1 chromatography_NN1 ,_, and_CC enzyme-linked_JJ immunoassay_NN1 have_VH0 been_VBN employed_VVN to_TO detect_VVI mycotoxins_NN2 &lsqb;_( 18_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
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Figure_NN1 3_MC shows_VVZ the_AT absorbance_NN1 ,_, PLE_NP1 ,_, and_CC PL_NP1 emission_NN1 spectra_NN2 for_IF cross-linked_JJ Zn–AuNCs_NP2 dissolved_VVD in_II solution_NN1 at_II pH_NN1 4_MC ._. 
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From_II the_AT theoretical_JJ simulations_NN2 performed_VVN here_RL for_IF LTE_NN1 plasmas_NN2 with_IW temperatures_NN2 between_II 6500_MC K_ZZ1 and_CC 8500_MC K_ZZ1 ,_, the_AT proposed_JJ subtraction_NN1 procedure_NN1 is_VBZ only_RR weakly_RR sensitive_JJ to_II the_AT temperature_NN1 changes_NN2 that_CST might_VM originate_VVI also_RR from_II matrix_NN1 differences_NN2 within_II the_AT sample_NN1 set_NN1 ._. 
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These_DD2 results_NN2 ruled_VVD out_RP azirine_NN1 as_II an_AT1 intermediate_JJ in_II this_DD1 coupling/cyclization_NN1 reaction_NN1 ._. 
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A_AT1 typical_JJ example_NN1 is_VBZ pencil-writing_JJ compact_NN1 and_CC conductive_JJ graphite_NN1 particles_NN2 on_II paper_NN1 as_CSA pressure_NN1 sensing_NN1 elements_NN2 &lsqb;_( 88_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
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In_II this_DD1 study_NN1 ,_, the_AT value_NN1 of_IO kex_NN1 is_VBZ the_AT same_DA for_IF all_DB isolated_JJ species_NN ._. 
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Of_RR21 course_RR22 ,_, the_AT improvement_NN1 degree_NN1 for_IF each_DD1 element_NN1 can_VM not_XX be_VBI fully_RR evaluated_VVN by_II the_AT degree_NN1 of_IO decline_NN1 in_II AREs_NP1 ,_, which_DDQ is_VBZ related_VVN to_II the_AT test_NN1 sample_NN1 ,_, correction_NN1 sample_NN1 ,_, calibration_NN1 curve_NN1 ,_, experimental_JJ parameters_NN2 ,_, instruments_NN2 ,_, etc_RA ._. 
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The_AT device_NN1 demonstrated_VVD a_AT1 high_JJ sensitivity_NN1 for_IF the_AT detection_NN1 of_IO AChE_NN1 activity_NN1 and_CC was_VBDZ thus_RR shown_VVN to_TO have_VHI significant_JJ potential_NN1 for_IF the_AT quantification_NN1 of_IO neurotransmitter_NN1 activity_NN1 ._. 
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Although_CS the_AT authors_NN2 show_VV0 UV-vis_MC2 experiments_NN2 which_DDQ exhibit_VV0 a_AT1 small_JJ red_JJ shift_NN1 in_II the_AT porphyrin_NN1 Soret_NN1 band_NN1 upon_II the_AT addition_NN1 of_IO Hg2+_FO ,_, further_JJR studies_NN2 to_TO confirm_VVI the_AT uptake_NN1 of_IO Hg2+_FO by_II the_AT material_NN1 were_VBDR not_XX conducted_VVN ._. 
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QDs_NP1 can_VM be_VBI photo-excited_JJ by_II producing_VVG electron/hole_NN1 pairs_NN2 ,_, which_DDQ recombine_VV0 to_TO yield_VVI emission_NN1 of_IO light_NN1 ._. 
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A_AT1 magnetized_JJ silver_NN1 nanosorbent_NN1 by_II Khajeh_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
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(_( 2016_MC )_) achieved_VVD LODs_NN2 of_IO 10–90_MCMC ng_NNU L1_FO and_CC recoveries_NN2 of_IO 92.8–96.5%_FO for_IF 3_MC PAHs_NP2 in_II water_NN1 samples_NN2 &lsqb;_( 77_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
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Selenocyanate_JJ Se(CN)_NN1 was_VBDZ detected_VVN as_II a_AT1 major_JJ Se_ND1 specie_NN1 in_II petroleum_NN1 refinery_NN1 wastewaters_NN2 by_II applying_VVG an_AT1 instrumental_JJ set-up_NN1 consisting_VVG on_II the_AT use_NN1 of_IO ion_NN1 chromatography_NN1 ,_, UV-induced_JJ volatile_JJ Se_ND1 compound_NN1 generation_NN1 and_CC ICP-MS_NN1 detection.206_FO In_RR21 brief_RR22 ,_, Se_NP1 species_NN were_VBDR first_MD separated_VVN on_II a_AT1 Dionex_NN1 anion_NN1 exchange_NN1 column_NN1 AS11_FO (_( i.d_NNU ._. 
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4_MC mm_NNU ×_II 250_MC mm_NNU )_) using_VVG a_AT1 step_NN1 gradient_NN1 with_IW NaOH_NN1 as_II the_AT eluent_JJ ,_, and_CC subsequently_RR converted_VVN to_II their_APPGE volatile_JJ forms_NN2 by_II UV_JJ irradiation_NN1 in_II presence_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 mixture_NN1 of_IO HCOOH–HNO3_NP1 ._. 
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The_AT corresponding_JJ energy_NN1 paths_NN2 can_VM be_VBI found_VVN in_II the_AT Supporting_JJ Information_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT approximate_JJ isosceles_NN2 triangle_NN1 of_IO three_MC samples_NN2 indicates_VVZ excellent_JJ reversibility_NN1 in_II the_AT charge–discharge_NN1 process_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT calculated_JJ binding_JJ energies_NN2 of_IO Li+_FO and_CC Mg2+_FO ions_NN2 with_IW 82–_NN1 i.e._REX ,_, Li-82–_NN1 ,_, Li2-82–_NN1 ,_, and_CC Mg-82–_NN1 at_II M06-2X/6-31G_NN1 (_( 2d_VV0 ,_, p_ZZ1 )_) level_NN1 of_IO theory_NN1 in_II gas_NN1 phase_NN1 are_VBR given_VVN in_II Table_NN1 2_MC ._. 
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This_DD1 was_VBDZ to_TO avoid_VVI elemental_JJ fractionation_NN1 that_CST is_VBZ observed_VVN in_II larger_JJR particulates_NN2 ._. 
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Achieving_VVG glassy_JJ solid_JJ electrolytes_NN2 with_IW high_JJ ionic_JJ conductivity_NN1 ,_, low_JJ activation_NN1 energy_NN1 ,_, and_CC good_JJ thermal_JJ stability_NN1 is_VBZ a_AT1 continuous_JJ challenge_NN1 for_IF the_AT design_NN1 and_CC synthesis_NN1 of_IO novel_JJ fast_JJ ion-conducting_JJ glasses_NN2 ._. 
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They_PPHS2 achieved_VVD good_JJ discrimination_NN1 between_II genuine_JJ and_CC illegal_JJ medicines_NN2 with_IW 98.93%_FO correct_JJ classification_NN1 for_IF Viagra?_NP1 and_CC 99.42%_FO for_IF Cialis?_NN1 ._. 
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Likewise_RR ,_, many_DA2 other_JJ types_NN2 of_IO electrochemical_JJ NP_NP1 (_( i.e._REX ,_, CdS_NN2 ,_, Fe3O4_FO ,_, PbS_NP1 ,_, CoFe2O4_FO ,_, and_CC AuNPs_NP1 )_) based_VVD narcotics_NN2 sensors_NN2 were_VBDR also_RR developed_VVN &lsqb;_( 104_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, &lsqb;_( 107_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, &lsqb;_( 108_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, &lsqb;_( 124_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, &lsqb;_( 125_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
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<s>
Since_CS the_AT fluorescence_NN1 XAFS_VVZ measurements_NN2 were_VBDR recorded_VVN using_VVG a_AT1 Lytle_NN1 detector_NN1 ,_, intense_JJ emission_NN1 lines_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 Ba_NP1 L_ZZ1 ,_, β_NULL ,_, Eu_NP1 L_ZZ1 ,_, β_NULL and_CC S_ZZ1 K_ZZ1 ,_, β_NULL could_VM enhance_VVI the_AT background_NN1 level_NN1 of_IO the_AT Eu_NP1 L1-edge_NN1 XA_NP1 spectra_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
In_II our_APPGE previous_JJ study_NN1 ,_, we_PPIS2 showed_VVD that_CST the_AT sodiation_NN1 of_IO TiO2_FO up_RG21 to_RG22 100_MC mA_NN1 h_ZZ1 g1_FO ,_, characterized_VVN by_II a_AT1 rapid_JJ decrease_NN1 in_II the_AT voltage_NN1 (_( 0.3_MC V_NNU )_) ,_, did_VDD not_XX induce_VVI any_DD structural_JJ change_NN1 and_CC was_VBDZ due_II21 to_II22 electrolyte_NN1 decomposition.11_FO In_II the_AT case_NN1 of_IO the_AT electrode_NN1 ,_, we_PPIS2 observed_VVD a_AT1 smooth_JJ decrease_NN1 in_II the_AT voltage_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT structure_NN1 of_IO NaSn2(PO4)3_FO was_VBDZ analyzed_VVN by_II combining_VVG X-ray_NN1 diffraction_NN1 and_CC density_NN1 functional_JJ theory_NN1 to_TO confirm_VVI the_AT R3_FO space_NN1 group_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
To_TO discern_VVI the_AT sensitivity_NN1 increase_NN1 solely_RR due_II21 to_II22 PET(IR)_NP1 from_II that_DD1 due_II21 to_II22 a_AT1 change_NN1 in_II nebuliser_NN1 or_CC to_II the_AT hydrogen_NN1 by-product_NN1 of_IO HG_FO ,_, the_AT MSIS-PET(IR)_NN1 was_VBDZ compared_VVN to_II MSIS_NP1 on_II the_AT same_DA instrument_NN1 ,_, in_II the_AT same_DA mode_NN1 ._. 
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Plasma_NN1 samples_NN2 were_VBDR firstly_RR subjected_VVN to_II an_AT1 alkaline_JJ liquid/liquid_JJ extraction_NN1 (_( LLE_NP1 )_) procedure_NN1 with_IW heptane:isoamyl_FO alcohol_NN1 ,_, (_( 98:2_MC v/v_NNU )_) mixture_NN1 and_CC the_AT organic_JJ layer_NN1 was_VBDZ again_RT subjected_VVN to_II LLE_NN1 with_IW 0.01_MC M_NNO potassium_NN1 dihydrogen_NN1 phosphate_NN1 ._. 
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Advantages_NN2 of_IO the_AT modified_JJ procedure_NN1 were_VBDR decreased_VVN volumes_NN2 of_IO high_JJ purity_NN1 acid_NN1 ,_, cost_NN1 and_CC time_NNT1 required_VVN and_CC lower_JJR blanks_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Even_CS21 though_CS22 total_JJ solubilisation_NN1 after_II digestion_NN1 was_VBDZ only_RR observed_VVN when_CS mixtures_NN2 containing_VVG HNO3_FO and_CC HF_NP1 were_VBDR utilised_VVN ,_, the_AT Cd_NN1 and_CC Pb_FO concentrations_NN2 obtained_VVN did_VDD not_XX show_VVI statistically_RR significant_JJ differences_NN2 compared_VVN with_IW results_NN2 obtained_VVN for_IF a_AT1 HNO3/HCl_NN1 mixture_NN1 (_( 6_MC to_II 0.5_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
The_AT voltammograms_NN2 recorded_VVN in_II the_AT potential_JJ range_NN1 ±0.8_FO V_ZZ1 are_VBR given_VVN in_II Figure_NN1 5_MC ,_, and_CC different_JJ possible_JJ redox_NN1 transitions(42,46,65)_FO are_VBR observed_VVN ._. 
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<s>
Last_MD but_CCB not_XX least_RRT ,_, several_DA2 two-step_JJ transitions_NN2 have_VH0 also_RR reported_VVN in_II 1D_NNU SCO_NP1 materials_NN2 ,_, (_( 26-28_MCMC )_) which_DDQ confirms_VVZ the_AT general_JJ character_NN1 of_IO elastic_JJ frustration_NN1 in_II these_DD2 molecular_JJ systems_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
In_II comparison_NN1 to_II other_JJ cell_NN1 culture_NN1 monitoring_NN1 systems_NN2 ,_, our_APPGE system_NN1 enables_VVZ an_AT1 investigation_NN1 of_IO not_XX only_RR drug_NN1 but_CCB also_RR light_JJ exposure_NN1 to_II cells_NN2 growing_VVG directly_RR on_II the_AT sensor_NN1 chip_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
A_AT1 second_MD sample_NN1 ,_, a_AT1 mouse_NN1 PCB_NN1 ,_, was_VBDZ investigated_VVN ,_, and_CC Pb_FO was_VBDZ detected_VVN in_II the_AT solder_NN1 ;_; its_APPGE concentration_NN1 was_VBDZ subsequently_RR determined_VVN to_TO be_VBI approximately_RR 25%_NNU (_( w/w_ZZ1 )_) by_II flame_NN1 atomic_JJ absorption_NN1 spectrometry_NN1 (_( FAAS_NP2 )_) ._. 
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<s>
The_AT blue_JJ reservoirs_NN2 represent_VV0 reagents_NN2 for_IF the_AT washing_NN1 process_NN1 and_CC contained_VVD washing_VVG buffers_NN2 I_PPIS1 ,_, II_MC ,_, and_CC III_MC (_( 5th–7th_MD reservoirs_NN2 )_) ,_, including_II 2×_FO SSC_NN1 with_IW 0.1%_FO SDS_NP1 ,_, 1×_FO SSC_NN1 with_IW 0.1%_FO SDS_NP1 ,_, and_CC 0.2×_FO SSC_NN1 ,_, respectively_RR ._. 
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<s>
Scanning_VVG electron_NN1 microscopy_NN1 (_( SEM_NP1 )_) imaging_NN1 was_VBDZ achieved_VVN with_IW the_AT use_NN1 of_IO JEOL-JSM-7100F_NP1 ,_, and_CC transmission_NN1 electron_NN1 microscopy_NN1 (_( TEM_NP1 )_) was_VBDZ performed_VVN using_VVG JEOL_NN1 JEM-2100_MC ._. 
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<s>
Last_MD ,_, we_PPIS2 incorporated_VVD β_NULL -MnO2_JJ cathode_NN1 with_IW 4%_NNU mole_NN1 fraction_NN1 of_IO Bi2O3_FO to_TO enhance_VVI the_AT electrochemical_JJ performance_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT most_RGT famous_JJ international_JJ companies_NN2 in_II fragrance_NN1 field_NN1 are_VBR Givaudan_NP1 (_( Swiss_JJ )_) ,_, IFF_CS (_( American_JJ )_) ,_, Firmenich_NP1 (_( Swiss_JJ )_) ,_, Symrise_NP1 (_( German_NN1 )_) ,_, Quest_NN1 International_JJ (_( Anglo-Dutch_JJ )_) ,_, and_CC Takasago_NP1 (_( Japanese_NN1 )_) that_CST own_VV0 57%_NNU of_IO the_AT total_JJ market_NN1 &lsqb;_( 3_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
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<s>
Contrary_II21 to_II22 the_AT spectrum_NN1 measured_VVN above_II the_AT Mn_FO ,_, which_DDQ is_VBZ unchanged_JJ when_CS we_PPIS2 build_VV0 up_RP the_AT 2D_NNU lattice_NN1 ,_, the_AT ligand_NN1 spectrum_NN1 is_VBZ very_RG sensitive_JJ to_II the_AT nearest_JJT molecule_NN1 environment_NN1 as_CSA can_VM be_VBI seen_VVN by_II comparing_VVG Figure_NN1 2b_FO and_CC Figure_NN1 2d_NNU ._. 
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<s>
Moreover_RR ,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ difficult_JJ to_TO manually_RR identify_VVI the_AT rocks_NN2 located_VVN in_II inaccessible_JJ harsh_JJ environments_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT conventional_JJ solvent_NN1 extraction_NN1 of_IO anthocyanins_NN2 is_VBZ solvent-wasting_JJ and_CC time_NNT1 consuming_VVG ,_, as_II31 well_II32 as_II33 low_JJ yield_NN1 &lsqb;_( 88_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
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<s>
After_CS the_AT addition_NN1 of_IO specific_JJ targets_NN2 ,_, DNA_NN1 probes_NN2 bind_VV0 with_IW the_AT targets_NN2 and_CC then_RT detach_VV0 from_II MIL-101_MC ,_, which_DDQ leads_VVZ to_II the_AT recovery_NN1 of_IO the_AT fluorescence_NN1 slightly_RR ._. 
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<s>
As_CSA expected_VVN ,_, hydrosilane_NN1 was_VBDZ too_RG weak_JJ to_TO reduce_VVI the_AT imidate_NN1 (_( entry_NN1 12_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
Samples_NN2 for_IF TEM_NN1 investigations_NN2 were_VBDR prepared_VVN by_II first_MD dispersing_VVG the_AT particles_NN2 in_II ethanol_NN1 under_II assistance_NN1 of_IO ultrasonication_NN1 and_CC then_RT dropwise_RR adding_VVG one_MC1 drop_NN1 of_IO the_AT suspension_NN1 on_II a_AT1 copper_NN1 TEM_NN1 grid_NN1 coated_VVN with_IW a_AT1 holey_JJ carbon_NN1 film_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Raman_NN1 spectroscopy_NN1 coupled_VVN with_IW interval_NN1 PLS_NN2 (_( iPLS_VVZ )_) for_IF variable_JJ selection_NN1 showed_VVD good_JJ results_NN2 ,_, showing_VVG an_AT1 average_JJ error_NN1 lower_JJR than_CSN 5%_NNU for_IF all_DB mixture_NN1 components_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Also_RR ,_, the_AT microprobe_NN1 method_NN1 could_VM be_VBI used_VVN for_IF CE-ESI-MS_NP1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT IR_NN1 temperature_NN1 was_VBDZ kept_VVN at_II a_AT1 maximum_NN1 of_IO 300_MC °C_NNU for_IF this_DD1 experiment_NN1 to_TO create_VVI a_AT1 large_JJ enough_DD separation_NN1 from_II previous_JJ work.13_FO 160_MC °C_NNU was_VBDZ chosen_VVN as_II a_AT1 lower_JJR temperature_NN1 cut_VVN off_RP to_TO investigate_VVI the_AT effects_NN2 of_IO heating_NN1 only_RR minimally_RR above_II the_AT conventional_JJ heater_NN1 temperature_NN1 of_IO USN_NP1 (_( 140_MC °C_NNU )_) ._. 
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<s>
In_RR21 addition_RR22 ,_, the_AT effects_NN2 of_IO other_JJ interfering_JJ agents_NN2 on_II the_AT detection_NN1 performance_NN1 of_IO the_AT system_NN1 were_VBDR evaluated_VVN by_II adding_VVG various_JJ foreign_JJ species_NN into_II 1.0_MC pM_RA miRNA-155_MC for_IF fluorescence_NN1 detection_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
It_PPH1 is_VBZ worth_II noticing_VVG here_RL ,_, that_CST this_DD1 behavior_NN1 contrasts_VVZ with_IW that_DD1 of_IO the_AT usual_JJ Ising_VVG 1D_NNU chains_NN2 with_IW short-range_JJ interactions_NN2 ,_, the_AT kinetic_JJ hysteresis_NN1 of_IO which_DDQ are_VBR less_RGR wider_JJR ._. 
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<s>
Materials_NN2 for_IF biological_JJ applications_NN2 show_VV0 up_RP in_II many_DA2 areas–contrast_VV0 agents_NN2 ,_, sensors_NN2 ,_, photocatalysts_NN2 ,_, phosphors_NN2 ,_, drug_NN1 delivery_NN1 systems_NN2 ,_, etc_RA ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 approach_NN1 can_VM be_VBI further_RRR extended_VVN to_II detection_NN1 of_IO many_DA2 other_JJ compounds_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 peptides_NN2 and_CC drugs_NN2 by_II using_VVG luminol-type_JJ derivatization_NN1 reagent_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Stage_NN1 (_( ii_MC )_) is_VBZ an_AT1 aggregation_NN1 of_IO some_DD particles_NN2 on_II the_AT surface_NN1 of_IO the_AT solid_JJ microspheres_NN2 ,_, and_CC stage_NN1 (_( iii_MC )_) belongs_VVZ to_II the_AT evacuation_NN1 of_IO the_AT solid_JJ core_NN1 and_CC the_AT generation_NN1 of_IO the_AT shell_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
As_II a_AT1 consequence_NN1 ,_, SCCPs_NP1 have_VH0 been_VBN listed_VVN as_CSA persistent_JJ organic_JJ pollutants_NN2 (_( POPs_VVZ )_) under_II the_AT UN_NP1 Stockholm_NP1 convention_NN1 on_RP POPs_VVZ in_II 2017_MC &lsqb;_( 16_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
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<s>
The_AT jagged_JJ inner_JJ wall_NN1 of_IO constriction_NN1 channels_NN2 facilitates_VVZ stripping_VVG off_II21 of_II22 the_AT cumulus–corona_NN1 cell_NN1 mass_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT first_MD one_PN1 reviews_VVZ the_AT existing_JJ knowledge_NN1 on_II Te_FW metabolism_NN1 in_II plants_NN2 and_CC microorganisms_NN2 based_VVN on_II LC-ICP-MS_NP1 and_CC LC-ESI-MS/MS_FU data.214_FO Similarly_RR to_II Se_NP1 ,_, several_DA2 Te_FW metabolites_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 MeTeCys_NP1 ,_, TeMet_NP1 and_CC TeCys_NP1 has_VHZ been_VBN detected_VVN and_CC identified_VVN ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 may_VM in_RR21 part_RR22 be_VBI a_AT1 result_NN1 of_IO technical_JJ challenges_NN2 in_II assaying_VVG secreted_JJ proteins_NN2 in_II microsystems_NN2 (_( e.g._REX low_JJ cell_NN1 numbers_NN2 or_CC analyte_NN1 dilution_NN1 )_) ._. 
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<s>
Infrared_JJ spectra_NN2 were_VBDR recorded_VVN on_II KBr_NP1 pellets_NN2 on_II a_AT1 Nicolet_NN1 iS10_FO FTIR_NN1 spectrometer_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
It_PPH1 is_VBZ noteworthy_JJ that_CST only_RR the_AT 2a_NN1 (_( R*_NP1 ,_, S*_FO )_) and_CC 2b_NN1 (_( R*_NP1 ,_, S*_FO )_) diastereomers_NN2 were_VBDR characterized_VVN by_II X-ray_NN1 diffraction_NN1 analysis_NN1 ,_, while_CS -sulfinyl_JJ germylene_NN1 was_VBDZ used_VVN in_II a_AT1 racemic_JJ form_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Stem_VV0 cells_NN2 are_VBR adapted_VVN to_II low_JJ oxygen_NN1 concentrations_NN2 by_II conducting_VVG mainly_RR glycolysis_NN1 to_TO cover_VVI their_APPGE energy_NN1 demand_NN1 producing_VVG lactic_JJ acid_NN1 to_TO recycle_VVI their_APPGE reduction_NN1 equivalents_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Modification_NN1 of_IO the_AT nanopore_NN1 with_IW affinity_NN1 substances_NN2 results_NN2 in_II analyte_NN1 selectivity_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
After_II adding_VVG the_AT KMnO4_FO aqueous_JJ solution_NN1 into_II the_AT GO_NN1 dispersion_NN1 system_NN1 ,_, we_PPIS2 obtained_VVD the_AT reacting_JJ system_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
On_II the_AT one_MC1 hand_NN1 ,_, stationary_JJ automated_JJ LIBS_NN2 systems_NN2 were_VBDR developed_VVN and_CC some_DD of_IO these_DD2 were_VBDR already_RR put_VVN into_II routine_NN1 use_NN1 at_II production_NN1 lines_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
H9O4+_FO down_VV0 to_II 250_MC cm_NNU 1.1_MC Both_RR spectra_NN2 show_VV0 two_MC dominant_JJ peaks_NN2 near_II 250_MC cm_NNU 1_MC1 ._. 
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<s>
Lastly_RR ,_, the_AT inlet_NN1 and_CC outlet_NN1 were_VBDR connected_VVN to_II the_AT device_NN1 as_CSA shown_VVN in_II the_AT fourth_MD step_NN1 of_IO Fig._NN1 5_MC ._. 
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<s>
Fig._NN1 4(b)_FO shows_VVZ that_CST the_AT LC_NP1 receiver_NN1 circuit_NN1 achieves_VVZ a_AT1 large_JJ voltage_NN1 response_NN1 of_IO approximately_RR 2.9_MC V_NNU ,_, when_CS it_PPH1 is_VBZ placed_VVN at_II the_AT center_NN1 of_IO the_AT transmitter_NN1 circuit_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
These_DD2 defects_NN2 were_VBDR nucleated_VVN on_II insulating_JJ impurity_NN1 particles_NN2 in_II the_AT lithium_NN1 electrode_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT validated_JJ method_NN1 was_VBDZ successfully_RR applied_VVN to_II the_AT analysis_NN1 of_IO dietary_JJ supplements_NN2 showing_VVG accordance_NN1 with_IW the_AT labeled_JJ amount_NN1 of_IO 5-HTP_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 figure_NN1 shows_VVZ averaged_JJ preprocessed_JJ spectra_NN2 of_IO bloodstains_NN2 at_II various_JJ time_NNT1 points_NN2 from_II 1_MC1 h_ZZ1 up_RG21 to_RG22 19008_MC h_ZZ1 (_( two_MC years_NNT2 )_) for_IF two_MC blood_NN1 donors_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
More_DAR work_NN1 is_VBZ needed_VVN to_TO clearly_RR explain_VVI this_DD1 dependence_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT absolute_JJ CO2_FO conversion_NN1 increases_VVZ more_RGR or_CC less_RGR exponentially_RR with_IW rising_VVG N2_FO fraction_NN1 ,_, both_RR in_II the_AT experiments_NN2 and_CC the_AT calculations_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
An_AT1 additional_JJ advantage_NN1 of_IO the_AT vacuum_NN1 environment_NN1 comes_VVZ from_II the_AT possibility_NN1 of_IO expanding_VVG the_AT information_NN1 extracted_VVN after_II each_DD1 laser_NN1 event_NN1 by_II the_AT addition_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 mass_JJ spectrometer_NN1 in_II time-coincidence_NN1 or_CC in_II a_AT1 sequential_JJ detection_NN1 scheme_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Aiming_VVG at_II the_AT expansion_NN1 of_IO the_AT light-harvesting_JJ range_NN1 of_IO squaraine_NN1 dyes_NN2 which_DDQ conventionally_RR show_VV0 narrow_JJ and_CC sharp_JJ absorption_NN1 ,_, we_PPIS2 designed_VVD and_CC synthesized_VVD novel_JJ V-shaped_JJ squaraine_NN1 dyes_NN2 based_VVN on_II central_JJ carbazole_NN1 core_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Several_DA2 important_JJ findings_NN2 were_VBDR revealed_VVN with_IW regards_VVZ to_II the_AT interactions_NN2 that_CST control_VV0 CO2_FO solubility_NN1 in_II an_AT1 AHA_UH IL_FW ._. 
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<s>
The_AT influence_NN1 of_IO discharge_NN1 frequency_NN1 on_II the_AT temporal_JJ emission_NN1 intensities_NN2 of_IO Na_FO and_CC K_ZZ1 were_VBDR explored_VVN ._. 
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<s>
A_AT1 stirred_JJ solution_NN1 of_IO diphenylmethane_NN1 (_( 1.679_MC g_NNU ;_; 10_MC mmol_NN1 )_) in_II dry_JJ THF_NP1 (_( 20_MC mL_NNU )_) in_II a_AT1 Schlenk_NN1 flask_NN1 was_VBDZ cooled_VVN to_II 0_MC °C_NNU under_II argon_NN1 ,_, and_CC n-BuLi_NN1 (_( 1.6_MC M_NNO in_II hexane_NN1 ;_; 6.55_MC mL_NNU ,_, 10.05_MC mmol_NN1 )_) was_VBDZ added_VVN by_II syringe_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
To_TO give_VVI insight_NN1 into_II the_AT mechanism_NN1 of_IO CO2_FO storage_NN1 ,_, isosteric_JJ heat_NN1 of_IO adsorption_NN1 was_VBDZ also_RR calculated_VVN from_II the_AT CO2_FO isotherms_NN2 measured_VVN at_II 273_MC and_CC 298_MC K._NP1 This_DD1 research_NN1 approach_NN1 responds_VVZ to_II the_AT need_NN1 of_IO our_APPGE society_NN1 that_CST requires_VVZ a_AT1 reduction_NN1 of_IO wastes_NN2 ,_, as_II31 well_II32 as_II33 their_APPGE valorisation_NN1 ,_, transforming_VVG waste_NN1 into_II a_AT1 resource_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
In_II the_AT hydrolysis_NN1 of_IO NaBH4_FO solution_NN1 ,_, the_AT as-deposited_JJ mockstrawberry-like_JJ Co–Ni–P_NN1 catalyst_NN1 exhibited_VVD the_AT best_JJT catalytic_JJ activity_NN1 ,_, resulting_VVG in_II a_AT1 hydrogen_NN1 generation_NN1 rate_NN1 of_IO 2172.4_MC mL_NNU min1_FO g1_FO and_CC an_AT1 activation_NN1 energy_NN1 of_IO 53.5_MC kJ_NNU mol1_FO (_( Fig._NN1 12f_RA and_CC g_ZZ1 )_) ._. 
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<s>
Ammonia_NN1 is_VBZ commonly_RR synthesized_VVN at_II high_JJ temperature_NN1 and_CC high_JJ pressure_NN1 through_II industrial_JJ processes_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT Boc_NP1 group_NN1 was_VBDZ readily_RR hydrolyzed_VVN by_II trifluoroacetic_JJ acid_NN1 (_( TFA_NP1 )_) in_II DCM_NP1 over_RG 12_MC h_ZZ1 ,_, which_DDQ furnished_VVD spirocyclic_JJ oxindole_NN1 paraconic_JJ acid_NN1 4_MC in_II 94%_NNU yield_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 requires_VVZ calibration_NN1 of_IO the_AT HPLC_NP1 equipment_NN1 with_IW the_AT analyzed_JJ compounds_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
These_DD2 transitions_NN2 are_VBR both_RR consistent_JJ with_IW the_AT empirical_JJ rule_NN1 that_CST high_JJ pressure_NN1 stabilizes_VVZ the_AT phases_NN2 with_IW higher_JJR coordination_NN1 numbers.101_FO It_PPH1 is_VBZ likely_JJ that_CST additional_JJ compounds_NN2 with_IW the_AT trigonal_JJ structure_NN1 type_NN1 will_VM transform_VVI under_II pressure_NN1 to_II either_RR the_AT ThCr2Si2_FO or_CC BaCu2S2_FO structure_NN1 types_NN2 as_RR21 well_RR22 ,_, providing_VVG a_AT1 potential_JJ route_NN1 to_II further_JJR study_NN1 the_AT relationship_NN1 between_II the_AT structure_NN1 and_CC properties_NN2 in_II this_DD1 class_NN1 of_IO materials_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Hence_RR ,_, the_AT thermal_JJ cycling_NN1 subsystem_NN1 plays_VVZ an_AT1 important_JJ role_NN1 in_II developing_VVG a_AT1 simple_JJ ,_, compact_JJ and_CC low-cost_JJ digital_JJ PCR_NP1 system_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT distributions_NN2 obtained_VVN via_II single-element_JJ imaging_NN1 (_( ESI_NP1 Fig._NN1 3_MC )_) and_CC single-element_JJ single_JJ spot_NN1 analysis_NN1 (_( ESI_NP1 Fig._NN1 4_MC )_) look_VV0 like_II those_DD2 we_PPIS2 have_VH0 measured_VVN using_VVG single-element_JJ data_NN acquisition_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
As_CSA can_VM be_VBI seen_VVN by_II comparing_VVG the_AT data_NN in_II the_AT third_MD column_NN1 of_IO Table_NN1 1_MC1 with_IW that_DD1 in_II the_AT second_MD column_NN1 ,_, the_AT CCSD(T)/cc-pVDZ//_NN1 (_( 10,8_MC )_) -_- CASSCF/6-31G**_VV0 and_CC (_( 10,8_MC )_) CASPT2/6-31G**//_NN1 (_( 10,8_MC )_) -_- CASSCF/6-31G**_VV0 energies_NN2 for_IF the_AT 21_MC →_NULL 22_MC rearrangement_NN1 are_VBR quite_RG similar_JJ except_CS21 that_CS22 the_AT energies_NN2 of_IO the_AT chair_NN1 and_CC boat_NN1 TSs_NP1 are_VBR approximately_RR transposed_VVN with_IW the_AT boat_NN1 TS_ZZ2 favored_VVD over_II the_AT chair_NN1 TS_ZZ2 by_II 2.1_MC kcal/mol_NN1 by_II the_AT CCSD(T)/ccpVDZ//_NN1 (_( 10,8_MC )_) CASSCF/6-31G**_VV0 calculations_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
NH4Cl_FO (_( 10_MC mL_NNU )_) and_CC extracted_VVN with_IW ethyl_NN1 acetate_NN1 (_( 3_MC ×_II 8_MC mL_NNU )_) ._. 
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<s>
Similarly_RR ,_, the_AT emission_NN1 spectra_NN2 of_IO each_DD1 sample_NN1 were_VBDR studied_VVN using_VVG uorescence_NN1 measurements_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
By_II contrast_NN1 ,_, NiONi/NF_NP1 has_VHZ a_AT1 lower_JJR Tafel_NN1 slope_NN1 of_IO 55_MC mV_NNU dec_NN1 1_MC1 ,_, suggesting_VVG faster_JJR UOR_NN1 kinetics_NN1 for_IF NiONi/NF_NP1 ._. 
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<s>
Each_DD1 one_PN1 of_IO those_DD2 controls_NN2 should_VM be_VBI evaluated_VVN to_TO consider_VVI the_AT costs_NN2 ,_, benefits_NN2 ,_, and_CC disadvantages_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
We_PPIS2 have_VH0 tested_VVN the_AT cellular_JJ uptake_NN1 of_IO engineered_JJ exosomes_NN2 by_II antigen-presenting_JJ cells_NN2 ,_, and_CC the_AT engineered_JJ exosomes_NN2 show_VV0 much-improved_JJ internalization_NN1 capability_NN1 as_CSA compared_VVN to_II non-engineered_JJ exosomes_NN2 ,_, as_CSA shown_VVN in_II Fig._NN1 6c_FO (_( engineered_JJ exosomes_NN2 )_) and_CC d_ZZ1 (_( native_JJ exosomes_NN2 )_) ,_, which_DDQ are_VBR promising_JJ for_IF developing_VVG novel_JJ cancer_NN1 vaccines_NN2 and_CC delivery_NN1 in_II immunotherapy_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
As_II a_AT1 result_NN1 ,_, after_CS the_AT pressurized_JJ PDMS_NP1 channel_NN1 is_VBZ placed_VVN back_RP into_II the_AT atmosphere_NN1 ,_, gas_NN1 molecules_NN2 diffuse_VV0 from_II the_AT pressurized_JJ PDMS_NP1 slab_NN1 into_II the_AT channel_NN1 ,_, and_CC thus_RR cause_VV0 a_AT1 higher_JJR pressure_NN1 inside_II the_AT microchannel_NN1 than_CSN its_APPGE inlet_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ in_II return_NN1 prohibits_VVZ the_AT sample_NN1 from_II being_VBG sucked_VVN in_RP ._. 
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<s>
In_II conclusion_NN1 ,_, by_II coupling_VVG an_AT1 innovative_JJ electrochemistry_NN1 controlling_VVG system_NN1 with_IW DSI-MS_NN1 ,_, we_PPIS2 have_VH0 established_VVN a_AT1 droplet-scale_JJ real-time_JJ electrochemical_JJ reaction_NN1 screening_NN1 platform_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 spin_NN1 change_NN1 is_VBZ accepted_VVN or_CC rejected_VVD by_II the_AT usual_JJ Metropolis_NN1 criterion_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Liu_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
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<s>
&lsqb;_( 31_MC &rsqb;_) developed_VVD a_AT1 scaffold_NN1 DNA-AgNCs_NN2 based_VVN biosensor_NN1 for_IF selective_JJ detection_NN1 of_IO the_AT HBV_NP1 in_II human_JJ serum_NN1 samples_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
In_II the_AT first_MD method_NN1 ,_, among_II the_AT samples_NN2 tested_VVD ,_, no_AT positive_JJ cases_NN2 were_VBDR found_VVN &lsqb;_( 10_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
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<s>
The_AT difference_NN1 between_II these_DD2 three_MC linear_JJ carbon_NN1 molecules_NN2 is_VBZ just_RR two_MC hydrogen_NN1 atoms_NN2 between_II each_DD1 ._. 
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<s>
We_PPIS2 thank_VV0 Prof._NNB Tatsuo_NP1 Ushiki_NP1 ,_, Niigata_NP1 University_NN1 ,_, for_IF providing_VVG collagen_NN1 samples_NN2 examined_VVN here_RL ._. 
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<s>
Viral_JJ lysates_NN2 from_II throat_NN1 swabs_NN2 provided_VVN by_II the_AT Chinese_JJ Center_NN1 for_IF Disease_NN1 Control_NN1 and_CC Prevention_NN1 (_( Beijing_NP1 ,_, China_NP1 )_) were_VBDR used_VVN as_CSA H5N1_FO and_CC H7N9_FO FluA_NP1 RNA_NN1 templates_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
A_AT1 proton_NN1 is_VBZ the_AT simplest_JJT and_CC a_AT1 powerful_JJ catalyst_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT system_NN1 retained_VVD 99%_NNU of_IO the_AT initial_JJ specific_JJ capacity_NN1 measured_VVN at_II 0.033_MC A_ZZ1 g1_FO with_IW 93_MC mA_NN1 h_ZZ1 g1_FO at_II 100_MC °C_NNU as_II31 well_II32 as_II33 a_AT1 capacity_NN1 retention_NN1 of_IO 97%_NNU after_II 1000_MC cycles_NN2 at_II 100_MC °C_NNU ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT successful_JJ synthesis_NN1 of_IO 3_MC encouraged_VVD us_PPIO2 to_TO synthesize_VVI bis-BN_JJ ullazines_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT proposed_JJ method_NN1 does_VDZ not_XX require_VVI pretreatment_NN1 of_IO the_AT sample_NN1 and_CC can_VM provide_VVI reliable_JJ results_NN2 in_II real_JJ time_NNT1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Zervantonakis_NP1 et_NP1 al.169_FO used_VVD a_AT1 microfluidic_JJ platform_NN1 to_TO examine_VVI how_RRQ HT1080_FO ,_, a_AT1 fibrosarcoma_NN1 cell_NN1 line_NN1 ,_, interacts_VVZ with_IW ECs_NP2 in_II the_AT monolayer_NN1 form_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
By_II comparison_NN1 ,_, Wohlgemuth-Ueberwasser_NP1 et_NP1 al.7_FO reported_VVN a_AT1 concordant_JJ age_NN1 of_IO 2059.9_MC ±_FO 6.4_MC Ma_NP1 acquired_VVD with_IW ns-LA_NP1 coupled_VVD to_II Q-ICP-MS_NP1 using_VVG matrix-matched_JJ calibration_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT fossil_NN1 limb_NN1 bone_NN1 fragment_NN1 (_( P.3062_FO )_) shows_VVZ zonal_JJ bone_NN1 growth_NN1 ,_, seen_VVN as_CSA alternating_JJ bands_NN2 of_IO fast-growth_NN1 (_( zones_NN2 )_) and_CC slow-growth_NN1 (_( annuli_NN2 )_) fibrolamellar_JJ tissues_NN2 (_( brackets_NN2 ;_; Fig._NN1 2G_NNU and_CC H_ZZ1 )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
While_CS the_AT exact_JJ origin_NN1 of_IO the_AT omega_NN1 transition_NN1 remains_VVZ unclear_JJ ,_, previous_JJ work_NN1 has_VHZ suggested_VVN it_PPH1 is_VBZ caused_VVN by_II a_AT1 larger_JJR segment_NN1 of_IO the_AT network_NN1 structure_NN1 ,_, Raw_JJ reads_NN2 were_VBDR trimmed_VVN using_VVG miRMaster._NNU (_( 17_MC )_) After_II removal_NN1 of_IO the_AT three_MC 5?-bases_NN2 of_IO reads_NN2 ,_, (_( template_NN1 switch_NN1 motif_NN1 )_) ,_, we_PPIS2 checked_VVD for_IF adenine_JJ homopolymers_NN2 with_IW at_RR21 least_RR22 13_MC bases_NN2 and_CC at_RR21 most_RR22 1_MC1 mismatch_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Hemodialysis_NN1 treatment_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 patient_NN1 during_II a_AT1 3_MC h_ZZ1 session_NNT1 at_II a_AT1 medical_JJ center_NN1 consumes_VVZ 300–600_MCMC mL/min_NNU of_IO dialysate_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ if_CS spread_VVN evenly_RR over_II the_AT week_NNT1 ,_, is_VBZ equivalent_JJ to_II 15–30_MCMC mL/min_NNU ._. 
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<s>
With_IW application_NN1 of_IO 0.37_MC V_NNU in_II series_NN ,_, the_AT current_JJ instantly_RR increases_VVZ up_RG21 to_RG22 25%_NNU (_( from_II 0.6_MC to_II 0.75_MC mA_NN1 )_) ._. 
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<s>
Adequate_JJ handling_NN1 of_IO tR_JJ shifts_NN2 in_II the_AT 1D_NNU and_CC 2D_NNU requires_VVZ specific_JJ algorithms_NN2 for_IF peak_NN1 alignment_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Additionally_RR ,_, these_DD2 systems_NN2 are_VBR known_VVN to_TO attach_VVI strongly_RR to_II a_AT1 gold_NN1 surface_NN1 due_II21 to_II22 the_AT well-characterized_JJ sulfur–gold_NN1 bond_NN1 ,_, 37_MC and_CC the_AT spin_NN1 has_VHZ been_VBN proved_VVN to_TO survive_VVI the_AT loss_NN1 of_IO electrons_NN2 ,_, 38_MC meaning_NN1 they_PPHS2 are_VBR chemically_RR and_CC magnetically_RR stable_JJ in_II the_AT transport_NN1 regime_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Therefore_RR ,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ urgent_JJ to_TO develop_VVI an_AT1 accurate_JJ and_CC effective_JJ analysis_NN1 method_NN1 for_IF assaying_VVG microplastics_NN2 in_II soil_NN1 samples_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT work_NN1 was_VBDZ supported_VVN by_II the_AT Interdisciplinary_JJ Postdoc_NN1 Program_NN1 under_II the_AT framework_NN1 of_IO the_AT FP7-people-COFUND_NP1 program_NN1 2013–2018_MCMC ,_, University_NN1 of_IO Liège_NP1 (_( ULg_NP1 )_) ,_, Belgium_NP1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
These_DD2 water_NN1 samples_NN2 were_VBDR immediately_RR analyzed_VVN after_II being_VBG filtered_VVN through_II a_AT1 0.22_MC m_NNO filter_NN1 membrane_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
In_II another_DD1 report_NN1 ,_, a_AT1 commercial_JJ 3D_NNU printer_NN1 was_VBDZ modified_VVN and_CC coupled_VVN with_IW blue_JJ LEDs_NN2 and_CC a_AT1 mobile_JJ phone_NN1 camera_NN1 to_TO construct_VVI a_AT1 robotic_JJ device_NN1 for_IF DNA/RNA_NN1 extraction_NN1 ,_, amplification_NN1 and_CC real_JJ time_NNT1 detection_NN1 in_II a_AT1 multiplex_NN1 format_NN1 (_( up_RG21 to_RG22 12_MC samples_NN2 )_) ,_, and_CC applied_VVN to_II ZIKA_NP1 spiked_VVD urine_NN1 samples_NN2 &lsqb;_( 97_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
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<s>
To_II our_APPGE knowledge_NN1 ,_, this_DD1 level_NN1 of_IO detectability_NN1 is_VBZ unprecedented_JJ ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 means_VVZ that_CST if_CS the_AT red_NN1 scatter_VV0 "_" *_FU "_" and_CC the_AT blue_JJ circle_NN1 "_" "_" completely_RR coincide_VV0 ,_, the_AT classification_NN1 accuracy_NN1 is_VBZ 100%_NNU ._. 
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<s>
An_AT1 interesting_JJ and_CC completely_RR unknown_JJ aspect_NN1 will_VM arise_VVI ,_, since_CS ,_, to_II date_NN1 ,_, nothing_PN1 is_VBZ known_VVN about_II the_AT redox_NN1 behavior_NN1 of_IO the_AT NCN2_FO anion_NN1 when_CS combined_VVN with_IW high_JJ potential_JJ redox_NN1 couples_NN2 ,_, such_II21 as_II22 T4+/T3+_NP1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT presence_NN1 of_IO both_DB2 metals_NN2 is_VBZ evident_JJ in_II the_AT hybrids_NN2 ,_, as_II31 well_II32 as_II33 nitrogen_NN1 and_CC chlorine_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
However_RR ,_, these_DD2 easily_RR overlooked_VVN technical_JJ aspects_NN2 of_IO the_AT sampling_NN1 of_IO volatiles_NN2 can_VM have_VHI a_AT1 critical_JJ impact_NN1 on_II the_AT outcome_NN1 of_IO the_AT analysis_NN1 and_CC thus_RR on_II the_AT robustness_NN1 and_CC reliability_NN1 of_IO the_AT technique_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT plane_NN1 view_NN1 SEM_NN1 images_NN2 of_IO the_AT individual_JJ layer_NN1 are_VBR shown_VVN in_II Figure_NN1 2c_FO ,_, d_ZZ1 ,_, indicating_VVG that_CST the_AT layer_NN1 displays_VVZ a_AT1 three-dimensional_JJ porous_JJ architecture_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Table_NN1 2_MC shows_VVZ the_AT observed_JJ increase_NN1 in_II relative_JJ recovery_NN1 of_IO KC/GRO_NN1 when_CS the_AT PES_NN2 membrane_NN1 was_VBDZ modified_VVN by_II adding_VVG 4-HBA_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT samples_NN2 are_VBR imaged_VVN using_VVG a_AT1 high-resolution_JJ transmission_NN1 electron_NN1 microscope_NN1 (_( FEI_NP1 TECNAI_NP1 30G2_FO HR-TEM_NP1 )_) operated_VVN at_II an_AT1 acceleration_NN1 voltage_NN1 of_IO 300_MC kV_NNU ._. 
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<s>
InP_VV0 solution_NN1 (_( 20_MC L_ZZ1 )_) is_VBZ drop_NN1 casted_VVD onto_II a_AT1 carbon-coated_NN1 Cu_FO grid_NN1 and_CC allowed_VVD to_TO dry_VVI under_II vacuum_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT results_NN2 indicated_VVD accumulation_NN1 of_IO Au_FO in_II the_AT bladder_NN1 and_CC bone_NN1 marrow_NN1 ,_, proliferation_NN1 of_IO white_JJ blood_NN1 cells_NN2 and_CC platelets_NN2 and_CC liver_NN1 toxicity_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Low_JJ cost_NN1 and_CC easy_JJ handling_NN1 make_VV0 microfluidic_JJ chips_NN2 easier_RRR to_TO be_VBI used_VVN in_II large_JJ areas_NN2 than_CSN animal_NN1 experiments_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Rapid_JJ bioanalysis_NN1 or_CC low_JJ response_NN1 time_NNT1 is_VBZ another_DD1 essential_JJ parameter_NN1 in_II the_AT design_NN1 and_CC development_NN1 of_IO optical_JJ biosensors_NN2 for_IF detection_NN1 of_IO target_NN1 molecules_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Binning_NN1 defines_VVZ an_AT1 area_NN1 around_II the_AT current_JJ pixel_NN1 ,_, the_AT photon_NN1 data_NN of_IO which_DDQ are_VBR combined_VVN for_IF lifetime_NNT1 analysis_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Such_DA unexpected_JJ presence_NN1 was_VBDZ explained_VVN by_II the_AT authors_NN2 as_CSA consequence_NN1 of_IO albumin_NN1 mediated_VVD endocytosis_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Except_CS in_II the_AT case_NN1 of_IO the_AT phenyl_NN1 chloride_NN1 ,_, the_AT 1-bomo-2-_JJ naphthoic_JJ acid_NN1 also_RR reacted_VVD well_RR to_TO give_VVI the_AT 3l_NNU in_II 67%_NNU yield_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Finally_RR ,_, 2198_MC endogenous_JJ peptides_NN2 were_VBDR identified_VVN from_II human_JJ serum_NN1 by_II using_VVG this_DD1 nanomaterial_JJ ._. 
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<s>
The_AT two_MC analytical_JJ techniques_NN2 complemented_VVD each_PPX221 other_PPX222 in_CS21 that_CS22 the_AT LIBS_NN2 gave_VVD elemental_JJ data_NN for_IF all_DB plastics_NN2 ,_, including_II the_AT coloured_JJ ones_NN2 ,_, whereas_CS the_AT Raman_NN1 spectroscopy_NN1 gave_VVD molecular_JJ information_NN1 –_- especially_RR for_IF the_AT transparent_JJ polymers_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
For_IF steels_NN2 that_CST differed_VVD markedly_RR ,_, the_AT Wilk_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 lambda_NN1 value_NN1 changed_VVN from_II 1_MC1 to_II below_RG 0.1_MC ._. 
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<s>
The_AT reaction_NN1 solution_NN1 was_VBDZ transferred_VVN into_II a_AT1 sep-funnel_NN1 ,_, The_AT MCF-7_MC and_CC U-87_FO cells_NN2 were_VBDR incubated_VVN at_II 37_MC °C_NNU in_II a_AT1 humidified_JJ atmosphere_NN1 of_IO 5%_NNU CO2_FO ,_, and_CC the_AT culture_NN1 medium_NN1 was_VBDZ replaced_VVN every_AT1 other_JJ day_NNT1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT linear_JJ I–V_NN1 characteristic_NN1 suggested_VVD that_CST the_AT ohmic_JJ behavior_NN1 existed_VVD at_II the_AT contact_NN1 interface_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
We_PPIS2 believe_VV0 that_CST with_IW the_AT binary_JJ feature_NN1 of_IO our_APPGE platform_NN1 ,_, many_DA2 complex_JJ bioassays_NN2 could_VM be_VBI realized_VVN in_II the_AT foreseeable_JJ future_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
These_DD2 patterns_NN2 served_VVN as_II a_AT1 polymer_NN1 mask_NN1 for_IF etching_VVG the_AT microfluidic_JJ channels_NN2 to_II a_AT1 depth_NN1 of_IO approximately_RR 18_MC m_ZZ1 using_VVG deep_RR reactive_JJ ion_NN1 etching_NN1 (_( Pegasus_NP1 deep_JJ silicon_NN1 etcher_NN1 ;_; SPTS_NP1 Technologies_NN2 ,_, Ltd_JJ ._. )_) ._. 
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<s>
The_AT higher_JJR current_JJ intensity_NN1 corresponded_VVN to_II the_AT higher_JJR charge_NN1 separation_NN1 capability_NN1 of_IO the_AT photocatalysts_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
It_PPH1 is_VBZ also_RR recommended_VVN to_TO avoid_VVI long_JJ tracks_NN2 of_IO guanines_NN2 at_II the_AT 5_MC ends_NN2 while_CS cytidines_NN2 may_VM be_VBI beneficial_JJ ,_, whilst_CS guanines_NN2 and_CC cytidines_VVZ at_II the_AT 3_MC tend_VV0 to_TO improve_VVI performance_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT popular_JJ DFT_NP1 method_NN1 B3LYP,20–22_FO which_DDQ is_VBZ the_AT hybrid_JJ HF/DFT_NN1 method_NN1 using_VVG the_AT combination_NN1 of_IO the_AT three-parameter_JJ Becke_NP1 functional_JJ with_IW the_AT correlation_NN1 functional_JJ ,_, was_VBDZ used_VVN ._. 
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<s>
Subsequently_RR ,_, PMDA_NP1 (_( 10:1_MC )_) was_VBDZ added_VVN to_II this_DD1 dispersion_NN1 followed_VVN by_II heating_NN1 at_II reflux_NN1 for_IF 15_MC h_ZZ1 ._. 
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<s>
After_II cooling_VVG to_II room_NN1 temperature_NN1 ,_, the_AT GO_NN1 with_IW a_AT1 terminal_JJ anhydride_NN1 functional_JJ end_NN1 group_NN1 was_VBDZ filtered_VVN ,_, washed_VVN with_IW NMP_NP1 several_DA2 times_NNT2 ,_, and_CC dried_VVN under_II vacuum_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Hence_RR ,_, although_CS it_PPH1 is_VBZ possible_JJ to_TO print_VVI a_AT1 valve_NN1 with_IW a_AT1 bowl_NN1 depth_NN1 of_IO 75_MC m_NNU (_( which_DDQ would_VM in_II principle_NN1 be_VBI preferable_JJ because_CS it_PPH1 is_VBZ predicted_VVN to_TO close_VVI at_II 3.92_MC psi_NN1 )_) ,_, it_PPH1 does_VDZ not_XX print_VVI well_RR with_IW the_AT present_JJ absorptivity_NN1 of_IO our_APPGE resin_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Since_CS heparin_NN1 is_VBZ negatively_RR charged_VVN ,_, it_PPH1 may_VM be_VBI expected_VVN to_TO exhibit_VVI binding_JJ similar_JJ to_II a_AT1 cation-exchange_JJ membrane_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT final_JJ SI_FW of_IO a_AT1 subgroup_NN1 of_IO MSCs_NP2 was_VBDZ normalized_VVN by_II subtracting_VVG the_AT SI_FW of_IO the_AT total_JJ MSCs_NN2 at_II the_AT beginning_NN1 of_IO the_AT culture_NN1 expansion_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
By_II definition_NN1 ,_, Eads_NP2 >_FO 0_MC corresponds_VVZ to_II the_AT favorable_JJ or_CC exothermic_JJ adsorption_NN1 of_IO Cr(iii)/Cr(vi)_NN2 on_II p-BN_NP1 ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 review_NN1 will_VM mainly_RR focus_VVI on_II recent_JJ progress_NN1 in_II selective_JJ and_CC reliable_JJ in_JJ21 vivo_JJ22 measurement_NN1 of_IO AA_NP1 through_II modulating_VVG the_AT electron_NN1 transfer_NN1 of_IO AA_NP1 and_CC its_APPGE implications_NN2 in_II understanding_VVG the_AT AA_NP1 dynamics_NN in_II some_DD processes_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
In_II31 view_II32 of_II33 the_AT sizable_JJ interladder_NN1 coupling_NN1 J3_FO ,_, the_AT expression_NN1 was_VBDZ modified_VVN by_II taking_VVG into_II account_NN1 the_AT interladder_NN1 interactions_NN2 on_II a_AT1 mean-field_JJ level_NN1 via_II an_AT1 effective_JJ temperature_NN1 θ_NULL int_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT authors_NN2 suggested_VVD that_DD1 condensation_NN1 promoted_VVN by_II the_AT temperature_NN1 gradient_NN1 between_II the_AT bottom_NN1 and_CC top_NN1 of_IO the_AT (_( tall_JJ )_) digestion_NN1 vessels_NN2 aided_VVD analyte_NN1 recovery_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Applications_NN2 using_VVG GC_NP1 ×_II GC-FID_NN1 comprise_VV0 the_AT quantifications_NN2 of_IO kerosene_NN1 and_CC other_JJ adulterants_NN2 in_II gasoline_NN1 &lsqb;_( 28_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, &lsqb;_( 68_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, naphthene_NN1 and_CC aromatic_JJ hydrocarbons_NN2 in_II naphta_NN1 &lsqb;_( 153_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, naphthalenes_NN2 in_II jet_NN1 fuel_NN1 &lsqb;_( 154_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, and_CC oxygenated_VVD hydrocarbons_NN2 in_II environmental_JJ samples_NN2 containing_VVG weathered_JJ crude_JJ oil_NN1 from_II the_AT Deepwater_JJR Horizon_NN1 spill_NN1 &lsqb;_( 101_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
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<s>
The_AT above_JJ described_JJ method_NN1 was_VBDZ the_AT only_RR found_VVN in_II literature_NN1 using_VVG CEC_NN1 to_TO perform_VVI such_DA a_AT1 kind_NN1 of_IO analysis_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Finally_RR ,_, purification_NN1 via_II flash_JJ column_NN1 chromatography_NN1 (_( 2.5_MC 40%_NNU EtOAc/hexanes_FU )_) afforded_VVD vinyl_NN1 iodides_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Detailed_JJ electrode_NN1 preparation_NN1 procedures_NN2 and_CC electrochemical_JJ methods_NN2 are_VBR provided_VVN in_II the_AT Supporting_JJ Information_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT solvent_NN1 is_VBZ another_DD1 important_JJ parameter_NN1 in_II the_AT preparation_NN1 of_IO Co–B_NP1 catalysts_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Additionally_RR ,_, top-down_JJ analyses_NN2 of_IO triply_RR charged_VVD -LG_NP1 B_ZZ1 ions_NN2 were_VBDR similar_JJ ,_, as_CSA shown_VVN in_II Figure_NN1 S6_FO ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 method_NN1 known_VVN as_II single_JJ particle-ICP-MS_NN1 (_( sp-ICP-MS_NN1 )_) is_VBZ based_VVN on_II the_AT fact_NN1 that_CST single_JJ particles_NN2 generate_VV0 discrete_JJ pulses_NN2 of_IO ions_NN2 that_CST get_VV0 sequentially_RR introduced_VVN into_II the_AT ICP-MS_NN1 &lsqb;_( 43_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
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<s>
Thus_RR ,_, the_AT grain_NN1 size_NN1 impact_NN1 should_VM be_VBI considered_VVN ._. 
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<s>
The_AT real-time_JJ fluorescence_NN1 signals_NN2 were_VBDR significantly_RR increased_VVN when_CS the_AT concentrations_NN2 of_IO E._NP1 coli_NN2 were_VBDR 102_MC ,_, 103_MC ,_, 104_MC ,_, 105_MC ,_, and_CC 106_MC CFU_NP1 mL1_FO (_( Fig._NN1 4A_FO )_) ._. 
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<s>
The_AT integration_NN1 time_NNT1 was_VBDZ set_VVN to_TO be_VBI 10_MC s_ZZ1 ._. 
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<s>
In_II summary_NN1 ,_, a_AT1 simple_JJ and_CC convenient_JJ aptasensor_NN1 has_VHZ been_VBN developed_VVN for_IF thrombin_NN1 based_VVN on_II converting_VVG molecular_JJ recognition_NN1 to_II a_AT1 weight_NN1 signal_NN1 using_VVG an_AT1 electronic_JJ balance_NN1 as_CSA readout_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
To_TO increase_VVI the_AT mechanical_JJ strength_NN1 further_RRR ,_, the_AT mold_NN1 was_VBDZ kept_VVN overnight_RT for_IF 12_MC hours_NNT2 in_II a_AT1 refrigerator_NN1 at_II 16_MC °C_NNU ._. 
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<s>
Besides_RR ,_, the_AT LAMP_NN1 reaction_NN1 is_VBZ susceptible_JJ to_II aerosol_NN1 contamination_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ may_VM cause_VVI false_JJ positive_JJ results_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
To_II this_DD1 end_NN1 ,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ worth_II mentioning_VVG that_CST the_AT current_JJ method_NN1 to_II carbon_NN1 synthesis_NN1 is_VBZ completely_RR different_JJ from_II conventional_JJ pyrolysis_NN1 approaches_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
A_AT1 dataset_NN1 generated_VVN from_II Hans_NP1 Memling_NP1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 '_NULL Portrait_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 man_NN1 from_II the_AT Lespinette_NN1 family_NN1 '_NULL was_VBDZ used95_FO to_TO demonstrate_VVI the_AT capabilities_NN2 and_CC the_AT shortcomings_NN2 of_IO Simplex_NP1 Volume_NN1 Maximisation_NN1 (_( SiVM_NP1 )_) ;_; a_AT1 novel_JJ approach_NN1 for_IF factorising_VVG complex_JJ data_NN sets_VVZ with_IW non-negative_JJ constraints_NN2 and_CC low_JJ computing_NN1 demands_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
A_AT1 fourth_MD depth-profiling_JJ paper_NN1 was_VBDZ presented_VVN by_II Nowak40_FO who_PNQS used_VVD GD-OES_NN2 to_TO characterise_VVI four_MC oxidised_JJ nickel-based_JJ superalloys_NN2 (_( IN_II 792_MC ,_, PWA_NP1 1483_MC ,_, MCrAlY_NP1 and_CC Rene_NP1 80_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
For_IF that_DD1 purpose_NN1 ,_, XRD_NP1 measurements_NN2 at_II high_JJ temperatures_NN2 will_VM be_VBI necessary_JJ ,_, which_DDQ is_VBZ a_AT1 future_JJ problem_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Accordingly_RR ,_, the_AT visualized_JJ adsorption_NN1 experiment_NN1 of_IO polysulfides_NN2 was_VBDZ carried_VVN out_RP with_IW Li2S4/DME_NN1 as_II a_AT1 model_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT enhanced_JJ performance_NN1 is_VBZ attributed_VVN to_II the_AT designed_JJ multidimensional_JJ heterojunction_NN1 formation_NN1 whose_DDQGE 1D_NNU structure_NN1 is_VBZ preserved_VVN with_IW many_DA2 newly_RR formed_VVN nanosheets_NN2 on_II the_AT surface_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT substrate_NN1 scope_NN1 of_IO N9-alkenylpurines_NN2 in_II the_AT reaction_NN1 was_VBDZ further_RRR evaluated_VVN (_( Scheme_NN1 4_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
Apart_II21 from_II22 a_AT1 couple_NN1 of_IO improvements_NN2 in_II performance_NN1 ,_, on_II the_AT whole_JJ RF-SVM_NN1 and_CC GA-SVM_NN1 reduce_VV0 the_AT specificity_NN1 of_IO the_AT model_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT three_MC Dy(iii)_JJ ions_NN2 formed_VVD an_AT1 isosceles_NN2 triangle_NN1 ,_, and_CC the_AT relative_JJ orientations_NN2 of_IO the_AT main_JJ anisotropy_NN1 axes_NN2 lay_VVD in_II the_AT plane_NN1 of_IO the_AT Dy3_FO triangles_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT relative_JJ signal_NN1 intensity_NN1 (_( %_NNU )_) =_FO signal_NN1 intensity/signal_NN1 intensity_NN1 á_AT1 100%_NNU ._. 
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<s>
In_BCL21 order_BCL22 to_TO increase_VVI the_AT detected_JJ count_NN1 rate_NN1 by_II up_II21 to_II22 an_AT1 order_NN1 of_IO magnitude_NN1 ,_, the_AT system_NN1 was_VBDZ based_VVN on_II four_MC trapezoidal-shaped_JJ monolithic_JJ SDD_NP1 tiles_NN2 (_( matrices_NN2 )_) with_IW six_MC hexagonal_JJ elements_NN2 ,_, each_DD1 equipped_VVN with_IW an_AT1 ASIC_JJ readout_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Another_DD1 general_JJ property_NN1 of_IO laser_NN1 radiation_NN1 is_VBZ the_AT high_JJ degree_NN1 of_IO spatial_JJ and_CC temporal_JJ coherence_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 method_NN1 is_VBZ also_RR suitable_JJ for_IF analysis_NN1 as_RR21 well_RR22 ,_, but_CCB the_AT sequencing_NN1 depth_NN1 should_VM be_VBI taken_VVN into_II consideration_NN1 ,_, as_CSA discussed_VVN previously_RR ._. 
</s>
<s>
Moreover_RR ,_, the_AT T_NP1 value_NN1 at_II room_NN1 temperature_NN1 changed_VVN from_II 9.0_MC cm3_FO K_ZZ1 mol1_FO for_IF 41_MC to_II 7.4_MC cm3_FO K_ZZ1 mol1_FO for_IF 41_MC ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 nonlinear_JJ response_NN1 is_VBZ important_JJ when_CS the_AT dimension_NN1 of_IO the_AT reaction_NN1 chamber_NN1 is_VBZ comparable_JJ to_II the_AT diffusion_NN1 length_NN1 of_IO the_AT substrates_NN2 (_( e.g._REX ,_, in_II microfluidic_JJ systems_NN2 )_) ._. 
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<s>
However_RR ,_, the_AT direct_JJ synthesis_NN1 of_IO densely_RR coated_VVN MoS2_FO nanosheets_VVZ on_II the_AT HCS_NP2 without_IW l-cysteine_NN1 is_VBZ still_RR rarely_RR reported_VVN ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 work_NN1 is_VBZ supported_VVN financially_RR by_II the_AT Université_FW de_FW Versailles_NP1 Saint-Quentin_NP1 ,_, Université_FW Paris-Saclay_NP1 ,_, CNRS_NP1 and_CC the_AT "_" Agence_NP1 Nationale_FW de_FW la_FW Recherche_FW "_" (_( ANR_NP1 project_NN1 BISTA-MAT_NN1 :_: ANR-12-BS07-0030-01_NP1 )_) ,_, which_DDQ are_VBR acknowledged_VVN ._. 
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We_PPIS2 thank_VV0 Regula_NP1 Haag_NP1 (_( Empa_NP1 )_) and_CC Elodie_NP1 Lesquin_NP1 (_( LABERCA_NP1 )_) for_IF their_APPGE help_NN1 and_CC assistance_NN1 in_II the_AT laboratory_NN1 ._. 
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Trace_VV0 metal_NN1 grade_NN1 HNO3_FO (_( Fisher_NP1 Scientific_JJ )_) was_VBDZ used_VVN to_TO wash_VVI glassware_NN1 ._. 
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This_DD1 extruded_JJ iminium_NN1 ion_NN1 is_VBZ rapidly_RR hydrolyzed_VVN ,_, and_CC the_AT product_NN1 aldehyde_NN1 can_VM no_RR21 longer_RR22 compete_VVI with_IW the_AT substrate_NN1 or_CC the_AT NMe4+_FO cation_NN1 for_IF reencapsulation_NN1 into_II the_AT host_NN1 ._. 
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In_II this_DD1 study_NN1 ,_, we_PPIS2 developed_VVD a_AT1 straightforward_JJ and_CC ultrastable_JJ surface_NN1 modification_NN1 method_NN1 for_IF a_AT1 polymeric_JJ surface_NN1 using_VVG norepinephrine_JJ bitartrate_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT most_RGT common_JJ Gram-positive_JJ bacteria_NN2 in_II UTIs_NP1 is_VBZ Staphylococcus_NP1 aureus_NN (_( S._NP1 aureus_NN )_) .11_MC Bacteriuria_NP1 with_IW S._NP1 aureus_NN can_VM occur_VVI through_II catheterization_NN1 ,_, urologic_JJ procedures_NN2 ,_, or_CC seeding_NN1 of_IO the_AT genitourinary_JJ tract_NN1 ._. 
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Many_DA2 groups_NN2 have_VH0 reported_VVN the_AT temperature_NN1 effect_NN1 on_II ns_FO LIBS_NN2 ._. 
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This_DD1 development_NN1 can_VM be_VBI subdivided_VVN into_II three_MC main_JJ stages_NN2 :_: (_( 1_MC1 )_) modeling_VVG single-component_JJ molecular_JJ gases_NN2 ,_, that_REX21 is_REX22 ,_, plasma-based_NN1 CO2_FO splitting_NN1 and_CC CH4_FO reforming_VVG ;_; (_( 2_MC )_) investigating_VVG common_JJ two-component_JJ mixtures_NN2 ,_, that_REX21 is_REX22 ,_, dry_JJ reforming_JJ of_IO methane_NN1 (_( CO2/CH4_FU )_) ,_, partial_JJ oxidation_NN1 of_IO methane_NN1 (_( CH4/O2_NP1 )_) ,_, artificial_JJ photosynthesis_NN1 (_( CO2/H2O_FU )_) ,_, and_CC CO2_FO hydrogenation_NN1 (_( CO2/H2_FU )_) ;_; and_CC (_( 3_MC )_) moving_VVG toward_II more_RGR realistic_JJ gas_NN1 mixtures_NN2 by_II investigating_VVG the_AT effect_NN1 of_IO N2_FO both_DB2 as_CSA admixture_NN1 and_CC impurity_NN1 ,_, that_REX21 is_REX22 ,_, CO2/N2_FU and_CC CH4/N2_NP1 ._. 
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In_II this_DD1 study_NN1 ,_, we_PPIS2 determine_VV0 the_AT prefactors_NN2 of_IO and_CC j0HER_FO to_TO reproduce_VVI the_AT experimental_JJ jtot(U)_NN1 and_CC F.E._FO (_( U_ZZ1 )_) of_IO the_AT previous_JJ experimental_JJ data_NN by_II Mistry_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 (_( 35_MC )_) as_CSA shown_VVN in_II Figure_NN1 S15_FO ._. 
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For_CS e.g._REX a_AT1 combination_NN1 of_IO cold_JJ ablation_NN1 technology_NN1 ,_, such_II21 as_II22 Picosecond_NP1 InfraRed_JJ Laser_NN1 (_( PIRL_NP1 )_) ,_, 27,46,47_MC with_IW diathermy_NN1 interfaced_VVD with_IW REIMS_NN2 is_VBZ ideal_JJ for_IF this_DD1 purpose_NN1 ._. 
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On-mass_JJ mode_NN1 was_VBDZ generally_RR more_RGR sensitive_JJ for_IF less_RGR reactive_JJ elements_NN2 ._. 
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The_AT size_NN1 distribution_NN1 was_VBDZ determined_VVN using_VVG a_AT1 Zetasizer_NN1 nano_NN1 ZS_NP2 (_( Malvern_NP1 Instruments_NN2 Nano-S90_NN1 ,_, Malvern_NP1 ,_, UK_NP1 )_) ._. 
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According_II21 to_II22 ref_NN1 13_MC ,_, to_II a_AT1 solution_NN1 of_IO 3a_FO (_( 124_MC mg_NNU ,_, 0.369_MC mmol_NN1 )_) in_II anhydrous_JJ dichloromethane_NN1 (_( 3_MC mL_NNU )_) was_VBDZ added_JJ bromotrimethylsilane_NN1 (_( 565_MC mg_NNU ,_, 3.69_MC mmol_NN1 )_) ,_, and_CC the_AT mixture_NN1 was_VBDZ stirred_VVN at_II room_NN1 temperature_NN1 for_IF 10_MC h_ZZ1 ._. 
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Solvents_NN2 were_VBDR removed_VVN under_II reduced_JJ pressure_NN1 ,_, and_CC the_AT residue_NN1 was_VBDZ stirred_VVN in_II 95%_NNU methanol_NN1 in_II water_NN1 (_( 2_MC mL_NNU )_) for_IF 0.5_MC h_ZZ1 ._. 
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Fresh_JJ and_CC raw_JJ beef_NN1 and_CC duck_NN samples_NN2 were_VBDR purchased_VVN from_II local_JJ supermarkets_NN2 and_CC stored_VVN at_II 20_MC ?C_NN1 prior_II21 to_II22 analysis_NN1 ._. 
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Binding_JJ energies_NN2 were_VBDR calibrated_VVN using_VVG the_AT containment_NN1 carbon_NN1 (_( C_NP1 1s_MC2 =_FO 284.6_MC eV_NN1 )_) ._. 
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Cold_JJ vapor-AAS_NP2 has_VHZ a_AT1 restricted_JJ use_NN1 for_IF the_AT determination_NN1 of_IO mercury_NN1 and_CC cadmium_NN1 &lsqb;_( 11_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, &lsqb;_( 12_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
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The_AT tested_JJ samples_NN2 could_VM be_VBI identified_VVN by_II comparing_VVG the_AT results_NN2 with_IW the_AT training_NN1 matrix_NN1 obtained_VVN in_II Figure_NN1 3C_FO ._. 
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Twelve_MC of_IO 13_MC unknown_JJ samples_NN2 were_VBDR well_RR identified_VVN according_II21 to_II22 the_AT response_NN1 pattern_NN1 of_IO the_AT sensor_NN1 ,_, achieving_VVG 92.3%_FO identification_NN1 accuracy_NN1 (_( Table_NN1 S2_FO )_) ._. 
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Infrared_JJ spectra_NN2 (_( KBr_NP1 pellets_NN2 )_) were_VBDR obtained_VVN in_II the_AT 4000–400_MCMC cm–1_NN1 range_NN1 using_VVG a_AT1 Nicolet_NN1 Avatar_NN1 360_MC FTIR_NP1 spectrophotometer_NN1 ._. 
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This_DD1 transformation_NN1 also_RR worked_VVN on_II heteroaryl_NN1 ketoxime_NN1 ,_, To_TO summarize_VVI ,_, just_RR as_CSA in_II the_AT case_NN1 of_IO the_AT sulfidation_NN1 of_IO the_AT BaOT_NN1 surface_NN1 ,_, the_AT sulfidation_NN1 reaction_NN1 of_IO the_AT TiO2T_FO surface_NN1 can_VM occur_VVI via_II the_AT formation_NN1 of_IO an_AT1 oxygen_NN1 vacancy_NN1 or_CC without_IW the_AT oxygen_NN1 vacancy_NN1 ._. 
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Unless_CS mentioned_VVN otherwise_RR ,_, all_DB solvents_NN2 were_VBDR obtained_VVN from_II a_AT1 solvent_NN1 purification_NN1 system_NN1 in_II which_DDQ the_AT solvent_NN1 was_VBDZ passed_VVN through_II two_MC columns_NN2 of_IO activated_JJ alumina_NN1 under_II argon_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT MSC_NN1 results_NN2 were_VBDR comparable_JJ and_CC sometimes_RT better_RRR than_CSN values_NN2 determined_VVN by_II the_AT traditional_JJ external_JJ standard_NN1 ,_, internal_JJ standard_NN1 and_CC standard_JJ additions_NN2 calibration_NN1 methods_NN2 ._. 
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The_AT tumor_NN1 spots_NN2 and_CC monocyte_NN1 spots_NN2 were_VBDR bridged_VVN by_II adding_VVG culture_NN1 media_NN between_II the_AT spots_NN2 ._. 
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The_AT binding_JJ constant_JJ ,_, calculated_VVN by_II the_AT relatively_RR largest_JJT absolute_JJ downfield_NN1 shift_VV0 ,_, is_VBZ (_( 4.93_MC ±_FO 0.47_MC )_) ×_II 103_MC M_ZZ1 1_MC1 (_( Figure_NN1 S5_FO )_) ._. 
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Here_RL ,_, the_AT sites_NN2 of_IO key_JJ features_NN2 are_VBR labeled_VVN ,_, including_II the_AT inlet_NN1 bus_NN1 ,_, upstream_JJ filters_NN2 ,_, nanoDLD_VV0 arrays_NN2 ,_, collection_NN1 walls_NN2 ,_, zigzag_VV0 outlet_NN1 vias_NN2 ,_, and_CC bump_NN1 outlet_NN1 bus_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT sum_NN1 of_IO the_AT coordination_NN1 bond_NN1 angles_NN2 in_II the_AT equatorial_JJ plane_NN1 is_VBZ 363.93°_FO ,_, close_RR to_II 360°_NNU ._. 
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The_AT melting_NN1 is_VBZ congruent_JJ ,_, and_CC the_AT single_JJ recrystallization_NN1 peak_NN1 is_VBZ detected_VVN upon_II cooling_VVG at_II T_ZZ1 =_FO 833_MC °C_NNU ._. 
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Fluid_NN1 velocities_NN2 high_RR enough_RR to_TO overcome_VVI surface_NN1 tension_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ increases_VVZ for_IF smaller_JJR fluid_NN1 geometry_NN1 ,_, typically_RR require_VV0 a_AT1 nozzle_NN1 so_CS21 that_CS22 sufficient_JJ inertia_NN1 can_VM be_VBI generated_VVN ._. 
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In_II 1_MC1 ,_, one_MC1 pair_NN of_IO olefinic_JJ bonds_NN2 in_II each_DD1 set_NN1 of_IO the_AT neighboring_NN1 1,3-bpeb_FO molecules_NN2 is_VBZ aligned_VVN to_TO be_VBI parallel_RR with_IW a_AT1 centroid_NN1 separation_NN1 of_IO 3.98_MC ?_AT1 (_( black_JJ striped_JJ connections_NN2 in_II Figure_NN1 1_MC1 )_) while_CS the_AT other_JJ pair_NN of_IO olefinic_JJ bonds_NN2 is_VBZ arranged_VVN in_II a_AT1 crisscross_NN1 fashion_NN1 with_IW a_AT1 distance_NN1 of_IO 4.01_MC ?_AT1 (_( pink_JJ striped_JJ connections_NN2 in_II Figure_NN1 1_MC1 )_) ._. 
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To_TO resolve_VVI these_DD2 problems_NN2 ,_, haemorheological_JJ properties_NN2 in_II closed-loop_JJ circulation_NN1 must_VM be_VBI measured_VVN without_IW the_AT collection_NN1 of_IO blood_NN1 from_II the_AT closed_JJ loop_NN1 ._. 
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CD_NN1 is_VBZ easy_JJ to_TO perform_VVI and_CC offers_NN2 speed_NN1 and_CC convenience_NN1 in_II comparison_NN1 to_II NMR_NP1 and_CC X-ray_NN1 crystallography_NN1 as_CSA it_PPH1 requires_VVZ low_JJ sample_NN1 concentration_NN1 ,_, does_VDZ not_XX require_VVI crystallised_JJ samples_NN2 and_CC samples_NN2 can_VM be_VBI recovered_VVN &lsqb;_( 22_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
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As_CSA shown_VVN in_II Table_NN1 2_MC ,_, homologue_NN1 3b_FO could_VM be_VBI prepared_VVN in_II 77%_NNU yield_NN1 from_II 2a_FO ._. 
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Transmitted_JJ and_CC ,_, reflected_VVD light_NN1 together_RL with_IW back-scattered_JJ electron_NN1 (_( BSE_NN1 )_) images_NN2 (_( Fig._NN1 1_MC1 )_) were_VBDR utilized_VVN to_TO examine_VVI the_AT internal_JJ features_NN2 of_IO the_AT schorlomite_NN1 such_II21 as_II22 inclusions_NN2 ,_, cracks_NN2 and_CC compositional_JJ zoning_NN1 ,_, and_CC to_TO provide_VVI a_AT1 base_NN1 map_NN1 for_IF recording_VVG laser_NN1 spot_NN1 locations_NN2 ._. 
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As_II the_AT inertial_JJ and_CC elastic_JJ forces_NN2 are_VBR both_RR proportional_JJ to_II the_AT particle_NN1 size_NN1 ,_, larger_JJR particles_NN2 migrated_VVD more_RGR quickly_RR than_CSN smaller_JJR ones_NN2 ,_, resulting_VVG in_II their_APPGE separation_NN1 ._. 
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Among_II the_AT three_MC configurations_NN2 (_( b–d_NN1 )_) ,_, the_AT configuration_NN1 of_IO (_( d_ZZ1 )_) perpendicular_JJ model_NN1 was_VBDZ found_VVN to_TO be_VBI the_AT most_RGT energetically_RR stable_JJ ._. 
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Due_II21 to_II22 all_DB these_DD2 different_JJ character_NN1 istics_NN2 it_PPH1 is_VBZ often_RR easy_JJ to_TO distinguish_VVI between_II a-_ZZ1 and_CC b-relaxations_NN2 ,_, For_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, we_PPIS2 prepared_VVD three_MC binary_JJ ensemble_NN1 sensors_NN2 based_VVN on_II three_MC cationic_JJ bispyrene_NN1 fluorophores_VVZ with_IW different_JJ chain_NN1 lengths_NN2 27_MC ,_, 28_MC ,_, and_CC 29_MC and_CC anionic_JJ surfactant_JJ sodium_NN1 dodecyl_NN1 sulfate_NN1 (_( SDS_NP1 )_) assemblies_NN2 (_( Fig._NN1 9a_FO )_) .57_MC Each_DD1 of_IO the_AT binary_JJ ensembles_NN2 can_VM exhibit_VVI both_RR monomer_NN1 and_CC excimer_NN1 emission_NN1 by_II choosing_VVG appropriate_JJ SDS_NP1 concentration_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT upper_JJ and_CC lower_JJR electrodes_NN2 were_VBDR deposited_VVN on_II two_MC glass_NN1 substrates_NN2 ._. 
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In_II this_DD1 sense_NN1 ,_, the_AT use_NN1 of_IO portable_JJ instruments_NN2 gives_VVZ us_PPIO2 critical_JJ information_NN1 regarding_II the_AT different_JJ sectors_NN2 of_IO the_AT site_NN1 that_CST may_VM be_VBI affected_VVN by_II different_JJ processes_NN2 ._. 
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Previous_JJ research_NN1 showed_VVD that_DD1 cell_NN1 lysate_NN1 had_VHD an_AT1 inhibition_NN1 effect_NN1 on_II RT-PCR_NP1 ;_; thus_RR ,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ considered_VVN to_TO be_VBI important_JJ for_IF researchers_NN2 to_TO understand_VVI how_RRQ to_TO overcome_VVI the_AT lysate-mediated_JJ inhibition_NN1 of_IO RT-PCR.64_NP1 Dennis_NP1 J._NP1 Eastburn_NP1 et_NP1 al.65_FO applied_VVD an_AT1 electric_JJ field_NN1 to_II merger_NN1 drops_VVZ thereby_RR increasing_VVG the_AT drop_NN1 volume_NN1 and_CC dilute_JJ cell_NN1 lysate_NN1 concentration_NN1 (_( Fig._NN1 2A_FO )_) ._. 
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Finally_RR ,_, the_AT oxidative_JJ dehydrogenation_NN1 coupling_NN1 path_NN1 is_VBZ completed_VVN via_II the_AT reaction_NN1 of_IO activated_JJ intermediate_JJ radicals_NN2 J_ZZ1 and_CC K_ZZ1 to_TO yield_VVI the_AT desired_JJ phosphinates_NN2 (_( L_ZZ1 )_) ._. 
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The_AT calibration_NN1 curve_NN1 was_VBDZ calculated_VVN with_IW Elecsys_NP1 CA19-9_MC CalSet_NP1 (_( Roche_NP1 Diagnostics_NN1 ,_, USA_NP1 )_) ._. 
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In_RR21 addition_RR22 ,_, some_DD authors_NN2 have_VH0 reported_VVN ,_, Meanwhile_RR ,_, Luo_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 (_( 33_MC )_) discovered_VVD that_CST the_AT incorporation_NN1 of_IO 5_MC wt_NN1 %_NNU of_IO single-wall_JJ CNT_NP1 into_II MgH2–5_NP1 wt_NN1 %_NNU NbF5_FO composite_NN1 was_VBDZ able_JK to_TO enhance_VVI the_AT rehydrogenation_NN1 capacity_NN1 by_II 0.5_MC and_CC 0.8_MC wt_NN1 %_NNU at_II 200_MC and_CC 100_MC °C_NNU ,_, respectively_RR ._. 
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Therefore_RR ,_, the_AT cost_NN1 is_VBZ related_VVN to_II the_AT total_JJ area_NN1 of_IO the_AT chip_NN1 ._. 
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Similar_JJ bandgap_NN1 results_NN2 were_VBDR obtained_VVN via_II DRS_NP1 in_II all_DB the_AT samples_NN2 analyzed_VVD ._. 
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A_AT1 facile_JJ ,_, sensitive_JJ and_CC universal_JJ method_NN1 is_VBZ established_VVN for_IF analysis_NN1 of_IO biogenic_JJ amines_NN2 using_VVG micellar_JJ electrokinetic_JJ chromatography_NN1 coupled_VVN with_IW CL_NP1 detection_NN1 &lsqb;_( 100_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
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As_II the_AT reaction_NN1 proceeded_VVD ,_, Mg2+_FO reacted_VVD with_IW precipitated_VVD pyrophosphate_NN1 ions_NN2 to_TO form_VVI the_AT magnesium_NN1 pyrophosphate_NN1 precipitate_NN1 ,_, such_CS21 that_CS22 HNB_NP1 lost_VVD the_AT bound_NN1 Mg2+_FO ,_, making_VVG the_AT system_NN1 color_NN1 become_VV0 sky_NN1 blue_NN1 (_( Fig_NN1 ._. 
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S2_FO )_) ._. 
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The_AT CASSCF_NN1 calculations_NN2 ,_, on_II the_AT other_JJ hand_NN1 ,_, uncovered_VVD competitive_JJ concerted_JJ pathways_NN2 for_IF both_DB2 the_AT 16_MC →_NULL 17_MC and_CC 21_MC →_NULL 22_MC rearrangements_NN2 ,_, though_CS it_PPH1 was_VBDZ necessary_JJ to_TO apply_VVI certain_JJ approximations_NN2 in_II the_AT former_DA case_NN1 ._. 
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First_MD ,_, the_AT ensemble-average_JJ photocurrent_NN1 increases_VVZ linearly_RR with_IW light_JJ intensity_NN1 at_II +0.5_MC V_NNU (_( Figure_NN1 S3_FO )_) ,_, indicating_VVG that_CST the_AT photocurrent_NN1 is_VBZ proportional_JJ to_II the_AT number_NN1 of_IO photogenerated_JJ carriers_NN2 within_II the_AT semiconductor_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT defect-analysis_NN1 regarding_II P3HT_FO has_VHZ been_VBN well-studied_JJ ,_, Au_FO lattice_NN1 structures_NN2 with_IW different_JJ values_NN2 of_IO the_AT spacing_NN1 ,_, diameter_NN1 ,_, and_CC height_NN1 show_VV0 characteristic_JJ optical_JJ properties_NN2 determined_VVN by_II the_AT surface_NN1 lattice_NN1 resonance_NN1 of_IO the_AT localized_JJ surface_NN1 plasmon_NN1 mode_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT reaction_NN1 mechanism_NN1 of_IO the_AT CuInS2/TiO2/MoS2_JJ photocatalyst_NN1 for_IF photocatalytic_JJ H2_FO evolution_NN1 was_VBDZ investigated_VVN in_II detail_NN1 by_II photoluminescence_NN1 decay_NN1 study_NN1 ,_, and_CC the_AT results_NN2 showed_VVD that_CST the_AT photoexcited_JJ electrons_NN2 of_IO CuInS2_FO can_VM be_VBI transferred_VVN efficiently_RR through_II TiO2_FO to_II MoS2_FO and_CC then_RT react_VV0 with_IW the_AT absorbed_JJ protons_NN2 to_TO generate_VVI H2_FO ._. 
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The_AT degradability_NN1 of_IO FMBG_NP1 increases_VVZ the_AT release_NN1 efficiency_NN1 of_IO DOX_NN1 in_II the_AT acid_NN1 environment_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT results_NN2 obtained_VVN for_IF NAA_NN1 for_IF petroleum_NN1 coke_NN1 sample_NN1 "_" 1_MC1 "_" were_VBDR 3.52_MC ±_FO 0.30_MC (_( La_FW )_) and_CC 0.60_MC ±_FO 0.40_MC (_( Ce_NP1 )_) g_ZZ1 g1_FO ._. 
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The_AT obtained_VVN recoveries_NN2 were_VBDR all_DB between_II 80_MC and_CC 120%_NNU ,_, which_DDQ was_VBDZ considered_VVN sufficient_JJ for_IF this_DD1 type_NN1 of_IO concentrations_NN2 and_CC matrices_NN2 &lsqb;_( 90_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
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The_AT solution_NN1 gradually_RR turned_VVN from_II deep_JJ purple_NN1 to_II yellow_JJ ,_, and_CC a_AT1 yellow_JJ precipitate_NN1 was_VBDZ obtained_VVN ._. 
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In_RR21 addition_RR22 ,_, two_MC shake-up_NN1 satellites_NN2 at_II 942.6_MC eV_NN1 and_CC 962.1_MC eV_NN1 were_VBDR detected_VVN and_CC ascribed_VVN to_II the_AT peaks_NN2 of_IO Cu_FO 2p3/2_FU and_CC Cu_FO 2p1/2_FU ,_, respectively_RR ._. 
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In_II the_AT presence_NN1 of_IO H2O2_FO ,_, the_AT change_NN1 of_IO current_NN1 is_VBZ correlated_VVN with_IW OPs_NN2 concentration_NN1 ._. 
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This_DD1 has_VHZ made_VVN it_PPH1 possible_JJ to_TO obtain_VVI images_NN2 with_IW high_JJ spatial_JJ resolution_NN1 of_IO an_AT1 OE33_FO oesophageal_JJ adenocarcinoma_NN1 cell_NN1 at_II a_AT1 number_NN1 of_IO closely_RR spaced_VVN wavelengths_NN2 over_II the_AT Amide_NN1 I_MC1 band_NN1 (_( ?1650_FO cm1_FO )_) in_BCL21 order_BCL22 to_TO assess_VVI the_AT potential_NN1 of_IO this_DD1 approach_NN1 to_TO reveal_VVI detailed_JJ information_NN1 on_II the_AT chemical_JJ structure_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 cell_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT consistency_NN1 of_IO drug_NN1 release_NN1 highly_RR depends_VVZ on_II the_AT bubble_NN1 generation_NN1 rate_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ has_VHZ the_AT risk_NN1 of_IO premature_JJ bubble_NN1 collapse_NN1 and_CC recombination_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT dual_JJ role_NN1 of_IO Et3N_FO was_VBDZ confirmed_VVN by_II fluorescence_NN1 quenching_VVG measurements_NN2 ,_, transient_JJ absorption_NN1 spectroscopy_NN1 ,_, and_CC deuterium-labeling_JJ studies_NN2 ._. 
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The_AT vdW_NNU interactions_NN2 were_VBDR included_VVN through_II the_AT semiempirical_JJ Grimme_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 formalism_NN1 of_IO DFT-D2._NP1 (_( 47_MC )_) Relaxed_JJ lattice_NN1 parameters_NN2 of_IO MoS2_FO and_CC WS2_FO are_VBR found_VVN to_TO be_VBI in_II good_JJ agreement_NN1 with_IW the_AT reported_JJ values._NNU (_( 48_MC )_) MoS2_FO (_( 3.178_MC ?_ZZ1 )_) and_CC WS2_FO (_( 3.176_MC ?_ZZ1 )_) have_VH0 negligible_JJ lattice_NN1 mismatch_NN1 (_( 0.06%_FO )_) and_CC are_VBR ideal_JJ for_IF the_AT vdW_NNU heterostructure_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT 2D_NNU layers_NN2 are_VBR separated_VVN by_II Na+_FO and_CC H2O_FO molecules_NN2 ._. 
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Gold_NN1 nanorods_NN2 (_( AuNRs_NP1 )_) ,_, which_DDQ are_VBR anisotropic_JJ nanomaterials_NN2 ,_, 16–18_MCMC are_VBR promising_JJ optical_JJ probes_NN2 for_IF DFM_NP1 applications_NN2 due_II21 to_II22 their_APPGE unique_JJ optical_JJ properties.19–21_NNU On_II one_MC1 hand_NN1 ,_, the_AT light_JJ scattering_NN1 of_IO AuNRs_NP1 is_VBZ significantly_RR stronger_JJR than_CSN the_AT emission_NN1 of_IO organic_JJ dyes_NN2 ,_, 22_MC which_DDQ makes_VVZ AuNRs_NP1 suitable_JJ as_CSA good_JJ contrast_NN1 agents_NN2 for_IF cellular_JJ imaging_NN1 ,_, 23,24_MC or_CC a_AT1 fair_JJ indicator_NN1 for_IF real-time_JJ monitoring_NN1 of_IO chemical_NN1 reactions.3_FO On_II the_AT other_JJ hand_NN1 ,_, the_AT anisotropy_NN1 endows_VVZ AuNRs_NN2 with_IW excellent_JJ light_NN1 scattering_VVG properties_NN2 ,_, which_DDQ result_VV0 from_II the_AT tuneable_JJ shapes_NN2 ._. 
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For_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, EBH4_FO with_IW two_MC short_JJ side-arms_NN2 showed_VVD little_DA1 effect_NN1 on_II the_AT rate_NN1 of_IO EXPAR_NN1 ._. 
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Furthermore_RR ,_, the_AT high_JJ recombination_NN1 rate_NN1 of_IO the_AT photogenerated_JJ electron_NN1 holes_NN2 can_VM definitely_RR damage_VVI their_APPGE photocatalytic_JJ performance_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT whole-genome_JJ DNA_NN1 was_VBDZ extracted_VVN and_CC purified_VVN from_II the_AT whole_JJ blood_NN1 of_IO patients_NN2 with_IW LQTS_NP1 or_CC BrS_NP1 ,_, which_DDQ was_VBDZ collected_VVN by_II a_AT1 blood_NN1 collection_NN1 tube_NN1 (_( BD_NP1 Vacutainer?_NP1 spray-coated_NN1 with_IW K2EDTA_FO tube_NN1 ,_, BD_NP1 ,_, NJ_NP1 )_) coated_VVN with_IW EDTA_NP1 (_( acid_NN1 )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Based_VVN on_II another_DD1 classification_NN1 ,_, different_JJ types_NN2 of_IO cosmetics_NN2 are_VBR :_: hair_NN1 cosmetics_NN2 ;_; washing_VVG products_NN2 ;_; skin_NN1 lotions_NN2 ,_, creams_NN2 and_CC packs_NN2 ;_; make-up_NN1 products_NN2 ;_; face_VV0 and_CC toilet_NN1 powders_NN2 ;_; lip_NN1 colors_NN2 ;_; nail_NN1 make-up_NN1 ;_; perfumes_NN2 ;_; bath_NN1 preparations_NN2 ;_; cosmetic_JJ oils_NN2 ;_; face_VV0 cleansing_VVG products_NN2 ;_; sunscreens_NN2 ;_; soaps_NN2 ;_; and_CC oral_JJ care_NN1 products_NN2 &lsqb;_( 2_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
However_RR ,_, the_AT cause_NN1 of_IO the_AT signal_NN1 reduction_NN1 with_IW the_AT increase_NN1 of_IO temperature_NN1 is_VBZ still_RR uncertain_JJ ._. 
</s>
<s>
Using_VVG a_AT1 tin_NN1 alloy_NN1 mount_NN1 coupled_VVN with_IW an_AT1 automatic_JJ liquid_JJ nitrogen_NN1 refilling_VVG system_NN1 ,_, the_AT results_NN2 show_VV0 that_CST the_AT vacuum_NN1 conditions_NN2 have_VH0 been_VBN significantly_RR improved_VVN from_II ?1.2_FO ×_II 108_MC mbar_NN1 to_II ?1.9_FO ×_II 109_MC mbar_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT working_JJ electrode_NN1 of_IO the_AT as-prepared_JJ electrocatalyst_NN1 was_VBDZ made_VVN as_CSA follows_VVZ ._. 
</s>
<s>
As_II a_AT1 result_NN1 ,_, the_AT predicted_JJ thermal_JJ broadening_NN1 of_IO the_AT density_NN1 of_IO electrochemical_JJ states_NN2 that_CST governs_VVZ C_NP1 ,_, as_II part_NN1 of_IO eq_NN1 3_MC (_( with_IW a_AT1 Gaussian_JJ shape_NN1 )_) ,_, is_VBZ experimentally_RR measured_VVN ,_, (_( 46,47_MC )_) as_CSA shown_VVN in_II Figure_NN1 5b_FO ._. 
</s>
<s>
Moreover_RR ,_, AgNPs_NP1 ,_, act_VV0 as_CSA SERS_NN2 enhancers_NN2 and_CC are_VBR suitable_JJ candidate_NN1 for_IF SERS_NN2 &lsqb;_( 83_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT crude_JJ product_NN1 was_VBDZ purified_VVN by_II flash_JJ chromatography_NN1 (_( silica_NN1 gel_NN1 ,_, n-hexane/ethyl_NN1 acetate_NN1 ,_, 70:30_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
Aqueous_JJ potassium_NN1 hydroxide_NN1 (_( KOH_NP1 )_) solutions_NN2 were_VBDR made_VVN at_II 1_MC1 ,_, 3_MC ,_, 5_MC ,_, 7_MC ,_, and_CC 9_MC M_NNO concentrations_NN2 and_CC the_AT etching_NN1 rate_NN1 of_IO the_AT as_RG fabricated_JJ MNs_NP1 were_VBDR evaluated_VVN via_II optical_JJ and_CC scanning_VVG electron_NN1 microscopy_NN1 (_( SEM_NP1 )_) to_TO determine_VVI the_AT change_NN1 in_II size_NN1 over_II time_NNT1 (_( Fig_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
S2_FO and_CC S3_FO )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT much_RR lower_JJR background_NN1 of_IO sp-ICP-MS_JJ analysis_NN1 on-line_JJ with_IW AF4_FO enabled_VVD the_AT detection_NN1 of_IO Ag_FO nanoparticles_NN2 in_II ultrapure_NN1 water_NN1 extracts_NN2 with_IW primary_JJ sizes_NN2 and_CC also_RR larger_JJR sizes_NN2 ,_, but_CCB no_AT significant_JJ Ag_FO nanoparticle_NN1 migration_NN1 in_II acetic_JJ acid_NN1 extracts_NN2 was_VBDZ observed.171_FO AF4-sp-ICP-MS_NP1 is_VBZ beneficial_JJ in_II31 terms_II32 of_II33 nanoparticles_NN2 with_IW high_JJ ionic_JJ matrix_NN1 load_NN1 ,_, large_JJ size_NN1 distribution_NN1 as_II31 well_II32 as_II33 complex_JJ matrices_NN2 and_CC will_VM definitely_RR gain_VVI in_II importance_NN1 in_II the_AT near_JJ future_NN1 ,_, also_RR with_II31 regard_II32 to_II33 technical_JJ developments_NN2 in_II the_AT field_NN1 of_IO sp-ICP-MS_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
It_PPH1 is_VBZ promising_JJ to_TO develop_VVI greener_JJR LSCs_NP1 with_IW high_JJ solid-state_JJ PL-QYs_NN2 and_CC low_JJ reabsorption_NN1 losses_NN2 without_IW involving_VVG any_DD toxic_JJ elements_NN2 and_CC hazardous_JJ solvents_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Another_DD1 factor_NN1 is_VBZ the_AT plasma_NN1 frequency_NN1 of_IO the_AT LIRFP_NN1 ion_NN1 source_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Therefore_RR ,_, the_AT hydrate_NN1 should_VM not_XX be_VBI welcome_JJ in_II marketed_JJ tablets_NN2 ,_, because_CS it_PPH1 may_VM change_VVI the_AT solubility_NN1 of_IO the_AT API_NN1 ,_, causing_VVG a_AT1 decrease_NN1 in_II performance_NN1 from_II the_AT therapeutic_JJ point_NN1 of_IO view_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Similarly_RR ,_, when_CS SnO–MoS2_NP1 sensor_NN1 was_VBDZ exposed_VVN to_II ammonia_NN1 gas_NN1 (_( NH3_FO )_) ,_, electrons_NN2 were_VBDR transferred_VVN to_II ZnO_NP1 film_NN1 resulting_VVG in_II a_AT1 decrease_NN1 in_II potential_JJ barrier_NN1 of_IO MoS2–ZnO_NP1 interface_NN1 and_CC thus_RR resistance_NN1 &lsqb;_( 105_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
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<s>
In_II this_DD1 section_NN1 ,_, the_AT anion_NN1 regulation_NN1 of_IO O_ZZ1 and_CC P_ZZ1 for_IF efficient_JJ OER_NN1 electrocatalysis_NN1 will_VM be_VBI introduced_VVN ._. 
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<s>
A_ZZ1 785_MC nm_FU near-infrared_JJ diode_NN1 laser_NN1 (_( Toptica_NP1 Photonics_NP1 XTRA_NP1 II_MC ,_, Victor_NP1 ,_, NY_NP1 )_) with_IW a_AT1 power_NN1 of_IO 200_MC mW_NNU measured_VVN after_II FL1_FO was_VBDZ directed_VVN at_II the_AT prism_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 means_VVZ that_CST they_PPHS2 have_VH0 more_RGR prospective_JJ application_NN1 in_II glycan_NN1 capture_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
They_PPHS2 are_VBR the_AT ones_NN2 available_JJ in_II the_AT Syngistix_NN1 software_NN1 (_( PerkinElmer_NP1 )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Standardisation_NN1 of_IO sample_NN1 preparation_NN1 and_CC measurement_NN1 protocols_NN2 is_VBZ also_RR critical_JJ ,_, and_CC although_CS collective_JJ efforts_NN2 have_VH0 been_VBN made_VVN to_TO establish_VVI consensus_NN1 in_II a_AT1 research_NN1 context_NN1 ,_, 15–17_MCMC the_AT development_NN1 of_IO protocols_NN2 for_IF the_AT preparation_NN1 of_IO cells_NN2 ,_, tissue_NN1 and_CC biofluids_NN2 for_IF clinical_JJ spectroscopy_NN1 should_VM be_VBI primarily_RR guided_VVN first_MD and_CC foremost_JJT by_II the_AT demands_NN2 of_IO current_JJ clinical_JJ practice_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Therefore_RR ,_, single_JJ nanoparticle_NN1 ICPMS_NP1 analysis_NN1 approaches_NN2 may_VM well_RR satisfy_VVI the_AT requirement_NN1 and_CC hold_VVI promising_JJ potential_NN1 for_IF the_AT development_NN1 of_IO multiplex_NN1 immunoassays_NN2 ,_, DNA_NN1 hybridization_NN1 assays_NN2 ,_, and_CC other_JJ biomolecule_NN1 assays_NN2 at_II the_AT single_JJ molecule_NN1 level_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT kinetics_NN1 and_CC retention_NN1 isotherms_NN2 of_IO Pd2+_FO and_CC Pt2+_FO by_II the_AT HBPEI/MWCNT_NP1 hybrids_NN2 and_CC by_II the_AT pristine_JJ MWCNT_NP1 were_VBDR compared_VVN to_II get_VV0 an_AT1 insight_NN1 into_II the_AT process_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Moreover_RR ,_, combining_VVG silicon-based_JJ biosensors_NN2 with_IW CMOS_NP1 technology_NN1 in_II a_AT1 single_JJ chip_NN1 presents_VVZ a_AT1 low_JJ cost_NN1 ,_, highly_RR sensitive_JJ ,_, highly_RR efficient_JJ ,_, better_RRR signal-to-noise_JJ ratios_NN2 (_( SNRs_NP1 )_) ,_, and_CC real-time_JJ detection_NN1 systems_NN2 &lsqb;_( 11_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
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<s>
R_ZZ1 is_VBZ the_AT universal_JJ gas_NN1 constant_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II the_AT procedure_NN1 ,_, each_DD1 protein_NN1 solution_NN1 with_IW a_AT1 concentration_NN1 of_IO 250_MC nM_FU was_VBDZ first_MD mixed_VVN with_IW C3N4_FO nanosheets_NN2 (_( 20_MC g/mL_NNU )_) and_CC incubated_VVD for_IF 30_MC min_NNU ,_, followed_VVN by_II the_AT addition_NN1 of_IO H2O2_FO (_( 25_MC mM_NNU )_) and_CC TMB_NP1 (_( 1_MC1 mM_NNU )_) ._. 
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<s>
The_AT release_NN1 rate_NN1 can_VM be_VBI controlled_VVN by_II tuning_VVG the_AT RF_NP1 input_NN1 power_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
As_CSA it_PPH1 is_VBZ the_AT case_NN1 with_IW sorptive_JJ tubes_NN2 ,_, different_JJ sorbents_NN2 can_VM be_VBI used_VVN in_BCL21 order_BCL22 to_TO achieve_VVI required_JJ selectivity_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II contrast_NN1 to_II these_DD2 instruments_NN2 ,_, atomic_JJ spectrometers_NN2 remain_VV0 too_RG large_JJ and_CC their_APPGE miniaturization_NN1 is_VBZ mainly_RR limited_VVN by_II the_AT large_JJ and_CC energy-consuming_JJ atomizer/excitation_NN1 source_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Carlo_NN1 are_VBR given_VVN in_II the_AT supporting_JJ information_NN1 of_IO the_AT paper_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT distance_NN1 between_II every_AT1 two_MC consecutive_JJ microchambers_NN2 is_VBZ 400_MC m_NNU (_( "_" VI_MC "_" in_II Figure_NN1 1b_FO )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 was_VBDZ however_RR not_XX the_AT case_NN1 indicating_VVG that_CST another_DD1 process_NN1 in_II the_AT plasma_NN1 is_VBZ significant_JJ for_IF the_AT &lsqb;_( Ba–F_NP1 &rsqb;_) +_FO formation_NN1 and_CC detection_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II memory_NN1 of_IO our_APPGE dear_JJ colleague_NN1 and_CC friend_NN1 Anna_NP1 Rocco_NP1 ,_, who_PNQS worked_VVD hard_RR on_II this_DD1 last_MD publication_NN1 before_II her_APPGE premature_JJ passing_NN1 away_RL ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT use_NN1 of_IO filters_NN2 did_VDD not_XX improve_VVI the_AT LODs_NP2 in_II high-Z_NP1 matrices_NN2 but_CCB reduced_VVD interferences_NN2 in_II the_AT measurement_NN1 of_IO some_DD elements_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT results_NN2 confirm_VV0 that_CST RF-PGD-TOFMS_NP1 is_VBZ an_AT1 ideal_JJ technique_NN1 for_IF screening_VVG purposes_NN2 or_CC to_TO detect_VVI unexpected_JJ elements_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Then_RT ,_, we_PPIS2 built_VVD a_AT1 1_MC1 ×_II 1_MC1 ×_II 2_MC supercell_NN1 of_IO each_DD1 crystal_NN1 containing_VVG 4_MC molecules_NN2 (_( 116_MC atoms_NN2 )_) for_IF our_APPGE further_JJR calculations_NN2 ,_, as_CSA shown_VVN in_II Figure_NN1 1_MC1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
A_AT1 high_JJ drug_NN1 loading_NN1 capacity_NN1 for_IF IRMOF_NN1 structures_NN2 implies_VVZ that_CST a_AT1 limited_JJ amount_NN1 of_IO material_NN1 is_VBZ required_VVN for_IF the_AT administration_NN1 of_IO high_JJ doses_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Thermodynamic_JJ properties_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 temperature_NN1 and_CC density_NN1 in_II the_AT computational_JJ domain_NN1 of_IO the_AT central_JJ cross-section_NN1 were_VBDR calculated_VVN by_II averaging_VVG the_AT properties_NN2 in_II all_DB cells_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT opposite_NN1 is_VBZ observed_VVN for_IF PMMA_NP1 and_CC PEMA_NP1 &lsqb;_( 18_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, however_RRQV their_APPGE repeating_JJ side_NN1 chain_NN1 units_NN2 are_VBR shorter_JJR than_CSN the_AT ethylene_NN1 glycol_NN1 moieties_NN2 with_IW n_ZZ1 2_MC (_( predominant_JJ in_II p_NNU (_( MEO2MA-co-OEGMA_NP1 )_) )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Furthermore_RR ,_, there_EX are_VBR clear_JJ indications_NN2 that_CST headspace_VV0 analysis_NN1 might_VM be_VBI an_AT1 improvement_NN1 over_II the_AT methods_NN2 currently_RR used_VVN in_II clinical_JJ practise_NN1 in_II31 regard_II32 to_II33 classification_NN1 of_IO particular_JJ GI_NN1 diseases_NN2 ,_, e.g._REX Crohn_NP1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 disease_NN1 (_( CD_NN1 )_) vs._II other_JJ IBD_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
We_PPIS2 are_VBR grateful_JJ to_II the_AT Centre_NN1 for_IF Chemical_NN1 Microscopy_NN1 (_( ProVIS_NP1 )_) at_II the_AT Helmholtz_NP1 Centre_NN1 for_IF Environmental_JJ Research_NN1 supported_VVN by_II European_JJ Regional_JJ Development_NN1 Funds_NN2 (_( EFRE_NP1 –_- Europe_NP1 funds_NN2 Saxony_NP1 )_) for_IF using_VVG the_AT GC-MC-ICPMS_NP1 at_II their_APPGE analytical_JJ facilities_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
For_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, Zhong_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
&lsqb;_( 72_MC &rsqb;_) reported_VVD that_DD1 metal_NN1 ions_NN2 at_II exposed_JJ octahedral_JJ sites_NN2 of_IO nano-ferrites_NN2 ,_, including_II Fe3O4_FO ,_, NiFe2O4_FO ,_, ZnFe2O4_FO and_CC NiZnFe2O4_FO ,_, have_VH0 distinctly_RR selective_JJ coordination_NN1 abilities_NN2 with_IW mono-_JJ and_CC multi-phosphopeptides_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT microfluidic_JJ platform_NN1 enabled_VVD the_AT co-culture_NN1 of_IO ovary_NN1 ,_, fallopian_JJ tube_NN1 ,_, uterus_NN1 ,_, cervix_NN1 and_CC liver_NN1 explant_NN1 tissue_NN1 in_II series_NN ,_, and_CC allowed_VVN for_IF hormonal_JJ and_CC cellular_JJ communication_NN1 to_TO occur_VVI between_II the_AT tissue_NN1 chambers_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
However_RR ,_, due_II21 to_II22 the_AT limit_NN1 density_NN1 of_IO hydrophilic_JJ functional_JJ groups_NN2 ,_, the_AT enrichment_NN1 performance_NN1 was_VBDZ quite_RG normal_JJ and_CC needs_VVZ to_TO be_VBI improved_VVN ._. 
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<s>
For_IF the_AT T12.9_FO WT_NN1 line_NN1 ,_, no_AT difference_NN1 could_VM be_VBI detected_VVN (_( Fig._NN1 3Ai+ii_FO )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Instead_RR ,_, the_AT allylic_JJ substitution_NN1 might_VM determine_VVI the_AT reaction_NN1 rate_NN1 (_( see_VV0 the_AT SI_FW )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
A_AT1 recent_JJ example_NN1 of_IO the_AT potential_NN1 of_IO microfluidic_JJ systems_NN2 to_TO enable_VVI analyses_NN2 of_IO a_AT1 complex_JJ tissue_NN1 construct_NN1 was_VBDZ the_AT demonstration_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 model_NN1 of_IO human_JJ reproductive_JJ function.21_FO A_ZZ1 combination_NN1 of_IO murine_NN1 and_CC human_JJ reproductive_JJ tissues_NN2 were_VBDR maintained_VVN ex_II vivo_NN1 for_IF 28_MC days_NNT2 ,_, and_CC effectively_RR modeled_VVD the_AT human_JJ menstrual_JJ cycle_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Cell_NN1 size_NN1 is_VBZ highly_RR reduced_VVN up_RG21 to_RG22 34%_NNU by_II nanoclays_NN2 ,_, and_CC up_RG21 to_RG22 22%_NNU by_II nanosilicas_NN2 ,_, compared_VVN to_II the_AT value_NN1 of_IO the_AT pure_JJ foam_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
On_II the_AT contrary_NN1 ,_, the_AT S24_FO and_CC S36_FO electrodes_NN2 delivered_VVD reversible_JJ capacities_NN2 of_IO 146_MC and_CC 128.3_MC mA_NN1 h_ZZ1 g1_FO at_II 2_MC A_ZZ1 g1_FO ,_, respectively_RR ._. 
</s>
<s>
These_DD2 results_NN2 show_VV0 that_CST there_EX is_VBZ no_AT difference_NN1 in_II the_AT relative_JJ standard_JJ deviation_NN1 using_VVG 5000_MC or_CC 10000_MC scenarios_NN2 ,_, highlighting_VVG that_CST 5000_MC scenarios_NN2 are_VBR enough_RR ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT DBD_NP1 was_VBDZ formed_VVN between_II two_MC electrodes_NN2 ,_, one_MC1 wrapped_VVD around_II the_AT nebuliser_NN1 itself_PPX1 and_CC a_AT1 counter_NN1 electrode_NN1 plate_NN1 3_MC mm_NNU from_II the_AT nebuliser_NN1 tip_NN1 ,_, with_IW the_AT argon_NN1 nebuliser_NN1 gas_NN1 providing_VVG the_AT discharge_NN1 gas_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Fig_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
S1_FO shows_VVZ the_AT changes_NN2 of_IO characteristic_JJ absorptions_NN2 of_IO TC_NP1 (_( at_II ?275_FO and_CC 357_MC nm_FU )_) in_II 120_MC min_NNU under_II visible-light_JJ irradiation_NN1 over_RG 30%_NNU Fe2O3/CBO_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
SOM_NNU1 weight_NN1 positions_NN2 represent_VV0 the_AT input_NN1 space_NN1 that_CST is_VBZ classified_VVN by_II dots_NN2 representing_VVG neuron_NN1 weight_NN1 vectors_NN2 and_CC the_AT corresponding_JJ neighboring_JJ neurons_NN2 are_VBR connected_VVN with_IW red_JJ lines_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 was_VBDZ because_CS ,_, for_IF solid-phase_JJ synthesis_NN1 ,_, only_RR one_MC1 imprinted_JJ cavity_NN1 was_VBDZ formed_VVN on_II the_AT surface_NN1 of_IO single_JJ nanoMIPs_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT values_NN2 of_IO MT_NP1 at_II 300_MC K_ZZ1 of_IO 1.93_MC ,_, 1.65_MC ,_, and_CC 1.50_MC cm3_FO mol–1_VV0 K_ZZ1 for_IF 1_MC1 ,_, 2_MC ,_, and_CC 3_MC ,_, respectively_RR ,_, are_VBR slightly_RR lower_JJR than_CSN those_DD2 expected_VVN (_( 2.25_MC cm3_FO mol–1_VV0 K_ZZ1 for_IF 1_MC1 with_IW six_MC Cu2+_FO ions_NN2 ,_, 1.87_MC cm3_FO mol–1_VV0 K_ZZ1 for_IF 2_MC with_IW five_MC Cu2+_FO ions_NN2 ,_, and_CC 1.50_MC cm3_FO mol–1_VV0 K_ZZ1 for_IF 3_MC with_IW four_MC Cu2+_FO ions_NN2 )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Fig._NN1 1A_FO shows_VVZ experimental_JJ data_NN obtained_VVN when_CS solutions_NN2 containing_VVG chromium_NN1 species_NN were_VBDR treated_VVN with_IW a_AT1 small_JJ amount_NN1 of_IO MCC_NP1 ,_, and_CC then_RT centrifuged_VVD at_II 2980_MC g_NNU for_IF 10_MC min_NNU ,_, before_II measuring_VVG the_AT metal_NN1 in_II the_AT supernatant_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Capacity_NN1 fading_VVG is_VBZ observed_VVN from_II this_DD1 point_NN1 because_CS the_AT parasitic_JJ process_NN1 becomes_VVZ progressively_RR limiting_JJ ,_, and_CC the_AT cycling_NN1 window_NN1 of_IO both_DB2 electrodes_NN2 becomes_VVZ progressively_RR more_RRR limited_VVN to_II the_AT higher_JJR lithiation_NN1 states_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Unlike_JJ previous_JJ transition-metal_NN1 Mn2C_FO and_CC Mo2C_FO monolayers_NN2 ,_, (_( 14_MC ,_, 15_MC )_) the_AT freestanding_NN1 Zn2C_FO monolayer_NN1 clearly_RR exists_VVZ as_II a_AT1 2D_NNU semiconductor_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Additionally_RR we_PPIS2 acknowledge_VV0 the_AT EPSRC_NN1 Centre_NN1 for_IF Doctoral_JJ Training_NN1 in_II Plastic_NN1 Electronic_JJ Materials_NN2 EP/L016702/1_FU for_IF student_NN1 support_NN1 and_CC training_NN1 and_CC the_AT EPSRC-Imperial_JJ College_NN1 International_JJ Student_NN1 Scholarship_NN1 for_IF financial_JJ support_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
As_CSA shown_VVN in_II Fig._NN1 4_MC and_CC S5_FO ,_, Ni5(PET)10_FO has_VHZ four_MC peaks_NN2 (_( 3.07_MC ,_, 2.71_MC ,_, 2.35_MC and_CC 1.90_MC ppm_NNU )_) with_IW the_AT same_DA area_NN1 in_II the_AT aliphatic_JJ region_NN1 ,_, and_CC the_AT chemical_JJ shifts_NN2 of_IO Ni4(PET)8_FO ,_, Ni5(PET)10_FO and_CC Ni6(PET)12_FO change_VV0 regularly_RR ,_, confirming_VVG that_CST the_AT carbon_NN1 tails_NN2 of_IO phenylethanethiol_NN1 in_II Ni5(PET)10_FO have_VH0 two_MC different_JJ spatial_JJ environments_NN2 and_CC Ni5(PET)10_FO possesses_VVZ a_AT1 tiara-like_JJ structure_NN1 ,_, similar_JJ to_II Ni5(SR)109,11_FO protected_VVN with_IW other_JJ thiolates_NN2 ,_, not_XX a_AT1 chain-like_JJ structure.32_FO Although_CS the_AT carbon_NN1 tails_NN2 would_VM arrange_VVI around_II the_AT Ni5S10_FO framework_NN1 with_IW axial_JJ and_CC equatorial_JJ positions_NN2 due_II21 to_II22 the_AT steric_JJ bulk_NN1 of_IO the_AT ligands_NN2 ,_, at_RR21 least_RR22 two_MC adjacent_JJ ligands_NN2 around_II the_AT Ni5S10_FO core_NN1 are_VBR arranged_VVN with_IW a_AT1 similar_JJ axial_JJ or_CC equatorial_JJ placement_NN1 because_CS there_EX are_VBR five_MC carbon_NN1 tails_NN2 above_RL and_CC five_MC carbon_NN1 tails_NN2 below_II the_AT Ni5S10_FO ring_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ was_VBDZ confirmed_VVN by_II the_AT fact_NN1 that_CST the_AT four_MC peaks_NN2 in_II the_AT range_NN1 from_II 1.6_MC to_II 3.5_MC ppm_NNU are_VBR not_XX triplets_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Particles_NN2 can_VM be_VBI focused_VVN in_II a_AT1 3D_NNU manner_NN1 or_CC separated_VVN by_II the_AT combined_JJ effects_NN2 of_IO three_MC forces_NN2 :_: inertial_JJ lift_NN1 force_NN1 FL_NNU ,_, including_II the_AT shear-gradient_JJ lift_NN1 force_NN1 (_( FLS_NNU2 )_) ,_, wall-repulsion_JJ force_NN1 (_( FLW_NP1 )_) ,_, the_AT dean_NN1 drag_VV0 force_NN1 FD_NP1 resulting_VVG from_II the_AT curved_JJ channel_NN1 geometry_NN1 ,_, and_CC elastic_JJ force_NN1 FE_NP1 induced_VVD by_II the_AT nature_NN1 of_IO the_AT viscoelastic_JJ medium_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
From_II that_DD1 moment_NN1 the_AT forest_NN1 inhabitants_NN2 where_RRQ hunter–gatherers_NN2 and_CC their_APPGE main_JJ staple_NN1 was_VBDZ an_AT1 autochthonous_JJ deer_NN (_( "_" huemul_NN1 "_" )_) and_CC other_JJ smaller_JJR forest_NN1 species_NN ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II31 addition_II32 to_II33 the_AT morphological_JJ control_NN1 and_CC cation_NN1 regulation_NN1 of_IO the_AT LDHs_NP1 ,_, the_AT intercalated_JJ anions_NN2 are_VBR also_RR an_AT1 important_JJ part_NN1 of_IO LDHs_NP1 ,_, and_CC their_APPGE OER_JJR activity_NN1 can_VM be_VBI improved_VVN by_II regulating_VVG the_AT intercalated_JJ anions_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Fig._NN1 6B_FO )_) shows_VVZ a_AT1 working_JJ schematic_JJ of_IO the_AT gravity-driven_JJ system_NN1 (_( the_AT paper-driven_JJ system_NN1 is_VBZ not_XX shown_VVN because_CS the_AT operating_NN1 principles_NN2 between_II the_AT two_MC are_VBR nearly_RR identical_JJ )_) ._. 
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This_DD1 requires_VVZ quantification_NN1 of_IO constituent_NN1 amino_NN1 acids_NN2 following_VVG hydrolysis_NN1 of_IO the_AT material_NN1 and_CC correction_NN1 for_IF amino_NN1 acids_NN2 originating_VVG from_II impurities_NN2 ._. 
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Fig._NN1 2e–h_NN1 show_VV0 the_AT corresponding_JJ histograms_NN2 in_II31 terms_II32 of_II33 the_AT number_NN1 of_IO AgNPs_NN2 taken_VVN up_RP per_II individual_JJ cells_NN2 versus_II number_NN1 of_IO cell_NN1 events_NN2 at_II different_JJ AgNP_NN1 exposure_NN1 concentrations_NN2 and_CC incubation_NN1 times_NNT2 ._. 
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As_CSA shown_VVN in_II Fig._NN1 4_MC ,_, the_AT spectral_JJ intensities_NN2 of_IO the_AT metal_NN1 elements_NN2 of_IO the_AT pulsed-ECAD_NN1 roughly_RR changed_VVN with_IW the_AT current_JJ waveform_NN1 than_CSN with_IW the_AT voltage_NN1 waveform_NN1 ;_; this_DD1 indicated_VVD that_CST the_AT constant_JJ current_JJ mode_NN1 of_IO the_AT power_NN1 supply_NN1 might_VM be_VBI recommended_VVN to_TO reduce_VVI the_AT fluctuation_NN1 of_IO the_AT radiation_NN1 source_NN1 ._. 
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To_II this_DD1 end_NN1 ,_, 5_MC nM_FU to_II 20_MC nM_FU avidin_NN1 were_VBDR spiked_VVN into_II human_JJ serum_NN1 and_CC subjected_VVN to_II SER-EXPAR_NP1 under_II conditions_NN2 identical_JJ to_II those_DD2 mentioned_VVN above_RL ._. 
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Herein_RR ,_, we_PPIS2 synthesize_VV0 three_MC new_JJ stable_JJ Fe(II)_JJ coordination_NN1 polymers_NN2 ,_, &lsqb;_( Fe3(tttmb)4(OH)_FO (_( NCS_NP2 )_) 5_MC &rsqb;_) 2CH3OH·H2On_FO (_( 1_MC1 )_) ,_, &lsqb;_( Fe3(tttmb)4(NCS)6_FO &rsqb;_) ·3H2On_FO (_( 2_MC )_) ,_, and_CC &lsqb;_( Fe3(tttmb)2Cl6(H2O)6_FO &rsqb;_) ·5H2On_FO (_( 3_MC )_) (_( tttmb_NNU =_FO )_) under_II the_AT regulation_NN1 of_IO KSCN_NP1 and_CC solvents_NN2 and_CC use_VV0 them_PPHO2 as_CSA green_JJ heterogeneous_JJ catalysts_NN2 in_II aryl_NN1 homo-coupling_NN1 reactions_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Nemes_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
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<s>
reported_VVD the_AT small_JJ molecules_NN2 that_CST determined_VVD the_AT fat_NN1 of_IO each_DD1 single-cells_NN2 in_II embryo_NN1 &lsqb;_( 175_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
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IVF_NP1 or_CC ICSI_NP1 was_VBDZ then_RT performed_VVN using_VVG the_AT sperm_NN from_II the_AT same_DA male_JJ mouse_NN1 ._. 
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Fig._NN1 5(a)_FO summarizes_VVZ the_AT activities_NN2 of_IO the_AT photocatalysts_NN2 toward_II RhB_NP1 degradation_NN1 through_II monitoring_VVG the_AT adsorption_NN1 intensity_NN1 at_II 553_MC nm_FU versus_II time_NNT1 ._. 
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The_AT substrate_NN1 thickness_NN1 is_VBZ an_AT1 important_JJ factor_NN1 in_II IDT_NP1 design_NN1 ,_, as_CSA it_PPH1 determines_VVZ the_AT minimum_JJ frequency_NN1 of_IO the_AT SAW_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
In_II Fig._NN1 3c_FO ,_, the_AT lattice_NN1 fringe_NN1 with_IW a_AT1 spacing_NN1 of_IO around_RG 0.28_MC nm_FU was_VBDZ ascribed_VVN to_II the_AT (_( 200_MC )_) plane_NN1 of_IO (_( Ni_NP1 ,_, Co_NP1 )_) S2_FO ._. 
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This_DD1 constitutes_VVZ the_AT "_" limited_JJ delithiation_NN1 "_" mechanism_NN1 discussed_VVD previously_RR ._. 
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Cimalla_NP1 et_NP1 al.67_FO determined_VVN the_AT impact_NN1 of_IO contaminated_JJ water_NN1 on_II bacterial_JJ cells_NN2 in_II an_AT1 ATR-geometry_NN1 ._. 
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Hence_RR ,_, yield_VV0 stress_NN1 decreased_VVN with_IW the_AT increase_NN1 of_IO the_AT comonomer_NN1 content_NN1 until_CS approaching_VVG to_II the_AT cross-over_NN1 comonomer_NN1 composition_NN1 ._. 
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Thus_RR ,_, we_PPIS2 believe_VV0 that_CST the_AT proposed_JJ method_NN1 could_VM be_VBI competent_JJ for_IF the_AT fast_JJ analysis_NN1 of_IO Hg_FO and_CC Cd_NN1 in_II food_NN1 samples_NN2 to_TO ensure_VVI food_NN1 safety_NN1 and_CC to_TO protect_VVI human_JJ health_NN1 ._. 
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In_II the_AT case_NN1 of_IO compounds_NN2 4_MC and_CC 5_MC ,_, the_AT replacement_NN1 of_IO TIPS-acetylene_NN1 by_II diphenylamine_NN1 resulted_VVN in_II a_AT1 small_JJ hypsochromic_JJ shift_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ can_VM be_VBI attributed_VVN to_II the_AT loss_NN1 of_IO conjugation_NN1 and_CC the_AT absence_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 donor_NN1 acceptor_NN1 complex_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT intensity_NN1 of_IO the_AT 1587_MC cm1_FO peak_NN1 was_VBDZ plotted_VVN over_II time_NNT1 ,_, with_IW the_AT slight_JJ oscillations_NN2 being_VBG attributed_VVN to_II the_AT drying_NN1 and_CC wetting_NN1 of_IO the_AT SERS_NP2 samples_NN2 ._. 
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For_IF this_DD1 ,_, we_PPIS2 selected_VVD three_MC cut-off_NN1 values_NN2 for_IF albumin_NN1 concentration_NN1 in_II the_AT normal-to-mildly_RR increased_JJ albuminuria_NN1 range_NN1 at_II 3_MC ,_, 6_MC and_CC 10_MC g_ZZ1 mL1_FO ._. 
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The_AT scaled_VVN up_RP (_( 15_MC g_NNU of_IO o-nitrobenzyl_JJ alcohol_NN1 )_) synthesis_NN1 of_IO 5_MC presented_VVD no_AT problems_NN2 ,_, and_CC in_II fact_NN1 ,_, the_AT reaction_NN1 proceeded_VVD better_RRR than_CSN expected_VVN with_IW an_AT1 89%_NNU yield_NN1 ._. 
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First_MD ,_, we_PPIS2 confirmed_VVD that_DD1 NADH_NN1 can_VM be_VBI converted_VVN to_II NAD+_FO at_II the_AT Au/PMB_FU anode_NN1 through_II its_APPGE electrochemical_JJ oxidation_NN1 ._. 
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However_RR ,_, if_CS the_AT repeat_NN1 measured_VVD difference_NN1 still_RR exceeds_VVZ the_AT tolerance_NN1 ,_, the_AT calibration_NN1 curves_NN2 need_VV0 to_TO be_VBI re-established_VVN or_CC the_AT instrument_NN1 may_VM work_VVI in_II error_NN1 ._. 
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More_RGR importantly_RR ,_, both_RR sensitive_JJ dielectric_JJ switching_JJ reversibility_NN1 and_CC remarkable_JJ switching_JJ anti-fatigue_NN1 make_VV0 1_MC1 ,_, 2_MC and_CC 3_MC attractive_JJ candidates_NN2 for_IF modern_JJ feedback_NN1 mechanism_NN1 devices_NN2 and_CC intelligent_JJ detection_NN1 ._. 
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Fig._NN1 5_MC shows_VVZ the_AT SEM_NN1 images_NN2 taken_VVN from_II PDMS_NP1 slabs_NN2 coated_VVN with_IW six-bilayers_NN2 of_IO using_VVG the_AT immersive_JJ LbL_NP1 assembly_NN1 ._. 
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Complex_JJ matrix_NN1 such_II21 as_II22 petrochemical_JJ samples_NN2 can_VM easily_RR degrade_VVI the_AT SPME_NN1 fiber_NN1 during_II direct_JJ immersion_NN1 &lsqb;_( 129_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
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To_TO verify_VVI the_AT validity_NN1 of_IO the_AT model_NN1 ,_, the_AT amount_NN1 of_IO pro-inflammatory_JJ cytokines_NN2 (_( IL-1_MC1 β_NULL ,_, IL-6_MC ,_, and_CC IL-8_MC )_) secreted_VVD by_II TNF--stimulated_NP1 HUVECs_NP2 was_VBDZ quantified_VVN ._. 
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LLE_NP1 is_VBZ a_AT1 well-established_JJ separation_NN1 procedure_NN1 for_IF partition_NN1 of_IO an_AT1 analyte_NN1 between_II two_MC immiscible_JJ phases_NN2 ,_, based_VVN on_II different_JJ affinity_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
With_IW this_DD1 technique_NN1 ,_, the_AT polarizability_NN1 of_IO cells_NN2 can_VM be_VBI inferred_VVN from_II a_AT1 measurement_NN1 of_IO the_AT balance_NN1 position_NN1 (_( δ_FO )_) that_CST arises_VVZ as_II a_AT1 competition_NN1 between_II the_AT fluid_NN1 drag_VV0 force_NN1 and_CC the_AT negative_JJ DEP_NN1 force_NN1 ._. 
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Vents_NN2 should_VM be_VBI rendered_VVN hydrophobic_JJ to_TO prevent_VVI them_PPHO2 from_II filling_VVG with_IW liquid_JJ and_CC stopping_VVG flow_NN1 ._. 
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It_PPH1 is_VBZ noteworthy_JJ that_CST some_DD optical_JJ sensing_NN1 schemes_NN2 (_( e.g._REX ,_, in_II the_AT mid-IR_NN1 )_) have_VH0 to_TO deal_VVI with_IW interferences_NN2 by_II the_AT aqueous_JJ matrix_NN1 itself_PPX1 via_II appropriate_JJ surface_NN1 functionalization_NN1 strategies_NN2 ._. 
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A_AT1 new_JJ Cu–N_NN1 bond_NN1 was_VBDZ generated_VVN and_CC the_AT coordination_NN1 geometry_NN1 of_IO Cu(ii)_NP1 changed_VVD from_II square-pyramidal_JJ mode_NN1 to_II octahedral_NN1 ._. 
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Subsequently_RR ,_, the_AT resultant_JJ slurry_NN1 was_VBDZ uniformly_RR applied_VVN on_II the_AT GDL_NP1 to_TO reach_VVI the_AT catalyst_NN1 loading_NN1 of_IO 2_MC mg_NNU cm–2_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT defect_NN1 calculations_NN2 shown_VVN in_II Fig._NN1 7b_FO and_CC c_ZZ1 point_NN1 towards_II the_AT need_NN1 for_IF a_AT1 combined_JJ approach_NN1 using_VVG both_RR excess_JJ cations_NN2 to_TO shift_VVI the_AT defect_NN1 chemistry_NN1 to_TO favor_VVI n-type_JJ doping_NN1 ,_, combined_VVN with_IW an_AT1 aliovalent_JJ substitution_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 suitable_JJ n-type_JJ dopant_NN1 ,_, such_II21 as_II22 Se_NP1 or_CC Te_FW on_II the_AT Sb_NP1 site_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT device_NN1 successfully_RR captured_VVD 1_MC1 million_NNO 50_MC picolitre_NN1 drops_VVZ in_II an_AT1 11_MC cm2_FO viewing_NN1 area_NN1 with_IW a_AT1 resolution_NN1 of_IO 15–20_MCMC pixels_NN2 per_II droplet_NN1 ._. 
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Similarly_RR ,_, multiple_JJ labeling_JJ experiments_NN2 (_( n_ZZ1 >_FO 3_MC )_) with_IW Cy3-NHS_NP1 all_DB showed_VVD strong_JJ unquenched_JJ fluorescence_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT dye_NN1 was_VBDZ created_VVN with_IW a_AT1 thiophene_NN1 spacer_NN1 bearing_VVG a_AT1 phosphonate-ester_JJR (_( 1-Ester_NP1 )_) or_CC phosphonic-acid_NN1 (_( 1-Acid_NN1 )_) allowing_VVG for_IF excellent_JJ solubility_NN1 in_II MeCN_NP1 or_CC the_AT ability_NN1 to_TO functionalize_VVI metal_NN1 oxide_NN1 semiconductor_NN1 nanoparticles_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 TiO2_FO ._. 
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All_DB the_AT chemicals_NN2 were_VBDR used_VVN as_CSA received_VVN without_IW further_JJR purification_NN1 ,_, and_CC Milli-Q_NP1 water_NN1 was_VBDZ used_VVN to_TO prepare_VVI the_AT solution_NN1 ._. 
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NPs_NP1 were_VBDR found_VVN in_II all_DB six_MC products_NN2 together_RL with_IW a_AT1 significant_JJ amount_NN1 of_IO Ag+_FO ._. 
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The_AT generalized_JJ gradient_NN1 approximation_NN1 (_( GGA_NP1 )_) with_IW the_AT exchange-correlation_NN1 potential(19)_FO and_CC the_AT mean-field_NN1 GGA+U_FO correction_NN1 for_IF correlation_NN1 effects_NN2 in_II the_AT Cu_FO 3d_NNU shell_NN1 (_( Ud_NP1 =_FO 9.5_MC eV_NN1 ;_; Jd_NP1 =_FO 1_MC1 eV_NN1 ;_; atomic-limit_JJ double-counting_NN1 corrections(20,21)_FO )_) were_VBDR applied_VVN ._. 
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The_AT reported_JJ platform_NN1 holds_VVZ great_JJ promise_NN1 for_IF the_AT production_NN1 of_IO 3D_NNU tumor_NN1 spheroids_NN2 and_CC organoids_NN2 and_CC can_VM be_VBI used_VVN as_II a_AT1 powerful_JJ tool_NN1 for_IF disease_NN1 modeling_NN1 and_CC drug_NN1 discovery_NN1 ._. 
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As_II such_DA ,_, there_EX is_VBZ some_DD uncertainty_NN1 concerning_II the_AT results_NN2 obtained_VVN above_RL ._. 
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To_TO investigate_VVI the_AT secondary_JJ structure_NN1 of_IO the_AT cross-_JJ β_NULL core_NN1 of_IO fibrils_NN2 ,_, one_PN1 needs_VVZ to_TO isolate_VVI the_AT UVRR_NN1 signal_NN1 from_II the_AT fibril_NN1 core_NN1 from_II that_DD1 of_IO the_AT rest_NN1 of_IO the_AT fibril_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Besides_RR ,_, all_DB these_DD2 detection_NN1 techniques_NN2 are_VBR unable_JK to_TO discriminate_VVI mixtures_NN2 of_IO monometallic_JJ and/or_CC bimetallic_JJ particles_NN2 ._. 
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The_AT four_MC pyrrole_NN1 nitrogen_NN1 atoms_NN2 of_IO the_AT porphyrin_NN1 core_NN1 are_VBR uncoordinated_JJ ,_, allowing_VVG them_PPHO2 to_TO interact_VVI with_IW metal_NN1 ions_NN2 ._. 
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Isotope_VV0 ratio_NN1 data_NN were_VBDR acquired_VVN by_II quadrupole_NN1 ICP-MS_NN1 and_CC SF-ICP-MS_JJ instruments_NN2 ,_, both_RR run_VVN in_II two_MC different_JJ measurement_NN1 modes_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
On_II the_AT basis_NN1 of_IO the_AT vaporization_NN1 temperature_NN1 difference_NN1 principle_NN1 between_II Hg_FO and_CC Cd_NN1 analytes_NN2 ,_, a_AT1 novel_JJ solid_JJ sampling_NN1 system_NN1 coupled_VVN with_IW atomic_JJ fluorescence_NN1 spectrometry_NN1 (_( AFS_NP2 )_) was_VBDZ developed_VVN for_IF the_AT sequential_JJ determination_NN1 of_IO trace_NN1 Hg_FO and_CC Cd_NN1 in_II food_NN1 samples_NN2 ._. 
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The_AT reaction_NN1 employs_VVZ a_AT1 chiral_JJ bis(oxazoline)/Zn(OTf)2_NN1 catalyst_NN1 ,_, allowing_VVG a_AT1 practical_JJ ,_, straightforward_JJ access_NN1 to_II structurally_RR diverse_JJ spirooxindoles_NN2 containing_VVG a_AT1 2,3-dihydrobenzofuran_FO motif_NN1 and_CC three_MC contiguous_JJ stereocenters_VVZ with_IW excellent_JJ diastereo-_NN1 and_CC enantioselectivities_NN2 ._. 
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SERS_NP2 analysis_NN1 of_IO proteins_NN2 has_VHZ always_RR been_VBN a_AT1 difficult_JJ hurdle_NN1 to_TO surpass_VVI ,_, the_AT biggest_JJT problem_NN1 being_VBG reproducibility_NN1 ,_, especially_RR for_IF the_AT proteins_NN2 without_IW chromophores_NN2 ._. 
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The_AT multi-well_JJ microplate_NN1 was_VBDZ then_RT clamped_VVN onto_II the_AT transducer_NN1 and_CC placed_VVN on_II the_AT cooling_JJ block_NN1 inside_II the_AT incubator_NN1 before_II being_VBG connected_VVN to_II a_AT1 function_NN1 generator_NN1 (_( DS345_FO ,_, Stanford_NP1 Research_NN1 Systems_NN2 )_) and_CC amplifier_NN1 (_( 75A250A_FO ,_, Amplifier_NN1 Research_NN1 )_) ._. 
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We_PPIS2 subjected_VVD the_AT WGA_NN1 DNA_NN1 from_II single_JJ CTCs_NN2 and_CC paired_VVD leukocytes_NN2 ,_, as_II31 well_II32 as_II33 cell_NN1 free_JJ DNA_NN1 (_( cfDNA_NN1 )_) from_II the_AT same_DA patient_NN1 ,_, to_II deep_RR targeted_VVN sequencing_NN1 across_II 73_MC cancer-related_JJ genes_NN2 ._. 
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The_AT phenomenon_NN1 of_IO SPR_NP1 occurs_VVZ with_IW a_AT1 sensitivity_NN1 of_IO 1_MC1 pg/mm2_NN1 with_IW strong_JJ affinity_NN1 ._. 
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NMR_NP1 spectra_NN2 were_VBDR recorded_VVN on_II a_AT1 Bruker_NN1 AC_NN1 400_MC or_CC AC_NN1 500_MC with_IW solvent_NN1 peaks_NN2 as_CSA reference_NN1 ._. 
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In_RR21 addition_RR22 ,_, 6_MC wt_NN1 %_NNU of_IO hydrogen_NN1 is_VBZ released_VVN at_II 320_MC °C_NNU and_CC 1_MC1 atm_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT limit_NN1 for_IF the_AT spectroscopic_JJ techniques_NN2 for_IF spatially_RR resolved_VVN detection_NN1 is_VBZ the_AT Abbe_NP1 limit_NN1 ._. 
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Therefore_RR ,_, simultaneous_JJ elemental_JJ (_( Cd_NN1 ,_, Cu_FO ,_, Co_NP1 ,_, Pb_FO )_) and_CC isotopic_JJ analysis_NN1 (_( Cu_FO )_) could_VM be_VBI carried_VVN out_RP ,_, thus_RR maximizing_VVG the_AT amount_NN1 of_IO information_NN1 that_CST can_VM be_VBI drawn_VVN from_II a_AT1 single_JJ DBS_NP1 specimen_NN1 ._. 
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Recently_RR ,_, various_JJ new_JJ formulated_JJ inks_NN2 ,_, including_II silver-based_JJ inks_NN2 &lsqb;_( 67_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, &lsqb;_( 68_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, copper-based_JJ inks_NN2 &lsqb;_( 69_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, &lsqb;_( 70_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, &lsqb;_( 71_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, enzymatic_JJ ink_NN1 &lsqb;_( 19_MC &rsqb;_) and_CC liquid_JJ metal_NN1 inks_NN2 &lsqb;_( 72_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, &lsqb;_( 73_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, have_VH0 been_VBN developed_VVN for_IF ball_NN1 pen_NN1 writing_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ make_VV0 it_PPH1 popular_JJ in_II fabrication_NN1 of_IO diverse_JJ functional_JJ components_NN2 on_II paper_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT selective_JJ enhancement_NN1 of_IO UVRR_NP1 makes_VVZ it_PPH1 a_AT1 powerful_JJ tool_NN1 for_IF investigating_VVG protein_NN1 structure_NN1 and_CC dynamics_NN ._. 
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Artificial_JJ gastro-intestinal_JJ fluids_NN2 were_VBDR prepared_VVN as_CSA described_VVN previously.13_FO For_IF saliva_NN1 ,_, 6.8_MC g_NNU of_IO KH2PO4_FO (_( ACS_NN2 grade_VV0 ;_; Fisher_NP1 Scientific_JJ )_) and_CC 77_MC mL_NNU of_IO 0.2_MC mol_NN1 L1_FO NaOH_NN1 (_( ACS_NN2 grade_VV0 ;_; BioShop_NP1 ,_, Burlington_NP1 ,_, ON_RP ,_, Canada_NP1 )_) were_VBDR mixed_VVN and_CC diluted_VVN to_II 1_MC1 L_ZZ1 using_VVG DDW_NP1 after_II adjusting_VVG the_AT pH_NN1 to_II 6.5_MC using_VVG 0.2_MC mol_NN1 L1_FO NaOH_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT NaHCO3_FO solution_NN1 was_VBDZ changed_VVN three_MC times_NNT2 per_II day_NNT1 until_CS effervescence_NN1 ceased_VVD ._. 
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BSA_NP1 between_II pI_NN1 of_IO BSA_NP1 and_CC of_IO hydrogel_NN1 beads_NN2 ._. 
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Consequently_RR ,_, the_AT covalent_JJ attachment_NN1 of_IO ILs_NP2 onto_II the_AT surface_NN1 of_IO supporting_JJ materials_NN2 can_VM not_XX only_RR decrease_VVI the_AT loss_NN1 of_IO ILs_NP2 through_II elution_NN1 process_NN1 but_CCB also_RR improve_VV0 the_AT reusability_NN1 of_IO the_AT prepared_JJ sorbent_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Functionalization_NN1 and_CC silica_NN1 supports_VVZ for_IF CNPs_NP1 have_VH0 greatly_RR increased_VVN the_AT surface_NN1 area_NN1 for_IF an_AT1 effective_JJ extraction_NN1 of_IO PAHs_NP2 using_VVG minimal_JJ amounts_NN2 of_IO the_AT nanosorbent_NN1 ._. 
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Xu_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
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demonstrated_VVD the_AT combined_JJ uses_NN2 of_IO the_AT endonuclease-powered_JJ 3D_NNU DNA_NN1 walker_NN1 with_IW exonuclease-mediated_JJ signal_NN1 amplification_NN1 for_IF quantifying_VVG miR-141_MC on_II an_AT1 electrochemical_JJ detection_NN1 platform_NN1 &lsqb;_( 48_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
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The_AT cost_NN1 matrix_NN1 supplied_VVN to_II the_AT Hungarian_JJ algorithm_NN1 can_VM be_VBI depicted_VVN by_II ,_, Two_MC pieces_NN2 of_IO Nafion_NP1 sheet_NN1 (_( 1.5_MC mm_NNU ×_II 30_MC mm_NNU ×_II 0.175_MC mm_NNU ,_, Sigma-Aldrich_NP1 ,_, USA_NP1 )_) were_VBDR aligned_VVN on_II a_AT1 glass_NN1 slide_NN1 with_IW a_AT1 finite_JJ gap_NN1 ._. 
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By_II simply_RR coding_VVG the_AT DNA_NN1 probes_VVZ with_IW different_JJ lengths_NN2 of_IO oligo(dA)_NN1 for_IF different_JJ miRNA_NN1 targets_NN2 ,_, multiple_JJ miRNAs_NN2 could_VM be_VBI simultaneously_RR detected_VVN in_II one_MC1 LCR_NP1 reaction_NN1 with_IW a_AT1 commercial_JJ capillary_JJ electrophoresis-laser_NN1 induced_VVD fluorescence_NN1 (_( CE-LIF_NP1 )_) instrument_NN1 (_( Fig._NN1 4_MC )_) .48_MC By_II the_AT combination_NN1 of_IO the_AT high_JJ selectivity_NN1 of_IO LCR_NP1 and_CC the_AT remarkable_JJ voltammetric_JJ signature_NN1 of_IO electrochemical_JJ quantum_NN1 dot_NN1 (_( QD_NP1 )_) barcodes_VVZ ,_, Zhu_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
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<s>
demonstrated_VVN that_CST the_AT two_MC target_NN1 miRNAs_NN2 of_IO miR-155_MC and_CC miR-27b_FO were_VBDR simultaneously_RR detected_VVN by_II square_JJ wave_NN1 voltammetry.49_FO Although_CS highly_RR sensitive_JJ and_CC specific_JJ miRNA_NN1 detection_NN1 was_VBDZ achieved_VVN by_II LCR_NP1 ,_, the_AT LCR-based_JJ methods_NN2 require_VV0 many_DA2 DNA_NN1 probes_NN2 and_CC electrophoresis_NN1 separation_NN1 ,_, leading_VVG to_TO multiplex_VVI steps_NN2 ,_, high_JJ cost_NN1 ,_, and_CC long_JJ analysis_NN1 time_NNT1 ._. 
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Higher_JJR percentage_NN1 of_IO dividing_JJ cells_NN2 was_VBDZ detected_VVN in_II S5_FO than_CSN other_JJ subgroups_NN2 (_( Fig._NN1 5D_NNU )_) ._. 
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<s>
The_AT value_NN1 of_IO all_DB ex_II vivo_NN1 systems_NN2 will_VM be_VBI in_II their_APPGE predictive_JJ validity_NN1 for_IF events_NN2 that_CST occur_VV0 in_RR21 vivo_RR22 ._. 
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After_II loading_VVG the_AT sample_NN1 onto_II the_AT chip_NN1 ,_, the_AT chip_NN1 was_VBDZ placed_VVN on_II an_AT1 Eppendorf_NP1 Mastercycler_NP1 (_( Eppendorf_NP1 ,_, Hamburg_NP1 ,_, Germany_NP1 )_) fitted_VVN with_IW an_AT1 in_RR21 situ_RR22 adapter_NN1 and_CC heated_VVN to_II 41_MC °C_NNU for_IF 110_MC min_NNU ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 work_NN1 may_VM provide_VVI a_AT1 simple_JJ method_NN1 for_IF preparing_VVG electrode_NN1 materials_NN2 with_IW outstanding_JJ electrochemical_JJ performance_NN1 via_II a_AT1 chelating_JJ agent_NN1 assisted_VVD solid-state_JJ method_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 difference_NN1 in_II the_AT concentration_NN1 of_IO solute_NN1 at_II the_AT inner_JJ portion_NN1 of_IO the_AT boundary_NN1 layer_NN1 (_( C1_FO )_) and_CC the_AT outer_JJ boundary_NN1 layer_NN1 (_( C2_FO )_) assists_VVZ in_II predicting_VVG the_AT dissolution_NN1 rates_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Various_JJ wavelength_NN1 lasers_NN2 are_VBR always_RR applied_VVN to_TO study_VVI optical_JJ response_NN1 properties_NN2 of_IO materials_NN2 in_II various_JJ fields_NN2 of_IO research_NN1 ,_, both_RR experimentally_RR and_CC theoretically_RR ._. 
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<s>
The_AT long-lived_JJ fission_NN1 product_NN1 93Zr_FO was_VBDZ measured_VVN by_II Osvath_NP1 et_NP1 al.239_FO in_II nuclear_JJ power_NN1 plant_NN1 waste_NN1 by_II ICP-MS_JJ following_JJ extraction_NN1 chromatography_NN1 separation_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT total_JJ peptide_NN1 content_NN1 was_VBDZ 802_MC mg/g_NNU (_( sum_NN1 of_IO ANG_NP1 I_ZZ1 and_CC other_JJ peptides_NN2 )_) and_CC therefore_RR in_II good_JJ agreement_NN1 with_IW the_AT mass_NN1 balance_NN1 value_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT same_DA research_NN1 group_NN1 assessed_VVN the_AT utility_NN1 of_IO an_AT1 ion-exchange_NN1 procedure167_FO to_TO quantify_VVI dissolved_JJ Ag_FO ions_NN2 in_II soil_NN1 extracts_NN2 containing_VVG Ag_FO NPs_NP1 ,_, validating_VVG their_APPGE results_NN2 by_II comparison_NN1 with_IW those_DD2 obtained_VVN with_IW an_AT1 ISE_NP1 ._. 
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<s>
Qualitative_JJ and_CC quantitative_JJ analysis_NN1 by_II calibration-free_JJ LIBS_NN2 and_CC one-point_JJ calibration_NN1 LIBS_NN2 methods_NN2 ,_, respectively_RR ,_, provided_CS results_NN2 in_II good_JJ agreement_NN1 with_IW data_NN from_II ICP-MS_NN1 and_CC SEM_NP1 analyses_VVZ ._. 
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<s>
With_IW the_AT expectation_NN1 of_IO commercial_JJ applications_NN2 requiring_VVG large_JJ scale_NN1 production_NN1 in_II the_AT future_NN1 ,_, the_AT device_NN1 is_VBZ currently_RR in_II production_NN1 for_IF further_JJR development_NN1 and_CC application_NN1 research_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
In_II this_DD1 work_NN1 ,_, we_PPIS2 explore_VV0 the_AT propensity_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 family_NN1 of_IO zinc_NN1 complexes_NN2 (_( see_VV0 Scheme_NN1 1_MC1 )_) to_TO bind_VVI HS_NP2 and_CC investigate_VVI their_APPGE potential_JJ application_NN1 as_CSA fluorescence-based_JJ sensors_NN2 via_II a_AT1 coordinative-based_NN1 approach.31_FO The_AT modifications_NN2 of_IO the_AT ligand_NN1 skeleton_NN1 were_VBDR designed_VVN to_TO enhance_VVI the_AT water_NN1 solubility_NN1 of_IO the_AT resulting_JJ complexes_NN2 and_CC to_TO study_VVI the_AT possible_JJ effect_NN1 of_IO different_JJ substituents_NN2 on_II the_AT metal_NN1 hydrosulfido_NN1 stabilization_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT surface_NN1 elemental_JJ compositions_NN2 of_IO the_AT coated_JJ surfaces_NN2 were_VBDR confirmed_VVN by_II X-ray_NN1 photoelectron_NN1 spectroscopy_NN1 (_( XPS_NP1 )_) (_( JPS-9010_MC ,_, JEOL_VV0 Inc._JJ )_) with_IW a_AT1 60°_NNU incline_NN1 (_( target_NN1 :_: Al_FW )_) ._. 
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<s>
Controlling_VVG for_IF the_AT myriad_NN1 variables_NN2 in_II tissue_NN1 viability_NN1 ,_, cell–cell_VV0 interactions_NN2 ,_, and_CC extracellular_JJ matrix_NN1 and_CC signaling_VVG molecules_NN2 will_VM be_VBI an_AT1 important_JJ challenge_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Both_RR forward_RL and_CC backward_JJ displacements_NN2 can_VM be_VBI applied_VVN to_II the_AT trapped_JJ particles_NN2 ,_, allowing_VVG for_IF all-optical_JJ transport_NN1 and_CC repositioning_VVG ._. 
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<s>
The_AT curvature_NN1 in_II the_AT conductivity_NN1 temperature_NN1 dependence_NN1 suggests_VVZ a_AT1 link_NN1 with_IW the_AT segmental_JJ mobility_NN1 ;_; this_DD1 can_VM be_VBI evaluated_VVN by_II plotting_VVG sdc_NNU vs._II ta_UH which_DDQ ,_, in_II a_AT1 log-log_JJ scale_NN1 ,_, should_VM be_VBI linear_JJ as_CSA predicted_VVN by_II the_AT Debye-Stokes-Einstein_NP1 relation_NN1 &lsqb;_( 34_MC &rsqb;_) (_( sdc_NNU eT_NP1 Tf1=ta_FO eT_NP1 T_ZZ1 )_) ._. 
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<s>
At_II the_AT other_JJ end_NN1 is_VBZ a_AT1 commercial_JJ program_NN1 Gaussian_JJ (_( and_CC GaussView_NP1 ,_, which_DDQ is_VBZ a_AT1 graphical_JJ tool_NN1 for_IF building_NN1 models_NN2 and_CC analysis_NN1 of_IO results_NN2 )_) ._. 
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<s>
In_II contrast_NN1 ,_, with_IW XRF_NP1 ,_, we_PPIS2 measured_VVD a_AT1 larger_JJR reference_NN1 volume_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT light_NN1 and_CC shade_NN1 contrast_NN1 can_VM confirm_VVI the_AT morphology_NN1 of_IO the_AT nanotube_NN1 (_( Fig._NN1 3c_FO )_) ._. 
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<s>
In_II this_DD1 paper_NN1 ,_, we_PPIS2 illustrate_VV0 the_AT latest_JJT advancement_NN1 made_VVN in_II MS-based_JJ methodologies_NN2 tailored_VVN to_II the_AT allergen_NN1 detection_NN1 with_IW emphasis_NN1 given_VVN to_II the_AT forefront_NN1 technology_NN1 of_IO mass_JJ analysers_NN2 available_JJ on_II the_AT market_NN1 applied_VVN to_II the_AT multi-allergen_JJ screening_NN1 in_II foods_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Vessel_NN1 structures_NN2 ,_, which_DDQ is_VBZ important_JJ in_II living_JJ body_NN1 ,_, have_VH0 been_VBN well_RR constructed_VVN on_II microchip_NN1 using_VVG hydrogel_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
On_II the_AT other_JJ hand_NN1 ,_, for_IF the_AT mass_JJ manufacturing_NN1 of_IO devices_NN2 ,_, the_AT design_NN1 of_IO each_DD1 functional_JJ part_NN1 that_CST exhibits_VVZ the_AT elastic_JJ properties_NN2 of_IO PDMS_NP1 would_VM be_VBI considered_VVN to_TO be_VBI compatible_JJ with_IW other_JJ materials_NN2 suitable_JJ for_IF mass_JJ manufacturing_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT Janus_NP1 particles_NN2 then_RT stick_VV0 together_RL via_II the_AT sticky_JJ patches_NN2 and_CC form_VV0 disordered_JJ chains_NN2 and_CC rings_NN2 ,_, whose_DDQGE concentration_NN1 passes_VVZ through_II a_AT1 maximum_NN1 when_RRQ the_AT size_NN1 of_IO the_AT simulation_NN1 box_NN1 is_VBZ further_RRR reduced_VVN ._. 
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<s>
Table_NN1 S1_FO in_II the_AT Supporting_JJ Information_NN1 provides_VVZ the_AT input_NN1 parameters_NN2 and_CC calculated_JJ solubility_NN1 and_CC diffusivity_NN1 values_NN2 of_IO the_AT CO2Coil_FO system_NN1 under_II all_DB experimental_JJ conditions_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Furthermore_RR ,_, by_II comparison_NN1 ,_, the_AT specific_JJ capacitance_NN1 of_IO the_AT Ni/Co-MOF-5_NP1 electrode_NN1 is_VBZ higher_JJR than_CSN that_DD1 of_IO many_DA2 reported_JJ MOF-based_JJ electrode_NN1 materials_NN2 (_( Table_NN1 S1_FO )_) ._. 
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<s>
Furthermore_RR ,_, in_BCL21 order_BCL22 to_TO fill_VVI the_AT metering_NN1 chamber_NN1 at_RR21 first_RR22 and_CC leave_VV0 the_AT metering_NN1 chamber_NN1 empty_JJ while_CS the_AT redundant_JJ liquid_NN1 moves_VVZ back_RP to_II the_AT original_JJ reservoir_NN1 ,_, the_AT channels_NN2 on_II both_DB2 sides_NN2 of_IO the_AT metering_NN1 chamber_NN1 are_VBR designed_VVN to_TO have_VHI a_AT1 vertical_JJ space_NN1 ._. 
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That_DD1 is_VBZ mainly_RR derived_VVN from_II the_AT decomposition_NN1 of_IO the_AT electrolytes_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
With_IW the_AT exception_NN1 of_IO exogenous_JJ radiolabeled_JJ taurine_JJ uptake_NN1 ,_, there_EX was_VBDZ previously_RR no_AT technique_NN1 available_JJ to_II image_NN1 taurine_NN1 in_RR21 situ_RR22 within_II tissue_NN1 sections_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT reproducibility_NN1 data_NN is_VBZ indicating_VVG a_AT1 good_JJ reproducibility_NN1 of_IO the_AT proposed_JJ NCB-based_JJ ratiometric_JJ biosensor_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
In_RR21 addition_RR22 ,_, the_AT homemade_JJ magnetic_JJ beads_NN2 could_VM be_VBI used_VVN for_IF the_AT extraction_NN1 of_IO nucleic_JJ acid_NN1 without_IW an_AT1 instrument_NN1 ,_, making_VVG them_PPHO2 suitable_JJ for_IF detecting_VVG samples_NN2 in_II POCT_NP1 settings_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
It_PPH1 is_VBZ suggested_VVN that_CST the_AT loss_NN1 of_IO penetration_NN1 depth_NN1 into_II the_AT sample_NN1 by_II modification_NN1 of_IO ITO_NN1 on_II the_AT fiber_NN1 optic_NN1 core_NN1 surface_NN1 decreased_VVD the_AT effective_JJ optical_JJ path_NN1 length_NN1 based_VVN on_II ATR_NP1 ._. 
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<s>
Combined_VVN with_IW the_AT mechanism_NN1 of_IO single_JJ crystal_NN1 fragmentation_NN1 and_CC the_AT ESI-MS_JJ tracking_NN1 of_IO the_AT reaction_NN1 system_NN1 over_II different_JJ time_NNT1 periods_NN2 ,_, an_AT1 assembly_NN1 mechanism_NN1 was_VBDZ proposed_VVN ._. 
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<s>
Fig._NN1 4_MC shows_VVZ the_AT accuracy_NN1 plot_NN1 to_TO predict_VVI nCD64_FO bins_NN2 (_( equally_RR divided_VVN over_II the_AT entire_JJ range_NN1 )_) using_VVG the_AT univariate_NN1 regression_NN1 ,_, multivariate_JJ linear_JJ regression_NN1 and_CC ANN_NP1 training_NN1 methods_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Nucleic_JJ acid_NN1 testing_NN1 (_( NAT_NP1 )_) is_VBZ a_AT1 highly_RR sensitive_JJ method_NN1 which_DDQ detects_VVZ very_RG small_JJ fragments_NN2 of_IO DNA_NN1 and_CC RNA_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
HRMS_NP1 (_( ESI_NP1 )_) (_( M_ZZ1 +_FO H+_FO )_) calcd_VV0 for_IF C11H22F2O3P+_FO m/z_ZZ1 :_: 271.1269_MC ;_; found_VVD m/z_ZZ1 :_: 271.1265_MC ._. 
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<s>
It_PPH1 is_VBZ concluded_VVN that_CST the_AT developed_JJ method_NN1 can_VM successfully_RR distinguish_VVI target_NN1 miRNA_NN1 from_II possible_JJ interfering_JJ miRNAs_NN2 with_IW even_RR single-base-mismatch_JJ ._. 
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<s>
The_AT proposed_JJ method_NN1 can_VM be_VBI regarded_VVN as_II a_AT1 promising_JJ tool_NN1 for_IF fast_JJ plant_NN1 mineral_NN1 analysis_NN1 ,_, especially_RR when_CS looking_VVG at_II the_AT obtained_VVN LODs_NN2 ,_, which_DDQ were_VBDR at_RR21 least_RR22 two-fold_JJ lower_JJR than_CSN the_AT recommended_JJ critical_JJ nutrient_NN1 levels_NN2 ._. 
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As_II a_AT1 proof_NN1 of_IO concept_NN1 ,_, codelivery_NN1 of_IO CO_FO with_IW the_AT antibiotic_NN1 metronidazole_NN1 was_VBDZ demonstrated_VVN ._. 
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<s>
As_CSA expected_VVN ,_, the_AT installed_JJ LED_NN1 in_II the_AT inner_JJ detection_NN1 cell_NN1 exhibited_VVD stronger_JJR light_NN1 than_CSN that_DD1 of_IO the_AT outer_JJ referenced_JJ LED_NN1 upon_II addition_NN1 of_IO H2SO4_FO into_II Na2S_FO solution_NN1 (_( 0.5_MC mM_NNU )_) (_( digital_JJ video_NN1 in_II the_AT Supporting_JJ Information_NN1 )_) ._. 
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<s>
The_AT above_JJ reviewed_JJ papers_NN2 ,_, and_CC additional_JJ selected_JJ examples_NN2 are_VBR summarized_VVN in_II Table_NN1 3_MC &lsqb;_( 59_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, &lsqb;_( 61_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, &lsqb;_( 62_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, &lsqb;_( 63_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, &lsqb;_( 64_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, &lsqb;_( 66_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, &lsqb;_( 67_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, &lsqb;_( 68_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, &lsqb;_( 69_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, &lsqb;_( 70_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, &lsqb;_( 71_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, &lsqb;_( 72_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, &lsqb;_( 73_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, &lsqb;_( 74_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, &lsqb;_( 75_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, &lsqb;_( 76_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
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<s>
The_AT pellet_NN1 was_VBDZ resuspended_VVN in_II deionised_JJ water_NN1 (_( 800_MC L_ZZ1 )_) and_CC 4-MBA_NN1 (_( 100_MC L_ZZ1 ,_, 1_MC1 mM_NNU in_II EtOH_NP1 )_) and_CC left_VVD overnight_RT ._. 
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<s>
AgSbF6_FO did_VDD not_XX promote_VVI the_AT reaction_NN1 (_( Table_NN1 1_MC1 ,_, entries_NN2 12_MC 13_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
Compared_VVN to_II PDMS-based_JJ hydrophobic_JJ burst_JJ valve_NN1 designs_NN2 ,_, this_DD1 work_NN1 utilizes_VVZ hydrophilic_JJ liquid_JJ guides_NN2 to_TO obtain_VVI rapid_JJ and_CC reproducible_JJ patterned_JJ gels_NN2 for_IF co-cultures_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT sharp_JJ diffraction_NN1 peaks_NN2 indicated_VVD the_AT much_RR improved_JJ crystallinity_NN1 with_IW grain_NN1 growth_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT 125Te_FO NMR_NP1 experiments_NN2 were_VBDR performed_VVN on_II a_AT1 Bruker_NP1 Avance_NP1 NMR_NP1 spectrometer_NN1 operating_NN1 in_II a_AT1 magnetic_JJ field_NN1 of_IO 9.4_MC T_ZZ1 at_II the_AT Larmor_NN1 frequency_NN1 of_IO 126.28_MC MHz_NNU ._. 
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<s>
For_REX21 instance_REX22 ,_, the_AT AuNPs_NP1 exhibited_VVD adequate_JJ interactions_NN2 with_IW morphine_NN1 at_II pH_NN1 6_MC when_CS tested_VVN in_II a_AT1 pH_NN1 range_NN1 of_IO 6–7_MCMC &lsqb;_( 78_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
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<s>
Obviously_RR ,_, developing_VVG sensitive_JJ ,_, ppm_NNU methodology_NN1 in_II the_AT absence_NN1 of_IO any_DD Ames_NP1 data_NN may_VM be_VBI absolutely_RR appropriate_JJ for_IF novel_JJ new_JJ chemical_JJ entities_NN2 ;_; however_RR ,_, if_CS this_DD1 safety_NN1 data_NN is_VBZ available_JJ that_CST isn_VV0 '_NULL t_ZZ1 being_VBG accessed_VVN then_RT this_DD1 can_VM waste_VVI valuable_JJ time_NNT1 ,_, effort_NN1 and_CC resource_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
If_CS you_PPY were_VBDR to_TO add_VVI water_NN1 to_II your_APPGE model_NN1 ,_, This_DD1 is_VBZ the_AT main_JJ method_NN1 for_IF single-cell_JJ proteins_NN2 analysis_NN1 on_II microfluidic_JJ chips_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
From_II 3000_MC years_NNT2 BP_NP1 to_II 450_MC BP_NP1 ,_, changes_NN2 in_II settlement_NN1 patterns_NN2 and_CC an_AT1 increase_NN1 in_II demography_NN1 is_VBZ detected_VVN ._. 
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<s>
Fig._NN1 7_MC shows_VVZ the_AT CR_NP1 adsorption_NN1 rate_NN1 of_IO 1_MC1 ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 fully_RR cryogenic_JJ protocol_NN1 requires_VVZ the_AT availability_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 sample_NN1 cryostage_NN1 on_II the_AT XAS_NP2 beamline_VV0 ,_, which_DDQ is_VBZ most_RGT often_RR the_AT case_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Additionally_RR ,_, this_DD1 enables_VVZ the_AT determination_NN1 of_IO anharmonic_JJ coupling_NN1 param_NN1 eters_NN2 ,_, as_CSA shown_VVN in_II ref_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT results_NN2 indicate_VV0 that_CST the_AT two_MC proteases_NN2 may_VM digest_VVI each_PPX221 other_PPX222 and_CC impair_VV0 the_AT digestion_NN1 efficiency_NN1 to_II a_AT1 minor_JJ extent_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Therefore_RR ,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ necessary_JJ to_TO develop_VVI a_AT1 proper_JJ sample_NN1 introduction_NN1 strategy_NN1 to_TO improve_VVI the_AT analytical_JJ performance_NN1 of_IO MIP-OES_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT conversion_NN1 degree_NN1 clearly_RR affects_VVZ the_AT viscoelastic_JJ properties_NN2 of_IO the_AT foams_NN2 ,_, since_CS a_AT1 higher_JJR conversion_NN1 degree_NN1 promotes_VVZ both_RR a_AT1 higher_JJR glass_NN1 transition_NN1 temperature_NN1 and_CC a_AT1 lower_JJR degree_NN1 of_IO mobility_NN1 of_IO the_AT polymer_NN1 chains_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Moreover_RR ,_, PoP_VV0 strategies_NN2 have_VH0 also_RR been_VBN applied_VVN in_II making_VVG paper-based_JJ surface_NN1 enhanced_VVD Raman_NP1 scattering_NN1 (_( SERS_NP2 )_) sensors_NN2 ,_, due_II21 to_II22 their_APPGE ultrahigh_NN1 sensitivity_NN1 for_IF detection_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
In_II the_AT case_NN1 of_IO scanning_VVG devices_NN2 ,_, such_II21 as_II22 in_II QMS_NP1 ,_, the_AT mass_JJ analyzer_NN1 transmits_VVZ packets_NN2 of_IO ions_NN2 to_II the_AT detector_NN1 ,_, at_II one_MC1 m/z_ZZ1 value_NN1 at_II a_AT1 time_NNT1 ,_, across_II a_AT1 specific_JJ mass_JJ range_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Instead_RR ,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ much_RR more_RGR facile_JJ to_TO tailor_VVI the_AT electronic_JJ properties_NN2 of_IO LMOFs_NP2 to_II a_AT1 unique_JJ property_NN1 of_IO the_AT analyte_NN1 so_BCL21 as_BCL22 to_TO obtain_VVI an_AT1 expected_JJ response_NN1 upon_II interaction_NN1 with_IW the_AT targeted_JJ species_NN ._. 
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<s>
Owing_II21 to_II22 the_AT better_JJR light_NN1 reflecting_VVG and_CC scattering_VVG capability_NN1 ,_, HM_NP1 shows_VVZ higher_JJR light_JJ utilization_NN1 than_CSN SM_NP1 (_( Fig._NN1 1f_RA )_) .20_MC In_II this_DD1 way_NN1 ,_, the_AT photo-induced_JJ charge_NN1 concentration_NN1 of_IO HM_NP1 is_VBZ higher_JJR than_CSN that_DD1 of_IO SM_NP1 ,_, leading_VVG to_II a_AT1 higher_JJR Jsc_NP1 in_II HM_NP1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT organic_JJ layer_NN1 was_VBDZ separated_VVN ,_, and_CC the_AT aqueous_JJ layer_NN1 was_VBDZ extracted_VVN with_IW EtOAc_NP1 (_( 3_MC ×_II 100_MC mL_NNU )_) ._. 
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<s>
In_RR21 particular_RR22 ,_, the_AT trace_NN1 for_IF the_AT reaction_NN1 with_IW low_JJ initial_JJ concentration_NN1 of_IO CS2_FO is_VBZ most_RGT consistent_JJ with_IW a_AT1 unimolecular_JJ first-order_JJ decay_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Materials_NN2 PA6_FO commercially_RR known_VVN as_II B300_FO and_CC supplied_VVN by_II Polyform_NP1 (_( density_NN1 1.13_MC g/cm3_FU ,_, MFI_NP1 2.9_MC g.10_FO min1_FO at_II 230_MC C_ZZ1 and_CC 2.16_MC kg_NNU )_) was_VBDZ used_VVN as_II the_AT matrix_NN1 phase_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
A_AT1 comparative_JJ synopsis_NN1 of_IO features_NN2 of_IO these_DD2 LIBS_NN2 systems_NN2 will_VM be_VBI presented_VVN and_CC arising_VVG research_NN1 themes_NN2 in_II this_DD1 context_NN1 are_VBR outlined_VVN ._. 
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<s>
The_AT fluence_NN1 of_IO pump_NN1 light_NN1 is_VBZ 34_MC mJ_NNU cm2_FO ._. 
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<s>
The_AT great_JJ advantage_NN1 of_IO SIMS_NP1 for_IF research_NN1 into_II carbon_NN1 sequestration_NN1 is_VBZ its_APPGE ability_NN1 to_TO analyse_VVI very_RG small_JJ sample_NN1 volumes_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
However_RR ,_, only_RR a_AT1 single_JJ ion_NN1 has_VHZ been_VBN used_VVN in_II doping_NN1 into_II the_AT original_JJ structure_NN1 ,_, and_CC relevant_JJ studies_NN2 about_II the_AT site_NN1 being_VBG co-occupied_VVN by_II two_MC aliovalent_JJ cations_NN2 with_IW a_AT1 certain_JJ mole_NN1 ratio_NN1 have_VH0 rarely_RR been_VBN reported_VVN in_II this_DD1 system_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Thus_RR ,_, the_AT presence_NN1 of_IO Au_FO seeds_NN2 will_VM accelerate_VVI Pt_FO reduction_NN1 ,_, diminishing_VVG the_AT reduction_NN1 rate_NN1 ratio_NN1 and_CC resulting_VVG in_II a_AT1 more_RGR mixed_JJ metal_NN1 distribution_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 molecule_NN1 exists_VVZ as_CSA monomers_NN2 in_II ethanol_NN1 with_IW an_AT1 absorption_NN1 max_NN1 =_FO 523_MC nm_FU (_( Figure_NN1 S3_FO ,_, Supporting_JJ Information_NN1 )_) and_CC does_VDZ not_XX show_VVI any_DD interesting_JJ features_NN2 in_II the_AT Mueller_NP1 polarimetric_JJ studies_NN2 as_CSA expected_VVN from_II an_AT1 achiral_JJ molecule_NN1 (_( Figure_NN1 S4_FO ,_, Supporting_JJ Information_NN1 )_) ._. 
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<s>
The_AT figures_NN2 of_IO merit_NN1 evaluated_VVN for_IF atomic_JJ absorption_NN1 techniques_NN2 FAAS_NN2 and_CC ETAAS_NN2 were_VBDR linearity_NN1 ,_, precision_NN1 (_( repeatability_NN1 expressed_VVN as_CSA RSD_NP1 (_( %_NNU )_) ,_, n_ZZ1 =_FO 10_MC )_) ,_, trueness_NN1 (_( average_JJ recovery_NN1 from_II a_AT1 standard_JJ reference_NN1 material_NN1 tested_VVD ,_, n_ZZ1 =_FO 10_MC )_) ,_, and_CC detection_NN1 limit_NN1 (_( 3_MC s_ZZ1 criteria_NN2 ,_, n_ZZ1 =_FO 10_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
But_CCB it_PPH1 is_VBZ conceivable_JJ that_CST the_AT glycans_NN2 comprising_VVG the_AT surface_NN1 of_IO EVs_NN2 relate_VV0 closely_RR to_II the_AT export_NN1 and_CC uptake_NN1 of_IO EVs_NN2 and_CC their_APPGE structural_JJ information_NN1 is_VBZ equally_RR important_JJ ._. 
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<s>
As-synthesized_JJ and_CC calcined_VVD powders_NN2 as_II31 well_II32 as_II33 sintered_JJ specimens_NN2 were_VBDR characterized_VVN by_II X-ray_NN1 diffraction_NN1 (_( XRD_NP1 )_) on_II a_AT1 Philips_NP1 3100_MC diffractometer_NN1 (_( Philips_NP1 Electronic_JJ Instruments_NN2 ,_, Inc._JJ ,_, Mahwah_NP1 ,_, NJ_NP1 )_) at_II room_NN1 temperature_NN1 using_VVG Cu_FO K_ZZ1 radiation_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Further_RRR ,_, we_PPIS2 demonstrated_VVD the_AT ability_NN1 of_IO TIMS-TIMS_NP2 to_TO select_VVI ,_, trap_VV0 ,_, and_CC collisionally_RR activate_VV0 ions_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
For_IF the_AT paper-driven_JJ system_NN1 ,_, there_EX is_VBZ an_AT1 outlet_NN1 hole_NN1 cut_VVN out_II21 of_II22 layer_NN1 2_MC ,_, and_CC the_AT paper_NN1 sits_VVZ on_II31 top_II32 of_II33 this_DD1 layer_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
However_RR ,_, solar_JJ thermal_JJ PCR_NP1 systems_NN2 reported_VVN to_II date_NN1 are_VBR end-point_JJ PCR_NP1 systems_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT use_NN1 of_IO unfavourable_JJ intermolecular_JJ steric_JJ interactions_NN2 can_VM also_RR effect_VVI Oyl–U–Oyl_NN1 bending_VVG ,_, as_CSA was_VBDZ observed_VVN for_IF &lsqb;_( UO2Cl2(phen)2_FO &rsqb;_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Practical_JJ applications_NN2 require_VV0 robustness_NN1 and_CC capability_NN1 of_IO the_AT developed_JJ device_NN1 to_TO operate_VVI effectively_RR in_II a_AT1 tissue-like_JJ environment_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT development_NN1 of_IO smartphone_NN1 technology_NN1 itself_PPX1 is_VBZ critical_JJ fundamentally_RR such_II21 as_II22 further_JJR enlarged_JJ pixel_NN1 array_NN1 ,_, reduced_VVD pixel_NN1 size_NN1 ,_, and_CC improved_JJ pixel_NN1 intensity_NN1 for_IF the_AT smartphone_NN1 camera_NN1 ,_, more_RGR powerful_JJ processor_NN1 ,_, higher-speed_JJ wireless_NN1 connection_NN1 such_II21 as_II22 5G_NNU ._. 
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<s>
Abuse_NN1 of_IO NSOs_NP2 has_VHZ led_VVN to_II a_AT1 recent_JJ rise_NN1 in_II acute_JJ intoxication_NN1 and_CC many_DA2 overdose_VV0 deaths_NN2 ,_, because_CS they_PPHS2 cause_VV0 a_AT1 classic_JJ opioid_JJ toxidrome_NN1 ,_, and_CC present_JJ major_JJ challenges_NN2 for_IF medical_JJ professionals_NN2 ,_, law_NN1 enforcement_NN1 agencies_NN2 ,_, and_CC policymakers_NN2 &lsqb;_( 2_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
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<s>
Pro-angiogenic_JJ factors_NN2 secreted_VVN from_II the_AT tumor_NN1 cells_NN2 spread_VVN to_II angiogenic_JJ channels_NN2 and_CC stimulated_JJ endothelial_JJ cells_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
In_II non-competitive_JJ ICAs_NP2 ,_, the_AT antigen_NN1 must_VM be_VBI polyvalent_JJ with_IW multiple_JJ epitopes_NN2 ,_, in_BCL21 order_BCL22 to_TO bind_VVI both_DB2 capture_VV0 and_CC labeled_JJ antibody_NN1 &lsqb;_( 15_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
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<s>
However_RR ,_, the_AT use_NN1 of_IO 2D_NNU and_CC 3D_NNU printing_NN1 methods_NN2 for_IF high-performance_JJ microfluidic_JJ fabrication_NN1 is_VBZ restricted_VVN by_II several_DA2 limitations_NN2 ,_, including_II material_NN1 compatibility_NN1 ,_, resolution_NN1 of_IO the_AT minimum_JJ feature_NN1 size_NN1 and_CC surface_NN1 roughness_NN1 ,_, and_CC long-term_JJ dimensional_JJ stability_NN1 ,_, particularly_RR when_CS in_II31 contact_II32 with_II33 a_AT1 fluid_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
They_PPHS2 can_VM be_VBI based_VVN on_II dielectrophoresis_NN1 ,_, (_( 8_MC )_) valves_NN2 ,_, (_( 9_MC )_) optics_NN1 ,_, (_( 10_MC )_) acoustics(11)_FO or_CC electric_JJ stream_NN1 deflection(12,13)_FO and_CC even_RR enable_VV0 the_AT use_NN1 of_IO imaging_VVG data_NN for_IF making_VVG sorting_VVG decisions_NN2 ,_, (_( 14_MC 16_MC )_) as_CS31 long_CS32 as_CS33 transparent_JJ polymer_NN1 chips_NN2 are_VBR used_VVN ._. 
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<s>
The_AT media_NN samples_NN2 were_VBDR diluted_VVN 25×_FO using_VVG 2%_NNU HNO3_FO ._. 
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<s>
The_AT number_NN1 of_IO samples_NN2 was_VBDZ 109_MC ._. 
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<s>
Further_RRR ,_, Figure_NN1 9_MC shows_VVZ the_AT XPS_NP1 analysis_NN1 of_IO Cd_NN1 3d_NNU spectra_NN2 in_II which_DDQ the_AT peaks_NN2 at_II 405_MC and_CC 411_MC eV_NN1 show_VV0 the_AT presence_NN1 of_IO Cd_NN1 3d5/2_FU and_CC 3d3/2_FU peaks_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
A_AT1 deeper_JJR analysis_NN1 of_IO the_AT central_JJ nervous_JJ system_NN1 was_VBDZ further_RRR accomplished_VVN by_II introducing_VVG on-chip_JJ high-resolution_NN1 imaging_VVG to_TO study_VVI cell-to-cell_JJ interactions_NN2 between_II neurons_NN2 and_CC glial_JJ cells_NN2 and_CC also_RR to_TO account_VVI for_IF the_AT complex_JJ bidirectional_JJ signalling_NN1 processes_VVZ that_CST take_VV0 place_NN1 in_II specific_JJ neuronal_JJ structures_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 axons_NN2 or_CC dendrites_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT sample_NN1 was_VBDZ also_RR used_VVN to_TO investigate_VVI metabolites_NN2 of_IO U-47700_MC by_II a_AT1 LC–QToF/MS_NN1 and_CC the_AT quantification_NN1 of_IO metabolites_NN2 was_VBDZ performed_VVN by_II above_RL reported_VVD LC–MS/MS_FU ._. 
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<s>
Figure_NN1 1B_FO displays_VVZ photocurrent_JJ output_NN1 of_IO the_AT CuInS2/TiO2/ITO_NN1 electrode_NN1 obtained_VVN with_IW varied_JJ SILAR_JJ cycles_NN2 (_( 0_MC ,_, 3_MC ,_, 6_MC ,_, 9_MC ,_, 12_MC ,_, and_CC 15_MC )_) of_IO CuS_NP1 intermediate_JJ ._. 
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<s>
Normally_RR ,_, the_AT calibration_NN1 curves_NN2 are_VBR linear_JJ when_CS the_AT self-absorption_JJ effect_NN1 can_VM be_VBI negligible_JJ in_II low_JJ elemental_JJ content_JJ ranges_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
They_PPHS2 were_VBDR derived_VVN from_II a_AT1 human_JJ mammary_JJ tumour_NN1 and_CC show_VV0 an_AT1 epithelial_JJ morphology_NN1 of_IO the_AT tissue_NN1 of_IO origin_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT complete_JJ loading_NN1 (_( 0.22_MC g_NNU PROC_NN1 per_II g_ZZ1 MOF_NP1 )_) was_VBDZ achieved_VVN after_II 15_MC days_NNT2 ,_, and_CC a_AT1 steady_JJ cation-triggered_JJ PROC_NN1 release_NN1 was_VBDZ observed_VVN within_II 20_MC h_ZZ1 ,_, while_CS a_AT1 complete_JJ release_NN1 was_VBDZ observed_VVN after_II 72_MC h_ZZ1 ._. 
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<s>
C70_FO is_VBZ more_RGR conspicuous_JJ than_CSN C60_FO for_IF fluorescence_NN1 quenching_VVG ._. 
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<s>
The_AT fraction_NN1 of_IO other_JJ oxygenates_NN2 (_( CH2O_FO ,_, CH3OH_FO ,_, etc._RA )_) as_II31 well_II32 as_II33 C3H8_FO in_II the_AT end_NN1 products_NN2 is_VBZ <0.1%_FO ,_, and_CC hence_RR their_APPGE yields_NN2 are_VBR of_IO minor_JJ importance_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Lowering_VVG the_AT flow_NN1 rate_NN1 can_VM decrease_VVI the_AT normalized_JJ experimental_JJ slopes_NN2 (_( shown_VVN in_II Fig._NN1 2_MC )_) as_II the_AT experiment_NN1 takes_VVZ more_DAR time_NNT1 to_TO complete_VVI ._. 
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<s>
No_AT interference_NN1 was_VBDZ observed_VVN from_II the_AT C_ZZ1 I_ZZ1 193.09_MC nm_FU line_NN1 and_CC other_JJ lines_NN2 ,_, but_II21 for_II22 the_AT emission_NN1 spectrum_NN1 in_II the_AT vacuum_NN1 ultraviolet_JJ (_( VUV_NP1 )_) range_NN1 oxygen_NN1 from_II the_AT atmosphere_NN1 was_VBDZ easily_RR absorbed_VVN and_CC the_AT sensitivity_NN1 was_VBDZ low_JJ ,_, especially_RR in_II the_AT case_NN1 of_IO samples_NN2 with_IW low_JJ carbon_NN1 content_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Dabsyl_NN1 chloride_NN1 was_VBDZ used_VVN for_IF chemical_JJ derivatization_NN1 of_IO melamine_NN1 in_II the_AT milk_NN1 and_CC powdered_JJ infant_NN1 formula_NN1 prior_II21 to_II22 its_APPGE extraction_NN1 by_II DLLME_NP1 and_CC subsequent_JJ determination_NN1 by_II HPLC_NP1 ._. 
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<s>
FTIR_NP1 spectra_NN2 before_II and_CC after_CS calcinations_NN2 are_VBR shown_VVN in_II Fig._NN1 1e_FO ._. 
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<s>
The_AT mechanical_JJ pump_NN1 continued_VVD to_TO run_VVI throughout_II the_AT process_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT adsorption_NN1 of_IO the_AT nanostructure_NN1 composite_JJ system_NN1 to_II Cr(vi)_NN1 with_IW a_AT1 concentration_NN1 of_IO 1_MC1 mg_NNU L1_FO can_VM reach_VVI saturation_NN1 after_II oscillating_VVG for_IF about_RG 30_MC min_NNU in_II the_AT dark_NN1 ,_, and_CC the_AT corresponding_JJ adsorption_NN1 rate_NN1 is_VBZ 16%_NNU ._. 
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<s>
The_AT turned_VVN on_II fluorescent_JJ intensity_NN1 is_VBZ linear_JJ with_IW DNA_NN1 quantity_NN1 with_IW an_AT1 LOD_NN1 of_IO 5_MC nM_FU ._. 
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<s>
Having_VHG established_VVN the_AT optimized_JJ reaction_NN1 conditions_NN2 for_IF the_AT selective_JJ sulfoxidation_NN1 of_IO the_AT model_NN1 substrate_NN1 ,_, we_PPIS2 extended_VVD the_AT study_NN1 to_II a_AT1 range_NN1 of_IO structurally_RR diverse_JJ sulfides_NN2 ,_, the_AT results_NN2 of_IO which_DDQ are_VBR summarised_VVN in_II Table_NN1 4_MC ._. 
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<s>
The_AT analytes_NN2 were_VBDR simultaneously_RR derivatized_VVN and_CC extracted_VVN into_II extraction_NN1 solvent_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
In_II summary_NN1 ,_, a_AT1 portable_JJ PEC_NN1 device_NN1 was_VBDZ successfully_RR established_VVN by_II integrating_VVG self-powered_JJ electrochromic_JJ tablet_NN1 with_IW a_AT1 LED_NN1 light_NN1 for_IF visual_JJ analysis_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT coefficient_NN1 of_IO variation_NN1 is_VBZ only_RR 2.2%_FO among_II the_AT eight_MC capillaries_NN2 ,_, proving_VVG that_CST the_AT reagent_JJ loading_NN1 uniformity_NN1 of_IO the_AT PAAC_NN1 is_VBZ sufficient_JJ for_IF multiplex_NN1 analysis_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
A_AT1 recycling_NN1 capacity_NN1 experiment_NN1 was_VBDZ conducted_VVN (_( Fig_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
S10_FO )_) ,_, the_AT results_NN2 indicating_VVG that_CST 1_MC1 could_VM be_VBI used_VVN as_II a_AT1 recyclable_JJ fluorescent_JJ probe_NN1 for_IF Fe3+_FO ,_, Cr2O72_FO and_CC CrO42_FO ions_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT streptavidin_NN1 was_VBDZ infused_VVN through_II the_AT set_NN1 of_IO chambers_NN2 (_( 35_MC L_ZZ1 ,_, 15_MC L_ZZ1 min1_FO )_) ,_, and_CC then_RT incubated_VVD at_II room_NN1 temperature_NN1 (_( 30_MC min_NNU )_) ._. 
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<s>
Birefringence_NN1 and_CC polarized_VVD ATR_NP1 FTIR_NP1 studies_NN2 showed_VVD that_CST the_AT groups_NN2 and_CC chains_NN2 in_II API_JJ lms_NNU could_VM be_VBI simultaneously_RR self-arranged_JJ in_II the_AT in-plane_NN1 direction_NN1 without_IW any_DD further_JJR stretching_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
To_TO set_VVI thresholds_NN2 ,_, the_AT second_MD sample_NN1 was_VBDZ incubated_VVN with_IW the_AT following_JJ isotype_NN1 control_NN1 antibodies_NN2 :_: normal_JJ chicken_NN1 IgY_NN1 Control_NN1 (_( R_ZZ1 &D;_NULL Systems_NN2 )_) ,_, normal_JJ rabbit_NN1 IgG_NN1 control_NN1 (_( Santa_NP1 Cruz_NP1 Biotechnology_NN1 )_) ,_, and_CC purified_JJ Mouse_NN1 IgG2a_FO ,_, isotype_VV0 control_NN1 (_( BioLegend_NP1 )_) ._. 
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<s>
Owing_II21 to_II22 its_APPGE important_JJ functions_NN2 and_CC complex_JJ signaling_JJ pathway_NN1 nodes_NN2 ,_, more_DAR research_NN1 was_VBDZ focused_VVN on_II membrane_NN1 protein_NN1 complex_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Corresponding_JJ groups_NN2 without_IW cells_NN2 were_VBDR used_VVN as_CSA blanks_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
All_DB solutions_NN2 were_VBDR prepared_VVN using_VVG deionized_JJ water_NN1 with_IW a_AT1 resistivity_NN1 of_IO 18.2_MC M_NNU cm_NNU produced_VVN in_II a_AT1 Milli-Q_NP1 system_NN1 (_( Millipore_NP1 ,_, Bedford_NP1 ,_, USA_NP1 )_) ._. 
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<s>
The_AT aerosol_NN1 produced_VVN in_II the_AT LA_NP1 system_NN1 was_VBDZ transported_VVN by_II helium_NN1 at_II a_AT1 flow_NN1 rate_NN1 of_IO 1_MC1 L_ZZ1 min1_FO ._. 
</s>
<s>
These_DD2 catalysts_NN2 were_VBDR used_VVN in_II the_AT heterogeneous_JJ asymmetric_JJ hydrogenation_NN1 of_IO aromatic_JJ ketones94_FO (_( Fig._NN1 6_MC )_) or_CC β_NULL -ketoesters95_NN1 (_( Fig._NN1 7_MC )_) affording_VVG quantitative_JJ conversions_NN2 and_CC up_RG21 to_RG22 97%_NNU ee_UH ._. 
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<s>
Figure_VV0 1_MC1 shows_VVZ the_AT schematic_JJ diagram_NN1 of_IO the_AT microfluidic_JJ platform_NN1 used_VVN for_IF CO2Coil_FO phase_NN1 behavior_NN1 experiments_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT calculated_JJ bond_NN1 energies_NN2 with_IW different_JJ compositions_NN2 for_IF all_DB chemical_JJ bonds_NN2 are_VBR listed_VVN in_II Table_NN1 5_MC ._. 
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<s>
Moreover_RR ,_, as_CSA shown_VVN in_II Figure_NN1 S6_FO ,_, we_PPIS2 demonstrated_VVD that_CST the_AT aminolysis-SALSA_JJ method_NN1 was_VBDZ applicable_JJ to_II N-glycome_JJ analysis_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
They_PPHS2 validated_VVD the_AT method_NN1 and_CC showed_VVD levels_NN2 MeCl_NN1 of_IO greater_JJR than_CSN 20_MC ppm_NNU in_II tablets_NN2 purchased_VVN for_IF the_AT European_JJ market_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Molecular_JJ orientation_NN1 transformation_NN1 techniques_NN2 are_VBR also_RR applied_VVN to_TO weaken_VVI the_AT association_NN1 between_II VH_NP1 and_CC VL_NP1 in_II the_AT absence_NN1 of_IO antigen_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ could_VM enhance_VVI sensitivity_NN1 by_II improving_VVG the_AT signal-to-noise_JJ ratio_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
For_IF conventional_JJ LA-ICP-MS_NP1 ,_, the_AT particles_NN2 produced_VVN by_II ablation_NN1 were_VBDR passed_VVN through_II a_AT1 cascade_NN1 impactor_NN1 and_CC only_RR the_AT smallest_JJT particles_NN2 (_( <1_FO m_ZZ1 )_) were_VBDR introduced_VVN to_II the_AT ICP-MS_JJ instrument_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT large_JJ binding_JJ energies_NN2 in_II confined_JJ CdSe_NP1 NWs_NP1 mean_VV0 that_CST the_AT extinction_NN1 spectra_NN2 being_VBG measured_VVN are_VBR excitonic_JJ ,_, not_XX free_JJ carrier_NN1 ,_, in_II nature_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
However_RR ,_, since_CS the_AT plasma_NN1 produced_VVN by_II the_AT LA_NP1 via_II the_AT fiber_NN1 optic_NN1 was_VBDZ more_RGR stable_JJ and_CC reproducible_JJ ,_, the_AT root_NN1 mean_VV0 square_JJ error_NN1 was_VBDZ less_RRR ._. 
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<s>
Much_DA1 work_NN1 continues_VVZ on_II ways_NN2 of_IO improving_JJ isotope_NN1 ratio_NN1 measurements_NN2 by_II ICP-MS_NN1 and_CC TIMS_NP2 for_IF a_AT1 wide_JJ range_NN1 of_IO different_JJ isotope_NN1 systems_NN2 relevant_JJ to_II geochemical_JJ studies_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
A_ZZ1 Kromasil_NP1 NH2_FO column_NN1 with_IW a_AT1 mobile_JJ phase_NN1 consisting_VVG of_IO acetonitrile_NN1 and_CC water_NN1 is_VBZ used_VVN for_IF separation_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT procedure_NN1 was_VBDZ validated_VVN by_II the_AT analysis_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 CRM_NP1 (_( environmental_JJ express_JJ trace_NN1 metals_NN2 in_II drinking_VVG water_NN1 )_) ,_, diluted_VVN to_II a_AT1 concentration_NN1 of_IO 10_MC mg_NNU L1_FO and_CC the_AT method_NN1 was_VBDZ applied_VVN to_II the_AT analysis_NN1 of_IO 6_MC river_NN1 water_NN1 samples_NN2 in_II which_DDQ both_RR species_NN were_VBDR found_VVN between_II 1.5_MC and_CC 4.5_MC g_ZZ1 L1_FO and_CC for_IF which_DDQ the_AT total_JJ Cr_NP1 values_NN2 were_VBDR not_XX significantly_RR different_JJ from_II those_DD2 obtained_VVN by_II analysis_NN1 by_II ICP-MS_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Variation_NN1 of_IO the_AT solvent_NN1 generally_RR led_VVN to_TO lower_VVI overall_JJ yields_NN2 and_CC lower_JJR diastereoselectivities_NN2 ,_, making_VVG acetonitrile_NN1 the_AT solvent_NN1 of_IO choice_NN1 (_( entries_NN2 6_MC 11_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
Average_JJ properties_NN2 were_VBDR collected_VVN for_IF 20–30_MCMC ns_FO following_VVG each_DD1 annealing_JJ period_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT Ge_NP1 segregation_NN1 profiles_NN2 were_VBDR however_RR quite_RG similar_JJ to_II those_DD2 obtained_VVN for_IF In_II here_RL ._. 
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<s>
Notably_RR ,_, the_AT τ_NULL F_NP1 value_NN1 for_IF model_NN1 2_MC (_( composed_VVN of_IO &lsqb;_( Zn2_FO &rsqb;_) and_CC a_AT1 pendent_JJ arm_NN1 C6H4C_FO ≡_NULL CH_NN1 on_II one_MC1 of_IO the_AT &lsqb;_( Zn_NP1 &rsqb;_) units_NN2 )_) exhibits_VVZ a_AT1 single_JJ τ_NULL F_ZZ1 (_( no_AT additional_JJ τ_NULL F_NP1 was_VBDZ noted_VVN upon_II adding_VVG components_NN2 )_) ,_, indicating_VVG that_CST indeed_RR 2_MC behaves_VVZ as_II a_AT1 single_JJ entity_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT confusion_NN1 matrix_NN1 from_II the_AT representative_JJ run_NN1 of_IO the_AT random_JJ forest_NN1 algorithm_NN1 (_( Fig_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
S4_FO )_) shows_VVZ that_CST most_DAT classification_NN1 errors_NN2 originate_VV0 from_II the_AT reduced_JJ ability_NN1 to_TO distinguish_VVI the_AT 2_MC M_NNO cytochalasin_NN1 D_ZZ1 treated_JJ population_NN1 from_II the_AT control_NN1 population_NN1 and_CC the_AT 10_MC M_NNO cytochalasin_NN1 D_ZZ1 treated_JJ population_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT system_NN1 was_VBDZ closed_VVN during_II the_AT stepwise-pressure_JJ increasing_JJ process_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 technique_NN1 regained_VVD the_AT translation_NN1 efficiency_NN1 while_CS avoiding_VVG the_AT predictable_JJ movement_NN1 problems_NN2 encountered_VVN by_II Renaudin_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
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<s>
by_II using_VVG a_AT1 slightly_RR raised_VVN surface_NN1 to_TO isolate_VVI the_AT intended_JJ path_NN1 rather_II21 than_II22 surface_NN1 treatment_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT low_JJ detection_NN1 limits_NN2 demanded_VVD usually_RR result_VV0 in_II targeted_JJ approaches_NN2 &lsqb;_( 30_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, which_DDQ would_VM neglect_VVI derivatives_NN2 ,_, transformation_NN1 products_NN2 or_CC relevant_JJ contaminants_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Measurements_NN2 are_VBR performed_VVN on_II a_AT1 milliseconds_NNT2 timescale_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT SCD_NP1 and_CC NCD_NP1 apparently_RR have_VH0 little_RR mutual_JJ interference_NN1 of_IO their_APPGE spectra_NN2 ,_, so_RR provide_VV0 good_JJ selectivity_NN1 towards_II their_APPGE respective_JJ element_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT γ_NULL -alkylation_NN1 and_CC -alkylation_NN1 is_VBZ ,_, respectively_RR ,_, favorable_JJ for_IF dioxane_NN1 and_CC DMF_NP1 solvent_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ is_VBZ consistent_JJ with_IW the_AT γ_NULL -_- and_CC -selectivity_NN1 in_II experiment_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Various_JJ AS_CSA techniques_NN2 have_VH0 also_RR been_VBN used_VVN for_IF the_AT determination_NN1 of_IO trace_NN1 elemental_JJ selenium_NN1 ,_, 5–9_MCMC such_II21 as_II22 atomic_JJ absorption_NN1 spectrometry_NN1 (_( AAS_NP2 )_) ,_, atomic_JJ fluorescence_NN1 spectrometry_NN1 (_( AFS_NP2 )_) ,_, inductively_RR coupled_VVN plasma_NN1 optical_JJ emission_NN1 spectrometry_NN1 (_( ICP-OES_NN2 )_) and_CC inductively_RR coupled_VVN plasma_NN1 mass_NN1 spectrometry_NN1 (_( ICP-MS_NN1 )_) ._. 
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<s>
Consequently_RR ,_, the_AT aim_NN1 of_IO the_AT present_JJ paper_NN1 is_VBZ the_AT determination_NN1 of_IO Li_NP1 tracer_NN1 self-diffusivities_NN2 independently_RR using_VVG stable_JJ tracer_NN1 methods_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT OER_JJR activities_NN2 of_IO the_AT CoMo-LDH_JJ ultrathin_NN1 nanosheet_NN1 loaded_VVN onto_II glassy_JJ carbon_NN1 were_VBDR further_RRR tested_VVN with_IW a_AT1 three_MC electrode_VV0 electrochemical_JJ cell_NN1 in_II 1.0_MC M_NNO KOH_NN1 solution_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
A_AT1 further_JJR innovation201_FO from_II the_AT same_DA group_NN1 was_VBDZ the_AT combination_NN1 of_IO DGT_NP1 and_CC a_AT1 planar_JJ optode_NN1 for_IF pH_NN1 sensing_VVG in_II the_AT same_DA device_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
A_AT1 black_JJ product_NN1 was_VBDZ collected_VVN ,_, washed_JJ and_CC vacuum-dried_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Serology_NN1 ,_, from_II a_AT1 forensic_JJ standpoint_NN1 ,_, involves_VVZ the_AT analysis_NN1 of_IO bodily_JJ fluid_NN1 traces_NN2 ,_, which_DDQ is_VBZ a_AT1 foundational_JJ aspect_NN1 of_IO forensic_JJ investigations_NN2 ,_, particularly_RR for_IF sexual_JJ assaults_NN2 ,_, homicides_NN2 ,_, and_CC other_JJ violent_JJ crimes_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Sputtered_JJ species_NN are_VBR mainly_RR ionized_VVN by_II Penning_VVG collisions_NN2 with_IW metastable_JJ Ar_UH ._. 
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<s>
HeLa_NN1 cells_NN2 were_VBDR cultured_VVN in_II DMEM_NP1 supplemented_VVD with_IW 10%_NNU FBS_NP1 at_II 37_MC °C_NNU and_CC 5%_NNU CO2_FO ._. 
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<s>
The_AT Raman_NN1 spectrum_NN1 of_IO the_AT initial_JJ precursor_NN1 excited_VVN at_II 266_MC nm_FU is_VBZ different_JJ from_II that_DD1 excited_JJ with_IW 325_MC nm_FU ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT former_DA was_VBDZ delivered_VVN from_II a_AT1 well_RR that_DD1 was_VBDZ incorporated_VVN close_RR to_II the_AT inlet_NN1 of_IO the_AT 3D_NNU printed_JJ microfluidic_JJ cartridge_NN1 ,_, where_CS a_AT1 time-dependent_JJ head_NN1 pressure_NN1 was_VBDZ applied_VVN (_( Fig._NN1 3e_FO )_) ._. 
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<s>
A_AT1 diagram_NN1 showing_VVG the_AT main_JJ chemical_JJ forms_NN2 in_II which_DDQ chromium(iii)_NN2 and_CC (_( vi_MC )_) exist_VV0 in_II a_AT1 solution_NN1 as_II a_AT1 function_NN1 of_IO pH_NN1 is_VBZ shown_VVN in_II Fig._NN1 1B_FO ._. 
</s>
<s>
As_CSA can_VM be_VBI seen_VVN in_II this_DD1 theoretical_JJ graph_NN1 ,_, plotted_VVD using_VVG data_NN available_JJ in_II the_AT literature_NN1 ,_, 23,24_MC at_II pH_NN1 values_NN2 below_RG 10_MC all_DB the_AT chromium_NN1 species_NN are_VBR positively_RR charged_VVN ,_, and_CC so_CS they_PPHS2 would_VM be_VBI retained_VVN by_II MCC_NP1 provided_VVD the_AT surface_NN1 of_IO the_AT material_NN1 is_VBZ charged_VVN negatively_RR ._. 
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<s>
HRMS_NP1 (_( ESI_NP1 )_) (_( M_ZZ1 +_FO Na+_FO )_) calcd_VV0 for_IF C19H25F2NaO4P+_FO m/z_ZZ1 :_: 409.1351_MC ;_; found_VVD m/z_ZZ1 :_: 409.1349_MC ._. 
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<s>
Therefore_RR ,_, C._NP1 elegans_NP1 may_VM also_RR be_VBI a_AT1 good_JJ model_NN1 system_NN1 to_TO study_VVI the_AT relationship_NN1 between_II sleep-like_JJ states_NN2 and_CC developmental_JJ changes_NN2 in_II the_AT nervous_JJ system_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 still_RR represents_VVZ an_AT1 analytical_JJ challenge_NN1 for_IF DMS_NNU2 analysis_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
As_CSA shown_VVN in_II (_( Fig._NN1 2b_FO )_) )_) ,_, the_AT SERS_NP2 chip_NN1 was_VBDZ successfully_RR integrated_VVN when_CS fixed_VVN in_II the_AT middle_NN1 of_IO the_AT sensing_NN1 chamber_NN1 using_VVG double-sided_JJ tape_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Estimation_NN1 of_IO the_AT corresponding_JJ thicknesses_NN2 of_IO the_AT Au_FO coating_NN1 was_VBDZ carried_VVN out_RP by_II means_NN of_IO calibration_NN1 constructed_VVN using_VVG both_RR glasses_NN2 and_CC ceramics_NN2 where_RRQ an_AT1 Au_FO layer_NN1 was_VBDZ deposited_VVN by_II PVD_NP1 ._. 
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<s>
Next_MD the_AT AgNO3_FO and_CC NaBH4_FO were_VBDR added_VVN to_TO produce_VVI the_AT AgNCs_NP2 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT high_JJ electrocatalytic_JJ activity_NN1 of_IO the_AT MgCo2O4/NF_NP1 electrode_NN1 has_VHZ been_VBN ascribed_VVN to_II the_AT synergistic_JJ effect_NN1 of_IO magnesium_NN1 and_CC cobalt_NN1 ions_NN2 ,_, hierarchical_JJ structure_NN1 ,_, high_JJ surface_NN1 area_NN1 and_CC mesoporous_JJ architecture_NN1 ,_, resulting_VVG in_II accelerated_JJ ion/electron_NN1 transport_NN1 during_II oxidation_NN1 transport_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 solid_NN1 was_VBDZ filtered_VVN ,_, washed_VVN with_IW ethanol_NN1 ,_, dried_VVN in_II air_NN1 ,_, and_CC crystallized_VVN in_II a_AT1 CH3OH–CH2Cl2_JJ mixture_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
While_CS we_PPIS2 were_VBDR unable_JK to_TO locate_VVI a_AT1 clean_JJ (_( 14,10_MC )_) active_JJ space_NN1 ,_, we_PPIS2 were_VBDR able_JK to_TO locate_VVI a_AT1 clean_JJ (_( 12,9_MC )_) active_JJ space_NN1 that_CST corresponds_VVZ to_II the_AT inclusion_NN1 of_IO three_MC of_IO the_AT four_MC lone-pairs_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 section_NN1 is_VBZ focused_VVN to_TO illustrate_VVI and_CC discuss_VVI the_AT main_JJ applications_NN2 dealing_VVG with_IW the_AT analysis_NN1 of_IO Se_NP1 in_II dietary_JJ supplements_NN2 (_( for_IF additional_JJ information_NN1 see_VV0 Table_NN1 1_MC1 )_) ._. 
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<s>
The_AT crude_JJ mixture_NN1 of_IO 1&lsqb;_FO (_( ±_FO )_) -T+C_FO &rsqb;_) was_VBDZ analyzed_VVN by_II chiral_JJ HPLC_NP1 ,_, and_CC three_MC signals_NN2 were_VBDR observed_VVN (_( Figure_NN1 2a_FO )_) ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 showed_VVD that_CST when_CS the_AT degree_NN1 of_IO congestion_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 single_JJ cardiovascular_JJ component_NN1 was_VBDZ not_XX less_DAR than_CSN 70%_NNU ,_, the_AT Raman_NN1 characteristic_NN1 peak_NN1 at_II 1509_MC cm1_FO attributed_VVN to_II PDGF-BB_NP1 could_VM be_VBI detected_VVN directly_RR in_II the_AT SERS_NP2 spectra_NN2 of_IO human_JJ urine_NN1 ,_, in_II all_DB cases_NN2 except_II21 for_II22 patient_JJ no._NN1 5_MC ._. 
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<s>
The_AT fluorescence-quenched_JJ probe_NN1 (_( AP_NP1 probe_NN1 )_) is_VBZ labeled_VVN with_IW fluorescein_NN1 isothiocyanate_NN1 (_( FAM_NP1 )_) fluorophore_VV0 and_CC diazinylbenzoic_JJ acid_NN1 (_( Dabcyl_NP1 )_) quencher_NN1 ,_, and_CC the_AT X_ZZ1 highlighted_VVN in_II red_NN1 is_VBZ the_AT tetrahydrofuran_JJ abasic_JJ site_NN1 mimic_NN1 (_( AP_NP1 site_NN1 )_) ,_, the_AT C3_FO spacer_NN1 modified_VVN at_II the_AT 3_MC end_NN1 is_VBZ used_VVN to_TO prevent_VVI exonuclease_NN1 and_CC to_TO enable_VVI polymerase_NN1 to_TO play_VVI a_AT1 role_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Among_II the_AT further_JJR techniques_NN2 employed_VVN for_IF the_AT QCL-based_JJ detection_NN1 of_IO ammonia_NN1 in_II breath_NN1 are_VBR cavity_NN1 ring_VV0 down_RP spectroscopy_NN1 ,_, photoacoustic_JJ spectroscopy_NN1 and_CC quartz-enhanced_JJ photoacoustic_JJ spectroscopy_NN1 with_IW detection_NN1 limits_NN2 of_IO 50_MC ppb_NNU ,_, 33_MC 20_MC ppb_NNU ,_, 34_MC and_CC 6_MC ppb.35_FO Manne_NP1 et_NP1 al.36_FO achieved_VVN a_AT1 detection_NN1 limit_NN1 of_IO 4_MC ppv_NNU using_VVG a_AT1 current-chirped_JJ DFB-QCL_NN1 at_II an_AT1 integration_NN1 time_NNT1 of_IO 5_MC s_ZZ1 ._. 
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<s>
An_AT1 EC-QCL_JJ setup_NN1 was_VBDZ employed_VVN by_II Wysocki_NP1 et_NP1 al.37_FO and_CC resulted_VVD in_II a_AT1 detection_NN1 limit_NN1 below_RG 10_MC ppb_NNU (_( time_NNT1 resolution_NN1 :_: 0.5_MC s_ZZ1 )_) ._. 
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<s>
In_RR21 addition_RR22 ,_, reaction_NN1 of_IO the_AT rhodium_NN1 complex_NN1 2_MC with_IW led_VVN to_II the_AT RhIII-C(NHC)C(NHC)_JJ chelate_NN1 complex_NN1 5Br_FO (_( Scheme_NN1 2_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
Calendering_NP1 is_VBZ a_AT1 well-established_JJ physical_JJ modification_NN1 method_NN1 ,_, We_PPIS2 extract_VV0 the_AT distance_NN1 of_IO the_AT cell_NN1 centroids_NN2 from_II electrode_NN1 centerline_NN1 ,_, and_CC can_VM obtain_VVI balance_NN1 position_NN1 measurements_NN2 at_II multiple_JJ frequencies_NN2 by_II correlating_VVG the_AT cell_NN1 position_NN1 in_II time_NNT1 to_II the_AT temporal_JJ frequency_NN1 sequence_NN1 (_( Fig._NN1 3c_FO )_) ._. 
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<s>
The_AT lattice_NN1 fringe_NN1 with_IW an_AT1 interplanar_JJ spacing_NN1 of_IO 0.241_MC nm_FU is_VBZ attributed_VVN to_II the_AT (_( 111_MC )_) plane_NN1 of_IO NiO_NP1 (_( Fig._NN1 1c_FO )_) ._. 
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<s>
A_ZZ1 PointGrey_NP1 Grashopper_NP1 GS3-U3-32S4_NP1 camera_NN1 was_VBDZ used_VVN for_IF high-throughput_NN1 (_( 105_MC fps_NNU ,_, acquisition_NN1 time_NNT1 5_MC s_ZZ1 )_) imaging_NN1 of_IO erythrocytes_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT heavy_JJ mineral_NN1 fraction_NN1 of_IO sample_NN1 Z7.3.1_FO was_VBDZ concentrated_VVN using_VVG heavy_JJ liquids_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Another_DD1 3D_NNU DNA_NN1 walker_NN1 capable_JJ of_IO imaging_VVG intracellular_JJ microRNA_NN1 was_VBDZ recently_RR described_VVN by_II Liang_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, where_CS entropy-driven_JJ DNA_NN1 catalysis_NN1 was_VBDZ adopted_VVN to_II power_NN1 the_AT DNA_NN1 walking_VVG on_II the_AT 3D_NNU DNA-AuNP_JJ track_NN1 &lsqb;_( 55_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, &lsqb;_( 56_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
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<s>
Then_RT ,_, 20_MC mg_NNU of_IO AIBN_NP1 was_VBDZ added_VVN into_II the_AT mixture_NN1 ,_, and_CC the_AT reaction_NN1 was_VBDZ carried_VVN out_RP at_II 60_MC °C_NNU by_II refluxing_VVG for_IF 12_MC h_ZZ1 with_IW stirring_JJ and_CC bubbling_VVG with_IW nitrogen_NN1 stream_NN1 throughout_II the_AT procedure_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Lanes_NN2 3–5_MCMC show_VV0 the_AT results_NN2 of_IO the_AT on-chip_JJ PCR_NP1 with_IW AuNPs_NP1 inserted_VVD into_II the_AT AAO_NP1 pores_NN2 ,_, while_CS lanes_NN2 6–8_MCMC show_VV0 the_AT results_NN2 of_IO the_AT on-chip_JJ PCR_NP1 performed_VVD using_VVG the_AT hybrid_JJ chips_NN2 without_IW AuNPs_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
LPME_NP1 is_VBZ a_AT1 miniaturized_JJ format_NN1 of_IO liquid_JJ phase_NN1 extraction_NN1 (_( LLE_NP1 )_) ._. 
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<s>
First_MD ,_, 5_MC L_ZZ1 suspension_NN1 of_IO the_AT functional_JJ magnetic_JJ beads_NN2 was_VBDZ added_VVN into_II 50_MC L_NNU of_IO different_JJ concentrations_NN2 of_IO miR-21_MC and_CC mixed_VVN for_IF target_NN1 capture_NN1 at_II 25_MC °C_NNU for_IF 30_MC min_NNU ._. 
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<s>
A_AT1 highly_RR porous_JJ metal-free_JJ graphitic_JJ carbon_NN1 derived_VVN from_II MOF_NP1 was_VBDZ developed_VVN by_II Li_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
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<s>
&lsqb;_( 63_MC &rsqb;_) through_II a_AT1 facile_JJ and_CC eco-friendly_JJ synthetic_JJ route_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
It_PPH1 is_VBZ found_VVN that_CST there_EX is_VBZ inhibiting_VVG effect_NN1 of_IO analyte_NN1 on_II CL_NP1 intensity_NN1 of_IO luminol–DPA_NN1 reaction_NN1 in_II alkaline_JJ solution_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT first_MD is_VBZ the_AT better_JJR figures_NN2 of_IO merit_NN1 of_IO the_AT reported_JJ methods_NN2 i.e._REX their_APPGE linearity_NN1 ,_, stability_NN1 of_IO methods_NN2 ,_, limit_NN1 of_IO detection_NN1 and_CC interfering_VVG agents_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Yield_VV0 150_MC mg_NNU (_( 0.25_MC mmol_NN1 ,_, 19%_NNU )_) ._. 
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<s>
To_II our_APPGE delight_NN1 ,_, the_AT enantioselectivity_NN1 could_VM be_VBI improved_VVN to_II 94%_NNU ee_UH (_( entry_NN1 15_MC vs._II entry_NN1 13_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 work_NN1 was_VBDZ supported_VVN by_II the_AT Institute_NN1 for_IF Information_NN1 &;_NULL Communications_NN2 Technology_NN1 Promotion_NN1 (_( IITP_NP1 )_) grant_NN1 funded_VVN by_II the_AT Ministry_NN1 of_IO Science_NN1 and_CC ICT_NP1 (_( No._NN1 2017-0-00373-001_MCMC )_) ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 compound_NN1 was_VBDZ prepared_VVN according_II21 to_II22 the_AT procedure_NN1 for_IF 1739_MC from_II (_( S_ZZ1 ,_, E_ZZ1 )_) (_( (_( S_ZZ1 )_) -6a_FO )_) on_II a_AT1 4.8_MC mmol_NN1 scale_NN1 to_TO give_VVI a_AT1 light_JJ yellow_JJ oil_NN1 ,_, 2.3_MC g_NNU ,_, 95%_NNU yield_NN1 :_: 1_MC1 H_ZZ1 NMR_NP1 (_( 500_MC MHz_NNU ,_, CDCl3_FO )_) δ_FO 1.58_MC 1.66_MC (_( m_ZZ1 ,_, 2H_FO )_) ,_, 1.71_MC (_( dtd_NNU ,_, J_ZZ1 =_FO 8.8_MC ,_, 8.0_MC ,_, 7.2_MC ,_, 6.0_MC Hz_NNU ,_, 2H_FO )_) ,_, 2.36_MC (_( td_NNU ,_, J_ZZ1 =_FO 7.5_MC ,_, 4.3_MC Hz_NNU ,_, 2H_FO )_) ,_, 2.53_MC (_( dddd_NNU ,_, J_ZZ1 =_FO 14.4_MC ,_, 7.0_MC ,_, 5.6_MC ,_, 1.4_MC Hz_NNU ,_, 1H_FO )_) ,_, 2.61_MC (_( dtd_NNU ,_, J_ZZ1 =_FO 14.5_MC ,_, 7.7_MC ,_, 1.2_MC Hz_NNU ,_, 1H_FO )_) ,_, 3.44_MC (_( t_ZZ1 ,_, J_ZZ1 =_FO 6.3_MC Hz_NNU ,_, 2H_FO )_) ,_, 3.80_MC (_( s_ZZ1 ,_, 3H_FO )_) ,_, 4.42_MC (_( s_ZZ1 ,_, 2H_FO )_) ,_, 5.78_MC (_( dd_NNU ,_, J_ZZ1 =_FO 7.7_MC ,_, 5.6_MC Hz_NNU ,_, 1H_FO )_) ,_, 6.10_MC (_( dt_NNU ,_, J_ZZ1 =_FO 14.5_MC ,_, 1.3_MC Hz_NNU ,_, 1H_FO )_) ,_, 6.41_MC (_( ddd_NNU ,_, J_ZZ1 =_FO 14.6_MC ,_, 7.8_MC ,_, 7.0_MC Hz_NNU ,_, 1H_FO )_) ,_, 6.84_MC 6.91_MC (_( m_ZZ1 ,_, 2H_FO )_) ,_, 7.22_MC 7.38_MC (_( m_ZZ1 ,_, 7H_FO )_) ;_; 13C_FO NMR_NP1 (_( 126_MC MHz_NNU ,_, CDCl3_FO )_) δ_FO 21.8_MC ,_, 29.1_MC ,_, 34.2_MC ,_, 42.8_MC ,_, 55.3_MC ,_, 69.5_MC ,_, 72.6_MC ,_, 73.9_MC ,_, 78.2_MC ,_, 113.8_MC ,_, 126.3_MC ,_, 128.2_MC ,_, 128.6_MC ,_, 129.3_MC ,_, 130.6_MC ,_, 139.5_MC ,_, 140.9_MC ,_, 159.1_MC ,_, 172.6_MC ;_; HRMS_NP1 (_( ESI_NP1 )_) m/z_ZZ1 &lsqb;_( M_ZZ1 +_FO Na_FO &rsqb;_) +_FO calcd_VV0 for_IF C23H27IO4Na+_FO 517.0846_MC ,_, found_VVD 517.0844_MC ._. 
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<s>
In_II conclusion_NN1 ,_, we_PPIS2 successfully_RR prepared_VVN a_AT1 degradable_JJ drug_NN1 carrier_NN1 through_II post-grafting_JJ AIEgen_NN1 tetraphenylethene_NN1 onto_II mesoporous_JJ bioactive_JJ glass_NN1 nanospheres_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT electrical_JJ properties_NN2 of_IO the_AT metallogel_NN1 were_VBDR thoroughly_RR examined_VVN and_CC indicate_VV0 its_APPGE semiconducting_JJ nature_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Chemical_JJ methods_NN2 (_( wet_JJ chemistry_NN1 )_) are_VBR simpler_JJR ,_, more_RGR flexible_JJ ,_, and_CC offer_VV0 more_RGR effective_JJ control_NN1 over_II size_NN1 ,_, composition_NN1 ,_, and_CC in_II some_DD cases_NN2 ,_, the_AT shape_NN1 of_IO the_AT NPs.285_FO In_II some_DD chemical_JJ methods_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 the_AT sonochemical_JJ decomposition_NN1 method_NN1 ,_, the_AT supercritical_JJ fluid_NN1 method_NN1 and_CC the_AT sol–gel_NN1 method_NN1 ,_, the_AT particle_NN1 size_NN1 can_VM be_VBI well-controlled_JJ by_II adjustment_NN1 of_IO the_AT process_NN1 parameters_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT proposed_JJ method_NN1 was_VBDZ used_VVN for_IF the_AT successful_JJ analysis_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 certified_JJ reference_NN1 material_NN1 and_CC multi-walled_JJ carbon_NN1 nanotube_NN1 samples_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
A_AT1 large_JJ amount_NN1 of_IO O2_FO was_VBDZ generated_VVN in_II the_AT gas_NN1 generation_NN1 part_NN1 due_II21 to_II22 the_AT decomposition_NN1 of_IO H2O2_FO ,_, resulting_VVG in_II an_AT1 enhancement_NN1 of_IO pressure_NN1 inside_II the_AT glass_NN1 vial_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Silica_NN1 glass_NN1 fibre_NN1 visible_JJ (_( VIS_NP2 )_) and_CC near-infrared_JJ (_( NIR_NP1 )_) broadband_JJ supercontinuum_NN1 lasers_NN2 are_VBR commercially_RR available_JJ and_CC can_VM exceed_VVI by_II 106×_FO the_AT brightness_NN1 of_IO similar_JJ wavelength_NN1 range_NN1 incandescent_JJ sources_NN2 (_( Fig._NN1 7_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
The_AT pipetting_JJ program_NN1 consisted_VVN of_IO four_MC steps_NN2 (_( performed_VVN simultaneously_RR for_IF each_DD1 well_RR using_VVG the_AT 384-channel_NN1 pipetting_VVG head_NN1 of_IO the_AT robot_NN1 )_) :_: first_MD the_AT surface_NN1 of_IO the_AT well_NN1 was_VBDZ blocked_VVN by_II adding_VVG 15_MC l_NNU of_IO a_AT1 casein_NN1 solution_NN1 (_( BRB80_FO (_( 80_MC mM_NNU piperazine-N_JJ ,_, N-bis_RR (_( 2-ethanesulfonic_JJ acid_NN1 )_) (_( PIPES_NN2 )_) /KOH_NN1 ,_, pH_NN1 6.8_MC ,_, 1_MC1 mM_NNU ethylene_NN1 glycol_VV0 tetraacetic_JJ acid_NN1 (_( EGTA_NP1 )_) ,_, 1_MC1 mM_NNU MgCl2_FO )_) supplemented_VVD with_IW 0.5_MC mg_NNU ml1_FO casein_NN1 )_) ._. 
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<s>
As_CSA shown_VVN in_II Table_NN1 3_MC ,_, reagents_NN2 used_VVN for_IF Cr(VI)_JJ extraction_NN1 from_II air_NN1 particulates_NN2 are_VBR similar_JJ to_II those_DD2 already_RR discussed_VVN for_IF solid_JJ environmental_JJ samples_NN2 and_CC generally_RR correspond_VV0 to_II operationally-defined_JJ Cr(VI)_JJ fractions_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
H2,9_FO it_PPH1 is_VBZ believed_VVN that_CST the_AT synergistic_JJ interplay_NN1 between_II the_AT active_JJ photocatalyst_NN1 and_CC the_AT increase_NN1 in_II dissolved_JJ paper_NN1 produces_VVZ a_AT1 system_NN1 that_CST would_VM achieve_VVI optimum_JJ rates_NN2 of_IO hydrogen_NN1 evolution_NN1 by_II adjusting_VVG the_AT NaOH_NN1 content_NN1 in_II photocatalytic_JJ reaction_NN1 solutions_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Beyond_II speciation_NN1 ,_, these_DD2 additives_NN2 can_VM also_RR be_VBI investigated_VVN through_II the_AT prism_NN1 of_IO bioaccessibility_NN1 &lsqb;_( 144_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
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<s>
Both_DB2 of_IO them_PPHO2 were_VBDR conducted_VVN using_VVG a_AT1 JEOL_NN1 JEM-2100EX_NN1 microscope_NN1 (_( Japan_NP1 )_) ._. 
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<s>
However_RR ,_, most_DAT of_IO the_AT concentration_NN1 gradients_NN2 are_VBR generated_VVN based_VVN on_II diffusion_NN1 ,_, 39,40_MC which_DDQ is_VBZ temperature_NN1 and_CC solute_NN1 type_NN1 dependent_NN1 and_CC therefore_RR quite_RG unreliable.3_FO The_AT most_RGT frequently_RR used_JJ "_" Christmas_NNT1 tree_NN1 "_" design_NN1 can_VM hardly_RR provide_VVI strictly_RR linear_JJ concentration_NN1 gradients.2,41–43_FO Furthermore_RR ,_, diffusion_NN1 generated_VVD concentration_NN1 gradients_NN2 often_RR can_VM not_XX last_VVI very_RG long_RR ,_, thus_RR rendering_VVG many_DA2 of_IO the_AT existing_JJ microfluidic_JJ concentration_NN1 gradient_NN1 generators_NN2 not_XX usable_JJ for_IF AST_NN1 because_CS bacterial_JJ growth_NN1 is_VBZ typically_RR a_AT1 slow_JJ process.2,3_FO Finally_RR ,_, in_II some_DD microfluidic_JJ AST_NN1 systems_NN2 ,_, detection_NN1 is_VBZ based_VVN on_II measuring_VVG generated_VVN from_II bacteria_NN2 containing_VVG a_AT1 green_JJ fluorescent_JJ protein_NN1 (_( GFP_NP1 )_) expressed_VVD from_II a_AT1 plasmid_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
A_AT1 new_JJ low-cost_JJ ,_, disposable_JJ personal_JJ sampler_NN1 ,_, 13_MC designed_VVD to_TO operate_VVI at_II a_AT1 nominal_JJ 10_MC L_ZZ1 min1_FO rather_II21 than_II22 a_AT1 more_RGR conventional_JJ 2_MC L_ZZ1 min1_FO ,_, enabled_VVD a_AT1 five-fold_JJ increase_NN1 in_II sample_NN1 mass_NN1 to_TO be_VBI collected_VVN per_II unit_NN1 time_NNT1 ._. 
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<s>
Among_II the_AT evaluated_VVN papers_NN2 ,_, the_AT majority_NN1 use_VV0 interlaboratory_JJ comparison_NN1 for_IF the_AT characterization_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT RSDs_NP1 of_IO the_AT signal_NN1 intensity_NN1 and_CC the_AT migration_NN1 time_NNT1 are_VBR 4.2_MC and_CC 2.4%_FO for_IF a_AT1 standard_JJ samples_NN2 at_II 3.0_MC ×_II 106_MC g_ZZ1 mL1_FO ,_, and_CC 4.8_MC and_CC 2.9%_FO for_IF a_AT1 standard_JJ sample_NN1 at_II 8.0_MC ×_II 109_MC g_ZZ1 mL1_FO (_( n_ZZ1 =_FO 5_MC )_) ,_, respectively_RR ._. 
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<s>
By_II use_NN1 of_IO aptamer_NN1 as_CSA recognition_NN1 element_NN1 and_CC its_APPGE complementary_JJ strand_NN1 as_CSA template_NN1 for_IF RT-qPCR_NN1 ,_, femtogram_VV0 detection_NN1 of_IO AFB1_FO was_VBDZ provided_VVN ._. 
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<s>
Another_DD1 reason_NN1 for_IF the_AT faster_JJR attainment_NN1 of_IO Req_NP1 at_II 40_MC nM_FU is_VBZ that_CST the_AT microglobulin_NN1 molecules_NN2 captured_VVN during_II previous_JJ injections_NN2 have_VH0 reduced_VVN the_AT number_NN1 of_IO free_JJ antibody_NN1 molecules_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 resulted_VVD in_II accelerated_JJ fast_JJ mass_JJ transport_NN1 and_CC rapid_JJ diffusion_NN1 of_IO glucose_NN1 through_II electrode_NN1 surface_NN1 ._. 
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J.O_NP1 ._. 
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<s>
is_VBZ thankful_JJ for_IF the_AT financial_JJ support_NN1 of_IO UC-MEXUS-CONACYT_NP1 postdoctoral_JJ research_NN1 program_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT N-GQDs_NN2 were_VBDR demonstrated_VVN to_TO possess_VVI sensitive_JJ and_CC selective_JJ sensing_NN1 toward_II Fe3+_FO with_IW a_AT1 detection_NN1 limit_NN1 of_IO 4_MC ×_II 10–7_MCMC M_NNU ,_, which_DDQ holds_VVZ great_JJ potential_NN1 for_IF applications_NN2 in_II biosensing_VVG and_CC bioimaging_VVG ._. 
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<s>
Daily_RR dietary_JJ iAs_NN2 exposure_NN1 was_VBDZ estimated_VVN to_TO be_VBI 0.087_MC g_NNU per_II kg_NNU per_II day_NNT1 ._. 
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<s>
Five_MC batches_NN2 of_IO antipyrine_NN1 were_VBDR assessed_VVN for_IF levels_NN2 of_IO residual_JJ phenylhydrazine_NN1 and_CC in_II all_DB cases_NN2 the_AT levels_NN2 were_VBDR <LOD_FO of_IO 0.02_MC ppm_NNU ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 ,_, and_CC the_AT large_JJ beam_NN1 widths_NN2 in_II the_AT CRI_NP1 (_( ca._NNU between_II 2.8_MC and_CC 4.7_MC mm_NNU )_) accounted_VVD for_IF a_AT1 decrease_NN1 in_II ion_NN1 transmission_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
In_II31 light_II32 of_II33 the_AT above_JJ ,_, compound_VV0 3b_FO has_VHZ been_VBN described_VVN as_CSA -5-epi-aspinolide_JJ A_ZZ1 instead_II21 of_II22 stagonolide_NN1 F_ZZ1 in_II this_DD1 work_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
In_RR21 particular_RR22 ,_, theory_NN1 suggests_VVZ that_CST an_AT1 increase_NN1 in_II the_AT CO2_FO adsorption_NN1 enthalpy_NN1 ,_, in_II the_AT presence_NN1 of_IO H2O_FO ,_, is_VBZ due_II21 to_II22 favorable_JJ intermolecular_JJ interactions_NN2 between_II CO2_FO and_CC H2O_FO which_DDQ are_VBR confined_VVN within_II Mg-CUK-1_MC1 ._. 
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<s>
In_II a_AT1 typical_JJ process_NN1 ,_, 25_MC mg_NNU of_IO ZnO_NP1 nanowire_NN1 powders_NN2 was_VBDZ dispersed_VVN in_II 50_MC mL_NNU of_IO a_AT1 Na2S_FO (_( 0.4_MC M_NNU )_) solution_NN1 and_CC stirred_VVN in_II a_AT1 60_MC °C_NNU water_NN1 bath_NN1 for_IF 10_MC h_ZZ1 ._. 
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<s>
Since_CS the_AT outer_JJ surface_NN1 of_IO this_DD1 capillary_JJ array_NN1 comb_NN1 is_VBZ hydrophobic_JJ and_CC the_AT inner_JJ surfaces_NN2 of_IO the_AT capillaries_NN2 are_VBR hydrophilic_JJ ,_, the_AT simultaneous_JJ loading_NN1 and_CC isolation_NN1 of_IO the_AT LAMP_NN1 mixtures_NN2 into_II each_DD1 capillary_NN1 were_VBDR easily_RR achieved_VVN by_II capillary_JJ forces_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Ag_FO ,_, Sn_NN1 ,_, and_CC S_ZZ1 elements_NN2 can_VM be_VBI detected_VVN in_RR21 part_RR22 B_ZZ1 from_II EDS_NN2 (_( Figure_NN1 3e_FO )_) ,_, which_DDQ can_VM further_RRR support_VVI the_AT above_JJ conclusion_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Each_DD1 digest_NN1 was_VBDZ then_RT diluted_VVN to_II 25_MC mL_NNU with_IW DDW_NP1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Facilitating_VVG the_AT electron_NN1 transfer_NN1 to_II this_DD1 inert_JJ molecule_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ largely_RR dictates_VVZ the_AT discharge_NN1 voltage_NN1 and_CC rate_NN1 capability_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 Li–CO2_JJ battery_NN1 ,_, is_VBZ therefore_RR necessary_JJ ._. 
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<s>
The_AT high_JJ sensitivity_NN1 of_IO ICP-MS_NN1 and_CC its_APPGE powerful_JJ capability_NN1 to_TO quantify_VVI even_RR in_II the_AT absence_NN1 of_IO species-standards_NN2 has_VHZ triggered_VVN activities_NN2 to_TO use_VVI ICP-MS_NN1 in_II bioassays_NN2 for_IF the_AT quantification_NN1 of_IO biomolecules_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Ph_NN1 ;_; E_ZZ1 =_FO S_ZZ1 )_) in_II diethyl_NN1 ether_NN1 and_CC inferred_VVD a_AT1 "_" covalent_JJ monomeric_JJ "_" structure.14_FO Although_CS these_DD2 authors_NN2 were_VBDR unable_JK to_TO distinguish_VVI between_II C–Li_NP1 and_CC P–Li_NP1 bonded_VVD isomers_NN2 ,_, they_PPHS2 did_VDD indicate_VVI a_AT1 preference_NN1 for_IF the_AT latter_DA ._. 
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<s>
Observed_JJ superstructure_NN1 and_CC pseudosymmetry_NN1 phenomena_NN2 are_VBR discussed_VVN in_II detail_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT crude_JJ product_NN1 purified_VVD by_II column_NN1 chromatography_NN1 (_( SiO2_FO ,_, n-hexane:ethyl_FO acetate_NN1 ,_, 5:1_MC then_RT 3:1_MC )_) gave_VVD white_JJ solid_JJ ,_, mp_NN1 164_MC 166_MC °C_NNU (_( petroleum_NN1 ether_NN1 )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Unlike_JJ conventional_JJ SPE_NN1 methods_NN2 ,_, desorption_NN1 of_IO Hg_FO for_IF measurement_NN1 by_II ICP-MS_NN1 ,_, was_VBDZ not_XX necessary_JJ ._. 
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<s>
For_IF the_AT G–_JJ sub-band_NN1 ,_, the_AT contours_NN2 of_IO the_AT Raman_NN1 shift_VV0 slightly_RR away_II21 from_II22 the_AT center_NN1 of_IO the_AT graphene_NN1 are_VBR present_JJ approximately_RR in_II the_AT shape_NN1 of_IO rectangle_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
However_RR ,_, reaction_NN1 failed_VVD to_TO generate_VVI the_AT aldehyde_NN1 2ab_FO containing_VVG a_AT1 pyridine_NN1 ring_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
With_IW 3D-printing_NN1 ,_, rapid_JJ modification_NN1 of_IO the_AT microwell_NN1 features_NN2 can_VM be_VBI achieved_VVN "_" on-the-fly_NN1 "_" by_II changing_VVG the_AT design_NN1 using_VVG computer-aided_JJ design_NN1 (_( CAD_NN1 )_) software_NN1 in_II a_AT1 high-throughput_JJ fashion_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Ionic_JJ liquids_NN2 are_VBR usually_RR employed_VVN in_II supercapacitors_NN2 to_TO increase_VVI the_AT working_JJ potential_JJ window_NN1 and_CC also_RR the_AT stability_NN1 of_IO the_AT device_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Data_NN for_IF 13C_FO NMR_NP1 are_VBR reported_VVN as_CSA chemical_JJ shift_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT organic_JJ phase_NN1 was_VBDZ then_RT taken_VVN for_IF measurement_NN1 of_IO the_AT Se_ND1 concentration_NN1 by_II ETAAS_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Especially_RR upon_II equivocal_JJ results_NN2 in_II MS_NN1 acquisition_NN1 ,_, characteristic_JJ fragmentation_NN1 patterns_NN2 achieve_VV0 a_AT1 higher_JJR specificity_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Then_RT ,_, the_AT Ti60Cu40_FO alloy-strips_NN2 with_IW 50_MC m_NNO thickness_NN1 were_VBDR fabricated_VVN through_II a_AT1 re-melting_NN1 and_CC spinning_VVG procedure_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT water_NN1 proton_NN1 spin_NN1 density_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 tissue_NN1 is_VBZ hardly_RR changeable_JJ ._. 
</s>
<s>
Computational_JJ simulations_NN2 and_CC modelling_NN1 have_VH0 been_VBN proven_VVN very_RG helpful_JJ in_II providing_VVG guidelines_NN2 for_IF the_AT design_NN1 and_CC screening_NN1 of_IO MOF_NN1 adsorbents_NN2 for_IF the_AT efficient_JJ Xe/Kr_NN1 capture_NN1 and_CC separation_NN1 ,_, as_RG well_RR as_CSA for_IF gaining_VVG insight_NN1 for_IF understanding_VVG interactions_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
In_II fact_NN1 ,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ important_JJ to_TO notice_VVI that_CST the_AT efficiency_NN1 of_IO conventional_JJ GC_NP1 columns_NN2 are_VBR characterized_VVN based_VVN on_II unit_NN1 length_NN1 as_II the_AT length_NN1 of_IO the_AT column_NN1 determines_VVZ the_AT cost_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Multidimensional_JJ MS_NN1 (_( MS/MS_NN1 )_) can_VM be_VBI performed_VVN in_BCL21 order_BCL22 to_TO improve_VVI selectivity_NN1 and_CC also_RR signal-to-noise_JJ (_( S/N_ZZ1 )_) ratio_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_RR21 addition_RR22 ,_, advanced_VVD analytical_JJ techniques_NN2 are_VBR used_VVN to_TO obtain_VVI analytical_JJ information_NN1 on_II the_AT degree_NN1 of_IO washout/elimination_NN1 of_IO residual_JJ template_NN1 molecules_NN2 from_II the_AT structure_NN1 of_IO the_AT sorptive_JJ material_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Cost-effective_JJ and_CC highly_RR efficient_JJ electrocatalysts_NN2 for_IF hydrogen_NN1 evolution_NN1 reactions_NN2 (_( HERs_PPGE )_) are_VBR crucial_JJ and_CC highly_RR desired_VVN in_II the_AT sustainable_JJ energy_NN1 field_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Fig._NN1 5a_FO depicts_VVZ the_AT concept_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 typical_JJ Joule_NNU1 heating-based_JJ thermal_JJ cycler_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
According_II21 to_II22 the_AT calculated_JJ density_NN1 of_IO Pb5Zn4B6O18_FO ,_, Pb5Zn4B6O18_FO polymorphs_NN2 are_VBR referred_VVN to_II as_RG -_- ,_, β_NULL -_- and_CC γ_NULL -Pb5Zn4B6O18_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Conversion_NN1 of_IO the_AT analog_NN1 signal_NN1 originating_VVG from_II the_AT detector_NN1 to_II a_AT1 computer-compatible_JJ digital_JJ signal_NN1 ,_, enables_VVZ convenient_JJ data_NN handling_VVG by_II the_AT analyst_NN1 &lsqb;_( 20_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Anyhow_RR ,_, that_DD1 task_NN1 is_VBZ a_RR31 little_RR32 bit_RR33 easier_RRR on_II a_AT1 bright_JJ field_NN1 image_NN1 with_IW good_JJ resolution_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
We_PPIS2 first_MD aimed_VVD at_II evaluating_VVG their_APPGE cytotoxicity_NN1 and_CC behavior_NN1 toward_II ABC_NP1 pumps_NN2 ,_, which_DDQ are_VBR responsible_JJ for_IF acquired_JJ resistance_NN1 to_II treatment_NN1 ,_, one_MC1 of_IO the_AT major_JJ limitations_NN2 in_II chemotherapy_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Frequency_NN1 calculations_NN2 were_VBDR done_VDN at_II the_AT same_DA level_NN1 of_IO theory_NN1 to_TO characterize_VVI the_AT stationary_JJ points_NN2 on_II the_AT potential_JJ surface_NN1 and_CC to_TO obtain_VVI total_JJ enthalpy_NN1 (_( H_ZZ1 )_) and_CC Gibbs_NP1 free_JJ energy_NN1 (_( G_ZZ1 )_) at_II a_AT1 standard_JJ temperature_NN1 of_IO 298.15_MC K_ZZ1 using_VVG unscaled_JJ vibrations_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
A_AT1 data_NN set_VV0 containing_VVG all_DB DFT_NP1 calculation_NN1 inputs_NN2 and_CC outputs_NN2 is_VBZ available_JJ at_II the_AT University_NN1 of_IO Bath_NP1 Data_NN Archive_VV0 ,_, 36_MC published_VVD under_II the_AT CC-BY-SA-4.0_NP1 license_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
As_CSA mentioned_VVN before_RT ,_, l-carnitine_NN1 is_VBZ essential_JJ for_IF infants_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Although_CS MS_NN1 has_VHZ undoubtedly_RR revolutionized_VVN our_APPGE understanding_NN1 of_IO biochemical_JJ pathways_NN2 and_CC complexity_NN1 ,_, its_APPGE implementation_NN1 into_II routine_JJ clinical_JJ environments_NN2 is_VBZ still_RR lagging_VVG ._. 
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<s>
In_II contrast_NN1 to_II the_AT previously_RR presented_VVN setup_NN1 of_IO Horst_NP1 et_NP1 al.13_FO several_DA2 modification_NN1 were_VBDR introduced_VVN to_II the_AT GC_NP1 and_CC transfer_NN1 line_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
It_PPH1 is_VBZ reported_VVN that_CST NZF_NP1 crystallizes_VVZ in_II the_AT monoclinic_JJ crystallographic_JJ structure_NN1 ,_, and_CC Zr4+_FO ions_NN2 are_VBR connected_VVN with_IW seven_MC F_ZZ1 ions_NN2 to_TO form_VVI a_AT1 mono-capped_JJ trigonal_JJ prism.35_FO The_AT red_JJ phosphor_NN1 NZF:Mn_FO has_VHZ been_VBN obtained_VVN by_II ionic-exchange_NN1 between_II &lsqb;_( MnF6_FO &rsqb;_) 2_MC and_CC &lsqb;_( ZrF7_FO &rsqb;_) 3_MC at_II room_NN1 temperature_NN1 accompanied_VVN by_II charge_NN1 compensation_NN1 from_II Na+_FO ._. 
</s>
<s>
It_PPH1 is_VBZ important_JJ to_TO note_VVI that_DD1 β_NULL is_VBZ subject_II21 to_II22 the_AT energy_NN1 level_NN1 alignment_NN1 relative_II21 to_II22 the_AT Fermi_NP1 energy_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ will_VM depend_VVI on_II the_AT anchor_NN1 group_NN1 used_VVD ,_, and_CC for_IF calculations_NN2 it_PPH1 will_VM be_VBI method-dependent_JJ ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT pressure_NN1 drop_NN1 in_II the_AT test_NN1 channel_NN1 changed_VVD the_AT interfacial_JJ position_NN1 between_II the_AT two_MC fluids_NN2 in_II the_AT comparator_NN1 channel_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
An_AT1 example_NN1 for_IF the_AT 3D-measurement_NN1 of_IO small_JJ particles_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 cuttings_NN2 is_VBZ shown_VVN in_II Fig._NN1 4_MC ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 indicated_VVD that_CST the_AT circular_JJ template_NN1 was_VBDZ successfully_RR synthesized_VVN ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT two_MC mechanisms_NN2 of_IO acoustic_JJ streaming_NN1 and_CC ARF_FU are_VBR well_RR known_VVN ,_, so_CS we_PPIS2 describe_VV0 their_APPGE origin_NN1 ,_, briefly_RR ._. 
</s>
<s>
Moreover_RR ,_, Table_NN1 2_MC shows_VVZ that_CST the_AT quantification_NN1 results_NN2 of_IO Dy2O3@RGO_FO nanocomposite-based_JJ modified_JJ electrode_NN1 were_VBDR in_II agreement_NN1 with_IW those_DD2 of_IO the_AT HPLC_NP1 method_NN1 ,_, thus_RR validating_VVG the_AT proposed_JJ method_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
To_II this_DD1 end_NN1 ,_, a_AT1 focused_JJ database_NN1 searching_VVG strategy_NN1 using_VVG an_AT1 in-house_JJ collected_JJ human_JJ serum_NN1 pro-peptidome_NN1 target/decoy_NN1 database_NN1 (_( HuSPep_NP1 )_) was_VBDZ established_VVN &lsqb;_( 60_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
To_TO demonstrate_VVI the_AT potential_JJ application_NN1 of_IO the_AT as-prepared_JJ Cu2O/Cu_FU samples_NN2 in_II photoelectrocatalysis_NN1 ,_, the_AT cyclic_JJ voltammetry_NN1 (_( CV_NN1 )_) signals_NN2 for_IF methanol_NN1 oxidation_NN1 are_VBR collected_VVN with_IW and_CC without_IW UV-vis_MC2 light_JJ irradiation_NN1 (_( Fig._NN1 4a_FO and_CC b_ZZ1 )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Furthermore_RR ,_, an_AT1 obvious_JJ interface_NN1 contact_NN1 can_VM be_VBI found_VVN in_II the_AT high-resolution_JJ transmission_NN1 electron_NN1 microscopy_NN1 (_( HRTEM_NP1 )_) image_NN1 (_( Fig_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
S8_FO )_) between_II In2S3_FO and_CC CuInS2_FO ,_, indicating_VVG the_AT formation_NN1 of_IO an_AT1 In2S3–CuInS2_JJ heterojunction_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Through_II phonon_NN1 spectral_JJ energy_NN1 density_NN1 analysis_NN1 ,_, we_PPIS2 reveal_VV0 that_CST the_AT ultralow_NN1 TC_NP1 of_IO polycrystalline_JJ silicene_NN1 originates_VVZ from_II the_AT violent_JJ phonon_NN1 scattering_VVG exerted_VVN by_II the_AT thin_JJ boundary_NN1 of_IO grains_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
So-called_JJ "_" back-to-back_JJ cells_NN2 "_" (_( Figure_NN1 1c_FO )_) were_VBDR constructed_VVN by_II connecting_VVG the_AT working_JJ electrodes_NN2 of_IO separate_JJ LTO_NN1 and_CC LNMO_NP1 half_DB cells_NN2 as_II the_AT negative_JJ and_CC positive_JJ terminal_NN1 ,_, respectively_RR ,_, and_CC shorting_VVG their_APPGE respective_JJ lithium_NN1 electrode_NN1 terminals_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
However_RR ,_, it_PPH1 can_VM be_VBI expedited_VVN by_II using_VVG transition_NN1 metal_NN1 and_CC rare_JJ earth_NN1 salts_NN2 ,_, and_CC the_AT use_NN1 of_IO related_JJ coordination_NN1 compounds13_FO that_CST are_VBR common_JJ catalysts_NN2 for_IF the_AT conversion_NN1 of_IO CO2_FO into_II cyclic_JJ carbonates_NN2 has_VHZ been_VBN a_AT1 very_RG effective_JJ strategy_NN1 in_II previous_JJ studies.14–16_NNU Also_RR ,_, although_CS all_DB kinds_NN2 of_IO catalytic_JJ systems_NN2 have_VH0 been_VBN used_VVN to_TO catalyse_VVI these_DD2 reactions_NN2 ,_, several_DA2 limitations_NN2 still_RR exist_VV0 ,_, such_II21 as_II22 low_JJ catalyst_NN1 reactivity_NN1 ,_, low_JJ selectivity_NN1 ,_, air_NN1 sensitivity_NN1 and_CC use_NN1 of_IO additional_JJ solvents_NN2 ,_, even_RR under_RG high_JJ temperature_NN1 and_CC high_JJ pressure_NN1 (_( >5_FO MPa_NP1 )_) conditions.17–19_NNU Therefore_RR ,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ especially_RR important_JJ to_TO design_VVI and_CC synthesize_VVI catalysts_NN2 with_IW high_JJ efficiency_NN1 ,_, high_JJ selectivity_NN1 and_CC high_JJ activity_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT goal_NN1 of_IO this_DD1 review_NN1 is_VBZ to_TO describe_VVI the_AT possible_JJ application_NN1 of_IO LIBS_NN2 in_II WEEE_FU chemical_JJ inspection_NN1 to_TO improve_VVI recycling_VVG analytical_JJ frequency_NN1 and_CC reliability_NN1 in_II material_NN1 sorting_VVG in_II the_AT industrial_JJ field_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
They_PPHS2 also_RR have_VH0 a_AT1 higher_JJR level_NN1 of_IO specificity_NN1 than_CSN generic_JJ assays_NN2 ,_, as_CSA they_PPHS2 focus_VV0 on_II individual_JJ molecules_NN2 and_CC pathways_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT schematic_JJ diagram_NN1 is_VBZ shown_VVN in_II Scheme_NN1 1_MC1 ,_, and_CC it_PPH1 is_VBZ hoped_VVN that_CST these_DD2 novel_JJ nitroxide_NN1 diradical_JJ DNA_NN1 bases_NN2 will_VM exhibit_VVI outstanding_JJ FM_NN1 or_CC AFM_NP1 spin_NN1 coupling_NN1 characteristics_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
However_RR ,_, these_DD2 two_MC types_NN2 of_IO ESR_NN1 "_" reagents_NN2 "_" require_VV0 rather_RG different_JJ selectivity-related_JJ considerations_NN2 ,_, as_CSA we_PPIS2 demonstrate_VV0 with_IW several_DA2 examples_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT measurements_NN2 were_VBDR performed_VVN in_II the_AT temperature_NN1 range_NN1 of_IO 120_MC °C–240_FO °C_NNU and_CC in_II different_JJ humidity_NN1 conditions_NN2 (_( 0–2.5_MCMC vol%_FO )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
From_II the_AT Table_NN1 1_MC1 and_CC Fig._NN1 11_MC ,_, it_PPH1 could_VM be_VBI found_VVN that_CST among_II the_AT nanocomposites_NN2 ,_, the_AT maximum_JJ selectivity_NN1 value_NN1 was_VBDZ 39.64_MC 104_MC S_ZZ1 s_ZZ1 cm3_FO achieved_VVN by_II incorporating_VVG 1.5_MC wt%_FO of_IO LaCrO3_FO into_II blended_JJ polymeric_JJ matrix_NN1 which_DDQ is_VBZ five_MC times_NNT2 more_RRR selective_JJ than_CSN the_AT neat_JJ SPEEK_NN1 membrane_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
For_IF all_DB the_AT three_MC compounds_NN2 ,_, H_ZZ1 atoms_NN2 attached_VVN to_II carbon_NN1 were_VBDR kept_VVN in_II the_AT geometrically_RR correct_JJ positions_NN2 with_IW a_AT1 C–H_NN1 distance_NN1 of_IO 0.96_MC ?_AT1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
And_CC the_AT intensity_NN1 of_IO the_AT frequency-doubled_JJ output_NN1 emitted_VVD from_II the_AT samples_NN2 was_VBDZ detected_VVN by_II a_AT1 photomultiplier_JJR tube_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
In_BCL21 order_BCL22 to_TO improve_VVI its_APPGE performance_NN1 ,_, researcher_NN1 focused_VVN on_II modifying_VVG SPEEK_NN1 membranes_NN2 with_IW other_JJ polymers_NN2 and_CC nanoparticles_NN2 &lsqb;_( 12,13_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
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<s>
For_IF Li(hmds)_NN2 ,_, thf*_FO adducts_NN2 are_VBR neither_RR known_VVN in_II the_AT crystalline_JJ state_NN1 nor_CC in_II solution_NN1 but_CCB tetrameric_JJ &lsqb;_( Li(hmds)_NP2 &rsqb;_) 4_MC has_VHZ been_VBN structurally_RR authenticated_VVN when_CS crystallization_NN1 occurs_VVZ in_II the_AT presence_NN1 of_IO this_DD1 bulky_JJ cyclic_JJ ether_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
According_II21 to_II22 the_AT discharge_NN1 time_NNT1 curve_NN1 ,_, a_AT1 series_NN of_IO specific_JJ capacitances_NN2 (_( Cs_NP2 )_) against_II various_JJ current_JJ densities_NN2 can_VM be_VBI calculated_VVN based_VVN on_II the_AT formula_NN1 mentioned_VVN above_RL (_( Fig._NN1 5c_FO )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Mesoporous_JJ magnetic_JJ zeolite_NN1 microsphere_NN1 with_IW large_JJ pores_NN2 was_VBDZ proposed_VVN by_II Shi_NP1 and_CC co-workers_NN2 for_IF enzyme_NN1 and_CC protein_NN1 capture_NN1 &lsqb;_( 150_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
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<s>
We_PPIS2 place_VV0 rectification_NN1 in_II the_AT broader_JJR context_NN1 of_IO molecular_JJ electronics_NN1 ,_, and_CC include_VV0 the_AT description_NN1 of_IO methodology_NN1 used_VVN in_II electrode_NN1 |_NULL LB_NNU film_NN1 |_NULL electrode_NN1 assemblies_NN2 ,_, concluding_VVG with_IW an_AT1 outlook_NN1 on_II future_JJ directions_NN2 for_IF metallosurfactants_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
We_PPIS2 divided_VVD these_DD2 spectra_NN2 into_II three_MC regions_NN2 from_II high_JJ to_II low_JJ frequency_NN1 as_CSA shown_VVN in_II Figure_NN1 5_MC ._. 
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<s>
The_AT moments_NN2 were_VBDR projected_VVN on_II conformer_NN1 7a-1_MC1 to_TO assess_VVI their_APPGE reciprocal_JJ arrangement_NN1 and_CC the_AT chirality_NN1 defined_VVD thereof_RR (_( Figure_NN1 7_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
Remarkably_RR ,_, Lu_NP1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 group_NN1 reported_VVD an_AT1 additive_JJ and_CC enhanced_JJ fluorescence_NN1 effect_NN1 based_VVN on_II a_AT1 polyT_NN1 sequence_NN1 promoting_VVG the_AT formation_NN1 of_IO CuNCs_NP2 on_II the_AT polyT_NN1 loop_NN1 and_CC the_AT random_JJ double_JJ strand_NN1 stem_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
We_PPIS2 are_VBR also_RR grateful_JJ to_II two_MC anonymous_JJ reviewers_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
In_II recent_JJ Updates_NN2 magnetic_JJ solid_JJ phase_NN1 extraction_NN1 procedures_NN2 to_II pre-concentrate_JJ analytes_NN2 during_II sample_NN1 preparation_NN1 have_VH0 been_VBN covered_VVN ._. 
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<s>
Of_RR21 course_RR22 ,_, the_AT coexistence_NN1 of_IO several_DA2 surface_NN1 defects_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 oxygen_NN1 vacancy_NN1 defects_NN2 would_VM all_DB contribute_VVI to_II the_AT efficient_JJ separation_NN1 of_IO photogenerated_JJ electron–hole_NN1 pairs_NN2 ,_, thus_RR favoring_VVG the_AT photocatalytic_JJ performance_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Likewise_RR ,_, Miura_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
(_( 1997_MC )_) also_RR developed_VVN anti-BSA_JJ and_CC gold_NN1 film_NN1 chip-based_JJ SPR_NP1 sensors_NN2 for_IF the_AT sensing_NN1 of_IO morphine_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT imine-N-heterocyclic_JJ carbene_NN1 ligands_NN2 were_VBDR synthesized_VVN as_CSA previously_RR reported.33_FO Complexes_NN2 Ir1–Ir6_NP1 were_VBDR synthesized_VVN by_II direct_JJ reaction_NN1 of_IO the_AT dinuclear_JJ dichloro-bridged_JJ Ir_NN1 precursors_NN2 &lsqb;_( Ir(ppz)2Cl2_FO &rsqb;_) 2_MC (_( ppz_NNU =_FO 1-phenylpyrazole_NN1 )_) ,_, the_AT corresponding_JJ ligand_NN1 and_CC Ag2O_FO in_II dichloromethane_NN1 (_( Chart_NN1 1_MC1 )_) ._. 
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<s>
Complex_NN1 2_MC crystallizes_VVZ in_II the_AT chiral_JJ space_NN1 group_NN1 P21_FO with_IW Z_ZZ1 =_FO 2_MC ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II contrast_NN1 ,_, β_NULL 4_MC ,_, β_NULL 7_MC ,_, and_CC β_NULL 15_MC are_VBR located_VVN more_RRR toward_II the_AT interior_NN1 of_IO the_AT channel_NN1 away_RL for_IF the_AT extracellular_JJ medium_NN1 (_( Fig._NN1 5_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
The_AT morphology_NN1 ,_, structure_NN1 ,_, and_CC photophysical_JJ properties_NN2 of_IO the_AT N-GQD_JJ nanomaterial_JJ were_VBDR investigated_VVN extensively_RR ._. 
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<s>
The_AT inset_NN1 shows_VVZ the_AT absorbance_NN1 changes_NN2 as_II a_AT1 function_NN1 of_IO time_NNT1 after_II applying_VVG the_AT potential_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Spearman_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 correlation_NN1 coefficient_NN1 among_II urinary_JJ As_CSA metabolites_NN2 was_VBDZ calculated_VVN ,_, and_CC ,_, in_RR21 general_RR22 ,_, a_AT1 strong_JJ methylation_NN1 capacity_NN1 to_TO methylate_VVI iAs_NN2 to_II MMA_NP1 was_VBDZ observed_VVN ._. 
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<s>
Hyphenating_NP1 GC_NP1 to_II capillary_JJ NMR_NP1 gives_VVZ the_AT best_JJT spectroscopic_JJ elucidation_NN1 of_IO structures_NN2 of_IO unknown_JJ compounds_NN2 &lsqb;_( 94_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT task_NN1 of_IO establishing_VVG reliable_JJ detection_NN1 ranges_NN2 and_CC calibration_NN1 is_VBZ therefore_RR essential_JJ ._. 
</s>
<s>
These_DD2 include_VV0 two_MC sets_NN2 of_IO overlapping_JJ peptides_NN2 ,_, 109–129_MCMC and_CC 109–133_MCMC and_CC peptides_NN2 310–324_MCMC and_CC 310–325_MCMC ._. 
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<s>
Hence_RR ,_, the_AT morphologies_NN2 of_IO the_AT S48_FO electrode_VV0 after_II 300_MC and_CC 500_MC cycles_NN2 were_VBDR characterized_VVN by_II SEM_NP1 (_( Fig._NN1 5_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
A_AT1 collimated_JJ laser_NN1 beam_NN1 at_II a_AT1 532_MC nm_FU wavelength_NN1 was_VBDZ first_MD used_VVN to_TO represent_VVI one_MC1 of_IO the_AT incoming_JJ solar_JJ rays_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Upon_II direct_JJ immobilization_NN1 of_IO aptamer_NN1 on_II sensing_VVG surface_NN1 ,_, inappropriate_JJ folding_NN1 of_IO the_AT oligonucleotides_NN2 may_VM be_VBI occurred_VVN which_DDQ can_VM alter_VVI the_AT function_NN1 of_IO aptamer_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
In_II our_APPGE previous_JJ work_NN1 (_( unpublished_JJ results_NN2 )_) on_II nucleation_NN1 ,_, we_PPIS2 employed_VVD local_JJ order_NN1 parameters_NN2 (_( limited_VVN to_II the_AT particles_NN2 forming_VVG the_AT largest_JJT nucleus_NN1 in_II the_AT simulation_NN1 box_NN1 )_) ._. 
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<s>
Hence_RR ,_, more_RGR structural_JJ modification_NN1 of_IO complexes_NN2 is_VBZ necessary_JJ in_II the_AT future_JJ studies_NN2 for_IF effectively_RR and_CC selectively_RR killing_VVG cancer_NN1 cells_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Additionally_RR ,_, O–H_NP1 bond_NN1 lengths_NN2 have_VH0 been_VBN measured_VVN with_IW subpicometer_JJR precision_NN1 giving_VVG a_AT1 direct_JJ structural_JJ gauge_NN1 of_IO the_AT lability_NN1 of_IO protons_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
In_RR21 addition_RR22 ,_, this_DD1 technique_NN1 has_VHZ the_AT requisite_JJ selectivity_NN1 and_CC higher_JJR sensitivity_NN1 than_CSN is_VBZ typically_RR required_VVN ,_, i.e._REX LOQs_NP1 of_IO 0.8_MC ppm_NNU compared_VVN with_IW a_AT1 target_NN1 limit_NN1 of_IO 40_MC ppm_NNU ._. 
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Upon_II deletion_NN1 of_IO bln_NNU O_ZZ1 ,_, the_AT production_NN1 of_IO compounds_NN2 1_MC1 ,_, 2_MC ,_, 4_MC ,_, and_CC 6_MC was_VBDZ not_XX observed_VVN ._. 
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<s>
The_AT GaNP_NN1 was_VBDZ chosen_VVN because_II21 of_II22 the_AT highly_RR specific_JJ interaction_NN1 between_II Ga_NP1 and_CC the_AT phosphate_NN1 ester_JJR on_II phosphorylated_JJ proteins_NN2 (_( Kd_NP1 =_FO 3.08_MC ×_II 106_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
H-2_FO ,_, H-3_FO ,_, and_CC H-4_FO on_II 4a_FO are_VBR outside_II21 of_II22 phenanthridine_NN1 ring_NN1 and_CC locate_VV0 the_AT deshielding_JJ zone_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Light_JJ elements_NN2 (_( carbon_NN1 ,_, silicon_NN1 )_) are_VBR the_AT key_JJ components_NN2 defining_VVG wear-resistant_JJ coating_NN1 quality_NN1 (_( nickel–chromium_NN1 alloys_NN2 reinforced_VVN with_IW tungsten_NN1 carbide_NN1 )_) ;_; however_RR ,_, LIBS_NN2 quantitative_JJ analysis_NN1 is_VBZ challenging_VVG for_IF carbon_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
These_DD2 Raman_NN1 mappings_NN2 were_VBDR analyzed_VVN to_TO display_VVI the_AT I1080/I1125_JJ ratio_NN1 for_IF each_DD1 sample_NN1 (_( Fig._NN1 5_MC (_( b_ZZ1 )_) -1_MC to_II 3_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
Tissue_NN1 validation_NN1 should_VM include_VVI comparisons_NN2 to_II an_AT1 appropriate_JJ baseline_NN1 as_II31 well_II32 as_II33 appropriate_JJ controls_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT cost_NN1 is_VBZ likely_JJ to_TO increase_VVI as_RG new_JJ drug_NN1 discovery_NN1 requires_VVZ precise_JJ verification_NN1 of_IO efficiency_NN1 and_CC safety_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
AKB_NP1 ,_, YZ_NP1 and_CC LL_NP1 were_VBDR supported_VVN by_II a_AT1 Stanford_NP1 PHIND_NP1 Center_NN1 Individual_NN1 Seed_NN1 Grant_NP1 ._. 
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<s>
Firstly_RR ,_, the_AT measured_JJ m/z_ZZ1 values_NN2 of_IO detected_JJ ions_NN2 were_VBDR matched_VVN with_IW a_AT1 list_NN1 of_IO theoretical_JJ m/z_ZZ1 values_NN2 of_IO all_DB candidates_NN2 of_IO F_ZZ1 ,_, F_ZZ1 ±_FO H_ZZ1 and_CC F_ZZ1 ±_FO SH_UH (_( F_ZZ1 denotes_VVZ a_AT1 polypeptide_NN1 fragment_NN1 that_CST would_VM contain_VVI a_AT1 Cys_NP1 residue_NN1 that_CST loses_VVZ one_MC1 H_ZZ1 at_II the_AT thiol_NN1 group_NN1 )_) fragments_NN2 with_IW a_AT1 coarse_JJ error_NN1 tolerance_NN1 of_IO ±10_FO ppm_NNU ._. 
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<s>
The_AT mutation_NN1 assay_NN1 is_VBZ somewhat_RR similar_JJ to_II the_AT truncation_NN1 assay_NN1 in_II that_DD1 it_PPH1 is_VBZ also_RR a_AT1 common_JJ method_NN1 for_IF studying_VVG the_AT binding_NN1 of_IO the_AT aptamer_NN1 to_TO target_VVI molecules_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
In_II extending_VVG their_APPGE previously_RR presented_VVN design_NN1 that_CST only_RR conducted_VVN amplification_NN1 and_CC detection_NN1 ,_, Choi_NP1 et_NP1 al.73_FO developed_VVN an_AT1 integrated_JJ sample-to-answer_JJ biosensor_NN1 (_( Fig._NN1 6B_FO )_) ._. 
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Some_DD of_IO the_AT commonly_RR used_JJ transducers_NN2 will_VM be_VBI discussed_VVN in_II the_AT forthcoming_JJ sections_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
P_ZZ1 values_NN2 *_FU <_FO 0.05_MC were_VBDR considered_VVN statistically_RR significant_JJ and_CC P_ZZ1 values_NN2 <_FO 0.01_MC were_VBDR considered_VVN extremely_RR significant_JJ ._. 
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<s>
Also_RR ,_, polymer_NN1 microfluidic_JJ devices_NN2 are_VBR usually_RR designed_VVN to_TO be_VBI disposable_JJ ._. 
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<s>
Substrates_NN2 2e_FO f_ZZ1 bearing_VVG a_AT1 methyl_NN1 group_NN1 at_II different_JJ positions_NN2 were_VBDR also_RR suitable_JJ reaction_NN1 partners_NN2 ,_, leading_VVG to_II 4m_NNU and_CC 4n_FO in_II 70%_NNU and_CC 74%_NNU yields_NN2 ,_, respectively_RR ._. 
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<s>
The_AT periodical_NN1 switching_NN1 of_IO the_AT LEFT_JJ and_CC RIGHT_JJ state_NN1 can_VM also_RR provide_VVI a_AT1 "_" clock_NN1 "_" signal_NN1 for_IF the_AT sequence_NN1 of_IO droplet_NN1 binary_NN1 logic_NN1 operations_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Meanwhile_RR ,_, the_AT conditional_JJ vents_NN2 are_VBR 40_MC m_NNO wide_JJ ×_II 50_MC m_NNO deep_JJ microchannels_NN2 that_CST connect_VV0 reservoirs_NN2 to_II one_PPX121 another_PPX122 ._. 
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<s>
To_TO evaluate_VVI the_AT analytical_JJ applicability_NN1 of_IO the_AT proposed_JJ method_NN1 ,_, the_AT effects_NN2 of_IO some_DD concomitants_NN2 were_VBDR studied_VVN with_IW the_AT Ni_NP1 concentration_NN1 at_II 100_MC g_ZZ1 L1_FO ._. 
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<s>
After_CS the_AT irradiation_NN1 ,_, the_AT solid_NN1 was_VBDZ removed_VVN by_II centrifugation_NN1 ,_, and_CC the_AT supernatant_NN1 was_VBDZ analyzed_VVN by_II UV–vis_NP1 spectroscopy_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
We_PPIS2 found_VVD that_CST the_AT isolobal_JJ principle_NN1 can_VM be_VBI applied_VVN to_TO bridge_VVI boron_NN1 carbonyl_NN1 complexes_NN2 and_CC the_AT well-known_JJ hydrocarbon_NN1 molecules_NN2 ._. 
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As_II a_AT1 promising_JJ alternative_JJ hydrogen_NN1 evolution_NN1 catalyst_NN1 ,_, MoS2_FO is_VBZ well_RR known_VVN for_IF its_APPGE active_JJ edge_NN1 sites_NN2 and_CC the_AT inert_JJ basal_JJ plane_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Though_CS the_AT trend_NN1 of_IO the_AT percentage_NN1 reduction_NN1 in_II um_UH and_CC are_VBR the_AT same_DA ,_, there_EX is_VBZ a_AT1 significant_JJ difference_NN1 in_II the_AT magnitude_NN1 when_CS compared_VVN to_II the_AT rigid_JJ PDMS_NP1 channels_NN2 and_CC the_AT percentage_NN1 variation_NN1 is_VBZ particularly_RR increased_VVN at_II high_JJ Q._NN1 The_AT as-constructed_JJ light_NN1 emitting_VVG diodes_NN2 (_( LEDs_NN2 )_) based_VVN on_II Mn2+:CsPbCl3_FO NCs_NP2 emit_VV0 highly_RR bright_JJ white_JJ light_NN1 ,_, suggesting_VVG their_APPGE potential_JJ applications_NN2 in_II optoelectronic_JJ devices_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
HRMS_NP1 (_( ESI_NP1 )_) (_( M_ZZ1 +_FO Na+_FO )_) calcd_VV0 for_IF C21H25F2NaO5P+_FO m/z_ZZ1 :_: 449.1299_MC ;_; found_VVD m/z_ZZ1 :_: 449.1299_MC ._. 
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<s>
With_IW U–As_NP2 accumulating_VVG on_II surfaces_NN2 ,_, uranyl-arsenate_JJ minerals_NN2 would_VM form_VVI ,_, such_II21 as_II22 tr?gerite_NN1 (_( UO2HAsO4·4H2O_FO )_) and_CC meta-zeunerite_NN1 (_( )_) ._. 
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This_DD1 means_VVZ that_CST these_DD2 Gd-CAs_NP2 can_VM induce_VVI a_AT1 signal_NN1 enhancement_NN1 in_II a_AT1 T1-weighted_JJ MRI_NN2 and_CC hence_RR are_VBR also_RR called_VVN positive_JJ CAs_NP2 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT biosensors_NN2 were_VBDR prepared_VVN as_CSA described_VVN in_II Experimental_JJ Section_NN1 ,_, according_II21 to_II22 the_AT designs_NN2 1–10_MCMC and_CC following_VVG the_AT procedure_NN1 previously_RR described_VVN by_II us._NNU (_( 3638_MC )_) A_ZZ1 schematic_JJ representation_NN1 of_IO the_AT biosensor_NN1 is_VBZ shown_VVN in_II Scheme_NN1 3_MC ._. 
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<s>
For_IF an_AT1 unambiguous_JJ differentiation_NN1 between_II the_AT separate_JJ contributions_NN2 of_IO a_AT1 static_JJ or_CC a_AT1 dynamic_JJ enhancement_NN1 ,_, the_AT 3D_NNU sound_NN1 field_NN1 was_VBDZ mapped_VVN by_II several_DA2 individual_JJ LIP-OES_NN2 experiments_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT GC_NP1 ×_II GC–FPD(P)_NP1 suitability_NN1 ,_, its_APPGE improved_JJ resolution_NN1 ,_, and_CC P_ZZ1 selectivity_NN1 in_II comparison_NN1 to_II 1D_NNU GC–FPD_NP1 was_VBDZ confirmed_VVN in_II the_AT study_NN1 of_IO organophosphorus_NN1 pesticides_NN2 and_CC esters_NN2 in_II standards_NN2 ,_, soil_NN1 and_CC food_NN1 matrices_NN2 &lsqb;_( 199_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, &lsqb;_( 200_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
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<s>
At_II the_AT present_JJ stage_NN1 ,_, the_AT wearable_JJ sensors_NN2 can_VM be_VBI easily_RR fabricated_VVN by_II the_AT PoP_NN1 strategies_NN2 and_CC conformably_RR attached_VVN onto_II body_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 widespread_JJ application_NN1 is_VBZ based_VVN upon_II the_AT capacity_NN1 to_TO rapidly_RR fabricate_VVI almost_RR any_DD complex_JJ 3D_NNU structure_NN1 or_CC design_NN1 ,_, with_IW relatively_RR low_JJ cost_NN1 and_CC comparative_JJ ease_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT dotted_JJ vertical_JJ line_NN1 in_II Figure_NN1 3b_FO indicates_VVZ the_AT location_NN1 of_IO TK_NP1 on_II the_AT temperature_NN1 axis_NN1 and_CC emphasizes_VVZ that_CST the_AT measurements_NN2 on_II MnPc/Ag(111)_NP1 are_VBR within_II the_AT Kondo_NN1 regime_NN1 (_( T_ZZ1 <_FO TK_NP1 )_) ._. 
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<s>
The_AT SMCPAc_JJ microchannel_NN1 was_VBDZ replicated_VVN using_VVG a_AT1 negative_JJ PDMS_NP1 mold_NN1 and_CC a_AT1 positive_JJ ultraviolet_JJ (_( UV_JJ )_) resin_NN1 mold_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
We_PPIS2 measured_VVD the_AT absorption_NN1 cross-section_NN1 of_IO the_AT main_JJ natural_JJ gas_NN1 components_NN2 and_CC discussed_VVD the_AT use_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 powerful_JJ singular-value_JJ decomposition_NN1 (_( SVD_NP1 )_) procedure_NN1 for_IF quantifying_VVG the_AT above_JJ components_NN2 in_II a_AT1 natural_JJ gas_NN1 mixture_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ could_VM be_VBI used_VVN for_IF quality_NN1 testing_NN1 purposes_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Likewise_RR ,_, Chen_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
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<s>
&lsqb;_( 81_MC &rsqb;_) reported_VVD recoveries_NN2 of_IO 82.1–119.7%_FO for_IF 25_MC analytes_NN2 in_II cow_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 milk_NN1 and_CC milk-based_JJ infant_NN1 formula_NN1 using_VVG GC–MS/MS_FU ._. 
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<s>
The_AT δ87Rb_FO result_NN1 of_IO this_DD1 column_NN1 chemistry_NN1 treated_VVD NIST_NP1 SRM_NP1 984_MC is_VBZ 0.00_MC ±_FO 0.04_MC ,_, indicating_VVG that_CST the_AT Rb_NP1 memory_NN1 effect_NN1 was_VBDZ negligible_JJ and_CC the_AT Sr-spec_JJ resin_NN1 could_VM be_VBI re-used_VVN at_RR21 least_RR22 two_MC times_NNT2 after_II being_VBG carefully_RR cleaned_VVN following_II our_APPGE procedures_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Furthermore_RR ,_, there_EX exists_VVZ a_AT1 relatively_RR strong_JJ luminescence_NN1 intensity_NN1 of_IO 1_MC1 in_II aqueous_JJ solution_NN1 with_IW the_AT different_JJ metal_NN1 ions_NN2 without_IW Fe3+_FO ;_; however_RR ,_, the_AT luminescence_NN1 was_VBDZ completely_RR quenched_VVN by_II the_AT addition_NN1 of_IO Fe3+_FO into_II the_AT system_NN1 ,_, indicating_VVG the_AT highly_RR selective_JJ sensing_NN1 for_IF Fe3+_FO ions_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT observed_JJ spectral_JJ red_JJ shift_NN1 might_VM be_VBI corroborated_VVN by_II the_AT structural_JJ changes_NN2 in_II as-grown_NN1 C3N4_FO ._. 
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<s>
MSA_NP1 (_( methanesulfonic_JJ acid_NN1 )_) gave_VVD the_AT best_JJT result_NN1 (_( Table_NN1 1_MC1 ,_, The_AT fact_NN1 that_CST similar_JJ excitation_NN1 mechanisms_NN2 were_VBDR observed_VVN when_CS the_AT same_DA quantity_NN1 of_IO N2_FO was_VBDZ introduced_VVN through_II a_AT1 T_ZZ1 device16_FO seems_VVZ to_TO indicate_VVI that_CST they_PPHS2 are_VBR independent_JJ of_IO the_AT device_NN1 type_NN1 ,_, i.e._REX sheathing_JJ device_NN1 or_CC T_ZZ1 ,_, and_CC mostly_RR depend_VV0 on_II the_AT foreign_JJ gas_NN1 entering_VVG the_AT ICP_NN1 ._. 
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It_PPH1 could_VM also_RR help_VVI narrow_JJ down_II the_AT type_NN1 of_IO solder_NN1 if_CS such_DA contamination_NN1 mainly_RR occurs_VVZ when_RRQ the_AT solder_NN1 has_VHZ a_AT1 core_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Design_VV0 The_AT two_MC TIMS_NP2 analysers_NN2 in_II TIMS-TIMS_NP2 are_VBR connected_VVN via_II an_AT1 interface_NN1 consisting_VVG of_IO two_MC apertures_NN2 (_( Fig._NN1 1_MC1 )_) ._. 
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The_AT reliability_NN1 and_CC sensitivity_NN1 of_IO these_DD2 models_NN2 are_VBR compared_VVN ._. 
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<s>
In_RR21 general_RR22 ,_, these_DD2 methods_NN2 give_VV0 similar_JJ results_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Additionally_RR ,_, in_II the_AT analogous_JJ analysis_NN1 between_II healthy_JJ and_CC different_JJ grades_NN2 of_IO meningioma_NN1 ,_, similar_JJ results_NN2 were_VBDR obtained_VVN ._. 
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<s>
As_II21 for_II22 the_AT composites_NN2 with_IW the_AT codoping_NN1 ,_, albeit_CS having_VHG a_AT1 comparable_JJ desorption_NN1 capacity_NN1 (_( about_RG 6_MC wt_NN1 %_NNU )_) ,_, the_AT MgH2–10_JJ wt_NN1 %_NNU K2NbF7–5_JJ wt_NN1 %_NNU MWCNT_NP1 composite_NN1 shows_VVZ a_AT1 favorable_JJ improvement_NN1 on_II the_AT aspect_NN1 of_IO desorption_NN1 kinetics_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
As_CSA mentioned_VVN in_II DFT_NP1 calculations_NN2 ,_, the_AT 2-cyano-3-phenylacrylic_JJ acid_NN1 group_NN1 was_VBDZ unconjugated_JJ to_II the_AT chromophore_NN1 of_IO SQY-a_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Further_JJR identification_NN1 and/or_CC quantification_NN1 applications_NN2 of_IO GC–FTIR_NP1 include_VV0 the_AT structural_JJ elucidation_NN1 of_IO natural_JJ saccharides_NN2 &lsqb;_( 81_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, marine_JJ origin_NN1 complexes_NN2 &lsqb;_( 82_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, toxicological_JJ compounds_NN2 &lsqb;_( 83_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, insect_NN1 pheromones_NN2 &lsqb;_( 84_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, pinene_NN1 degradation_NN1 studies_NN2 &lsqb;_( 85_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, pharmaceutical_JJ analysis_NN1 &lsqb;_( 86_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, isomeric_JJ studies_NN2 on_II drugs_NN2 of_IO abuse_NN1 &lsqb;_( 87_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, chemical_JJ weapons_NN2 convention_NN1 analyses_NN2 &lsqb;_( 66_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, characterisation_NN1 of_IO petroleum_NN1 hydrocarbon_NN1 &lsqb;_( 88_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, compound_VV0 identification_NN1 in_II fentanyl_NN1 metabolites_NN2 &lsqb;_( 89_MC &rsqb;_) and_CC essential_JJ oil_NN1 adulteration_NN1 studies_NN2 &lsqb;_( 90_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
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<s>
The_AT total_JJ loss_NN1 of_IO 12.3%_FO corresponds_VVZ to_II the_AT loss_NN1 of_IO water_NN1 and_CC DMF_NP1 molecules_NN2 (_( calcd_VV0 :_: 13.0%_FO )_) ._. 
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In_II the_AT solid_JJ state_NN1 structure_NN1 ,_, the_AT cooperative_JJ hydrogen_NN1 bonding_NN1 along_II21 with_II22 C–H_NP1 and_CC interactions_NN2 form_VV0 a_AT1 3D_NNU supramolecular_JJ architecture_NN1 (_( Fig_NN1 ._. 
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S1_FO ,_, ESI_NP1 )_) ._. 
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A_AT1 relatively_RR small_JJ number_NN1 of_IO cups_NN2 was_VBDZ obtained_VVN for_IF As_RG ,_, Cd_NN1 and_CC Pb_FO ,_, which_DDQ is_VBZ summarised_VVN in_II Table_NN1 4_MC ._. 
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<s>
These_DD2 quantities_NN2 can_VM be_VBI expressed_VVN simply_RR as_CSA ,_, When_CS comparing_VVG the_AT two_MC methods_NN2 ,_, an_AT1 F_ZZ1 test_NN1 was_VBDZ first_MD done_VDN to_TO determine_VVI if_CSW there_EX was_VBDZ a_AT1 significant_JJ difference_NN1 in_II precision_NN1 between_II the_AT two_MC sets_NN2 of_IO results_NN2 and_CC then_RT the_AT appropriate_JJ Student_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 t-test_NN1 was_VBDZ applied_VVN ._. 
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Therefore_RR ,_, the_AT absolute_JJ configuration_NN1 of_IO compound_NN1 1_MC1 was_VBDZ determined_VVN to_TO be_VBI ,_, -_- 19R,20R,21R_FO (_( CCDC_NP1 1869563_MC ,_, Figure_NN1 3_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
We_PPIS2 analyze_VV0 the_AT coefficient_NN1 of_IO variation_NN1 between_II unmodified_JJ channels_NN2 ,_, newly_RR modified_JJ channels_NN2 ,_, and_CC channels_NN2 modified_VVD 2.5_MC years_NNT2 ago_RA in_II the_AT intra-assays_NN2 and_CC the_AT inter-assays_NN2 by_II one-way_JJ analysis_NN1 of_IO variance_NN1 via_II SPSS_NP1 statistical_JJ software_NN1 (_( IBM_NP1 ,_, U.S.A._NP1 )_) ._. 
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<s>
Towards_II the_AT east_ND1 the_AT "_" neneo_NN1 "_" (_( Molinum_NP1 spinosum_NN1 )_) becomes_VVZ more_RGR frequent_JJ ._. 
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<s>
First_MD of_IO all_DB it_PPH1 is_VBZ important_JJ to_TO take_VVI into_II account_NN1 the_AT compatibility_NN1 of_IO germylene_NN1 and_CC sulfoxide_NN1 functions_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
In_II the_AT pressure_NN1 range_NN1 P_ZZ1 =_FO 2.0C7.3_FO MPa_NP1 ,_, the_AT contact_NN1 angle_NN1 significantly_RR increased_VVN due_II21 to_II22 strong_JJ oil_NN1 swelling/extraction_FU mechanisms_NN2 and_CC approached_VVD a_AT1 maximum_JJ value_NN1 at_II a_AT1 pressure_NN1 near_II the_AT minimum_JJ miscibility_NN1 pressure_NN1 (_( i.e._REX ,_, MMP_NP1 ?_ZZ1 7.4_MC MPa_NP1 )_) ._. 
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The_AT XPS_NP1 survey_NN1 spectra_NN2 of_IO N/F-HC-X_NP1 samples_NN2 in_II Fig_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
S7_FO show_VV0 a_AT1 dominant_JJ narrow_JJ graphitic_JJ C_NP1 1s_MC2 peak_NN1 at_II 284_MC eV_NN1 ,_, a_AT1 N_NP1 1s_MC2 peak_NN1 at_II ?400_FO eV_NN1 ,_, a_AT1 F_NP1 1s_MC2 peak_NN1 at_II 687_MC eV_NN1 ,_, and_CC a_AT1 weak_JJ O_NP1 1s_MC2 peak_NN1 at_II 531_MC eV_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
These_DD2 clearly_RR demonstrate_VV0 the_AT successful_JJ incorporation_NN1 of_IO nitrogen_NN1 and_CC fluorine_JJ atoms_NN2 within_II the_AT graphitic_JJ structures_NN2 of_IO the_AT N/F-HC-X_NP1 samples_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Sampling_VVG for_IF Hg_FO lasted_VVD 1_MC1 day_NNT1 producing_VVG a_AT1 sample_NN1 volume_NN1 of_IO 40_MC Nm3_FO ._. 
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<s>
For_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, for_IF successful_JJ drug_NN1 delivery_NN1 ,_, the_AT size_NN1 of_IO nanoparticles_NN2 should_VM be_VBI controlled_VVN to_TO be_VBI stable_JJ in_II circulating_VVG system_NN1 and_CC also_RR to_TO pass_VVI through_II the_AT cells_NN2 '_NULL membrane_NN1 to_TO deliver_VVI therapeutic_JJ agents_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT pelletized_JJ EuW_NN1 MOF_NN1 sensor_NN1 exhibited_VVD sensitivity_NN1 to_II variations_NN2 in_II the_AT RH_FO from_II 53%_NNU to_II 100%_NNU at_II an_AT1 optimized_JJ frequency_NN1 of_IO 500_MC Hz_NNU and_CC RT_NP1 (_( refer_VV0 to_II Fig._NN1 3_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
The_AT captured_VVN TCE_NP1 and_CC other_JJ compounds_NN2 were_VBDR then_RT transferred_VVN to_II a_AT1 focuser_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ was_VBDZ comprised_VVN of_IO an_AT1 etched_VVN silicon_NN1 bonded_VVD to_II Pyrex_NN1 glass_NN1 with_IW integrated_JJ resistive_JJ heaters_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT second_MD major_JJ cause_NN1 of_IO image_NN1 deterioration_NN1 is_VBZ the_AT aerodynamic_JJ diffusion–dilution_NN1 of_IO LA_NP1 aerosols_NN2 during_II transport_NN1 from_II the_AT sampling_NN1 cell_NN1 to_II the_AT ICP_NN1 ion_NN1 source15–17_NN1 particularly_RR for_IF a_AT1 normal_JJ LA_NP1 system_NN1 using_VVG a_AT1 large-volume_JJ sample_NN1 cell_NN1 and_CC a_AT1 transfer_NN1 tubing_NN1 that_CST is_VBZ ca._NNU 4_MC mm_NNU in_II diameter_NN1 (_( Fig._NN1 1c_FO )_) ._. 
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<s>
Additionally_RR ,_, while_CS lysozyme_NN1 has_VHZ a_AT1 net_JJ positive_JJ charge_NN1 due_II21 to_II22 its_APPGE pI_NN1 of_IO 11.5_MC ,_, it_PPH1 exhibited_VVD significant_JJ reduction_NN1 in_II extraction_NN1 efficiency_NN1 with_IW the_AT standard_JJ EDC/sulfo-NHS_FU immobilization_NN1 approach_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
One_PN1 would_VM have_VHI to_TO restart_VVI the_AT whole_JJ synthesis_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT U-251_FO cells_NN2 '_NULL altered_JJ morphology_NN1 and_CC detachment_NN1 in_II31 response_II32 to_II33 the_AT prolonged_JJ ionomycin_NN1 stimulation_NN1 are_VBR the_AT behavior_NN1 of_IO early_JJ apoptosis_NN1 ;_; this_DD1 observation_NN1 is_VBZ consistent_JJ with_IW a_AT1 previous_JJ report_NN1 where_CS ionomycin_NN1 markedly_RR induced_VVN U-251_FO cell_NN1 apoptosis.74_FO As_II such_DA ,_, the_AT phenomenon_NN1 of_IO unchanged_JJ peak_NN1 calcium_NN1 concentration_NN1 may_VM be_VBI attributed_VVN to_II the_AT early_JJ apoptosis_NN1 of_IO U-251_FO cells_NN2 in_II31 response_II32 to_II33 the_AT prolonged_JJ ionomycin_NN1 stimulation_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ further_RRR influences_VVZ the_AT Ca2+_FO release_NN1 ._. 
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Below_II these_DD2 limits_NN2 ,_, the_AT m-scale_JJ spatial_JJ distribution_NN1 of_IO specific_JJ analytes_NN2 (_( Ca_NP1 ,_, Fe_NP1 ,_, K_ZZ1 ,_, Mn_FO ,_, Zn_NP1 )_) was_VBDZ preserved_VVN ._. 
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The_AT modes_NN2 at_II around_RG 135_MC cm1_FO ,_, in_II the_AT range_NN1 of_IO 200–450_MCMC cm1_FO and_CC ≥450_FO cm1_FO can_VM be_VBI assigned_VVN to_II A1_FO symmetry_NN1 associated_VVN with_IW A–O_NP1 ,_, B–O_NP1 ,_, and_CC BO6_FO vibrations.25–27_NNU It_PPH1 can_VM be_VBI found_VVN that_CST cations_NN2 at_II the_AT A-sites_NN2 are_VBR particularly_RR more_RGR critical_JJ to_II structure_NN1 evolution_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Among_II sensors_NN2 based_VVN on_II small_JJ molecules_NN2 ,_, perhaps_RR the_AT best_RRT known_VVN examples_NN2 which_DDQ illustrate_VV0 the_AT logic_NN1 of_IO the_AT approach_NN1 are_VBR the_AT supramolecular_JJ photoinduced_JJ electron_NN1 transfer_NN1 (_( PET_NN1 )_) sensors_NN2 for_IF alkali_NN1 metal_NN1 ions_NN2 initially_RR developed_VVN by_II the_AT group_NN1 of_IO de_NP1 Silva14,15_FO which_DDQ have_VH0 been_VBN immobilized_VVN on_II a_AT1 polymer_NN1 and_CC integrated_VVN in_II a_AT1 commercially_RR available_JJ device_NN1 (_( Fig._NN1 1_MC1 )_) used_VVD worldwide_RL for_IF the_AT determination_NN1 of_IO the_AT so-called_JJ critical_JJ care_NN1 analytes_NN2 among_II which_DDQ are_VBR the_AT electrolytes_NN2 Na+_FO ,_, K+_FO ,_, Ca2+_FO and_CC Cl_FO ._. 
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Among_II a_AT1 number_NN1 of_IO gas_NN1 analyzers_NN2 ,_, portable_JJ gas_NN1 chromatography_NN1 (_( GC_NP1 )_) systems_NN2 created_VVN by_II the_AT integration_NN1 of_IO microfabricated_JJ components_NN2 are_VBR promising_JJ candidates_NN2 for_IF rapid_JJ and_CC on-site_JJ analysis_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 number_NN1 of_IO complex_JJ chemical_JJ mixtures_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Because_CS inhomogeneous_JJ gas_NN1 transport_NN1 between_II the_AT anterior_JJ and_CC posterior_JJ part_NN1 of_IO the_AT sample_NN1 activates_VVZ the_AT pumping_NN1 effect_NN1 ,_, bubbles_NN2 can_VM be_VBI visualized_VVN on_II the_AT surface_NN1 of_IO the_AT microdevice_NN1 inside_II the_AT water_NN1 bath_NN1 ._. 
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One_MC1 of_IO the_AT stem-loop_JJ DNAs_NN2 (_( FDNA_NP1 )_) is_VBZ labeled_VVN with_IW a_AT1 fluorophore_NN1 at_II its_APPGE 5-terminus_NN1 and_CC with_IW a_AT1 quencher_NN1 at_II its_APPGE 3-terminus_NN1 to_TO form_VVI a_AT1 molecular_JJ beacon_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ can_VM produce_VVI an_AT1 easily_RR readout_VV0 signal_NN1 by_II DNA_NN1 hybridization_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
A_AT1 laboratory_NN1 biogas_NN2 reactor_NN1 was_VBDZ designed_VVN to_TO operate_VVI biogas_NN2 production_NN1 on_II a_AT1 miniaturized_JJ scale_NN1 and_CC analyze_VV0 it_PPH1 using_VVG the_AT Raman_NN1 gas_NN1 sensor_NN1 (_( Fig._NN1 5A_FO )_) ._. 
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<s>
Microfluidics_NN1 allows_VVZ integration_NN1 of_IO multiple_JJ steps_NN2 of_IO a_AT1 complex_JJ molecular_JJ process_NN1 on_II a_AT1 single_JJ chip_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ minimizes_VVZ sample_NN1 loss_NN1 due_JJ to_TO transfer_VVI ._. 
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<s>
A_AT1 mixture_NN1 of_IO trihaloboranes_NN2 triggers_VVZ this_DD1 conversion_NN1 and_CC exhibits_VVZ improved_JJ reactivity_NN1 profiles_NN2 (_( regioselectivity_NN1 and_CC yield_NN1 )_) compared_VVN with_IW BBr3_FO alone_RR ._. 
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After_II introducing_VVG the_AT fundamental_JJ aspects_NN2 and_CC instrumentation_NN1 available_JJ for_IF both_DB2 techniques_NN2 ,_, this_DD1 paper_NN1 presents_VVZ the_AT developments_NN2 in_II the_AT quantitative_JJ analysis_NN1 focused_VVN on_II the_AT analysis_NN1 of_IO plant_NN1 leaves_NN2 ,_, wherein_RRQ the_AT key_JJ aspects_NN2 and_CC challenges_NN2 concerning_II field_NN1 sampling_NN1 protocols_NN2 ,_, sample_NN1 preparation_NN1 ,_, and_CC calibration_NN1 ,_, are_VBR approached_VVN ._. 
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<s>
Thanks_II21 to_II22 the_AT 3-fold_JJ enhancement_NN1 of_IO sensitivity_NN1 by_II the_AT humidifier_NN1 (_( Figure_NN1 S7E_FO )_) ,_, it_PPH1 was_VBDZ easy_JJ to_TO perform_VVI MS/MS_NN1 imaging_VVG to_TO separate_VVI these_DD2 two_MC species_NN ._. 
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<s>
For_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, Venkataragavalu_NP1 Sivagnanam_NP1 et_NP1 al.113_FO have_VH0 detected_VVN membrane_NN1 proteins_NN2 5D10_FO in_II single_JJ MCF-7_MC cells_NN2 using_VVG a_AT1 heterogeneous_JJ immunofluorescence_NN1 assay_NN1 on_II a_AT1 modified_JJ microchip_NN1 ._. 
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As_CSA expected_VVN ,_, the_AT average_JJ pore_NN1 sizes_NN2 of_IO DT0_FO ,_, DT0.01_FO and_CC DT0.02_FO decreased_VVN and_CC the_AT pore_NN1 volumes_NN2 increased_VVN ._. 
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<s>
Base_NN1 type_NN1 catalysts_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 trimethylamine_NN1 (_( TEA_NN1 )_) ,_, DABCO_NP1 ,_, The_AT number_NN1 of_IO DNA/AgNC-positive_NN1 cells_NN2 at_II the_AT Cy5_FO channel_NN1 and_CC total_JJ cell_NN1 number_NN1 at_II the_AT DAPI_JJ channel_NN1 were_VBDR quantified_VVN and_CC averaged_VVN from_II five_MC randomly_RR chosen_VVN microscopic_JJ fields_NN2 (_( magnification_NN1 ×200_FO ,_, 40–100_MCMC cells_NN2 from_II each_DD1 microscopic_JJ field_NN1 )_) ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 device_NN1 incorporates_VVZ several_DA2 channels_NN2 of_IO a_AT1 constant_JJ volume_NN1 that_CST aspirate_JJ blood_NN1 (_( 5_MC or_CC 10_MC L_ZZ1 )_) from_II the_AT finger_NN1 ,_, and_CC further_RRR deposit_VV0 it_PPH1 onto_II a_AT1 clinical_JJ FP_NP1 (_( see_VV0 Fig._NN1 3b_FO )_) ._. 
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FAIMS_NN2 can_VM be_VBI used_VVN either_RR to_TO determine_VVI a_AT1 particular_JJ ion_NN1 ,_, or_CC in_II a_AT1 scanning_NN1 mode_NN1 to_TO detect_VVI a_AT1 wide_JJ range_NN1 of_IO compounds_NN2 &lsqb;_( 29_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, enabling_VVG both_RR targeted_VVN and_CC screening_VVG analysis_NN1 ,_, and_CC also_RR the_AT use_NN1 of_IO statistical_JJ data_NN analysis_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT application_NN1 of_IO LA-ICP-MS_NP1 for_IF the_AT analysis_NN1 of_IO breast_NN1 cancer_NN1 tissues_NN2 was_VBDZ presented_VVN by_II de_NP1 Vega_NP1 et_NP1 al.127_FO to_TO demonstrate_VVI the_AT distribution_NN1 of_IO Ca_NP1 ,_, Cu_FO ,_, Fe_NP1 and_CC Zn_NP1 in_II the_AT growth_NN1 of_IO tumours_NN2 ._. 
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The_AT silicone_NN1 was_VBDZ then_RT allowed_VVN to_TO cure_VVI ._. 
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The_AT discrimination_NN1 results_NN2 of_IO the_AT ELM_NN1 model_NN1 are_VBR shown_VVN in_II Fig._NN1 3_MC ._. 
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Analysis_NN1 of_IO cell_NN1 metabolism_NN1 is_VBZ a_AT1 still_JJ challenge_NN1 because_II21 of_II22 its_APPGE complex_JJ microenvironment_NN1 and_CC low_JJ content_NN1 ._. 
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In_II this_DD1 context_NN1 ,_, literature_NN1 non-destructive_JJ analytical_JJ methods_NN2 have_VH0 been_VBN reported_VVN ,_, based_VVN on_II first-_JJ and_CC second-order_JJ multivariate_JJ models_NN2 combined_VVN with_IW vibrational_JJ spectroscopy_NN1 and_CC spectroscopic_JJ imaging_NN1 ,_, allowing_VVG for_IF non-invasive_JJ analysis_NN1 in_II intact_JJ pharmaceutical_JJ products_NN2 &lsqb;_( 21_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, &lsqb;_( 22_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, &lsqb;_( 23_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, &lsqb;_( 24_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
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<s>
Bypassing_VVG any_DD dephosphorylation_NN1 steps_NN2 in_II the_AT library_NN1 preparation_NN1 allows_VVZ for_IF entry_NN1 of_IO 3?-OH_UH RNAs_NN2 only_RR into_II the_AT library_NN1 in_II contrast_NN1 to_II other_JJ methods_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 the_AT labeling_JJ procedure_NN1 for_IF microarray_NN1 in_II which_DDQ dephosphorylation_NN1 is_VBZ used_VVN to_TO avoid_VVI the_AT formation_NN1 of_IO concatamers_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Laminar_JJ flow_NN1 is_VBZ a_AT1 typical_JJ flow_NN1 profile_NN1 in_II microfluidic_JJ devices_NN2 dominated_VVN by_II molecular_JJ diffusion_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ can_VM be_VBI precisely_RR controlled_VVN for_IF achieving_VVG highly_RR efficient_JJ mass_JJ transport_NN1 between_II streams_NN2 with_IW different_JJ species.122_FO Efficient_JJ mixing_NN1 within_II microfluidic_JJ channels_NN2 has_VHZ been_VBN proven_VVN to_TO improve_VVI the_AT reaction_NN1 rate123_FO and_CC can_VM be_VBI integrated_VVN with_IW various_JJ sample_NN1 processing_NN1 methods_NN2 and_CC molecular_JJ Our_APPGE research_NN1 group_NN1 has_VHZ previously_RR developed_VVN an_AT1 ExoSearch_NN1 chip_NN1 with_IW a_AT1 serpentine_JJ microfluidic_JJ mixer_NN1 to_TO enhance_VVI immunomagnetic_JJ bead-based_JJ exosome_JJ isolation_NN1 and_CC detection.105_FO This_DD1 highly_RR efficient_JJ mass_JJ transport_NN1 as_II31 well_II32 as_II33 a_AT1 high_JJ surface-to-volume_JJ ratio_NN1 of_IO the_AT microstructures_NN2 perfectly_RR meet_VV0 the_AT needs_NN2 of_IO surface_NN1 engineering_NN1 for_IF either_RR delivering_VVG hydrophobic_JJ therapeutics_NN1 to_II exosome_JJ membrane_NN1 or_CC facilitating_VVG affinity_NN1 binding_VVG reactions_NN2 ._. 
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FSS_NP1 is_VBZ thus_RR the_AT ubiquitous_JJ mechanical_JJ stressor_NN1 in_II microfluidic_JJ systems_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Using_VVG these_DD2 calibration_NN1 plots_NN2 ,_, some_DD fluoride_NN1 samples_NN2 prepared_VVN by_II diluting_VVG Merck_NP1 single_JJ element_NN1 fluoride_NN1 standards_NN2 in_II Milli-Q_NP1 water_NN1 were_VBDR analyzed_VVN for_IF F._NP1 The_AT TXRF_NP1 results_NN2 obtained_VVN are_VBR shown_VVN in_II Table_NN1 2_MC ._. 
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Thus_RR ,_, each_DD1 well_RR contained_VVD 15_MC l_NNU of_IO test_NN1 solution_NN1 (_( 34_MC nM_FU polymerized_JJ tubulin_NN1 ,_, 80_MC mM_NNU d-glucose_NN1 ,_, 0.01_MC mg_NNU ml1_FO catalase_NN1 ,_, 40_MC mM_NNU DTT_NP1 ,_, 10_MC M_NNO taxol_NN1 ,_, 1_MC1 mM_NNU ATP_NN1 ,_, 0.67_MC mg_NNU ml1_FO pyranose_NN1 oxidase_NN1 and_CC the_AT given_JJ concentrations_NN2 of_IO inhibitor_NN1 in_II BRB80_FO )_) ._. 
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This_DD1 work_NN1 provides_VVZ a_AT1 new_JJ ,_, easily_RR accessible_JJ bridging_JJ unit_NN1 for_IF the_AT TPE_NN1 framework_NN1 with_IW a_AT1 red-shifted_JJ emission_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT magnetization_NN1 curves_NN2 at_II the_AT 5_MC min_NNU synthesis_NN1 mark_NN1 (_( Figure_NN1 8_MC )_) exhibit_VV0 fluctuations_NN2 similar_JJ to_II those_DD2 of_IO δnifBZ_FO MoFe_NP1 protein+NifZ_FO (_( Figure_NN1 5_MC )_) ,_, suggesting_VVG that_CST both_DB2 proteins_NN2 contain_VV0 similar_JJ paramagnetic_JJ clusters_NN2 ._. 
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However_RR ,_, in_II older_JJR times_NNT2 ,_, the_AT great_JJ limitation_NN1 of_IO the_AT kinetic-catalytic_JJ methods_NN2 was_VBDZ the_AT reproducibility_NN1 because_CS the_AT analytical_JJ signals_NN2 obtained_VVN are_VBR highly_RR dependent_JJ of_IO the_AT time_NNT1 required_VVN for_IF the_AT mixing_NN1 ,_, reaction_NN1 and_CC data_NN acquisition_NN1 steps_NN2 &lsqb;_( 13_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, &lsqb;_( 28_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
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Carbon_NN1 capture_NN1 ,_, storage_NN1 ,_, and_CC utilization_NN1 technologies_NN2 target_VV0 a_AT1 reduction_NN1 in_II net_NN1 CO2_FO emissions_NN2 to_TO mitigate_VVI greenhouse_NN1 gas_NN1 effects_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
As_CSA hydration_NN1 levels_NN2 increase_VV0 ,_, the_AT formed_JJ molecular_JJ clusters_NN2 are_VBR predominantly_RR determined_VVN by_II water–hydroxide_NN1 interactions_NN2 ,_, and_CC QA_NN1 chemistry_NN1 has_VHZ limited_VVN impact_NN1 on_II interactions_NN2 with_IW hydroxide_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT analysis_NN1 of_IO bloodstain_NN1 patterns_NN2 can_VM help_VVI in_II the_AT evaluation_NN1 of_IO the_AT modus_NN121 operandi_NN122 of_IO crime_NN1 which_DDQ ultimately_RR facilitates_VVZ the_AT reconstruction_NN1 of_IO crime_NN1 event_NN1 ._. 
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Correlation_NN1 on_II the_AT location_NN1 of_IO each_DD1 QD-containing_JJ bead_NN1 and_CC the_AT final_JJ fluorescent_JJ signal_NN1 facilitated_VVD multiplexed_JJ detection_NN1 &lsqb;_( 88_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, and_CC the_AT strategy_NN1 was_VBDZ validated_VVN using_VVG clinical_JJ samples_NN2 &lsqb;_( 89_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
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The_AT channel_NN1 floors_NN2 had_VHD an_AT1 average_JJ surface_NN1 roughness_NN1 of_IO 0.90_MC m_NNU (_( Fig._NN1 2f_RA ,_, Table_NN1 1_MC1 )_) ._. 
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The_AT red_NN1 and_CC blue_JJ boxes_NN2 indicate_VV0 exon_NN1 28_MC MU/WT_NN1 and_CC exon_NN1 12_MC MU/WT_NN1 ,_, respectively_RR ._. 
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The_AT crystal_NN1 structure_NN1 of_IO the_AT CZTS_NP1 films_NN2 was_VBDZ characterized_VVN by_II an_AT1 X-ray_NN1 diffractometer_NN1 (_( SmartLab_NP1 ,_, Rigaku_NP1 )_) using_VVG the_AT grazing_JJ angle_NN1 method_NN1 (_( =_FO 0.5°_FO fixed_JJ ,_, 2_MC θ_NULL :_: 10–80°_FO )_) ._. 
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Furthermore_RR ,_, controllable_JJ fluorescence_NN1 changes_NN2 of_IO the_AT coordination_NN1 polymers_NN2 based_VVN on_II the_AT reversible_JJ SCSC_NP1 transformation_NN1 were_VBDR observed_VVN ._. 
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The_AT samples_NN2 were_VBDR prepared_VVN by_II adding_VVG powdered_JJ sample_NN1 (_( 0.5_MC g_NNU ,_, accurately_RR weighed_VVN )_) and_CC concentrated_JJ HNO3_FO (_( 6.00_MC mL_NNU )_) to_II each_DD1 vessel_NN1 ._. 
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This_DD1 LASH-based_JJ microarray_NN1 is_VBZ a_AT1 simple_JJ ,_, rapid_JJ ,_, sensitive_JJ ,_, and_CC easy-to-use_JJ approach_NN1 that_CST can_VM be_VBI applied_VVN to_II disease_NN1 diagnosis_NN1 ._. 
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We_PPIS2 have_VH0 made_VVN similar_JJ core–shell_NN1 structures_NN2 before_RT that_CST are_VBR unstable_JJ ,_, This_DD1 provides_VVZ high_JJ sensitivity_NN1 and_CC selectivity_NN1 since_CS AuNPs_NN2 attach_VV0 to_II platform_NN1 quite_RG simply_RR ._. 
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EDQM_NP1 direction_NN1 for_IF ICRS_NN2 is_VBZ that_CST '_NULL The_AT potential_JJ toxicity_NN1 of_IO certain_JJ reference_NN1 standards_NN2 is_VBZ such_CS21 that_CS22 special_JJ precautions_NN2 are_VBR needed_VVN during_II use_NN1 to_TO avoid_VVI contact_NN1 ._. 
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If_CS drinking_VVG water_NN1 contains_VVZ As_CSA ,_, the_AT body_NN1 will_VM show_VVI a_AT1 variety_NN1 of_IO cancer_NN1 symptoms_NN2 (_( Fig._NN1 5_MC )_) ._. 
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The_AT analytical_JJ performance_NN1 of_IO this_DD1 device_NN1 was_VBDZ able_JK to_TO be_VBI employed_VVN for_IF the_AT early_JJ detection_NN1 of_IO foodborne_JJ pathogens_NN2 ,_, which_DDQ was_VBDZ determined_VVN by_II application_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 real_JJ sample_NN1 in_II combination_NN1 with_IW the_AT immunomagnetic_JJ separation-based_JJ cell_NN1 enrichment_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT results_NN2 of_IO these_DD2 calculations_NN2 show_VV0 that_CST the_AT tetra-iridium_JJ pathway_NN1 ,_, in_II which_DDQ iridium_NN1 insertion_NN1 occurs_VVZ in_II a_AT1 stepwise_JJ manner_NN1 ,_, has_VHZ the_AT lowest_JJT energy_NN1 ._. 
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A_AT1 representative_JJ example_NN1 of_IO the_AT obtained_VVN U_JJ isotope_NN1 ratios_NN2 for_IF the_AT U-030_FO reference_NN1 material_NN1 is_VBZ shown_VVN in_II Fig._NN1 1B_FO together_RL with_IW the_AT corresponding_JJ certified_JJ U_JJ isotope_NN1 ratios_NN2 and_CC their_APPGE respective_JJ uncertainties_NN2 ._. 
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They_PPHS2 are_VBR noncovalent_JJ forces_NN2 and_CC have_VH0 no_AT directional_JJ characteristics_NN2 ._. 
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As_II31 well_II32 as_II33 problems_NN2 caused_VVN by_II the_AT low_JJ abundance_NN1 of_IO 135Cs_FO and_CC 137Cs_FO they_PPHS2 encountered_VVD scatter_VV0 and_CC spectral_JJ interference_NN1 using_VVG ion_NN1 counting_NN1 detectors_NN2 ._. 
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In_II the_AT current_JJ work_NN1 ,_, the_AT nitroxide_NN1 radical_NN1 groups_NN2 are_VBR utilized_VVN to_TO functionalize_VVI the_AT nucleobases_NN2 ,_, obtaining_VVG the_AT nucleobase_NN1 diradical_JJ building_NN1 blocks_NN2 for_IF magnetic_JJ DNA_NN1 with_IW significant_JJ ferromagnetic_JJ or_CC antiferromagnetic_JJ coupling_NN1 characteristics_NN2 ._. 
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This_DD1 type_NN1 of_IO iridium(iii)_NN2 complex_NN1 possesses_VVZ a_AT1 high_JJ cationic_JJ character_NN1 (_( charge_NN1 +_FO 3_MC )_) ,_, which_DDQ displays_VVZ the_AT following_JJ advantages_NN2 :_: (_( i_ZZ1 )_) three_MC anionic_JJ iridium(iii)_NN2 complexes_NN2 are_VBR required_VVN for_IF the_AT formation_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 soft_JJ salt_NN1 complex_NN1 ,_, and_CC (_( ii_MC )_) the_AT electrostatic_JJ interactions_NN2 with_IW the_AT anionic_JJ iridium(iii)_NN2 complex_NN1 would_VM be_VBI strong_JJ ._. 
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As_II a_AT1 representative_NN1 for_IF the_AT rigid_JJ materials_NN2 used_VVN for_IF fabrication_NN1 of_IO micromodels_NN2 ,_, glass_NN1 substrates_NN2 were_VBDR also_RR coated_VVN with_IW montmorillonite_NN1 and_CC kaolinite_NN1 using_VVG LbL_NP1 modification_NN1 procedures_NN2 ._. 
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The_AT photocatalytic_JJ activities_NN2 of_IO the_AT Ag/AgBr/CTF_FU composites_NN2 were_VBDR evaluated_VVN via_II the_AT inactivation_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 Gram-negative_JJ bacterium_NN1 E._NP1 coli_NN2 K-12_FO and_CC a_AT1 Gram-positive_JJ bacterium_NN1 S._NP1 aureus_NN in_II saline_JJ solution_NN1 (_( 0.9%_FO NaCl_NN1 )_) under_II visible_JJ light_JJ irradiation_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Table_NN1 1_MC1 summarizes_VVZ the_AT catalytic_JJ performance_NN1 of_IO some_DD representative_JJ metal_NN1 phosphide_NN1 materials_NN2 ,_, clearly_RR indicating_VVG the_AT superiority_NN1 of_IO supported_JJ catalysts_NN2 ._. 
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We_PPIS2 investigated_VVD the_AT lattice_NN1 dynamics_NN and_CC thermal_JJ conductivity_NN1 of_IO the_AT Co-substituted_JJ quaternary_JJ compound_NN1 CZTSe_NN1 ._. 
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Decreasing_VVG the_AT loading_NN1 of_IO both_DB2 EtOTf_VV0 and_CC 2,6-DTBMP_FO reduced_JJ yield_NN1 to_II 80%_NNU (_( entry_NN1 4_MC )_) ._. 
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Complexes_NN2 of_IO the_AT three_MC later-lanthanide_JJ ions_NN2 provide_VV0 new_JJ examples_NN2 on_II which_DDQ to_TO evaluate_VVI magnetic_JJ models_NN2 for_IF 4f–5d_NN1 electron_NN1 interactions_NN2 in_II 4fn5d1_FO ions_NN2 ,_, and_CC the_AT Ho_NP1 and_CC Dy_JJ complexes_NN2 provide_VV0 new_JJ examples_NN2 of_IO single-ion_JJ magnetic_JJ moments_NN2 over_RG 11_MC B._NP1 (_( 39_MC )_) Dy2+_FO and_CC Ho2+_FO have_VH0 magnetic_JJ ground_NN1 states_NN2 ,_, J_ZZ1 ,_, that_CST arise_VV0 from_II their_APPGE combined_JJ S_ZZ1 and_CC L_ZZ1 values_NN2 ._. 
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The_AT clamping_JJ force_NN1 at_II the_AT time_NNT1 of_IO injection_NN1 was_VBDZ set_VVN at_II 130_MC tons_NNU2 with_IW a_AT1 maximum_JJ injection_NN1 pressure_NN1 of_IO 55_MC bar_NN1 ,_, 15_MC seconds_NNT2 of_IO cycle_NN1 time_NNT1 ,_, and_CC a_AT1 220_MC °C_NNU nozzle_NN1 temperature_NN1 ._. 
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On_II the_AT other_JJ hand_NN1 ,_, the_AT L-TALELINE1(NG)-Sm_NP1 and_CC R-TALELINE1-Lg_NP1 pair_NN showed_VVD similar_JJ luminescence_NN1 intensities_NN2 on_II C_NP1 and_CC 5mC_NNU oligo_NN1 DNAs_NN2 ,_, consistent_JJ with_IW the_AT similar_JJ Kd_NP1 values_NN2 of_IO L-TALELINE1(NG)-Sm_NP1 to_II C_NP1 and_CC 5mC_NNU oligo_NN1 DNAs_NN2 obtained_VVN from_II EMSA_NP1 (_( Fig._NN1 2C_FO and_CC S2B_FO )_) ._. 
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Moreover_RR ,_, in_RR21 vivo_RR22 (_( bio_NN1 )_) sensors_NN2 with_IW high_JJ selectivity_NN1 and_CC sensitivity_NN1 could_VM also_RR be_VBI developed_VVN by_II exploiting_VVG intrinsic_JJ electrochemical_JJ activity_NN1 of_IO the_AT target_NN1 neurochemicals_NN2 ,_, as_II31 well_II32 as_II33 (_( bio_NN1 )_) sensor_NN1 surface_NN1 functionalization_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ have_VH0 been_VBN well_JJ systematically_RR reviewed_VVN in_II several_DA2 reviews_NN2 and_CC books_NN2 &lsqb;_( 37_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, &lsqb;_( 38_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, &lsqb;_( 39_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, &lsqb;_( 40_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, &lsqb;_( 41_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, &lsqb;_( 42_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, &lsqb;_( 43_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, &lsqb;_( 50_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, &lsqb;_( 51_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, &lsqb;_( 52_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, &lsqb;_( 53_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
A_AT1 single_JJ phase_NN1 was_VBDZ observed_VVN for_IF the_AT composition_NN1 Li1.25BC4_FO in_II the_AT polycrystalline_JJ samples_NN2 of_IO overall_JJ composition_NN1 LixBC_NN1 for_IF different_JJ Li_NP1 contents_NN2 x_ZZ1 from_II 0.5_MC to_II 2.4_MC ,_, synthesized_VVN by_II a_AT1 flux_NN1 method_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT SSB_NP1 technique_NN1 corrected_VVN for_IF instrument_NN1 mass_NN1 bias_NN1 using_VVG Cu_FO as_II the_AT IS_VBZ ._. 
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<s>
The_AT group_NN1 validated_VVD the_AT method_NN1 with_IW multiple_NN1 replicates_VVZ of_IO NIST_NP1 2685c_FO reference_NN1 material_NN1 and_CC a_AT1 sulfur_NN1 impregnated_JJ carbon_NN1 loaded_VVN with_IW Hg_FO ._. 
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<s>
A_AT1 Zorbax_NN1 silica_NN1 (_( 5_MC m_NNU )_) stationary_JJ phase_NN1 was_VBDZ chosen_VVN and_CC this_DD1 provided_CS enough_DD selectivity_NN1 that_CST an_AT1 isocratic_JJ mobile_JJ phase_NN1 could_VM be_VBI utilized_VVN ._. 
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The_AT combination_NN1 of_IO the_AT aforementioned_JJ amphiphilic_JJ behavior_NN1 with_IW the_AT well_NN1 understood_VVD ,_, controllable_JJ ,_, and_CC tunable_JJ properties_NN2 of_IO transition_NN1 metal_NN1 complexes_NN2 leads_VVZ to_II new_JJ materials_NN2 that_CST exhibit_VV0 interfacial_JJ organization_NN1 ,_, along_II21 with_II22 variable_JJ geometric_JJ ,_, charge_NN1 ,_, redox_NN1 ,_, optical_JJ ,_, and_CC magnetic_JJ properties_NN2 ;_; the_AT notion_NN1 of_IO controlled_JJ and_CC reversible_JJ redox_NN1 behaviour_NN1 is_VBZ particularly_RR relevant_JJ ._. 
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<s>
Herein_RR ,_, we_PPIS2 report_VV0 the_AT development_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 facile_JJ hydrothermal_JJ method_NN1 to_TO fabricate_VVI plum_NN1 and_CC octahedron-like_JJ cobalt_NN1 tetroxide_NN1 (_( Co3O4_FO )_) particles_NN2 decorated_VVN with_IW multi-walled_JJ carbon_NN1 nanotube_NN1 (_( MWCNT_NP1 )_) one-dimensional_JJ (_( 1D_NNU )_) hybrid_JJ structures_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Calculated_JJ limits_NN2 of_IO detection_NN1 suggest_VV0 that_CST these_DD2 SERS_NN2 nanotags_NN2 can_VM be_VBI detected_VVN at_II 104_MC fM_NNU using_VVG surface_NN1 enhanced_VVD spatially_RR offset_JJ resonance_NN1 Raman_NN1 scattering_VVG (_( SESORRS_NP2 )_) demonstrating_VVG their_APPGE potential_NN1 for_IF in_JJ21 vivo_JJ22 applications_NN2 ._. 
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A_AT1 linear_JJ regression_NN1 of_IO the_AT observed_JJ melting_NN1 temperature_NN1 versus_II crystallization_NN1 temperature_NN1 plot_NN1 is_VBZ linearly_RR extrapolated_VVN to_II the_AT equilibrium_NN1 line_NN1 ,_, Tm_NP1 Tc_NP1 ,_, to_TO yield_VVI the_AT equilibrium_NN1 melting_NN1 temperature_NN1 &lsqb;_( 23_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
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A_AT1 clear_JJ reversal_NN1 of_IO and_CC β_NULL transition_NN1 strengths_NN2 is_VBZ therefore_RR predicted_VVN under_II perpendicularly_RR polarized_VVN excitation_NN1 conditions_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
On_II the_AT other_JJ hand_NN1 ,_, despite_II the_AT encouraging_JJ results_NN2 obtained_VVN in_II photothermal_JJ sensing_NN1 as_CSA summarized_VVN in_II this_DD1 mini-review_NN1 ,_, there_EX are_VBR still_RR a_AT1 number_NN1 of_IO challenges_NN2 ahead_RL with_II31 respect_II32 to_II33 their_APPGE adaptability_NN1 for_IF recognition_NN1 in_II biological_JJ systems_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Pressure_NN1 p1_FO to_II p4_FO are_VBR monitored_VVN by_II31 means_II32 of_II33 Pirani_JJ gauges_NN2 (_( Pfeiffer_NP1 Vacuum_NN1 ,_, Germany_NP1 )_) ._. 
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X-ray_NN1 flux_NN1 was_VBDZ 1010–1011_MCMC photons_NN2 per_II s_ZZ1 (_( '_NULL microfocus_NN1 '_NULL )_) ._. 
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<s>
Our_APPGE system_NN1 consists_VVZ of_IO a_AT1 sample_NN1 well_NN1 of_IO desired_JJ height_NN1 ,_, an_AT1 outlet_NN1 hole_NN1 in_II the_AT bottom_JJ layer_NN1 of_IO the_AT filtration_NN1 system_NN1 ,_, and_CC a_AT1 run-off_NN1 chamber_NN1 for_IF catching_VVG the_AT urine_NN1 as_CSA it_PPH1 flows_VVZ out_RP the_AT outlet_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
As_CSA mentioned_VVN in_II the_AT introduction_NN1 ,_, the_AT methods_NN2 used_VMK to_TO deform_VVI graphene_NN1 can_VM fall_VVI into_II two_MC categories_NN2 :_: one_MC1 is_VBZ the_AT tension_NN1 test_NN1 and_CC the_AT other_NN1 is_VBZ the_AT bending_NN1 test_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT sample_NN1 with_IW the_AT highest_JJT PLQY_NN1 has_VHZ been_VBN analyzed_VVN ,_, T_ZZ1 =_FO 150_MC °C_NNU ,_, Pb:Sn_FO =_FO 1:2.5_MC molar_JJ ratio_NN1 ,_, and_CC reaction_NN1 time_NNT1 5_MC s_ZZ1 ;_; see_VV0 Table_NN1 1_MC1 ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 suggests_VVZ B_ZZ1 may_VM be_VBI a_AT1 developmental_JJ toxicant_NN1 in_II humans_NN2 and_CC further_JJR study_NN1 in_II other_JJ exposed_JJ populations_NN2 in_II warranted_JJ ._. 
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<s>
Samples_NN2 of_IO random_JJ iPBC5_FO and_CC iPBC6_FO copolymers_NN2 have_VH0 been_VBN prepared_VVN with_IW isospecific_JJ metallocene_NN1 catalysts_NN2 in_II a_AT1 wide_JJ range_NN1 of_IO comonomer_NN1 concentration_NN1 ,_, up_RG21 to_RG22 18.9_MC mol%_FO of_IO pentene_NN1 and_CC 15.8_MC mol%_FO of_IO hexene_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT RSDB_NP1 method_NN1 simply_RR provides_VVZ a_AT1 simple_JJ reference_NN1 point_NN1 to_II previous_JJ efforts_NN2 on_II other_JJ analyzers_NN2 as_II31 well_II32 as_II33 the_AT following_JJ observations_NN2 with_IW CHO_NP1 cell_NN1 media_NN ._. 
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Similarly_RR ,_, a_AT1 recent_JJ study_NN1 on_II localized_JJ DNA_NN1 hybridization_NN1 chain_NN1 reaction_NN1 on_II DNA_NN1 origami_NN2 have_VH0 also_RR revealed_VVN that_CST the_AT localized_JJ on-surface_JJ signal_NN1 transduction_NN1 can_VM be_VBI independent_JJ from_II the_AT diffusion_NN1 of_IO DNA_NN1 strands_NN2 for_IF each_DD1 step_NN1 and_CC thus_RR can_VM provide_VVI faster_JJR reaction_NN1 kinetics_NN1 &lsqb;_( 60_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
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<s>
The_AT higher_JJR pressures_NN2 assayed_VVD seemed_VVD to_TO give_VVI rise_NN1 to_II a_AT1 better_JJR Au_FO interface_NN1 ;_; in_II fact_NN1 ,_, at_II 120_MC Pa_NNU a_AT1 sharp_JJ decrease_NN1 of_IO the_AT signal_NN1 was_VBDZ observed_VVN ._. 
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As_II a_AT1 first_MD step_NN1 ,_, the_AT samples_NN2 are_VBR placed_VVN in_II the_AT loading_NN1 chamber_NN1 (_( 1_MC1 )_) ,_, followed_VVN by_II removal_NN1 of_IO bacterial_JJ cells_NN2 in_II the_AT filtration_NN1 chamber_NN1 (_( 2_MC )_) ._. 
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Over_II time_NNT1 ,_, these_DD2 harmful_JJ events_NN2 cause_VV0 synaptic_JJ dysfunction_NN1 and_CC ,_, ultimately_RR ,_, AD_RA ._. 
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<s>
For_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, a_AT1 photometric_JJ detector_NN1 body_NN1 with_IW an_AT1 integrated_JJ slit_NN1 and_CC housings_NN2 for_IF the_AT light_NN1 emitting_VVG diode_NN1 source_NN1 and_CC the_AT photodiode_NN1 detector_NN1 was_VBDZ 3D_NNU printed_VVN using_VVG FDM_NP1 with_IW black_JJ PLA_NP1 resin_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
As_II a_AT1 result_NN1 ,_, cancer_NN1 cells_NN2 and_CC normal_JJ cells_NN2 have_VH0 been_VBN exactly_RR discriminated_VVN by_II miRNA_NN1 imaging_VVG in_II living_JJ cells_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 result_NN1 is_VBZ very_RG important_JJ because_CS it_PPH1 indicates_VVZ that_CST DRM_NP1 in_II a_AT1 real_JJ gas_NN1 effluent_NN1 ,_, containing_VVG significant_JJ amounts_NN2 of_IO N2_FO ,_, would_VM not_XX cause_VVI problems_NN2 of_IO NOx_NP1 formation_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ are_VBR present_JJ in_II CO2_FO splitting_VVG upon_II the_AT addition_NN1 of_IO N2_FO ._. 
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<s>
It_PPH1 is_VBZ well-known_JJ that_CST X-ray_NN1 or_CC neutron_NN1 diffraction_NN1 can_VM be_VBI employed_VVN to_TO resolve_VVI the_AT long-range_JJ ordered_JJ crystallographic_JJ structures_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Found_VVD :_: C_NP1 ,_, 84.33_MC ;_; H_ZZ1 ,_, 5.78_MC ;_; N_ZZ1 ,_, 9.78_MC ._. 
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<s>
As_CSA can_VM be_VBI seen_VVN in_II Figure_NN1 8b_FO ,_, the_AT average_JJ value_NN1 of_IO the_AT lattice_NN1 parameter_NN1 of_IO the_AT H2L_FO state_VV0 at_II low-temperature_NN1 exceeds_VVZ the_AT value_NN1 of_IO the_AT nonfrustrated_JJ HS_NP2 state_VV0 ,_, R0HS_FO for_IF a_AT1 certain_JJ value_NN1 of_IO ?_FO 1.25_MC ._. 
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<s>
The_AT amount_NN1 of_IO information_NN1 (_( emission_NN1 lines_NN2 )_) available_JJ for_IF each_DD1 element_NN1 is_VBZ therefore_RR huge_JJ and_CC easy_JJ to_II obtain.4_FO However_RR ,_, in_BCL21 order_BCL22 to_TO benefit_VVI from_II all_DB of_IO it_PPH1 ,_, adequate_JJ data_NN processing_NN1 relying_VVG on_II a_AT1 robust_JJ mathematical_JJ approach_NN1 has_VHZ to_TO be_VBI developed_VVN ._. 
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X-ray_NN1 generator_NN1 was_VBDZ run_VVN at_II 40_MC kV_NNU 40_MC mA_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
All_DB in_II all_DB ,_, this_DD1 study_NN1 provided_VVD a_AT1 new_JJ perspective_NN1 of_IO designing_VVG novel_JJ miniature_JJ sample_NN1 pretreatment_NN1 platforms_NN2 applicable_JJ in_II the_AT analysis_NN1 of_IO liquid_NN1 and_CC solid_JJ samples_NN2 with_IW stable_JJ or_CC changing_JJ analyte_NN1 concentrations_NN2 ,_, thus_RR could_VM promote_VVI the_AT applications_NN2 of_IO miniature_JJ sample_NN1 pretreatment_NN1 platforms_NN2 in_II public_JJ security_NN1 ,_, new_JJ drug_NN1 development_NN1 ,_, environmental_JJ protection_NN1 ,_, and_CC many_DA2 other_JJ fields_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Discrepancies_NN2 in_II δ26Mg_FO data_NN obtained_VVN by_II different_JJ laboratories_NN2 for_IF the_AT San_NP1 Carlos_NP1 olivine_NN1 prompted_VVD a_AT1 thorough_JJ investigation_NN1 of_IO the_AT homogeneity_NN1 of_IO this_DD1 material.446_FO Analytical_JJ artefacts_NN2 (_( e.g._REX levels_NN2 of_IO matrix_NN1 removal_NN1 ,_, low_RR Mg_NNU yields_NN2 of_IO column_NN1 chemistry_NN1 ,_, mismatch_NN1 of_IO Mg_NNU concentrations_NN2 and_CC acid_NN1 molarity_NN1 )_) and_CC changes_NN2 in_II δ26Mg_FO values_NN2 of_IO standard_JJ solutions_NN2 during_II long-term_JJ storage_NN1 were_VBDR responsible_JJ for_IF the_AT differences_NN2 rather_II21 than_II22 any_DD heterogeneity_NN1 in_II the_AT Mg_FO isotopic_JJ composition_NN1 of_IO the_AT olivine_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 new_JJ comprehensive_JJ chemistry_NN1 model_NN1 can_VM be_VBI used_VVN to_TO investigate_VVI any_DD desired_JJ multicomponent_JJ mixture_NN1 ,_, containing_VVG CO2_FO ,_, CH4_FO ,_, N2_FO ,_, O2_FO ,_, and_CC H2O_FO in_II its_APPGE feed_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT SAED_JJ pattern_NN1 (_( inset_NN1 of_IO Fig._NN1 3D_NNU )_) further_RRR proves_VVZ the_AT good_JJ polycrystallinity_NN1 of_IO the_AT product_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Concentrations_NN2 in_II plasma_NN1 are_VBR usually_RR high_JJ enough_RR to_TO be_VBI determined_VVN by_II FAAS_NN2 or_CC other_JJ techniques_NN2 but_CCB where_RRQ the_AT available_JJ sample_NN1 volume_NN1 is_VBZ very_RG small_JJ ,_, such_II21 as_II22 from_II young_JJ babies_NN2 ,_, ETAAS_NN2 may_VM be_VBI required_VVN ._. 
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<s>
We_PPIS2 located_VVD three_MC TSs_NP1 on_II the_AT PES_NN2 corresponding_VVG to_II the_AT first_MD elementary_JJ step_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ differ_VV0 by_II rotation_NN1 about_II the_AT forming_VVG C_ZZ1 C_ZZ1 bond_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
On_II the_AT yellow_JJ negative_NN1 of_IO hand_NN1 found_VVN in_II panel_NN1 2_MC of_IO the_AT shelter_NN1 Piedra_NP1 Parada_NP1 1_MC1 ,_, microcline_NN1 was_VBDZ identified_VVN (_( although_CS gypsum_NN1 might_VM also_RR be_VBI present_JJ )_) ._. 
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<s>
After_CS the_AT addition_NN1 of_IO (_( +_FO )_) AuNPs_VVZ ,_, they_PPHS2 could_VM be_VBI electrostatically_RR adsorbed_VVN onto_II the_AT negatively_RR charged_VVN single-stranded_JJ DNA_NN1 (_( ssDNA_NN1 )_) ,_, leading_VVG to_II the_AT vicinity_NN1 of_IO AgNCs_NP2 to_II (_( +_FO )_) AuNPs_VVZ ,_, which_DDQ efficiently_RR quenched_VVD the_AT fluorescence_NN1 signal_NN1 (_( Scheme_NN1 1A_FO )_) ._. 
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<s>
These_DD2 results_NN2 showed_VVD that_CST ASPI-LDA_NP1 is_VBZ a_AT1 rapid_JJ ,_, automatic_JJ and_CC efficient_JJ method_NN1 for_IF classification_NN1 without_IW manual_JJ recognition_NN1 ,_, and_CC it_PPH1 made_VVD up_RP for_IF the_AT weakness_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 compact_JJ spectrometer_NN1 with_IW a_AT1 narrow_JJ spectral_JJ range_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT length_NN1 of_IO the_AT pump_NN1 tubing_NN1 was_VBDZ reduced_VVN to_II 25_MC cm_NNU and_CC no_AT extension_NN1 with_IW connecting_JJ pieces_NN2 was_VBDZ applied_VVN in_BCL21 order_BCL22 to_TO minimize_VVI the_AT dispersion_NN1 of_IO the_AT liquid_JJ sample_NN1 in_II the_AT capillary_NN1 up_II21 to_II22 the_AT microchip_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
However_RR ,_, the_AT potential_JJ toxicity_NN1 makes_VVZ the_AT limit_NN1 of_IO detection_NN1 (_( LOD_NP1 )_) of_IO pesticides_NN2 reported_VVD very_RG low_JJ in_II different_JJ nations_NN2 and_CC organizations_NN2 ,_, so_CS the_AT choice_NN1 of_IO bio-recognition_JJ elements_NN2 seems_VVZ more_RGR essential_JJ ,_, which_DDQ partly_RR affect_VV0 the_AT sensitivity_NN1 and_CC selectivity_NN1 of_IO biosensors_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
We_PPIS2 demonstrate_VV0 the_AT development_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 promising_JJ instrument_NN1 for_IF leak_NN1 detection_NN1 of_IO natural_JJ gas_NN1 and_CC the_AT individual_JJ hydrocarbons_NN2 mentioned_VVD earlier_RRR ._. 
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<s>
The_AT result_NN1 shows_VVZ the_AT excellent_JJ high_JJ capacity_NN1 and_CC long_JJ cycle_NN1 life_NN1 of_IO MoSe2/C_NP1 microspheres_NN2 when_CS used_VVN as_CSA lithium_NN1 ion_NN1 battery_NN1 anodes_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT photoluminescence_NN1 result_NN1 shows_VVZ that_CST the_AT title_NN1 compounds_NN2 have_VH0 potential_JJ application_NN1 prospects_NN2 as_CSA blue_JJ and_CC green_JJ light_JJ emitters_NN2 in_II31 view_II32 of_II33 their_APPGE obvious_JJ emission_NN1 peaks_NN2 centered_VVD at_II 463_MC and_CC 541_MC nm_FU ._. 
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A_ZZ1 (_( BJH_NP1 )_) pore_NN1 size_NN1 distribution_NN1 is_VBZ shown_VVN in_II Fig_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
S5b._FO It_PPH1 shows_VVZ a_AT1 broad_JJ mesoporous_JJ pore_NN1 size_NN1 distribution_NN1 of_IO 8–30_MCMC nm_FU ,_, with_IW a_AT1 total_JJ pore_NN1 volume_NN1 of_IO 0.27_MC cm3_FO g1_FO ._. 
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<s>
The_AT lateral_JJ resolution_NN1 is_VBZ limited_VVN solely_RR by_II the_AT ablation_NN1 crater_NN1 diameter_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
All_DB samples_NN2 were_VBDR deaerated_VVN by_II freeze-and-thaw_JJ cycles_NN2 before_II the_AT EPR_NP1 measurements_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT nucleation_NN1 of_IO F-induced_JJ structures_NN2 from_II 2D_NNU gas_NN1 phase_NN1 begins_VVZ after_II several_DA2 hours_NNT2 and_CC at_II the_AT first_MD stage_NN1 a_AT1 transitional_JJ phase_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ occupies_VVZ a_AT1 significant_JJ part_NN1 of_IO the_AT Cu(001)_FO surface_NN1 free_JJ of_IO fluorofullerene_NN1 molecules_NN2 ,_, is_VBZ formed_VVN ._. 
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<s>
Furthermore_RR ,_, Hotelling_NP1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 T2_FO statistics_NN from_II The_AT Unscrambler_NN1 X_ZZ1 software_NN1 also_RR identified_VVN this_DD1 spectrum_NN1 as_II an_AT1 outlier_JJR ._. 
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<s>
Crystallization_NN1 from_II THF_NP1 at_II 6_MC °C_NNU gave_VVD pale_JJ yellow_JJ crystals_NN2 suitable_JJ for_IF the_AT X-ray_NN1 study_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Therefore_RR ,_, the_AT retention_NN1 must_VM take_VVI place_NN1 through_II a_AT1 coordination_NN1 forming_VVG square-planar_JJ complexes_NN2 by_II substituting_VVG at_RR21 least_RR22 two_MC chlorine_NN1 atoms_NN2 of_IO the_AT initial_NN1 &lsqb;_( PtCl4_FO &rsqb;_) 2_MC and_CC &lsqb;_( PdCl4_FO &rsqb;_) 2_MC ions_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Secondly_RR ,_, most_RGT previous_JJ techniques_NN2 are_VBR feasible_JJ under_II in_RR21 vitro_RR22 experimental_JJ conditions_NN2 only_RR ._. 
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<s>
Amide-directed_JJ ortho-metalation_NN1 (_( DoM_NP1 )_) of_IO 4-MeO_JJ benzamide_NN1 7_MC occurred_VVD regioselectively_RR with_IW sBuLi/TMEDA_FU (_( Scheme_NN1 4a_FO )_) ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 research_NN1 was_VBDZ undertaken_VVN with_IW the_AT assistance_NN1 of_IO resources_NN2 from_II the_AT National_JJ Computational_JJ Infrastructure_NN1 (_( NCI_NP1 )_) ,_, which_DDQ is_VBZ supported_VVN by_II the_AT Australian_JJ Government_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
There_EX are_VBR large_JJ holes_NN2 existing_VVG in_II the_AT frameworks_NN2 ,_, so_RG five_MC identical_JJ 3D_NNU single_JJ nets_NN2 interlocked_VVN with_IW each_PPX221 other_PPX222 to_TO give_VVI a_AT1 5-fold_JJ interpenetrated_JJ structure_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Particle–particle_NN1 as_II31 well_II32 as_II33 particle-FFF_JJ channel/membrane_NN1 interactions_NN2 may_VM occur_VVI leading_VVG to_II retention_NN1 time_NNT1 shifts_NN2 and_CC thus_RR incorrect_JJ particle_NN1 sizing_VVG ._. 
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<s>
Conventional_JJ techniques_NN2 for_IF RNA_NN1 analysis_NN1 like_II northern_JJ blotting_NN1 can_VM not_XX meet_VVI the_AT urgent_JJ need_NN1 for_IF miRNA_NN1 expression_NN1 analysis_NN1 due_II21 to_II22 the_AT low_JJ sensitivity_NN1 and_CC time-consuming_JJ procedures_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
On_II the_AT other_JJ hand_NN1 ,_, the_AT calibration_NN1 curve_NN1 was_VBDZ modified_VVN to_TO make_VVI sure_JJ that_CST the_AT analysed_JJ sample_NN1 was_VBDZ located_VVN at_II the_AT curve_NN1 centroid_NN1 because_CS u(Cij)_NN1 is_VBZ minimum_JJ at_II the_AT centroid_NN1 ._. 
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On_II the_AT contrary_NN1 ,_, the_AT influence_NN1 of_IO the_AT concentration_NN1 and_CC film_NN1 rigidity_NN1 on_II autocatalysis_NN1 would_VM show_VVI the_AT opposite_JJ trend_NN1 ._. 
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A_AT1 visual_JJ inspection_NN1 of_IO the_AT maps_NN2 generated_VVN showed_VVD a_AT1 fair_JJ level_NN1 of_IO homogeneity_NN1 in_II the_AT calibrants_NN2 and_CC some_DD regional_JJ distinction_NN1 in_II the_AT multi-surface_JJ pellets_NN2 ,_, though_CS no_AT formal_JJ statistical_JJ analysis_NN1 was_VBDZ presented_VVN ._. 
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<s>
Through_II detailed_JJ flow_NN1 analyses_VVZ inside_II different_JJ microdevices_NN2 ,_, it_PPH1 has_VHZ been_VBN verified_VVN that_CST pressure-driven_JJ gas-diffusion/permeation_NN1 micropumps_VVZ not_XX only_RR provide_VV0 stable_JJ flow_NN1 over_II a_AT1 long_JJ distance_NN1 ,_, but_CCB can_VM also_RR easily_RR (_( just_RR by_II changing_VVG the_AT microdevice_NN1 dimensions_NN2 and_CC operating_VVG parameters_NN2 )_) modulate_VV0 a_AT1 much_RR wider_JJR range_NN1 of_IO flow_NN1 rates_NN2 than_CSN traditional_JJ self-powered_JJ micropumps_NN2 (_( e.g._REX surface_NN1 tension-driven_NN1 micropumps_NN2 ,_, hydrostatic_JJ pressure-driven_JJ micropumps_NN2 ,_, vacuum-driven_JJ gas-diffusion/permeation_NN1 micropumps_NN2 ,_, and_CC micropumps_NN2 )_) ._. 
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<s>
By_II adaptively_RR modulating_VVG the_AT prism_NN1 angle_NN1 to_TO compensate_VVI for_IF sunlight_NN1 variations_NN2 outside_RL ,_, the_AT lighting_NN1 power_NN1 can_VM be_VBI constantly_RR maintained_VVN ._. 
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<s>
As_II no_AT solutes_NN2 can_VM elute_VVI before_II the_AT void_JJ time_NNT1 (_( 0.4_MC )_) min_NNU in_II 2D_NNU ,_, a_AT1 fair_JJ coverage_NN1 of_IO the_AT available_JJ separation_NN1 space_NN1 is_VBZ achieved_VVN ._. 
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The_AT bracketing_JJ approach_NN1 was_VBDZ applied_VVN for_IF quantification_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Among_II all_DB solid-phase_JJ sorbents_NN2 in_II biomacromolecule_NN1 extraction_NN1 ,_, metal-organic_JJ frameworks_NN2 (_( MOFs_NP2 )_) stand_VV0 out_RP by_II virtue_NN1 of_IO their_APPGE ultrahigh_NN1 specific_JJ surface_NN1 area_NN1 ,_, well-defined_JJ pore_NN1 structure_NN1 ,_, tunable_JJ chemistry_NN1 and_CC efficient_JJ size_NN1 exclusion_NN1 effect_NN1 etc_RA ._. 
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<s>
In_II order_NN1 to_II more_RGR efficiently_RR design_VV0 paper_NN1 microfluidic_JJ devices_NN2 ,_, good_JJ models_NN2 of_IO fluid_NN1 flow_NN1 through_II porous_JJ paper_NN1 membranes_NN2 are_VBR required_VVN ._. 
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<s>
Six_MC uncoordinated_JJ bonds_NN2 are_VBR present_JJ in_II its_APPGE vicinity_NN1 and_CC the_AT net_JJ atomic_JJ relaxation_NN1 is_VBZ approximately_RR 0.12_MC ?_AT1 inward_JJ (_( outward_RL )_) for_IF the_AT neutral_JJ (_( 1_MC1 )_) charge_NN1 state_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT modified_JJ method_NN1 was_VBDZ evaluated_VVN by_II using_VVG offline_RR characterized_VVN in-house_JJ reference_NN1 materials_NN2 ,_, such_II21 as_II22 chloroethenes_NN2 ,_, chloroacetic_JJ acid_NN1 and_CC hexachlorocyclohexenes_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT resulting_JJ precipitate_NN1 was_VBDZ collected_VVN by_II centrifugation_NN1 ,_, washed_VVN with_IW DMF_NP1 and_CC CH2Cl2_FO consecutively_RR three_MC times_NNT2 and_CC dried_VVN in_II a_AT1 vacuum_NN1 at_II room_NN1 temperature_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 last_MD observation_NN1 is_VBZ consistent_JJ with_IW the_AT result_NN1 of_IO the_AT shift_NN1 of_IO the_AT peak_NN1 of_IO crystallization_NN1 temperature_NN1 in_II the_AT cooling_JJ process_NN1 already_RR mentioned_VVN ._. 
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<s>
That_REX21 is_REX22 ,_, the_AT optimal_JJ threshold_NN1 value_NN1 should_VM be_VBI selected_VVN to_TO ensure_VVI that_CST the_AT FRR_NP1 and_CC the_AT FAR_JJ are_VBR as_RG low_JJ as_CSA possible_JJ ._. 
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<s>
Simulated_JJ gastric_JJ juice_NN1 was_VBDZ prepared_VVN by_II mixing_VVG 2.0_MC g_NNU of_IO NaCl_NN1 (_( Bioshop_NP1 )_) ,_, 3.2_MC g_NNU of_IO pepsin_NN1 (_( Sigma-Aldrich_NP1 ,_, Steinhein_NP1 ,_, Germany_NP1 )_) and_CC 7.0_MC mL_NNU of_IO sub-boiled_JJ HCl_NP1 and_CC diluting_VVG to_II 1_MC1 L_ZZ1 with_IW DDW_NP1 ._. 
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<s>
If_CS further_JJR error_NN1 reduction_NN1 is_VBZ required_VVN ,_, averaging_VVG techniques_NN2 and_CC low-pass_NN1 filtering_NN1 may_VM also_RR be_VBI implemented_VVN in_II longer_JJR experimental_JJ time_NNT1 scales_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT correlation_NN1 plot_NN1 between_II the_AT biosensor_NN1 and_CC control_VV0 nCD64_FO values_NN2 is_VBZ shown_VVN in_II Fig._NN1 3a_FO ,_, which_DDQ shows_VVZ a_AT1 correlation_NN1 coefficient_NN1 of_IO R2_FO =_FO 0.77_MC and_CC a_AT1 recovery_NN1 of_IO 95%_NNU ._. 
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<s>
That_REX21 is_REX22 ,_, the_AT height_NN1 of_IO the_AT sample_NN1 well_NN1 (_( and_CC ,_, therefore_RR ,_, the_AT force_NN1 due_II21 to_II22 gravity_NN1 )_) minimally_RR affects_VVZ the_AT flow_NN1 rate_NN1 achieved_VVN with_IW the_AT paper_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
These_DD2 experimental_JJ results_NN2 are_VBR corroborated_VVN by_II computations_NN2 that_DD1 further_RRR establish_VV0 the_AT reactivity_NN1 of_IO these_DD2 aminyl_NN1 radicals_NN2 upon_II exposure_NN1 to_II tin-free_JJ cyclization_NN1 conditions_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
A_AT1 hole_NN1 was_VBDZ drilled_VVN in_II the_AT end-cap_JJ to_TO enable_VVI charge_NN1 detection_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
In_II this_DD1 aim_NN1 ,_, samples_NN2 of_IO both_RR PDMS_NP1 and_CC OSTEMER_NP1 were_VBDR irradiated_VVN at_II 55_MC kGy_NN1 (_( 96_MC h_ZZ1 of_IO irradiation_NN1 considering_II a_AT1 dose_NN1 rate_NN1 of_IO 0.6_MC kGy/h_FU and_CC using_VVG 137Cs_FO emitting_VVG ?-rays_NN2 at_II 662.6_MC keV_NN1 )_) ._. 
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<s>
Methods_NN2 for_IF Sb_NP1 speciation_NN1 should_VM be_VBI t_ZZ1 for_IF purpose_NN1 and_CC appropriate_JJ methods_NN2 are_VBR available_JJ for_IF volatile_JJ Sb_NP1 species_NN (_( SPME-GCMS_NP1 )_) ,_, waters_NN2 (_( hydride_VV0 generation-trapping_JJ ICPMS_NP1 )_) and_CC some_DD sediment_NN1 extracts_NN2 (_( HPLC-ICPMS_NP1 )_) ._. 
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<s>
Next_MD ,_, Ag_FO was_VBDZ printed_VVN from_II the_AT top_JJ face_NN1 of_IO the_AT PZT_NP1 chip_NN1 at_II the_AT center_NN1 of_IO the_AT device_NN1 to_II the_AT edge_NN1 of_IO the_AT substrate_NN1 extending_VVG in_II the_AT opposite_JJ direction_NN1 of_IO the_AT first_MD Ag_FO pathway_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
After_II rinsing_VVG and_CC drying_VVG the_AT glass_NN1 substrate_NN1 ,_, non-adherent_JJ Ramos_NP1 cells_NN2 suspended_VVN in_II tissue_NN1 culture_NN1 medium_NN1 at_II a_AT1 high_JJ density_NN1 of_IO 3.0_MC ×_II 106_MC cells_NN2 per_II mL_NNU are_VBR dispensed_VVN onto_II the_AT substrate_NN1 for_IF 10_MC minutes_NNT2 at_II room_NN1 temperature_NN1 where_CS a_AT1 cell_NN1 monolayer_NN1 eventually_RR forms_VVZ ._. 
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<s>
Theoretical_JJ approaches_NN2 have_VH0 been_VBN also_RR carried_VVN out_RP to_TO investigate_VVI the_AT properties_NN2 of_IO perovskite_NN1 oxides_NN2 as_CSA materials_NN2 for_IF SOFCs_NN2 ,_, e.g._REX ,_, oxygen_NN1 activation_NN1 on_II stoichiometric_JJ and_CC oxygen-deficient_JJ SrTiO3(41)_FO and_CC La1–xSrxCoO3_NP1 ,_, (_( 42_MC )_) and_CC the_AT oxygen_NN1 reduction_NN1 reaction_NN1 (_( ORR_NP1 )_) on_II La1–xSrxCoO3_NP1 ,_, (_( 43_MC )_) where_RRQ reaction_NN1 mechanisms_NN2 and_CC kinetics_NN1 have_VH0 been_VBN targeted_VVN ._. 
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<s>
These_DD2 produced_VVN craters_NN2 with_IW depths_NN2 of_IO <1_FO m_ZZ1 and_CC diameters_NN2 of_IO 25_MC m_NNO so_RR ,_, unsurprisingly_RR ,_, the_AT resultant_JJ U–Pb_NN1 age_NN1 of_IO 339.5_MC ±_FO 6.7_MC Ma_NN1 for_IF Pleovice_NP1 was_VBDZ significantly_RR less_RGR precise_JJ but_CCB still_RR comparable_JJ to_II the_AT age_NN1 obtained_VVD using_VVG conventional_JJ ablation_NN1 with_IW single_JJ collector_NN1 ICP-MS_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT typical_JJ operating_NN1 parameters_NN2 of_IO ICP-MS_NN1 are_VBR summarized_VVN in_II Table_NN1 S1_FO (_( ESI_NP1 )_) ._MC Before_II each_DD1 experiment_NN1 ,_, the_AT ICP-MS_JJ instrument_NN1 was_VBDZ tuned_VVN using_VVG an_AT1 aqueous_JJ multi-element_JJ standard_JJ solution_NN1 (_( 1_MC1 ng_NNU mL1_FO each_DD1 of_IO Li_NP1 ,_, To_TO investigate_VVI the_AT LOD_NN1 for_IF each_DD1 of_IO the_AT two_MC nanotags_NN2 ,_, solutions_NN2 with_IW each_DD1 reporter_NN1 were_VBDR held_VVN in_II a_AT1 quartz_NN1 microcuvette_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT latter_DA is_VBZ in_II agreement_NN1 with_IW an_AT1 observed_JJ increase_NN1 in_II the_AT Fe2O3_FO shell_NN1 layer_NN1 thickness_NN1 ,_, as_CSA evidenced_VVN by_II optical_JJ observations_NN2 (_( Fig._NN1 2b_FO )_) ._. 
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<s>
The_AT random_JJ loop_NN1 helps_VVZ to_TO increase_VVI the_AT fluorescence_NN1 of_IO DNA-CuNCs_NN2 (_( Fig._NN1 1_MC1 )_) ._. 
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<s>
SLM_NP1 printing_NN1 was_VBDZ used_VVN for_IF the_AT fabrication_NN1 of_IO three_MC columns_NN2 ,_, of_IO equal_JJ length_NN1 and_CC I.D_NP1 ,_, but_CCB with_IW differing_JJ geometries_NN2 ,_, including_II 2D_NNU planar_JJ serpentine_NN1 ,_, 3D_NNU spiral_NN1 ,_, 3D_NNU serpentine_NN1 ,_, with_IW a_AT1 low_JJ ,_, medium_NN1 and_CC high_JJ number_NN1 of_IO high_JJ aspect_NN1 ratio_NN1 turns_VVZ ,_, respectively_RR ._. 
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<s>
A_AT1 droplet_NN1 with_IW R_ZZ1 >_FO 1_MC1 has_VHZ reduced_VVN potential_JJ for_IF symmetrical_JJ vortices_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Overall_RR ,_, the_AT weak_JJ H_ZZ1 atom_NN1 donating_VVG ability_NN1 of_IO (_( iPr_NN1 )_) 3SiH_FO and_CC THF_NP1 results_NN2 in_II an_AT1 unusual_JJ ,_, if_CS apparently_RR synergistic_JJ ,_, solvent/H_FU atom_NN1 donor_NN1 combination_NN1 that_CST is_VBZ effective_JJ for_IF a_AT1 range_NN1 of_IO tandem_NN1 cyclizations_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
A_ZZ1 Co9S8/G_NP1 material_NN1 treated_VVN under_II NH3_FO flow_NN1 at_II high_JJ temperature_NN1 without_IW plasma_NN1 assistance_NN1 was_VBDZ also_RR synthesized_VVN and_CC was_VBDZ denoted_VVN as_CSA NA-Co9S8/G_NP1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
From_II the_AT OER_JJR test_NN1 results_NN2 in_II Fig._NN1 8e_FO and_CC f_ZZ1 ,_, the_AT performance_NN1 of_IO NA-Co9S8/G_NP1 was_VBDZ enhanced_VVN after_II N-doping_NN1 ,_, verifying_VVG the_AT role_NN1 of_IO anion_NN1 regulation_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT anodic_JJ limit_NN1 of_IO the_AT voltammograms_NN2 was_VBDZ set_VVN to_II 1.65_MC V_NNU to_TO avoid_VVI Pd_NP1 dissolution_NN1 or_CC segregation(24,25)_FO (_( Figure_NN1 S4_FO )_) ._. 
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<s>
The_AT S/N_NP1 was_VBDZ improved_VVN considerably_RR and_CC typical_JJ LODs_NN2 were_VBDR 0.12_MC and_CC 0.13_MC g_ZZ1 L1_FO for_IF Cd_NN1 and_CC Hg_FO ,_, respectively_RR ._. 
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<s>
Therefore_RR ,_, the_AT absolute_JJ configuration_NN1 of_IO 2_MC was_VBDZ unambiguously_RR assigned_VVN ._. 
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<s>
Desorption_NP1 :_: a_AT1 suitable_JJ desorption_NN1 solvent_NN1 is_VBZ chosen_VVN and_CC used_VVN to_TO elute_VVI the_AT analytes_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Given_VVN the_AT relatively_RR high_JJ activation_NN1 energy_NN1 (_( normally_RR >0.25_FO eV_NN1 )_) ,_, the_AT ionic_JJ conductivity_NN1 of_IO the_AT previously_RR reported_VVN Ag-ion_JJ glassy_JJ electrolytes_NN2 substantially_RR changes_VVZ with_IW temperature._NNU (_( 11-13_MCMC )_) Stable_JJ performance_NN1 under_II changing_JJ temperature_NN1 environments_NN2 in_II a_AT1 solid-state_JJ device_NN1 is_VBZ a_AT1 considerable_JJ challenge_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
In_RR21 addition_RR22 ,_, SEM_NP1 requires_VVZ other_JJ coatings_NN2 in_II the_AT early_JJ preparation_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ may_VM result_VVI in_II inaccuracies_NN2 for_IF identifying_VVG surface_NN1 texture_NN1 and_CC color_NN1 of_IO microplastics_NN2 &lsqb;_( 34_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
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<s>
In_II solids_NN2 ,_, these_DD2 DNP_NP1 mechanisms_NN2 usually_RR strongly_RR rely_VV0 on_II nuclear_JJ spin_NN1 diffusion_NN1 ;_; indeed_RR ,_, in_II a_AT1 first_MD step_VV0 the_AT transfer_NN1 of_IO polarization_NN1 occurs_VVZ from_II the_AT electron_NN1 spins_VVZ to_II the_AT nearby_JJ core_NN1 nuclear_JJ spins_NN2 ,_, and_CC in_II a_AT1 second_MD step_NN1 ,_, nuclear_JJ spin_NN1 diffusion_NN1 propagates_VVZ this_DD1 polarization_NN1 further_RRR away_RL toward_II the_AT bulk_NN1 nuclear_JJ spins_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Question_NN1 6_MC :_: are_VBR you_PPY forming_VVG speciation_NN1 artefacts_NN2 ?_? 
</s>
<s>
C117H160Dy2N9O28Zn2_FO :_: elemental_JJ analysis_NN1 (_( %_NNU )_) found_VVD (_( calculated_VVN )_) :_: C_ZZ1 54.02_MC (_( 54.13_MC )_) ,_, H_ZZ1 6.13_MC (_( 6.21_MC )_) ,_, N_ZZ1 4.79_MC (_( 4.86_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
It_PPH1 should_VM be_VBI noted_VVN that_CST the_AT two_MC liquid_JJ streams_NN2 synchronously_RR flow_VV0 from_II each_DD1 inlet_NN1 ,_, not_XX from_II the_AT pressure_NN1 balancer_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Microfluidic_JJ multiplexing_JJ strategies_NN2 have_VH0 been_VBN developed_VVN for_IF cultures_NN2 involving_VVG human_JJ tumor_NN1 tissue_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_RR21 situ_RR22 UV_JJ irradiation_NN1 of_IO 3_MC with_IW 365_MC nm_FU UV_JJ light_NN1 for_IF 6_MC h_ZZ1 resulted_VVN in_II blue_JJ fluorescence_NN1 emission_NN1 of_IO both_DB2 single-crystal_JJ and_CC powdered_JJ crystalline_JJ samples_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Moreover_RR ,_, the_AT computational_JJ time_NNT1 is_VBZ comparable_JJ to_II standard_JJ Monte_NP1 Carlo_NP1 simulations_NN2 without_IW explicit_JJ polarization_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
For_IF simplification_NN1 reasons_NN2 the_AT electrolytes_NN2 are_VBR further_RRR referred_VVN to_II as_CSA ELDMC_NP1 ,_, ELDEC_NP1 and_CC ELEMC_NP1 ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 decomposition_NN1 procedure_NN1 was_VBDZ also_RR employed_VVN for_IF total_JJ element_NN1 determination_NN1 in_II APM_NP1 on_II air_NN1 filters_VVZ samples_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
It_PPH1 is_VBZ expected_VVN that_CST the_AT DP-LIBS_NN2 approach_NN1 may_VM improve_VVI sensitivity_NN1 and_CC extend_VVI the_AT number_NN1 of_IO chemical_JJ imaging_NN1 applications_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Interestingly_RR ,_, the_AT effect_NN1 of_IO L4_FO lethargus_NN1 (_( about_RG 50%_NNU reduction_NN1 in_II touch_NN1 responses_NN2 compared_VVN to_II L4_FO or_CC adult_NN1 )_) 27_MC was_VBDZ much_RR less_RGR dramatic_JJ than_CSN the_AT effect_NN1 of_IO L2_FO lethargus_NN1 on_II touch-evoked_JJ ALM_NN1 responses_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Additionally_RR ,_, we_PPIS2 found_VVD distinct_JJ and_CC reproducible_JJ lipid_JJ signatures_NN2 among_II commonly_RR studied_VVN breast_NN1 cancer_NN1 cell_NN1 lines_NN2 ,_, which_DDQ has_VHZ both_RR diagnostic_JJ and_CC therapeutic_JJ implications_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Bu_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
reported_VVD the_AT preparation_NN1 of_IO 10_MC novel_JJ metal–organic_JJ frameworks_NN2 in_II three_MC different_JJ deep_JJ eutectic_JJ solvents_NN2 via_II mixing_VVG choline_NN1 chloride_NN1 with_IW urea_NN1 ,_, m-urea_NN1 ,_, and_CC e-urea_NN1 (_( Fig._NN1 2_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
The_AT resulting_JJ suspension_NN1 was_VBDZ transferred_VVN to_II a_AT1 25_MC mL_NNU Teflon-lined_JJ autoclave_NN1 and_CC kept_VVN at_II 160_MC °C_NNU for_IF 3_MC days_NNT2 ._. 
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<s>
Figure_NN1 2_MC presents_VVZ a_AT1 comparison_NN1 of_IO the_AT UIR_NN1 emission_NN1 spectrum_NN1 observed_VVN from_II the_AT Iris_NP1 nebula_NN1 ,_, Copper(ii)_JJ chloride_NN1 dihydrate_NN1 (_( CuCl2·2H2O_FO )_) ,_, polyvinyl_NN1 pyrrolidone_NN1 (_( PVP_NP1 ,_, K30_FO )_) ,_, ethyl_NN1 alcohol_NN1 ,_, and_CC ethylene_NN1 glycol_NN1 (_( EG_REX )_) were_VBDR obtained_VVN from_II Sinopharm_NP1 Chemical_NN1 Reagent_NP1 Co._NP1 ,_, Ltd_JJ ._. 
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<s>
Sodium_NN1 molybdate_NN1 dehydrate_NN1 (_( Na2MoO4·2H2O_FO )_) and_CC thiourea_NN1 were_VBDR purchased_VVN from_II Shanghai_NP1 Macklin_NP1 Biochemical_NP1 Co._NP1 ,_, Ltd_JJ (_( China_NP1 )_) ._. 
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<s>
The_AT composition_NN1 of_IO S2_FO and_CC S3_FO decreased_VVN from_II early_JJ to_II late_JJ passage_NN1 ,_, while_CS S4_FO and_CC S5_FO increased_VVN ,_, which_DDQ was_VBDZ consistent_JJ with_IW the_AT increasing_JJ average_JJ cell_NN1 size_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
We_PPIS2 are_VBR trying_VVG see_VV0 how_RRQ channels_NN2 work_VV0 in_II these_DD2 block_NN1 copolymers_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
In_II contrast_NN1 ,_, not_XX considering_VVG the_AT energy_NN1 path_NN1 toward_II the_AT O1_FO site_NN1 could_VM improve_VVI the_AT description_NN1 of_IO the_AT experimentally_RR observed_VVN adsorption_NN1 for_IF Mn-MOF-74_MC ._. 
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<s>
The_AT solid_JJ green_JJ lines_NN2 indicate_VV0 the_AT stable_JJ charge_NN1 states_NN2 of_IO VMo(W)_NN1 in_II the_AT heterostructure_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
These_DD2 two_MC reactions_NN2 are_VBR also_RR the_AT most_RGT important_JJ for_IF CO2_FO formation_NN1 (_( see_VV0 Section_NN1 3.3.1_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
The_AT K+_FO was_VBDZ transported_VVN through_II the_AT SiO2_FO layer_NN1 only_RR within_II the_AT proceeding_VVG sputter_NN1 front_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
In_RR21 general_RR22 ,_, SORS_NN2 is_VBZ not_XX applicable_JJ with_IW samples_NN2 which_DDQ are_VBR highly_RR absorbing_VVG at_II the_AT laser_NN1 or_CC Raman_NP1 signal_NN1 wavelengths_NN2 because_CS this_DD1 restricts_VVZ the_AT photon_NN1 diffusion_NN1 process_NN1 limiting_VVG achievable_JJ accessible_JJ depths_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Recent_JJ and_CC novel_JJ LIBS_NN2 applications_NN2 and_CC developments_NN2 were_VBDR described_VVN in_II a_AT1 review_NN1 article_NN1 by_II Bauer_NP1 and_CC Buckley.83_FO Similarly_RR ,_, Senesi_NP1 and_CC Senesi84_FO provided_CS a_AT1 historical_JJ and_CC critical_JJ overview_NN1 of_IO the_AT developments_NN2 of_IO LIBS_NN2 for_IF quantitative_JJ measurements_NN2 of_IO carbon_NN1 in_II soils_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
On_II the_AT other_JJ hand_NN1 ,_, tribromo_NN1 or_CC trichloro_NN1 substitution_NN1 of_IO the_AT Ar_UH group_NN1 had_VHD a_AT1 marked_JJ influence_NN1 on_II the_AT enantioselectivity_NN1 ,_, and_CC 5a_FO with_IW 88:12_MC and_CC 90:10_MC er_FU was_VBDZ obtained_VVN ,_, respectively_RR ,_, and_CC without_IW loss_NN1 of_IO reactivity_NN1 (_( entries_NN2 10_MC and_CC 11_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Capture_VV0 chambers_NN2 are_VBR also_RR observed_VVN under_II a_AT1 microscope_NN1 to_TO check_VVI for_IF any_DD pillars_NN2 collapsing_VVG and_CC damaged_JJ areas_NN2 before_II use_NN1 in_II an_AT1 experiment_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Under_II optimized_JJ conditions_NN2 ,_, making_VVG use_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 Tris_NP2 buffer_NN1 (_( pH_NN1 9.0_MC )_) ,_, which_DDQ offered_VVD better_JJR resolution_NN1 in_II31 comparison_II32 with_II33 phosphate_NN1 and_CC formate_JJ buffer_NN1 ,_, containing_VVG 15_MC mM_NNU SDS_NP1 ,_, analytes_NN2 were_VBDR separated_VVN in_RP about_RG 10_MC min_NNU ._. 
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<s>
Therefore_RR ,_, POPs_VVZ could_VM play_VVI the_AT roles_NN2 as_CSA both_RR ligand_VV0 and_CC support_VV0 simultaneously_RR to_TO prepare_VVI the_AT efficient_JJ heterogeneous_JJ catalyst.23_FO As_CS31 far_CS32 as_CS33 we_PPIS2 know_VV0 ,_, only_RR one_MC1 example_NN1 involving_VVG heterogeneous_JJ cobaltcatalyzed_JJ hydrosilylation_NN1 of_IO alkynes_NN2 was_VBDZ reported_VVN recently_RR ,_, but_CCB this_DD1 method_NN1 suffered_VVN from_II the_AT use_NN1 of_IO activating_VVG agent_NN1 ,_, limited_JJ silane_JJ substrate_NN1 scope_NN1 ,_, and_CC the_AT need_NN1 for_IF constant_JJ addition_NN1 of_IO catalyst_NN1 during_II flow_NN1 reaction.24_FO Furthermore_RR ,_, the_AT porous_JJ structure_NN1 of_IO polymers_NN2 as_CSA catalyst_NN1 carriers_NN2 could_VM affect_VVI catalytic_JJ activity_NN1 ,_, 25_MC but_CCB its_APPGE effect_NN1 on_II selectivity_NN1 control_NN1 has_VHZ been_VBN rarely_RR investigated.26_FO Herein_RR ,_, we_PPIS2 demonstrate_VV0 for_IF the_AT first_MD time_NNT1 that_CST the_AT beneficial_JJ confinement_NN1 effect_NN1 of_IO the_AT microporous_JJ structure_NN1 in_RP POPs_VVZ has_VHZ a_AT1 positive_JJ effect_NN1 on_II controlling_VVG selectivities_NN2 in_II the_AT hydrosilylation_NN1 of_IO alkynes_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Meanwhile_RR ,_, the_AT (_( +_FO )_) AuNPs_NN2 could_VM be_VBI electrostatically_RR adsorbed_VVN on_II the_AT negatively_RR charged_VVN single-stranded_JJ DNA_NN1 (_( ssDNA_NN1 )_) or_CC DNA–RNA_NP1 heteroduplexes_VVZ to_TO quench_VVI the_AT fluorescence_NN1 signal_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Only_RR a_AT1 relatively_RR small_JJ number_NN1 of_IO studies_NN2 report_VV0 the_AT results_NN2 of_IO quantitative_JJ analysis_NN1 of_IO the_AT volatile_JJ compounds_NN2 ,_, with_IW significant_JJ discrepancies_NN2 between_II them_PPHO2 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT actual_JJ mass_NN1 of_IO the_AT CuS_NN1 sample_NN1 is_VBZ 0.0191_MC g_NNU ._. 
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<s>
Many_DA2 studies_NN2 over_II the_AT past_JJ two_MC decades_NNT2 have_VH0 investigated_VVN non-traditional_JJ stable_JJ isotope_NN1 geochemistry_NN1 ,_, with_IW this_DD1 approach_NN1 being_VBG regularly_RR used_VVN in_II archaeological_JJ ,_, earth_NN1 science_NN1 ,_, and_CC medical_JJ science_NN1 research.1–3_NNU All_RR of_IO these_DD2 elements_NN2 (_( barring_VVG those_DD2 that_CST can_VM be_VBI introduced_VVN as_CSA gases_NN2 ,_, such_II21 as_II22 Br_NP1 )_) are_VBR analysed_VVN using_VVG either_RR coupled_VVN plasma-mass_JJ spectrometry_NN1 (_( MC-ICP-MS_NN1 )_) or_CC thermal_JJ ionisation_NN1 mass_NN1 spectrometry_NN1 (_( TIMS_NP2 )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Mr_NNB Domenic_JJ Pace_NN1 (_( UNSW_NP1 )_) is_VBZ acknowledged_VVN for_IF carrying_VVG out_RP some_DD preliminary_JJ experiments_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Additionally_RR ,_, HILIC-ICP-MS_NP1 facilitated_VVD speciation_NN1 analysis_NN1 and_CC quantification_NN1 of_IO As_CSA containing_VVG products_NN2 ,_, revealing_JJ AsV_NN1 to_TO be_VBI the_AT main_JJ species_NN formed_VVN under_II the_AT applied_JJ oxidative_JJ conditions_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Reagents_NN2 (_( carrier_NN1 oil_NN1 and_CC samples_NN2 )_) were_VBDR first_MD delivered_VVN to_II the_AT microfluidic_JJ chip_NN1 using_VVG the_AT microfluidic_JJ flow_NN1 control_NN1 system_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
An_AT1 alternative_JJ methodology_NN1 for_IF UVCvis_NP1 absorbance_NN1 analyses_VVZ for_IF radioactive_JJ materials_NN2 is_VBZ here_RL reported_VVN ,_, based_VVN on_II PhLoC_NP1 technology_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT ratio_NN1 of_IO calculated_JJ bond_NN1 valence_NN1 to_II the_AT formula_NN1 valence_NN1 is_VBZ defined_VVN as_CSA normalized_JJ bond_NN1 valence_NN1 ,_, in_II which_DDQ the_AT obtained_VVN result_NN1 of_IO any_DD bond_NN1 longer_RRR than_CSN 1_MC1 meant_VVD a_AT1 comprehension_NN1 state_NN1 of_IO this_DD1 bond_NN1 ,_, otherwise_RR ,_, dilated_VVD ._. 
</s>
<s>
Similarly_RR ,_, the_AT binding_JJ probe_NN1 was_VBDZ incubated_VVN with_IW PHDBPTF_NP1 at_II 4_MC ?C_NN1 overnight_RT first_MD and_CC then_RT with_IW biotin_NN1 labeled_VVD capture_NN1 probe_NN1 at_II room_NN1 temperature_NN1 for_IF 1_MC1 h_ZZ1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Application_NN1 of_IO the_AT two-dimensional_JJ experiments_NN2 COSY_JJ ,_, TOCSY_NP1 ,_, The_AT 206Pb/204Pb_NN1 average_NN1 ratio_NN1 is_VBZ 18.29_MC ±_FO 1.3%_FO (_( 2_MC s.d._NNU )_) ,_, which_DDQ is_VBZ within_II error_NN1 of_IO the_AT average_JJ values_NN2 at_II spot_NN1 sizes_NN2 of_IO 150_MC m_NNO and_CC 40_MC m_NNO ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT h1_FO of_IO the_AT SU-8_MC mold_VV0 where_RRQ the_AT diameter_NN1 of_IO the_AT actuation_NN1 chamber_NN1 was_VBDZ 3000_MC ,_, 4000_MC ,_, 5000_MC ,_, and_CC 6000_MC m_NNO was_VBDZ fabricated_VVN to_TO be_VBI 92.15_MC ,_, 90.13_MC ,_, 94.36_MC ,_, and_CC 90.03_MC m_NNO ,_, respectively_RR ._. 
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<s>
The_AT interaction_NN1 mechanism_NN1 and_CC effect_NN1 of_IO addition_NN1 of_IO codeine_NN1 sulfate_NN1 to_TO citrate_VVI capped_JJ AuNPs_NN2 is_VBZ shown_VVN in_II Fig._NN1 18_MC ._. 
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<s>
A_AT1 newer_JJR approach_NN1 would_VM be_VBI the_AT use_NN1 of_IO QQQ_NP1 devices_NN2 ;_; 32_MC anyhow_RR ,_, simultaneous_JJ analysis_NN1 of_IO the_AT analyte_NN1 of_IO interest_NN1 and_CC possible_JJ interferences_NN2 is_VBZ not_XX possible_JJ in_II this_DD1 setup_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT SEM_NN1 image_NN1 of_IO the_AT precursor_NN1 shows_VVZ well-defined_JJ nanosphere_NN1 morphology_NN1 (_( Fig_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
S1_FO )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Seaweed_NN1 is_VBZ also_RR a_AT1 good_JJ source_NN1 of_IO polysaccharides_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT electrode_NN1 ,_, FTS_NNU2 ,_, comprising_VVG large_JJ grained_JJ Cu2O_FO resulted_VVN in_II 2.2_MC mA_NN1 cm–2_NN1 photocurrent_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ is_VBZ ?30%_FO higher_RRR current_JJ compared_VVN to_II the_AT F1_FO or_CC F2_FO ._. 
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<s>
If_CS the_AT MoS_NP2 is_VBZ greater_JJR than_CSN 1_MC1 (_( PDE_NP1 >_FO HDI_NP1 )_) ,_, then_RT the_AT leachable_JJ has_VHZ a_AT1 negligible_JJ adverse_JJ impact_NN1 and_CC if_CS the_AT MoS_NP2 is_VBZ less_DAR than_CSN 1_MC1 then_JJ an_AT1 adverse_JJ safety_NN1 impact_NN1 is_VBZ likely_JJ ._. 
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<s>
For_IF apatite_NN1 ,_, several_DA2 LA-ICP-MS_NP1 geochronology_NN1 reference_NN1 materials_NN2 with_IW a_AT1 range_NN1 of_IO ages_NN2 are_VBR widely_RR available_JJ including_II Durango_NP1 ,_, 167_MC McClure_NP1 Mountain_NNL1 ,_, 168_MC Kovdor_NP1 ,_, Otter_NP1 Lake_NNL1 and_CC Slyudyanka_NP1 ,_, 45_MC MAD_JJ ,_, 56_MC SDG_NP1 ,_, 49_MC AP1_FO and_CC AP2_FO (_( ref._NN1 169_MC )_) ,_, and_CC NW-1_MC1 (_( ref._NN1 157_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Finally_RR ,_, two_MC closely_RR related_JJ techniques_NN2 ,_, Enzyme-Linked_JJ ImmunoSorbent_JJ Assay_NN1 (_( ELISA_NP1 )_) and_CC Flow_NN1 Cytometry_NN1 are_VBR also_RR used_VVN to_TO generate_VVI same_DA dimensions_NN2 of_IO data_NN through_II antibody-based_JJ immunoaffinity_NN1 capture_NN1 or_CC labeling_VVG ._. 
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<s>
The_AT sensitivity_NN1 of_IO BPE_NN1 nanotags_NN2 was_VBDZ then_RT compared_VVN to_II nanotags_NN2 containing_VVG dye_NN1 823_MC ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT elemental_JJ analysis_NN1 (_( CHN_NP1 )_) for_IF compound_NN1 1_MC1 deviated_VVD much_RR from_II the_AT calculated_JJ values_NN2 due_II21 to_II22 easy_JJ loss_NN1 of_IO the_AT involved_JJ solvent_NN1 molecules_NN2 in_II the_AT lattices_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
In_II recent_JJ years_NNT2 ,_, SERS_NP2 has_VHZ been_VBN applied_VVN for_IF sensitive_JJ detection_NN1 of_IO various_JJ targets_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 pesticides_NN2 &lsqb;_( 76_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, &lsqb;_( 77_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, toxins_NN2 &lsqb;_( 78_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, &lsqb;_( 79_MC &rsqb;_) and_CC disease_NN1 biomarkers_NN2 &lsqb;_( 80_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, &lsqb;_( 81_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
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<s>
Indeed_RR ,_, the_AT two_MC low_JJ input_NN1 sample_NN1 diverge_VV0 from_II the_AT others_NN2 as_CSA Figure_NN1 4B_FO shows_VVZ that_CST the_AT correlation_NN1 coefficient_NN1 is_VBZ only_RR about_RG 0.25_MC to_II 0.31_MC between_II the_AT low_JJ and_CC the_AT high_JJ input_NN1 samples_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT method_NN1 ,_, partly_RR validated_VVD with_IW LOD_NN1 values_NN2 in_II the_AT range_NN1 of_IO 7.82–9.24_MCMC g/mL_NNU ,_, was_VBDZ applied_VVN to_II the_AT analysis_NN1 of_IO two_MC pre-workout_JJ dietary_JJ supplements_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
However_RR ,_, the_AT time_NNT1 spent_VVN for_IF constructing_VVG the_AT patterned_JJ liquid_JJ mold_NN1 is_VBZ distinct_JJ ._. 
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<s>
The_AT gel_NN1 was_VBDZ intensely_RR mixed_VVN by_II a_AT1 magnetic_JJ stirrer_NN1 for_IF 2_MC h_ZZ1 at_II room_NN1 temperature_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT second_NNT1 paper21_FO discussed_VVN depth_NN1 profiling_NN1 of_IO coatings_NN2 on_II steel_NN1 plates_NN2 using_VVG both_RR UV_JJ (_( 266_MC nm_FU )_) and_CC visible_JJ (_( 532_MC nm_FU )_) LIBS_NN2 ,_, where_CS both_DB2 wavelengths_NN2 originated_VVN from_II a_AT1 Nd:YAG_FO laser_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 equation_NN1 can_VM be_VBI utilized_VVN for_IF linearization_NN1 of_IO release_NN1 data_NN for_IF many_DA2 micro-particle_NN1 formulations_NN2 including_II microcapsules_NN2 and_CC microspheres_NN2 &lsqb;_( 38_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
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<s>
We_PPIS2 find_VV0 that_CST several_DA2 solvents_NN2 that_CST appear_VV0 as_RG unsuitable_JJ for_IF the_AT co-intercalation_NN1 reaction_NN1 at_II room_NN1 temperature_NN1 provide_VV0 higher_JJR capacities_NN2 at_II elevated_JJ temperatures_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
HCl_NP1 32%_NNU was_VBDZ used_VVN for_IF acidification_NN1 of_IO samples_NN2 and_CC DCM_NP1 was_VBDZ used_VVN as_CSA organic_JJ phase_NN1 for_IF LLE_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
A_AT1 slide_NN1 of_IO the_AT V-Chip_NP1 separates_VVZ the_AT horizontal_JJ paths_NN2 and_CC reforms_VVZ them_PPHO2 into_II independent_JJ vertical_JJ channels_NN2 in_II parallel_NN1 ,_, allowing_VVG the_AT catalase_NN1 probe_NN1 to_TO react_VVI with_IW hydrogen_NN1 peroxide_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
However_RR ,_, in_II the_AT place_NN1 where_RRQ detection_NN1 occurs_VVZ by_II an_AT1 electron_NN1 multiplier_NN1 (_( EM_FU )_) or_CC Faraday_NP1 cup_NN1 (_( FC_NP1 )_) ,_, the_AT secondary_JJ ions_NN2 pass_VV0 into_II the_AT SSAMS_NP2 ._. 
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<s>
Regarding_II the_AT box_NN1 size_NN1 :_: we_PPIS2 checked_VVD that_CST the_AT box_NN1 size_NN1 is_VBZ not_XX altering_VVG the_AT results_NN2 ,_, i.e._REX A_ZZ1 10-fold_JJ reduction_NN1 in_II sample_NN1 preparation_NN1 time_NNT1 with_IW reliable_JJ de-asphaltenation_NN1 of_IO petroleum_NN1 ,_, and_CC recoveries_NN2 values_VVZ up_RG21 to_RG22 98%_NNU were_VBDR reported_VVN ._. 
</s>
<s>
Conversely_RR ,_, in_II model_NN1 blood_NN1 plasma_NN1 ,_, the_AT neutral_JJ dye_NN1 passed_VVN through_II the_AT IDZ_NN1 and_CC into_II the_AT lower_JJR branch_NN1 for_IF both_DB2 electrode_VV0 configurations_NN2 (_( SI_FW ,_, Figures_NN2 S8f_FO and_CC S8h_FO )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT sample_NN1 throughput_NN1 was_VBDZ determined_VVN as_CSA 20_MC samples_NN2 per_II hour_NNT1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
To_TO better_RRR understand_VVI the_AT difference_NN1 between_II the_AT QAs_NN2 at_II low_JJ hydration_NN1 ,_, we_PPIS2 focus_VV0 next_MD on_II the_AT interaction_NN1 between_II OH–_NP1 and_CC water_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
In_RR21 general_RR22 ,_, CI_NP1 used_VVD in_II the_AT positive_JJ mode_NN1 enhances_VVZ the_AT selectivity_NN1 in_II31 comparison_II32 with_II33 EI.115_FO Single_JJ quadrupole_NN1 (_( Q_ZZ1 )_) ,_, TOF_NP1 ,_, QqQ_NP1 ,_, and_CC Q-TOF_NP1 belong_VV0 among_II the_AT dominant_JJ MS_NN1 analyzers_NN2 when_CS used_VVN with_IW GC_NP1 in_II clinical_JJ analysis_NN1 due_II21 to_II22 their_APPGE simplicity_NN1 ,_, sensitivity_NN1 ,_, and_CC selectivity.113,115_FO In_II 2015_MC ,_, the_AT coupling_NN1 of_IO GC-EI-Q-orbitrap_NP1 was_VBDZ introduced_VVN and_CC became_VVN commercially_RR available_JJ ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 was_VBDZ later_RRR performed_VVN quite_RG easily_RR using_VVG (_( )_) -N-methylnicotinium_JJ iodide_NN1 in_II a_AT1 mixture_NN1 of_IO those_DD2 enantiomers_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II step_NN1 one_MC1 ,_, upon_II addition_NN1 of_IO the_AT target_NN1 complementary_JJ DNA_NN1 was_VBDZ bound_VVN with_IW MB1_FO to_TO create_VVI a_AT1 duplex_JJ structure_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
However_RR ,_, two_MC major_JJ challenges_NN2 remain_VV0 :_: the_AT long-term_JJ stability_NN1 and_CC the_AT Pb_FO content_NN1 ,_, due_II21 to_II22 its_APPGE toxicity_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Consequently_RR it_PPH1 is_VBZ possible_JJ to_TO distinguish_VVI healthy_JJ cells_NN2 from_II cancerous_JJ cells_NN2 by_II measuring_VVG the_AT Young_NP1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 modulus_NN1 of_IO cells.52–55_NNU AFM_NP1 is_VBZ a_AT1 useful_JJ and_CC well-established_JJ tool_NN1 for_IF the_AT determination_NN1 of_IO the_AT morphology_NN1 and_CC elastic_JJ properties_NN2 (_( e.g._REX the_AT elastic_JJ modulus_NN1 )_) of_IO the_AT biological_JJ samples_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT complete_JJ desorption_NN1 of_IO the_AT H2O_FO molecule_NN1 from_II the_AT TiO2T_FO surface_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ was_VBDZ associated_VVN with_IW the_AT formation_NN1 of_IO an_AT1 oxygen_NN1 vacancy_NN1 ,_, was_VBDZ unstable_JJ ._. 
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<s>
Blastocyst_VV0 rate_NN1 is_VBZ the_AT percentage_NN1 of_IO two-cell_JJ embryos_NN2 developed_VVN to_II blastocysts_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
For_IF the_AT control_NN1 group_NN1 without_IW Cys_NP1 addition_NN1 ,_, BL_FO signal_NN1 was_VBDZ barely_RR observed_VVN under_II the_AT same_DA condition_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
To_TO confirm_VVI this_DD1 expectation_NN1 ,_, intensities_NN2 of_IO a_AT1 few_DA2 spectral_JJ lines_NN2 as_II a_AT1 function_NN1 of_IO pulse_NN1 duration_NN1 were_VBDR examined_VVN in_II both_DB2 the_AT instruments_NN2 in_II PGD_NP1 under_II similar_JJ conditions_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT combination_NN1 of_IO optical_JJ manipulation_NN1 and_CC microfluidics_NN1 was_VBDZ also_RR employed_VVN for_IF characterization_NN1 of_IO the_AT deformability_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 variety_NN1 of_IO single_JJ cells_NN2 &lsqb;_( 53_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, &lsqb;_( 54_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT microtissues_NN2 comprised_VVD a_AT1 core_NN1 of_IO fibroblasts_NN2 covered_VVN with_IW a_AT1 layer_NN1 of_IO trophoblastic_JJ cells_NN2 that_CST mimic_VV0 the_AT blood-placenta_JJ barrier_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
In_BCL21 order_BCL22 to_TO get_VVI detailed_JJ information_NN1 about_II the_AT ability_NN1 of_IO receptors_NN2 1_MC1 and_CC 2_MC to_TO form_VVI ion-pair_JJ complexes_NN2 ,_, 1H_FO NMR_NP1 experiments_NN2 were_VBDR also_RR performed_VVN in_II the_AT solvent_NN1 mixture_NN1 of_IO CD3CN/CD3OD_NP1 (_( 9_MC :_: 1_MC1 v/v_NNU )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 shape_NN1 was_VBDZ chosen_VVN to_TO allow_VVI for_IF better_JJR sealing_NN1 around_II the_AT fluid_NN1 channels_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Using_VVG these_DD2 data_NN and_CC R_ZZ1 values_NN2 ,_, eqn_NN1 (_( 1_MC1 )_) was_VBDZ employed_VVN to_TO generate_VVI the_AT reference_NN1 absorption_NN1 cross-section_NN1 spectra_NN2 of_IO ethane_NN1 ,_, propane_NN1 ,_, and_CC butane_NN1 ,_, as_CSA depicted_VVN in_II Fig._NN1 4_MC ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT observed_JJ blue_JJ shift_NN1 of_IO the_AT SLR_NP1 in_II Figure_NN1 3b_FO corresponds_VVZ to_II LSPR_NP1 of_IO the_AT single_JJ Au_FO particle_NN1 ,_, as_CSA shown_VVN in_II Figure_NN1 S1_FO ._. 
</s>
<s>
Problems_NN2 of_IO contributions_NN2 to_II the_AT blank_JJ and_CC the_AT poor_JJ ionisation_NN1 efficiency_NN1 of_IO Th_NP1 were_VBDR discussed_VVN and_CC the_AT need_NN1 for_IF CRMs_NP1 with_IW certified_JJ 230Th/232Th_MD isotope_NN1 ratios_NN2 was_VBDZ highlighted_VVN ._. 
</s>
<s>
Through_II this_DD1 approach_NN1 ,_, the_AT facile_JJ combustion_NN1 method_NN1 was_VBDZ selected_VVN in_BCL21 order_BCL22 to_TO synthesize_VVI Li2CoMn3O8_FO nanostructures_VVZ in_II the_AT presence_NN1 of_IO various_JJ carboxylic_JJ acids_NN2 (_( fuels_NN2 and_CC also_RR capping_VVG agents_NN2 )_) ._. 
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<s>
Despite_II significant_JJ interests_NN2 and_CC substantial_JJ efforts_NN2 ,_, the_AT reported_JJ transitional_JJ metal_NN1 sulfides_VVZ still_RR suffer_VV0 from_II low_JJ specific_JJ capacitance_NN1 and/or_CC poor_JJ durability_NN1 due_II21 to_II22 their_APPGE reliance_NN1 on_II surface_NN1 redox_NN1 reactions_NN2 and_CC slow_JJ redox_NN1 reaction_NN1 kinetics_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT analysis_NN1 of_IO CP/CO_NN1 mixtures_NN2 is_VBZ challenging_JJ and_CC impeded_VVN by_II severe_JJ mass_JJ interferences_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Calcium_NN1 isotopes_NN2 were_VBDR measured_VVN on_II a_AT1 ThermoTriton?_NP1 TIMS_NP2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II the_AT first_MD 10_MC min_NNU (_( Fig._NN1 9a–c_NN1 )_) ,_, the_AT red_JJ fluorescence_NN1 signal_NN1 was_VBDZ detected_VVN only_RR near_II the_AT nucleus_NN1 ,_, implying_VVG that_CST DOX@FMBG_FO were_VBDR taken_VVN up_RP by_II HeLa_NP1 cells_NN2 quickly_RR but_CCB only_RR a_AT1 few_DA2 anticancer_NN1 drug_NN1 DOX_NN1 molecules_NN2 released_VVN from_II the_AT FMBG_NP1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Bis_RR BN-ullazines_NN2 6a_FO 6g_NNU were_VBDR obtained_VVN by_II 2-fold_JJ borylative_JJ cyclizations_NN2 of_IO 5a_FO or_CC 5b_FO in_II good_JJ yields_NN2 in_II the_AT absence_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 catalyst_NN1 (_( Method_NN1 B_ZZ1 ,_, Scheme_NN1 1_MC1 )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Interestingly_RR ,_, methylation_NN1 efficiency_NN1 was_VBDZ negatively_RR associated_VVN with_IW erythrocyte_NN1 Se_ND1 in_II children_NN2 ,_, in_II contrast_NN1 to_II previous_JJ data_NN from_II adults_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
We_PPIS2 gratefully_RR acknowledge_VV0 financial_JJ support_NN1 from_II Ministry_NN1 of_IO Science_NN1 and_CC Technology_NN1 (_( Taiwan_NP1 )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Additionally_RR these_DD2 are_VBR mostly_RR used_VVN in_II aqueous_JJ media_NN ,_, which_DDQ reinforces_VVZ the_AT idea_NN1 of_IO green_JJ and_CC environmentally_RR nonhazardous_JJ chemistry_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT electrodes_NN2 function_VV0 both_RR as_CSA the_AT electrooxidation_NN1 controller_NN1 and_CC the_AT high_JJ voltage_NN1 input_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
A_AT1 total_NN1 of_IO 5_MC L_NNU of_IO the_AT solution_NN1 was_VBDZ used_VVN to_TO fill_VVI up_RP the_AT reaction_NN1 chamber_NN1 (_( 0.6_MC L_NNU in_II volume_NN1 )_) ._. 
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<s>
Qualitative_JJ analysis_NN1 was_VBDZ performed_VVN by_II LC–QToF_NP1 using_VVG a_AT1 gradient_NN1 profile_NN1 on_II a_AT1 reversed_JJ phase_NN1 column_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Using_VVG the_AT resistor_NN1 network_NN1 model_NN1 ,_, we_PPIS2 estimated_VVD the_AT total_JJ pressure_NN1 drop_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 brick_NN1 network_NN1 as_II a_AT1 function_NN1 of_IO channel_NN1 hydraulic_JJ diameter_NN1 ,_, number_NN1 of_IO bricks_NN2 ,_, and_CC flow_NN1 rate_NN1 (_( Fig._NN1 4c_FO )_) ._. 
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<s>
In_II our_APPGE recent_JJ Updates_NN2 we_PPIS2 have_VH0 referred_VVN to_II the_AT research_NN1 work_NN1 of_IO Vanhaecke_NP1 and_CC colleagues_NN2 directed_VVN at_II determination_NN1 of_IO Cu_FO isotopes_VVZ in_II serum_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
In_II most_DAT cases_NN2 ,_, high-input-impedance_JJ electronics_NN1 are_VBR used_VVN to_TO detect_VVI these_DD2 very_RG small_JJ changes_NN2 in_II charge_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
While_CS the_AT authors_NN2 utilized_VVD a_AT1 conventional_JJ GC_NP1 oven_NN1 ,_, injector_NN1 ,_, and_CC detector_NN1 in_II the_AT current_JJ studies_NN2 ,_, this_DD1 a_AT1 significant_JJ step_NN1 toward_II the_AT development_NN1 of_IO fully_RR integrated_VVN GC_NP1 ×_II GC_NP1 systems_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT data_NN of_IO this_DD1 paper_NN1 will_VM be_VBI available_JJ on_II request_NN1 from_II the_AT corresponding_JJ authors_NN2 (_( A._NNU M._NNO W._NP1 ,_, B._NP1 P._NP1 C._NP1 C._NP1 and_CC H._NP1 L._NP1 )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II all_DB experiments_NN2 ,_, we_PPIS2 used_VVD 200_MC mM_NNU HCl_NP1 with_IW 400_MC mM_NNU Bistris_NN1 as_II the_AT LE_NP1 solution_NN1 and_CC 10_MC mM_NNU Tricine_NN1 with_IW 20_MC mM_NNU Bistris_NN1 as_II the_AT TE_FW solution_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
However_RR ,_, there_EX is_VBZ an_AT1 opportunity_NN1 for_IF the_AT Mn4+_FO ions_NN2 to_TO occupy_VVI simultaneously_RR the_AT Ti4+_FO and_CC Mg2+_FO sites_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
However_RR ,_, such_DA conjugates_NN2 demonstrated_VVD weak_JJ fluorescence_NN1 and_CC decreased_JJ solubility_NN1 which_DDQ indicates_VVZ that_CST aiming_VVG for_IF higher_JJR incorporation_NN1 is_VBZ not_XX always_RR practical_JJ ._. 
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<s>
Laser_NN1 induced_VVD bleaching_VVG of_IO fluorophores_NN2 may_VM also_RR be_VBI of_IO interest_NN1 in_II an_AT1 automated_JJ analysis_NN1 protocol_NN1 as_CSA Ribeiro-Claro_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
pointed_VVN out_RP &lsqb;_( 11_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
More_RGR importantly_RR ,_, the_AT synergistic_JJ combination_NN1 of_IO MG132_FO and_CC cisplatin_NN1 can_VM attenuate_VVI the_AT tumor_NN1 viability_NN1 more_RGR efficiently_RR (_( Fig._NN1 5h_FO )_) ._. 
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<s>
The_AT specific_JJ surface_NN1 area_NN1 of_IO the_AT FGCs_NP1 was_VBDZ measured_VVN by_II physisorption_NN1 of_IO N2_FO through_II the_AT BET_NN1 method_NN1 using_VVG a_AT1 Quantachrome_JJ NOVA_NP1 2000e_FO equipment_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT primary_JJ application_NN1 of_IO s-block_JJ metal_NN1 complexes_NN2 of_IO the_AT methanides_NN2 1_MC1 is_VBZ for_IF the_AT preparation_NN1 of_IO coordination_NN1 complexes_NN2 by_II salt_NN1 metathesis_NN1 with_IW main-group_JJ or_CC transition-metal_JJ halides_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT established_JJ system_NN1 enabled_VVD 3D_NNU culture_NN1 of_IO EBs_NP2 ,_, in_RR21 situ_RR22 neural_JJ differentiation_NN1 and_CC formation_NN1 of_IO brain_NN1 organoids_NN2 under_II perfused_JJ cultures_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
However_RR ,_, this_DD1 heating_NN1 method_NN1 combined_VVN with_IW a_AT1 suitable_JJ sample_NN1 handling_NN1 technique_NN1 may_VM yield_VVI an_AT1 effective_JJ dPCR_NNU platform_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT shortest_JJT distance_NN1 of_IO carbon_NN1 atoms_NN2 in_II sidewall_NN1 phenyl_NN1 rings_VVZ to_II the_AT C70_FO cage_NN1 is_VBZ 3.18_MC ._. 
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<s>
The_AT H2_FO production_NN1 rate_NN1 of_IO the_AT bimetallic_JJ catalyst_NN1 CuxNi1x-TiO2(B)_NP1 NTs_NP2 was_VBDZ higher_JJR than_CSN the_AT rest_NN1 of_IO the_AT samples_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Elemental_JJ analysis_NN1 (_( calcd_VV0 ,_, found_VVN for_IF C40H48F4IrN5_FO )_) :_: C_NP1 (_( 55.41_MC ,_, 55.78_MC )_) ,_, H_ZZ1 (_( 5.58_MC ,_, 5.89_MC )_) ,_, N_ZZ1 (_( 8.08_MC ,_, 8.27_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
The_AT response_NN1 emission_NN1 signals_NN2 toward_II NMF_NP1 range_NN1 from_II red_NN1 to_II green_NN1 and_CC are_VBR significantly_RR correlated_VVN with_IW the_AT increase_NN1 in_II the_AT solvent_NN1 concentration_NN1 of_IO NMF_NP1 ._. 
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<s>
Using_VVG design_NN1 of_IO experiments_NN2 and_CC mathematical_JJ modeling_NN1 the_AT authors_NN2 found_VVD that_CST P_ZZ1 =_FO 20%_NNU was_VBDZ an_AT1 effective_JJ and_CC reproducible_JJ value_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Compound_VV0 6ba_FO was_VBDZ prepared_VVN according_II21 to_II22 the_AT general_JJ procedure_NN1 from_II tetrahydroisoquinoline_NN1 1b_FO and_CC the_AT corresponding_JJ nucleophile_NN1 to_TO yield_VVI the_AT title_NN1 compound_NN1 as_II a_AT1 yellow_JJ oil_NN1 (_( 0.090_MC g_NNU ,_, 0.37_MC mmol_NN1 ,_, 73%_NNU yield_NN1 )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II fs-LIBS_NN2 experiments_NN2 ,_, the_AT laser_NN1 pulse_NN1 energy_NN1 and_CC data_NN acquisition_NN1 parameters_NN2 were_VBDR exactly_RR the_AT same_DA as_CSA those_DD2 in_II fs-LA-SIBS_NN2 experiments_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT pure_JJ product_NN1 was_VBDZ obtained_VVN in_II 74%_NNU (_( 1.91_MC g_NNU )_) yield_VV0 as_II a_AT1 light_JJ yellow_JJ oil_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT introduction_NN1 of_IO the_AT catalyst-additive_JJ dopant_NN1 was_VBDZ vindicated_VVN to_TO be_VBI able_JK to_TO increase_VVI the_AT rehydrogenation_NN1 capacity_NN1 from_II 1.1_MC wt_NN1 %_NNU of_IO hydrogen_NN1 (_( milled_JJ MgH2_FO )_) to_II 4.3_MC wt_NN1 %_NNU of_IO hydrogen_NN1 (_( milled_JJ MgH2_FO with_IW SrTiO3_FO and_CC Ni_NP1 )_) at_II 150_MC °C_NNU ._. 
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High_JJ electronegativity_NN1 cations_NN2 ,_, such_II21 as_II22 Yb_NP1 ,_, tend_VV0 to_TO exhibit_VVI the_AT lowest_JJT δHD_FO for_IF cation_NN1 vacancies_NN2 ,_, and_CC thus_RR the_AT highest_JJT p-type_JJ carrier_NN1 concentrations_NN2 ._. 
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Recently_RR ,_, A_ZZ1 FI-CL_NP1 reaction_NN1 system_NN1 with_IW DPA_NP1 is_VBZ developed_VVN for_IF determination_NN1 of_IO hydrocortisone_NN1 in_II human_JJ serum_NN1 &lsqb;_( 50_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
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The_AT AuNPs_NP1 anchored_VVD DNA-reporter_JJ strand_NN1 is_VBZ labeled_VVN with_IW indocyanine_JJ green_NN1 (_( ICG_NP1 )_) which_DDQ bonds_VVZ with_IW the_AT target_NN1 DNA_NN1 (_( Fig._NN1 6_MC )_) ._. 
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As_CSA shown_VVN in_II Fig._NN1 7B-(a)_AT1 ,_, the_AT microfluidic_JJ device_NN1 was_VBDZ composed_VVN of_IO a_AT1 constriction_NN1 channel_NN1 (_( width_NN1 =_FO 30_MC m_NNO and_CC depth_NN1 =_FO 5_MC m_NNU )_) and_CC two_MC electrodes_NN2 (_( interspace_VV0 =_FO 20_MC m_NNO ,_, width_NN1 =_FO 20_MC m_NNO and_CC depth_NN1 =_FO 0.1_MC m_NNU )_) ._. 
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The_AT line-scan_JJ method_NN1 (_( i.e._REX ,_, the_AT push-broom_JJ method_NN1 )_) is_VBZ an_AT1 extension_NN1 of_IO the_AT point-scan_JJ method_NN1 ,_, in_II which_DDQ a_AT1 line_NN1 of_IO spatial_JJ information_NN1 with_IW a_AT1 full_JJ spectral_JJ range_NN1 per_II spatial_JJ pixel_NN1 is_VBZ captured_VVN sequentially_RR to_TO complete_VVI a_AT1 volume_NN1 of_IO spatial-spectral_JJ data_NN &lsqb;_( 49_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
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Significantly_RR higher_JJR level_NN1 of_IO Col_NN1 X_ZZ1 was_VBDZ found_VVN in_II S5_FO in_II all_DB passages_NN2 ,_, and_CC in_II S4_FO in_II the_AT late_JJ passage_NN1 (_( Fig._NN1 4H_FO )_) ._. 
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In_II the_AT field_NN1 of_IO vascular_JJ biology_NN1 ,_, in_RR21 particular_RR22 ,_, there_EX has_VHZ been_VBN a_AT1 lack_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 suitable_JJ in_JJ21 vitro_JJ22 model_NN1 exhibiting_VVG a_AT1 three-dimensional_JJ structure_NN1 and_CC the_AT physiological_JJ function_NN1 of_IO vasculature_NN1 integrated_VVN with_IW organ-on-a-chip_JJ models_NN2 ._. 
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Analysis_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 range_NN1 of_IO mafic_JJ rocks_NN2 from_II geological_JJ settings_NN2 yielded_VVD almost_RR identical_JJ δ71Ga_FO values_NN2 of_IO 0.00_MC ±_FO 0.06_MC (_( 2SD_FO )_) relative_II21 to_II22 a_AT1 commercial_JJ ICP_NP1 Ga_NP1 standard_JJ solution_NN1 ._. 
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From_II the_AT 2D-IR_JJ correlation_NN1 spectra_NN2 (_( 2D-IR_JJ COS_NP2 )_) under_II magnetic_JJ perturbation_NN1 we_PPIS2 know_VV0 ,_, that_CST in_II the_AT range_NN1 of_IO 1450–1570_MCMC cm1_FO for_IF 1_MC1 ,_, the_AT three_MC auto-peaks_NN2 imply_VV0 some_DD sensitivity_NN1 to_II magnetism_NN1 ,_, and_CC are_VBR ascribed_VVN to_II the_AT signal_NN1 of_IO the_AT stretching_JJ vibration_NN1 of_IO aromatic_JJ rings_NN2 ._. 
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Under_II these_DD2 experimental_JJ conditions_NN2 ,_, the_AT fibre_NN1 MIR-SC_FO coherence_NN1 length_NN1 was_VBDZ ?20_FO m_ZZ1 and_CC this_DD1 short_JJ coherence_NN1 length_NN1 made_VVD it_PPH1 comparable_JJ to_II that_DD1 of_IO a_AT1 thermal_JJ blackbody_NN1 MIR_NP1 source_NN1 ._. 
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Under_II these_DD2 conditions_NN2 ,_, the_AT duty_NN1 cycle_NN1 is_VBZ improved_VVN to_II 0.85%_FO ,_, but_CCB remains_VVZ low_JJ since_CS a_AT1 narrow_JJ gate_NN1 width_NN1 is_VBZ required_VVN to_TO guarantee_VVI enough_DD points_NN2 across_II the_AT mobility_NN1 peak_NN1 of_IO interest_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT strength_NN1 of_IO QA–OH–_NP1 interaction_NN1 depends_VVZ on_II the_AT chemistry_NN1 of_IO the_AT QA_NN1 ,_, yet_RR the_AT water–hydroxide_NN1 structure_NN1 seems_VVZ not_XX to_TO be_VBI affected_VVN by_II the_AT type_NN1 of_IO QA_NN1 ._. 
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A_AT1 command_NN1 line_NN1 interface_NN1 can_VM also_RR control_VVI the_AT software_NN1 ;_; this_DD1 feature_NN1 allows_VVZ users_NN2 to_TO load_VVI sequences_NN2 of_IO commands_NN2 that_CST facilitate_VV0 a_AT1 series_NN of_IO simulations_NN2 for_IF similar_JJ conditions_NN2 (_( i.e._REX ,_, batch_NN1 runs_VVZ )_) ._. 
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The_AT detection_NN1 limits_NN2 of_IO XPS_NP1 are_VBR usually_RR about_II 0.1%_FO for_IF chromium_NN1 but_CCB Cr(VI)_NP1 must_VM however_RR represent_VVI 10%_NNU of_IO the_AT total_JJ chromium_NN1 to_TO be_VBI detected_VVN ._. 
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After_II being_VBG rinsed_VVN with_IW 0.1_MC M_NNO NaOH_NN1 solution_NN1 and_CC DI_NN1 water_NN1 repeatedly_RR ,_, 20_MC L_NNU of_IO 5_MC wt%_FO GLD_NP1 solution_NN1 was_VBDZ spread_VVN onto_II the_AT electrode_NN1 and_CC kept_VVN at_II room_NN1 temperature_NN1 for_IF 0.5_MC h_ZZ1 ._. 
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After_CS the_AT excessive_JJ GLD_NP1 was_VBDZ removed_VVN by_II washing_VVG the_AT electrode_NN1 thoroughly_RR ,_, 20_MC L_NNU of_IO GOx_NP1 and_CC HRP_NP1 (_( GOx/HRP_NP1 at_II an_AT1 optimal_JJ molar_JJ ratio_NN1 of_IO 1:1_MC )_) (_( 32_MC )_) solution_NN1 was_VBDZ dropped_VVN onto_II the_AT modified_JJ CFP_NP1 electrode_NN1 and_CC kept_VVN at_II 4_MC ?C_NN1 overnight_RT ._. 
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Moreover_RR ,_, the_AT sensitive_JJ detection_NN1 of_IO biomolecules_NN2 is_VBZ of_IO importance_NN1 in_II the_AT disease_NN1 prevention_NN1 and_CC treatment_NN1 ._. 
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Most_DAT optimization_NN1 experiments_NN2 do_VD0 not_XX investigate_VVI the_AT effect_NN1 of_IO the_AT presence_NN1 of_IO environmental_JJ parameters_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 dissolved_JJ organic_JJ and_CC inorganic_JJ matter_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT exciton_NN1 coupled_VVD bisignated_JJ CD_NN1 signal_NN1 is_VBZ a_AT1 manifestation_NN1 of_IO the_AT bundling_NN1 of_IO the_AT cylindrical_JJ aggregates_NN2 (_( schematically_RR shown_VVN in_II Figure_NN1 3O_FO )_) ._. 
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Hydrophobic_JJ polymers_NN2 have_VH0 the_AT tendency_NN1 to_TO exclude_VVI water_NN1 from_II the_AT interior_NN1 of_IO the_AT system_NN1 and_CC erode_VV0 in_II orderly_JJ fashion_NN1 i.e._REX surface_NN1 erosion_NN1 commencing_VVG from_II outer_JJ to_II inner_JJ portion_NN1 of_IO the_AT system_NN1 ._. 
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Microarrays_NN2 offer_VV0 attractive_JJ features_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 the_AT possibility_NN1 of_IO miniaturization_NN1 and_CC the_AT employment_NN1 of_IO multiple_JJ immobilization_NN1 protocols_NN2 ._. 
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A_AT1 slightly_RR decreased_VVN yield_NN1 was_VBDZ observed_VVN when_CS Co(dmgH)2PyCl_FO was_VBDZ used_VVN as_II a_AT1 proton-reduction_JJ catalyst_NN1 (_( entry_NN1 5_MC )_) ._. 
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Note_VV0 that_DD1 methanol_NN1 (_( CH3OH_FO )_) was_VBDZ not_XX detected_VVN in_II our_APPGE experiments_NN2 because_CS its_APPGE concentration_NN1 approaches_VVZ the_AT detection_NN1 limit_NN1 ._. 
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Also_RR ,_, human_JJ and_CC animal_NN1 blood_NN1 have_VH0 been_VBN differentiated_VVN using_VVG Raman_NN1 spectroscopy_NN1 coupled_VVN with_IW PLSDA_NP1 &lsqb;_( 55_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, as_RG well_RR as_CSA with_IW a_AT1 portable_JJ Raman_NN1 instrument_NN1 &lsqb;_( 56_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
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Hence_RR this_DD1 precision_NN1 is_VBZ defined_VVN by_II the_AT term_NN1 standard_NN1 error_NN1 (_( SE_NP1 =_FO SD/n0.5_FU ;_; where_RRQ n_ZZ1 =_FO number_NN1 of_IO measurements_NN2 )_) ._. 
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<s>
As_CSA shown_VVN in_II Fig._NN1 5A_FO ,_, the_AT primers_NN2 were_VBDR pre-fixed_JJ within_II the_AT capillaries_NN2 in_II an_AT1 alternate_JJ layout_NN1 of_IO positive_JJ (_( PC_NNU )_) and_CC negative_JJ (_( NC_NP1 )_) reactions_NN2 ,_, where_CS PC_NN1 indicates_VVZ the_AT capillaries_NN2 with_IW immobilized_JJ LAMP_NN1 primers_NN2 and_CC NC_NP1 indicates_VVZ the_AT capillaries_NN2 without_IW primers_NN2 ._. 
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Min–max_VV0 and_CC amide_VV0 I_MC1 normalisation_NN1 contribute_VV0 to_II improved_JJ classification_NN1 more_RGR commonly_RR than_CSN no_RR or_CC vector_NN1 normalisation_NN1 ,_, yet_RR both_RR only_RR make_VV0 up_RP 57%_NNU of_IO the_AT overall_JJ selections_NN2 (_( Fig._NN1 3B_FO )_) ._. 
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To_TO evaluate_VVI the_AT potential_NN1 of_IO the_AT multidimensional_JJ heterojunction_NN1 for_IF CO2_FO reduction_NN1 ,_, we_PPIS2 next_MD conducted_VVD optoelectronic_JJ or_CC electrochemical_JJ experiments_NN2 of_IO photocatalysts_NN2 ._. 
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It_PPH1 was_VBDZ shown_VVN that_CST only_RR a_AT1 trace_NN1 amount_NN1 of_IO was_VBDZ formed_VVN in_II the_AT initial_JJ hour_NNT1 (_( see_VV0 the_AT Supporting_JJ Information_NN1 for_IF details_NN2 )_) ._. 
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In_II summary_NN1 ,_, we_PPIS2 developed_VVD a_AT1 CE_NN1 method_NN1 for_IF predicting_VVG the_AT adsorbate_JJ binding_JJ energies_NN2 to_II the_AT NP_NP1 surface_NN1 :_: CE-np_NN1 ._. 
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We_PPIS2 recall_VV0 that_CST the_AT transformation_NN1 speed_NN1 is_VBZ strongly_RR dictated_VVN by_II the_AT actual_JJ temperature_NN1 of_IO the_AT sample_NN1 during_II the_AT cooling-heating_JJ cycle_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT ETV-ICP-OES_NP1 method_NN1 demonstrated_VVD improved_JJ precision_NN1 over_II the_AT dissolution_NN1 method_NN1 for_IF most_DAT analytes_NN2 ._. 
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The_AT linear_JJ concentration_NN1 range_NN1 and_CC the_AT detection_NN1 limit_NN1 were_VBDR much_RR better_RRR than_CSN those_DD2 of_IO previously_RR reported_VVN methods_NN2 (_( Table_NN1 S1_FO ,_, ESI_NP1 )_) ._. 
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Most_DAT of_IO the_AT products_NN2 were_VBDR isolated_VVN in_II good_JJ to_II excellent_JJ yields_NN2 with_IW good_JJ optical_JJ purities_NN2 (_( 3b_FO j_ZZ1 )_) ,_, although_CS in_II several_DA2 cases_NN2 an_AT1 increase_NN1 in_II the_AT reaction_NN1 temperature_NN1 was_VBDZ needed_VVN in_BCL21 order_BCL22 to_TO obtain_VVI an_AT1 acceptable_JJ product_NN1 yield_NN1 (_( 3c_FO ,_, 3d_NNU ,_, 3f_RA ,_, 3j_FO ,_, and_CC 3l_NNU )_) ._. 
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<s>
We_PPIS2 propose_VV0 that_CST the_AT second_MD phase_NN1 involves_VVZ nucleophilic_JJ attack_NN1 at_II the_AT S-atom_NN1 of_IO ruthenium(IV)_NN1 sulfilamido_NN1 species_NN by_II a_AT1 deprotonated_JJ Cys_NN2 with_IW concomitant_JJ N–S_NP1 cleavage_NN1 ,_, this_DD1 is_VBZ followed_VVN by_II rapid_JJ protonation_NN1 to_TO produce_VVI a_AT1 ruthenium(IV)_NN1 amido_NN1 species_NN &lsqb;_( (_( L_ZZ1 )_) RuIV(NH2)_FO &rsqb;_) +_FO and_CC cystine_NN1 (_( eq_VV0 11_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
Due_II21 to_II22 the_AT pH_NN1 mismatch_NN1 of_IO these_DD2 catalysts_NN2 and_CC the_AT complicated_JJ process_NN1 of_IO manufacturing_NN1 electrodes_NN2 ,_, searching_VVG for_IF earth-abundant_JJ and_CC bifunctional_JJ electrocatalysts_NN2 which_DDQ are_VBR active_JJ for_IF both_DB2 HER_APPGE and_CC OER_JJR process_NN1 is_VBZ necessary_JJ ._. 
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<s>
Inasmuch_CS21 as_CS22 the_AT retention_NN1 times_NNT2 vary_VV0 with_IW the_AT different_JJ chromatographic_JJ system_NN1 ,_, the_AT retention_NN1 index_NN1 as_II a_AT1 system-independent_JJ constant_NN1 calculated_VVN by_II a_AT1 formula_NN1 and_CC varies_VVZ with_IW the_AT polarity_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 column_NN1 was_VBDZ used_VVN in_II some_DD libraries_NN2 ,_, which_DDQ make_VV0 them_PPHO2 more_RGR reliable_JJ ._. 
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<s>
The_AT proposed_JJ method_NN1 offered_VVD a_AT1 number_NN1 of_IO advantages_NN2 in_II front_NN1 the_AT usual_JJ AFS_NP2 applications_NN2 ,_, which_DDQ were_VBDR mainly_RR a_AT1 higher_JJR sampling_NN1 frequency_NN1 and_CC a_AT1 significant_JJ reduction_NN1 in_II reagent_JJ consumption_NN1 &lsqb;_( 40_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
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The_AT authors_NN2 assumed_VVD cylindrical_JJ shapes_NN2 when_CS calculating_VVG volumes_NN2 and_CC surface_NN1 areas_NN2 except_II21 for_II22 the_AT smallest_JJT particles_NN2 ,_, which_DDQ were_VBDR cube-like_JJ ._. 
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The_AT limits_NN2 of_IO detection_NN1 (_( LODs_NP2 )_) were_VBDR calculated_VVN based_VVN on_II the_AT 3Sb/m_FU equation_NN1 ,_, where_CS Sb_NP1 is_VBZ the_AT standard_JJ deviation_NN1 of_IO 11_MC replicate_VV0 blank_JJ signals_NN2 of_IO the_AT 100_MC mL_NNU blank_NN1 undergoing_VVG preconcentration_NN1 ,_, and_CC m_ZZ1 is_VBZ the_AT slope_NN1 of_IO the_AT calibration_NN1 curve_NN1 after_II preconcentration_NN1 ._. 
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Samples_NN2 of_IO 1_MC1 were_VBDR ground_VVN (_( 3_MC mg_NNU )_) and_CC immersed_VVN in_II aqueous_JJ solution_NN1 (_( 3_MC mL_NNU )_) with_IW 0.01_MC mol_NN1 L1_FO M(NO3)n_FO (_( M_ZZ1 =_FO Ag+_FO ,_, Pb2+_FO ,_, Mg2+_FO ,_, K+_FO ,_, Cu2+_FO ,_, Cd2+_FO ,_, Al3+_FO ,_, Ca2+_FO ,_, Co2+_FO ,_, Na+_FO ,_, Ni2+_FO ,_, Zn2+_FO and_CC Fe3+_FO )_) for_IF 24_MC hours_NNT2 ._. 
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In_BCL21 order_BCL22 to_TO study_VVI the_AT practical_JJ application_NN1 of_IO the_AT as-prepared_JJ material_NN1 ,_, an_AT1 asymmetric_JJ supercapacitor_NN1 was_VBDZ assembled_VVN using_VVG AC_NN1 as_II the_AT cathode_NN1 ,_, Co3O4_FO nanowire@NiO_FO nanosheets_VVZ as_II the_AT anode_NN1 ,_, and_CC PVA–KOH_NN1 as_II the_AT electrolyte_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT method_NN1 was_VBDZ compared_VVN with_IW an_AT1 HPLC-UV_JJ method_NN1 ,_, with_IW a_AT1 mobile_JJ phase_NN1 of_IO NH4H2PO4_FO (_( possibly_RR 80_MC mmol_VV0 L1_FO )_) and_CC EDTA_NP1 (_( 0.2_MC mol_NN1 L1_FO )_) at_II pH_NN1 8_MC with_IW both_DB2 V_MC species_NN eluting_VVG in_II 20_MC minutes_NNT2 ._. 
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Experiments_NN2 were_VBDR done_VDN on_II LixSi/6LixSi_NN2 (_( LixSi_NP1 ,_, x_ZZ1 ?_FO 0.02_MC and_CC x_ZZ1 ?_FO 0.06_MC )_) thin-film_JJ heterostructures_NN2 using_VVG secondary_JJ ion_NN1 mass_NN1 spectrometry_NN1 ._. 
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Compounds_NN2 4_MC and_CC 5_MC were_VBDR synthesized_VVN according_II21 to_II22 literature_NN1 procedures._NNU (_( 9,10_MC )_) All_DB reagents_NN2 were_VBDR used_VVN as_CSA received_VVN ._. 
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We_PPIS2 speculate_VV0 that_CST these_DD2 excitonic_JJ emissions_NN2 are_VBR associated_VVN with_IW structural_JJ defects_NN2 in_II C3N4_FO nanosheets_VVZ ._. 
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<s>
The_AT interferences_NN2 of_IO some_DD cationic_JJ ions_NN2 can_VM be_VBI removed_VVN by_II an_AT1 online_JJ cation-exchange_JJ column_NN1 ._. 
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And_CC the_AT RSD_NP1 is_VBZ 3.7%_FO for_IF 2.0_MC ×_II 106_MC g_ZZ1 mL1_FO AD_RA (_( n_ZZ1 =_FO 11_MC )_) ._. 
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The_AT overall_JJ core–shell_NN1 structural_JJ features_NN2 are_VBR still_RR well-maintained_JJ within_II the_AT NiO_NP1 products_NN2 after_II the_AT Ni(OH)2_FO microspheres_NN2 undergo_VV0 heat_NN1 treatment_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
In_II this_DD1 review_NN1 ,_, we_PPIS2 provide_VV0 a_AT1 critical_JJ overview_NN1 of_IO recent_JJ advances_NN2 in_II the_AT development_NN1 of_IO electrochemical_JJ and_CC optical_JJ readout_NN1 based_VVN bisulfite_NN1 free_JJ DNA_NN1 methylation_NN1 assays_NN2 ._. 
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The_AT rinsing_JJ solution_NN1 was_VBDZ then_RT replaced_VVN with_IW the_AT sample_NN1 solution_NN1 ._. 
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A_AT1 comparison_NN1 to_II literature_NN1 data_NN on_II LixSi_JJ samples_NN2 with_IW high_JJ x_ZZ1 as_II31 well_II32 as_II33 to_II theoretical_JJ calculations_NN2 suggests_VVZ a_AT1 much_RR faster_JJR diffusion_NN1 of_IO Li_NP1 for_IF high_JJ values_NN2 of_IO x_ZZ1 ,_, while_CS showing_VVG considerable_JJ scatter_VV0 over_RP several_DA2 orders_NN2 of_IO magnitude_NN1 ._. 
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Strong_JJ discriminative_JJ ability_NN1 is_VBZ accompanied_VVN by_II such_DA combinatorial_JJ fluorescent_JJ molecular_JJ sensors_NN2 that_CST can_VM provide_VVI multi-wavelength_JJ cross-reactivity_NN1 ._. 
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Voltammetry_NN1 is_VBZ actualized_VVN by_II the_AT measurement_NN1 of_IO current_JJ under_II varying_VVG a_AT1 potential_NN1 with_IW the_AT control_NN1 &lsqb;_( 93_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
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The_AT study_NN1 assessed_VVN 228_MC ground_NN1 water_NN1 sources_NN2 supplying_VVG six_MC villages_NN2 for_IF total_NN1 ,_, inorganic_JJ and_CC organic_JJ As_CSA species_NN using_VVG IC-ICP-MS_NP1 ._. 
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Single-molecule_JJ conductance_NN1 generally_RR decays_VVZ exponentially_RR with_IW the_AT length_NN1 of_IO the_AT molecule_NN1 when_CS the_AT transport_NN1 mechanism_NN1 is_VBZ a_AT1 coherent_JJ tunneling_JJ process_NN1 ._. 
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Regime_NN1 III_MC shows_VVZ dominance_NN1 of_IO the_AT kinetic_JJ energy_NN1 over_II the_AT binding_JJ energy_NN1 ._. 
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Complex_NN1 10_MC showed_VVD high_JJ selectivity_NN1 and_CC large_JJ affinity_NN1 towards_II Ag+_FO ,_, with_IW the_AT 3_NN1 (_( ,_, *_FU )_) emission_NN1 at_II 472_MC nm_FU switched_VVN on_RP ._. 
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For_REX21 instance_REX22 ,_, for_IF organics_NN1 detection_NN1 and_CC quantification_NN1 ,_, for_IF now_RT the_AT most_RGT suitable_JJ procedure_NN1 has_VHZ been_VBN to_TO perform_VVI GC–MS_NP1 analyses_VVZ ._. 
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The_AT introduction_NN1 rate_NN1 of_IO water_NN1 vapor_NN1 is_VBZ calculated_VVN with_IW the_AT introduction_NN1 mass_NN1 of_IO water_NN1 vapor_NN1 divided_VVN by_II the_AT running_JJ time_NNT1 ._. 
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The_AT major_JJ difference_NN1 between_II the_AT bulk_NN1 and_CC nanoflake_VV0 EQE_JJ distributions_NN2 is_VBZ that_CST 40%_NNU of_IO all_DB illuminated_JJ nanoflakes_NN2 produce_VV0 EQE_NP1 values_VVZ equal_JJ to_II those_DD2 of_IO ITO_NN1 areas_NN2 (_( <1.5%_FO EQE_NP1 ;_; see_VV0 the_AT black_JJ circles_NN2 in_II Figure_NN1 2a_FO )_) ;_; that_REX21 is_REX22 ,_, these_DD2 areas_NN2 represent_VV0 inactive_JJ regions_NN2 of_IO the_AT exfoliated_JJ sample_NN1 ._. 
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Calibration_NN1 curves_NN2 from_II 2.5_MC to_II 10_MC g_ZZ1 kg1_FO P_ZZ1 and_CC from_II 5_MC to_II 100_MC g_ZZ1 kg1_FO Si_FW were_VBDR successfully_RR obtained_VVN from_II measurements_NN2 carried_VVN out_RP in_II a_AT1 helium_NN1 atmosphere_NN1 to_TO avoid_VVI the_AT attenuation_NN1 of_IO the_AT low-energy_JJ P_ZZ1 and_CC Si_FW photons_NN2 by_II the_AT air_NN1 ._. 
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Increasing_VVG the_AT binning_NN1 factor_NN1 was_VBDZ more_RGR influential_JJ in_II decreasing_VVG the_AT overall_JJ classification_NN1 in_II comparison_NN1 to_II raw_JJ spectra_NN2 ,_, with_IW a_AT1 clear_JJ shift_NN1 towards_II 16_MC and_CC 32_MC seen_VVN ._. 
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For_IF the_AT preparation_NN1 of_IO homogeneous_JJ and_CC heterogeneous_JJ metal_NN1 ion_NN1 assemblies_NN2 ,_, a_AT1 mononuclear_JJ Cu(ii)_JJ ion_NN1 complex_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 four-fold_RR rotaxane_JJ heterodimer_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 porphyrin_NN1 and_CC phthalocyanine_NN1 was_VBDZ synthesized_VVN ._. 
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