﻿<s>
To_TO fully_RR understand_VVI the_AT implications_NN2 of_IO different_JJ types_NN2 of_IO educational_JJ policies_NN2 across_II states_NN2 ,_, researchers_NN2 typically_RR need_VV0 to_TO compile_VVI their_APPGE own_DA data_NN sets_NN2 capturing_VVG how_RRQ policies_NN2 have_VH0 changed_VVN in_II each_DD1 state_NN1 over_II time_NNT1 ._. 
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Teachers_NN2 or_CC assessors_NN2 develop_VV0 a_AT1 set_NN1 of_IO marking_NN1 or_CC scoring_VVG criteria_NN2 that_CST can_VM be_VBI applied_VVN systematically_RR to_II all_DB the_AT performances_NN2 ._. 
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Teachers_NN2 have_VH0 to_TO learn_VVI to_TO take_VVI risks_NN2 when_CS making_VVG pedagogical_JJ changes_NN2 ._. 
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A_AT1 one-point_JJ increase_NN1 in_II PBC1_FO ,_, PBC2_FO ,_, PBC3_FO ,_, PBC4_FO ,_, and_CC PBC5_FO was_VBDZ associated_VVN with_IW a_AT1 decrease_NN1 in_II the_AT PBC_NP1 direct_JJ measure_NN1 mean_NN1 of_IO -.07_MC ,_, .14_MC ,_, .14_MC ,_, .12_MC ,_, and_CC .38_MC points_NN2 ,_, respectively_RR ._. 
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This_DD1 project_NN1 draws_VVZ attention_NN1 to_II some_DD concern_NN1 issues_NN2 arising_VVG from_II unequal_JJ power_NN1 relationships_NN2 and_CC highlights_VVZ troubling_JJ issues_NN2 and_CC structural_JJ issues_NN2 within_II workplaces_NN2 that_CST contribute_VV0 to_II workplace_NN1 dissatisfaction_NN1 ._. 
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However_RR ,_, I_PPIS1 have_VH0 worked_VVN in_II racially_RR diverse_JJ communities_NN2 in_II Bradford_NP1 and_CC Brixton_NP1 ,_, South_ND1 London_NP1 ,_, and_CC I_PPIS1 have_VH0 worked_VVN with_IW the_AT police_NN2 and_CC interfaith_NN1 leaders_NN2 ..._... 
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However_RR ,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ also_RR recognised_VVN that_CST restricting_VVG this_DD1 current_JJ study_NN1 to_II the_AT context_NN1 of_IO an_AT1 introductory_JJ science_NN1 course_NN1 at_II a_AT1 single_JJ university_NN1 resulting_VVG in_II a_AT1 small_JJ sample_NN1 size_NN1 may_VM influence_VVI the_AT generalisability_NN1 of_IO the_AT findings_NN2 ._. 
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While_CS Tables_NN2 2_MC and_CC 3_MC above_RL refer_VV0 to_II whole_NN1 of_IO group_NN1 data_NN quantitative_JJ movement_NN1 between_II response_NN1 codes_NN2 from_II Year_NNT1 1_MC1 to_II Year_NNT1 3_MC ,_, changes_NN2 in_II children_NN2 '_NULL s_ZZ1 ideas_NN2 about_II right_NN1 and_CC wrong_JJ over_II time_NNT1 were_VBDR also_RR explored_VVN at_II the_AT individual_JJ level_NN1 ._. 
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Rather_CS21 than_CS22 invite_VVI discussions_NN2 of_IO front_NN1 or_CC back_NN1 loading_NN1 of_IO teaching_NN1 sessions_NNT2 ,_, it_PPH1 encourages_VVZ a_AT1 view_NN1 of_IO teaching_VVG as_II a_AT1 question_NN1 of_IO attunement_NN1 to_II things_NN2 seen_VVN and_CC unseen_JJ ,_, a_AT1 sensibility_NN1 to_II what_DDQ may_VM be_VBI distinct_JJ about_II a_AT1 domain_NN1 ,_, or_CC a_AT1 sense_NN1 of_IO knowing_VVG and_CC understanding_NN1 tricks_NN2 of_IO the_AT trade_NN1 ._. 
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Such_DA practices_NN2 may_VM also_RR be_VBI related_VVN to_II the_AT teachers_NN2 '_NULL lack_NN1 of_IO experience_NN1 with_IW operationalising_VVG formative_JJ assessment_NN1 (_( Matre_NP1 &;_NULL Solheim_NP1 ,_, 2015_MC )_) ._. 
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This_DD1 was_VBDZ a_AT1 year-long_JJ ,_, three-day-a-week_JJ elective_JJ course_NN1 that_CST aimed_VVD at_II developing_JJ students_NN2 '_NULL communicative_JJ English_JJ language_NN1 skills_NN2 ._. 
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Her_APPGE case_NN1 in_II point_NN1 is_VBZ the_AT General_JJ Convention_NN1 of_IO the_AT American_JJ Lutheran_JJ Church_NN1 (_( ALC_NP1 )_) ._. 
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We_PPIS2 also_RR found_VVD a_AT1 significant_JJ relationship_NN1 ,_, in_II our_APPGE final_JJ model_NN1 ,_, between_II same-school_JJ collaboration_NN1 (_( teachers_NN2 participating_VVG in_II PD_NP1 alongside_II their_APPGE colleagues_NN2 )_) and_CC student_NN1 outcomes_NN2 ._. 
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Our_APPGE data_NN analysis_NN1 concludes_VVZ with_IW a_AT1 look_NN1 at_II differences_NN2 in_II the_AT number_NN1 of_IO adverse_JJ life_NN1 events_NN2 experienced_VVN across_II the_AT gambling_NN1 risk_NN1 groups_NN2 between_II 2002_MC and_CC 2015_MC ._. 
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There_RL I_PPIS1 witnessed_VVD first-hand_RR the_AT effects_NN2 of_IO camouflaging_VVG the_AT ubiquitous_JJ ,_, stereotypical_JJ word_NN1 problems_NN2 into_II supposedly_RR culturally_RR relevant_JJ story_NN1 problems_NN2 ._. 
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In_II this_DD1 item_NN1 ,_, visual_JJ comfort_NN1 ,_, indoor_JJ air_NN1 quality_NN1 ,_, safe_JJ containment_NN1 in_II laboratories_NN2 ,_, thermal_JJ comfort_NN1 ,_, acoustic_JJ performance_NN1 ,_, safety_NN1 and_CC security_NN1 are_VBR required_VVN &lsqb;_( 47_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
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Ignoring_VVG a_AT1 classification_NN1 would_VM lead_VVI to_II wrong_JJ conclusions_NN2 ,_, for_REX21 instance_REX22 overestimating_VVG the_AT long-term_JJ effects_NN2 of_IO primary_JJ schools_NN2 ._. 
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These_DD2 two_MC organisations_NN2 were_VBDR the_AT first_MD Dutch_JJ institutes_NN2 offering_VVG a_AT1 GL_NP1 trajectory_NN1 ._. 
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This_DD1 categorization_NN1 of_IO principal_JJ turnover_NN1 is_VBZ subject_II21 to_II22 several_DA2 caveats_NN2 ._. 
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However_RR ,_, transfer_NN1 of_IO learning_NN1 can_VM be_VBI maximised_VVN if_CS learning_NN1 takes_VVZ place_NN1 in_II the_AT context_NN1 of_IO transfer_NN1 (_( Bowden_NP1 and_CC Marton_NP1 1998_MC )_) ._. 
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As_CSA mentioned_VVN previously_RR ,_, the_AT percentage_NN1 FRL_NP1 measure_NN1 is_VBZ time_NNT1 varying_VVG in_II our_APPGE data_NN ,_, but_CCB year-to-year_JJ variation_NN1 at_II the_AT school_NN1 level_NN1 is_VBZ minimal_JJ ._. 
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Comments_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 '_NULL you_PPY '_NULL ve_VV0 got_VVN to_TO see_VVI different_JJ things_NN2 and_CC make_VVI the_AT right_JJ decision_NN1 '_NULL (_( VLO_NP1 5_MC )_) throughout_II the_AT eight_MC lessons_NN2 indicated_VVD that_CST Joseph_NP1 understood_VVD the_AT importance_NN1 of_IO decision-making_NN1 in_II the_AT ever-changing_JJ environment_NN1 that_CST games_NN2 present_NN1 (_( Kirk_NP1 and_CC MacPhail_NP1 ,_, 2002_MC )_) ._. 
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Miller_NP1 (_( 2016_MC :_: 11_MC )_) defines_VVZ '_NULL White_JJ sanction_NN1 '_NULL as_II a_AT1 deliberate_JJ act_NN1 '_NULL where_CS the_AT skills_NN2 and_CC capabilities_NN2 of_IO a_AT1 BAME_NN1 individual_NN1 are_VBR ,_, first_MD ,_, acknowledged_JJ and_CC ,_, second_NNT1 ,_, endorsed/promoted_VVN by_II a_AT1 white_JJ individual_NN1 ,_, who_PNQS is_VBZ positioned_VVN as_II a_AT1 broker_NN1 and/or_CC mediator_NN1 acting_VVG on_II31 behalf_II32 of_II33 or_CC in_II the_AT interests_NN2 of_IO the_AT BAME_NN1 individual_NN1 '_NULL ._. 
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So_RR ,_, you_PPY know_VV0 ,_, talking_VVG to_II each_PPX221 other_PPX222 helps_NN2 boost_VVI our_APPGE kids_NN2 ._. 
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The_AT first_MD difference_NN1 between_II our_APPGE NAGC_NN1 adult_NN1 (_( 4B_FO )_) and_CC child_NN1 (_( 4A_FO )_) models_NN2 is_VBZ that_CST the_AT benchmark_NN1 for_IF what_DDQ is_VBZ considered_VVN "_" gifted_JJ "_" changes_NN2 from_II high_JJ ability_NN1 in_II childhood_NN1 to_II high_JJ achievement_NN1 in_II adulthood_NN1 ._. 
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First_MD ,_, a_AT1 computer_NN1 search_NN1 of_IO the_AT PsycINFO_NN1 ,_, ProQuest_NP1 ,_, ERIC_NP1 ,_, and_CC MEDLINE_NP1 databases_NN2 was_VBDZ conducted_VVN during_II June_NPM1 2018_MC using_VVG the_AT following_JJ search_NN1 terms_NN2 with_IW different_JJ combinations_NN2 of_IO Boolean_NN1 operators_NN2 "_" AND_CC "_" and_CC "_" OR_CC "_" :_: arithmetic_NN1 ,_, math*_FO ,_, numerical_JJ ,_, anxiety_NN1 ._. 
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Meanwhile_RR ,_, negative_JJ associations_NN2 are_VBR expected_VVN between_II entity_NN1 beliefs_NN2 about_II teaching_VVG ability_NN1 and_CC positive_JJ teacher_NN1 emotion_NN1 of_IO enjoyment_NN1 ;_; and_CC incremental_JJ beliefs_NN2 about_II teaching_VVG ability_NN1 and_CC negative_JJ teacher_NN1 emotions_NN2 of_IO anger_NN1 and_CC anxiety_NN1 ._. 
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DV_MC :_: dependent_JJ variable_NN1 ;_; ANN_NP1 :_: artificial_JJ neural_JJ network_NN1 ;_; BLR_NP1 :_: binomial_JJ logistic_JJ regression_NN1 ;_; LR_NP1 :_: linear_JJ regression_NN1 ._. 
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Lazarus_NN1 and_CC Cohen_NP1 (_( 1977_MC )_) refer_VV0 to_II three_MC types_NN2 of_IO stressors_NN2 that_CST individuals_NN2 experience_VV0 ,_, including_II cataclysmic_JJ changes_NN2 (_( affecting_VVG a_AT1 large_JJ number_NN1 of_IO people_NN )_) ,_, major_JJ changes_NN2 (_( affecting_VVG one_MC1 or_CC a_AT1 small_JJ number_NN1 of_IO people_NN )_) and_CC daily_JJ hassles_NN2 ._. 
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However_RR ,_, the_AT second_MD subscale_NN1 was_VBDZ weakly_RR and_CC sometimes_RT negatively_RR related_VVN to_II our_APPGE dependent_JJ variables_NN2 ._. 
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Only_RR 38_MC participants_NN2 from_II eight_MC studies_NN2 met_VVD criteria_NN2 for_IF inclusion_NN1 in_II this_DD1 review_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT interrater_JJR percentage_NN1 agreement_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ equalled_VVD to_II 90%_NNU ,_, was_VBDZ calculated_VVN by_II dividing_VVG the_AT number_NN1 of_IO times_NNT2 both_RR researchers_NN2 agreed_VVN by_II the_AT total_JJ number_NN1 of_IO times_NNT2 coding_NN1 was_VBDZ possible_JJ (_( Boyatzis_NP1 1998_MC )_) ._. 
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Towards_II the_AT end_NN1 of_IO the_AT study_NN1 ,_, I_PPIS1 started_VVD instigating_VVG more_DAR discussions_NN2 with_IW students_NN2 around_II their_APPGE learning_NN1 experiences_NN2 ._. 
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A_AT1 definition_NN1 that_CST can_VM not_XX meet_VVI this_DD1 fundamental_JJ criterion_NN1 of_IO verisimilitude_NN1 requires_VVZ revision_NN1 or_CC abandonment_NN1 ._. 
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By_II focusing_VVG on_II detailed_JJ analysis_NN1 of_IO the_AT literacy_NN1 in_II two_MC countries_NN2 with_IW a_AT1 similar_JJ culture_NN1 and_CC history_NN1 ,_, the_AT study_NN1 avoids_VVZ the_AT usual_JJ problems_NN2 that_CST accompany_VV0 the_AT analyses_NN2 of_IO the_AT data_NN from_II international_JJ comparative_JJ studies_NN2 ._. 
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To_TO address_VVI students_NN2 '_NULL needs_VVZ for_IF relatedness_NN1 ,_, teachers_NN2 of_IO flipped_VVN classrooms_NN2 may_VM try_VVI recording_VVG videos_NN2 covering_VVG content_NN1 ,_, expectations_NN2 ,_, or_CC explanations_NN2 in_II a_AT1 space_NN1 other_II21 than_II22 a_AT1 classroom_NN1 or_CC office_NN1 to_TO convey_VVI a_AT1 sense_NN1 of_IO the_AT teacher_NN1 as_II a_AT1 multi-dimensional_JJ human_JJ being_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT educational_JJ policies_NN2 discussed_VVN in_II the_AT reviewed_JJ articles_NN2 fall_VV0 into_II three_MC distinctive_JJ groups_NN2 with_IW different_JJ conceptions_NN2 of_IO the_AT relationship_NN1 between_II education_NN1 and_CC politics_NN1 ._. 
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Why_RRQ do_VD0 you_PPY think_VVI like_II this_DD1 about_II this_DD1 Kadnkkadradnkkad_NN1 that_CST it_PPH1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 a_AT1 girl_NN1 ?_? 
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Therefore_RR ,_, teachers_NN2 who_PNQS seek_VV0 to_TO draw_VVI on_II critical_JJ pedagogy_NN1 need_NN1 to_TO first_MD assess_VVI students_NN2 '_NULL preparedness_NN1 and_CC maturity_NN1 to_TO deal_VVI with_IW contentious_JJ topics_NN2 ;_; because_CS how_RGQ many_DA2 teachers_NN2 will_VM want_VVI to_TO let_VVI their_APPGE students_NN2 feel_VVI upset_JJ and_CC insecure_JJ in_II their_APPGE classes_NN2 ?_? 
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The_AT data_NN presented_VVN in_II Table_NN1 1_MC1 indicate_VV0 that_CST there_EX are_VBR not_XX significant_JJ differences_NN2 between_II the_AT comparison_NN1 and_CC experimental_JJ group_NN1 in_II31 terms_II32 of_II33 attitudes_NN2 ._. 
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We_PPIS2 begin_VV0 by_II setting_VVG out_RP briefly_RR our_APPGE conceptions_NN2 of_IO educational_JJ practice_NN1 and_CC research_NN1 ,_, and_CC then_RT explain_VV0 how_RRQ the_AT latter_DA can_VM inform_VVI the_AT former_DA ._. 
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In_RR21 addition_RR22 ,_, a_AT1 standards-based_JJ system_NN1 to_TO guide_VVI schools_NN2 ,_, curriculum_NN1 ,_, assessment_NN1 and_CC professional_JJ development_NN1 was_VBDZ developed_VVN (_( Nasser_NP1 ,_, 2017_MC )_) ._. 
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This_DD1 guided_VVD our_APPGE design_NN1 of_IO the_AT S3_FO agents_NN2 and_CC other_JJ features_NN2 ,_, to_II scaffold_NN1 the_AT distribution_NN1 of_IO materials_NN2 ,_, assign_VV0 students_NN2 to_II groups_NN2 ,_, and_CC help_VV0 to_TO orchestrate_VVI the_AT sequence_NN1 of_IO activities_NN2 ._. 
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Finally_RR ,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ possible_JJ that_CST the_AT number_NN1 of_IO law_NN1 students_NN2 who_PNQS faced_VVD credit_NN1 constraints_NN2 prior_II21 to_II22 the_AT adoption_NN1 of_IO the_AT Grad_NP1 PLUS_II program_NN1 could_VM have_VHI been_VBN relatively_RR low_JJ due_II21 to_II22 the_AT presence_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 robust_JJ private_JJ loan_NN1 market_NN1 during_II the_AT 2000s_MC2 ._. 
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However_RR ,_, 8_MC studies_NN2 met_VVD greater_JJR than_CSN 75%_NNU of_IO the_AT quality_NN1 indicators_NN2 and_CC established_VVD at_RR21 least_RR22 1_MC1 functional_JJ relation_NN1 between_II a_AT1 teacher-implemented_JJ FBI_NP1 and_CC student_NN1 challenging_JJ behavior_NN1 ._. 
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There_EX were_VBDR no_AT differences_NN2 among_II conditions_NN2 on_II learning_VVG enjoyment_NN1 (_( Hypothesis_NN1 2c_FO ;_; giftedness_NN1 :_: F_ZZ1 (_( 1_MC1 ,_, 122_MC )_) =_FO 0.22_MC ,_, p_ZZ1 =_FO .637_MC ,_, <_FO .01_MC ;_; task_NN1 sequence_NN1 :_: F_ZZ1 (_( 1_MC1 ,_, 122_MC )_) =_FO 0.77_MC ,_, p_ZZ1 =_FO .381_MC ,_, Despite_II these_DD2 limitations_NN2 ,_, a_AT1 practical_JJ implication_NN1 of_IO our_APPGE results_NN2 is_VBZ that_CST lecturers_NN2 should_VM (_( re_II )_) consider_VV0 the_AT aim_NN1 and_CC modality_NN1 of_IO their_APPGE feedback_NN1 very_RG carefully_RR ,_, and_CC adapt_VV0 the_AT focus_NN1 ,_, level_NN1 ,_, and_CC function_NN1 of_IO the_AT feedback_NN1 toward_II that_DD1 intended_JJ aim_NN1 and_CC chosen_JJ modality_NN1 ._. 
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Because_II21 of_II22 the_AT precarious_JJ conditions_NN2 associated_VVN with_IW temporary_JJ and_CC multiple-school_JJ jobs_NN2 in_II Brazil_NP1 and_CC given_CS21 that_CS22 weak_JJ and_CC unstable_JJ contractual_JJ ties_NN2 are_VBR likely_JJ to_TO undermine_VVI teachers_NN2 performance_NN1 ,_, I_PPIS1 hypothesize_VV0 that_CST teachers_NN2 hired_VVN on_II a_AT1 temporary_JJ basis_NN1 and_CC who_PNQS work_VV0 at_II multiple_JJ schools_NN2 probably_RR have_VH0 a_AT1 negative_JJ impact_NN1 on_II student_NN1 achievement_NN1 ._. 
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Green_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
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(_( 2003_MC )_) hinted_VVD that_CST many_DA2 Anglophone_VV0 countries_NN2 were_VBDR placing_VVG more_DAR stress_NN1 on_II raising_VVG mean_JJ levels_NN2 of_IO achievement_NN1 rather_II21 than_II22 reducing_VVG inequalities_NN2 ._. 
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But_CCB we_PPIS2 are_VBR never_RR trained_VVN how_RRQ to_TO avoid_VVI that_DD1 ._. 
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This_DD1 doom-laden_JJ definition_NN1 simplistically_RR associates_VVZ in-school_JJ pregnancy_NN1 with_IW the_AT interruption_NN1 of_IO education_NN1 and_CC training_NN1 ._. 
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To_TO meet_VVI those_DD2 needs_NN2 the_AT guide_NN1 outlined_VVD thirteen_MC objectives_NN2 including_II practicing_VVG democratic_JJ procedures_NN2 ,_, appreciating_VVG the_AT interdependence_NN1 of_IO people_NN ,_, understanding_VVG children_NN2 of_IO other_JJ lands_NN2 ,_, developing_JJ sensitivity_NN1 to_II needs_NN2 of_IO others_NN2 ,_, respecting_II the_AT culture_NN1 of_IO all_DB people_NN ,_, and_CC developing_VVG a_AT1 concept_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 united_JJ world_NN1 ._. 
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Quizzes_NN2 also_RR enhance_VV0 student_NN1 understanding_VVG of_RR21 course_RR22 expectations_NN2 and_CC thereby_RR facilitate_VV0 self-regulated_JJ learning_NN1 ._. 
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Child_NN1 care_NN1 literacy_NN1 environmentChild_NN1 care_NN1 workers_NN2 completed_VVD an_AT1 adapted_JJ version_NN1 of_IO the_AT K2ID_FO questionnaire_NN1 (_( Hachfeld_NP1 &;_NULL Anders_NP1 ,_, 2016_MC ;_; based_VVN on_II KES-R_NP1 ;_; Tietze_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2007_MC )_) ._. 
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As_CSA noted_VVN above_RL ,_, we_PPIS2 found_VVD that_CST a_AT1 total_NN1 of_IO 22,361_MC EA_NP1 journal_NN1 articles_NN2 had_VHD accumulated_VVN over_II the_AT past_JJ six_MC decades_NNT2 ._. 
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As_II a_AT1 theory_NN1 of_IO practice_NN1 ,_, Bourdieu_NP1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 (_( 1977b_FO )_) framework_NN1 supports_VVZ investigation_NN1 of_IO how_RRQ and_CC why_RRQ institutions_NN2 take_VV0 up_RP particular_JJ actions_NN2 and_CC to_II what_DDQ effect-a_NN1 way_NN1 of_IO investigating_VVG the_AT processes_NN2 and_CC norms_NN2 that_CST influence_VV0 their_APPGE social_JJ action_NN1 ._. 
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Still_RR ,_, it_PPH1 should_VM be_VBI emphasized_VVN that_CST ,_, regardless_RR of_IO topic_NN1 ,_, there_EX were_VBDR no_AT learning_NN1 benefits_NN2 for_IF those_DD2 taking_VVG the_AT course_NN1 in_II traditional_JJ classrooms_NN2 over_II those_DD2 in_II the_AT flipped_VVN versions_NN2 ._. 
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The_AT authors_NN2 would_VM like_VVI to_TO thank_VVI Sébastien_NP1 Dellisse_NP1 (_( Faculté_NP1 de_NP1 Psychologie_NP1 et_FW des_FW Sciences_NN2 de_NP1 l_ZZ1 '_NULL ducation_NN1 ,_, Université_FW Catholique_NP1 de_NP1 Louvain-la-Neuve_NP1 ,_, Belgium_NP1 )_) for_IF his_APPGE participation_NN1 in_II the_AT data_NN collection_NN1 and_CC Miriam_NP1 Rosen_NP1 for_IF the_AT translation_NN1 ._. 
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Major_JJ themes_NN2 of_IO e_ZZ1 learning_VVG like_II theories_NN2 and_CC models_NN2 ,_, advantages_NN2 ,_, disadvantages_NN2 ,_, challenges_NN2 and_CC success_NN1 factors_NN2 emerged_VVD of_IO the_AT study_NN1 ._. 
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Students_NN2 in_II the_AT lecture_NN1 +_FO lab_NN1 group_NN1 were_VBDR enrolled_VVN in_II the_AT physiological_JJ psychology_NN1 course_NN1 and_CC participated_VVD in_II the_AT CURE_NN1 ._. 
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In_II this_DD1 work_NN1 ,_, Sanders_NP1 shows_VVZ us_PPIO2 the_AT paradox_NN1 of_IO the_AT scarcity_NN1 of_IO research_NN1 in_II the_AT teaching_NN1 of_IO evolution_NN1 and_CC the_AT recent_JJ inclusion_NN1 of_IO this_DD1 topic_NN1 in_II the_AT national_JJ curriculum_NN1 in_II the_AT country_NN1 where_CS most_DAT fossils_NN2 of_IO hominids_NN2 have_VH0 been_VBN found_VVN in_II the_AT history_NN1 of_IO anthropology_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT hypothesis_NN1 empirically_RR tested_VVN in_II this_DD1 study_NN1 is_VBZ that_CST the_AT expected_JJ values_NN2 of_IO self-regulated_JJ learning_NN1 are_VBR the_AT same_DA across_II the_AT different_JJ levels_NN2 of_IO private_JJ tutoring_JJ ._. 
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At-risk_JJ emerging_JJ adults_NN2 in_II The_AT Netherlands_NP1 are_VBR a_AT1 heterogeneous_JJ group_NN1 of_IO young_JJ people_NN ,_, of_IO whom_PNQO some_DD attend_VV0 a_AT1 school_NN1 at_II the_AT entry_NN1 training_NN1 level_NN1 ,_, the_AT lowest_JJT level_NN1 of_IO senior_JJ secondary_JJ vocational_JJ education_NN1 in_II The_AT Netherlands_NP1 (_( see_VV0 block_NN1 right_NN1 corner_NN1 of_IO "_" Appendix_NN1 1_MC1 "_" which_DDQ provides_VVZ an_AT1 overview_NN1 of_IO the_AT Dutch_JJ educational_JJ system_NN1 )_) ,_, others_NN2 attend_VV0 a_AT1 rebound_NN1 program_NN1 to_TO prepare_VVI them_PPHO2 to_TO rejoin_VVI this_DD1 level_NN1 of_IO secondary_JJ vocational_JJ education_NN1 ,_, and_CC others_NN2 look_VV0 for_IF appropriate_JJ education_NN1 or_CC work_NN1 ._. 
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However_RR ,_, when_CS referring_VVG to_II the_AT social-affective_JJ domain_NN1 ,_, PT_NN1 leads_VVZ to_II a_AT1 more_RGR critical_JJ approach_NN1 towards_II school_NN1 teachers_NN2 and_CC a_AT1 lesser_JJ estimation_NN1 of_IO them_PPHO2 ,_, as_CSA reflected_VVN in_II pupils_NN2 who_PNQS take_VV0 PT_NN1 due_II21 to_II22 learning_NN1 difficulties_NN2 and_CC who_PNQS view_VV0 private_JJ tutoring_JJ as_II a_AT1 source_NN1 of_IO support_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT reported_JJ effects_NN2 of_IO VR_NP1 training_NN1 programs_NN2 for_IF social_JJ skills_NN2 development_NN1 are_VBR stronger_JJR in_II published_JJ journal_NN1 articles_NN2 compared_VVN to_II other_JJ outlets_NN2 (_( e.g._REX dissertations_NN2 and_CC conference_NN1 presentations_NN2 )_) ._. 
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In_II our_APPGE analysis_NN1 ,_, a_AT1 number_NN1 of_IO articles_NN2 did_VDD not_XX report_VVI the_AT reliability_NN1 of_IO their_APPGE instruments_NN2 ,_, particularly_RR dependent_JJ variables_NN2 ._. 
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Let_VV0 us_PPIO2 consider_VVI the_AT following_JJ situation_NN1 :_: There_EX are_VBR three_MC groups_NN2 of_IO participants_NN2 ,_, each_DD1 performing_VVG a_AT1 task_NN1 that_CST represents_VVZ one_MC1 of_IO three_MC levels_NN2 of_IO processing_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT variable_JJ hypogamy_NN1 is_VBZ '_NULL 1_MC1 if_CS the_AT evaluated_VVN profile_NN1 has_VHZ a_AT1 lower_JJR education_NN1 level_NN1 than_CSN the_AT subject_NN1 ,_, i.e._REX the_AT evaluated_VVN profile_NN1 did_VDD not_XX attend_VVI university_NN1 ,_, but_CCB the_AT subject_NN1 did_VDD ,_, '_NULL 0_MC otherwise_RR ._. 
</s>
<s>
Building_NN1 on_II Maslow_NP1 ?_? s_ZZ1 hierarchy_NN1 of_IO needs_NN2 ,_, Feldman_NP1 and_CC Sweeney_NP1 (_( 1989_MC )_) point_NN1 to_II how_RRQ education_NN1 programs_NN2 for_IF older_JJR adults_NN2 can_VM address_VVI basic_JJ survival_NN1 in_II old_JJ age_NN1 ,_, coping_VVG with_IW life_NN1 transitions_NN2 ,_, generative_JJ giving_NN1 ,_, and_CC growing_VVG for_IF continued_JJ personal_JJ development_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
For_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, some_DD researchers_NN2 have_VH0 proposed_VVN that_CST DBs_NP1 usually_RR serve_VV0 as_RG external_JJ goals_NN2 that_CST are_VBR related_VVN to_II pursing_VVG external_JJ rewards_NN2 ,_, such_II21 as_II22 wealth_NN1 and_CC fame_NN1 (_( Deci_NP1 and_CC Ryan_NP1 1982_MC ;_; Vansteenkiste_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
2004_MC )_) ,_, which_DDQ may_VM serve_VVI to_TO inhibit_VVI students_NN2 '_NULL intrinsic_JJ motivation_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II the_AT literature_NN1 ,_, researchers_NN2 try_VV0 to_TO investigate_VVI the_AT best_JJT approaches_NN2 to_TO teach_VVI this_DD1 skill_NN1 at_II the_AT K-12_FO level_NN1 and_CC propound_VV0 new_JJ tools_NN2 and_CC new_JJ methods_NN2 for_IF teaching_VVG this_DD1 skill_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Providing_VVG dynamic_JJ learning_NN1 resources_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 images_NN2 with_IW narration_NN1 may_VM thus_RR facilitate_VVI positive_JJ learning_NN1 outcomes_NN2 among_II visualizers_NN2 with_IW distinctively_RR lower_JJR spatial_JJ ability_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Computer_NN1 programming_NN1 is_VBZ a_AT1 type_NN1 of_IO story_NN1 sequencing_NN1 (_( Kazakoff_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
2013_MC )_) ,_, and_CC Kazakoff_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
(_( 2013_MC )_) asserted_VVD that_CST robotics_NN2 and_CC programming_VVG in_II kindergarten_NN1 classrooms_NN2 could_VM be_VBI integrated_VVN into_II various_JJ early-childhood_JJ curricular_JJ areas_NN2 that_CST require_VV0 sequential_JJ thinking_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Students_NN2 who_PNQS interact_VV0 with_IW faculty_NN1 report_NN1 significantly_RR higher_JJR satisfaction_NN1 with_IW their_APPGE overall_JJ academic_JJ experience_NN1 (_( Tinto_NP1 ,_, 1975_MC ;_; Webber_NP1 ,_, Krylow_NP1 ,_, &;_NULL Zhang_NP1 ,_, 2013_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
There_EX were_VBDR twenty_MC OER_JJR perceptions_NN2 studies_NN2 published_VVN between_II September_NPM1 2015_MC and_CC December_NPM1 2018_MC ,_, involving_VVG 10,807_MC students_NN2 and_CC 379_MC faculty_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 pattern_NN1 is_VBZ virtually_RR eliminated_VVN when_CS only_RR the_AT subsample_NN1 of_IO normal_JJ responders_NN2 is_VBZ used_VVN (_( column_NN1 3_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
For_IF the_AT practice_NN1 of_IO public_JJ management_NN1 ,_, the_AT findings_NN2 of_IO this_DD1 study_NN1 offer_NN1 two_MC important_JJ implications_NN2 for_IF more_RGR effectively_RR managing_JJ employee_NN1 motivation_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Structural_JJ model_NN1 assessment_NN1 consists_VVZ of_IO the_AT evaluations_NN2 on_II the_AT path_NN1 coefficient_NN1 ,_, the_AT coefficient_NN1 of_IO determination_NN1 (_( R2_FO means_VVZ the_AT variance_NN1 that_CST can_VM be_VBI explained_VVN by_II the_AT model_NN1 )_) ,_, effect_NN1 size_NN1 (_( f2_FO )_) ,_, relative_JJ predictive_JJ relevance_NN1 (_( Q2_FO )_) and_CC the_AT goodness_NN1 of_IO model_NN1 fitting_NN1 (_( Hair_NN1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
2014_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Thus_RR ,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ worthy_JJ of_IO increased_JJ inclusion_NN1 in_II undergraduate_NN1 curricula_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Field_NN1 notes_NN2 and_CC research_NN1 journals_NN2 resulted_VVN in_II 16,653_MC words_NN2 (_( 65_MC pages_NN2 )_) of_IO written_JJ responses_NN2 ,_, and_CC transcribed_VVD interviews_NN2 made_VVD up_RP almost_RR 48,000_MC words_NN2 of_IO data_NN (_( 130_MC pages_NN2 of_IO interview_NN1 transcripts_NN2 )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
His_APPGE current_JJ research_NN1 examines_VVZ the_AT design_NN1 of_IO mathematics_NN1 learning_NN1 environments_NN2 in_II which_DDQ emergent_JJ bilingual_JJ students_NN2 have_VH0 access_NN1 to_II opportunities_NN2 to_TO learn_VVI rigorous_JJ mathematics_NN1 while_CS learning_VVG the_AT language_NN1 of_IO instruction_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
There_EX is_VBZ evidence_NN1 that_CST the_AT adoption_NN1 of_IO Grad_NP1 PLUS_NN1 ,_, combined_VVN with_IW improved_JJ income-driven_JJ repayment_NN1 terms_NN2 ,_, induced_VVD students_NN2 to_TO switch_VVI from_II private_JJ to_II federal_JJ loans_NN2 during_II this_DD1 period_NN1 (_( Bhole_NP1 ,_, 2017_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Two_MC individuals_NN2 held_VVD other_JJ administrative_JJ roles_NN2 in_II31 addition_II32 to_II33 their_APPGE appointment_NN1 as_CSA faculty_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Training_NN1 that_CST is_VBZ delivered_VVN multiple_JJ times_NNT2 may_VM also_RR be_VBI predisposed_VVN to_TO be_VBI shorter_JJR and_CC this_DD1 suggestion_NN1 is_VBZ perhaps_RR corroborated_VVN by_II the_AT finding_NN1 that_CST most_DAT of_IO the_AT packages_NN2 did_VDD not_XX exceed_VVI the_AT eighthour_NN1 duration_NN1 found_VVN in_II our_APPGE related_JJ literature_NN1 review_NN1 to_TO be_VBI the_AT threshold_NN1 for_IF training_NN1 to_II impact_NN1 knowledge_NN1 and_CC behaviour_NN1 &lsqb;_( 16_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Nevertheless_RR ,_, we_PPIS2 discovered_VVD that_CST many_DA2 students_NN2 perceived_VVD that_CST the_AT link_NN1 between_II the_AT tasks_NN2 and_CC the_AT textbook_NN1 content_NN1 was_VBDZ not_XX strong_JJ enough_RR ._. 
</s>
<s>
Almost_RR every_AT1 special_JJ education_NN1 student_NN1 is_VBZ integrated_VVN in_II a_AT1 general_JJ group_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
And_CC finally_RR ,_, at_II level_NN1 1_MC1 ,_, there_EX are_VBR accepted_VVN empirical_JJ data_NN and_CC empirical_JJ laws_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
After_CS this_DD1 ,_, participants_NN2 were_VBDR left_VVN to_TO complete_VVI the_AT task_NN1 if_CS they_PPHS2 wished_VVD ._. 
</s>
<s>
At_II the_AT time_NNT1 ,_, a_AT1 variety_NN1 of_IO toxic_JJ industrial_JJ chemicals_NN2 were_VBDR being_VBG freely_RR dumped_VVN into_II the_AT soil_NN1 ,_, air_NN1 ,_, and_CC waterways_NN2 of_IO the_AT United_NP1 States_NP1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Per-Olof_NP1 Erixon_NP1 is_VBZ a_AT1 professor_NN1 of_IO Educational_JJ Work_NN1 at_II the_AT Department_NN1 of_IO Creative_JJ Studies_NN2 ,_, Ume?_NP1 University_NN1 ,_, Sweden_NP1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Table_NN1 2_MC shows_VVZ that_CST for_IF all_DB analyses_NN2 of_IO the_AT complete_JJ models_NN2 (_( i.e._REX ,_, complete_JJ Model_NN1 Test_NN1 A_ZZ1 ,_, Test_VV0 B_ZZ1 and_CC Test_VV0 C_ZZ1 )_) ,_, the_AT interaction_NN1 between_II the_AT Quiz_NN1 Format_NN1 and_CC the_AT Course_NN1 Grade_NN1 is_VBZ significant_JJ which_DDQ is_VBZ a_AT1 first_MD indicator_NN1 for_IF a_AT1 moderation_NN1 effect_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Moreover_RR ,_, within_II the_AT education_NN1 sector_NN1 ,_, the_AT university_NN1 sits_VVZ at_II the_AT top_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 hierarchy_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ creates_VVZ a_AT1 problem_NN1 with_IW balance_NN1 ;_; even_CS21 if_CS22 the_AT ambition_NN1 is_VBZ that_CST there_EX should_VM be_VBI symmetry_NN1 ,_, the_AT subjects_NN2 in_II the_AT community_NN1 (_( teachers_NN2 and_CC school_NN1 leaders_NN2 )_) find_VV0 it_PPH1 hard_RR to_TO apply_VVI their_APPGE experienced-based_JJ knowledge_NN1 (_( mediating_VVG tools_NN2 )_) to_TO handle_VVI the_AT dilemmas_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Combined-trained_NN1 ,_, doubleboard_NN1 ,_, or_CC triple-board_JJ certified_JJ physicians_NN2 in_II family_NN1 medicine-psychiatry_NN1 ,_, internal_JJ medicine-psychiatry_NN1 ,_, neurology-psychiatry_NN1 ,_, or_CC psychiatry_NN1 represent_VV0 a_AT1 unique_JJ and_CC highly_RR trained_VVN physician_NN1 force_NN1 (_( McCarron_NP1 2016_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Hansen-Thomas_NP1 and_CC Cavagnetto_NP1 (_( 2010_MC )_) captured_VVD teachers_NN2 '_NULL prior_JJ experiences_NN2 ,_, or_CC histories_NN2 ,_, working_VVG with_IW ELs_NP2 ,_, noting_VVG that_CST the_AT mathematics_NN1 teachers_NN2 they_PPHS2 surveyed_VVD believed_VVN that_DD1 mathematics_NN1 should_VM be_VBI easier_JJR for_IF ELs_NP2 than_CSN other_JJ subjects_NN2 ,_, that_DD1 ESL_NN1 training_NN1 for_IF teachers_NN2 is_VBZ needed_VVN ,_, and_CC that_DD1 ELs_NP2 fail_VV0 in_II mathematics_NN1 because_II21 of_II22 issues_NN2 with_IW reading_NN1 and_CC comprehension_NN1 of_IO oral_JJ language_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Do_VD0 suspensions_NN2 promote_VVI arrests_NN2 by_II temporarily_RR removing_VVG the_AT incapacitation_NN1 effect_NN1 of_IO school_NN1 attendance_NN1 for_IF already_RR delinquent_JJ teens_NN2 ?_? 
</s>
<s>
By_II revealing_VVG these_DD2 observable_JJ and_CC learnable_JJ actions_NN2 ,_, this_DD1 paper_NN1 offers_NN2 knowledge_NN1 about_II the_AT multiplicity_NN1 of_IO creativities_NN2 (_( Merker_NP1 ,_, 2006_MC )_) and_CC the_AT metacognitive_JJ processes_NN2 that_CST can_VM unlock_VVI them_PPHO2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II one_MC1 analysis_NN1 of_IO the_AT predictive_JJ validity_NN1 of_IO placement_NN1 tests_NN2 like_II ACCUPLACER_NN1 and_CC COMPASS_NN1 ,_, Scott-Clayton_NP1 (_( 2012_MC )_) found_VVD that_CST such_DA tests_NN2 were_VBDR relatively_RR good_JJ predictors_NN2 of_IO who_PNQS would_VM do_VDI well_RR in_II college-level_JJ courses_NN2 but_CCB relatively_RR bad_JJ predictors_NN2 of_IO who_PNQS would_VM fail_VVI ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT t_ZZ1 tests_NN2 of_IO mean_JJ differences_NN2 for_IF writing_VVG efficiency_NN1 and_CC seconds_NNT2 per_II character_NN1 are_VBR statistically_RR significant_JJ at_II p_ZZ1 <_FO .05_MC ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT lack_NN1 of_IO research_NN1 on_II teacher_NN1 preparation_NN1 and_CC qualifications_NN2 is_VBZ surprising_JJ given_VVN an_AT1 expanded_JJ federal_JJ policy_NN1 focused_VVN on_II improving_JJ teacher_NN1 quality_NN1 ,_, effectiveness_NN1 ,_, induction_NN1 ,_, and_CC evaluation_NN1 (_( e.g._REX ,_, No_AT Child_NN1 Left_VVD Behind_RL ,_, 2001_MC ;_; Every_AT1 Student_NN1 Succeeds_VVZ Act_NN1 ,_, 2015_MC )_) and_CC expanded_JJ options_NN2 for_IF preparation_NN1 ,_, such_II21 as_II22 varied_JJ types_NN2 of_IO alternative_JJ programs_NN2 (_( Cochran-Smith_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2016_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT remaining_JJ 25%_NNU of_IO students_NN2 are_VBR African_JJ American_JJ ,_, Native_JJ American_JJ ,_, and_CC Asian_JJ or_CC Pacific_NP1 Islander_NP1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Practical_JJ implicationsOnly_RR in_II recent_JJ years_NNT2 has_VHZ the_AT concept_NN1 of_IO family-school_JJ partnerships_NN2 received_VVD greater_JJR attention_NN1 among_II German_JJ educational_JJ researchers_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
School_NN1 context_NN1 is_VBZ a_AT1 commonly_RR cited_VVN influence_NN1 on_II new_JJ teachers_NN2 '_NULL use_NN1 of_IO practices_NN2 learned_VVN in_II teacher_NN1 preparation_NN1 (_( Nolen_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2011_MC ;_; Thompson_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2013_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
I_PPIS1 always_RR said_VVD ,_, "_" Right_RR ,_, okay_RR ,_, here_RL '_NULL s_ZZ1 a_AT1 book_NN1 ,_, sit_VV0 down_RP and_CC read_VVD ._. 
</s>
<s>
With_IW integrated_JJ primary_JJ care_NN1 ,_, the_AT substantial_JJ global_JJ burden_NN1 of_IO untreated_JJ mental_JJ disorders_NN2 can_VM be_VBI reduced_VVN ,_, thereby_RR improving_VVG the_AT quality_NN1 of_IO life_NN1 for_IF hundreds_NNO2 of_IO millions_NNO2 of_IO patients_NN2 and_CC their_APPGE families_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT same_DA task_NN1 was_VBDZ administered_VVN in_II G6_FO and_CC G7_FO ._. 
</s>
<s>
We_PPIS2 screened_VVD the_AT full_JJ text_NN1 using_VVG the_AT following_JJ criteria_NN2 :_: (_( 1_MC1 )_) the_AT study_NN1 is_VBZ a_AT1 randomized_JJ control_NN1 trial_NN1 ;_; (_( 2_MC )_) the_AT study_NN1 includes_VVZ an_AT1 observation-based_JJ measure_NN1 of_IO classroom_NN1 practice_NN1 ;_; (_( 3_MC )_) the_AT study_NN1 includes_VVZ an_AT1 analysis_NN1 that_CST compares_VVZ treatment_NN1 and_CC control_NN1 group_NN1 teachers_NN2 on_II the_AT observation-based_JJ classroom_NN1 practice_NN1 measure_NN1 ;_; and_CC (_( 4_MC )_) the_AT study_NN1 provides_VVZ sufficient_JJ information_NN1 to_TO calculate_VVI an_AT1 effect_NN1 size_NN1 estimate_NN1 and_CC variance_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Rejecting_VVG fragmented_JJ attempts_NN2 to_TO address_VVI early_JJ childhood_NN1 education_NN1 "_" best_JJT practice_NN1 "_" for_IF specific_JJ populations_NN2 (_( e.g._REX ,_, English_JJ language_NN1 learners_NN2 ,_, children_NN2 with_IW disabilities_NN2 )_) ,_, in_II this_DD1 review_NN1 we_PPIS2 ask_VV0 ,_, The_AT present_JJ study_NN1 aims_VVZ to_TO fill_VVI this_DD1 gap_NN1 by_II examining_VVG the_AT role_NN1 of_IO emotional_JJ intelligence_NN1 (_( EI_NP1 )_) in_II self-directed_JJ learning_NN1 in_II higher_JJR education_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Couldry_NN1 proceeds_VVZ to_TO offer_VVI a_AT1 view_NN1 of_IO voice_NN1 as_CSA value_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ implies_VVZ attending_VVG to_II the_AT conditions_NN2 for_IF its_APPGE effectiveness_NN1 ,_, and_CC to_II arrangements_NN2 that_CST guard_VV0 against_II its_APPGE being_VBG undermined_VVN ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT first_MD and_CC second_MD courses_NN2 entitled_VVN respectively_RR ,_, Some_DD of_IO what_DDQ Matters_VVZ about_II Matter_NN1 :_: an_AT1 Inquiry_NN1 ,_, and_CC ,_, Experiencing_VVG and_CC Teaching_VVG Scientific_JJ Inquiry_NN1 centred_VVN on_II engaging_JJ teachers_NN2 in_II doing_VDG science_NN1 online_RR where_CS they_PPHS2 pursued_VVD their_APPGE own_DA scientific_JJ inquiries_NN2 ;_; the_AT third_MD course_NN1 entitled_VVN Responsive_JJ Teaching_NN1 in_II Science_NN1 focused_VVD more_RGR explicitly_RR on_II matters_NN2 of_IO pedagogy_NN1 where_RRQ teachers_NN2 analysed_VVD videos_NN2 of_IO their_APPGE own_DA students_NN2 '_NULL inquiry_NN1 that_CST they_PPHS2 recorded_VVD throughout_II the_AT three-course_JJ sequence_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT location_NN1 of_IO the_AT principal_NN1 in_II his/her_APPGE school_NN1 network_NN1 is_VBZ circled_VVN ._. 
</s>
<s>
On_II the_AT scale_NN1 of_IO Q-3_FO for_IF this_DD1 performance_NN1 variable_NN1 ,_, the_AT means_NN were_VBDR 1.77_MC and_CC 2.23_MC for_IF the_AT electronic_JJ and_CC paper_NN1 conditions_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
These_DD2 and_CC other_JJ potential_JJ factors_NN2 were_VBDR explored_VVN in_II the_AT participant_NN1 interviews_NN2 discussed_VVN below_RL ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_RR21 addition_RR22 ,_, as_CSA many_DA2 action_NN1 sports_NN2 become_VV0 increasingly_RR mainstreamed_VVD ,_, they_PPHS2 will_VM feature_VVI more_RGR prominently_RR in_II national_JJ physical_JJ education_NN1 curricula_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT DHH_NP1 community_NN1 also_RR offers_VVZ a_AT1 unique_JJ opportunity_NN1 in_II that_DD1 their_APPGE lives_NN2 are_VBR often_RR shaped_VVN by_II science_NN1 and_CC technology_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT resulting_JJ measure_NN1 ,_, the_AT Mode_NN1 Shifting_NN1 Index_NN1 (_( MSI_NP1 )_) ,_, was_VBDZ found_VVN to_TO have_VHI good_JJ psychometric_JJ properties_NN2 and_CC revealed_VVD the_AT novel_NN1 finding_VVG that_DD1 mode_NN1 shifting_NN1 consisted_VVN of_IO two_MC different_JJ components_NN2 ;_; metacognitive_JJ awareness_NN1 of_IO shifting_NN1 and_CC shifting_JJ competence_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Optimistic_JJ views_NN2 of_IO opportunity_NN1 may_VM motivate_VVI students_NN2 to_TO overcome_VVI barriers_NN2 ,_, yet_RR they_PPHS2 may_VM also_RR obscure_VVI the_AT significance_NN1 of_IO class_NN1 disparities_NN2 in_II education_NN1 and_CC foster_VV0 a_AT1 sense_NN1 of_IO self-blame_NN1 among_II failing_VVG students_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Given_CS21 that_CS22 the_AT majority_NN1 of_IO administrators_NN2 from_II schools_NN2 with_IW music_NN1 showed_VVD greater_JJR awareness_NN1 with_II31 regard_II32 to_II33 policy_NN1 and_CC curriculum_NN1 ,_, the_AT results_NN2 imply_VV0 that_CST policies_NN2 and_CC obligations_NN2 are_VBR understood_VVN similarly_RR in_II all_DB zones_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
All_DB participants_NN2 were_VBDR native_JJ speakers_NN2 of_IO Dutch_JJ ._. 
</s>
<s>
As_CSA we_PPIS2 have_VH0 become_VVN more_RGR aware_JJ of_IO the_AT many_DA2 contingencies_NN2 involved_JJ in_II teaching_NN1 ,_, we_PPIS2 have_VH0 shifted_VVN our_APPGE focus_NN1 away_II21 from_II22 telling_VVG teachers_NN2 what_DDQ to_TO do_VDI and_CC toward_II deepening_VVG their_APPGE understanding_NN1 of_IO their_APPGE students_NN2 so_CS21 that_CS22 they_PPHS2 can_VM make_VVI better_JJR in-the-moment_NN1 judgments_NN2 about_II how_RRQ to_TO respond_VVI to_II students_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
For_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, they_PPHS2 were_VBDR observed_VVN to_TO hold_VVI their_APPGE hands_NN2 under_II the_AT table_NN1 ,_, to_TO cross_VVI their_APPGE arms_NN2 ,_, or_CC to_TO hold_VVI one_MC1 hand_NN1 tightly_RR with_IW the_AT other_JJ ._. 
</s>
<s>
Increasing_JJ recognition_NN1 of_IO the_AT importance_NN1 of_IO school_NN1 leaders_NN2 for_IF student_NN1 outcomes_NN2 and_CC high_JJ rates_NN2 of_IO principal_JJ mobility_NN1 highlight_VV0 the_AT need_NN1 to_TO understand_VVI the_AT causes_NN2 and_CC consequences_NN2 of_IO principal_JJ turnover_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
After_II having_VHG characterised_VVN the_AT specific_JJ nature_NN1 of_IO those_DD2 instruments_NN2 in_II the_AT context_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 traditionally_RR highly_RR decentralised_JJ system_NN1 involved_JJ in_II a_AT1 significant_JJ process_NN1 of_IO centralisation_NN1 ,_, we_PPIS2 identify_VV0 their_APPGE effects_NN2 through_II the_AT case_NN1 study_NN1 of_IO three_MC schools_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II gender_NN1 terms_NN2 ,_, the_AT shift_NN1 was_VBDZ also_RR dramatic_JJ with_IW the_AT proportion_NN1 of_IO female_JJ students_NN2 rising_VVG from_II 45_MC to_II 58%_NNU (_( RSA_NP1 2013_MC :_: 28_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
However_RR ,_, after_II adjusting_VVG for_IF other_JJ factors_NN2 ,_, academics_NN2 whose_DDQGE previous_JJ appointment_NN1 or_CC promotion_NN1 was_VBDZ at_II UCT_NP1 were_VBDR promoted_VVN a_AT1 median_NN1 of_IO 0.73_MC years_NNT2 (_( 9_MC months_NNT2 )_) earlier_JJR than_CSN those_DD2 with_IW non-UCT_JJ previous_JJ appointments_NN2 (_( Table_NN1 3_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
However_RR ,_, the_AT majority_NN1 of_IO the_AT studies_NN2 reporting_VVG that_CST parents_NN2 had_VHD not_XX completed_VVN high_JJ school_NN1 were_VBDR included_VVN in_II the_AT low-SES/poverty_FU subset_NN1 ,_, X2(1)_FO =_FO 15.31_MC ,_, p<0.001_FO ._. 
</s>
<s>
Next_MD ,_, the_AT BCH_NP1 approach_NN1 computes_VVZ weights_NN2 for_IF individuals_NN2 based_VVN on_II their_APPGE posterior_JJ probabilities_NN2 of_IO membership_NN1 in_II each_DD1 latent_JJ profile_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
At_II retention_NN1 testing_NN1 for_IF the_AT trombones_NN2 ,_, 7_MC students_NN2 played_VVD most_RGT evenly_RR as_II a_AT1 result_NN1 of_IO practice_NN1 in_II the_AT external_JJ condition_NN1 ,_, 4_MC students_NN2 in_II the_AT control_NN1 condition_NN1 ,_, and_CC 3_MC students_NN2 in_II the_AT internal_JJ condition_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
It_PPH1 is_VBZ suggested_VVN that_CST if_CS the_AT learner_NN1 identifies_VVZ with_IW the_AT e-learning_JJ system_NN1 to_TO enhance_VVI his_APPGE learning_NN1 effectiveness_NN1 and_CC understands_VVZ that_CST learning_VVG on_II a_AT1 digital_JJ platform_NN1 reduces_VVZ his_APPGE effort_NN1 in_II the_AT process_NN1 ,_, he_PPHS1 tends_VVZ to_TO accept_VVI and_CC include_VVI the_AT use_NN1 e-learning_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Theoretically_RR ,_, a_AT1 model_NN1 in_II cultivating_VVG the_AT situational_JJ interest_NN1 was_VBDZ developed_VVN based_VVN on_II the_AT two_MC theories_NN2 and_CC being_VBG verified_VVN empirically_RR and_CC longitudinally_RR ._. 
</s>
<s>
We_PPIS2 have_VH0 concern_NN1 that_CST these_DD2 ranges_NN2 are_VBR too_RG large_JJ from_II a_AT1 conceptual_JJ standpoint_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Further_RRR ,_, there_EX is_VBZ addition_NN1 to_II the_AT body_NN1 of_IO literature_NN1 in_RP IS_VBZ on_II lecturers_NN2 '_NULL neutralisation_NN1 to_TO justify_VVI resistance_NN1 to_II LMS_NN1 implementation_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
As_II a_AT1 sensitivity_NN1 analysis_NN1 ,_, Fig._NN1 3_MC depicts_VVZ the_AT same_DA analysis_NN1 ,_, showing_VVG the_AT gap_NN1 within_II each_DD1 cohort_NN1 relative_II21 to_II22 the_AT income_NN1 distribution_NN1 in_II each_DD1 period_NN1 ,_, but_CCB now_RT using_VVG standardized_JJ logitranks_NN2 of_IO income_NN1 instead_II21 of_II22 the_AT PPP_NP1 adjustment_NN1 Reflecting_VVG the_AT hierarchical_JJ position_NN1 the_AT ranks_NN2 provide_VV0 a_AT1 different_JJ strategy_NN1 of_IO dealing_VVG with_IW the_AT challenge_NN1 of_IO comparing_VVG economic_JJ returns_NN2 over_II time_NNT1 periods_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
They_PPHS2 accomplished_VVD this_DD1 by_II reading_VVG the_AT work_NN1 of_IO critical_JJ race_NN1 theorists_NN2 ,_, consulting_VVG with_IW their_APPGE colleagues_NN2 ,_, and_CC becoming_VVG students_NN2 of_IO their_APPGE students_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT results_NN2 of_IO previous_JJ studies_NN2 have_VH0 shown_VVN individuals_NN2 with_IW low_JJ general_JJ SE_ND1 to_TO find_VVI persuasive_JJ messages_NN2 less_RGR effective_JJ in_II encouraging_JJ behavioural_JJ changes_NN2 (_( Riet_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2008_MC ,_, 2010a_FO ,_, 2010b_FO )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
One_MC1 such_DA factor_NN1 that_CST has_VHZ been_VBN discussed_VVN in_II the_AT literature_NN1 is_VBZ the_AT qualification_NN1 of_IO more_DAR teachers_NN2 who_PNQS have_VH0 an_AT1 ethnic_JJ minority_NN1 background_NN1 themselves_PPX2 (_( Atkins_NP1 ,_, Fertig_NP1 ,_, &;_NULL Wilkins_NP1 ,_, 2014_MC ;_; Dee_FU ,_, 2004_MC ;_; Driessen_NP1 ,_, 2015_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II31 line_II32 with_II33 its_APPGE implied_JJ effect_NN1 ,_, we_PPIS2 find_VV0 relatively_RR strong_JJ relationships_NN2 between_II principals_NN2 '_NULL focus_VV0 on_II instruction-specific_JJ support_NN1 and_CC more_RGR effective_JJ teaching_NN1 practices_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT test_NN1 results_NN2 showed_VVD that_CST one_MC1 of_IO the_AT dependent_JJ variables_NN2 (_( number_NN1 of_IO attempts_NN2 to_TO pass_VVI assessment_NN1 ,_, p_ZZ1 =_FO 0.023_MC <_FO 0.05_MC )_) ,_, normality_NN1 could_VM not_XX be_VBI assumed_VVN ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II the_AT paragraphs_NN2 below_RL ,_, we_PPIS2 first_MD discuss_VV0 the_AT methodological_JJ strengths_NN2 and_CC weaknesses_NN2 of_IO both_DB2 studies_NN2 ;_; subsequently_RR ,_, we_PPIS2 suggest_VV0 future_JJ directions_NN2 for_IF research_NN1 and_CC potential_JJ practical_JJ consequences_NN2 for_IF teacher_NN1 education_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
For_IF many_DA2 PTs_NN2 ,_, it_PPH1 was_VBDZ challenging_VVG to_TO overcome_VVI differences_NN2 between_II themselves_PPX2 and_CC their_APPGE future_JJ students_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Examples_NN2 of_IO the_AT items_NN2 include_VV0 :_: i_ZZ1 If_CS there_EX is_VBZ something_PN1 I_PPIS1 donyt_VV0 understand_VV0 in_II a_AT1 class_NN1 ,_, I_PPIS1 always_RR find_VV0 a_AT1 way_NN1 to_TO learn_VVI it_PPH1 on_II my_APPGE own_DA '_NULL ,_, '_NULL I_PPIS1 am_VBM very_RG motivated_JJ to_TO learn_VVI on_II my_APPGE own_DA without_IW having_VHG to_TO rely_VVI on_II other_JJ people%_FO and_RR31 so_RR32 on_RR33 ._. 
</s>
<s>
They_PPHS2 have_VH0 a_AT1 particular_JJ ambition_NN1 to_TO pursue_VVI further_JJR studies_NN2 and_CC perhaps_RR a_AT1 more_RGR explicit_JJ view_NN1 on_II the_AT issues_NN2 in_II our_APPGE study_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ may_VM distinguish_VVI them_PPHO2 from_II other_JJ teachers_NN2 and_CC their_APPGE opinions_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Future_JJ work_NN1 with_IW the_AT HILDA_NP1 data_NN will_VM use_VVI the_AT information_NN1 collected_VVN on_II personality_NN1 character_NN1 traits_NN2 in_II the_AT HILDA_NP1 survey_NN1 to_TO attempt_VVI to_TO distinguish_VVI between_II the_AT emotionally_RR vulnerable_JJ and_CC antisocial_JJ impulsivist_NN1 pathways_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_RR21 general_RR22 ,_, Surface_NN1 strategy_NN1 had_VHD a_AT1 stron_NN1 ger_NN1 ,_, positive_JJ relationship_NN1 with_IW Memorizing_NP1 and_CC Testing_NN1 while_CS Deep_JJ strategy_NN1 had_VHD stronger_JJR positive_JJ relationships_NN2 with_IW Increasing_VVG one_MC1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 knowledge_NN1 ,_, Application_NN1 and_CC understanding_NN1 ,_, and_CC Seeing_VVG in_II a_AT1 new_JJ way_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Future_JJ research_NN1 should_VM identify_VVI the_AT most_RGT effective_JJ methods_NN2 of_IO helping_VVG candidates_NN2 develop_VVI initial_JJ practical_JJ visions_NN2 during_II coursework_NN1 and_CC beginning_VVG teachers_NN2 refine_VV0 those_DD2 practical_JJ visions_NN2 through_II new_JJ teacher_NN1 support_NN1 and_CC professional_JJ development_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Drawing_VVG on_II the_AT notion_NN1 of_IO automaticity_NN1 (_( Abadzi_NP1 2012_MC )_) ,_, many_DA2 have_VH0 accepted_VVN and_CC even_RR promoted_VVN the_AT idea_NN1 that_CST children_NN2 must_VM read_VVI at_II the_AT rate_NN1 of_IO 45-60_MCMC CWPM_NP1 in_BCL21 order_BCL22 to_TO achieve_VVI fluency_NN1 and_CC thus_RR comprehension_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT SHS_NP1 collects_VVZ spending_VVG data_NN across_II a_AT1 wide_JJ range_NN1 of_IO goods_NN2 and_CC services_NN2 :_: food_NN1 ;_; shelter_NN1 ;_; household_NN1 operation_NN1 and_CC equipment_NN1 ;_; clothing_NN1 ;_; transportation_NN1 ;_; health_NN1 and_CC personal_JJ care_NN1 ;_; recreation_NN1 ;_; reading_VVG materials_NN2 ;_; education_NN1 ;_; tobacco_NN1 and_CC alcohol_NN1 products_NN2 ;_; and_CC other_JJ expenses_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 rather_RG sudden_JJ and_CC dramatic_JJ increase_NN1 in_II the_AT level_NN1 of_IO math_NN1 attained_VVN by_II the_AT low-SES_NP2 students_NN2 in_II post-policy_JJ cohorts_NN2 leads_VVZ us_PPIO2 to_TO speculate_VVI that_CST the_AT standards_NN2 for_IF passing_VVG these_DD2 courses_NN2 may_VM have_VHI changed_VVN ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II our_APPGE previous_JJ interviews_NN2 ,_, we_PPIS2 heard_VVD about_II the_AT work_NN1 that_CST your_APPGE state_NN1 is_VBZ doing_VDG to_TO train_VVI administrators_NN2 and_CC teachers_NN2 around_II building_VVG cultural_JJ competency_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
However_RR ,_, in_II31 addition_II32 to_II33 resources_NN2 ,_, this_DD1 necessitates_VVZ support_NN1 to_II teaching_NN1 and_CC research_NN1 capacities_NN2 ,_, a_AT1 task_NN1 that_CST is_VBZ rendered_VVN excruciatingly_RR complex_JJ by_II a_AT1 multitude_NN1 of_IO debilitating_JJ effects_NN2 endured_VVD by_II the_AT HE_PPHS1 sector_NN1 in_II conflict-affected_JJ contexts_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Increasing_VVG these_DD2 two_MC school_NN1 inputs_NN2 would_VM result_VVI in_II a_AT1 gain_NN1 of_IO 4.523_MC points_NN2 for_IF SWD_NP1 who_PNQS are_VBR also_RR believed_VVN to_TO be_VBI academically_RR disadvantaged_JJ ._. 
</s>
<s>
Instead_RR ,_, teachers_NN2 typically_RR prefer_VV0 one_MC1 sector_NN1 over_II the_AT other_JJ ,_, and_CC there_EX is_VBZ limited_JJ mobility_NN1 across_II the_AT sectors_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Teachers_NN2 usually_RR choose_VV0 to_TO directly_RR communicate_VVI with_IW administrators_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 was_VBDZ evident_JJ in_II Teacher_NN1 Bee_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 comments_NN2 during_II the_AT DI_NN1 stage_NN1 (_( Excerpt_NP1 5_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
There_EX was_VBDZ a_AT1 significant_JJ main_JJ effect_NN1 for_IF the_AT number_NN1 of_IO times_NNT2 the_AT materials_NN2 downloaded_VVD in_II Year_NNT1 1_MC1 for_IF the_AT three_MC cohorts_NN2 ,_, F_ZZ1 (_( 2_VV0 ,_, 216_MC )_) =_FO 11.94_MC ,_, p_ZZ1 <_FO .001_MC ,_, partial_JJ q2_FO =_FO .10_MC ._. 
</s>
<s>
We_PPIS2 include_VV0 hypotheses_NN2 about_II objective_JJ indicators_NN2 of_IO technological_JJ sophistication_NN1 ,_, such_II21 as_II22 the_AT applied_JJ hardware_NN1 ,_, but_CCB the_AT publication_NN1 year_NNT1 of_IO the_AT source_NN1 can_VM be_VBI considered_VVN a_AT1 proxy_NN1 for_IF the_AT technological_JJ sophistication_NN1 of_IO the_AT intervention_NN1 ,_, as_CSA technologies_NN2 become_VV0 more_RGR sophisticated_JJ as_CSA time_NNT1 progresses_VVZ (_( Howard_NP1 ,_, 2018_MC ;_; Howard_NP1 and_CC Rose_NP1 ,_, 2019_MC ;_; Klimova_NP1 ,_, 2016_MC ;_; Rauscher_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2016_MC ;_; Spadaro_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2017_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
We_PPIS2 do_VD0 not_XX propose_VVI an_AT1 a_JJ21 priori_JJ22 hypothesis_NN1 regarding_II the_AT differential_JJ effectiveness_NN1 of_IO VR_NP1 to_TO develop_VVI basic_JJ ,_, moderate_JJ ,_, or_CC complex_JJ social_JJ skills_NN2 ,_, but_CCB we_PPIS2 test_VV0 the_AT relative_JJ effectiveness_NN1 of_IO VR_NP1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Suppose_VV0 that_CST in_II class_NN1 A_ZZ1 the_AT external_JJ evaluations_NN2 average_VV0 to_II eA_NNU ,_, while_CS in_II class_NN1 B_ZZ1 their_APPGE average_NN1 is_VBZ eB_NN1 ,_, with_IW eA_NNU >_FO eB_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Then_RT E_ZZ1 (_( N_ZZ1 |_NULL ext_NN1 =_FO eA_NNU )_) >_FO E_ZZ1 (_( N_ZZ1 |_NULL ext_NN1 =_FO eB_NN1 )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
He_PPHS1 investigated_VVD the_AT influence_NN1 of_IO the_AT primary_JJ school_NN1 on_II the_AT educational_JJ level_NN1 or_CC track_VV0 a_AT1 student_NN1 had_VHD reached_VVN at_II that_DD1 moment_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Such_DA commitments_NN2 might_VM vary_VVI in_II their_APPGE focus_NN1 (_( e.g._REX from_II a_AT1 narrow_JJ focus_NN1 such_II21 as_II22 imposing_VVG clear_JJ rules_NN2 for_IF behaviour_NN1 on_II a_AT1 specific_JJ group_NN1 of_IO pupils_NN2 ,_, to_II a_AT1 wide_JJ focus_NN1 such_II21 as_II22 becoming_VVG a_AT1 more_RGR empathic_JJ listener_NN1 to_II all_DB students_NN2 )_) and_CC intensity_NN1 (_( e.g._REX from_II a_AT1 low-intensity_JJ commitment_NN1 that_CST is_VBZ soon_RR forgotten_VVN ,_, to_II a_AT1 high-intensity_JJ commitment_NN1 that_CST is_VBZ regularly_RR revisited_VVN and_CC reviewed_VVN )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Conclusions_NN2 Geriatric_JJ psychiatry_NN1 clerkship_NN1 education_NN1 is_VBZ inconsistent_JJ in_II Canada_NP1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II these_DD2 studies_NN2 ,_, it_PPH1 was_VBDZ found_VVN that_CST an_AT1 item_NN1 recalled_VVD had_VHD about_II a_AT1 .90_MC probability_NN1 of_IO being_VBG correct_JJ (_( Koriat_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
2011_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_RR21 addition_RR22 ,_, several_DA2 articles_NN2 focused_VVN on_II the_AT "_" teacher_NN1 labor_NN1 market_NN1 "_" (_( i.e._REX ,_, Dolton_NP1 &;_NULL Vignoles_NP1 ,_, 2000_MC ;_; Groot_NP1 &;_NULL Van_NP1 Den_NP1 Brink_NP1 ,_, 2000_MC ;_; Ingersoll_NP1 &;_NULL Smith_NP1 ,_, 2003_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
A_AT1 particularly_RR useful_JJ way_NN1 of_IO preparing_VVG teachers_NN2 to_TO develop_VVI measurable_JJ annual_JJ goals_NN2 and_CC be_VBI able_JK to_TO measure_VVI student_NN1 progress_NN1 is_VBZ by_II teaching_VVG them_PPHO2 the_AT procedures_NN2 of_IO curriculumbased_JJ measurement_NN1 (_( Fuchs_NP1 &;_NULL Deno_NP1 ,_, 1991_MC ;_; Yell_NP1 &;_NULL Busch_NP1 ,_, 2012_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 will_VM certainly_RR help_VVI ensure_VVI school_NN1 districts_NN2 develop_VV0 IEPs_NN2 that_CST re_II reasonably_RR calculated_VVN to_TO enable_VVI a_AT1 child_NN1 to_TO make_VVI progress_NN1 appropriate_JJ in_II31 light_II32 of_II33 the_AT child_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 circumstances_NN2 ?_? 
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<s>
(_( Endrew_NP1 ,_, 2017_MC ,_, p._NN1 3_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Our_APPGE findings_NN2 make_VV0 clear_JJ the_AT high_JJ degree_NN1 of_IO variability_NN1 that_CST characterizes_VVZ current_JJ state_NN1 SET_NN1 licensure_NN1 structures_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Both_DB2 teachers_NN2 commented_VVN on_II the_AT students_NN2 '_NULL collective_NN1 and_CC individual_JJ efforts_NN2 to_TO make_VVI the_AT group_NN1 work_NN1 succeed_VV0 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT personal_JJ domain_NN1 related_VVN to_II "_" aspects_NN2 of_IO &lsqb;_( teachers_NN2 '_NULL &rsqb;_) personal_JJ lives_NN2 ,_, framed_VVN by_II class_NN1 ,_, race_NN1 and_CC gender_NN1 ,_, that_CST exist_VV0 outside_II21 of_II22 the_AT professional_JJ realm_NN1 "_" (_( p._NNU 521_MC )_) ,_, including_II the_AT formidable_JJ influence_NN1 of_IO teachers_NN2 '_NULL own_DA experiences_NN2 as_CSA students_NN2 (_( cf._VV0 So_RR Romberg_NP1 was_VBDZ no_AT stranger_NN1 to_II the_AT need_NN1 for_IF exemplar_JJ instructional_JJ materials_NN2 that_CST could_VM support_VVI teacher_NN1 practice_NN1 and_CC student_NN1 learning_VVG at_II scale_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
A_AT1 more_RGR difficult_JJ question_NN1 for_IF assessment_NN1 theorists_NN2 is_VBZ the_AT relationship_NN1 between_II fairness_NN1 and_CC validity_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II the_AT theatre_NN1 classroom_NN1 ,_, Lisen_NP1 ,_, Elle_FW (_( as_CSA Mascarille_NP1 )_) ,_, Ebba_NP1 (_( as_CSA Madelon_NP1 )_) ,_, Elin_NP1 (_( as_CSA Cathos_NP1 )_) and_CC the_AT observer_NN1 are_VBR present_JJ ._. 
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<s>
As_CSA Abeysekera_NP1 and_CC Dawson_NP1 (_( 2015_MC )_) noted_VVD ,_, the_AT flipped_VVN classroom_NN1 approach_NN1 reverses_VVZ what_DDQ is_VBZ done_VDN inside_II the_AT classroom_NN1 and_CC what_DDQ is_VBZ done_VDN outside_II the_AT classroom_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Pearson_NP1 correlations_NN2 and_CC regression_NN1 procedures_NN2 were_VBDR used_VVN to_TO test_VVI hypotheses_NN2 regarding_II the_AT cyclical_JJ phase_NN1 relations_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Like_VV0 in_II the_AT Netherlands_NP1 where_CS moving_VVG from_II mechanistic_JJ mathematics_NN1 teaching_VVG to_II an_AT1 RME_NN1 approach_NN1 meant_VVD a_AT1 break_NN1 with_IW the_AT regular_JJ practice_NN1 ,_, also_RR in_II other_JJ countries_NN2 where_RRQ initiatives_NN2 were_VBDR taken_VVN aimed_VVN at_II implementing_VVG RME_NN1 this_DD1 implied_VVD a_AT1 paradigm_NN1 shift_VV0 in_II the_AT teaching_NN1 of_IO mathematics_NN1 and_CC coping_VVG with_IW the_AT challenges_NN2 that_CST come_VV0 with_IW this_DD1 new_JJ approach_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Related_JJ ,_, problems_NN2 with_IW vagueness_NN1 of_IO verbal_JJ theories_NN2 and_CC weak_JJ statistical_JJ testing_NN1 of_IO them_PPHO2 have_VH0 also_RR long_RR been_VBN discussed_VVN in_II psychology_NN1 (_( e.g._REX ,_, Borsboom_NP1 ,_, 2006_MC ;_; Hampton_NP1 ,_, 2007_MC ;_; Meehl_NP1 ,_, 1978_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Ball_NN1 (_( 2009_MC )_) argues_VVZ that_CST in_II order_NN1 to_TO effectively_RR teach_VVI in_RP culturally_RR diverse_JJ classrooms_NN2 ,_, teachers_NN2 must_VM learn_VVI how_RRQ to_TO be_VBI reflective_JJ ,_, introspective_JJ ,_, critical_JJ ,_, and_CC generative_JJ in_II their_APPGE thinking_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Fairness_NN1 in_II assessment_NN1 is_VBZ seen_VVN as_CSA increasingly_RR important_JJ but_CCB there_EX is_VBZ a_AT1 need_NN1 for_IF greater_JJR clarity_NN1 in_II use_NN1 of_IO the_AT term_NN1 ?_? fair_RR '_NULL ._. 
</s>
<s>
Similarly_RR ,_, Student_NN1 45_MC considered_VVD the_AT fourth_MD task_NN1 (_( Writing_VVG a_AT1 Short_JJ Play_NN1 to_TO Discuss_VV0 How_RRQ to_II Deal_NN1 With_IW Challenges_NN2 During_II Adolescence_NN1 )_) to_TO be_VBI "_" weakly_RR connected_VVN to_II the_AT textbook_NN1 ._. "_" 
</s>
<s>
Her_APPGE research_NN1 interests_NN2 are_VBR in_II computer_NN1 science_NN1 education_NN1 ,_, design_NN1 and_CC analysis_NN1 of_IO algorithms_NN2 ,_, and_CC parallel_JJ and_CC distributed_JJ computation_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT use_NN1 of_IO folklore_NN1 in_II adult_NN1 learning_NN1 has_VHZ already_RR being_VBG applied_VVN in_II many_DA2 developed_JJ countries_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
After_II working_VVG the_AT MeC-PR_JJ material_NN1 ,_, reflection_NN1 about_II how_RRQ the_AT strategies_NN2 helped_VVD them_PPHO2 to_TO build_VVI their_APPGE own_DA understanding_NN1 was_VBDZ stimulated_VVN ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT accuracy_NN1 of_IO the_AT transcription_NN1 and_CC translation_NN1 were_VBDR then_RT thoroughly_RR checked_VVN by_II a_AT1 professor_NN1 of_IO English_JJ language_NN1 at_II the_AT University_NN1 of_IO Sarajevo_NP1 ._. 
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<s>
Often_RR there_EX are_VBR no_AT admittance_NN1 criteria_NN2 and_CC admission_NN1 to_TO CLIL_VVI is_VBZ voluntary_JJ ._. 
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<s>
Many_DA2 prior_JJ studies_NN2 have_VH0 evaluated_VVN the_AT efficacy_NN1 and_CC turnover_NN1 of_IO TFA-placed_JJ teachers_NN2 relative_II21 to_II22 other_JJ teachers_NN2 in_II similar_JJ schools_NN2 ,_, though_CS little_DA1 is_VBZ known_VVN about_II the_AT program_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 impact_NN1 beyond_II the_AT classrooms_NN2 of_IO individual_JJ corps_NN members_NN2 ,_, such_II21 as_II22 whether_CSW corps_NN members_NN2 affect_VV0 other_JJ teachers_NN2 '_NULL classroom_NN1 performance_NN1 (_( Boyd_NP1 ,_, Grossman_NP1 ,_, Lankford_NP1 ,_, Loeb_NP1 ,_, &;_NULL Wyckoff_NP1 ,_, 2006_MC ;_; Clark_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2013_MC ;_; Clark_NP1 ,_, Isenberg_NP1 ,_, Liu_NP1 ,_, &;_NULL Makowski_NP1 Zukiewicz_NP1 ,_, 2015_MC ;_; Glazerman_NP1 ,_, Mayer_NP1 ,_, &;_NULL Decker_NN1 ,_, 2006_MC ;_; Kane_NP1 ,_, Rockoff_NP1 ,_, &;_NULL Staiger_NP1 ,_, 2008_MC ;_; Xu_NP1 ,_, Hannaway_NP1 ,_, &;_NULL Taylor_NP1 ,_, 2011_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Horizontally_RR across_II nationstates_NN2 ,_, vertically_RR within_II each_DD1 nation-state_NN1 ,_, and_CC transversally_RR over_II time_NNT1 ,_, actors_NN2 expressed_VVD a_AT1 shared_JJ view_NN1 that_CST if_CS refugee_NN1 education_NN1 were_VBDR to_TO enable_VVI refugees_NN2 '_NULL futures_NN2 ,_, conditions_NN2 of_IO belonging_VVG needed_VVN to_TO extend_VVI beyond_II school_NN1 experiences_NN2 to_II how_RRQ refugees_NN2 were_VBDR welcomed_VVN ,_, or_CC not_XX ,_, into_II broader_JJR social_JJ structures_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
As_II a_AT1 result_NN1 ,_, the_AT junior_JJ high_JJ schools_NN2 were_VBDR successively_RR closed_VVN ._. 
</s>
<s>
Based_VVN on_II data_NN from_II an_AT1 RCT_NP1 of_IO a_AT1 statewide_JJ preK_NN1 program_NN1 in_II Tennessee_NP1 ,_, this_DD1 study_NN1 finds_VVZ that_CST preK_VV0 effects_NN2 increase_VV0 with_IW level_NN1 of_IO poverty_NN1 in_II children_NN2 '_NULL s_ZZ1 residential_JJ neighborhoods_NN2 ,_, with_IW positive_JJ effects_NN2 accruing_VVG to_II low-income_JJ children_NN2 in_II high-poverty_JJ neighborhoods_NN2 but_CCB negative_JJ effects_NN2 accruing_VVG to_II low-income_JJ children_NN2 in_II low-poverty_JJ neighborhoods_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
In_II other_JJ words_NN2 ,_, using_VVG FRL_NP1 as_II an_AT1 indicator_NN1 of_IO poverty_NN1 makes_VVZ the_AT school_NN1 finance_NN1 system_NN1 appear_VV0 less_RGR equitable_JJ ._. 
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<s>
Similarly_RR ,_, we_PPIS2 detect_VV0 no_AT significant_JJ difference_NN1 between_II pupils_NN2 with_IW high_JJ and_CC low_JJ SES_NP2 ,_, which_DDQ suggests_VVZ that_CST the_AT effect_NN1 is_VBZ not_XX concentrated_VVN on_II high-SES_NP2 students_NN2 ,_, but_CCB is_VBZ equally_RR large_JJ among_II low-SES_NP2 students_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Direct_JJ measures_NN2 of_IO student_NN1 performance_NN1 and_CC self-efficacy_NN1 are_VBR important_JJ out_RP comes_VVZ for_IF evaluating_VVG the_AT effectiveness_NN1 of_IO AWE_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Students_NN2 who_PNQS feel_VV0 in_II control_NN1 of_IO their_APPGE learning_NN1 experience_NN1 and_CC perceive_VV0 it_PPH1 as_CSA helping_VVG them_PPHO2 to_TO advance_VVI their_APPGE personal_JJ goals_NN2 tend_VV0 to_TO show_VVI increased_JJ academic_JJ motivation_NN1 and_CC more_RGR positive_JJ intentions_NN2 to_TO persist_VVI in_II school_NN1 ,_, regardless_RR of_IO academic_JJ performance_NN1 (_( Hardre_NP1 &;_NULL Reeve_NP1 ,_, 2003_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
The_AT bootstrapped_JJ unstandardized_JJ effect_NN1 was_VBDZ 0.45_MC ,_, at_II an_AT1 interval_NN1 range_NN1 of_IO 0.31-0.60_MCMC ._. 
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<s>
There_EX were_VBDR 35_MC male_JJ participants_NN2 and_CC 25_MC female_JJ participants_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Flexibility-encouraging_JJ productive_JJ adaptations_NN2 vs._II enabling_VVG lethal_JJ mutations_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Instructional_JJ implications_NN2 for_IF implementing_VVG flipped_VVN instruction_NN1 are_VBR provided_VVN ,_, and_CC directions_NN2 for_IF future_JJ research_NN1 are_VBR discussed_VVN ._. 
</s>
<s>
According_II21 to_II22 the_AT reciprocal_JJ theory_NN1 ,_, past_JJ failure_NN1 and_CC negative_JJ experiences_NN2 in_II mathematics_NN1 performance_NN1 may_VM lead_VVI to_II MA_NP1 ,_, which_DDQ subsequently_RR leads_VVZ to_II poorer_JJR mathematics_NN1 performance_NN1 ,_, and_CC vice_RR21 versa_RR22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT insti_NN2 tution_NN1 has_VHZ a_AT1 diverse_JJ academic_JJ unit_NN1 in_II computing_NN1 disciplines_NN2 with_IW more_DAR than_CSN 15_MC full-time_JJ faculty_NN1 members_NN2 serving_VVG approximately_RR 750_MC students_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Indicators_NN2 provide_VV0 more_DAR information_NN1 about_II the_AT actions_NN2 that_CST make_VV0 up_RP the_AT larger_JJR component_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT memos_NN2 assisted_VVD the_AT researchers_NN2 to_TO organize_VVI the_AT data_NN into_II categories_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT goal_NN1 is_VBZ to_TO build_VVI momentum_NN1 for_IF a_AT1 greater_JJR use_NN1 of_IO the_AT field_NN1 of_IO geography_NN1 to_TO influence_VVI the_AT way_NN1 scholars_NN2 think_VV0 about_II educational_JJ research_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Another_DD1 important_JJ aspect_NN1 of_IO helping_VVG children_NN2 understand_VVI coding_VVG in_II early_JJ childhood_NN1 is_VBZ to_TO help_VVI them_PPHO2 understand_VVI sequential_JJ and_CC directional_JJ words_NN2 (_( Campbell_NP1 and_CC Walsh_NP1 2017_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Finally_RR ,_, this_DD1 study_NN1 uses_VVZ normed_JJ scores_NN2 ,_, enabling_VVG comparisons_NN2 to_II larger_JJR populations_NN2 of_IO students_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Following_VVG from_II this_DD1 definition_NN1 ,_, we_PPIS2 do_VD0 not_XX consider_VVI strategy_NN1 use_NN1 to_TO be_VBI a_AT1 fully_RR conscious_JJ or_CC metacognitive_JJ process_NN1 at_II this_DD1 age_NN1 ,_, but_CCB rather_RR understand_VV0 the_AT term_NN1 to_TO mean_VVI the_AT way_NN1 young_JJ children_NN2 approach_VV0 a_AT1 task_NN1 or_CC challenge_VV0 with_IW the_AT intention_NN1 of_IO succeeding_VVG on_II that_DD1 task_NN1 or_CC mastering_VVG that_DD1 challenge_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
We_PPIS2 limited_VVD the_AT search_NN1 to_II the_AT past_JJ 20_MC years_NNT2 ,_, a_AT1 period_NN1 that_CST reflects_VVZ a_AT1 growing_JJ use_NN1 of_IO digital_JJ tools_NN2 and_CC photovoice_VV0 in_II studies_NN2 that_CST examine_VV0 the_AT intersections_NN2 between_II work_NN1 on_II youth_NN1 identity_NN1 and_CC civic_JJ engagement_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
While_CS objective_JJ measures_NN2 of_IO mental_JJ effort_NN1 exist_VV0 ,_, such_II21 as_II22 data_NN obtained_VVN through_II eye-tracking_NN1 (_( May_NPM1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
1990_MC )_) ,_, we_PPIS2 favoured_VVD the_AT use_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 subjective_JJ assessment_NN1 of_IO mental_JJ effort_NN1 as_CSA we_PPIS2 hypothesized_VVD perceived_JJ mental_JJ effort_NN1 to_TO be_VBI a_AT1 cue_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Another_DD1 implication_NN1 might_VM be_VBI withdrawn_VVN for_IF less_RGR prestigious_JJ higher_JJR education_NN1 providers_NN2 with_IW the_AT finding_NN1 that_CST Intrinsic_JJ Value_NN1 but_CCB not_XX Attainment_NN1 Value_NN1 is_VBZ the_AT most_RGT important_JJ driver_NN1 of_IO Loyalty_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Ethnographer_NP1 C_NP1 wrote_VVD ,_, "_" Without_IW experience_NN1 ,_, these_DD2 hallways_NN2 are_VBR difficult_JJ to_TO navigate_VVI to_TO get_VVI to_II one_MC1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 destination_NN1 ._. "_" 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 way_NN1 ,_, our_APPGE collaboration_NN1 afforded_VVD a_AT1 combination_NN1 of_IO insider_NN1 and_CC outsider_NN1 perspectives_NN2 that_CST enriched_VVD our_APPGE meaning-making_NN1 and_CC held_VVD us_PPIO2 accountable_JJ to_II the_AT data_NN (_( Lincoln_NP1 and_CC Guba_NP1 ,_, 1985_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II nursing_JJ education_NN1 in_II Hong_NP1 Kong_NP1 ,_, nursing_VVG students_NN2 have_VH0 to_TO gain_VVI most_DAT of_IO their_APPGE practicum_NN1 experience_NN1 outside_II classrooms_NN2 and_CC prepare_VV0 themselves_PPX2 for_IF professional_JJ adaptability_NN1 in_II realistic_JJ contexts_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 health_NN1 care_NN1 institutions_NN2 and_CC hospitals_NN2 (_( Ip_NP1 and_CC Chan_NP1 2005_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Another_DD1 fundamental_JJ strategy_NN1 used_VMK to_TO enable_VVI participation_NN1 involved_VVD the_AT attempt_NN1 to_TO expand_VVI ideas_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
We_PPIS2 do_VD0 not_XX aim_VVI to_TO quantify_VVI the_AT effects_NN2 of_IO registration_NN1 timing_NN1 on_II school_NN1 assignment_NN1 but_CCB rather_RR ,_, center_NN1 parents_NN2 '_NULL experiences_NN2 and_CC understandings_NN2 to_TO examine_VVI their_APPGE perceptions_NN2 of_IO the_AT district_NN1 ,_, choice_NN1 process_NN1 ,_, and_CC subsequent_JJ school_NN1 engagement_NN1 in_II31 light_II32 of_II33 their_APPGE late_JJ registration_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Children_NN2 who_PNQS can_VM not_XX get_VVI a_AT1 seat_NN1 at_II one_MC1 of_IO their_APPGE selected_JJ schools_NN2 are_VBR placed_VVN on_II waitlists_NN2 and_CC administratively_RR assigned_VVN to_II a_AT1 school_NN1 with_IW space_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT MEL_NP1 diagram_NN1 is_VBZ an_AT1 instructional_JJ scaffold_NN1 which_DDQ helps_VVZ students_NN2 develop_VVI the_AT ability_NN1 to_TO evaluate_VVI the_AT links_NN2 between_II evidence_NN1 and_CC alternative_JJ models_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Violating_VVG this_DD1 assumption_NN1 has_VHZ serious_JJ impacts_NN2 on_II the_AT Type_NN1 1_MC1 error_NN1 rate_NN1 and_CC the_AT stan_NN1 dard_NN1 errors_NN2 obtained_VVN from_II these_DD2 models_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
For_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, it_PPH1 could_VM be_VBI that_CST some_DD students_NN2 watched_VVD the_AT online_JJ videos_NN2 in_II preparation_NN1 for_IF class_NN1 as_CSA was_VBDZ intended_VVN ,_, but_CCB that_DD1 others_NN2 watched_VVD the_AT videos_NN2 only_RR just_RR prior_II21 to_II22 scheduled_JJ quizzes_NN2 or_CC not_XX at_RR21 all_RR22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Of_IO particular_JJ salience_NN1 in_II promoting_VVG human_JJ relations_NN2 in_II the_AT schools_NN2 was_VBDZ "_" The_AT Declaration_NN1 of_IO Human_JJ Rights_NN2 "_" and_CC the_AT recognition_NN1 that_CST "_" the_AT inherent_JJ dignity_NN1 and_CC the_AT equal_JJ and_CC inalienable_JJ rights_NN2 of_IO all_DB members_NN2 of_IO the_AT human_JJ family_NN1 is_VBZ the_AT foundation_NN1 of_IO freedom_NN1 ,_, justice_NN1 and_CC peace_NN1 in_II the_AT world_NN1 "_" (_( Los_NP1 Angeles_NP1 City_NN1 Schools_NN2 ,_, 1950_MC ,_, p._NN1 106_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Such_DA framing_NN1 provides_VVZ important_JJ explanations_NN2 for_IF why_RRQ literacy_NN1 practices_NN2 vary_VV0 across_II time_NNT1 and_CC place_NN1 (_( Gutierrez_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2011_MC )_) and_CC potential_JJ dissonances_NN2 between_II home_NN1 and_CC school_NN1 literacy_NN1 practices_NN2 (_( Brooker_NP1 ,_, 2002_MC ;_; Heath_NP1 ,_, 1983_MC ;_; Levy_NP1 ,_, 2011_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Presumably_RR the_AT use_NN1 of_IO OER_NN1 is_VBZ not_XX directly_RR correlated_VVN with_IW better_JJR teaching_NN1 ,_, calling_VVG into_II question_NN1 whether_CSW a_AT1 halo_NN1 effect_NN1 or_CC other_JJ confounds_NN2 influenced_VVN student_NN1 responses_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT prevalence_NN1 of_IO the_AT principals_NN2 '_NULL leadership_NN1 style_NN1 profiles_NN2 is_VBZ presented_VVN in_II Figure_NN1 3_MC ._. 
</s>
<s>
Then_RT ,_, the_AT researcher_NN1 would_VM tell_VVI each_DD1 child_NN1 separately_RR :_: ehoose_VV0 one_MC1 card_NN1 ?_? 
</s>
<s>
Models_NN2 are_VBR estimated_VVN separately_RR for_IF men_NN2 and_CC women_NN2 and_CC different_JJ racial/ethnic_JJ groups_NN2 within_II gender_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT number_NN1 of_IO words_NN2 correctly_RR spelled_VVN is_VBZ recorded_VVN ._. 
</s>
<s>
Insufficient_JJ professional_JJ DRR_NP1 staffing_NN1 ,_, particularly_RR female_JJ staff_NN essential_JJ to_TO provide_VVI post-disaster_JJ help_NN1 to_II female_JJ victims_NN2 ,_, and_CC the_AT general_JJ lack_NN1 of_IO preparedness_NN1 and_CC emergency_NN1 planning_VVG to_TO produce_VVI evacuation_NN1 shelters_NN2 ,_, timely_JJ emergency_NN1 response_NN1 ,_, and_CC health_NN1 facilities_NN2 affect_VV0 women_NN2 and_CC young_JJ girls_NN2 disproportionately_RR in_II this_DD1 village_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 finding_NN1 is_VBZ consistent_JJ with_IW the_AT previous_JJ result_NN1 reported_VVN by_II Lounsbury_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
(_( 2005_MC )_) (_( i.e._REX higher_JJR GPA_NN1 would_VM lead_VVI to_II higher_JJR levels_NN2 of_IO college_NN1 satisfaction_NN1 )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II Subtest_NP1 2_MC ,_, 10_MC other_JJ radicals_NN2 were_VBDR each_DD1 paired_VVD with_IW an_AT1 English_JJ alphabetic_JJ character_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 study_NN1 ,_, through_II survey_NN1 questionnaire_NN1 with_IW open-ended_JJ questions_NN2 ,_, explored_VVD three_MC participating_JJ universities_NN2 faculty_NN1 members_NN2 '_NULL understandings_NN2 of_IO Confucian_JJ culture_NN1 ,_, perceptions_NN2 of_IO CHC_NP1 international_JJ student_NN1 learning_NN1 ,_, teaching_VVG strategies_NN2 they_PPHS2 used_VVD in_II classrooms_NN2 containing_VVG CHC_NP1 students_NN2 ,_, and_CC the_AT value_NN1 CHC_NP1 students_NN2 brought_VVN for_IF their_APPGE future_JJ teaching_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
These_DD2 findings_NN2 are_VBR consistent_JJ with_IW the_AT results_NN2 reported_VVN by_II Cornelius-White_JJ (_( 2007_MC )_) and_CC Roorda_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
(_( 2011_MC )_) ,_, whose_DDQGE research_NN1 has_VHZ documented_VVN evidence_NN1 on_II how_RRQ teacher_NN1 social_JJ and_CC relational_JJ components_NN2 (_( e.g._REX ,_, empathy_NN1 ,_, Table_NN1 7_MC Means_NN and_CC Standard_JJ Deviations_NN2 for_IF Teacher_NN1 Interaction_NN1 Skills_NN2 by_II Years_NNT2 of_IO Teaching_VVG Experienc_NP1 N_ZZ1 =395_FO non-directivity_NN1 ,_, encouraging_JJ learning_NN1 )_) are_VBR good_JJ predictors_NN2 of_IO teacher-student_JJ relationships_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 explanation_NN1 would_VM account_VVI for_IF the_AT non-significant_JJ impact_NN1 that_CST the_AT establishment_NN1 of_IO merit-aid_JJ programs_NN2 appears_VVZ to_TO have_VHI on_II study_NN1 abroad_RL participation_NN1 found_VVN in_II several_DA2 of_IO this_DD1 study_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 robustness_NN1 checks_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Furthermore_RR ,_, principals_NN2 come_VV0 to_II the_AT profession_NN1 with_IW a_AT1 range_NN1 of_IO prior_JJ educational_JJ and_CC professional_JJ experiences_NN2 (_( Grissom_NP1 &;_NULL Loeb_NP1 ,_, 2011_MC ;_; U.S._NP1 Department_NN1 of_IO Education_NN1 ,_, National_JJ Center_NN1 for_IF Education_NN1 Statistics_NN ,_, 2017_MC )_) and_CC with_IW widely_RR varying_JJ skill_NN1 sets_NN2 (_( Grissom_NP1 ,_, Bartanen_NP1 ,_, &;_NULL Mitani_NP1 ,_, 2018_MC ;_; Grissom_NP1 &;_NULL Loeb_NP1 ,_, 2011_MC ,_, 2017_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Indeed_RR ,_, consistently_RR with_IW previous_JJ studies_NN2 (_( Brady_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2013_MC ;_; Kay_NP1 and_CC LeSage_NP1 ,_, 2009_MC )_) ,_, our_APPGE findings_NN2 show_VV0 a_AT1 general_JJ improvement_NN1 of_IO student_NN1 performance_NN1 ,_, but_CCB to_II different_JJ degrees_NN2 and_CC with_IW no_AT significance_NN1 for_IF certain_JJ topics_NN2 (_( Castillo-Manzano_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2016_MC )_) ,_, while_CS students_NN2 '_NULL satisfaction_NN1 and_CC engagement_NN1 were_VBDR high_JJ ._. 
</s>
<s>
One_MC1 point_NN1 was_VBDZ given_VVN per_II character_NN1 ,_, and_CC the_AT maximum_JJ score_NN1 was_VBDZ 200_MC points_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 is_VBZ a_AT1 novel_JJ situation_NN1 because_CS (_( 1_MC1 )_) students_NN2 did_VDD not_XX practice_NN1 applying_VVG the_AT center_NN1 of_IO mass_JJ equation_NN1 during_II instruction_NN1 ,_, and_CC (_( 2_MC )_) to_TO solve_VVI this_DD1 problem_NN1 correctly_RR ,_, students_NN2 have_VH0 to_TO learn_VVI a_AT1 new_JJ procedure_NN1 for_IF calculating_VVG the_AT center_NN1 of_IO mass_NN1 of_IO an_AT1 object_NN1 in_II two_MC dimensions_NN2 ,_, while_CS both_DB2 the_AT cantilever_NN1 task_NN1 and_CC the_AT tell_VV0 focused_VVN only_RR on_II center_NN1 of_IO mass_NN1 on_II the_AT horizontal_JJ dimension_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
All_DB correlations_NN2 were_VBDR of_IO a_AT1 moderate_JJ size_NN1 (_( i.e._REX ,_, between_II .3_MC and_CC .7_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
As_CSA stated_VVN by_II Taylor_NP1 (_( 1999_MC )_) ,_, academic_JJ identity_NN1 is_VBZ not_XX a_AT1 one-sided_JJ construct_NN1 ,_, but_CCB rather_RR ,_, a_AT1 multi-faceted_JJ ,_, fulfillment-oriented_JJ and_CC discipline_NN1 focused_VVN with_II31 regard_II32 to_II33 its_APPGE levels_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
While_CS this_DD1 paper_NN1 shows_VVZ evidence_NN1 of_IO private_JJ funding_NN1 disparity_NN1 within_II public_JJ schooling_NN1 ,_, this_DD1 opens_VVZ up_RP further_JJR questions_NN2 around_II school_NN1 choice_NN1 ,_, social_JJ segregation_NN1 and_CC equity_NN1 in_II Australian_JJ public_JJ schooling_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Early_JJ adopters_NN2 tend_VV0 to_TO be_VBI gatekeepers_NN2 for_IF an_AT1 innovation_NN1 ,_, hold_VV0 leadership_NN1 roles_NN2 or_CC are_VBR respected_VVN as_CSA leaders_NN2 in_II their_APPGE context_NN1 ,_, and_CC have_VH0 good_JJ interactions_NN2 with_IW other_JJ members_NN2 of_IO the_AT social_JJ system_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
His_APPGE research_NN1 addresses_VVZ effective_JJ strategies_NN2 for_IF supporting_JJ inclusion_NN1 and_CC valued_JJ roles_NN2 in_II school_NN1 ,_, work_VV0 ,_, congregational_JJ ,_, and_CC community_NN1 settings_NN2 for_IF children_NN2 and_CC adults_NN2 with_IW intellectual_JJ and_CC developmental_JJ disabilities_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT principal_JJ labor_NN1 market_NN1 can_VM be_VBI composed_VVN of_IO two_MC major_JJ actors_NN2 :_: principals_NN2 (_( the_AT supply_NN1 side_NN1 )_) and_CC schools/_FU school_NN1 districts_NN2 (_( the_AT demand_NN1 side_NN1 )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
For_REX21 instance_REX22 ,_, the_AT study_NN1 in_II Koong_NP1 Lin_NP1 ,_, Hsieh_NP1 ,_, Wang_NP1 ,_, Sie_NP1 ,_, and_CC Chang_NP1 (_( 2011_MC )_) investigated_VVD usability_NN1 aspects_NN2 of_IO an_AT1 AR_UH book_NN1 which_DDQ allows_VVZ children_NN2 to_TO learn_VVI about_II fish_NN conservation_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
They_PPHS2 comprise_VV0 a_AT1 diverse_JJ range_NN1 of_IO institutions_NN2 ,_, including_VVG :_: highly_RR unregulated_JJ and_CC unregistered_JJ non-formal_JJ preschools_NN2 ,_, which_DDQ are_VBR mainly_RR located_VVN in_II informal_JJ urban_JJ settlements_NN2 ;_; formal_JJ private_JJ preschool_JJ aca-demies_NN2 in_II middle_NN1 and_CC high-income_JJ areas_NN2 ;_; and_CC a_AT1 small_JJ number_NN1 of_IO ex-clusive_JJ private_JJ preschools_NN2 catering_VVG to_II very_RG high-income_JJ households_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Kroskrity_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 theoretical_JJ proposition_NN1 offers_VVZ a_AT1 com_NN1 pelling_VVG explanation_NN1 for_IF why_RRQ (_( 2_MC )_) language_NN1 acquisition_NN1 as_CSA systematically_RR metalinguistic_JJ and_CC monolingual_JJ was_VBDZ most_RGT present_JJ in_II the_AT policy_NN1 discourse_NN1 register_NN1 rather_II21 than_II22 the_AT model_NN1 register_NN1 like_II the_AT other_JJ language_NN1 ideologies_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Strategic_JJ alignment_NN1 of_IO school_NN1 objectives_NN2 involves_VVZ the_AT principal_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 ability_NN1 to_TO direct_VVI the_AT professional_JJ groups_NN2 toward_II long-term_JJ goals_NN2 that_CST must_VM be_VBI linked_VVN to_II the_AT students_NN2 '_NULL results_NN2 and_CC must_VM be_VBI measurable_JJ through_II precise_JJ performance_NN1 indicators_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Nineteen_MC (_( 24.4%_FO )_) studies_NN2 discussed_VVD learning_VVG within_II the_AT cognitive_JJ and_CC psychological_JJ context_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Instruction_NN1 in_II metacognition_NN1 is_VBZ a_AT1 dummy_JJ variable_NN1 ,_, coded_VVD 0_MC for_IF the_AT pseudo-control_JJ group_NN1 (_( students_NN2 enrolled_VVN in_II the_AT course_NN1 prior_II21 to_II22 metacognitive_JJ teaching_NN1 intervention_NN1 )_) and_CC 1_MC1 for_IF students_NN2 in_II the_AT treatment_NN1 group_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II other_JJ words_NN2 ,_, self-directed_JJ learning_NN1 is_VBZ a_AT1 timely_JJ issue_NN1 that_CST is_VBZ greatly_RR applicable_JJ in_II the_AT local_JJ context_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
When_RRQ teachers_NN2 know_VV0 that_CST I_PPIS1 can_VM take_VVI this_DD1 information_NN1 ,_, sit_VV0 down_RP with_IW my_APPGE team_NN1 ,_, and_CC we_PPIS2 can_VM support_VVI one_PPX121 another_PPX122 ._. 
</s>
<s>
To_TO measure_VVI organizational_JJ commitment_NN1 ,_, this_DD1 study_NN1 adopted_VVD Meyer_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
(_( 1993_MC )_) instrument_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT "_" burn-in_NN1 "_" was_VBDZ set_VVN to_II 25_MC cycles_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
It_PPH1 was_VBDZ preferred_VVN for_IF each_DD1 of_IO the_AT tasks_NN2 to_TO connote_VVI distinct_JJ images_NN2 for_IF the_AT respondents_NN2 based_VVN on_II their_APPGE own_DA experiences_NN2 and_CC expectations_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
These_DD2 challenges_NN2 ,_, among_II others_NN2 ,_, have_VH0 prompted_VVN 10%_NNU of_IO all_DB teachers_NN2 to_TO leave_VVI before_II the_AT end_NN1 of_IO their_APPGE first_MD year_NNT1 and_CC between_II 40%_NNU and_CC 50%_NNU of_IO teachers_NN2 to_TO leave_VVI the_AT profession_NN1 within_II their_APPGE first_MD 5_MC years_NNT2 of_IO teaching_NN1 (_( Ingersoll_NP1 ,_, 2012_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
They_PPHS2 were_VBDR initially_RR provided_VVN with_IW a_AT1 brief_JJ overview_NN1 of_IO IELTS_NP2 reading_VVG and_CC the_AT purpose_NN1 of_IO the_AT study_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Although_CS knowledge_NN1 has_VHZ been_VBN resequenced_VVN from_II how_RRQ it_PPH1 would_VM be_VBI presented_VVN in_II a_AT1 classical_JJ medersa_NN1 and_CC the_AT pedagogy_NN1 ,_, excepting_II Qur_NP1 '_NULL anic_JJ memorization_NN1 ,_, seems_VVZ to_TO derive_VVI from_II Western_JJ ideas_NN2 on_II bureaucracy_NN1 ,_, efficiency_NN1 ,_, and_CC "_" mass_JJ education_NN1 ,_, "_" parents_NN2 see_VV0 enough_DD of_IO an_AT1 Islamic_JJ orientation_NN1 within_II the_AT schools_NN2 to_TO be_VBI satisfied_VVN ._. 
</s>
<s>
Mdn_NP1 :_: 5.00-7.00_MCMC ;_; SD_NP1 :_: 1.10-1.53_MCMC )_) ,_, and_CC rather_RG familiar_JJ in_II content_NN1 (_( M_ZZ1 :_: 5.41-6.37_MCMC ;_; Mdn_NP1 :_: 6.00-7.00_MCMC ;_; SD_NP1 :_: 0.96-1.87_MCMC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
We_PPIS2 recommend_VV0 reading_VVG the_AT bookr_NN1 methodological_JJ appendix_NN1 alongside_II these_DD2 chapters_NN2 as_RR21 well_RR22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
These_DD2 studies_NN2 further_RRR identified_VVN challenges_NN2 experienced_VVN by_II preservice_NN1 teachers_NN2 as_CSA they_PPHS2 moved_VVD to_TO transfer_VVI knowledge_NN1 of_IO and_CC skills_NN2 in_II teaching_VVG reading_NN1 processes_NN2 into_II whole-class_JJ settings_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Depth_NN1 of_IO understanding_NN1 and_CC the_AT ability_NN1 to_TO transfer_VVI knowledge_NN1 from_II one_MC1 context_NN1 to_II another_DD1 are_VBR enhanced_VVN by_II having_VHG an_AT1 authentic_JJ task_NN1 that_CST one_PN1 is_VBZ motivated_VVN to_TO accomplish_VVI and_CC adequate_JJ time_NNT1 to_TO do_VDI so_RR (_( Bransford_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2000_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Therefore_RR ,_, empirical_JJ studies_NN2 focusing_VVG on_II teachers_NN2 '_NULL perceptions_NN2 of_IO principals_NN2 '_NULL social_JJ justice_NN1 leadership_NN1 are_VBR needed_VVN ._. 
</s>
<s>
It_PPH1 wasn_VV0 '_NULL t_ZZ1 that_CST they_PPHS2 didn_VV0 '_NULL t_ZZ1 care_VV0 to_TO be_VBI involved_JJ in_II their_APPGE child_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 education_NN1 ,_, but_CCB they_PPHS2 were_VBDR working_VVG to_TO survive_VVI ._. 
</s>
<s>
Stuart_NP1 has_VHZ a_AT1 wide_JJ range_NN1 of_IO publications_NN2 in_II English_JJ second_MD language_NN1 assessment_NN1 and_CC educational_JJ research_NN1 journals_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Analysis_NN1 of_IO reader_NN1 surveys_NN2 revealed_VVD that_CST the_AT expressive_JJ writing_NN1 rubric_NN1 was_VBDZ suited_VVN for_IF scoring_VVG storiesbut_VV0 not_XX for_IF scoring_VVG plays_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II contrast_NN1 ,_, a_AT1 surface_NN1 approach_NN1 to_II learning_NN1 was_VBDZ not_XX related_VVN to_TO lower_VVI academic_JJ performance_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT Torrance_NP1 Test_NN1 of_IO Creative_JJ Thinking_NN1 (_( TTCT_NP1 )_) was_VBDZ used_JJ to_II measure_NN1 participant_NN1 creativity_NN1 by_II experts_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Matching_VVG to_TO sample_VVI task_NN1 performance_NN1 was_VBDZ further_RRR unaffected_JJ by_II heat_NN1 combined_VVN with_IW dehydration_NN1 (_( Ely_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2013_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Both_DB2 schools_NN2 accept_VV0 the_AT idea_NN1 of_IO ability_NN1 grouping_NN1 as_II an_AT1 effective_JJ pedagogical_JJ instrument_NN1 to_TO enhance_VVI test_NN1 scores_NN2 ,_, even_CS21 though_CS22 ability_NN1 grouping_NN1 is_VBZ thought_VVN to_TO be_VBI associated_VVN with_IW social_JJ exclusion_NN1 (_( Falabella_NP1 ,_, 2014_MC )_) and_CC employed_VVD mainly_RR in_II the_AT instrumental_JJ order_NN1 (_( Ball_NN1 and_CC Maroy_NP1 ,_, 2009_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
However_RR ,_, thinking_VVG with_IW assemblage_NN1 prompts_VVZ me_PPIO1 to_TO see_VVI this_DD1 episode_NN1 differently_RR ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT interruption_NN1 was_VBDZ ironic_JJ ,_, in_CS21 that_CS22 the_AT effort_NN1 to_TO elicit_VVI explanation_NN1 worked_VVD to_TO silence_VVI the_AT student_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
I_PPIS1 also_RR performed_VVD content_JJ analysis_NN1 on_II these_DD2 documents_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
For_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, using_VVG nationally_RR representative_JJ assessments_NN2 ,_, Hill_NP1 ,_, Bloom_NP1 ,_, Black_JJ ,_, and_CC Lipsey_NP1 (_( 2008_MC )_) computed_VVD the_AT difference_NN1 of_IO mean_JJ scale_NN1 scores_NN2 in_II adjacent_JJ grades_NN2 ,_, in_BCL21 order_BCL22 to_TO characterize_VVI the_AT natural_JJ developmental_JJ progress_NN1 in_II achievement_NN1 made_VVN by_II students_NN2 from_II one_MC1 year_NNT1 to_II the_AT next_MD ._. 
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<s>
The_AT mean_JJ school_NN1 size_NN1 for_IF the_AT 43_MC included_VVD schools_NN2 was_VBDZ 179_MC students_NN2 (_( range_NN1 22-652_MCMC )_) and_CC the_AT total_JJ number_NN1 of_IO classes_NN2 from_II first_MD to_II third_MD grade_NN1 inclusive_JJ was_VBDZ 225_MC (_( 124_MC in_II the_AT intervention_NN1 and_CC 101_MC in_II the_AT control_NN1 )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Furthermore_RR ,_, Value_NN1 should_VM be_VBI regarded_VVN as_II a_AT1 key_JJ driver_NN1 of_IO Loyalty_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
All_RR21 but_RR22 one_MC1 country_NN1 indicated_VVD that_CST they_PPHS2 have_VH0 national_JJ legislation_NN1 that_CST forbids_VVZ discrimination_NN1 based_VVN on_II disability_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Finally_RR ,_, threshold_NN1 concepts_NN2 are_VBR difficult_JJ ideas_NN2 which_DDQ may_VM at_RR21 first_RR22 appear_VVI counterintuitive_JJ or_CC incoherent_JJ ,_, emerging_VVG from_II other_JJ cultures_NN2 or_CC lacking_VVG familiar_JJ organising_VVG principles_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
In_II Denmark_NP1 ,_, there_EX is_VBZ also_RR a_AT1 specific_JJ diploma_NN1 degree_NN1 programme_NN1 (_( at_II bachelor_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 degree_NN1 level_NN1 )_) that_CST gives_VVZ access_NN1 to_II the_AT master_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 degree_NN1 programme_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
If_CS our_APPGE interpretation_NN1 a_AT1 Cold_JJ War_NN1 freeze_NN1 is_VBZ correct_JJ ,_, the_AT midcentury_NN1 decline_NN1 should_VM be_VBI more_RGR dramatic_JJ in_II the_AT non-Communist_JJ bloc_NN1 than_CSN the_AT Communist_JJ bloc_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Initiators_NN2 control_VV0 the_AT exit_NN1 in_II ghosting_VVG by_II applying_VVG the_AT use_NN1 of_IO ICTs_NP2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Zdena_NP1 asked_VVD her_APPGE pupil_NN1 why_RRQ he_PPHS1 used_VVD the_AT word_NN1 moron_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ surprised_VVD the_AT pupils_NN2 because_CS the_AT word_NN1 became_VVD part_NN1 of_IO the_AT teacher_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 vocabulary_NN1 or_CC teacher_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 register_NN1 (_( Cazden_NP1 ,_, 2001_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
OverviewQuantitative_JJ rigorIn_NN1 recognition_NN1 of_IO the_AT importance_NN1 of_IO quantitative_JJ knowledge_NN1 in_II the_AT second_MD language_NN1 (_( L2_FO )_) field_NN1 ,_, a_AT1 number_NN1 of_IO researchers_NN2 have_VH0 recently_RR investigated_VVN various_JJ aspects_NN2 related_VVN to_II methodological_JJ and_CC statistical_JJ competence_NN1 of_IO L2_FO researchers_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
However_RR ,_, the_AT political_JJ and_CC socio-economic_JJ factors_NN2 in_II a_AT1 given_JJ economy_NN1 has_VHZ an_AT1 overall_JJ effect_NN1 on_II the_AT habitus_NN1 of_IO people_NN in_II that_DD1 economy_NN1 as_II31 well_II32 as_II33 how_RRQ they_PPHS2 conduct_VV0 work_NN1 practices_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT literature_NN1 in_II Scandinavian_JJ institutionalism_NN1 identifies_VVZ many_DA2 different_JJ microlevel_NN1 processes_VVZ that_CST occur_VV0 as_II a_AT1 global_JJ model_NN1 is_VBZ translated_VVN and_CC edited_VVN to_II a_AT1 specific_JJ context_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Under_II neoliberal_JJ influences_NN2 ,_, the_AT need_NN1 to_TO meet_VVI performance_NN1 objectives_NN2 ,_, standardize_VV0 curricula_NN2 and_CC increase_VV0 the_AT number_NN1 of_IO students_NN2 has_VHZ led_VVN to_II an_AT1 emphasis_NN1 on_II grades_NN2 at_II most_DAT universities_NN2 (_( Lynch_NP1 and_CC Hennessey_NP1 ,_, 2015_MC ;_; Tannock_NP1 ,_, 2015_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Five_MC knowledge_NN1 tests_NN2 (_( i.e._REX ,_, pre-test_NN1 ,_, training_NN1 ,_, immediate_JJ post-test_NN1 ,_, delayed_VVD post-test_NN1 ,_, and_CC transfer_NN1 test_NN1 )_) assessed_VVN task_NN1 performance_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Three_MC themes_NN2 emerged_VVD :_: (_( a_ZZ1 )_) selecting_VVG a_AT1 medium_NN1 ,_, (_( b_ZZ1 )_) choosing_VVG the_AT interval_NN1 to_TO implement_VVI ,_, and_CC (_( c_ZZ1 )_) implementing_VVG dissolution_NN1 permanency_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
She_PPHS1 continues_VVZ to_TO use_VVI the_AT descriptive_JJ terms_NN2 "_" domestic_JJ "_" and_CC "_" citizenly_RR ,_, "_" "_" indoors_RL "_" and_CC "_" outdoors_RL ,_, "_" "_" wild_JJ "_" and_CC "_" social_JJ ._. "_" 
</s>
<s>
In_II comparison_NN1 to_II the_AT relationships_NN2 between_II theoretically_RR adjacent_JJ processes_NN2 ,_, we_PPIS2 expected_VVD to_TO observe_VVI smaller_JJR relationships_NN2 between_II forethought_NN1 and_CC self-reflection_JJ phase_NN1 processes_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Efforts_NN2 to_TO promote_VVI non-American/European_JJ ways_NN2 of_IO teaching_NN1 and_CC learning_NN1 can_VM also_RR be_VBI implemented_VVN in_II final_JJ course_NN1 evaluations_NN2 to_TO provide_VVI appropriate_JJ feedback_NN1 for_IF faculty_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Consequently_RR ,_, "_" bilingualism_NN1 "_" has_VHZ tended_VVN to_TO be_VBI more_RGR broadly_RR defined_VVN so_CS21 that_CS22 any_DD proficiency_NN1 level_NN1 in_II more_DAR than_CSN one_MC1 language_NN1 can_VM be_VBI referred_VVN to_II as_CSA bilingualism_NN1 "_" (_( p._NNU 14_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
From_II a_AT1 behaviourist_NN1 perspective_NN1 ,_, organisational_JJ learning_NN1 occurs_VVZ as_II a_AT1 response_NN1 to_II changes_NN2 in_II the_AT external_JJ environment_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT situation_NN1 is_VBZ no_AT different_JJ for_IF CLIL_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
I_PPIS1 '_NULL ve_VV0 never_RR worked_VVN for_IF an_AT1 office_NN1 company_NN1 or_CC anything_PN1 like_II that_DD1 ,_, but_CCB I_PPIS1 would_VM assume_VVI that_CST when_CS you_PPY get_VV0 promoted_VVN to_II assistant_JJ manager_NN1 or_CC manager_NN1 ,_, you_PPY probably_RR get_VV0 some_DD sort_NN1 of_IO &lsqb;_( human_JJ resources_NN2 &rsqb;_) course_NN1 on_II this_DD1 is_VBZ how_RRQ you_PPY become_VV0 a_AT1 manager_NN1 ,_, these_DD2 are_VBR the_AT things_NN2 you_PPY should_VM do_VDI as_II a_AT1 manager_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
What_DDQ is_VBZ striking_VVG in_II31 relation_II32 to_II33 both_DB2 their_APPGE mathematical_JJ and_CC social_JJ worlds_NN2 is_VBZ the_AT ways_NN2 that_CST Jeremiah_NP1 and_CC Aisha_NP1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 unique_JJ identities_NN2 were_VBDR thickened_VVN in_II each_DD1 year_NNT1 of_IO the_AT study_NN1 ,_, although_CS the_AT teachers_NN2 '_NULL pedagogical_JJ practices_NN2 in_II the_AT three_MC classrooms_NN2 differed_VVN in_II significant_JJ ways_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT above_JJ two_MC questions_NN2 ,_, like_II many_DA2 others_NN2 ,_, speak_VV0 of_IO help_NN1 and_CC support_VV0 to_TO adapt_VVI and_CC to_TO adjust_VVI ._. 
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<s>
Applying_VVG this_DD1 framework_NN1 to_II each_DD1 of_IO the_AT lenses_NN2 should_VM enable_VVI us_PPIO2 to_TO identify_VVI and_CC discuss_VVI the_AT areas_NN2 of_IO agreement_NN1 and_CC disagreement_NN1 and_CC the_AT scope_NN1 for_IF insights_NN2 to_TO be_VBI passed_VVN from_II one_MC1 approach_NN1 to_II another_DD1 ._. 
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<s>
More_RGR importantly_RR ,_, the_AT concept_NN1 of_IO academic_JJ language_NN1 falls_VVZ short_JJ in_II addressing_VVG the_AT sociopolitical_JJ challenges_NN2 that_CST testing_NN1 mathematics_NN1 entails_VVZ ._. 
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<s>
Without_IW such_DA exploration_NN1 it_PPH1 will_VM be_VBI difficult_JJ to_TO fully_RR understand_VVI the_AT role_NN1 of_IO anxiety_NN1 in_II online_JJ collaborative_JJ learning_NN1 environments_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
It_PPH1 is_VBZ only_RR by_II asking_VVG young_JJ people_NN and_CC their_APPGE teachers_NN2 about_II their_APPGE experiences_NN2 that_CST we_PPIS2 can_VM begin_VVI to_TO understand_VVI how_RRQ these_DD2 assessments_NN2 are_VBR enacted_VVN in_II their_APPGE contexts_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Nevertheless_RR ,_, the_AT time_NNT1 required_VVN to_TO develop_VVI an_AT1 activity_NN1 influenced_VVN the_AT expected_JJ outcome_NN1 of_IO the_AT overall_JJ activity_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT findings_NN2 highlight_VV0 the_AT critical_JJ difference_NN1 between_II monitoring_VVG indices_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Findings_NN2 from_II both_DB2 the_AT qualitative_JJ and_CC quantitative_JJ methods_NN2 were_VBDR subsequently_RR integrated_VVN and_CC interpreted_VVN ._. 
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<s>
And_CC evidence_NN1 challenging_VVG common_JJ assumptions_NN2 about_II the_AT educational_JJ function_NN1 of_IO public_JJ schooling_NN1 was_VBDZ increasingly_RR plain_JJ to_TO see_VVI ._. 
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<s>
In_RR21 addition_RR22 ,_, we_PPIS2 examined_VVD motivational_JJ variables_NN2 from_II the_AT perspective_NN1 of_IO SDT_NP1 as_II31 well_II32 as_II33 objective_JJ learning_NN1 outcomes_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
In_II this_DD1 case_NN1 ,_, motivational_JJ is_VBZ a_AT1 top_JJ priority_NN1 in_II the_AT role_NN1 of_IO orientation_NN1 and_CC feedback_NN1 is_VBZ a_AT1 top_JJ priority_NN1 in_II the_AT role_NN1 of_IO Preparation_NN1 ,_, Evaluation_NN1 ,_, and_CC Selection_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Evidence_NN1 was_VBDZ found_VVN to_TO support_VVI the_AT use_NN1 of_IO AT_II for_IF access_NN1 methods_NN2 during_II computer-based_JJ reading_NN1 instruction_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
However_RR ,_, our_APPGE extensive_JJ sensitivity_NN1 analysis_NN1 that_CST includes_VVZ a_AT1 placebo_NN1 test_NN1 assessing_VVG the_AT differences_NN2 in_II predetermined_JJ characteristics_NN2 not_XX used_VVN to_TO match_VVI pupils_NN2 and_CC a_AT1 methodology_NN1 developed_VVN by_II Ichino_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
(_( 2008_MC )_) to_TO test_VVI the_AT extent_NN1 to_II which_DDQ selection_NN1 on_II unobservables_NN2 may_VM bias_VVI our_APPGE estimates_NN2 ,_, offers_NN2 support_VV0 to_II our_APPGE estimation_NN1 strategy_NN1 based_VVN on_II selection_NN1 on_II observables_NN2 ,_, somewhat_RR more_RGR strongly_RR when_CS grammar_NN1 school_NN1 pupils_NN2 are_VBR the_AT control_NN1 group_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Without_IW this_DD1 know-how_NN1 ,_, implementing_VVG FK_NP1 in_II practice_NN1 would_VM be_VBI extremely_RR challenging_VVG ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 behavior_NN1 was_VBDZ specifically_RR underlined_VVN by_II some_DD of_IO the_AT experts_NN2 since_CS the_AT mainstream_JJ way_NN1 of_IO evaluation_NN1 is_VBZ multiple_JJ choice_NN1 exams_NN2 regardless_RR of_IO the_AT course_NN1 or_CC lesson_NN1 objectives_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Beyond_II the_AT main_JJ effects_NN2 ,_, results_NN2 indicated_VVD a_AT1 significant_JJ two-way_JJ interaction_NN1 between_II school_NN1 and_CC time_NNT1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Our_APPGE findings_NN2 indicate_VV0 that_CST students_NN2 support_VV0 the_AT integration_NN1 of_IO ICTs_NP2 in_II the_AT classroom_NN1 and_CC perceive_VV0 benefits_NN2 associated_VVN with_IW this_DD1 use_NN1 ,_, particularly_RR for_IF engagement_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
We_PPIS2 further_RRR ensured_VVD that_CST all_DB major_JJ concepts_NN2 which_DDQ were_VBDR stated_VVN in_II the_AT texts_NN2 were_VBDR also_RR addressed_VVN in_II the_AT comprehension_NN1 tests_NN2 ,_, and_CC that_CST each_DD1 comprehension_NN1 test_NN1 addressed_VVD a_AT1 comparable_JJ amount_NN1 of_IO information_NN1 stated_VVN in_II the_AT first_MD and_CC the_AT second_MD half_NN1 of_IO the_AT text_NN1 on_II which_DDQ the_AT comprehension_NN1 test_NN1 was_VBDZ based_VVN ._. 
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<s>
Posttest_JJT reports_NN2 on_II TBSC_NP1 after_II each_DD1 assessment_NN1 intervention_NN1 of_IO summative_JJ ,_, e-writing_JJ portfolio_NN1 ,_, and_CC TCDF_NP1 are_VBR reported_VVN in_II the_AT related_JJ sections_NN2 before_RT ._. 
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<s>
For_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, Lounsbury_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
(_( 2009_MC )_) reported_VVD that_CST self-directed_JJ learning_NN1 was_VBDZ significantly_RR correlated_VVN with_IW the_AT cumulative_JJ grade_NN1 point_NN1 average_NN1 (_( GPA_NP1 )_) for_IF college_NN1 students_NN2 and_CC a_AT1 number_NN1 of_IO cognitive_JJ ability_NN1 measures_NN2 ,_, including_II the_AT ACT_NN1 college_NN1 entrance_NN1 examination_NN1 test_NN1 ,_, verbal_JJ reasoning_NN1 ,_, numerical_JJ reasoning_NN1 ,_, abstract_JJ reasoning_NN1 and_CC overall_JJ reasoning_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
And_CC do_VD0 you_PPY remember_VVI what_DDQ else_RR we_PPIS2 did_VDD that_DD1 day_NNT1 ?_? 
</s>
<s>
In_II31 addition_II32 to_II33 the_AT effort_NN1 to_TO rid_VVI the_AT old_JJ curriculum_NN1 of_IO racist_NN1 and_CC sexist_JJ elements_NN2 ,_, the_AT government_NN1 sought_VVD to_TO reform_VVI the_AT national_JJ curriculum_NN1 both_RR to_TO address_VVI the_AT discriminatory_JJ apartheid_NN1 past_RL and_CC to_TO infuse_VVI a_AT1 human_JJ rights_NN2 perspective_NN1 (_( Carrim_NP1 and_CC Keet_VV0 2005_MC ;_; Tibbitts_NP2 and_CC Keet_VV0 2017_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
The_AT identified_JJ behaviors_NN2 might_VM be_VBI used_VVN as_II the_AT performance_NN1 objectives_NN2 in_II faculty_NN1 professional_JJ development_NN1 studies_NN2 and_CC practices_NN2 in_II distance_NN1 education_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Individual_JJ accountability_NN1 is_VBZ another_DD1 important_JJ issues_NN2 that_CST most_DAT of_IO collaboration_NN1 studies_NN2 including_II the_AT present_JJ study_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
As_CSA supported_VVN by_II the_AT Contact_NN1 Hypothesis_NN1 ,_, intercultural_JJ contacts_NN2 with_IW some_DD specific_JJ conditions_NN2 can_VM reduce_VVI bias_NN1 and_CC prejudice_NN1 ,_, leading_VVG to_II the_AT generalization_NN1 of_IO such_DA interactions_NN2 to_II other_JJ outgroup_NN1 members_NN2 (_( Allport_NP1 1954_MC )_) ._. 
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Based_VVN on_II our_APPGE analysis_NN1 during_II the_AT CW_NP1 process_NN1 ,_, we_PPIS2 found_VVD that_CST CW_NP1 helped_VVD school_NN1 practitioners_NN2 create_VV0 a_AT1 path_NN1 for_IF new_JJ proactive_JJ and_CC contextual_JJ safety_NN1 management_NN1 by_II focusing_VVG on_II the_AT systematic_JJ ,_, continuous_JJ and_CC collective_JJ management_NN1 of_IO traditional_JJ OSH_NN1 issues_NN2 ,_, and_CC by_II addressing_VVG changing_JJ work_NN1 and_CC the_AT psychosocial_JJ workload_NN1 related_VVN to_II this_DD1 ._. 
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<s>
In_RR21 particular_RR22 ,_, they_PPHS2 found_VVD that_DD1 survey_NN1 measures_NN2 of_IO self-management_NN1 and_CC self-efficacy_NN1 declined_VVN in_II middle_JJ school_NN1 ,_, in_II31 line_II32 with_II33 previous_JJ research_NN1 on_II the_AT topic_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Are_VBR promises_NN2 textually_RR made_VVN and_CC textually_RR broken_VVN ?_? 
</s>
<s>
Some_DD articles_NN2 appear_VV0 in_II multiple_JJ areas_NN2 because_CS their_APPGE findings_NN2 addressed_VVD multiple_JJ foci_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
All_DB courses_NN2 are_VBR very_RG carefully_RR designed_VVN to_TO foster_VVI a_AT1 strong_JJ sense_NN1 of_IO social_JJ presence_NN1 among_II participants_NN2 ,_, and_CC to_TO build_VVI a_AT1 supportive_JJ CoP_NN1 among_II the_AT cohort_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
As_II a_AT1 tactic_NN1 ,_, co-opting_VVG is_VBZ therefore_RR a_AT1 form_NN1 of_IO manipulation_NN1 that_CST reifies_VVZ existing_JJ power_NN1 imbalances_NN2 when_CS deployed_VVN by_II those_DD2 in_II authority_NN1 (_( Pache_NP1 and_CC Santos_NP1 ,_, 2010_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 paired_VVD with_IW another_DD1 major_JJ concern_NN1 that_CST Twitter_NN1 was_VBDZ too_RG much_DA1 of_IO a_AT1 distraction_NN1 in_II the_AT classroom_NN1 when_CS it_PPH1 came_VVD to_II taking_VVG notes_NN2 and_CC participating_VVG in_II class_NN1 discussions_NN2 (_( Fox_NP1 &;_NULL Varadarajan_NP1 ,_, 2011_MC ;_; Mercier_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2015_MC ;_; Yakin_NP1 &;_NULL Tinmaz_NP1 ,_, 2013_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
She_PPHS1 noted_VVD that_CST "_" we_PPIS2 get_VV0 a_AT1 really_RR nice_JJ budget_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ allows_VVZ us_PPIO2 to_TO purchase_VVI a_AT1 great_JJ selection_NN1 of_IO e-books_NN2 and_CC e-audio_JJ books_NN2 ,_, to_TO purchase_VVI print_NN1 books_NN2 and_CC to_TO get_VVI authors_NN2 to_TO come_VVI and_CC visit_VVI our_APPGE students_NN2 "_" ._. 
</s>
<s>
On_II the_AT day_NNT1 of_IO the_AT performance_NN1 assessment_NN1 ,_, participants_NN2 were_VBDR assigned_VVN a_AT1 45minute_FO time_NNT1 slot_NN1 in_II one_MC1 of_IO five_MC proctored_JJ rooms_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
While_CS offering_VVG the_AT impression_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 busy_JJ civil_JJ society_NN1 ,_, these_DD2 indices_NN2 tell_VV0 us_PPIO2 little_RR about_II the_AT transformative_JJ potential_NN1 of_IO social_JJ capital_NN1 ,_, in_II31 terms_II32 of_II33 advancing_VVG the_AT "_" civic_JJ voice_NN1 "_" or_CC empowering_JJ individuals_NN2 and_CC social_JJ groups_NN2 as_CSA social_JJ actors_NN2 within_II public_NN1 ,_, private_JJ ,_, or_CC voluntary_JJ spheres_NN2 (_( Lang_NP1 ,_, 2013_MC ,_, p._NN1 47_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
The_AT small-scale_JJ studies_NN2 led_VVN to_II the_AT design_NN1 and_CC implementation_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 larger_JJR ,_, semester-long_JJ curriculum_NN1 ,_, culminating_VVG in_II a_AT1 smart_JJ classroom_NN1 activity_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
However_RR ,_, the_AT advancement_NN1 of_IO technology_NN1 and_CC the_AT changing_JJ role_NN1 of_IO data_NN manipulation_NN1 have_VH0 changed_VVN ._. 
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<s>
However_RR ,_, almost_RR half_DB of_IO the_AT groups_NN2 could_VM not_XX identify_VVI the_AT relationship_NN1 between_II model_NN1 B_ZZ1 (_( MB_NNU )_) and_CC evidence_NN1 4_MC (_( E4_FO )_) accurately_RR ._. 
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<s>
As_II part_NN1 of_IO program_NN1 and_CC licensing_VVG requirements_NN2 ,_, the_AT preservice_NN1 teachers_NN2 completed_VVD the_AT PACT_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II fact_NN1 ,_, the_AT effects_NN2 of_IO four_MC other_JJ leadership_NN1 behaviors_NN2 are_VBR statistically_RR indistinguishable_JJ from_II the_AT effects_NN2 of_IO instructional_JJ management_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Previous_JJ studies_NN2 on_II expository_JJ texts_NN2 showed_VVD that_CST for_IF elementary_JJ school_NN1 children_NN2 ,_, closing_VVG a_AT1 text_NN1 with_IW a_AT1 conclusion_NN1 was_VBDZ harder_RRR than_CSN opening_VVG a_AT1 text_NN1 with_IW an_AT1 introduction_NN1 (_( Tolchinsky_NP1 ,_, Johansson_NP1 ,_, &;_NULL Zamora_NP1 ,_, 2002_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
Translingual_JJ assessments_NN2 of_IO mathematics_NN1 would_VM be_VBI better_RRR aligned_VVN to_II the_AT way_NN1 in_II which_DDQ math_NN1 is_VBZ truly_RR delivered_VVN ,_, at_RR21 least_RR22 in_II the_AT context_NN1 of_IO Mbandaka_NP1 ,_, and_CC partly_RR reconcile_VV0 the_AT divide_NN1 between_II politics_NN1 and_CC pedagogy_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT types_NN2 of_IO plan_NN1 changed_VVN with_IW age_NN1 and_CC were_VBDR influenced_VVN by_II the_AT educational_JJ context_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT workpapers_NN2 contained_VVD tests_NN2 of_IO detail_NN1 and_CC analytical_JJ review_NN1 procedures_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 study_NN1 consisted_VVN of_IO two_MC groups_NN2 of_IO mothers_NN2 (_( one_MC1 with_IW younger_JJR children_NN2 and_CC one_PN1 with_IW older_JJR children_NN2 )_) ,_, with_IW a_AT1 total_NN1 of_IO 13_MC mothers_NN2 (_( see_VV0 Table_NN1 1_MC1 )_) ._. 
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<s>
Linear_JJ regression_NN1 models_NN2 were_VBDR used_VVN to_TO identify_VVI predictive_JJ variables_NN2 for_IF improvement_NN1 in_II DAQ_NP1 and/or_CC mAPS_NN2 scores_NN2 ._. 
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My_APPGE class_NN1 expressed_VVD concern_NN1 at_II how_RGQ big_JJ she_PPHS1 was_VBDZ and_CC the_AT lunches_NN2 she_PPHS1 was_VBDZ bringing_VVG .._... 
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<s>
._. The_AT other_JJ experimental_JJ group_NN1 used_VVD the_AT blog_NN1 including_II the_AT advanced_JJ mindtool_NN1 with_IW all_DB the_AT completed_JJ functions_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
For_IF charter_NN1 school_NN1 teachers_NN2 ,_, although_CS half_DB preferred_VVD TPSs_NP1 ,_, this_DD1 seemed_VVD to_TO be_VBI driven_VVN by_II their_APPGE prior_JJ experiences_NN2 in_II charters_NN2 (_( 40%_NNU )_) rather_II21 than_II22 ideological_JJ barriers_NN2 (_( 5%_NNU )_) ._. 
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<s>
While_CS the_AT low-frequency_JJ nouns_NN2 in_II the_AT Year_NNT1 11_MC texts_NN2 appear_VV0 only_RR once_RR each_DD1 ,_, four_MC of_IO the_AT six_MC low-frequency_JJ nouns_NN2 in_II the_AT Year_NNT1 2_MC literary_JJ text_NN1 are_VBR forms_NN2 of_IO the_AT lemma_NN1 fairy_NN1 and_CC two_MC of_IO the_AT four_MC low-frequency_JJ nouns_NN2 in_II the_AT non-literary_JJ texts_NN2 are_VBR variants_NN2 of_IO turtle_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
In_II exploring_VVG relationality_NN1 ,_, Nakata_NP1 and_CC Emirbayer_NN1 together_RL provided_CS an_AT1 important_JJ caution_NN1 against_II reifying_VVG Indigenous_JJ ontologies_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Nationally_RR representative_JJ data_NN from_II the_AT 2012_MC China_NP1 College_NN1 Student_NN1 Survey_NN1 (_( CCSS_NP1 )_) which_DDQ drew_VVD from_II 55_MC higher_JJR education_NN1 institutions_NN2 (_( N_ZZ1 =_FO 67,182_MC ;_; 45.6%_FO female_NN1 )_) indicated_VVD that_CST Chinese_JJ students_NN2 had_VHD high_JJ levels_NN2 of_IO emotional_JJ engagement_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Terry_NP1 reflects_VVZ on_II Merle_NP1 Miller_NP1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 (_( 1971_MC )_) article_NN1 "_" What_DDQ It_PPH1 Means_VVZ to_TO Be_VBI Homosexual_JJ "_" and_CC describes_VVZ how_RRQ that_DD1 piece_NN1 influenced_VVN him_PPHO1 to_TO fight_VVI for_IF lesbian_NN1 ,_, gay_JJ ,_, bisexual_JJ ,_, transgender_VV0 ,_, and_CC queer_JJ (_( LGBTQ_NP1 )_) rights_NN2 ,_, how_RRQ far_RR the_AT LGBTQ_NP1 community_NN1 has_VHZ come_VVN since_CS the_AT publication_NN1 ,_, and_CC how_RGQ much_DA1 change_NN1 is_VBZ still_RR needed_VVN for_IF the_AT LGBTQ_NP1 community_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Throughout_II all_DB 4_MC years_NNT2 ,_, Karen_NP1 appeared_VVD to_TO use_VVI the_AT strategy_NN1 of_IO tiering_VVG with_IW fidelity_NN1 to_II Tomlinson_NP1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 (_( 2014_MC )_) model_NN1 when_CS she_PPHS1 differentiated_VVD the_AT content_JJ students_NN2 learned_VVN or_CC the_AT processes_NN2 by_II which_DDQ students_NN2 practiced_VVD new_JJ skills_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Future_JJ directions_NN2 of_IO study_NN1 may_VM include_VVI examining_VVG patient_NN1 care_NN1 outcomes_NN2 related_VVN to_II this_DD1 intervention_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
For_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, one_MC1 teacher_NN1 described_VVD her_APPGE development_NN1 as_II "_" trial_NN1 and_CC error_NN1 ,_, making_VVG mistakes_NN2 ,_, learning_VVG from_II those_DD2 mistakes_NN2 ,_, and_CC making_VVG sure_JJ you_PPY dons_NN2 make_VV0 them_PPHO2 again_RT ._. "_" 
</s>
<s>
Such_DA relations_NN2 are_VBR of_IO special_JJ interest_NN1 as_CSA they_PPHS2 indicate_VV0 how_RGQ certain_JJ path_NN1 dependencies_NN2 and_CC schools_NN2 of_IO thought_NN1 might_VM emerge_VVI and_CC be_VBI formed_VVN ,_, sometimes_RT already_RR at_II the_AT under-graduate_NN1 level_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II both_DB2 Experiment_VV0 1_MC1 and_CC 2_MC ,_, participants_NN2 '_NULL mood_NN1 was_VBDZ controlled_VVN and_CC that_DD1 mood_NN1 scores_NN2 after_II neutralization_NN1 did_VDD not_XX differ_VVI across_II the_AT conditions_NN2 and_CC were_VBDR close_JJ to_II the_AT mean_JJ (_( neutral_JJ )_) values_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT key_NN1 to_II bridging_VVG the_AT theory-_JJ praxis_NN1 gap_NN1 lies_VVZ in_II the_AT enactment_NN1 of_IO the_AT ideas_NN2 ,_, strategies_NN2 ,_, and_CC principles_NN2 embedded_VVN in_II the_AT cases_NN2 by_II teachers_NN2 in_II their_APPGE own_DA classrooms_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT ideas_NN2 concerned_JJ developing_JJ standard_JJ practices_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 overcoming_VVG flaws_NN2 in_II communication_NN1 ,_, as_CSA in_II the_AT following_JJ excerpt_NN1 ,_, and_CC enhancing_VVG the_AT safety_NN1 competences_NN2 of_IO individuals_NN2 by_II training_NN1 and_CC instructions_NN2 (_( lower_JJR left_JJ corner_NN1 of_IO four-field_JJ figure_NN1 ,_, Fig._NN1 2_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II our_APPGE instructions_NN2 for_IF communication_NN1 in_II a_AT1 crisis_NN1 ,_, &lsqb;_( we_PPIS2 should_VM define_VVI not_XX only_RR &rsqb;_) how_RRQ we_PPIS2 send_VV0 the_AT message_NN1 ,_, but_CCB also_RR how_RRQ to_TO receive_VVI it_PPH1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II31 case_II32 of_II33 disagreement_NN1 ,_, a_AT1 third_MD trained_JJ rater_NN1 reviewed_VVD the_AT response_NN1 to_TO finalize_VVI the_AT score_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Mother_NN1 :_: No_UH ,_, not_XX PoppyPossum_NP1 ,_, that_CST '_NULL s_ZZ1 at_II the_AT library_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
We_PPIS2 need_VV0 to_TO rethink_VVI our_APPGE reliance_NN1 on_II external_JJ graduate_NN1 standards_NN2 for_IF teachers_NN2 as_CSA proxy_NN1 evidence_NN1 of_IO teaching_NN1 ,_, and_CC argue_VV0 instead_RR for_IF teacher_NN1 education_NN1 that_CST is_VBZ good_JJ enough_RR for_IF Australia_NP1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 children_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
As_CSA with_IW all_DB studies_NN2 ,_, there_EX are_VBR limitations_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
However_RR ,_, this_DD1 optimistic_JJ view_NN1 is_VBZ often_RR severely_RR challenged_VVN ._. 
</s>
<s>
Her_APPGE comment_NN1 concerns_VVZ the_AT lived_VVN experience_NN1 of_IO something_PN1 that_CST she_PPHS1 perceives_VVZ to_TO be_VBI in_II the_AT lyrics_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
We_PPIS2 would_VM like_VVI to_TO confirm_VVI that_CST the_AT research_NN1 presented_VVN in_II this_DD1 manuscript_NN1 is_VBZ original_JJ and_CC has_VHZ not_XX been_VBN published_VVN elsewhere_RL ._. 
</s>
<s>
Taking_VVG the_AT Cartesian_JJ cogito_NN1 argument_NN1 in_II the_AT 17th_MD century_NNT1 as_II a_AT1 starting_NN1 point_NN1 ,_, the_AT emergence_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 Western_JJ science_NN1 based_VVN on_II positivism_NN1 as_II a_AT1 philosophical_JJ foundation_NN1 for_IF the_AT evaluation_NN1 of_IO knowledge_NN1 claims_NN2 has_VHZ come_VVN under_II attack_NN1 from_II many_DA2 quarters_NN2 (_( Polkinghorne_NP1 ,_, 1983_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
As_RR21 well_RR22 ,_, the_AT field_NN1 concerns_VVZ a_AT1 broad_JJ range_NN1 of_IO applied_JJ sub_JJ disciplines_NN2 that_CST relate_VV0 media_NN ,_, technology_NN1 and_CC design_NN1 to_II education_NN1 broadly_RR conceived_VVN ._. 
</s>
<s>
An_AT1 exception_NN1 to_II this_DD1 maybe_RR considered_VVN the_AT study_NN1 by_II Leutwyler_NP1 and_CC Maag_NP1 Merki_NP1 (_( 2009_MC )_) that_DD1 was_VBDZ conducted_VVN in_II secondary_JJ education_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT ultimate_JJ aim_NN1 of_IO this_DD1 structure_NN1 was_VBDZ to_TO diminish_VVI teachers_NN2 '_NULL reliance_NN1 on_II the_AT structured_JJ lesson_NN1 plans_VVZ to_TO ensure_VVI integra_NN1 tion_NN1 with_IW other_JJ elements_NN2 of_IO the_AT literacy_NN1 programme_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
If_CS the_AT scores_NN2 derived_VVN from_II EWOR_NP1 reflected_VVD change_NN1 over_II time_NNT1 in_II writing_NN1 ,_, the_AT scores_NN2 obtained_VVN should_VM change_VVI as_CSA children_NN2 became_VVD more_RGR proficient_JJ ._. 
</s>
<s>
There_EX are_VBR several_DA2 takeaways_NN2 that_CST I_PPIS1 try_VV0 to_TO emphasize_VVI when_CS talking_VVG about_II cognitive_JJ strategies_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT second_MD issue_NN1 arising_VVG from_II the_AT findings_NN2 relates_VVZ to_II prevalent_JJ power_NN1 structures_NN2 within_II the_AT Malaysian_JJ context_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
WITH_IW mounting_VVG evidence_NN1 of_IO promising_JJ results_NN2 in_II charter_NN1 schools_NN2 that_CST serve_VV0 poor_JJ and_CC disadvantaged_JJ students_NN2 ,_, federal_JJ policymakers_NN2 ,_, state_VV0 leaders_NN2 ,_, and_CC philanthropists_NN2 have_VH0 urged_VVN charter_NN1 networks_NN2 to_TO take_VVI on_RP the_AT formidable_JJ task_NN1 of_IO turning_VVG around_RP chronically_RR low-achieving_JJ schools_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Additional_JJ sources_NN2 of_IO data_NN included_VVD field_NN1 notes_VVZ from_II two_MC 1-hr_JJ observations_NN2 of_IO each_DD1 participant_NN1 teaching_VVG his_APPGE or_CC her_APPGE elementary_JJ general_JJ music_NN1 classes_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT findings_NN2 of_IO our_APPGE previous_JJ research_NN1 (_( Isiaq_NP1 &;_NULL Jamil_NP1 ,_, 2018_MC )_) indicated_VVD a_AT1 strong_JJ relationship_NN1 between_II behavioural_JJ ,_, cognitive_JJ and_CC emotional_JJ dimensions_NN2 of_IO student_NN1 engagement_NN1 in_II simulation-based_JJ programming_NN1 sessions_NNT2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
For_RR41 the_RR42 most_RR43 part_RR44 ,_, research_NN1 has_VHZ focused_VVN on_II within-text_JJ relations_NN2 (_( i.e._REX ,_, features_NN2 of_IO a_AT1 text_NN1 predicting_VVG quality_NN1 of_IO the_AT same_DA text_NN1 )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II an_AT1 attempt_NN1 to_TO see_VVI to_II this_DD1 concern_NN1 ,_, Yen_NN (_( 1984_MC )_) Q3_FO statistic_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ is_VBZ the_AT correlation_NN1 of_IO residuals_NN2 (_( i.e._REX ,_, observed_VVD item_NN1 responses_NN2 minus_II their_APPGE expected_JJ values_NN2 )_) ,_, was_VBDZ calculated_VVN in_II the_AT R_NP1 software_NN1 program_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
During_II the_AT Progressive_JJ Era_NN1 ,_, the_AT conservation_JJ movement_NN1 developed_VVN in_II31 response_II32 to_II33 the_AT unregulated_JJ commercial_JJ exploitation_NN1 of_IO natural_JJ resources_NN2 by_II large_JJ logging_NN1 ,_, mining_VVG ,_, and_CC ranching_NN1 concerns_NN2 of_IO the_AT time_NNT1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Similarly_RR ,_, Wolf_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
(_( 2006_MC )_) investigated_VVD pedagogy_NN1 that_CST made_VVD explicit_JJ the_AT high-level_JJ thinking_NN1 that_CST facilitates_VVZ sensemaking_VVG with_IW the_AT active_JJ use_NN1 of_IO prior_JJ knowledge_NN1 and_CC engagement_NN1 in_II activity_NN1 that_CST promotes_VVZ getting_VVG to_II the_AT underlying_JJ meaning_NN1 of_IO text_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Thus_RR ,_, we_PPIS2 do_VD0 not_XX have_VHI information_NN1 on_II students_NN2 who_PNQS may_VM have_VHI entered_VVN the_AT higher_JJR education_NN1 system_NN1 but_CCB never_RR graduated_VVN (_( i.e._REX ,_, dropouts_VVZ )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Across_II our_APPGE sample_NN1 ,_, participants_NN2 were_VBDR motivated_VVN to_TO engage_VVI in_II education_NN1 development_NN1 work_NN1 by_II identities_NN2 that_CST kindled_VVD a_AT1 sense_NN1 of_IO responsibility_NN1 for_IF communities_NN2 ,_, known_VVN and_CC imagined_VVN ,_, in_II the_AT country_NN1 of_IO origin_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 could_VM be_VBI due_II21 to_II22 the_AT fact_NN1 that_CST some_DD of_IO the_AT students_NN2 were_VBDR too_RG curious_JJ to_TO experiment_VVI with_IW the_AT tool_NN1 instead_II21 of_II22 focusing_VVG on_II the_AT teacher_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 instructions_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II chapter_NN1 21_MC ,_, J._NP1 Partosa_NP1 reviews_VVZ evolution_NN1 education_NN1 in_II the_AT Philippines_NP ._. 
</s>
<s>
Teachers_NN2 '_NULL academic_JJ optimism_NN1 is_VBZ proved_VVN to_TO predict_VVI student_NN1 achievement_NN1 ,_, and_CC the_AT effect_NN1 is_VBZ more_DAR than_CSN the_AT effect_NN1 of_IO socioeconomic_JJ status_NN1 on_II student_NN1 achievement_NN1 (_( Smith_NP1 &;_NULL Hoy_UH ,_, 2007_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 is_VBZ most_RGT clearly_RR illustrated_VVN by_II the_AT recently_RR retired_JJ development_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 Second_MD Life_NN1 viewer_NN1 for_IF Oculus_NN1 Rift_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Action_NN1 sports_NN2 also_RR need_VV0 to_TO be_VBI understood_VVN as_CSA practical_JJ and_CC embodied_VVN (_( Evans_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2008_MC ;_; Quennerstedt_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2014_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 serves_VVZ to_TO provide_VVI self-feedback_NN1 for_IF students_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
That_DD1 has_VHZ been_VBN a_AT1 topic_NN1 of_IO conversation_NN1 here_RL because_CS they_PPHS2 are_VBR maths/science_NN1 people_NN ._. 
</s>
<s>
We_PPIS2 note_VV0 ,_, however_RR ,_, that_CST our_APPGE use_NN1 of_IO binary_JJ indicators_NN2 rather_II21 than_II22 raw_JJ attrition_NN1 rates_NN2 constitutes_VVZ a_AT1 limitation_NN1 ,_, as_CSA continuous_JJ attrition_NN1 measures_NN2 would_VM have_VHI allowed_VVN for_IF more_RGR precise_JJ estimation_NN1 of_IO the_AT impacts_NN2 of_IO attrition_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT research_NN1 tradition_NN1 in_II RD_NN1 is_VBZ multi-faceted_JJ and_CC has_VHZ a_AT1 long_JJ history_NN1 ,_, but_CCB studies_NN2 focusing_VVG on_II motivational_JJ and_CC particularly_RR emotional_JJ perspectives_NN2 of_IO the_AT phenomenon_NN1 are_VBR lim_NN1 ited_VVD ._. 
</s>
<s>
Elsie_NP1 ,_, a_AT1 Hispanic_JJ mother_NN1 working_VVG as_II an_AT1 administrative_JJ assistant_NN1 in_II Providence_NP1 ,_, moved_VVD to_II Boston_NP1 over_II the_AT summer_NNT1 when_RRQ she_PPHS1 got_VVD off_RP a_AT1 public_JJ housing_NN1 waitlist_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT students_NN2 indicated_VVD a_AT1 relatively_RR high_JJ level_NN1 of_IO satisfaction_NN1 with_IW the_AT satisfaction_NN1 element_NN1 (_( M=4.52_FO ,_, SD_NP1 =_FO 1.17_MC )_) ,_, i.e._REX the_AT physical_JJ appearance_NN1 ,_, functions_NN2 and_CC user-friendliness_NN1 of_IO the_AT mobile_JJ devices_NN2 and_CC mobile_JJ apps_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT teacher_NN1 competences_NN2 were_VBDR measured_VVN on_II TBSC_NP1 in_II pre-_JJ and_CC post-assessment_JJ interventions_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT INVOLVE-T_NP1 is_VBZ a_AT1 20-item_JJ questionnaire_NN1 in_II which_DDQ teachers_NN2 are_VBR asked_VVN to_TO report_VVI on_II parents_NN2 '_NULL involvement_NN1 in_II their_APPGE children_NN2 '_NULL s_ZZ1 education_NN1 and_CC frequency_NN1 of_IO contact_NN1 with_IW teachers_NN2 and_CC the_AT school_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Participants_NN2 also_RR had_VHN poor_JJ resolution_NN1 ,_, as_CSA demonstrated_VVN by_II the_AT flatness_NN1 of_IO the_AT curve_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Overall_RR ,_, it_PPH1 refers_VVZ to_II "_" a_AT1 group_NN1 of_IO people_NN sharing_VVG and_CC critically_RR interrogating_VVG their_APPGE practice_NN1 in_II an_AT1 ongoing_JJ ,_, reflective_JJ ,_, collaborative_JJ ,_, inclusive_JJ ,_, learning-oriented_JJ ,_, growth-promoting_JJ way_NN1 ;_; operating_VVG as_II a_AT1 collective_JJ enterprise_NN1 "_" (_( Stoll_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2006_MC ,_, p._NN1 223_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
There_EX are_VBR indeed_RR uncertainties_NN2 (_( or_CC perceived_VVD uncertainties_NN2 )_) in_II science_NN1 informing_NN1 citizens_NN2 '_NULL lives_NN2 ;_; however_RR ,_, science_NN1 in_II the_AT classroom_NN1 often_RR neglects_VVZ this_DD1 aspect_NN1 ,_, thus_RR not_XX preparing_VVG future_JJ citizens_NN2 to_TO deal_VVI with_IW the_AT realities_NN2 of_IO science_NN1 and_CC scientific_JJ research_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
We_PPIS2 are_VBR uncomfortable_JJ arguing_VVG that_CST these_DD2 are_VBR any_DD more_DAR accurate_JJ results_NN2 given_VVN their_APPGE observational_JJ nature_NN1 ,_, but_CCB we_PPIS2 hypothesize_VV0 that_CST future_JJ meta-analyses_NN2 in_II which_DDQ a_AT1 pool_NN1 of_IO causal_JJ studies_NN2 exist_VV0 alongside_II the_AT studies_NN2 surveyed_VVN in_II this_DD1 article_NN1 might_VM benefit_VVI from_II analyses_NN2 that_CST compare_VV0 these_DD2 future_JJ potentially_RR causal_JJ bivariate_JJ relationships_NN2 to_II the_AT observational_JJ partial_JJ correlations_NN2 in_II this_DD1 review_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
An_AT1 unexplained_JJ variance_NN1 of_IO 2.9%_FO between_II primary_JJ schools_NN2 was_VBDZ found_VVN ._. 
</s>
<s>
Baldursson_NP1 (_( 2000_MC )_) and_CC Johnsen_NP1 ,_, Granheim_NP1 ,_, and_CC Helgesen_NP1 (_( 2011_MC )_) suggest_VV0 that_CST facilities_NN2 with_IW lower_JJR levels_NN2 of_IO occupancy_NN1 are_VBR safer_JJR environments_NN2 because_CS they_PPHS2 allow_VV0 officers_NN2 to_II more_RGR efficiently_RR surveil_VV0 and_CC to_TO form_VVI better_JJR relationships_NN2 with_IW incarceated_JJ persons_NN2 ,_, both_DB2 of_IO which_DDQ help_VV0 in_II perceiving_VVG safety_NN1 risks_NN2 quickly_RR and_CC de-escalating_JJ disputes_NN2 earlier_RRR and_CC more_RGR effectively_RR ._. 
</s>
<s>
Commitment_NN1 to_II the_AT growth_NN1 of_IO students_NN2 is_VBZ a_AT1 core_NN1 value_NN1 in_II education_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
They_PPHS2 reported_VVD that_DD1 attrition_NN1 was_VBDZ lower_JJR than_CSN typical_JJ ;_; 78%_NNU were_VBDR still_RR special_JJ educators_NN2 ,_, though_CS 70%_NNU changed_JJ schools_NN2 (_( consistent_JJ with_IW high_JJ moving_JJ rates_NN2 among_II new_JJ special_JJ education_NN1 teachers_NN2 ;_; DeAngelis_NP1 &;_NULL Presley_NP1 ,_, 2011_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
At_II the_AT same_DA time_NNT1 ,_, the_AT non-academic_JJ workforce_NN1 has_VHZ nonetheless_RR kept_VVN changing_VVG steadily_RR in_II the_AT same_DA direction_NN1 without_IW signs_NN2 of_IO stabilization_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
For_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, higher_JJR education_NN1 is_VBZ a_AT1 unique_JJ organizational_JJ setting_NN1 in_II which_DDQ to_TO recruit_VVI ,_, retain_VVI ,_, and_CC develop_VVI leadership_NN1 talent_NN1 (_( Baker_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
2017_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT majority_NN1 of_IO studies_NN2 documented_VVD one_MC1 or_CC more_DAR intraor_NN1 interparticipant_JJ functional_JJ relations_NN2 between_II teacher-implemented_JJ FBIs_NP2 and_CC targeted_VVD student_NN1 challenging_VVG behaviors_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Despite_II the_AT fact_NN1 that_CST VRs_NP1 are_VBR a_AT1 recommended_JJ evidencebased_JJ practice_NN1 and_CC guidance_NN1 is_VBZ available_JJ for_IF instructing_VVG SWDs_NP1 to_TO use_VVI VRs_NP1 ,_, less_RGR clear_JJ is_VBZ how_RRQ special_JJ education_NN1 teachers_NN2 are_VBR using_VVG VRs_NP1 in_II their_APPGE mathematics_NN1 instruction_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Including_II a_AT1 broader_JJR range_NN1 of_IO explanatory_JJ factors_NN2 in_II the_AT multilevel_NN1 models_NN2 would_VM have_VHI allowed_VVN stronger_JJR conclusions_NN2 to_TO be_VBI drawn_VVN about_II the_AT benefits_NN2 of_IO the_AT EBacc_NP1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_RR21 general_RR22 ,_, these_DD2 studies_NN2 describe_VV0 how_RRQ residents_NN2 in_II high-crime_NN1 and_CC violent_JJ neighborhoods_NN2 do_VD0 not_XX trust_VVI the_AT police_NN2 to_TO prevent_VVI crime_NN1 ,_, nor_CC do_VD0 they_PPHS2 trust_VVI that_DD1 individual_JJ police_NN2 officers_NN2 have_VH0 their_APPGE best_JJT interests_NN2 in_II mind_NN1 when_CS on_II patrol_NN1 (_( Carr_NP1 ,_, Napolitano_NP1 ,_, and_CC Keating_NP1 2007_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
When_CS a_AT1 lesson_NN1 is_VBZ differentiated_VVN by_II interest_NN1 or_CC learning_VVG profile_NN1 ,_, students_NN2 choose_VV0 among_II varied_JJ options_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Although_CS the_AT district_NN1 encourages_VVZ families_NN2 to_TO register_VVI for_IF BPS_NP2 even_CS21 if_CS22 they_PPHS2 are_VBR also_RR considering_VVG other_JJ schools_NN2 ,_, parents_NN2 often_RR oriented_VVD their_APPGE choice_NN1 efforts_NN2 around_II other_JJ school_NN1 timelines_NN2 ,_, looking_VVG to_II BPS_NP2 only_RR later_RRR when_CS other_JJ options_NN2 were_VBDR unavailable_JJ or_CC no_RR21 longer_RR22 desired_VVN ._. 
</s>
<s>
We_PPIS2 say_VV0 teachers_NN2 grade_VV0 on_II a_AT1 curve_NN1 whenever_RRQV having_VHG better_JJR peers_NN2 harms_VVZ the_AT evaluation_NN1 obtained_VVN by_II a_AT1 given_JJ student_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 reflects_VVZ how_RRQ speakers_NN2 of_IO Lingala_NP1 hold_VV0 different_JJ beliefs_NN2 toward_II their_APPGE language_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II our_APPGE samples_NN2 the_AT gender_NN1 disparities_NN2 found_VVN in_II adolescents_NN2 expectations_NN2 of_IO higher_JJR education_NN1 correlate_VV0 '_NULL moderately_RR with_IW a_AT1 measure_NN1 of_IO gender_NN1 inequality_NN1 of_IO opportunity_NN1 in_II their_APPGE education_NN1 system_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II doing_VDG so_RR ,_, we_PPIS2 must_VM consider_VVI the_AT roles_NN2 that_CST we_PPIS2 ,_, teacher_NN1 educators_NN2 and_CC researchers_NN2 ,_, play_VV0 in_II maintaining_VVG the_AT status_NN121 quo_NN122 ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 recommendation_NN1 was_VBDZ motivated_VVN by_II issues_NN2 of_IO equity_NN1 and_CC national_JJ productivity_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
However_RR ,_, to_TO meet_VVI the_AT objectives_NN2 for_IF each_DD1 of_IO the_AT three_MC courses_NN2 ,_, faculty_NN1 made_VVD minor_JJ adjustments_NN2 to_II the_AT case_NN1 ,_, specifically_RR adding_VVG more_DAR data_NN ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_RR21 particular_RR22 they_PPHS2 can_VM be_VBI found_VVN in_RP considering_II learning_VVG as_II a_AT1 (_( re_II )_) constructive_JJ activity_NN1 facilitated_VVN by_II reflection_NN1 on_II one_MC1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 own_VV0 thought_NN1 processes_NN2 and_CC those_DD2 of_IO others_NN2 ,_, in_II viewing_VVG teaching_NN1 as_CSA guiding_JJ students_NN2 from_II their_APPGE informal_JJ ,_, context-bound_JJ methods_NN2 to_II formal_JJ mathematics_NN1 ,_, and_CC in_II offering_VVG students_NN2 opportunities_NN2 for_IF communication_NN1 and_CC cooperation_NN1 in_II small_JJ group_NN1 work_NN1 or_CC whole-class_JJ discussion_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
We_PPIS2 then_RT followed_VVD these_DD2 students_NN2 over_II time_NNT1 to_TO administer_VVI student_NN1 surveys_NN2 and_CC assessments_NN2 (_( Cohorts_NN2 3_MC and_CC 4_MC only_JJ )_) ,_, observe_VV0 high_JJ school_NN1 graduation_NN1 ,_, and_CC collect_VV0 data_NN on_II enrollment_NN1 in_II postsecondary_JJ institutions_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
My_APPGE teachers_NN2 were_VBDR predominately_RR White_JJ and_CC speaking_VVG Spanish_NN1 was_VBDZ frowned_VVN upon_II ._. 
</s>
<s>
For_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, beginning_VVG in_II 2002_MC ,_, the_AT number_NN1 of_IO students_NN2 with_IW learning_VVG disabilities_NN2 began_VVD to_TO decline_VVI ,_, which_DDQ it_PPH1 continued_VVD to_TO do_VDI for_IF a_AT1 decade_NNT1 (_( Boe_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2013_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 led_VVD to_II the_AT identification_NN1 of_IO three_MC "_" themes_NN2 "_" surrounding_VVG moral_JJ development_NN1 :_: social_JJ system_NN1 morality_NN1 ,_, emotions_NN2 and_CC responsibility_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
As_CSA shown_VVN above_II the_AT children_NN2 do_VD0 not_XX treat_VVI one_PPX121 another_PPX122 with_IW verbal_JJ kid_NN1 gloves_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT primary_JJ question_NN1 in_II the_AT analysis_NN1 is_VBZ not_XX how_RGQ precisely_RR the_AT specific_JJ stages_NN2 looked_VVN in_II the_AT past_NN1 (_( which_DDQ could_VM be_VBI an_AT1 adequate_JJ task_NN1 for_IF a_AT1 longitudinal_JJ study_NN1 )_) but_CCB how_RRQ their_APPGE meaning_NN1 is_VBZ reflected_VVN in_II the_AT present_JJ point_NN1 of_IO view_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
On_II loading_VVG the_AT page_NN1 ,_, a_AT1 random_JJ letter_NN1 is_VBZ displayed_VVN (_( Figure_NN1 1_MC1 )_) with_IW a_AT1 map_NN1 promoting_VVG the_AT thousands_NNO2 of_IO authors_NN2 that_CST participated_VVD in_II the_AT project_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Her_APPGE research_NN1 focuses_VVZ on_II the_AT factors_NN2 that_CST facilitate_VV0 and_CC constrain_VV0 organizational_JJ change_NN1 on_II31 behalf_II32 of_II33 and_CC by_II marginalized_JJ populations_NN2 in_II higher_JJR education_NN1 ,_, with_IW a_AT1 particular_JJ interest_NN1 in_II the_AT role_NN1 of_IO culture_NN1 and_CC power_NN1 in_II these_DD2 transformations_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
However_RR ,_, as_CSA indicated_VVN in_II the_AT Supplementary_JJ Appendix_NN1 Table_NN1 D.1_FO ,_, there_EX were_VBDR no_AT statistically_RR significant_JJ differences_NN2 in_II retention_NN1 across_II treatment_NN1 conditions_NN2 in_II any_DD level_NN1 of_IO neighborhood_NN1 poverty_NN1 in_II either_RR the_AT RCT_NP1 or_CC ISS_NP1 sample_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Effective_JJ teachers_NN2 are_VBR thoughtful_JJ decision_NN1 makers_NN2 and_CC reflective_JJ practitioners_NN2 who_PNQS are_VBR ready_JJ to_TO bring_VVI about_RP increases_NN2 in_II student_NN1 learning_NN1 (_( Liu_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2018a_FO )_) ._. 
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<s>
The_AT consultative_JJ approach_NN1 taken_VVN with_IW academics_NN2 in_II medical_JJ and_CC biomedical_JJ disciplines_NN2 ensured_VVD face_NN1 validity_NN1 of_IO BMAT_NP1 ,_, both_RR for_IF using_VVG institutions_NN2 that_CST can_VM see_VVI the_AT direct_JJ link_NN1 to_II knowledge_NN1 and_CC skills_NN2 needed_VVN for_IF successful_JJ progress_NN1 in_II medical_JJ degrees_NN2 and_CC for_IF candidates_NN2 who_PNQS invest_VV0 time_NNT1 in_II preparing_VVG for_IF the_AT test_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT author(s)_NN2 received_VVD no_AT financial_JJ support_NN1 for_IF the_AT research_NN1 ,_, authorship_NN1 ,_, and/or_CC publication_NN1 of_IO this_DD1 article_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
These_DD2 co-citation_NN1 matrices_NN2 serve_VV0 as_II the_AT basis_NN1 for_IF analytical_JJ techniques_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 multidimensional_JJ scaling_NN1 (_( MDS_NN2 ;_; McCain_NP1 ,_, 1986_MC )_) and_CC visualization_NN1 of_IO similarities_NN2 (_( VOS_NP2 )_) through_II biblio-metric_JJ mapping_NN1 (_( Van_NP1 Eck_NP1 &;_NULL Waltman_NP1 ,_, 2009_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 comes_VVZ with_IW the_AT limitation_NN1 ,_, however_RR ,_, of_IO having_VHG access_NN1 to_II limited_JJ demographic_JJ data_NN ._. 
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<s>
Sometimes_RT students_NN2 '_NULL attention_NN1 is_VBZ also_RR diverted_VVN by_II the_AT colours_NN2 ,_, pictures_NN2 or_CC music_NN1 ,_, but_CCB they_PPHS2 neglect_VV0 the_AT content_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
SEGI_NP1 =_FO segregation_NN1 by_II inclusti_NN2 '_NULL ies_NN2 ;_; PRIV_NP1 =_FO privatization_NN1 of_IO education_NN1 system_NN1 ;_; VOP_NP1 =_FO proportion_NN1 of_IO vocational_JJ secondary_JJ students_NN2 in_II all_DB secondary_JJ students_NN2 ;_; STA_NP1 =_FO standardization_NN1 of_IO education_NN1 system_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
However_RR ,_, we_PPIS2 did_VDD not_XX verify_VVI receipt_NN1 of_IO the_AT intervention_NN1 letter_NN1 ,_, nor_CC did_VDD we_PPIS2 have_VHI any_DD method_NN1 of_IO measuring_VVG students_NN2 '_NULL comprehension_NN1 of_IO the_AT letter_NN1 content_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Example_NN1 comments_NN2 included_VVD :_: '_NULL The_AT student_NN1 obtained_VVD 52%_NNU for_IF a_AT1 poorly_JJ written_JJ paper_NN1 in_II comparison_NN1 to_II a_AT1 perfectly_RR worded_VVD >85%_FO graded_JJ essay_NN1 '_NULL ._. 
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<s>
It_PPH1 might_VM be_VBI that_CST the_AT pleasant_JJ and_CC engaging_JJ atmosphere_NN1 generated_VVN by_II the_AT game_NN1 through_II giving_VVG limited_JJ time_NNT1 to_TO answer_VVI the_AT questions_NN2 ,_, not_XX always_RR positively_RR affected_VVN student_NN1 selfperception_NN1 of_IO being_VBG able_JK to_TO rethink_VVI about_II knowledge_NN1 learned_VVN (_( Brady_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2013_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
Instead_RR ,_, this_DD1 word_NN1 suggests_VVZ prodding_VVG and_CC probing_JJ into_II something_PN1 ,_, and_CC in_II doing_VDG so_RR ,_, new_JJ ways_NN2 of_IO seeing_VVG ,_, knowing_VVG and_CC looking_VVG beyond_RL emerge_VV0 (_( Wink_NP1 2000_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
Teachers_NN2 '_NULL beliefs_NN2 ,_, defined_VVN as_CSA anything_PN1 that_CST the_AT individual_NN1 regards_VVZ as_CSA true_JJ ,_, are_VBR recognised_VVN as_CSA having_VHG subtle_JJ but_CCB powerful_JJ impacts_NN2 on_II classroom_NN1 practice_NN1 and_CC hence_RR the_AT experience_NN1 of_IO school_NN1 students_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Similar_JJ to_II their_APPGE accuracy_NN1 ratings_NN2 ,_, participants_NN2 rated_VVD good_JJ solo_NN1 performances_NN2 as_CSA significantly_RR more_RGR expressive_JJ in_II the_AT second_MD order_NN1 when_CS they_PPHS2 had_VHD good_JJ accompaniment_NN1 or_CC no_AT accompaniment_NN1 at_RR21 all_RR22 (_( as_CSA compared_VVN to_II a_AT1 bad_JJ accompaniment_NN1 condition_NN1 )_) ._. 
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<s>
In_II each_DD1 plot_NN1 ,_, the_AT unit_NN1 of_IO observation_NN1 is_VBZ school-by-year_JJ and_CC overlapping_JJ turnover_NN1 events_NN2 are_VBR captured_VVN by_II allowing_VVG multiple_JJ indicators_NN2 to_TO be_VBI "_" turned_VVN on_II "_" (_( e.g._REX ,_, a_AT1 given_JJ school-by-year_NNT1 could_VM be_VBI 2_MC years_NNT2 before_II their_APPGE next_MD turnover_NN1 event_NN1 and_CC 1_MC1 year_NNT1 after_II their_APPGE previous_JJ turnover_NN1 event_NN1 )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_RR21 addition_RR22 ,_, our_APPGE findings_NN2 suggest_VV0 that_CST frequently_RR public_JJ schools_NN2 and_CC charter_NN1 schools_NN2 are_VBR not_XX directly_RR competing_VVG for_IF teachers_NN2 and_CC ,_, therefore_RR ,_, are_VBR not_XX driven_VVN to_TO offer_VVI benefits_NN2 that_CST might_VM recruit_VVI and_CC retain_VVI the_AT best_JJT teachers_NN2 or_CC alter_VVI policies_NN2 that_CST open_VV0 up_RP the_AT sector_NN1 to_II a_AT1 more_RGR diverse_JJ teaching_NN1 pool_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
We_PPIS2 found_VVD the_AT IMP_NN1 group_NN1 rated_VVD "_" experience_NN1 with_IW jazz_NN1 improvisation_NN1 since_II January_NPM1 "_" significantly_RR higher_JJR (_( n_ZZ1 =_FO 71_MC ,_, M_ZZ1 =_FO 7.04_MC ,_, SD_NP1 =_FO 1.67_MC )_) than_CSN the_AT MUS_NN2 group_NN1 (_( n_ZZ1 =_FO 62_MC ,_, M_ZZ1 =_FO 3.60_MC ,_, SD_NP1 =_FO 2.60_MC )_) ,_, t(102.13)_FO =_FO 8.94_MC ,_, p_ZZ1 <_FO .001_MC ,_, d_ZZ1 =_FO 1.6_MC (_( equal_JJ variances_NN2 not_XX assumed_VVN )_) ._. 
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<s>
Drawing_VVG on_II guidelines_NN2 from_II the_AT What_DDQ Works_VVZ Clearinghouse_NP1 (_( Institute_NN1 of_IO Education_NN1 Sciences_NN2 ,_, 2017_MC )_) ,_, we_PPIS2 consider_VV0 effect_NN1 sizes_NN2 (_( or_CC differences_NN2 in_II effect_NN1 sizes_NN2 when_CS making_VVG group_NN1 comparisons_NN2 )_) of_IO 0.10_MC to_II 0.25_MC medium_NN1 sized_VVN and_CC suggestive_JJ ,_, and_CC effect_NN1 sizes_NN2 greater_JJR than_CSN 0.25_MC sufficiently_RR large_JJ to_TO be_VBI of_IO substantive_JJ interest_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Standard_JJ economic_JJ theory_NN1 predicts_VVZ that_CST >_FO 0_MC on_II the_AT basis_NN1 that_CST an_AT1 increase_NN1 in_II the_AT value_NN1 of_IO saving_NN1 induces_VVZ households_NN2 to_TO save_VVI more_RRR at_II the_AT margin_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Following_VVG the_AT acculturation_NN1 stage_NN1 ,_, the_AT professional_JJ socialization_NN1 stage_NN1 begins_VVZ when_RRQ a_AT1 recruit_NN1 enters_VVZ a_AT1 PETE_NP1 programme_NN1 in_II a_AT1 university_NN1 setting_NN1 (_( Lawson_NP1 ,_, 1983_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
Second_MD ,_, the_AT data_NN culture_NN1 continuum_NN1 framework_NN1 underscores_VVZ the_AT importance_NN1 of_IO teacher_NN1 agency_NN1 in_II the_AT development_NN1 of_IO positive_JJ data_NN cultures_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
In_II contrast_NN1 to_II a_AT1 marginal_JJ model_NN1 ,_, a_AT1 nonlinear_JJ growth_NN1 model_NN1 in_II which_DDQ all_DB parameters_NN2 are_VBR estimated_VVN for_IF each_DD1 student_NN1 may_VM specifically_RR capture_VVI a_AT1 widening_JJ achievement_NN1 gap_NN1 if_CS the_AT steep_JJ initial_JJ section_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 "_" learning_NN1 curve_NN1 "_" –_- shaped_JJ trajectory_NN1 is_VBZ steeper_JJR on_II average_NN1 for_IF socially_RR dominant_JJ students_NN2 or_CC remains_VVZ reasonably_RR steep_JJ for_IF a_AT1 longer_JJR period_NN1 of_IO time_NNT1 on_II average_NN1 for_IF socially_RR dominant_JJ students_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
It_PPH1 also_RR raises_VVZ issues_NN2 around_II the_AT inclusion_NN1 or_CC exclusion_NN1 of_IO MMO(RP)Gs_NP2 such_II21 as_II22 World_NN1 of_IO Warcraft_NP1 ,_, in_II any_DD definition_NN1 of_IO virtual_JJ worlds_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
A_AT1 mean_JJ score_NN1 was_VBDZ calculated_VVN across_II the_AT two_MC questions_NN2 to_TO measure_VVI students_NN2 '_NULL efficacy_NN1 beliefs_NN2 in_II reading_NN1 (_( a_ZZ1 =_FO .80_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
However_RR ,_, mathematics_NN1 is_VBZ identified_VVN with_IW a_AT1 strong_JJ external_JJ framing_NN1 (_( Bernstein_NP1 ,_, 2000_MC )_) ,_, as_CSA seen_VVN in_II the_AT indirect_JJ controls_NN2 by_II the_AT university_NN1 level_NN1 and_CC other_JJ external_JJ factors_NN2 ,_, and_CC the_AT general_JJ science_NN1 for_IF the_AT SSP_NP1 students_NN2 has_VHZ a_AT1 weak_JJ external_JJ framing_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Using_VVG student-level_JJ data_NN from_II 2007_MC -_- 2008_MC through_II 2012_MC -_- 2013_MC ,_, this_DD1 study_NN1 compares_VVZ and_CC contrasts_VVZ the_AT exit_NN1 patterns_NN2 and_CC destination_NN1 schools_NN2 of_IO male_NN1 and_CC female_JJ mobile_JJ students_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Our_APPGE study_NN1 ,_, however_RR ,_, provides_VVZ compelling_JJ evidence_NN1 that_CST online_JJ learning_NN1 environments_NN2 can_VM be_VBI spaces_NN2 where_RRQ affect_NN1 thrives_VVZ ._. 
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<s>
Next_MD ,_, we_PPIS2 examined_VVD the_AT concurrent_JJ validity_NN1 of_IO grit_NN1 with_IW students_NN2 '_NULL engagement_NN1 ,_, perceived_VVD gains_NN2 ,_, time_NNT1 spent_VVN studying_VVG ,_, and_CC grades_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Many_DA2 of_IO these_DD2 evidence-based_JJ practices_NN2 are_VBR related_VVN to_II classroom_NN1 management_NN1 and_CC useful_JJ for_IF students_NN2 with_IW ASD_NP1 and_CC other_JJ disabilities_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Moreover_RR ,_, teachers_NN2 often_RR assign_VV0 assignments_NN2 and_CC ask_VV0 students_NN2 to_TO complete_VVI them_PPHO2 after_II school_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ many_DA2 students_NN2 perceive_VV0 to_TO be_VBI an_AT1 arduous_JJ ,_, frustrating_JJ and_CC confusing_JJ task_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Moreover_RR ,_, theories_NN2 of_IO cumulative_JJ dis/advantage_FU have_VH0 explained_VVN that_CST not_XX only_RR is_VBZ the_AT level_NN1 of_IO education_NN1 achieved_VVN important_JJ for_IF determining_VVG later_JJR life_NN1 course_NN1 outcomes_NN2 but_CCB so_RG too_RR is_VBZ the_AT timing_NN1 of_IO educational_JJ achievements_NN2 as_CSA it_PPH1 further_RRR stratifies_VVZ individuals_NN2 in_II the_AT workforce_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Ethical_JJ and_CC transparent_JJ research_NN1 procedures_NN2 are_VBR another_DD1 equity_NN1 commitment_NN1 of_IO this_DD1 social_JJ design_NN1 experiment_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT purpose_NN1 of_IO this_DD1 article_NN1 was_VBDZ to_TO identify_VVI various_JJ disperse_VV0 strands_NN2 of_IO adult_JJ educational_JJ practice_NN1 within_II the_AT North_NP1 American_JJ environmental_JJ movement_NN1 ,_, to_TO draw_VVI them_PPHO2 into_II the_AT field_NN1 of_IO adult_NN1 education_NN1 ,_, and_CC to_TO position_VVI each_DD1 within_II a_AT1 typology_NN1 of_IO philosophical_JJ traditions_NN2 in_II adult_NN1 education_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 included_VVD teachers_NN2 '_NULL use_NN1 of_IO evidencebased_JJ practices_NN2 for_IF teaching_VVG writing_NN1 (_( e.g._REX ,_, Drew_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2017_MC ;_; Gilbert_NP1 &;_NULL Graham_NP1 ,_, 2010_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
In_II such_DA cases_NN2 ,_, these_DD2 individuals_NN2 seem_VV0 to_TO mostly_RR be_VBI referring_VVG to_II human_JJ capital_NN1 signaling_VVG arguments_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
When_CS asked_VVN to_TO reflect_VVI on_II how_RRQ the_AT orchestrational_JJ tools_NN2 supported_VVD him_PPHO1 during_II the_AT enact-ment_NN1 of_IO the_AT culminating_VVG activity_NN1 ,_, the_AT teacher_NN1 said_VVD that_CST he_PPHS1 appreciated_VVD how_RRQ the_AT tablet_NN1 had_VHD helped_VVN him_PPHO1 coordinate_VVI tasks_NN2 on_II a_AT1 class-wide_JJ level_NN1 with_IW a_AT1 click_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 button_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
But_CCB recent_JJ studies_NN2 using_VVG more_RGR rigorous_JJ quasi-experimental_JJ methods_NN2 to_TO estimate_VVI the_AT effects_NN2 of_IO school_NN1 funding_NN1 consistently_RR find_VV0 that_DD1 school_NN1 funding_NN1 positively_RR affects_VVZ students_NN2 '_NULL academic_JJ performance_NN1 and_CC graduation_NN1 rates_NN2 (_( see_VV0 Jackson_NP1 ,_, 2018_MC ,_, for_IF a_AT1 review_NN1 of_IO this_DD1 literature_NN1 )_) ._. 
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De-stabilising_JJ student_NN1 and_CC teacher_NN1 '_NULL roles_NN2 '_NULL in_II student_NN1 voice_NN1 encounters_NN2 are_VBR argued_VVN to_TO engender_VVI '_NULL restless_JJ encounters_NN2 '_NULL (_( Fielding_NP1 &;_NULL Moss_NP1 ,_, 2011_MC ,_, p._NN1 79_MC )_) that_CST enable_VV0 students_NN2 and_CC teachers_NN2 to_TO '_NULL re-see_VVI '_NULL each_PPX221 other_PPX222 as_CSA '_NULL persons_NN2 ,_, not_XX just_RR as_CSA role_NN1 occupants_NN2 '_NULL (_( Fielding_NP1 ,_, 2011_MC ,_, p._NN1 13_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
For_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, Sheridan_NP1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 (_( 2011_MC )_) study_NN1 of_IO acclimation_NN1 among_II international_JJ students_NN2 in_II an_AT1 Irish_JJ college_NN1 treated_VVN institutional_JJ habitus_NN1 as_CSA undifferentiated_JJ from_II institutional_JJ "_" norms_NN2 ,_, practices_NN2 ,_, and_CC rewards_VVZ "_" -a_AT1 common_JJ framing_NN1 of_IO institutional_JJ culture_NN1 (_( Alvesson_NP1 ,_, 2013_MC )_) -without_IW tracing_VVG these_DD2 to_II the_AT broader_JJR social_JJ structure_NN1 (_( p._NNU 130_MC )_) ._. 
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Highquality_NN1 rubrics_NN2 can_VM inform_VVI teaching_NN1 and_CC professional_JJ development_NN1 (_( Pianta_NP1 &;_NULL Hamre_NP1 ,_, 2009_MC )_) and_CC may_VM correlate_VVI with_IW teacher_NN1 valueadded_VVD scores_NN2 (_( Grossman_NP1 ,_, Cohen_NP1 ,_, Ronfeldt_NP1 ,_, &;_NULL Brown_NP1 ,_, 2014_MC ;_; Grossman_NP1 ,_, Loeb_NP1 ,_, Cohen_NP1 ,_, &;_NULL Wyckoff_NP1 ,_, 2013_MC ;_; Hill_NP1 ,_, Kapitula_NP1 ,_, &;_NULL Umland_NP1 ,_, 2011_MC )_) ._. 
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Each_DD1 "_" time_NNT1 "_" parameter_NN1 changes_NN2 only_RR when_CS a_AT1 student_NN1 attends_VVZ a_AT1 given_JJ level_NN1 of_IO schooling_NN1 ;_; otherwise_RR ,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ held_VVN constant_JJ ._. 
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Among_II its_APPGE elements_NN2 ,_, context_NN1 and_CC transfer_NN1 was_VBDZ rated_VVN better_RRR (_( M=4.13_FO ,_, SD_NP1 =_FO 0.26_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
In_II one_MC1 group_NN1 ,_, children_NN2 started_VVD touching_VVG the_AT stuffed_JJ organs_NN2 used_VVN by_II the_AT storyteller_NN1 explainer_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ was_VBDZ not_XX a_AT1 usual_JJ behavior_NN1 ._. 
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As_II such_DA ,_, students_NN2 tended_VVD to_TO see_VVI knowledge_NN1 as_CSA something_PN1 to_TO be_VBI transmitted_VVN by_II the_AT teachers_NN2 ,_, rather_CS21 than_CS22 as_CSA something_PN1 to_TO be_VBI explored_VVN and_CC discovered_VVN on_II their_APPGE own_DA ._. 
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<s>
Students_NN2 '_NULL rank_VV0 order_NN1 in_II the_AT different_JJ scoring_NN1 algorithms_NN2 correlated_VVD highly_RR with_IW each_PPX221 other_PPX222 ._. 
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This_DD1 makes_VVZ sense_NN1 ,_, as_CSA learners_NN2 are_VBR limited_VVN in_II their_APPGE ability_NN1 to_TO act_VVI upon_II single-word_JJ examples_NN2 of_IO praise_NN1 (_( '_NULL good_JJ !_! '_NULL )_) or_CC criticism_NN1 (_( '_NULL wrong_JJ !_! '_NULL )_) ,_, ticks_NN2 ,_, circled_VVD text_NN1 or_CC underlines_VVZ (_( Price_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2010_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
However_RR ,_, across_II all_DB sectors_NN2 and_CC jurisdictions_NN2 ,_, we_PPIS2 can_VM see_VVI that_CST there_EX is_VBZ an_AT1 inverse_JJ relationship_NN1 between_II government_NN1 funding_NN1 and_CC private_JJ funding_NN1 based_VVN on_II ICSEA_NP1 bands_VVZ ._. 
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<s>
By_II ignoring_VVG the_AT nonlinearity_NN1 and_CC student_NN1 specificity_NN1 of_IO learning_VVG growth_NN1 trajectories_NN2 ,_, well-meaning_JJ researchers_NN2 may_VM inadvertently_RR mis-specify_VVI their_APPGE models_NN2 to_II the_AT advantage_NN1 of_IO students_NN2 who_PNQS enter_VV0 schooling_VVG ahead_II21 of_II22 their_APPGE peers_NN2 ,_, whereas_CS nonlinear_JJ student-specific_JJ growth_NN1 methods_NN2 (_( e.g._REX ,_, DMM_NP1 )_) have_VH0 revealed_VVN that_CST underresourced_JJ students_NN2 may_VM be_VBI approaching_VVG the_AT same_DA skill_NN1 level_NN1 as_CSA their_APPGE more_RGR privileged_JJ peers_NN2 ,_, but_CCB with_IW a_AT1 different_JJ nonlinear_JJ shape_NN1 to_II their_APPGE growth_NN1 trajectory_NN1 (_( Dumas_NP1 &;_NULL McNeish_NP1 ,_, 2017_MC ;_; McNeish_NP1 &;_NULL Dumas_NP1 ,_, 2018_MC )_) ._. 
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On_II the_AT syntactic_JJ level_NN1 ,_, for_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, a_AT1 large_JJ number_NN1 of_IO noun_NN1 phrases_NN2 and_CC a_AT1 large_JJ number_NN1 of_IO nominalizations_NN2 character_NN1 ize_VV0 academic_JJ language_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
With_IW the_AT properties_NN2 of_IO VR_NP1 reviewed_VVD ,_, we_PPIS2 now_RT turn_VV0 to_II describing_VVG VR_NP1 training_NN1 programs_NN2 for_IF social_JJ skill_NN1 development_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
They_PPHS2 found_VVD that_CST through_II leaderboards_NN2 which_DDQ ,_, similar_JJ to_II the_AT gamification_NN1 elements_NN2 of_IO the_AT current_JJ study_NN1 ,_, relied_VVN on_II the_AT game_NN1 characteristics_NN2 assessment_NN1 (_( students_NN2 could_VM see_VVI how_RGQ many_DA2 tasks_NN2 they_PPHS2 fulfilled_VVD )_) and_CC rules/goals_NN2 (_( students_NN2 could_VM see_VVI which_DDQ tasks_NN2 they_PPHS2 need_VV0 to_TO fulfill_VVI to_TO receive_VVI points_NN2 to_TO climb_VVI the_AT leaderboard_NN1 )_) students_NN2 spent_VVD more_DAR time_NNT1 on_II developing_VVG the_AT online_JJ wiki_NN2 than_CSN in_II a_AT1 control_NN1 group_NN1 without_IW a_AT1 leaderboard_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
How_RRQ to_TO encourage_VVI the_AT students_NN2 to_TO read_VVI and_CC act_VVI upon_II it_PPH1 is_VBZ something_PN1 that_CST must_VM be_VBI further_RRR understood_VVN if_CS we_PPIS2 are_VBR to_TO best_RRT help_VVI our_APPGE learners_NN2 in_II making_VVG use_NN1 of_IO the_AT feedback_NN1 that_CST we_PPIS2 provide_VV0 ._. 
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<s>
Finally_RR ,_, students_NN2 coming_VVG from_II the_AT GL_NP1 less_RRR often_RR opted_VVN for_IF HBO_NP1 programmes_NN2 in_II the_AT agricultural_JJ domain_NN1 than_CSN comparable_JJ students_NN2 coming_VVG from_II regular_JJ sreen_NN1 ?_? 
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<s>
MBO_NP1 and_CC more_RGR often_RR decided_VVN to_TO start_VVI with_IW programmes_NN2 corresponding_VVG with_IW other_JJ sectors_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
School_NN1 attended_VVN in_II year_NNT1 t_ZZ1 is_VBZ used_VVN to_TO break_VVI down_RP variance_NN1 in_II both_RR year_NNT1 t_ZZ1 and_CC year_NNT1 t_ZZ1 1_MC1 to_TO parallel_VVI the_AT construction_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 school_NN1 growth_NN1 model_NN1 ,_, in_II which_DDQ the_AT average_JJ growth_NN1 in_II scale_NN1 scores_NN2 between_II year_NNT1 t_ZZ1 1_MC1 and_CC year_NNT1 t_ZZ1 is_VBZ used_VVN to_TO estimate_VVI the_AT impact_NN1 of_IO schools_NN2 attended_VVN in_II year_NNT1 t_ZZ1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
His_APPGE current_JJ research_NN1 interests_NN2 include_VV0 business_NN1 simulation_NN1 systems_NN2 ,_, online_JJ entrepreneurship_NN1 ,_, and_CC educational_JJ technology_NN1 acceptance_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
It_PPH1 was_VBDZ like_II the_AT worst_JJT process_NN1 ever_RR ._. "_" 
</s>
<s>
Such_DA institutions_NN2 include_VV0 research_NN1 universities_NN2 ;_; prestigious/selective_JJ institutions_NN2 ;_; and_CC institutions_NN2 with_IW stable_JJ undergraduate_NN1 enrollment_NN1 ,_, wealthier_JJR students_NN2 and_CC alumni_NN2 ,_, and_CC larger_JJR endowments_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT mixed_JJ responses_NN2 of_IO the_AT evaluation_NN1 demonstrate_VV0 that_CST participants_NN2 gained_VVD a_AT1 diverse_JJ range_NN1 of_IO insights_NN2 on_II their_APPGE journey_NN1 towards_II becoming_VVG deliberate_JJ professionals_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT study_NN1 concludes_VVZ with_IW a_AT1 discussion_NN1 of_IO pedagogical_JJ implications_NN2 of_IO the_AT use_NN1 of_IO SkELL_NP1 as_II a_AT1 valuable_JJ educational_JJ tool_NN1 for_IF students_NN2 who_PNQS are_VBR accustomed_VVN to_II traditional_JJ English_JJ language_NN1 learning_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Fig._NN1 4_MC shows_VVZ the_AT proportions_NN2 of_IO occasions_NN2 in_II which_DDQ each_DD1 assessor_NN1 recorded_VVD a_AT1 given_JJ criterion_NN1 as_CSA essential_JJ to_II the_AT judgment_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
With_IW that_DD1 in_II mind_NN1 ,_, this_DD1 study_NN1 used_VVD semi-structured_JJ interviews_NN2 to_TO examine_VVI the_AT perspectives_NN2 of_IO 20_MC Qatari_JJ principals_NN2 regarding_II their_APPGE understandings_NN2 of_IO diversity_NN1 ,_, the_AT influence_NN1 of_IO faculty_NN1 diversity_NN1 in_II their_APPGE school_NN1 ,_, the_AT challenges_NN2 they_PPHS2 face_VV0 regarding_II a_AT1 diverse_JJ faculty_NN1 and_CC how_RRQ they_PPHS2 ,_, as_CSA principals_NN2 ,_, address_NN1 faculty_NN1 diversity_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Imagination_NN1 is_VBZ therefore_RR a_AT1 special_JJ case_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
To_TO support_VVI teachers_NN2 in_II achieving_VVG these_DD2 broader_JJR goals_NN2 ,_, RME_NP1 offers_VVZ a_AT1 comprehensive_JJ assessment_NN1 framework_NN1 (_( Dekker_NP1 ,_, 2007_MC ;_; Verhage_NP1 &;_NULL De_NP1 Lange_NP1 ,_, 1997_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Second_MD ,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ necessary_JJ to_TO carefully_RR follow_VVI young_JJ Spanish-speaking_JJ students_NN2 who_PNQS receive_VV0 English-only_JJ instruction_NN1 because_CS these_DD2 findings_NN2 identified_VVN subgroups_NN2 of_IO students_NN2 who_PNQS were_VBDR relatively_RR homogenous_JJ in_II their_APPGE response_NN1 profiles_NN2 and_CC instructional_JJ needs_NN2 varied_VVN by_II profile_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 decision_NN1 by_II the_AT RS_NN1 government_NN1 ignited_VVD protests_NN2 throughout_II RS_NN1 ,_, particularly_RR in_II the_AT Birac_JJ region_NN1 where_CS a_AT1 significant_JJ number_NN1 of_IO Bosniak_NP1 communities_NN2 exist_VV0 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_BCL21 order_BCL22 to_TO avoid_VVI loss_NN1 of_IO statistical_JJ power_NN1 and_CC minimize_VVI bias_NN1 due_II21 to_II22 missing_JJ data_NN (_( Peugh_NP1 &;_NULL Enders_NN2 ,_, 2004_MC )_) ,_, we_PPIS2 used_VVD the_AT package_NN1 pan_NN1 for_IF mul_NN1 tiple_NN1 imputation_NN1 (_( Zhao_NP1 &;_NULL Schafer_NP1 ,_, 2016_MC )_) to_TO create_VVI 100_MC complete_JJ datasets_NN2 ,_, which_DDQ were_VBDR then_RT used_VVN for_IF parallel_JJ analyses_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Inhibition_NN1 ,_, however_RR ,_, was_VBDZ found_VVN to_TO be_VBI a_AT1 direct_JJ predictor_NN1 of_IO listening_JJ compre_NN1 hension_NN1 (_( Kim_NP1 &;_NULL Phillips_NP1 ,_, 2014_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II understanding_VVG the_AT nonparticipation_NN1 of_IO adults_NN2 ,_, Porras-Hernandez_NP1 and_CC Salinas-Amescua_NP1 (_( 2012_MC )_) worked_VVD with_IW the_AT "_" Self-Concept_NP1 and_CC Perceived_JJ Problem-Solving_NN1 Skills_NN2 Scales_NN2 "_" and_CC found_VVD that_DD1 nonparticipation_NN1 of_IO poorly_JJ educated_JJ women_NN2 can_VM not_XX solely_RR explained_VVN by_II their_APPGE dispositional_JJ characteristics_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II 1951_MC the_AT exam_NN1 results_NN2 were_VBDR poor_JJ ,_, and_CC ,_, as_II a_AT1 result_NN1 of_IO several_DA2 disciplinary_JJ incidents_NN2 ,_, nine_MC girls_NN2 and_CC nine_MC boys_NN2 were_VBDR expelled_VVN ._. 
</s>
<s>
I_PPIS1 didn_VV0 '_NULL t_ZZ1 really_RR plan_VV0 anything_PN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
High-level_JJ improvisation_NN1 and_CC composition_NN1 become_VV0 possible_JJ only_JJ when_CS a_AT1 student_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 fingers_NN2 move_VV0 automatically_RR and_CC the_AT rules_NN2 of_IO music_NN1 theory_NN1 are_VBR comprehended_VVN ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT principals_NN2 '_NULL performance_NN1 evaluation_NN1 depends_VVZ by_II 60%_NNU on_II the_AT achievement_NN1 of_IO targets_NN2 related_VVD directly_RR to_II students_NN2 '_NULL achievement_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Daly_NP1 (_( 1985_MC )_) distinguishes_VVZ between_II two_MC types_NN2 of_IO writers_NN2 '_NULL motivational_JJ perceptions_NN2 and_CC beliefs_NN2 :_: a_ZZ1 )_) the_AT dispositional_JJ perceptions_NN2 lasting_VVG consistently_RR over_II time_NNT1 and_CC across_II situations_NN2 ;_; and_CC b_ZZ1 )_) the_AT situational_JJ feelings_NN2 which_DDQ are_VBR temporary_JJ and_CC closely_RR tied_VVN to_II particular_JJ situations_NN2 or_CC tasks_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
For_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, Carol_NP1 Smith_NP1 and_CC colleagues1_FO learning_NN1 progression_NN1 for_IF the_AT atomic-molecular_JJ theory_NN1 of_IO matter_NN1 synthesizes_VVZ studies_NN2 from_II developmental_JJ psychology_NN1 ,_, conceptual_JJ change_NN1 research_NN1 ,_, and_CC novice-expert_NN1 shift_VV0 literature_NN1 (_( NRC_NP1 2007_MC ;_; Smith_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
2004_MC ;_; Smith_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
2006_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT Jerusalem_NP1 kindergarten_NN1 inspectorate_NN1 opened_VVD several_DA2 in-service_JJ training_NN1 courses_NN2 and_CC allows_VVZ the_AT kindergarten_NN1 teachers_NN2 to_TO freely_RR choose_VVI for_IF themselves_PPX2 the_AT most_RGT suitable_JJ course_NN1 for_IF their_APPGE purposes_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT programme_NN1 Atlas.ti_NP1 7_MC was_VBDZ used_VVN for_IF the_AT qualitative_JJ data_NN analysis_NN1 ,_, using_VVG coding_NN1 ,_, memos_NN2 and_CC families_NN2 (_( categorisation_NN1 )_) functions_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Even_RR today_RT ,_, gender_NN1 identity_NN1 norms_NN2 prescribe_VV0 that_CST men_NN2 should_VM be_VBI the_AT main_JJ breadwinner_NN1 in_II a_AT1 relationship_NN1 (_( Bertrand_NP1 ,_, Kamenica_NP1 &;_NULL Pan_NP1 ,_, 2015_MC ;_; Fortin_NP1 ,_, 2005_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
For_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, the_AT way_NN1 in_II which_DDQ key_JJ texts_NN2 were_VBDR chosen_VVN for_IF School_NN1 1_MC1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 unit_NN1 of_IO work_NN1 All_RR Together_RL Now_RT (_( guiding_JJ question_NN1 '_NULL What_DDQ makes_VVZ a_AT1 successful_JJ community_NN1 ?_? '_NULL )_) privileged_VVD a_AT1 literary_JJ conception_NN1 of_IO community_NN1 (_( in_II the_AT selection_NN1 of_IO Paul_NP1 Fleischman_NP1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 fictional_JJ work_NN1 ,_, Seedfolks_NP1 )_) as_II31 opposed_II32 to_II33 say_VV0 its_APPGE geographical_JJ or_CC historical_JJ development_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II this_DD1 analysis_NN1 ,_, classifiers_NN2 are_VBR built_VVN upon_II the_AT data_NN set_VV0 described_VVN in_II "_" Data_NN "_" section_NN1 to_TO predict_VVI if_CSW a_AT1 new_JJ student_NN1 will_VM complete_VVI its_APPGE program_NN1 and_CC what_DDQ major_NN1 will_VM be_VBI completed_VVN using_VVG information_NN1 related_VVN to_II its_APPGE first_MD year_NNT1 of_IO courses_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
To_TO answer_VVI our_APPGE research_NN1 questions_NN2 ,_, we_PPIS2 use_VV0 data_NN collected_VVN from_II 460_MC year_NNT1 10_MC ,_, year_NNT1 11_MC and_CC year_NNT1 12_MC students_NN2 attending_VVG the_AT six_MC selected_JJ schools_NN2 in_II and_CC around_II Shepparton_NP1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Stereotypes_NN2 of_IO CHC_NP1 students_NN2 '_NULL problems_NN2 ,_, such_II21 as_II22 being_VBG passive_JJ ,_, surface_NN1 learners_NN2 are_VBR challenged_VVN by_II Biggs_NP1 (_( 1996_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
During_II constructing_VVG green_JJ university_NN1 and_CC green_JJ building_NN1 ,_, the_AT utilization_NN1 of_IO underground_JJ space_NN1 has_VHZ been_VBN regarded_VVN as_II an_AT1 effective_JJ way_NN1 to_TO provide_VVI car_NN1 parking_NN1 space_NN1 ,_, saving_VVG over-ground_NN1 space_NN1 for_IF other_JJ usage_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT findings_NN2 and_CC views_NN2 reported_VVN in_II this_DD1 paper_NN1 ,_, however_RR ,_, are_VBR those_DD2 of_IO the_AT authors_NN2 and_CC should_VM not_XX be_VBI attributed_VVN to_II either_RR DSS_NP1 or_CC the_AT Melbourne_NP1 Institute_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 change_NN1 ensured_VVD that_CST the_AT options_NN2 comported_VVD with_IW the_AT options_NN2 on_II the_AT core_NN1 NSSE_NN1 instrument_NN1 and_CC reduced_VVD the_AT cognitive_JJ burden_NN1 on_II the_AT respondent_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Similar_JJ findings_NN2 from_II South_NP1 Africa_NP1 (_( Bhana_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
2008_MC ;_; Morrell_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
2012_MC ;_; Shefer_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
2013_MC )_) claim_VV0 that_DD1 being_VBG pregnant_JJ or_CC parenting_NN1 while_CS at_II school_NN1 remains_VVZ influenced_VVN by_II broader_JJR discourses_NN2 on_II adolescence_NN1 and_CC female_JJ sexuality_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Note_VV0 that_CST all_DB dyadic_JJ variables_NN2 (_( i.e._REX ,_, all_DB variables_NN2 except_II the_AT bottom_NN1 three_MC in_II the_AT table_NN1 )_) are_VBR percentages_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Adding_VVG further_RRR to_II the_AT interrelatedness_NN1 of_IO mathematics_NN1 and_CC language_NN1 is_VBZ the_AT notion_NN1 that_CST more_DAR sophisticated_JJ mathematical_JJ solutions_NN2 are_VBR associated_VVN with_IW more_RGR complex_JJ uses_NN2 of_IO language_NN1 (_( Sigley_NP1 &;_NULL Wilkinson_NP1 ,_, 2015_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II this_DD1 study_NN1 ,_, we_PPIS2 brought_VVD SES_NP2 background_NN1 to_II the_AT forefront_NN1 of_IO timely_JJ completion_NN1 scholarship_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
What_DDQ are_VBR ways_NN2 African-centered_JJ education_NN1 practices_NN2 could_VM be_VBI implemented_VVN in_II a_AT1 public_JJ school_NN1 ?_? 
</s>
<s>
Cobb_NP1 (_( 2016_MC )_) also_RR compared_VVN scores_NN2 and_CC grades_NN2 across_II traditional_JJ ,_, flipped_VVN ,_, and_CC online_JJ sections_NN2 of_IO a_AT1 course_NN1 in_II political_JJ science_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
First_MD ,_, high_JJ school_NN1 students_NN2 are_VBR ,_, on_II average_NN1 ,_, taking_VVG more_DAR math_NN1 courses_NN2 ,_, with_IW a_AT1 statistically_RR significant_JJ increase_NN1 for_IF students_NN2 in_II the_AT 11th_MD and_CC 12th_MD grade_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
We_PPIS2 randomly_RR assigned_VVD each_DD1 admitted_VVD student_NN1 in_II each_DD1 batch_NN1 to_II one_MC1 of_IO three_MC conditions_NN2 one_MC1 of_IO two_MC treatment_NN1 groups_NN2 or_CC the_AT control_NN1 group_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
That_REX41 is_REX42 to_REX43 say_REX44 ,_, overall_RR the_AT programmes_NN2 would_VM seem_VVI to_TO focus_VVI more_RRR on_II preparing_VVG students_NN2 for_IF individual-oriented_JJ guidance_NN1 practices_NN2 than_CSN interventions_NN2 on_II an_AT1 organisational_JJ ,_, institutional_JJ or_CC community_NN1 level_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Performance_NN1 funding-related_NN1 research_NN1 suggests_VVZ that_CST these_DD2 incentive_NN1 policies_NN2 are_VBR marginally_RR ,_, if_CS at_RR21 all_RR22 ,_, effective_JJ in_II31 terms_II32 of_II33 improving_VVG the_AT outcomes_NN2 that_CST are_VBR tied_VVN to_II finding_VVG ._. 
</s>
<s>
During_II the_AT CW_NP1 process_NN1 ,_, safety_NN1 management_NN1 practices_NN2 were_VBDR also_RR questioned_VVN and_CC the_AT understanding_NN1 of_IO the_AT developmental_JJ needs_NN2 improved_VVN ._. 
</s>
<s>
Health_NN1 professions_NN2 education_NN1 scholarship_NN1 units_NN2 (_( HPESUs_NP1 )_) (_( Varpio_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
2017a_FO )_) ,_, are_VBR increasingly_RR becoming_VVG a_AT1 standard_NN1 for_IF medical_JJ schools_NN2 worldwide_RL ;_; however_RR ,_, information_NN1 about_II roles_NN2 and_CC contributions_NN2 of_IO their_APPGE organizational_JJ members_NN2 in_II actual_JJ educational_JJ practices_NN2 is_VBZ limited_VVN ._. 
</s>
<s>
National_JJ test_NN1 scores_NN2 are_VBR instead_RR predominantly_RR a_AT1 measure_NN1 of_IO cognitive_JJ and_CC curriculum_NN1 skills_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Specifically_RR ,_, they_PPHS2 focused_VVD on_II increasing_JJ grades_NN2 ,_, which_DDQ they_PPHS2 presumed_VVD would_VM mean_VVI students_NN2 had_VHD learned_VVN more_RRR ._. 
</s>
<s>
Since_CS we_PPIS2 asked_VVD students_NN2 to_TO answer_VVI the_AT post-questionnaire_NN1 during_II outside_II21 of_II22 the_AT class_NN1 time_NNT1 on_II LMS_NN1 ,_, the_AT post-questionnaire_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 response_NN1 rate_NN1 was_VBDZ lower_JJR than_CSN that_DD1 of_IO the_AT pre-questionnaire_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Participants_NN2 were_VBDR told_VVN that_CST because_II21 of_II22 the_AT timing_NN1 of_IO the_AT audit_NN1 ,_, accounts_VVZ receivable_JJ confirmations_NN2 were_VBDR not_XX sent_VVN and_CC a_AT1 physical_JJ inventory_NN1 was_VBDZ not_XX observed_VVN ._. 
</s>
<s>
Whilst_CS P2_FO and_CC P4_FO reflected_VVN on_II overt_JJ motor-sensory_JJ activity_NN1 the_AT re_II ?_? flection_NN1 of_IO P1_FO centred_VVN on_II aural_JJ as_II31 well_II32 as_II33 aesthetic_JJ considerations_NN2 as_II a_AT1 self-regulative_JJ issue_NN1 ,_, highlighting_VVG that_CST the_AT singular_JJ individual_NN1 deeply_RR considers_VVZ how_RRQ their_APPGE '_NULL voice_NN1 '_NULL and_CC creative_JJ expression_NN1 may_VM be_VBI understood_VVN ,_, interpreted_VVN and_CC negotiated_VVN in_II collaborative_JJ performance_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
After_II answering_VVG any_DD questions_NN2 they_PPHS2 had_VHD ,_, we_PPIS2 launched_VVD the_AT BBFlashBack_NN1 software_NN1 to_TO record_VVI the_AT amount_NN1 of_IO time_NNT1 spent_VVN on_II the_AT document_NN1 and_CC the_AT creation_NN1 or_CC completion_NN1 of_IO the_AT graphic_JJ organizer_NN1 in_II the_AT two_MC self-generated_JJ groups_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Fifth_MD ,_, special_JJ educators_NN2 '_NULL demands_NN2 are_VBR increasing_JJ as_CSA caseloads_NN2 rise_VV0 (_( Dewey_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2017_MC )_) ,_, requiring_VVG more_RGR intensive_JJ collaboration_NN1 (_( Scruggs_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2007_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Future_JJ research_NN1 could_VM target_VVI these_DD2 features_NN2 of_IO teacher_NN1 language_NN1 to_TO determine_VVI if_CS these_DD2 findings_NN2 are_VBR replicated_VVN across_II multiple_JJ types_NN2 of_IO teacher_NN1 behavior_NN1 ,_, and_CC for_IF the_AT simultaneous_JJ recording_NN1 of_IO child_NN1 contributions_NN2 to_II language_NN1 interactions_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
We_PPIS2 also_RR found_VVD that_CST among_II studies_NN2 with_IW an_AT1 individualized_JJ training_NN1 component_NN1 ,_, there_EX were_VBDR larger_JJR effects_NN2 in_II studies_NN2 that_CST either_RR described_VVN using_VVG a_AT1 coach_NN1 that_CST provided_CS services_NN2 specifically_RR for_IF the_AT study_NN1 or_CC did_VDD not_XX provide_VVI a_AT1 description_NN1 of_IO the_AT coach_NN1 background_NN1 compared_VVN with_IW studies_NN2 that_CST described_VVD coaches_NN2 as_II individuals_NN2 who_PNQS regularly_RR provide_VV0 coaching_VVG outside_II the_AT study_NN1 context_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Knowledge_NN1 includes_VVZ information_NN1 concerning_II individuals_NN2 and_CC careers_NN2 (_( K1_FO )_) ;_; organisations_NN2 ,_, groups_NN2 and_CC communication_NN1 (_( K2_NP1 )_) ;_; and_CC society_NN1 ,_, politics_NN1 and_CC markets_NN2 (_( K3_FO )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Because_CS grades_NN2 should_VM be_VBI indicators_NN2 of_IO a_AT1 student_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 abilities_NN2 ,_, evaluating_VVG the_AT predictive_JJ power_NN1 of_IO grades_NN2 in_II various_JJ departments_NN2 is_VBZ important_JJ ._. 
</s>
<s>
Such_DA practices_NN2 include_VV0 ,_, among_II others_NN2 ,_, asking_VVG questions_NN2 ,_, engaging_VVG in_II argument_NN1 from_II evidence_NN1 ,_, developing_VVG models_NN2 ,_, and_CC designing_VVG and_CC carrying_VVG out_RP experiments_NN2 in_II31 pursuit_II32 of_II33 coherent_JJ ,_, explanatory_JJ accounts_NN2 of_IO natural_JJ phenomena_NN2 (_( Hammer_NN1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
2008_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Hence_RR ,_, in_BCL21 order_BCL22 to_TO evaluate_VVI the_AT intervention_NN1 impact_NN1 on_II teachers_NN2 '_NULL practices_NN2 ,_, repeated_VVD measure_NN1 ANOVAs_NN2 (_( two_MC time_NNT1 points_NN2 x_II two_MC groups_NN2 )_) were_VBDR calculated_VVN using_VVG raw_JJ scores_NN2 from_II teachers_NN2 '_NULL observational_JJ data_NN ._. 
</s>
<s>
From_II this_DD1 perspective_NN1 ,_, a_AT1 cognitive_JJ system_NN1 is_VBZ not_XX reduced_VVN to_II the_AT intracranial_JJ brain_NN1 ,_, Van_NP1 Gelder_NP1 (_( 1995_MC )_) asserts_VVZ "_" since_CS the_AT nervous_JJ systems_NN2 ,_, body_NN1 ,_, and_CC environment_NN1 are_VBR all_DB constantly_RR changing_VVG and_CC simultaneously_RR influencing_VVG each_PPX221 other_PPX222 ,_, the_AT true_JJ cognitive_JJ system_NN1 is_VBZ a_AT1 single_JJ unified_JJ system_NN1 embracing_VVG all_DB three_MC "_" (_( p._NNU 373_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Pre-service_JJ candidates_NN2 arrive_VV0 to_II those_DD2 programmes_NN2 with_IW patchy_JJ and_CC mostly_RR procedural_JJ mathematical_JJ content_JJ knowledge_NN1 and_CC limited_JJ problem_NN1 solving_NN1 skills_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT core_NN1 theory_NN1 of_IO action_NN1 is_VBZ described_VVN in_II Figure_NN1 1_MC1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
While_CS studies_NN2 of_IO Latinx_NP1 educational_JJ leadership_NN1 have_VH0 provided_VVN important_JJ insights_NN2 into_II the_AT ways_NN2 Latinx_VV0 administrators_NN2 build_VV0 on_II their_APPGE Community_NN1 Cultural_JJ Wealth_NN1 to_TO inform_VVI their_APPGE leadership_NN1 ,_, fewer_DAR studies_NN2 have_VH0 considered_VVN how_RRQ district_NN1 and_CC regional_JJ contexts_NN2 impact_NN1 administrators_NN2 '_NULL equity_NN1 leadership_NN1 responses_NN2 and_CC visions_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
These_DD2 are_VBR the_AT training_NN1 sample_NN1 (_( n_ZZ1 =_FO 658_MC ,_, 68%_NNU )_) and_CC test_VV0 sample_NN1 (_( n_ZZ1 =_FO 308_MC ,_, 32%_NNU )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
She_PPHS1 agreed_VVD to_TO manage_VVI instructional_JJ rounds_NN2 through_II facilitated_JJ communities_NN2 of_IO practice_NN1 as_CSA one_MC1 of_IO the_AT options_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
To_TO conclude_VVI ,_, our_APPGE review_NN1 has_VHZ demonstrated_VVN that_DD1 feedback_NN1 dialogue_NN1 interventions_NN2 in_II the_AT context_NN1 of_IO academic_JJ writing_NN1 are_VBR helpful_JJ in_II most_DAT cases_NN2 according_II21 to_II22 student_NN1 perceptions_NN2 and_CC other_JJ outcome_NN1 measurements_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 marks_NN2 or_CC text_NN1 analysis_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
We_PPIS2 used_VVD Chinese_JJ reading_NN1 materials_NN2 and_CC English_JJ background_NN1 music_NN1 in_II this_DD1 study_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Third_MD ,_, the_AT resource_NN1 valuing_VVG questionnaire_NN1 is_VBZ a_AT1 self-report_JJ measure_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ can_VM have_VHI flaws_NN2 because_CS students_NN2 often_RR fail_VV0 to_TO effectively_RR evaluate_VVI how_RGQ valuable_JJ something_PN1 actually_RR is_VBZ ._. 
</s>
<s>
When_CS the_AT content_NN1 of_IO the_AT test_NN1 was_VBDZ more_RGR narrowly_RR defined_VVN ,_, the_AT average_JJ effect_NN1 jumped_VVD to_II 0.23_MC and_CC when_CS it_PPH1 was_VBDZ even_RR more_RGR specialized_JJ ,_, it_PPH1 jumped_VVD to_II 0.44_MC ._. 
</s>
<s>
Not_XX surprisingly_RR ,_, nonwork_NN1 reasons_NN2 play_VV0 a_AT1 substantial_JJ role_NN1 in_II teachers_NN2 '_NULL decisions_NN2 to_TO leave_VVI ,_, a_AT1 reminder_NN1 that_CST many_DA2 aspects_NN2 of_IO attrition_NN1 may_VM not_XX be_VBI amenable_JJ to_II intervention_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
For_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, pivotal_JJ responses_NN2 training/treatment_NN1 can_VM be_VBI used_VVN effectively_RR to_TO address_VVI only_RR four_MC developmental_JJ and_CC skill_NN1 areas_NN2 (_( Wong_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2013_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
From_II this_DD1 perspective_NN1 ,_, forethought_NN1 processes_NN2 occur_VV0 before_II performance_NN1 and_CC can_VM enhance_VVI the_AT quality_NN1 and_CC frequency_NN1 of_IO self-control_NN1 (_( e.g._REX ,_, use_NN1 of_IO task_NN1 strategies_NN2 ,_, attention_NN1 focusing_VVG )_) and_CC self-observation_NN1 during_II performance_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Following_VVG the_AT focus_NN1 groups_NN2 ,_, eight_MC practice_NN1 elements_NN2 were_VBDR identified_VVN that_CST the_AT teachers_NN2 indicated_VVN as_CSA most_DAT likely_JJ to_TO improve_VVI outcomes_NN2 for_IF their_APPGE students_NN2 while_CS also_RR being_VBG feasible_JJ to_TO use_VVI ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT findings_NN2 of_IO the_AT present_JJ study_NN1 should_VM be_VBI considered_VVN in_II respect_NN1 to_II some_DD limitations_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II what_DDQ follows_VVZ ,_, I_PPIS1 discuss_VV0 how_RRQ one_PN1 might_VM understand_VVI the_AT nature_NN1 of_IO the_AT harm_NN1 that_CST deliberative_JJ dialogue_NN1 can_VM inflict_VVI and_CC the_AT significance_NN1 of_IO learning_VVG about_II this_DD1 harm_NN1 for_IF a_AT1 deliberative_JJ democratic_JJ system_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II South_NP1 Africa_NP1 ,_, this_DD1 is_VBZ a_AT1 problem_NN1 that_CST many_DA2 schools_NN2 are_VBR struggling_VVG with_IW on_II a_AT1 daily_JJ basis_NN1 (_( Naong_NP1 ,_, 2007_MC )_) ,_, including_II primary_JJ schools_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT anodyne_JJ nature_NN1 of_IO political_JJ rhetoric_NN1 functions_NN2 as_II an_AT1 undertow_NN1 in_II reading_VVG reform_NN1 and_CC obscures_VVZ the_AT intersectional_JJ oppressive_JJ mechanisms_NN2 at_II play_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 finding_NN1 suggests_VVZ that_CST after_CS a_AT1 certain_JJ threshold_NN1 of_IO download_NN1 speed_NN1 is_VBZ met_VVN ,_, subsequent_JJ speed_NN1 increases_NN2 do_VD0 not_XX make_VVI online_JJ coursework_NN1 more_RGR attractive_JJ on_II the_AT margins_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Her_APPGE resistance_NN1 to_II being_VBG seen_VVN from_II a_AT1 deficit_NN1 perspective_NN1 rose_VVD in_II her_PPHO1 a_AT1 sense_NN1 of_IO coraje_NN1 (_( rage_NN1 )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Indeed_RR ,_, we_PPIS2 would_VM expect_VVI there_RL to_TO be_VBI increasingly_RR large_JJ changes_NN2 in_II student_NN1 achievement_NN1 when_CS comparing_VVG across_II quartiles_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Always_RR choose_VV0 your_APPGE own_DA path_NN1 and_CC go_VV0 where_CS you_PPY want_VV0 to_TO go_VVI and_CC always_RR be_VBI more_RGR positive_JJ than_CSN what_DDQ others_NN2 really_RR say_VV0 ._. 
</s>
<s>
They_PPHS2 have_VH0 talked_VVN about_II music_NN1 teaching_VVG with_IW their_APPGE own_DA teachers_NN2 since_CS early_RR on_RP in_II school_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
First_MD ,_, difficulties_NN2 may_VM be_VBI "_" desirable_JJ "_" ,_, if_CS they_PPHS2 trigger_VV0 encoding_VVG and_CC retrieval_NN1 of_IO information_NN1 that_CST can_VM support_VVI long-term_JJ learning_NN1 (_( e.g._REX ,_, delaying_VVG feedback_NN1 ;_; Schmidt_NP1 and_CC Bjork_VV0 1992_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 framework_NN1 indicates_VVZ that_DD1 learning_NN1 ,_, as_CSA it_PPH1 generally_RR occurs_VVZ ,_, is_VBZ a_AT1 function_NN1 of_IO the_AT activity_NN1 ,_, context_NN1 ,_, and_CC culture_NN1 in_II which_DDQ it_PPH1 is_VBZ situated_VVN (_( Lave_NP1 ,_, 1991_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT behavioral_JJ component_NN1 has_VHZ been_VBN suggested_VVN to_TO be_VBI visible_JJ in_II overt_JJ behavior_NN1 but_CCB also_RR in_II behavioral_JJ intentions_NN2 (_( Eagly_NP1 &;_NULL Chaiken_NP1 ,_, 2007_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
ECE_NP1 participation_NN1 ,_, duration_NN1 and_CC total_JJ dosage_NN1 were_VBDR all_DB associated_VVN with_IW positive_JJ child_NN1 development_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Second_MD ,_, we_PPIS2 added_VVD a_AT1 covariate_NN1 to_II the_AT original_JJ ANOVA_NN1 to_TO control_VVI for_IF months_NNT2 of_IO experience_NN1 working_VVG with_IW electronic_JJ workpapers_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Coplanning_VVG that_CST includes_VVZ "_" reflecting_VVG verbally_RR on_II planning_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
._. ._. The_AT EDT_NN1 offers_NN2 structure_NN1 in_II several_DA2 ways_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Limitations_NN2 of_IO this_DD1 review_NN1 include_VV0 use_NN1 of_IO online-only_JJ search_NN1 strategy_NN1 ,_, only_RR full_JJ text_NN1 articles_NN2 ,_, and_CC no_AT inclusion_NN1 of_IO gray_JJ liter_NN1 ature_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Control_VV0 group_NN1 students_NN2 reported_VVD that_CST they_PPHS2 interacted_VVD with_IW professors_NN2 or_CC teaching_VVG assistants_NN2 less_DAR than_CSN 2_MC to_II 3_MC times_NNT2 during_II the_AT spring_NN1 semester_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
However_RR ,_, he_PPHS1 still_RR felt_VVD under_II pressure_NN1 ,_, as_CSA "_" CPS_NP1 expects_VVZ me_PPIO1 to_TO make_VVI AYP_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
._. ._. Before_II analysis_NN1 ,_, variables_NN2 were_VBDR screened_VVN for_IF accuracy_NN1 of_IO data_NN entry_NN1 ,_, In_II our_APPGE Introduction_NN1 ,_, several_DA2 advantages_NN2 of_IO robots_NN2 over_II many_DA2 other_JJ forms_NN2 of_IO technology_NN1 were_VBDR discussed_VVN ._. 
</s>
<s>
Third_MD ,_, the_AT present_JJ study_NN1 investigated_VVD the_AT associations_NN2 of_IO reading-related_JJ task_NN1 values_NN2 ,_, efficacy_NN1 beliefs_NN2 ,_, and_CC achievement_NN1 emotions_NN2 in_II specific_JJ achievement_NN1 situa_NN1 tions_NN2 that_CST were_VBDR not_XX authentic_JJ classroom_NN1 situations_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Second_MD ,_, as_CSA Bray_NP1 (_( 2014_MC )_) and_CC Ireson_NP1 (_( 2004_MC )_) pointed_VVD out_RP ,_, the_AT discrepancy_NN1 about_II the_AT effectiveness_NN1 of_IO private_JJ tutoring_JJ could_VM result_VVI from_II methodological_JJ issues_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
When_CS a_AT1 child_NN1 showed_VVD different_JJ behaviours_NN2 with_IW their_APPGE right_NN1 and_CC left_JJ hand_NN1 ,_, the_AT hand_NN1 regarded_VVN as_CSA closest_RRT to_II touching_VVG the_AT reward_NN1 was_VBDZ coded_VVN ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT lower_JJR the_AT intensity_NN1 ,_, the_AT less_RGR likely_JJ it_PPH1 will_VM be_VBI met_VVN with_IW resistance_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II other_JJ words_NN2 ,_, if_CS all_DB differences_NN2 participate_VV0 in_II "_" diversity_NN1 ,_, "_" then_RT they_PPHS2 become_VV0 "_" differences_NN2 which_DDQ make_VV0 no_AT difference_NN1 "_" (_( p._NNU 3_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
He_PPHS1 didn_VV0 '_NULL t_ZZ1 miss_VV0 a_AT1 beat_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II recounting_VVG her_APPGE experiences_NN2 in_II Year_NNT1 7_MC ,_, Lisa_NP1 affirmed_VVD that_CST she_PPHS1 had_VHD made_VVN herself_PPX1 proud_JJ ._. 
</s>
<s>
He_PPHS1 further_RRR defined_VVD instructional_JJ leadership_NN1 as_CSA composed_VVN of_IO three_MC domains_NN2 :_: defining_VVG the_AT values_NN2 and_CC purposes_NN2 of_IO the_AT school_NN1 ,_, managing_VVG the_AT programming_NN1 of_IO teaching_NN1 and_CC curriculum_NN1 ,_, and_CC establishing_VVG the_AT school_NN1 as_II a_AT1 professional_JJ learning_NN1 communi_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT elements_NN2 of_IO imagination_NN1 and_CC movement_NN1 integral_JJ to_II Cynthia_NP1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 current_JJ musical_JJ practices_NN2 are_VBR thus_RR linked_VVN through_II the_AT improvisatory_JJ experiences_NN2 of_IO her_APPGE early_JJ childhood_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 work_NN1 was_VBDZ supported_VVN by_II the_AT Swiss_JJ research_NN1 cluster_NN1 entitled_VVN Governance_NN1 in_II Vocational_JJ and_CC Professional_JJ Education_NN1 and_CC Training_NN1 (_( GOVPET_NP1 )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
By_II definition_NN1 ,_, such_DA scientistic_JJ perspectives_NN2 ignore_VV0 relations_NN2 of_IO power_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Importantly_RR ,_, data_NN analyses_NN2 revealed_VVD that_CST the_AT children_NN2 '_NULL s_ZZ1 ability_NN1 to_TO use_VVI improved_JJ phonological_JJ skills_NN2 to_TO decode_VVI novel_JJ words_NN2 improved_VVN to_II a_AT1 signihcantly_RR greater_JJR extent_NN1 during_II the_AT Better_JJR Start_NN1 Literacy_NN1 Intervention_NN1 period_NN1 compared_VVN to_II the_AT usual_JJ classroom_NN1 curriculum_NN1 ,_, with_IW a_AT1 large_JJ treatment_NN1 effect_NN1 (_( d_ZZ1 =_FO 0.88_MC )_) evident_JJ for_IF children_NN2 '_NULL s_ZZ1 non-word_JJ decoding_JJ ability_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II the_AT modern_JJ world_NN1 ,_, the_AT philosophy_NN1 of_IO low-carbon_JJ eco-city_NN1 evolved_VVN after_II the_AT proposition_NN1 of_IO eco-city_NN1 by_II United_JJ Nations_NN2 Educational_JJ ,_, Scientific_JJ and_CC cultural_JJ Organization_NN1 (_( UNESCO_NP1 )_) in_II 1971_MC ._. 
</s>
<s>
They_PPHS2 could_VM transcribe_VVI a_AT1 similar_JJ number_NN1 of_IO letters_NN2 in_II 15_MC s_ZZ1 and_CC their_APPGE dictated_JJ spelling_NN1 skills_NN2 did_VDD not_XX differ_VVI ._. 
</s>
<s>
Smith_NP1 spoke_VVD of_IO disadvantaged_JJ youth_NN1 ,_, a_AT1 term_NN1 that_CST moved_VVD from_II a_AT1 sociological_JJ association_NN1 with_IW poverty_NN1 to_TO encompass_VVI other_JJ kinds_NN2 of_IO disadvantage_NN1 in_II the_AT 1960s_MC2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT fragment_NN1 below_RL shows_VVZ part_NN1 of_IO this_DD1 whole-class_JJ discussion_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 research_NN1 was_VBDZ supported_VVN in_RR21 part_RR22 by_II the_AT Institutional_JJ Strategy_NN1 of_IO the_AT University_NN1 of_IO Tubingen_NP1 (_( Deutsche_NP1 Forschungsgemeinschaft_NP1 ,_, ZUK_NP1 63_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Talking_VVG with_IW &lsqb;_( a_AT1 colleague_NN1 &rsqb;_) and_CC thinking_NN1 ,_, '_NULL I_PPIS1 '_NULL ve_VV0 got_VVN to_TO have_VHI a_AT1 plan_NN1 in_II place_NN1 next_MD month_NNT1 for_IF these_DD2 principals_NN2 !_! 
</s>
<s>
'_NULL "_" However_RR ,_, education_NN1 for_IF active_JJ citizenship_NN1 ,_, and_CC pedagogies_NN2 for_IF teaching_VVG moral_JJ values_NN2 for_IF understandings_NN2 of_IO right_NN1 and_CC wrong_JJ ,_, can_VM be_VBI either_RR liberating_JJ or_CC oppressive_JJ depending_II21 on_II22 how_RRQ they_PPHS2 are_VBR facilitated_VVN ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT next_MD variable_NN1 is_VBZ the_AT belief_NN1 about_II the_AT percentage_NN1 of_IO technical_JJ problems_NN2 at_II the_AT university_NN1 system_NN1 that_CST runs_VVZ the_AT OLL_NN1 classes_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT COLCS_NP2 included_VVD seven_MC measures_NN2 of_IO stu_NN1 dent_NN1 learning_NN1 conceptions_NN2 in_II computer_NN1 science_NN1 :_: Memorizing_NP1 ,_, Testing_NP1 ,_, Some_DD of_IO the_AT original_JJ categories_NN2 have_VH0 been_VBN reordered_VVN and_CC a_AT1 Metacognitive_JJ Knowledge_NN1 category_NN1 has_VHZ been_VBN added_VVN (_( Krathwohl_NP1 ,_, 2002_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
As_CSA Schippers_NP1 writes_VVZ "_" &lsqb;_( i_ZZ1 &rsqb;_) t_ZZ1 is_VBZ unlikely_JJ that_CST cultures_NN2 will_VM ever_RR be_VBI "_" unmixed_JJ "_" ..._... although_CS policies_NN2 may_VM change_VVI ,_, the_AT cohabitation_NN1 of_IO people_NN from_II different_JJ cultural_JJ backgrounds_NN2 simply_RR needs_VVZ to_TO be_VBI addressed_VVN "_" (_( Schippers_NP1 ,_, 2010_MC ,_, p._NN1 28_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Several_DA2 examples_NN2 are_VBR provided_VVN in_II the_AT following_JJ ._. 
</s>
<s>
We_PPIS2 present_VV0 all_DB quotations_NN2 verbatim_RR ,_, acknowledging_VVG that_CST respondents_NN2 might_VM have_VHI been_VBN able_JK to_TO express_VVI themselves_PPX2 more_RGR easily_RR with_IW researchers_NN2 fluent_JJ in_II their_APPGE native_JJ language_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Warren_NP1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 (_( 2014_MC )_) work_VV0 on_II teacher_NN1 empathy_NN1 and_CC K._NP1 Gutiérrez_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
'_NULL s_ZZ1 (_( 1995_MC )_) work_VV0 on_II script_NN1 and_CC counterscript_NN1 may_VM offer_VVI the_AT field_NN1 replicable_JJ ,_, adaptable_JJ ,_, and_CC practical_JJ strategies_NN2 to_TO support_VVI teachers_NN2 in_II the_AT development_NN1 of_IO racial_JJ and_CC cultural_JJ know-how_NN1 that_CST could_VM serve_VVI as_II a_AT1 way_NN1 forward_RL ._. 
</s>
<s>
It_PPH1 is_VBZ here_RL argued_VVN that_CST they_PPHS2 create_VV0 a_AT1 way_NN1 to_TO understand_VVI emotions_NN2 and_CC testimony_NN1 as_CSA ambivalent_JJ spaces_NN2 in_II teaching_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
A_AT1 group_NN1 debriefing_VVG ,_, case_NN1 discussion_NN1 and_CC reflection_NN1 session_NNT1 are_VBR held_VVN at_II the_AT end_NN1 of_IO the_AT clinic_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
We_PPIS2 analyzed_VVD how_RRQ instructors_NN2 across_II disciplines_NN2 valued_VVD using_VVG comments_NN2 at_II the_AT end_NN1 of_IO an_AT1 essay/_NN1 written_VVN assignment_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
However_RR ,_, not_XX all_DB teacher_NN1 evaluation_NN1 systems_NN2 will_VM result_VVI in_II improved_JJ teacher_NN1 performance_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 means_VVZ that_DD1 practice_NN1 is_VBZ not_XX neutral_JJ or_CC only_RR technical_JJ ._. 
</s>
<s>
Walker_NP1 ,_, Chung_NP1 ,_, and_CC Bonnet_NN1 (_( 2017_MC )_) conducted_VVD a_AT1 meta-analysis_NN1 of_IO FBIs_NP2 evaluated_VVD for_IF students_NN2 with_IW disabilities_NN2 in_II inclusive_JJ settings_NN2 (_( i.e._REX ,_, any_DD setting_NN1 within_II early_JJ childhood_NN1 ,_, elementary_JJ ,_, middle_NN1 ,_, or_CC high_JJ school_NN1 where_RRQ peers_NN2 without_IW disabilities_NN2 were_VBDR present_JJ )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
She_PPHS1 explained_VVD how_RRQ if_CS she_PPHS1 ,_, or_CC another_DD1 teacher_NN1 ,_, were_VBDR to_TO say_VVI something_PN1 such_II21 as_II22 ,_, "_" Listen_VV0 ,_, I_PPIS1 don_VV0 '_NULL t_ZZ1 know_VV0 anything_PN1 about_II that_DD1 design_NN1 ,_, but_CCB Mrs._NNB Weber_NP1 does_VDZ ,_, "_" Mrs._NNB Weber_NP1 "_" would_VM hop_VVI right_RR in_RP and_CC pick_VVI up_RP from_II that_DD1 or_CC vice_RR21 versa_RR22 ._. "_" 
</s>
<s>
Heisel_NP1 (_( 1985_MC )_) notes_VVZ that_CST "_" the_AT characteristics_NN2 of_IO the_AT sample_NN1 indicated_VVD that_CST from_II either_RR a_AT1 socio-economic_JJ or_CC an_AT1 educational_JJ perspective_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
._. ._. At_RR21 least_RR22 one_MC1 alternative_NN1 to_II the_AT idea_NN1 that_CST the_AT behaviours_NN2 that_CST we_PPIS2 observed_VVD are_VBR strategic_JJ in_II nature_NN1 at_II this_DD1 age_NN1 needs_VVZ to_TO be_VBI considered_VVN ._. 
</s>
<s>
By_II following_VVG the_AT same_DA families_NN2 over_II time_NNT1 ,_, the_AT longitudinal_JJ design_NN1 of_IO the_AT ECLS-K_NP1 may_VM help_VVI address_NN1 reverse_NN1 causation_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ has_VHZ been_VBN a_AT1 limitation_NN1 in_II prior_JJ cross-sectional_JJ analyses_NN2 of_IO the_AT relationship_NN1 between_II daily_JJ parental_JJ homework_NN1 help_NN1 and_CC academic_JJ achievement_NN1 (_( Robinson_NP1 and_CC Harris_NP1 2014_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
As_II a_AT1 founder_NN1 ,_, she_PPHS1 was_VBDZ positioned_VVN as_II a_AT1 leader_NN1 both_RR as_II a_AT1 teacher_NN1 and_CC an_AT1 organizer_NN1 ,_, though_CS this_DD1 was_VBDZ unsettling_VVG for_IF her_PPHO1 as_CSA she_PPHS1 most_RGT closely_RR related_VVD her_APPGE teacher_NN1 identity_NN1 to_II that_DD1 of_IO a_AT1 broker_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
It_PPH1 allowed_VVD students_NN2 and_CC families_NN2 to_TO fashion_VVI a_AT1 public_JJ education_NN1 aligned_VVN with_IW their_APPGE own_DA educational_JJ aspirations_NN2 and_CC values_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Openness_NN1 of_IO tasks_NN2 can_VM differ_VVI according_II21 to_II22 the_AT task_NN1 requirements_NN2 :_: open-start_JJ tasks_NN2 usually_RR include_VV0 the_AT requirement_NN1 to_TO solve_VVI a_AT1 problem_NN1 using_VVG different_JJ strategies_NN2 associated_VVN with_IW ,_, for_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, different_JJ concepts_NN2 ,_, theorems_NN2 and_CC representations_NN2 ;_; open-end_JJ problems_NN2 are_VBR linked_VVN to_II the_AT possibility_NN1 of_IO arriving_VVG at_II different_JJ outcomes_NN2 when_CS solving_VVG a_AT1 problem_NN1 (_( Leikin_NP1 ,_, 2018b_FO )_) ._. 
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<s>
The_AT teachers_NN2 as_II a_AT1 whole_JJ group_NN1 ,_, not_XX only_RR the_AT tutors_NN2 themselves_PPX2 ,_, have_VH0 reorganized_VVN the_AT activities_NN2 already_RR undertaken_VVN at_II the_AT school_NN1 ,_, giving_VVG them_PPHO2 new_JJ meaning_NN1 in_II the_AT context_NN1 of_IO the_AT tutoring_JJ organization_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Through_II these_DD2 caring_JJ interactions_NN2 ,_, Derick_NP1 has_VHZ at_RR21 least_RR22 one_MC1 personal_JJ encounter_NN1 with_IW every_AT1 student_NN1 in_II his_APPGE school_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
To_TO provide_VVI the_AT right_JJ motivation_NN1 to_II the_AT Social_JJ Audit_NN1 teams_NN2 in_II31 terms_II32 of_II33 the_AT prestige_NN1 and_CC significance_NN1 attached_VVN to_II the_AT Social_JJ Audit_NN1 work_NN1 ,_, we_PPIS2 associated_VVD ourselves_PPX2 with_IW the_AT Collector_NN1 ,_, Anantapur_VV0 at_II each_DD1 and_CC every_AT1 step_NN1 of_IO the_AT Social_JJ Audit_NN1 and_CC in_RR21 particular_RR22 we_PPIS2 ensured_VVD the_AT presence_NN1 of_IO the_AT District_NN1 Collector_NN1 in_II each_DD1 of_IO these_DD2 three_MC orientation_NN1 meetings_NN2 where_RRQ he_PPHS1 addressed_VVD the_AT Social_JJ Audit_NN1 teams_NN2 and_CC encouraged_VVD them_PPHO2 to_TO give_VVI of_IO their_APPGE best_JJT in_II the_AT field_NN1 ,_, given_VVN the_AT noble_JJ objectives_NN2 of_IO the_AT ICDS_NP2 programme_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Graduates_NN2 are_VBR inducted_VVN into_II their_APPGE new_JJ status_NN1 through_II rituals_NN2 of_IO graduation_NN1 and_CC the_AT wearing_NN1 of_IO robes_NN2 that_CST denote_VV0 the_AT level_NN1 of_IO the_AT qualification_NN1 and_CC the_AT awarding_JJ institution_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
They_PPHS2 observe_VV0 that_CST there_EX is_VBZ no_AT underlying_JJ developmental_JJ or_CC learning_NN1 theory_NN1 that_CST justifies_VVZ having_VHG the_AT same_DA number_NN1 of_IO qualitative_JJ gradations_NN2 across_II criteria_NN2 as_CSA seems_VVZ to_TO be_VBI implied_VVN by_II constructing_VVG rubrics_NN2 with_IW a_AT1 matrix_NN1 design_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 would_VM overload_VVI working_VVG memory_NN1 and_CC leads_VVZ to_II poorer_JJR performance_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
His_APPGE report_NN1 gives_VVZ us_PPIO2 an_AT1 idea_NN1 of_IO the_AT NMS_NP1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 view_NN1 of_IO the_AT value_NN1 and_CC importance_NN1 of_IO their_APPGE educational_JJ work_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
One_MC1 reason_NN1 may_VM be_VBI that_CST the_AT children_NN2 lived_VVN in_II South_ND1 Florida_NP1 and_CC knew_VVN very_RG little_DA1 about_II penguins_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT degree_NN1 to_II which_DDQ new_JJ curricular_JJ standards_NN2 and_CC policies_NN2 align_VV0 with_IW current_JJ teacher_NN1 practices_NN2 and_CC beliefs_NN2 is_VBZ also_RR an_AT1 important_JJ factor_NN1 to_TO consider_VVI (_( Brown_NP1 ,_, Englehardt_NP1 ,_, Barry_NP1 ,_, &;_NULL Ku_NP1 ,_, 2019_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
School_NN1 A_ZZ1 has_VHZ a_AT1 large_JJ building_NN1 with_IW spacious_JJ classrooms_NN2 and_CC corridors_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Second_MD ,_, it_PPH1 offers_VVZ an_AT1 output_NN1 indicating_VVG whether_CSW the_AT mediating_JJ variable_NN1 impacts_NN2 the_AT outcome_NN1 under_II the_AT condition_NN1 that_CST the_AT independent_JJ variable_NN1 is_VBZ also_RR included_VVN in_II the_AT regression_NN1 model_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
N_ZZ1 ,_, a_AT1 situation_NN1 where_RRQ j02_FO ?_? 
</s>
<s>
The_AT methodology_NN1 had_VHD also_RR been_VBN applied_VVN further_RRR afield_RL in_II social_JJ science_NN1 disciplines_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 education_NN1 (_( Smith_NP1 &;_NULL Osborn_NP1 ,_, 2015_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT study_NN1 includes_VVZ a_AT1 total_NN1 of_IO 13_MC classes_NN2 (_( data_NN from_II one_MC1 class_NN1 was_VBDZ lost_VVN due_II21 to_II22 technical_JJ issues_NN2 with_IW the_AT recording_NN1 equipment_NN1 )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
On_II the_AT other_JJ hand_NN1 ,_, Sportland_NP1 "_" echo_NN1 chambers_NN2 "_" may_VM emerge_VVI ,_, as_CSA SDP_NP1 agencies_NN2 ,_, officials_NN2 ,_, and_CC experts_NN2 work_VV0 with_IW familiar_JJ networks_NN2 ,_, partnerships_NN2 ,_, policies_NN2 ,_, and_CC practices_NN2 ,_, rather_II21 than_II22 being_VBG open_JJ to_II alternative_JJ agencies_NN2 ,_, new_JJ voices_NN2 ,_, and_CC innovative_JJ or_CC disruptive_JJ types_NN2 of_IO knowledge_NN1 (_( Whitley_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2019_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Lit_NN1 eracy_NN1 outcomes_NN2 are_VBR reported_VVN as_CSA significant_JJ in_II two_MC of_IO eight_MC stud_NN1 ies_NN2 ,_, with_IW positive_JJ change_NN1 described_VVN in_II the_AT remaining_JJ six_MC studies_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
To_TO train_VVI teachers_NN2 to_TO use_VVI the_AT medersa_NN1 curriculum_NN1 ,_, the_AT Ecole_NP1 Normale_NP1 Superieure_NP1 (_( higher_JJR teacher_NN1 training_NN1 college_NN1 )_) offers_VVZ diplomas_NN2 in_II Arabic_JJ teaching_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Significant_JJ associations_NN2 have_VH0 previously_RR been_VBN identified_VVN between_II phonological_JJ awareness_NN1 and_CC writing_VVG quality_NN1 (_( Berninger_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 1994_MC ;_; Dockrell_NP1 &;_NULL Connelly_NP1 ,_, 2015_MC )_) and_CC although_CS associations_NN2 with_IW productivity_NN1 have_VH0 been_VBN reported_VVN (_( Puranik_NP1 &;_NULL Al_NP1 Otaiba_NP1 ,_, 2012_MC )_) ,_, as_CSA in_II the_AT present_JJ study_NN1 ,_, sometimes_RT they_PPHS2 have_VH0 not_XX been_VBN identified_VVN (_( Berninger_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 1994_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_RR21 addition_RR22 ,_, the_AT SEL_NN1 measures_NN2 had_VHD more_DAR variation_NN1 within_II schools_NN2 than_CSN between_II schools_NN2 relative_II21 to_II22 the_AT academic_JJ measures_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
These_DD2 two_MC forms_NN2 are_VBR visible_JJ and_CC invisible_JJ pedagogy_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Witnessing_VVG the_AT negotiation_NN1 of_IO meaning_VVG in_II the_AT socio-cultural_JJ context_NN1 of_IO situations_NN2 of_IO learning_NN1 is_VBZ important_JJ as_RR21 well_RR22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In-depth_JJ ,_, empirical_JJ data_NN on_II how_RRQ emotions_NN2 impacts_NN2 on_II teachers_NN2 '_NULL knowledge_NN1 are_VBR needed_VVN to_TO enrich_VVI the_AT link_NN1 between_II emotion_NN1 and_CC cognition_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Despite_II the_AT richness_NN1 of_IO literacy_NN1 studies_NN2 that_CST reveal_VV0 the_AT complexity_NN1 of_IO children_NN2 '_NULL s_ZZ1 literacy_NN1 practices_NN2 ,_, early_JJ literacy_NN1 learning_VVG in_II schools_NN2 in_II England_NP1 is_VBZ currently_RR dominated_VVN by_II a_AT1 print-focused_JJ approach_NN1 (_( Ellis_NP1 and_CC Moss_NP1 ,_, 2014_MC )_) that_CST may_VM divert_VVI attention_NN1 away_II21 from_II22 any_DD alternative_JJ expression_NN1 or_CC way_NN1 of_IO being_VBG literate_JJ in_II Early_JJ Years_NNT2 settings_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Okay_RR ,_, there_RL '_NULL s_ZZ1 one_MC1 of_IO each_DD1 of_IO those_DD2 ,_, I_ZZ1 '_NULL m_ZZ1 just_JJ saying_NN1 they_PPHS2 '_NULL re_II ..._... distinct_JJ ,_, or_CC they_PPHS2 could_VM be_VBI <one>_FO ,_, I_PPIS1 don_VV0 '_NULL t_ZZ1 know_VV0 ,_, um_UH ,_, they_PPHS2 '_NULL re_II variables_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
However_RR ,_, in_II the_AT last_MD two_MC decades_NNT2 ,_, such_DA initiatives_NN2 have_VH0 taken_VVN place_NN1 in_II a_AT1 context_NN1 of_IO globalization_NN1 and_CC marketization_NN1 of_IO higher_JJR education_NN1 and_CC the_AT introduction_NN1 of_IO new_JJ managerialism_NN1 that_CST has_VHZ swept_VVN across_II the_AT world_NN1 and_CC into_II universities_NN2 (_( Altbach_NP1 2004_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
As_CSA noted_VVN previously_RR ,_, our_APPGE models_NN2 include_VV0 interactions_NN2 between_II each_DD1 time_NNT1 parameter_NN1 and_CC a_AT1 period_NN1 indicator_NN1 for_IF timepoints_NN2 when_RRQ students_NN2 transfer_VV0 to_II different_JJ schools_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Our_APPGE results_NN2 support_VV0 previous_JJ evidence_NN1 of_IO the_AT transformative_JJ potential_NN1 of_IO postgraduate_NN1 qualifications_NN2 (_( Sethi_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
2016_MC ,_, 2018_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 lesson_NN1 was_VBDZ then_RT complied_VVN into_II the_AT Handbook_NN1 of_IO TPR_NP1 for_IF Teachers_NN2 (_( Fig._NN1 6_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Exploring_VVG each_DD1 outcomes_NN2 element_NN1 could_VM significantly_RR promote_VVI the_AT well-being_NN1 of_IO students_NN2 with_IW disabilities_NN2 ,_, especially_RR adolescents_NN2 (_( Poon_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
2014_MC )_) ,_, so_CS researchers_NN2 and_CC policymakers_NN2 should_VM consider_VVI these_DD2 issues_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Video_NN1 footage_NN1 also_RR enabled_VVD me_PPIO1 to_TO look_VVI closely_RR at_II children_NN2 '_NULL s_ZZ1 hand_NN1 movements_NN2 and_CC I_PPIS1 constructed_VVD further_JJR movement_NN1 maps_NN2 ,_, this_DD1 time_NNT1 of_IO children_NN2 '_NULL s_ZZ1 hand_NN1 movements_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
We_PPIS2 let_VV0 go_VVI a_RR21 bit_RR22 on_II purpose_NN1 because_CS you_PPY are_VBR now_RT supposed_JJ to_TO be_VBI employable_JJ ..._... 
</s>
<s>
On_II the_AT other_JJ hand_NN1 ,_, all_DB the_AT four_MC students_NN2 who_PNQS did_VDD not_XX prepare_VVI ,_, marked_VVN as_CSA "_" unprepared_JJ students_NN2 "_" ,_, scored_VVN in_II the_AT average_JJ range_NN1 in_II the_AT tests_NN2 (_( Group_NN1 B_ZZ1 )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT studies_NN2 conducted_VVN in_II Europe_NP1 usually_RR refer_VV0 to_II the_AT Eurostat_NN1 definition_NN1 of_IO ESL_NP1 ,_, which_DDQ measures_VVZ the_AT percentage_NN1 of_IO young_JJ people_NN aged_VVN 18–24_MCMC who_PNQS have_VH0 finished_VVN at_RR21 most_RR22 lower_JJR secondary_JJ school_NN1 or_CC its_APPGE equivalent_JJ (_( ISCED_NP1 2_MC level_JJ )_) and_CC are_VBR not_XX in_II further_JJR education_NN1 or_CC training_NN1 (_( Eurostat_NP1 ,_, 2018_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT introduction_NN1 of_IO this_DD1 new_JJ tool_NN1 is_VBZ timely_JJ ,_, with_IW increasing_JJ suggestions_NN2 from_II expert_NN1 statisticians_NN2 that_CST researchers_NN2 should_VM not_XX overstate_VVI the_AT meaning_NN1 of_IO their_APPGE statistical_JJ findings_NN2 ,_, and_CC that_CST researchers_NN2 should_VM become_VVI increasingly_RR open_JJ and_CC thoughtful_JJ in_II their_APPGE uses_NN2 of_IO statistical_JJ tools_NN2 ,_, and_CC not_XX inflexibly_RR adhere_VV0 to_II accepted_JJ ways_NN2 of_IO exploring_VVG data_NN (_( Wasserstein_NP1 ,_, Schirm_NP1 ,_, &;_NULL Lazar_NP1 ,_, 2019_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II the_AT following_JJ quote_NN1 of_IO the_AT theorem_NN1 ,_, the_AT phrase_NN1 "_" can_VM not_XX be_VBI equated_VVN "_" should_VM be_VBI taken_VVN to_TO mean_VVI that_CST there_EX exists_VVZ no_AT version_NN1 of_IO the_AT scale_NN1 transformation_NN1 in_II Equation_NN1 1_MC1 that_CST satisfies_VVZ the_AT criterion_NN1 in_II Equation_NN1 2_MC ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT growth_NN1 in_II the_AT number_NN1 of_IO paraprofessionals_NN2 has_VHZ been_VBN accompanied_VVN by_II increasing_JJ research_NN1 attention_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Similar_JJ to_II the_AT study_NN1 by_II Manz_NP1 (_( reviewed_VVN above_RL )_) ,_, the_AT researchers_NN2 brought_VVD a_AT1 clear_JJ theoretical_JJ stance_NN1 to_II the_AT design_NN1 of_IO the_AT intervention_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
We_PPIS2 analyzed_VVD the_AT open-ended_JJ questions_NN2 using_VVG descriptive_JJ coding_NN1 (_( Saldana_NP1 ,_, 2016_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Jeremiah_NP1 ,_, what_DDQ do_VD0 we_PPIS2 use_VVI number_NN1 lines_NN2 for_IF ?_? 
</s>
<s>
Despite_II these_DD2 differences_NN2 ,_, class_NN1 analyses_NN2 must_VM also_RR acknowledge_VVI the_AT heterogeneity_NN1 within_II social_JJ class_NN1 groupings_NN2 and_CC the_AT permeability_NN1 of_IO their_APPGE boundaries_NN2 (_( Wright_NP1 ,_, 2008_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Instructional_JJ coaching_NN1 has_VHZ been_VBN used_VVN to_TO improve_VVI teachers_NN2 '_NULL use_NN1 of_IO active_JJ student_NN1 responding_VVG and_CC to_TO increase_VVI teachers_NN2 '_NULL delivery_NN1 of_IO praise_NN1 and_CC opportunities_NN2 for_IF students_NN2 to_TO respond_VVI (_( Simonsen_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2008_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
When_RRQ teachers_NN2 believed_VVD they_PPHS2 had_VHD the_AT ability_NN1 to_TO exert_VVI control_NN1 over_II data-informed_JJ decisions_NN2 ,_, they_PPHS2 were_VBDR more_RGR likely_JJ to_TO act_VVI on_II this_DD1 belief_NN1 and_CC accept_VVI responsibility_NN1 for_IF data_NN ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT current_JJ study_NN1 works_VVZ to_TO fill_VVI this_DD1 knowledge_NN1 gap_NN1 by_II examining_VVG the_AT relation_NN1 between_II the_AT quantity_NN1 of_IO center-based_JJ ECE_NP1 and_CC early_JJ child_NN1 development_NN1 in_II four_MC LMIC_JJ in_II East_ND1 Asia_NP1 and_CC the_AT Pacific_NP1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II the_AT current_JJ study_NN1 ,_, we_PPIS2 experimentally_RR manipulated_VVD six_MC language_NN1 features_NN2 previously_RR found_VVN to_TO be_VBI correlated_VVN with_IW mathematics_NN1 story_NN1 problem-solving_NN1 performance_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Ms._NNB Fischer_NP1 similarly_RR noted_VVN that_CST during_II the_AT first_MD 2_MC weeks_NNT2 of_IO school_NN1 ,_, she_PPHS1 had_VHD her_APPGE students_NN2 read_VVN essays_NN2 about_II other_JJ people_NN '_NULL s_ZZ1 backgrounds_NN2 in_II literacy_NN1 and_CC write_VV0 their_APPGE own_DA literacy_NN1 autobiographies_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 reflective_JJ component_NN1 allowed_VVD students_NN2 to_TO consider_VVI all_DB aspects_NN2 of_IO the_AT lesson_NN1 ,_, as_II31 well_II32 as_II33 what_DDQ they_PPHS2 learned_VVD through_II the_AT process_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Central_JJ office_NN1 co-optation_NN1 and_CC initial_JJ cooperation_NN1 of_IO principal_JJ facilitators_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
I_PPIS1 feel_VV0 tense_JJ and_CC nervous_JJ while_CS teaching_VVG these_DD2 students._NNU ?_? )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Second_MD ,_, we_PPIS2 make_VV0 use_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 non-situated_JJ measure_NN1 in_II which_DDQ participants_NN2 look_VV0 back_RP at_II a_AT1 personal_JJ experience_NN1 through_II the_AT egocentric_JJ social_JJ network_NN1 approach_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
If_CS this_DD1 rate_NN1 of_IO shrinkage_NN1 were_VBDR sustained_VVN ,_, SES_NP2 gaps_NN2 would_VM close_VVI completely_RR in_II three_MC to_II six_MC years_NNT2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II this_DD1 system_NN1 ,_, organizational_JJ experience_NN1 ,_, learning_VVG ,_, and_CC adaptation_NN1 were_VBDR the_AT province_NN1 of_IO providers_NN2 ,_, not_XX the_AT ASD_NN1 central_JJ office_NN1 that_CST saw_VVD its_APPGE central_JJ role_NN1 as_CSA staying_VVG out_II21 of_II22 the_AT way_NN1 (_( Glazer_NP1 ,_, Massell_NP1 ,_, &;_NULL Malone_NP1 ,_, 2015_MC ;_; Groth_NP1 ,_, Malone_NP1 ,_, &;_NULL Glazer_NP1 ,_, 2017_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Several_DA2 current_JJ studies_NN2 suggested_VVD working_VVG conditions_NN2 may_VM influence_VVI attrition_NN1 by_II reducing_VVG or_CC promoting_VVG teachers_NN2 '_NULL capacities_NN2 to_TO effectively_RR serve_VVI students_NN2 (_( e.g._REX ,_, Kaff_NP1 ,_, 2004_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Last_MD ,_, we_PPIS2 also_RR find_VV0 suggestive_JJ evidence_NN1 in_II31 support_II32 of_II33 helping_VVG teachers_NN2 use_VVI student_NN1 data_NN to_TO inform_VVI their_APPGE instruction_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
It_PPH1 is_VBZ not_XX enough_RR to_TO know_VVI what_DDQ to_TO do_VDI ;_; knowledge_NN1 and_CC vision_NN1 must_VM be_VBI enacted_VVN if_CS meaningful_JJ change_NN1 is_VBZ to_TO take_VVI place_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Next_MD ,_, the_AT proposed_JJ expected_JJ IM_NN1 estimators_NN2 were_VBDR compared_VVN to_II the_AT established_JJ observed_JJ IM_NN1 A._NNU This_DD1 comparison_NN1 is_VBZ informative_JJ because_CS A_ZZ1 is_VBZ the_AT most_RGT accurate_JJ of_IO the_AT established_JJ methods_NN2 that_CST is_VBZ routinely_RR available_JJ ._. 
</s>
<s>
Tsui_NN2 (_( 2007_MC )_) also_RR argues_VVZ that_CST Chinese_JJ students_NN2 achieve_VV0 higher_JJR gender_NN1 parity_NN1 in_II math_NN1 performance_NN1 compared_VVN to_II their_APPGE U.S._NP1 counterparts_NN2 because_II21 of_II22 the_AT rigorous_JJ and_CC standardized_JJ national_JJ mathematics_NN1 curriculum_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Finally_RR ,_, we_PPIS2 considered_VVD whether_CSW effect_NN1 sizes_NN2 from_II peer-reviewed_JJ sources_NN2 differed_VVN in_II magnitude_NN1 ,_, on_II average_NN1 ,_, relative_II21 to_II22 effect_NN1 sizes_NN2 from_II other_JJ sources_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
In_II 2017_MC ,_, the_AT system_NN1 saw_VVD the_AT introduction_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 programme_NN1 of_IO '_NULL diagnostic_JJ assessment_NN1 '_NULL of_IO socle_NN1 achievement_NN1 (_( in_II key_JJ domains_NN2 )_) very_RG much_DA1 along_II the_AT lines_NN2 of_IO a_AT1 pre-existing_JJ programme_NN1 described_VVN by_II Bonnet_NN1 (_( 1997_MC )_) ,_, but_CCB this_DD1 time_NNT1 with_IW standardised_JJ content_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
We_PPIS2 have_VH0 a_AT1 diverse_JJ leadership_NN1 team_NN1 with_IW a_AT1 black_JJ female_JJ principal_NN1 ,_, and_CC two_MC other_JJ members_NN2 of_IO the_AT leadership_NN1 team_NN1 who_PNQS are_VBR from_II BAME_NP1 backgrounds_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Through_II intersectional_JJ data_NN mining_VVG ,_, we_PPIS2 demonstrated_VVD the_AT need_NN1 to_TO interrogate_VVI the_AT numbers_NN2 of_IO JCCS_NP2 ,_, and_CC to_II materially_RR ground_VVD the_AT student_NN1 demographic_JJ data_NN to_TO reveal_VVI the_AT intersectional_JJ subjugation_NN1 of_IO Jersey_NP1 City_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 children_NN2 of_IO color_NN1 living_VVG in_II poverty_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Testimonies_NN2 stand_VV0 between_II the_AT past_NN1 and_CC the_AT future_NN1 ,_, and_CC if_CS testimonies_NN2 are_VBR not_XX heard_VVN in_II teaching_NN1 ,_, there_EX is_VBZ a_AT1 possibility_NN1 of_IO silencing_NN1 and_CC forgetting_VVG the_AT wounds_NN2 created_VVN history_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Anthropologist_NP1 Franz_NP1 Boas_NP2 and_CC geneticists_NN2 Herbert_NP1 S._NP1 Jennings_NP1 ,_, The_AT third_MD test_NN1 was_VBDZ taken_VVN in_II the_AT middle_NN1 of_IO year_NNT1 8_MC ._. 
</s>
<s>
Although_CS our_APPGE approach_NN1 starts_VVZ with_IW separate_JJ consideration_NN1 of_IO each_DD1 group_NN1 of_IO lenses_NN2 ,_, there_EX is_VBZ no_RR denying_VVG that_CST they_PPHS2 are_VBR often_RR interrelated_JJ ._. 
</s>
<s>
She_PPHS1 described_VVD having_VHG to_TO take_VVI on_II veteran_JJ teachers_NN2 who_PNQS she_PPHS1 saw_VVD were_VBDR not_XX holding_VVG all_DB children_NN2 to_II the_AT same_DA standards_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
However_RR ,_, whilst_CS an_AT1 association_NN1 between_II individual_JJ aspirations_NN2 and_CC attainment_NN1 has_VHZ been_VBN demonstrated_VVN ,_, the_AT causal_JJ relationships_NN2 between_II aspirations_NN2 and_CC attainment_NN1 are_VBR poorly_RR understood_VVN (_( Gorard_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
2012_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II the_AT context_NN1 of_IO SME_NP1 research_VV0 a_AT1 strong_JJ focus_NN1 on_II exploring_VVG how_RRQ resource_NN1 scarcity_NN1 affects_VVZ reliance_NN1 on_II exploratory_JJ and_CC exploitative_JJ innovation_NN1 persists_VVZ (_( Kammerlander_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2015_MC ;_; McDermott_NP1 and_CC Prajogo_NP1 ,_, 2012_MC ;_; Oke_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2007_MC ;_; Woschke_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2017_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
Underpinning_VVG the_AT '_NULL success_NN1 '_NULL of_IO any_DD methods_NN2 used_VVD however_RR ,_, is_VBZ researcher_NN1 preparedness_NN1 to_TO invest_VVI time_NNT1 into_II developing_JJ relationships_NN2 with_IW children_NN2 (_( Te_FW One_MC1 ,_, 2011_MC )_) and_CC to_TO listen_VVI and_CC respond_VVI to_II what_DDQ children_NN2 are_VBR communicating_VVG (_( Christensen_NP1 &;_NULL James_NP1 ,_, 2008_MC ;_; Clark_NP1 &;_NULL Moss_NP1 ,_, 2001_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
Overall_RR ,_, we_PPIS2 accordingly_RR observe_VV0 clear_JJ indications_NN2 of_IO an_AT1 "_" organizational_JJ turn_NN1 "_" within_II Danish_JJ universities_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 was_VBDZ because_CS it_PPH1 assessed_VVD attainment_NN1 in_II different_JJ aspects_NN2 of_IO literacy_NN1 and_CC numeracy_NN1 each_DD1 year_NNT1 ,_, the_AT aspects_NN2 concerned_JJ being_VBG selected_VVN on_II each_DD1 occasion_NN1 by_II the_AT schools_NN2 inspectorate_NN1 as_CSA being_VBG of_IO particular_JJ interest_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
It_PPH1 is_VBZ understood_VVN that_CST subjective_JJ norms_NN2 and_CC motivation_NN1 to_TO comply_VVI guide_VV0 the_AT behavioral_JJ intention_NN1 and_CC subsequently_RR the_AT behavior_NN1 of_IO the_AT learner_NN1 in_II e-learning_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
After_II day_NNT1 one_PN1 ,_, it_PPH1 was_VBDZ clear_JJ that_CST our_APPGE goal_NN1 of_IO emancipatory_JJ science_NN1 experiences_NN2 would_VM be_VBI difficult_JJ to_TO achieve_VVI ._. 
</s>
<s>
Third_MD ,_, some_DD emotions_NN2 found_VVN in_II academic_JJ emotion_NN1 theory_NN1 are_VBR otiose_JJ as_CSA concepts_NN2 ,_, except_CS where_CS required_VVN by_II the_AT pragmatic_JJ demands_NN2 of_IO counseling_NN1 or_CC therapy_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
These_DD2 students_NN2 attend_VV0 not_XX only_RR open-enrollment_JJ schools_NN2 ,_, such_II21 as_II22 charters_NN2 ,_, magnets_NN2 ,_, and_CC vocational_JJ schools_NN2 ,_, but_CCB also_RR underenrolled_JJ traditional_JJ neighborhood_NN1 schools_NN2 in_II other_JJ parts_NN2 of_IO the_AT city_NN1 (_( Burdick-Will_NP1 2017_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II this_DD1 same_DA training_NN1 session_NNT1 ,_, the_AT students_NN2 were_VBDR introduced_VVN to_II the_AT WordPress_NN1 platform_NN1 and_CC practised_VVN some_DD basic_JJ blog_NN1 management_NN1 skills_NN2 (_( editing_VVG posts_NN2 and_CC pages_NN2 ,_, publishing_VVG posts_NN2 and_CC basic_JJ concepts_NN2 of_IO personalisation_NN1 )_) ._. 
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<s>
The_AT researcher_NN1 sat_VVD in_II a_AT1 position_NN1 where_RRQ she_PPHS1 could_VM view_VVI the_AT parent_NN1 so_CS21 that_CS22 the_AT child_NN1 would_VM have_VHI her_PPHO1 or_CC his_APPGE back_NN1 to_II the_AT parent_NN1 when_CS seated_VVN ._. 
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<s>
Pre-existing_JJ data_NN from_II the_AT NAPLAN_JJ project_NN1 included_VVD 669_MC performances_NN2 across_II all_DB Australian_JJ jurisdictions_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Lo_UH et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
(_( 2018_MC )_) applied_VVD Merrill_NP1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 (_( 2002_MC )_) first_MD principles_NN2 of_IO instruction_NN1 theory_NN1 to_TO design_VVI a_AT1 flipped_VVN classroom_NN1 approach_NN1 and_CC demonstrated_VVN the_AT effectiveness_NN1 of_IO this_DD1 approach_NN1 in_II improving_JJ student_NN1 achievement_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Despite_II the_AT increase_NN1 in_II academic_JJ attention_NN1 ,_, no_PN121 one_PN122 has_VHZ gone_VVN into_II a_AT1 lab_NN1 to_TO investigate_VVI the_AT specifics_NN2 of_IO scientific_JJ imaginationto_NN1 find_VV0 out_RP the_AT different_JJ ways_NN2 it_PPH1 is_VBZ used_VVN ,_, and_CC how_RRQ it_PPH1 is_VBZ used_VVN well_RR ._. 
</s>
<s>
Her_APPGE interests_NN2 lie_VV0 in_II the_AT fields_NN2 of_IO critical_JJ discourse_NN1 analysis_NN1 ,_, language_NN1 policy_NN1 ,_, multilingualism_NN1 and_CC higher_JJR education_NN1 studies_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Similar_JJ to_II findings_NN2 related_VVN to_II other_JJ substances_NN2 ,_, the_AT broad_JJ construct_NN1 of_IO impulsivity_NN1 has_VHZ been_VBN associated_VVN with_IW increased_JJ NMUPD_NN1 among_II college_NN1 students_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT study_NN1 equally_RR showed_VVD strong_JJ evidence_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 correlation_NN1 between_II economic_JJ growth_NN1 and_CC urban_JJ agglomeration_NN1 in_II India_NP1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Class_NN1 observations_NN2 indicated_VVD that_CST students_NN2 did_VDD remind_VVI their_APPGE partner_NN1 of_IO their_APPGE goal_NN1 throughout_II the_AT activity_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Possible_JJ maximum_JJ raw_JJ scores_NN2 for_IF pitch_NN1 and_CC fluency_NN1 then_RT were_VBDR 54_MC (_( 10A_FO )_) ,_, 55_MC (_( 10B_FO )_) ,_, and_CC 53_MC (_( 10C_FO )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
However_RR ,_, since_CS several_DA2 students_NN2 preferred_VVD the_AT opportunity_NN1 to_TO engage_VVI in_RP minimally_RR guided_JJ activities_NN2 ,_, it_PPH1 indicates_VVZ the_AT importance_NN1 of_IO flexible_JJ instructional_JJ guidance_NN1 in_II online_JJ settings_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Also_RR ,_, as_CSA mentioned_VVN earlier_RRR ,_, inservice_VV0 training_NN1 providers_NN2 may_VM tend_VVI to_TO offer_VVI practices_NN2 that_CST are_VBR used_VVN to_TO address_VVI problem_NN1 behaviors_NN2 (_( Brock_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2014_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
How_RRQ they_PPHS2 view_VV0 themselves_PPX2 and_CC are_VBR viewed_VVN by_II others_NN2 are_VBR theorized_VVN and_CC shaped_VVN by_II their_APPGE ongoing_JJ experiences_NN2 in_II different_JJ communities_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Hoover_VV0 Institution_NN1 Archives_NN2 ,_, Stanford_NP1 University_NN1 ,_, Stanford_NP1 ,_, California_NP1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT principal_NN1 at_II MN_FO spoke_VVD about_II how_RRQ '_NULL the_AT other_JJ kids_NN2 respect_VV0 the_AT student_NN1 leaders_NN2 ;_; they_PPHS2 know_VV0 that_CST they_PPHS2 have_VH0 got_VVN a_AT1 say_NN1 and_CC they_PPHS2 spend_VV0 a_AT1 lot_NN1 of_IO time_NNT1 engaging_VVG with_IW teachers_NN2 '_NULL (_( MNPI_NP1 )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Mayer_NP1 refers_VVZ to_II these_DD2 irrelevant_JJ processes_NN2 as_CSA extraneous_JJ processing_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ he_PPHS1 defines_VVZ as_II the_AT "_" cognitive_JJ processing_NN1 that_CST does_VDZ not_XX support_VVI the_AT instructional_JJ goal_NN1 and_CC is_VBZ caused_VVN by_II poor_JJ instructional_JJ design_NN1 "_" ,_, and_CC which_DDQ therefore_RR has_VHZ to_TO be_VBI avoided_VVN (_( Mayer_NP1 2014_MC ,_, p._NN1 59_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Although_CS a_AT1 handful_NN1 of_IO existing_JJ studies_NN2 document_VV0 a_AT1 negative_JJ correlation_NN1 between_II principal_JJ transitions_NN2 and_CC school_NN1 performance_NN1 ,_, this_DD1 study_NN1 fills_VVZ an_AT1 important_JJ gap_NN1 by_II isolating_VVG the_AT (_( arguably_RR )_) causal_JJ effect_NN1 of_IO changing_JJ principals_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Conduct_NN1 needs_VVZ assessments_NN2 to_TO determine_VVI content_JJ and_CC the_AT pedagogical_JJ needs_NN2 of_IO teachers_NN2 and_CC principals_NN2 as_II31 well_II32 as_II33 the_AT characteristics_NN2 ,_, strengths_NN2 ,_, and_CC needs_NN2 of_IO students_NN2 (_( paying_VVG special_JJ attention_NN1 to_II students_NN2 who_PNQS may_VM be_VBI most_RGT vulnerable_JJ )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II the_AT next_MD turn_NN1 ,_, this_DD1 may_VM lead_VVI to_II a_AT1 discussion_NN1 on_II ways_NN2 of_IO responding_VVG to_II students_NN2 '_NULL texts_NN2 in_II a_AT1 dialogic_JJ writing_NN1 education_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
A_AT1 collection_NN1 rate_NN1 of_IO 100_MC Hertz_NNU was_VBDZ used_VVN ,_, and_CC results_NN2 were_VBDR downloaded_VVN in_II one-second_NNU epochs_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
For_IF measuring_VVG the_AT stressors_NN2 of_IO UK_NP1 head_JJ teachers_NN2 ,_, all_DB items_NN2 constructed_VVN by_II Philips_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
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<s>
(_( 2007_MC )_) use_VV0 four_MC major_JJ descriptors_NN2 for_IF stress_NN1 :_: '_NULL causing_VVG a_AT1 lot_NN1 of_IO stress_NN1 '_NULL –_- 4_MC ;_; '_NULL moderately_RR causing_VVG stress_NN1 '_NULL –_- 3_MC ;_; '_NULL slightly_RR causing_VVG stress_NN1 '_NULL –_- 2_MC ;_; and_CC '_NULL not_XX causing_VVG stress_NN1 '_NULL –_- 1_MC1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Unfortunately_RR ,_, little_JJ attention_NN1 in_II previous_JJ research_NN1 has_VHZ been_VBN paid_VVN to_II deputies_NN2 '_NULL stress_NN1 and_CC career_NN1 experiences_NN2 (_( Oliver_NP1 ,_, 2013_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT author(s)_NN2 disclosed_VVN receipt_NN1 of_IO the_AT following_JJ financial_JJ support_NN1 for_IF the_AT research_NN1 ,_, authorship_NN1 ,_, and/or_CC publication_NN1 of_IO this_DD1 article_NN1 :_: The_AT support_NN1 for_IF the_AT lead_NN1 author_NN1 to_TO conduct_VVI this_DD1 research_NN1 was_VBDZ provided_VVN by_II Quest_NN1 University_NN1 Canada_NP1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 Research_NN1 ,_, Scholarship_NN1 ,_, and_CC Creative_JJ Works_NN Committee_NN1 ;_; compensation_NN1 was_VBDZ independent_JJ of_IO research_NN1 design_NN1 ,_, outcomes_NN2 and_CC reporting_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Other_JJ strategies_NN2 included_VVD explicit_JJ instruction_NN1 ,_, modeling_VVG ,_, repeated_VVD practice_NN1 ,_, and_CC databased_JJ progress_NN1 monitoring_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 was_VBDZ accomplished_VVN by_II applying_VVG Chi_NP1 square_JJ tests_NN2 to_TO compare_VVI the_AT two_MC groups_NN2 '_NULL overall_JJ distribution_NN1 of_IO tasks_NN2 and_CC to_TO determine_VVI if_CSW significant_JJ differences_NN2 existed_VVD between_II the_AT two_MC groups_NN2 regarding_II how_RRQ they_PPHS2 assigned_VVD each_DD1 of_IO the_AT five_MC tasks_NN2 (_( e.g._REX ,_, advising_VVG ,_, research_NN1 )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Panel_NN1 A_ZZ1 shows_VVZ quintiles_NN2 based_VVN on_II the_AT extent_NN1 to_II which_DDQ the_AT two_MC measures_NN2 diverge_VV0 (_( the_AT two_MC measures_NN2 are_VBR closest_JJT for_IF states_NN2 in_II the_AT first_MD quintile_JJ )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Whereas_CS Fede_NP1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 presents_VVZ a_AT1 school_NN1 bus_NN1 '_NULL early_JJ morning_NNT1 trajectory_NN1 picking_VVG up_RP children_NN2 and_CC bringing_VVG them_PPHO2 to_II school_NN1 ,_, Nata_NP1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 depicts_VVZ the_AT opposite_JJ trajectory_NN1 ,_, the_AT bus_NN1 delivering_VVG children_NN2 to_II their_APPGE homes_NN2 at_II the_AT end_NN1 of_IO the_AT school_NN1 day_NNT1 (_( todos_NN2 in_II Spanish_JJ means_NN all_RR )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Pearson_NP1 correlation_NN1 and_CC one-way_JJ ANOVA_NN1 are_VBR used_VVN to_TO analyze_VVI the_AT relationship_NN1 between_II principals_NN2 '_NULL leadership_NN1 behavior_NN1 change_NN1 intentions_NN2 and_CC their_APPGE leadership_NN1 effectiveness_NN1 and_CC the_AT difference_NN1 in_II the_AT performance_NN1 of_IO principals_NN2 '_NULL leadership_NN1 effectiveness_NN1 before_II and_CC after_II implementing_VVG 360_MC degree_NN1 evaluation_NN1 feedback_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 review_NN1 is_VBZ premised_VVN on_II the_AT notion_NN1 that_CST changing_JJ teaching_NN1 practice_NN1 is_VBZ connected_VVN to_II understanding_VVG how_RRQ teachers_NN2 learn_VV0 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT column_NN1 farthest_RRT to_II the_AT right_NN1 displays_VVZ the_AT results_NN2 of_IO the_AT generalized_JJ linear_JJ model_NN1 (_( GLM_NP1 )_) analyses_VVZ to_TO check_VVI the_AT significance_NN1 of_IO the_AT observed_JJ differences_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
To_TO find_VVI indications_NN2 of_IO copying_VVG from_II sources_NN2 in_II the_AT students_NN2 '_NULL texts_NN2 ,_, the_AT program_NN1 filtered_VVD out_RP all_DB chunks_NN2 of_IO four_MC source_NN1 words_NN2 or_CC more_RRR copied_VVN verbatim_RR from_II the_AT sources_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Though_CS the_AT external_JJ demand_NN1 is_VBZ to_TO raise_VVI test_NN1 scores_NN2 ,_, these_DD2 educators_NN2 authored_VVD an_AT1 understanding_NN1 of_IO their_APPGE inner_JJ calling_NN1 and_CC motivation_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT respondents_NN2 indicated_VVD the_AT extent_NN1 to_II which_DDQ they_PPHS2 agreed_VVD with_IW the_AT statement_NN1 on_II a_AT1 5point_FO scale_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Finally_RR ,_, we_PPIS2 consider_VV0 history_NN1 textbooks_NN2 separate_VV0 from_II other_JJ subjects_NN2 (_( social_JJ studies_NN2 ,_, civics_NN2 ,_, and_CC geography_NN1 )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT Course_NN1 Grade_NN1 included_VVD scores_NN2 from_II students_NN2 for_IF other_JJ assignments_NN2 in_II the_AT class_NN1 (_( e.g._REX ,_, research_NN1 papers_NN2 ,_, thought_VVD papers_NN2 )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 interactive_JJ conception_NN1 of_IO identity--_JJ whether_CSW called_VVN "_" dialogic_JJ "_" (_( Bakhtin_NP1 ,_, 1981_MC ,_, p._NN1 279_MC )_) ,_, "_" positional_JJ ,_, "_" (_( Holland_NP1 ,_, Lachicotte_NP1 ,_, Skinner_NP1 ,_, &;_NULL Cain_NP1 ,_, 1998_MC ,_, p._NN1 125_MC )_) or_CC "_" narrative_NN1 "_" (_( Wortham_NP1 ,_, 2001_MC ,_, p._NN1 xi_NN1 )_) -draws_NN2 attention_NN1 to_II the_AT ways_NN2 that_CST interactions_NN2 with_IW others_NN2 shape_VV0 one_MC1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 identity_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Kilpatrick_NP1 encouraged_VVD his_APPGE colleague_NN1 and_CC friend_NN1 ,_, Stewart_NP1 Cole_NP1 ,_, to_TO visit_VVI Los_NP1 Angeles_NP1 for_IF a_AT1 1-year_JJ period_NN1 to_TO see_VVI "_" what_DDQ could_VM be_VBI done_VDN to_TO allay_VVI the_AT fears_NN2 and_CC frustrations_NN2 of_IO the_AT Spanish_JJ speaking_JJ youth_NN1 during_II the_AT war_NN1 time_NNT1 and_CC to_TO help_VVI them_PPHO2 intergrate_JJ &lsqb;_( sic_RR &rsqb;_) more_RGR effectively_RR in_II the_AT public_JJ school_NN1 "_" (_( Cole_NP1 ,_, n.d._NNU ,_, p._NN1 16_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II this_DD1 three-year_JJ collaboration_NN1 ,_, teachers_NN2 designed_VVN and_CC redesigned_VVN assessments_NN2 and_CC activity_NN1 sequences_NN2 according_II21 to_II22 RME_NP1 design_NN1 principles_NN2 (_( Webb_NP1 ,_, 2009_MC ,_, 2012_MC ;_; Webb_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2008_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
We_PPIS2 know_VV0 that_CST Philadelphia_NP1 recently_RR shifted_VVN from_II a_AT1 mostly_RR state-appointed_JJ board_NN1 to_II a_AT1 locally_RR appointed_VVN board_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Secondly_RR ,_, academics_NN2 from_II the_AT West_ND1 might_VM subconsciously_RR expect_VVI outcomes_NN2 beyond_II the_AT capacity_NN1 of_IO partner_NN1 organisations_NN2 in_II conflict-affected_JJ contexts_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Later_RRR ,_, on_II the_AT same_DA activity_NN1 ,_, when_CS the_AT explainer_NN1 wanted_VVD to_TO prevent_VVI the_AT children_NN2 from_II going_VVG through_II the_AT nose_NN1 a_AT1 second_MD time_NNT1 ,_, they_PPHS2 ignored_VVD her_PPHO1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
To_TO compare_VVI and_CC analyze_VVI differences_NN2 in_II the_AT academic_JJ results_NN2 between_II lecture_NN1 based_VVN learning_VVG given_JJ content_NN1 and_CC flipped_VVN classroom_NN1 given_VVN content_NN1 ,_, two_MC equivalent_JJ exam_NN1 questions_NN2 were_VBDR statistically_RR compared_VVN with_IW non-parametric_JJ Wilcoxon_NP1 test_NN1 for_IF non-homogeneous_JJ samples_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Meta-analyses_NN2 suggest_VV0 that_DD1 effect_NN1 sizes_NN2 range_VV0 between_II +0.21_MC SD_NP1 (_( Blank_JJ &;_NULL de_NP1 las_NN2 Alas_UH ,_, 2010_MC )_) and_CC +0.54_MC SD_NP1 (_( Yoon_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2007_MC )_) on_II student_NN1 outcomes_NN2 ,_, with_IW some_DD suggestion_NN1 that_CST content-specific_JJ (_( math_NN1 )_) rather_II21 than_II22 content-general_NN1 (_( classroom_NN1 management_NN1 )_) programs_NN2 produce_VV0 greater_JJR learning_NN1 gains_NN2 (_( Kennedy_NP1 ,_, 1999_MC ;_; Scher_NP1 &;_NULL O_NP1 '_NULL Reilly_NP1 ,_, 2009_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Students_NN2 recalled_VVD numerous_JJ examples_NN2 of_IO practices_NN2 which_DDQ did_VDD not_XX adhere_VVI to_II the_AT regulations_NN2 for_IF controlled_JJ assessment_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
And_CC we_PPIS2 don_VV0 '_NULL t_ZZ1 start_VV0 with_IW them_PPHO2 and_CC say_VV0 ,_, "_" What_DDQ is_VBZ most_RGT useful_JJ to_II you_PPY ?_? "_" 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 antilittering_JJ campaign_NN1 stands_VVZ as_II a_AT1 global_JJ example_NN1 of_IO behavioral_JJ adult_NN1 environmental_JJ education_NN1 ,_, today_RT involving_VVG some_DD 90,000_MC groups_NN2 in_II 49_MC states_NN2 ,_, Puerto_NP1 Rico_NP1 ,_, Canada_NP1 ,_, New_NP1 Zealand_NP1 ,_, Australia_NP1 ,_, and_CC Japan_NP1 (_( "_" Don_NP1 '_NULL t_ZZ1 Mess_NN1 With_IW Texas_NP1 "_" In_RR21 addition_RR22 ,_, emotions_NN2 direct_VV0 the_AT overall_JJ level_NN1 of_IO student_NN1 engagement_NN1 ,_, with_IW positive_JJ emotions_NN2 triggering_VVG engagement_NN1 while_CS buffering_VVG against_II disengagement_NN1 (_( King_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
2015_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT multisyllabic_JJ words_NN2 provided_VVD a_AT1 context_NN1 for_IF phonological_JJ awareness_NN1 and_CC pronun_VV0 ciation_NN1 practice_NN1 of_IO Maori_JJ words_NN2 by_II children_NN2 and_CC their_APPGE teachers_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Given_VVN this_DD1 finding_NN1 ,_, there_EX is_VBZ reasonable_JJ evidence_NN1 to_TO consider_VVI DMM_NP1 capacity_NN1 scores_VVZ viable_JJ estimates_NN2 of_IO eventual_JJ skill_NN1 level_NN1 ,_, and_CC therefore_RR use_VV0 them_PPHO2 as_CSA outcome_NN1 scores_NN2 when_CS testing_VVG the_AT effect_NN1 of_IO the_AT TRIAD_NN1 intervention_NN1 on_II the_AT course_NN1 of_IO students_NN2 '_NULL mathematical_JJ learning_NN1 trajectories_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Survey_NN1 respondents_NN2 also_RR cited_VVN information_NN1 gaps_NN2 and_CC multiple_JJ school_NN1 options_NN2 as_CSA reasons_NN2 they_PPHS2 could_VM not_XX register_VVI early_RR ,_, suggesting_VVG a_AT1 complex_JJ choice_NN1 landscape_NN1 families_NN2 must_VM navigate_VVI ._. 
</s>
<s>
More_DAR research_NN1 is_VBZ needed_VVN to_TO articulate_VVI ,_, more_RGR specifically_RR ,_, the_AT forms_NN2 of_IO social_JJ supports_NN2 that_CST contribute_VV0 to_II retention_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT coding_NN1 scheme_NN1 for_IF this_DD1 instrument_NN1 used_VVD three_MC levels_NN2 and_CC is_VBZ illustrated_VVN in_II Table_NN1 1_MC1 (_( Level_NN1 1_MC1 :_: observed_JJ phenomena_NN2 or_CC imaginary_JJ models_NN2 in_II a_AT1 macroscopic_JJ view_NN1 ,_, Level_NN1 2_MC :_: microscopic_JJ models_NN2 explained_VVD one_MC1 magnetic_JJ phenomenon_NN1 but_CCB did_VDD not_XX explain_VVI the_AT two_MC other_JJ magnetic_JJ phenomena_NN2 ,_, Level_NN1 3_MC :_: coherent_JJ and_CC microscopic_JJ models_NN2 explained_VVD two_MC or_CC three_MC magnetic_JJ phenomena_NN2 )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
However_RR ,_, cultural_JJ sensitivity_NN1 of_IO R-SPQ-2F_NP1 when_CS adapted_VVN to_II different_JJ languages_NN2 has_VHZ generated_VVN heated_JJ debates_NN2 among_II researchers_NN2 (_( López-Aguado_NP1 &;_NULL ,_, 2018_MC ;_; Socha_NP1 &;_NULL Sigler_NP1 ,_, 2014_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
All_DB levels_NN2 of_IO quantitative_JJ evidence_NN1 were_VBDR included_VVN ,_, with_IW mixed_JJ methods_NN2 included_VVN if_CS distinct_JJ separation_NN1 of_IO quantitative_JJ data_NN was_VBDZ documented_VVN ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT phoneme_NN1 deletion_NN1 test_NN1 is_VBZ divided_VVN into_II two_MC parts_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT girls_NN2 all_RR fitted_VVN the_AT devices_NN2 themselves_PPX2 at_II the_AT start_NN1 of_IO each_DD1 lesson_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
At_II the_AT regional_JJ level_NN1 ,_, KLM_NP1 is_VBZ organised_VVN by_II the_AT P4MRI_FO in_II the_AT participating_JJ city_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Both_RR historical_JJ and_CC con_VV0 ?_? temporary_JJ examples_NN2 of_IO anarchist_NN1 schools_NN2 offer_VV0 illustrations_NN2 of_IO the_AT attempt_NN1 to_TO create_VVI a_AT1 community_NN1 built_VVN on_II anarchist_NN1 values_NN2 of_IO equality_NN1 ,_, freedom_NN1 and_CC solidarity_NN1 ,_, alongside_II a_AT1 recognition_NN1 that_CST "_" the_AT process_NN1 of_IO growing_VVG up_RP free_JJ &lsqb;_( is_VBZ not_XX &rsqb;_) something_PN1 passive_JJ ._. 
</s>
<s>
Once_RR specific_JJ vignettes_NN2 were_VBDR selected_VVN ,_, they_PPHS2 were_VBDR transcribed_VVN in_II greater_JJR detail_NN1 to_TO visualize_VVI the_AT language_NN1 contestations_NN2 ,_, that_REX21 is_REX22 ,_, the_AT shifts_NN2 between_II everyday_JJ and_CC science_NN1 terms_NN2 ,_, and_CC how_RRQ youth_NN1 and_CC instructors_NN2 were_VBDR involved_VVN ._. 
</s>
<s>
Often_RR overlooked_VVN in_II the_AT description_NN1 of_IO tinkering_VVG as_II an_AT1 activity_NN1 is_VBZ how_RRQ difficult_JJ it_PPH1 is_VBZ to_TO tinker_VVI with_IW the_AT purpose_NN1 of_IO creating_VVG or_CC problem_NN1 solving_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT argument_NN1 of_IO the_AT article_NN1 is_VBZ grounded_VVN in_II critical_JJ discussion_NN1 of_IO discourses_NN2 within_RL and_CC outside_JJ education_NN1 that_CST view_NN1 leadership_NN1 as_CSA emergent_JJ and_CC distributed_VVN (_( e.g._REX eco-leadership_NN1 ,_, complexity_NN1 theory_NN1 and_CC leadership-as-practice_NN1 )_) ,_, reviews_NN2 and_CC critiques_NN2 of_IO distributed_JJ leadership_NN1 and_CC research_NN1 by_II the_AT authors_NN2 on_II democratic_JJ leadership_NN1 and_CC distributed_JJ leadership_NN1 for_IF equity_NN1 and_CC learning_NN1 (_( e.g._REX Roberts_NP1 and_CC Woods_NP1 ,_, 2017_MC ;_; Woods_NP1 ,_, 2011_MC ,_, 2015_MC ,_, 2016a_FO ,_, b_ZZ1 ,_, 2017_MC ;_; Woods_NP1 and_CC Roberts_NP1 ,_, 2016_MC ,_, 2018_MC ;_; Woods_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2016_MC ;_; Woods_NP1 and_CC Woods_NP1 ,_, 2013_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT bootstrapped_JJ unstandardized_JJ effect_NN1 was_VBDZ 0.11_MC ,_, at_II an_AT1 interval_NN1 range_NN1 of_IO 0.01_MC to_II 0.29_MC ._. 
</s>
<s>
Why_RRQ might_VM choirs_NN2 be_VBI most_RGT reflective_JJ of_IO the_AT general_JJ population_NN1 on_II an_AT1 ethic/racial_FU and_CC linguistic_JJ level_NN1 ?_? 
</s>
<s>
López-Estrada_NP1 and_CC Koyama_NP1 (_( 2010_MC )_) examined_VVD why_RRQ Mexican_JJ American_JJ teachers_NN2 stayed_VVN in_II schools_NN2 serving_VVG predominantly_RR Mexican_JJ American_JJ students_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II Audacity_NP1 ,_, the_AT onset_NN1 of_IO each_DD1 pitch_NN1 was_VBDZ located_VVN using_VVG the_AT Beat_NN1 Finder_NN1 plugin_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II either_DD1 of_IO these_DD2 situations_NN2 ,_, a_AT1 naive_JJ comparison_NN1 of_IO pretransition_NN1 and_CC posttransition_NN1 outcomes_NN2 fails_VVZ to_TO isolate_VVI the_AT effect_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 principal_JJ switch_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
For_IF moderators_NN2 that_CST were_VBDR dichotomous_JJ (_( e.g._REX ,_, grade_VV0 level_NN1 :_: primary_NN1 vs._II secondary_NN1 )_) ,_, we_PPIS2 entered_VVD them_PPHO2 directly_RR into_II the_AT metaregression_NN1 model_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Although_CS other_JJ forms_NN2 of_IO assessment_NN1 were_VBDR implemented_VVN in_II both_DB2 classes_NN2 ,_, they_PPHS2 did_VDD not_XX easily_RR lend_VVI themselves_PPX2 to_II quantitative_JJ analysis_NN1 for_IF the_AT present_JJ study_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
They_PPHS2 didn_VV0 '_NULL t_ZZ1 want_VV0 to_TO keep_VVI me_PPIO1 there_RL at_II all_DB costs_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Course_NN1 workload_NN1 demands_NN2 and_CC expectations_NN2 for_IF learning_VVG in_II college_NN1 courses_NN2 represent_VV0 two_MC different_JJ approaches_NN2 to_II defining_VVG academic_JJ rigor_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
As_CSA students_NN2 ,_, prior_JJ problem_NN1 count_NN1 increased_VVD ,_, however_RR ,_, version_NN1 B_ZZ1 became_VVD significantly_RR harder_RRR compared_VVN to_II version_NN1 C._NP1 On_II the_AT other_JJ hand_NN1 ,_, as_CSA students_NN2 '_NULL prior_JJ problem_NN1 count_NN1 decreased_VVD ,_, version_NN1 B_ZZ1 became_VVD significantly_RR easier_RRR than_CSN version_NN1 C._NP1 The_AT relationship_NN1 between_II versions_NN2 A_ZZ1 and_CC C_ZZ1 (_( although_CS not_XX directly_RR shown_VVN in_II table_NN1 )_) was_VBDZ similar_JJ ._. 
</s>
<s>
They_PPHS2 reach_VV0 agreement_NN1 ,_, because_CS Emma_NP1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 suggestion_NN1 is_VBZ being_VBG accepted_VVN by_II Lisa_NP1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 "_" All_RR21 right_RR22 "_" ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 finding_NN1 is_VBZ supported_VVN by_II the_AT results_NN2 from_II Nguyen_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
(_( 2017_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II the_AT second_MD model_NN1 ,_, we_PPIS2 add_VV0 in_II our_APPGE measure_NN1 of_IO cultural_JJ capital_NN1 and_CC in_II the_AT third_MD model_NN1 ,_, we_PPIS2 add_VV0 in_II our_APPGE three_MC measures_NN2 of_IO social_JJ capital_NN1 (_( parent-derived_NN1 ,_, student-derived_JJ and_CC peer-derived_NN1 )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 campaign_NN1 will_VM include_VVI house_NN1 visits_NN2 by_II the_AT ICDS_NP2 and_CC the_AT health_NN1 staff_NN ,_, street_NN1 plays_NN2 ,_, rallies_NN2 and_CC mobilization_NN1 of_IO groups_NN2 like_II the_AT self-help_JJ groups_NN2 ,_, NGOs_NP2 and_CC the_AT Panchayat_NP1 Raj_NP1 Institutions_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Our_APPGE investigation_NN1 continues_VVZ this_DD1 line_NN1 of_IO inquiry_NN1 which_DDQ shows_VVZ that_DD1 school-based_NN1 ,_, supported_VVD TPD_NP1 which_DDQ takes_VVZ the_AT local_JJ ,_, education_NN1 environment_NN1 into_II account_NN1 can_VM lead_VVI to_II pedagogical_JJ innovation_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Next_MD ,_, the_AT feedback_NN1 shows_VVZ that_CST there_EX was_VBDZ no_AT single_JJ strategy_NN1 that_CST was_VBDZ the_AT best_JJT for_IF helping_VVG all_DB students_NN2 to_TO summarize_VVI a_AT1 text_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
We_PPIS2 set_VV0 ,_, the_AT within-study_JJ effect-size_JJ correlation_NN1 used_VMK to_TO fit_VVI the_AT correlated_JJ effects_NN2 meta-regression_JJ models_NN2 to_II 0.53_MC ,_, based_VVN on_II the_AT overall_JJ mean_JJ effect_NN1 across_II all_DB studies_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Before_CS the_AT study_NN1 ,_, several_DA2 areas_NN2 were_VBDR investigated_VVN ._. 
</s>
<s>
We_PPIS2 also_RR use_VV0 restricted_JJ grade_NN1 bands_NN2 and_CC grade_NN1 bands_VVZ interchangeably_RR ._. 
</s>
<s>
However_RR ,_, even_RR fewer_DAR studies_NN2 investigated_VVD group_NN1 composition_NN1 effects_NN2 over_II different_JJ schooling_NN1 phases_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
I_PPIS1 will_VM also_RR demonstrate_VVI the_AT presence_NN1 of_IO these_DD2 dispositions_NN2 in_II historical_JJ and_CC contemporary_JJ social_JJ justice-oriented_JJ education_NN1 and_CC activism_NN1 in_II the_AT United_NP1 States_NP1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 outcome_NN1 was_VBDZ expected_VVN because_CS students_NN2 attend_VV0 the_AT university_NN1 without_IW paying_VVG tuition_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT training_NN1 activities_NN2 mainly_RR used_JJ participatory_JJ and_CC experiential_JJ workshops_NN2 related_VVN to_II the_AT strategies_NN2 and_CC concepts_NN2 of_IO TPR_NP1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Students_NN2 were_VBDR not_XX told_VVN exactly_RR how_RRQ to_TO apply_VVI the_AT lecture_NN1 content_NN1 to_II the_AT task_NN1 ,_, because_CS that_DD1 would_VM have_VHI cut_VVN off_II student_NN1 exploration_NN1 during_II build_NN1 3_MC ,_, as_II31 well_II32 as_II33 students_NN2 ,_, ability_NN1 to_TO make_VVI that_DD1 connection_NN1 on_II their_APPGE own_DA ._. 
</s>
<s>
Villegas_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
(_( 2012_MC )_) summarized_VVD four_MC specific_JJ recruitment_NN1 strategies_NN2 pushed_VVN by_II the_AT Education_NN1 Commission_NN1 of_IO the_AT States_NP1 (_( 1990_MC )_) to_TO recruit_VVI more_DAR teachers_NN2 of_IO color_NN1 :_: (_( 1_MC1 )_) early_JJ recruitment_NN1 and_CC college_NN1 entrance_NN1 support_NN1 programs_NN2 targeting_VVG promising_JJ pre-college_JJ students_NN2 ,_, (_( 2_MC )_) partnerships_NN2 between_II 2-_NN1 and_CC 4-year_JJ colleges_NN2 to_TO facilitate_VVI the_AT transition_NN1 of_IO community_NN1 college_NN1 students_NN2 into_II 4-year_JJ colleges_NN2 ,_, (_( 3_MC )_) career_NN1 ladder_NN1 programs_NN2 for_IF paraprofessionals_NN2 ,_, and_CC (_( 4_MC )_) final_JJ incentives_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 scholarships_NN2 ,_, forgivable_JJ loans_NN2 ,_, and_CC signing_VVG bonuses_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
While_CS male_JJ resumes_NN2 obtained_VVD higher_JJR values_NN2 than_CSN female_JJ resumes_NN2 ,_, this_DD1 statistically_RR significant_JJ difference_NN1 was_VBDZ entirely_RR explained_VVN by_II the_AT age_NN1 of_IO the_AT respondents_NN2 (_( p_ZZ1 =_FO 5.185_MC ;_; t(101)_FO =_FO 2.358_MC ,_, p<_FO 0.05_MC )_) ,_, as_CSA only_RR older_JJR respondents_NN2 assigned_VVN higher_JJR starting_NN1 wages_NN2 to_II male_JJ candidates_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Drawing_VVG on_II Fitzgerald_NP1 (_( 1987_MC )_) ,_, we_PPIS2 defined_VVD a_AT1 self-correction_NN1 as_II a_AT1 writer_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 actions_VVZ to_TO identify_VVI a_AT1 discrepancy_NN1 between_II the_AT intended_JJ and_CC instantiated_JJ text_NN1 ,_, diagnosis_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 solution_NN1 and_CC correction_NN1 of_IO the_AT error_NN1 (_( p._NNU 484_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
At_II lower_JJR download_NN1 speed_NN1 levels_NN2 ,_, the_AT probability_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 positive_JJ association_NN1 is_VBZ higher_JJR ;_; at_II higher_JJR levels_NN2 ,_, tier_NN1 8_MC and_CC above_RL ,_, the_AT association_NN1 is_VBZ effectively_RR zero_MC and_CC potentially_RR negative_JJ ._. 
</s>
<s>
Such_DA categorical_JJ analysis_NN1 informed_VVD how_RRQ we_PPIS2 parsed_VVD our_APPGE findings_NN2 in_II the_AT second_MD step_NN1 of_IO our_APPGE methods_NN2 through_II categorical_JJ analysis_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Analysis_NN1 will_VM show_VVI if_CSW student_NN1 achievement_NN1 in_II math_NN1 is_VBZ different_JJ from_II student_NN1 achievement_NN1 in_II Portuguese_NN1 when_CS a_AT1 student_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 math_NN1 and_CC Portuguese_JJ teachers_NN2 have_VH0 different_JJ contract_NN1 status_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 section_NN1 provides_VVZ a_AT1 brief_JJ explanation_NN1 of_IO this_DD1 framework_NN1 ,_, with_IW a_AT1 focus_NN1 on_II the_AT "_" interinstitutional_JJ system_NN1 "_" and_CC its_APPGE implications_NN2 for_IF organizational_JJ legitimacy_NN1 ,_, identity_NN1 ,_, and_CC practice_NN1 (_( Friedland_NP1 &;_NULL Alford_NP1 ,_, 1991_MC ;_; Thornton_NP1 &;_NULL Ocasio_NP1 ,_, 2008_MC ;_; Thornton_NP1 ,_, Ocasio_NP1 ,_, &;_NULL Lounsbury_NP1 ,_, 2012_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Mrs._NNB Weber_NP1 reflected_VVD on_II her_APPGE art-teaching_JJ practice_NN1 after_II EC_NP1 :_: "_" I_PPIS1 think_VV0 I_PPIS1 kind_RR21 of_RR22 use_VV0 that_DD1 idea_NN1 of_IO that_DD1 process_NN1 a_RR31 little_RR32 bit_RR33 more_DAR ._. "_" 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 ability_NN1 to_TO transfer_VVI knowledge_NN1 about_II the_AT EDP_NN1 ,_, a_AT1 previously_RR unfamiliar_JJ concept_NN1 ,_, and_CC apply_VV0 it_PPH1 to_II the_AT teaching_NN1 of_IO more_RGR familiar_JJ content_NN1 is_VBZ typical_JJ of_IO Mr._NNB Fischer_NP1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 approach_NN1 to_II challenges_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
These_DD2 moves_NN2 encouraged_VVD persistence_NN1 and_CC provided_VVD an_AT1 occasion_NN1 for_IF emphasizing_VVG the_AT importance_NN1 of_IO collective_JJ problem_NN1 solving_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT public_NN1 opinion_NN1 of_IO specific_JJ institution_NN1 types_NN2 is_VBZ less_RGR straightforward_JJ ,_, however_RR ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT most_RGT commonly_RR observed_VVN approach_NN1 is_VBZ one-shot_JJ lectures_NN2 delivered_VVN by_II experts_NN2 ,_, who_PNQS are_VBR usually_RR university_NN1 professors_NN2 ,_, and_CC might_VM have_VHI participated_VVN in_II the_AT policy-making_NN1 process_NN1 ,_, to_TO equip_VVI teachers_NN2 with_IW a_AT1 better_JJR understanding_NN1 of_IO the_AT new_JJ curriculum_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
While_CS many_DA2 research_NN1 questions_NN2 do_VD0 not_XX focus_VVI on_II ideological_JJ constructs_NN2 ;_; for_IF scholars_NN2 interested_JJ in_II represen_NN1 tation_NN1 ,_, distribution_NN1 ,_, and_CC circulation_NN1 of_IO ideologies_NN2 ,_, this_DD1 finding_NN1 suggests_VVZ that_CST models_NN2 of_IO (_( language_NN1 )_) policy_NN1 should_VM be_VBI at_II the_AT very_RG least_RRT included_VVN in_II analyses_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Participants_NN2 had_VHD to_TO provide_VVI their_APPGE opinion_NN1 on_II the_AT issue_NN1 ,_, convince_VV0 their_APPGE readers_NN2 of_IO their_APPGE point_NN1 of_IO view_NN1 ,_, support_VV0 their_APPGE opinion_NN1 with_IW arguments_NN2 in_II a_AT1 well-structured_JJ essay_NN1 and_CC include_VV0 at_RR21 least_RR22 two_MC of_IO the_AT sources_NN2 provided_VVN in_II their_APPGE text_NN1 in_II a_AT1 meaningful_JJ way_NN1 (_( see_VV0 Van_NP1 Weijen_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2009_MC for_IF an_AT1 example_NN1 of_IO an_AT1 assignment_NN1 and_CC an_AT1 overview_NN1 of_IO the_AT issues_NN2 )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Each_DD1 student_NN1 wrote_VVD eight_MC texts_NN2 during_II four_MC individual_JJ sessions_NNT2 ,_, two_MC texts_NN2 per_II session_NNT1 ,_, over_II a_AT1 6-8_MCMC week_NNT1 period_NN1 ,_, during_II their_APPGE first_MD semester_NN1 at_II university_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_RR21 particular_RR22 ,_, for_IF lower_JJR grade-level_NN1 students_NN2 ,_, Infogram_NP1 is_VBZ an_AT1 easier_JJR tool_NN1 to_TO reflect_VVI their_APPGE skills_NN2 (_( Lamb_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 "_" 2014_MC ;_; Matrix_NN1 &;_NULL Hodson_NP1 ,_, 2014_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT statistical_JJ analysis_NN1 was_VBDZ conducted_VVN with_IW the_AT use_NN1 of_IO the_AT statistical_JJ package_NN1 SPSS_NP1 23.0_MC (_( IBM_NP1 SPSS_NP1 Corp._NP1 ,_, Armonk_NP1 ,_, NY_NP1 ,_, USA_NP1 )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II effect_NN1 ,_, school_NN1 contexts_NN2 can_VM perpetuate_VVI professional_JJ isolation_NN1 ,_, misalignment_NN1 ,_, and_CC incoherence_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT table_NN1 is_VBZ divided_VVN in_II two_MC vertical_JJ panels_NN2 ,_, with_IW the_AT panel_NN1 on_II the_AT left_JJ and_CC right_RR showing_VVG means_NN for_IF predetermined_JJ characteristics_NN2 used_VVN when_CS the_AT control_NN1 group_NN1 is_VBZ pupils_NN2 in_II grammar_NN1 and_CC independent_JJ schools_NN2 respectively_RR ._. 
</s>
<s>
Although_CS each_DD1 of_IO the_AT three_MC Zimmerman_NN1 models_NN2 that_CST were_VBDR reviewed_VVN are_VBR important_JJ to_II understanding_VVG social-cognitive_JJ accounts_NN2 of_IO SRL_NP1 ,_, this_DD1 manuscript_NN1 examined_VVD the_AT nature_NN1 of_IO the_AT cyclical_JJ phase_NN1 relations_NN2 espoused_VVN in_II the_AT three-phase_JJ model_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Participation_NN1 was_VBDZ either_RR through_II the_AT interaction_NN1 with_IW tangible_JJ manipulatives_NN2 (_( Condition_NN1 1_MC1 )_) or_CC through_II computer-based_JJ manipulatives_NN2 (_( Condition_NN1 2_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
There_EX was_VBDZ a_AT1 significant_JJ main_JJ effect_NN1 due_II21 to_II22 priming_VVG condition_NN1 ,_, Wilks_NP1 '_NULL X_ZZ1 =_FO .92_MC ,_, F_ZZ1 (_( 6_VV0 ,_, 173_MC )_) =2.60_FO ,_, p_ZZ1 =_FO .02_MC ,_, partial_JJ n2_FO =_FO .08_MC ._. 
</s>
<s>
Consequently_RR ,_, it_PPH1 may_VM be_VBI assumed_VVN that_CST a_AT1 nation_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 stock_NN1 of_IO skills_NN2 changes_VVZ only_RR gradually_RR and_CC in_II an_AT1 evolutionary_JJ manner_NN1 ,_, and_CC that_CST it_PPH1 is_VBZ relatively_RR impervious_JJ to_II any_DD deliberate_JJ attempts_NN2 to_TO change_VVI it_PPH1 (_( Ridley_NP1 2015_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Initially_RR ,_, the_AT pace_NN1 of_IO change_NN1 was_VBDZ slow_JJ ._. 
</s>
<s>
Everyone_PN1 has_VHZ got_VVN a_AT1 story_NN1 and_CC some_DD of_IO them_PPHO2 are_VBR quite_RG intense_JJ ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II the_AT next_MD paragraphs_NN2 we_PPIS2 provide_VV0 evidence_NN1 in_II31 support_II32 of_II33 the_AT validity_NN1 of_IO age_NN1 at_II enrollment_NN1 as_CSA instrument_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Noaman_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
(_( 2017_MC )_) propose_VV0 eight_MC general_JJ quality_NN1 criteria_NN2 for_IF higher_JJR education_NN1 which_DDQ include_VV0 well-organised_JJ curriculum_NN1 ,_, qualified_JJ professional_JJ staff_NN ,_, pathways_NN2 for_IF career_NN1 prospects_NN2 for_IF graduates_NN2 ,_, upgraded_VVD educational_JJ infrastructure_NN1 ,_, e-services_NN2 that_CST facilitate_VV0 access_NN1 to_II global_JJ knowledge_NN1 and_CC overcome_VV0 geographical_JJ barriers_NN2 ,_, library_NN1 services_NN2 with_IW access_NN1 to_II electronic_JJ resources_NN2 ,_, administrative_JJ services_NN2 and_CC accessible_JJ and_CC safe_JJ locations_NN2 of_IO universities_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Cornbleth_NP1 (_( 2010_MC )_) ,_, who_PNQS studied_VVD the_AT diversity_NN1 beliefs_NN2 of_IO teachers_NN2 in_II one_MC1 high_JJ school_NN1 ,_, similarly_RR acknowledged_VVN institutional_JJ agents_NN2 '_NULL "_" dispositional_JJ configurations_NN2 ,_, "_" which_DDQ resulted_VVD from_II socialization_NN1 experiences_NN2 within_II an_AT1 institutional_JJ context_NN1 (_( p._NNU 287_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II this_DD1 respect_NN1 ,_, one_MC1 potential_JJ technique_NN1 for_IF this_DD1 is_VBZ the_AT six_MC hats_NN2 thinking_VVG technique_NN1 developed_VVN by_II Edward_NP1 De_NP1 Bono_NP1 ,_, who_PNQS initially_RR suggested_VVD it_PPH1 to_TO increase_VVI critical_JJ thinking_NN1 (_( De_NP1 Bono_NP1 ,_, 1956_MC )_) and_CC later_RRR it_PPH1 would_VM be_VBI useful_JJ for_IF increasing_JJ creativity_NN1 (_( De_NP1 Bono_NP1 ,_, 1992_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Technology_NN1 tools_NN2 and_CC environments_NN2 can_VM support_VVI teachers_NN2 ,_, reducing_VVG the_AT attentional_JJ load_NN1 ,_, scaffolding_NN1 students_NN2 as_CSA they_PPHS2 work_VV0 in_II specific_JJ activities_NN2 ,_, and_CC allowing_VVG teachers_NN2 to_TO make_VVI timely_JJ and_CC relevant_JJ adjustments_NN2 to_II the_AT script_NN1 based_VVN on_II assessments_NN2 of_IO student_NN1 progress_NN1 ,_, collaboration_NN1 ,_, and_CC growth_NN1 of_IO ideas_NN2 (_( Sharples_NP1 2013_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Although_CS these_DD2 studies_NN2 show_VV0 the_AT potential_NN1 of_IO team-oriented_JJ HRM_NP1 in_II stimulating_JJ team_NN1 learning_NN1 ,_, they_PPHS2 measure_VV0 team-oriented_JJ HRM_NP1 through_II employee_NN1 perceptions_NN2 and_CC in_II merely_RR abstract_JJ and_CC quantitative_JJ terms_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Subject_NN1 headings_NN2 and_CC MeSH_NN1 terms_NN2 included_VVD words_NN2 related_VVN to_II gender_NN1 (_( gender_NN1 identity_NN1 ,_, trans*_FO ,_, transgender_VV0 ,_, transsexual_JJ ,_, bisexuality_NN1 ,_, lesbian_NN1 ,_, gay_JJ ,_, LGBT_NP1 ,_, sex_NN1 and_CC gender_NN1 minorities_NNU )_) ;_; gender_NN1 awareness_NN1 ,_, gender_NN1 sensitive*_FO ,_, gender_NN1 knowledge_NN1 ,_, gender_NN1 competency_NN1 ,_, gender_NN1 transformative_JJ ,_, gender_NN1 medicine_NN1 )_) ;_; training_NN1 ,_, education_NN1 ,_, programme_NN1 ,_, intervention_NN1 ,_, evaluation_NN1 ,_, curriculum_NN1 ;_; and_CC health_NN1 knowledge_NN1 ,_, attitudes_NN2 ,_, practice_NN1 and_CC health_NN1 knowledge_NN1 (_( see_VV0 online_RR supplementary_JJ table_NN1 1_MC1 )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
People_NN might_VM be_VBI more_RGR inclined_JJ to_TO report_VVI a_AT1 different_JJ degree_NN1 of_IO change_NN1 in_II their_APPGE views_NN2 or_CC knowledge_NN1 in_II an_AT1 anonymous_JJ setting_NN1 than_CSN in_II a_AT1 group_NN1 setting_NN1 ,_, in_II which_DDQ they_PPHS2 are_VBR more_RGR likely_JJ to_TO try_VVI to_TO "_" win_VVI "_" an_AT1 argument_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
No_AT effect_NN1 was_VBDZ found_VVN with_II31 regard_II32 to_II33 students_NN2 '_NULL public_JJ service_NN1 motivation_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT design_NN1 of_IO the_AT survey_NN1 was_VBDZ guided_VVN by_II programming_VVG concepts_NN2 and_CC topics_NN2 covered_VVN by_II the_AT specific_JJ CSP_NP1 course_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Hence_RR ,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ important_JJ to_TO study_VVI the_AT unique_JJ contributions_NN2 of_IO each_DD1 dimension_NN1 to_II children_NN2 '_NULL s_ZZ1 academic_JJ development_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Therefore_RR ,_, how_RRQ to_TO link_VVI the_AT development_NN1 of_IO eco-city_NN1 and_CC green_JJ campus_NN1 are_VBR still_RR blurring_VVG ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT PE_NN1 programme_NN1 required_VVN that_CST at_II the_AT compulsory_JJ level_NN1 at_RR21 least_RR22 seven_MC hours_NNT2 a_AT1 week_NNT1 be_VBI taught_VVN in_II a_AT1 foreign_JJ language_NN1 –_- other_II21 than_II22 Basque_JJ or_CC Spanish_JJ ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT ground_NN1 has_VHZ moved_VVN slightly_RR in_II recent_JJ years_NNT2 however_RR ,_, largely_RR because_II21 of_II22 music_NN1 technology_NN1 innovation_NN1 which_DDQ is_VBZ blurring_VVG the_AT lines_NN2 between_II technical_JJ and_CC musical_JJ elements_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Across_II the_AT five_MC items_NN2 ,_, the_AT mothers_NN2 '_NULL average_VV0 per-item_JJ score_NN1 was_VBDZ 2.4-2.9_MCMC out_II21 of_II22 3.0_MC ,_, meaning_VVG that_CST they_PPHS2 engaged_VVD in_II each_DD1 behavior_NN1 part_NN1 to_II all_DB of_IO the_AT time_NNT1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
That_DD1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 what_DDQ he_PPHS1 said_VVD ,_, "_" a_AT1 strong_JJ man_NN1 ._. "_" 
</s>
<s>
Its_APPGE fairness_NN1 and_CC impartiality_NN1 have_VH0 greatly_RR improved_VVN ._. 
</s>
<s>
Better_JJR Start_NN1 Literacy_NN1 InterventionThe_VV0 Better_JJR Start_NN1 Literacy_NN1 Intervention_NN1 was_VBDZ designed_VVN to_TO support_VVI children_NN2 '_NULL s_ZZ1 phonologi_NN2 cal_NNU awareness_NN1 ,_, letter-sound_NN1 knowledge_NN1 and_CC vocabulary_NN1 growth_NN1 within_II a_AT1 culturally_RR responsive_JJ paradigm_NN1 in_II children_NN2 '_NULL s_ZZ1 hrst_NNU year_NNT1 of_IO school_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Consequently_RR ,_, policymakers_NN2 reasoned_VVD that_CST forcing_VVG vocational_JJ school_NN1 graduates_NN2 to_TO be_VBI evaluated_VVN on_II par_NN1 with_IW secondary_JJ general_JJ school_NN1 graduates_NN2 would_VM put_VVI the_AT former_DA at_II a_AT1 disadvantage_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT feasibility_NN1 of_IO delivering_VVG the_AT curriculum_NN1 in_II actual_JJ music_NN1 classes_NN2 was_VBDZ M=5.03_FO ,_, which_DDQ is_VBZ regarded_VVN as_CSA positive_JJ ._. 
</s>
<s>
Interestingly_RR ,_, two_MC other_JJ respondents_NN2 from_II the_AT same_DA music_NN1 school_NN1 had_VHD similar_JJ experiences_NN2 and_CC interpretations_NN2 :_: Maiju_NP1 had_VHD "_" concluded_VVN that_CST the_AT teachers_NN2 had_VHD been_VBN ranked_VVN by_II their_APPGE skills_NN2 and_CC then_RT we_PPIS2 the_AT students_NN2 were_VBDR divided_VVN to_II different_JJ teachers_NN2 ,_, according_II21 to_II22 our_APPGE skills_NN2 "_" ._. 
</s>
<s>
Overall_RR ,_, teachers_NN2 provided_VVN very_RG low_JJ rates_NN2 of_IO OTRs_NP2 (_( one_MC1 every_AT1 2.04_MC minutes_NNT2 )_) and_CC positive_JJ feedback_NN1 (_( one_MC1 every_AT1 16.67_MC minutes_NNT2 )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Ultimately_RR ,_, students_NN2 will_VM rely_VVI on_II teacher_NN1 feedback_NN1 to_TO either_RR validate_VVI their_APPGE enacted_VVD self-perception_JJ or_CC show_VV0 them_PPHO2 the_AT way_NN1 to_II validation_NN1 (_( see_VV0 ,_, Cardelle-Elawar_NP1 &;_NULL de_NP1 Acedo_NP1 Lizarraga_NP1 ,_, 2010_MC ;_; Frick_NP1 ,_, Carl_NP1 ,_, &;_NULL Beets_NN2 ,_, 2010_MC ;_; Friesen_NP1 &;_NULL Besley_NP1 ,_, 2013_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Therefore_RR ,_, the_AT underlying_JJ factor_NN1 structure_NN1 was_VBDZ explored_VVN using_VVG principal_JJ axis_NN1 factoring_VVG (_( PAF_NP1 )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
We_PPIS2 want_VV0 to_TO emphasise_VVI that_CST the_AT instrument_NN1 is_VBZ not_XX meant_VVN to_TO assess_VVI teachers_NN2 '_NULL ability_NN1 to_TO teach_VVI historical_JJ thinking_NN1 and_CC reasoning_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Gradstein_NN1 and_CC Justman_NP1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 (_( 2002_MC )_) paper_NN1 had_VHD examined_VVN the_AT relationship_NN1 between_II social_JJ cohesion_NN1 ,_, education_NN1 and_CC growth_NN1 in_II the_AT context_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 dynamic_JJ model_NN1 in_II which_DDQ the_AT productivity_NN1 of_IO economic_JJ transactions_NN2 depended_VVN on_II the_AT social_JJ distance_NN1 between_II the_AT transacting_JJ agents_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Similarly_RR ,_, Kate_NP1 expressed_VVD "_" feeling_VVG really_RR good_JJ "_" when_CS an_AT1 email_NN1 showed_VVD a_AT1 challenge_NN1 had_VHD been_VBN accepted_VVN ._. 
</s>
<s>
Looping_VVG can_VM be_VBI used_VVN as_II a_AT1 conditional_JJ word_NN1 (_( e.g._REX ,_, "_" do_VD0 this_DD1 till_CS you_PPY reach_VV0 "_" ,_, Heikkila_NP1 and_CC Mannila_NP1 2018_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
These_DD2 characteristics_NN2 mirror_VV0 those_DD2 reflected_VVN in_II the_AT concept_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 surface_NN1 approach_NN1 to_II learning_NN1 and_CC stand_VV0 in_II contrast_NN1 to_TO study_VVI behaviours_NN2 described_VVN by_II the_AT concepts_NN2 of_IO deep_JJ and_CC strategic_JJ approaches_NN2 to_II learning_NN1 (_( Biggs_NP1 ,_, 1987_MC ;_; Entwistle_NP1 and_CC Ramsden_NP1 ,_, 1983_MC ;_; Entwistle_NP1 and_CC Tait_NP1 ,_, 1995_MC ;_; Marton_NP1 and_CC S_ZZ1 ?_? lj_NNU ?_? ,_, 1976_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Six_MC schools_NN2 (_( including_II the_AT pilot_NN1 )_) offered_VVD all_DB three_MC IB_NN1 continuums_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
By_II translingual_JJ administration_NN1 we_PPIS2 mean_VV0 one_PN1 that_CST incorporated_VVD linguistic_JJ flexibility_NN1 at_II the_AT level_NN1 of_IO instructions_NN2 ,_, questions_NN2 ,_, and_CC answers_NN2 ,_, and_CC that_CST incorporated_VVD an_AT1 element_NN1 of_IO interactivity_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
From_II 2015_MC to_II 2017_MC ,_, the_AT Institute_NN1 for_IF Peace_NN1 and_CC Conflict_NN1 Studies_NN2 (_( IPCS_NP1 )_) at_II the_AT University_NN1 of_IO Hargeisa_NP1 in_II Somaliland_NP1 and_CC the_AT UCL_NN1 Institute_NN1 of_IO Education_NN1 collaborated_VVD on_II an_AT1 academic_JJ partnership_NN1 project_NN1 to_TO develop_VVI a_AT1 new_JJ postgraduate_NN1 course_NN1 on_II education_NN1 ,_, conflict_NN1 and_CC peacebuilding_VVG that_CST would_VM be_VBI later_RRR integrated_VVN in_II the_AT IPCS1_FO post-graduate_NN1 provision_NN1 in_II Peace_NN1 and_CC Conflict_NN1 Studies_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Moreover_RR ,_, for_IF all_DB its_APPGE diversity_NN1 ,_, the_AT research_NN1 field_NN1 of_IO Sportland_NP1 ,_, like_II the_AT SDP_NP1 sector_NN1 in_RR21 general_RR22 ,_, would_VM benefit_VVI greatly_RR from_II guarding_VVG against_II a_AT1 bubble_NN1 effect_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT extracted_JJ codes_NN2 were_VBDR also_RR compared_VVN with_IW the_AT participants_NN2 within_RL and_CC between_II the_AT groups_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT data_NN culture_NN1 continuum_NN1 can_VM assist_VVI leaders_NN2 in_II understanding_VVG the_AT factors_NN2 that_CST influence_VV0 school_NN1 data_NN culture_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II this_DD1 context_NN1 IPA_NN1 is_VBZ regarded_VVN as_II an_AT1 authentic_JJ approach_NN1 situated_VVN in_II constructivism_NN1 for_IF exploring_VVG and_CC interpreting_VVG authentic_JJ learning_NN1 and_CC teaching_VVG practice_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Laughter_NN1 and_CC play_NN1 were_VBDR evidence_NN1 of_IO the_AT students_NN2 '_NULL engagement_NN1 with_IW each_PPX221 other_PPX222 and_CC musical_JJ materials_NN2 within_II the_AT social_JJ setting_NN1 of_IO the_AT classroom_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
While_CS previous_JJ research_NN1 suggests_VVZ that_CST not_XX all_DB teachers_NN2 are_VBR perceived_VVN to_TO be_VBI keen_JJ readers_NN2 (_( Merga_NP1 ,_, 2016_MC )_) ,_, for_IF those_DD2 students_NN2 who_PNQS do_VD0 not_XX have_VHI positive_JJ reading_NN1 practices_NN2 modelled_VVN to_II them_PPHO2 in_II the_AT home_NN1 ,_, staff_NN members_NN2 can_VM play_VVI a_AT1 vital_JJ role_NN1 in_II modelling_VVG positive_JJ attitudes_NN2 toward_II reading_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Experiences_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 Yasmin_NP1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 and_CC Helen_NP1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 generated_JJ feelings_NN2 of_IO resentment_NN1 between_II the_AT participants_NN2 and_CC their_APPGE workplace_NN1 leaders_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Other_JJ effect_NN1 sizes_NN2 were_VBDR reported_VVN at_II the_AT cluster_NN1 level_NN1 (_( e.g._REX ,_, differences_NN2 in_II mean_JJ classroom_NN1 performance_NN1 )_) ;_; no_AT clustering_NN1 adjustment_NN1 was_VBDZ necessary_JJ in_II these_DD2 cases_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
During_II such_DA a_AT1 period_NN1 ,_, conflicting_JJ evidence_NN1 does_VDZ not_XX lead_VVI to_II abandoning_VVG the_AT paradigm_NN1 but_CCB is_VBZ often_RR disregarded_VVN ._. 
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<s>
Half_DB of_IO the_AT participants_NN2 (_( n_ZZ1 =_FO 11_MC )_) discussed_VVD being_VBG respectful_JJ through_II valuing_VVG paraprofessionals_NN2 as_CSA people_NN and_CC behaving_VVG in_II a_AT1 way_NN1 that_CST shows_VVZ teachers_NN2 hold_VV0 them_PPHO2 in_II high_JJ regard_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
In_II the_AT present_JJ study_NN1 ,_, we_PPIS2 have_VH0 made_VVN an_AT1 effort_NN1 to_TO make_VVI such_DA a_AT1 contribution_NN1 to_II understanding_VVG how_RRQ children_NN2 are_VBR supported_VVN in_II the_AT means_NN of_IO such_DA cultural_JJ participation_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
For_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, school_NN1 effects_NN2 studies_NN2 might_VM well_RR benefit_VVI from_II further_RRR integrating_VVG seasonal_JJ effects_NN2 conceptualizations_NN2 ,_, although_CS such_DA analyses_NN2 would_VM clearly_RR depend_VVI on_II the_AT availability_NN1 of_IO data_NN that_CST support_VV0 such_DA designs_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
It_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 harder_RRR to_TO talk_VVI about_II race_NN1 exclusion_NN1 than_CSN women_NN2 exclusion_NN1 in_II this_DD1 country_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Once_RR a_AT1 threshold_NN1 of_IO approximately_RR 6,000_MC students_NN2 is_VBZ reached_VVN ,_, the_AT costs_NN2 per_II student_NN1 tend_VV0 to_TO stop_VVI declining_JJ and_CC diseconomies_NN2 of_IO scale_NN1 can_VM be_VBI observed_VVN in_II the_AT largest_JJT districts_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
We_PPIS2 sought_VVD to_TO synthesize_VVI the_AT findings_NN2 of_IO the_AT articles_NN2 as_II31 well_II32 as_II33 illuminate_VV0 silences_VVZ in_II the_AT research_NN1 (_( Torraco_NP1 ,_, 2005_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
The_AT primary_JJ estimates_NN2 of_IO interest_NN1 are_VBR in_II the_AT last_MD two_MC columns_NN2 ,_, where_CS suspension_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 total_JJ association_NN1 with_IW arrest_NN1 is_VBZ decomposed_VVN into_II two_MC parts_NN2 :_: the_AT percent_NNU explained_VVN by_II changes_NN2 in_II the_AT hypothesized_JJ mechanism_NN1 and_CC the_AT percent_NNU explained_VVN by_II all_DB other_JJ factors_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
One_MC1 interview_NN1 partner_NN1 argued_VVD that_CST this_DD1 variation_NN1 undermines_VVZ the_AT inclusiveness_NN1 function_NN1 of_IO the_AT short-tracks_NN2 because_CS the_AT support_NN1 depends_VVZ on_II the_AT canton_NN1 the_AT apprentice_NN1 lives_VVZ in_II (_( CH3_FO )_) ._. 
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<s>
Research_NN1 suggests_VVZ that_CST the_AT impact_NN1 on_II educational_JJ practices_NN2 occurs_VVZ through_II support_NN1 teacher_NN1 leaders_NN2 give_VV0 to_II their_APPGE colleagues_NN2 '_NULL professional_JJ learning_NN1 and_CC promotion_NN1 of_IO feelings_NN2 of_IO empowerment_NN1 and_CC self-confidence_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Traditionally_RR ,_, the_AT teacher_NN1 spends_VVZ the_AT majority_NN1 of_IO in-class_JJ time_NNT1 helping_VVG students_NN2 remember_VVI and_CC understand_VVI knowledge_NN1 ;_; little_DA1 time_NNT1 is_VBZ used_VVN for_IF the_AT objectives_NN2 of_IO application_NN1 ,_, analysis_NN1 ,_, evaluation_NN1 ,_, and_CC creation_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
To_TO ensure_VVI that_CST the_AT readers_NN2 perceived_VVD the_AT texts_NN2 '_NULL sources_NN2 as_CSA intended_VVN ,_, we_PPIS2 asked_VVD them_PPHO2 to_II rate_NN1 authors_NN2 '_NULL characteristic_JJ occupational_JJ activities_NN2 of_IO their_APPGE respective_JJ texts_NN2 (_( question_NN1 prompt_NN1 :_: "_" What_DDQ do_VD0 you_PPY think_VVI :_: How_RGQ frequent_JJ do_VD0 the_AT authors_NN2 of_IO your_APPGE texts_NN2 engage_VV0 in_II the_AT following_JJ activities_NN2 ?_? "_" 
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<s>
This_DD1 is_VBZ because_CS ,_, if_CS all_DB developmental_JJ slopes_NN2 are_VBR equal_JJ ,_, students_NN2 '_NULL mathematical_JJ ability_NN1 may_VM grow_VVI ,_, but_CCB the_AT differences_NN2 among_II the_AT students_NN2 '_NULL scores_NN2 (_( i.e._REX ,_, the_AT gaps_NN2 )_) must_VM remain_VVI the_AT same_DA magnitude_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT commonly_RR accepted_JJ views_NN2 of_IO CHC_NP1 are_VBR respecting_VVG authorities_NN2 and_CC orders_NN2 (_( Xu_NP1 2006_MC )_) ,_, which_DDQ characterize_VV0 the_AT CHC_NP1 international_JJ students_NN2 as_CSA being_VBG hardworking_JJ ,_, conscientious_JJ ,_, self-disciplined_NN1 ,_, good_JJ at_II listening_NN1 ,_, and_CC having_VHG the_AT willpower_NN1 to_TO pursue_VVI the_AT best_RRT towards_II self-realization_NN1 (_( Analects_NP1 ,_, VII_MC ,_, I_PPIS1 ,_, 25_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
For_IF the_AT second_MD hypothesis_NN1 ,_, we_PPIS2 find_VV0 that_CST the_AT effect_NN1 of_IO SES_NP2 composition_NN1 differs_VVZ depending_II21 on_II22 students_NN2 '_NULL own_VV0 FRL_NP1 status_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 in_II turn_NN1 had_VHD a_AT1 positive_JJ effect_NN1 on_II their_APPGE task-specific_JJ SE_ND1 ,_, '_NULL Knowing_VVG that_CST a_AT1 very_RG high_JJ percentage_NN1 of_IO participants_NN2 were_VBDR able_JK to_TO complete_VVI the_AT task_NN1 lets_VVZ me_PPIO1 know_VVI that_CST completing_VVG the_AT task_NN1 must_VM not_XX be_VBI that_RG difficult_JJ to_II do1_FO ._. 
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<s>
For_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, there_EX were_VBDR specific_JJ state_NN1 laws_NN2 and_CC regulations_NN2 that_CST were_VBDR expressly_RR racist_JJ and_CC anti-immigrant_JJ ._. 
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<s>
Furthermore_RR ,_, sexual_JJ orientation_NN1 and_CC gender_NN1 minority_NN1 groups_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 lesbian_NN1 ,_, gay_JJ ,_, bisexual_JJ and_CC trans*_FO (_( lesbian_NN1 ,_, gay_JJ ,_, bisexual_JJ and_CC transgender_NN1 &lsqb;_( LGBT_NP1 &rsqb;_) )_) patients_NN2 ,_, encounter_VV0 significant_JJ challenges_NN2 within_II the_AT healthcare_NN1 system_NN1 including_II discrimination_NN1 (_( Parkhill_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2014_MC ;_; Sequeira_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2012_MC )_) ,_, which_DDQ could_VM influence_VVI health_NN1 inequalities_NN2 (_( Porter_NP1 and_CC Krinsky_NP1 ,_, 2014_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
The_AT CLIL_NN1 group_NN1 was_VBDZ not_XX matched_VVN for_IF age_NN1 with_IW the_AT control_NN1 group_NN1 as_CSA this_DD1 would_VM have_VHI given_VVN them_PPHO2 the_AT advantage_NN1 of_IO more_DAR EFL_NN1 exposure_NN1 ,_, but_CCB on_II the_AT grounds_NN2 of_IO a_AT1 similar_JJ total_JJ number_NN1 of_IO hours_NNT2 of_IO EFL_NP1 education_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
English_NN1 has_VHZ been_VBN a_AT1 requirement_NN1 for_IF naturalization_NN1 since_II then_RT ,_, though_CS the_AT level_NN1 of_IO knowledge_NN1 required_VVN is_VBZ not_XX high_RR ,_, and_CC the_AT requirement_NN1 is_VBZ waived_VVN for_IF the_AT old_JJ ,_, for_IF refugees_NN2 ,_, and_CC for_IF anyone_PN1 unable_JK to_TO learn_VVI the_AT language_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Like_II Artiles_NP1 ,_, Dorn_NP1 ,_, and_CC Bal_NP1 (_( 2016_MC )_) ,_, Researchers_NN2 estimating_VVG academic_JJ growth_NN1 across_II groups_NN2 with_IW large_JJ initial_JJ achievement_NN1 differences_NN2 face_VV0 an_AT1 issue_NN1 inherent_JJ in_II nonequivalent_JJ group_NN1 designs_NN2 :_: how_RRQ to_TO account_VVI for_IF the_AT potential_JJ relationships_NN2 between_II initial_JJ achievement_NN1 and_CC subsequent_JJ achievement_NN1 growth_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Was_VBDZ interrater_JJR or_CC intrarater_JJR reliability_NN1 of_IO the_AT dependent_JJ measures_NN2 assessed_VVN before_II and_CC during_II each_DD1 phase_NN1 of_IO the_AT study_NN1 ?_? 
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<s>
Secondary_JJ preservice_NN1 teachers_NN2 reported_VVD significantly_RR higher_JJR values_NN2 than_CSN elementary_JJ preservice_NN1 teachers_NN2 for_IF Qualification_NN1 fit_NN1 and_CC desire_NN1 to_TO teach_VVI and_CC Task_NN1 return_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
A_AT1 UNDP_NN1 study_NN1 conducted_VVN in_II 2010_MC (_( UNDP_NP1 2012_MC )_) showed_VVD that_CST ,_, in_II comparison_NN1 to_II 2005_MC ,_, the_AT size_NN1 of_IO dwelling_NN1 had_VHD deteriorated_VVN ,_, that_CST there_EX were_VBDR growing_JJ problems_NN2 with_IW drinking_VVG water_NN1 supplies_NN2 and_CC an_AT1 increase_NN1 in_II chronic_JJ diseases_NN2 amongst_II the_AT Roma_NP1 ._. 
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This_DD1 was_VBDZ useful_JJ for_IF obtaining_VVG meaningful_JJ insights_NN2 into_II the_AT given_JJ situations_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Within_II this_DD1 instrument_NN1 ,_, 13_MC areas_NN2 ,_, potentially_RR linked_VVN to_II various_JJ disability_NN1 concerns_NN2 ,_, are_VBR addressed_VVN in_II the_AT instrument_NN1 which_DDQ could_VM increase_VVI the_AT discrimination_NN1 between_II types_NN2 of_IO special_JJ educational_JJ needs_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Semantic_JJ gravity_NN1 refers_VVZ to_II the_AT level_NN1 of_IO abstraction_NN1 or_CC the_AT degree_NN1 to_II which_DDQ meaning_NN1 relates_VVZ to_II its_APPGE context_NN1 ,_, indicated_VVD as_RG high_JJ semantic_JJ gravity_NN1 (_( SG+_FO )_) for_IF more_RGR highly_RR contextu-alized_JJ or_CC concrete_JJ examples_NN2 and_CC low_JJ semantic_JJ gravity_NN1 (_( SG_NP1 ?_? )_) for_IF more_DAR abstraction_NN1 with_IW less_DAR context_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
I_PPIS1 have_VH0 also_RR argued_VVN that_CST while_CS the_AT norm_NN1 is_VBZ at_RR21 least_RR22 partially_RR justifiable_JJ ,_, it_PPH1 should_VM be_VBI combined_VVN with_IW different_JJ pedagogical_JJ strategies_NN2 to_TO prevent_VVI it_PPH1 from_II having_VHG negative_JJ consequences_NN2 on_II imaginative_JJ would-be_JJ scientists_NN2 ._. 
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Despite_II its_APPGE policy_NN1 endorsement_NN1 ,_, this_DD1 strategy_NN1 is_VBZ based_VVN on_II a_AT1 relatively_RR weak_JJ evidence_NN1 base_NN1 ._. 
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Is_VBZ This_DD1 Important_JJ Enough_RR to_TO Revise_VV0 My_APPGE Practice_NN1 ?_? 
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As_II the_AT funding_NN1 evaporated_VVD ,_, these_DD2 federally_RR driven_JJ laws_NN2 became_VVD less_RGR popular_JJ (_( Cheng_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2018_MC )_) ._. 
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In_II 19_MC Anganwadi_NP1 Centres_NN2 absence_NN1 or_CC delay_VV0 in_II administering_VVG vaccines_NN2 to_II pregnant_JJ women_NN2 was_VBDZ attributed_VVN to_II irregular_JJ visits_NN2 of_IO the_AT ANM_NP1 ._. 
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<s>
Non-meaningful_JJ ,_, incomplete_JJ clauses_NN2 (_( e.g._REX ,_, "_" he_PPHS1 was_VBDZ ..._... &lsqb;_( silence_NN1 &rsqb;_) "_" )_) and_CC metacognitive_JJ responses_NN2 (_( e.g._REX ,_, "_" I_PPIS1 don_VV0 '_NULL t_ZZ1 remember_VV0 "_" )_) were_VBDR excluded_VVN from_II the_AT analysis_NN1 ._. 
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And_CC then_RT if_CS the_AT social_JJ is_VBZ the_AT fixed_JJ and_CC explicit_JJ -_- the_AT known_JJ relations_NN2 ,_, institutions_NN2 ,_, formations_NN2 ,_, positions_NN2 -_- all_DB that_DD1 is_VBZ present_JJ and_CC moving_VVG ,_, all_DB that_DD1 escapes_VVZ or_CC seems_VVZ to_TO escape_VVI from_II the_AT fixed_JJ and_CC the_AT explicit_JJ and_CC the_AT known_JJ ,_, is_VBZ grasped_VVN and_CC defined_VVN as_II the_AT personal_JJ :_: this_DD1 ,_, here_RL ,_, now_RT ,_, alive_JJ ,_, active_JJ '_NULL subjective_JJ '_NULL ._. 
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<s>
Williams_NP1 (_( 1977_MC :_: 131-132_MCMC )_) adds:The_FO methodological_JJ consequence_NN1 ..._... is_VBZ that_CST the_AT specific_JJ qualitative_JJ changes_NN2 are_VBR not_XX assumed_VVN to_TO be_VBI epiphenomena_NN1 of_IO changed_JJ institutions_NN2 ,_, formations_NN2 and_CC beliefs_NN2 ,_, or_CC merely_RR secondary_JJ evidence_NN1 of_IO changed_JJ social_JJ and_CC economic_JJ rela_NN1 tions_NN2 between_II and_CC within_II classes_NN2 ._. 
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CovariatesWe_NP1 accounted_VVD for_IF potential_JJ third_MD variables_NN2 by_II including_II seven_MC control_NN1 measures_NN2 in_II our_APPGE models_NN2 ._. 
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Even_RR in_II conditions_NN2 where_RRQ heat_NN1 stress_NN1 does_VDZ not_XX affect_VVI performance_NN1 ,_, the_AT increased_JJ cognitive_JJ load_NN1 imposed_VVN by_II the_AT heat_NN1 must_VM be_VBI considered_VVN ,_, particularly_RR for_IF tasks_NN2 to_TO be_VBI completed_VVN over_II prolonged_JJ periods_NN2 of_IO time_NNT1 ._. 
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And_CC it_PPH1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 hard_JJ because_CS sometimes_RT you_PPY make_VV0 decisions_NN2 ,_, and_CC sometimes_RT they_PPHS2 '_NULL re_II not_XX the_AT right_JJ decisions_NN2 at_II the_AT end_NN1 of_IO the_AT day_NNT1 ,_, but_CCB they_PPHS2 needed_VVD to_TO have_VHI been_VBN made_VVN ._. 
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In_II the_AT second_MD semester_NN1 ,_, the_AT same_DA Psychological_JJ Statistics_NN course_NN1 was_VBDZ taught_VVN using_VVG the_AT same_DA PowerPoint_NN1 lectures_NN2 in_II a_AT1 technologically_RR rich_JJ classroom_NN1 with_IW an_AT1 iPad_NN1 to_TO screen_VVI capture_VV0 the_AT lecture_NN1 for_IF later_JJR viewing_NN1 ._. 
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Yet_RR ,_, these_DD2 actors_NN2 expressed_VVD beliefs_NN2 that_CST refugees_NN2 '_NULL long-term_JJ futures_NN2 would_VM eventually_RR be_VBI outside_II the_AT nation-states_NN2 of_IO exile_NN1 ,_, through_II resettlement_NN1 ,_, return_VV0 ,_, or_CC transnationalism_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Here_RL ,_, teachers_NN2 are_VBR often_RR charged_VVN with_IW the_AT task_NN1 of_IO "_" making_VVG it_PPH1 up_RP as_CSA they_PPHS2 go_VV0 along_RP ,_, "_" by_II finding_VVG ,_, choosing_VVG ,_, or_CC developing_VVG their_APPGE own_DA materials_NN2 ._. 
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Teachers_NN2 ?_? perceptions_NN2 are_VBR only_RR one_MC1 of_IO the_AT possible_JJ inputs_NN2 for_IF researchers_NN2 '_NULL data_NN ._. 
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These_DD2 resources_NN2 ,_, however_RR ,_, do_VD0 not_XX address_VVI whether_CSW the_AT identified_JJ competencies_NN2 were_VBDR empirically_RR derived_VVN ._. 
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The_AT CAPTV_NN1 group_NN1 improved_VVD ,_, on_II average_NN1 ,_, by_II 1.86_MC points_NN2 (_( SD_NP1 =_FO 1.34_MC )_) ;_; the_AT lecture_NN1 group_NN1 improved_VVD ,_, on_II average_NN1 ,_, by_II 2.28_MC points_NN2 (_( SD_NP1 =_FO 1.18_MC )_) ;_; and_CC the_AT article_NN1 group_NN1 improved_VVD ,_, on_II average_NN1 ,_, by_II 2.11_MC points_NN2 (_( SD_NP1 =_FO 1.12_MC )_) ._. 
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This_DD1 is_VBZ accompanied_VVN by_II ritual_NN1 and_CC perpetual_JJ automatisms_NN2 for_IF calculating_VVG ..._... 
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<s>
The_AT story_NN1 drawing_NN1 test_NN1 used_VVN in_II our_APPGE study_NN1 took_VVD the_AT three_MC figures_NN2 presented_VVN in_II the_AT previous_JJ task_NN1 (_( the_AT Line_NN1 Meaning_NN1 test_NN1 )_) and_CC asked_VVD participants_NN2 to_TO combine_VVI these_DD2 figures_NN2 to_TO create_VVI an_AT1 interesting_JJ story_NN1 (_( see_VV0 Drawing_VVG test_NN1 1_MC1 in_II the_AT Appendix_NN1 )_) ._. 
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Hence_RR the_AT second_MD research_NN1 question_NN1 addressed_VVD the_AT effects_NN2 of_IO viewing_VVG a_AT1 readymade_JJ graphic_JJ organizer_NN1 versus_II totally_RR self-gen-erating_JJ one_PN1 on_II students_NN2 '_NULL learning_VVG ._. 
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<s>
Refugee_NN1 families_NN2 ,_, along_II21 with_II22 policymakers_NN2 and_CC practitioners_NN2 ,_, struggle_VV0 daily_RR with_IW this_DD1 uncertainty_NN1 of_IO unknowable_JJ futures_NN2 as_CSA they_PPHS2 make_VV0 decisions_NN2 about_II what_DDQ curriculum_NN1 refugees_NN2 will_VM follow_VVI ,_, the_AT languages_NN2 in_II which_DDQ they_PPHS2 will_VM learn_VVI ,_, the_AT certification_NN1 they_PPHS2 will_VM receive_VVI ,_, and_CC the_AT types_NN2 of_IO schools_NN2 that_CST might_VM best_RRT prepare_VVI them_PPHO2 for_IF work_NN1 and_CC life_NN1 ,_, both_RR in_II the_AT present_NN1 and_CC the_AT future_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Significantly_RR ,_, some_DD of_IO the_AT reviewed_JJ scholarship_NN1 reviewed_VVD here_RL operationalized_VVD institutional_JJ habitus_NN1 to_TO uncover_VVI its_APPGE constituent_NN1 elements_NN2 and_CC processes_NN2 (_( e.g._REX ,_, Chamberlin_NP1 ,_, 2010_MC ;_; Doolan_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2016_MC ;_; Morrison_NP1 ,_, 2009_MC ;_; Nú_NN1 ?_? ?_? ez_NN1 &;_NULL Bowers_NP1 ,_, 2011_MC ;_; Reay_NP1 ,_, 1998b_FO ;_; Reay_NP1 ,_, David_NP1 ,_, et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2001_MC ;_; Reay_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2005_MC ;_; Reay_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2010_MC ;_; Smyth_NP1 &;_NULL Banks_NP1 ,_, 2012_MC ;_; Smyth_NP1 &;_NULL Hannan_NP1 ,_, 2007_MC ;_; Thomas_NP1 ,_, 2002_MC )_) ,_, including_VVG through_II large-scale_JJ quantitative_JJ data_NN sets_NN2 (_( e.g._REX ,_, Grodsky_NP1 &;_NULL Riegle-Crumb_NP1 ,_, 2010_MC ;_; Palardy_NP1 ,_, 2015_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
Rather_II21 than_II22 painting_NN1 in_II broad_JJ strokes_NN2 the_AT positions_NN2 of_IO selected_JJ major_JJ philosophers_NN2 and_CC religious_JJ figures_NN2 on_II fundamental_JJ questions_NN2 ,_, Rachal_NP1 (_( 2003_MC )_) missed_VVD an_AT1 opportunity_NN1 to_TO present_VVI AEQ_JJ readers_NN2 with_IW an_AT1 incisive_JJ and_CC insightful_JJ discussion_NN1 among_II traditional_JJ and_CC critical/contemporary_JJ views_NN2 on_II knowledge_NN1 ._. 
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In_II yet_RR another_DD1 contrast_NN1 ,_, in_II many_DA2 countries_NN2 with_IW more_RGR recent_JJ colonial_JJ histories_NN2 (_( e.g._REX ,_, Botswana_NP1 ,_, South_NP1 Africa_NP1 ,_, and_CC Micronesia_NP1 )_) ,_, the_AT LOI_NN1 is_VBZ English_JJ ,_, whereas_CS pupils_NN2 speak_VV0 local_JJ languages_NN2 at_II home_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT case_NN1 for_IF the_AT cost-effectiveness_NN1 and_CC scalability_NN1 of_IO the_AT video_NN1 demonstrations_NN2 recorded_VVN at_II CHBAH_NP1 is_VBZ strengthened_VVN by_II the_AT fact_NN1 that_CST the_AT videos_NN2 have_VH0 been_VBN rolled_VVN out_RP at_II the_AT two_MC other_JJ main_JJ teaching_NN1 hospitals_NN2 associated_VVN with_IW Wits_NN2 University_NN1 ,_, and_CC that_DD1 other_JJ South_NP1 African_JJ universities_NN2 have_VH0 expressed_VVN an_AT1 interest_NN1 in_II using_VVG the_AT video_NN1 demonstrations_NN2 ._. 
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The_AT exam_NN1 scores_NN2 were_VBDR found_VVN to_TO be_VBI positively_RR correlated_VVN with_IW performance-approach_NN1 ,_, self-efficacy_NN1 ,_, effort_NN1 regulation_NN1 ,_, critical_JJ thinking_NN1 ,_, and_CC need_VV0 for_IF cognition_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
When_CS considering_VVG demographic_JJ characteristics_NN2 ,_, the_AT percent_NNU distribution_NN1 of_IO students_NN2 attending_VVG charter_NN1 schools_NN2 ,_, based_VVN on_II ethnic_JJ representation_NN1 ,_, show_VV0 that_DD1 charter_NN1 schools_NN2 tend_VV0 to_TO have_VHI a_AT1 higher_JJR percentage_NN1 of_IO Black_JJ and_CC Hispanic_JJ students_NN2 than_CSN majority_NN1 students_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Although_CS they_PPHS2 do_VD0 not_XX represent_VVI all_DB possible_JJ futures_NN2 ,_, they_PPHS2 provide_VV0 a_AT1 taxonomy_NN1 of_IO options_NN2 around_II which_DDQ refugee_NN1 education_NN1 policies_NN2 and_CC practices_NN2 are_VBR enacted_VVN ._. 
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Furthermore_RR ,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ also_RR interesting_JJ to_TO note_VVI that_CST the_AT aforementioned_JJ tendency_NN1 appears_VVZ to_TO be_VBI most_RGT pronounced_JJ among_II respondents_NN2 enrolled_VVN in_II the_AT weekend_NNT1 program_NN1 ,_, many_DA2 of_IO whom_PNQO were_VBDR either_RR currently_RR working_VVG in_II the_AT public_JJ sector_NN1 or_CC had_VHD a_AT1 job_NN1 lined_VVN up_RP after_II graduation_NN1 ._. 
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One_PN1 could_VM argue_VVI that_CST if_CS anyone_PN1 needs_VVZ to_TO be_VBI engaged_VVN in_II replication_NN1 ,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ exactly_RR this_DD1 group_NN1 of_IO skilled_JJ and_CC motivated_JJ students_NN2 with_IW academic_JJ aspirations_NN2 ._. 
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The_AT "_" practical_JJ "_" task_NN1 focused_VVN on_II real-world_JJ applications_NN2 might_VM ask_VVI students_NN2 to_TO notice_VVI the_AT different_JJ places_NN2 they_PPHS2 see_VV0 their_APPGE favorite_JJ number_NN1 on_II the_AT way_NN1 home_RL from_II school_NN1 and_CC to_TO explain_VVI how_RRQ that_DD1 number_NN1 helps_VVZ them_PPHO2 when_CS they_PPHS2 see_VV0 it_PPH1 ._. 
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<s>
Namely_REX ,_, we_PPIS2 focus_VV0 on_II a_AT1 prime-time_NNT1 TV_NN1 program_NN1 concerning_II the_AT risks_NN2 of_IO RF_NP1 radiation_NN1 and_CC Wi-Fi_NP1 in_II schools_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
To_TO further_RRR explore_VVI significant_JJ interactions_NN2 ,_, subgroup_VV0 analyses_NN2 were_VBDR conducted_VVN ;_; while_CS the_AT small_JJ sample_NN1 size_NN1 of_IO some_DD groups_NN2 prevents_VVZ us_PPIO2 from_II drawing_VVG separate_JJ conclusions_NN2 based_VVN on_II these_DD2 estimates_NN2 ,_, these_DD2 analyses_NN2 allowed_VVD us_PPIO2 to_TO verify_VVI results_NN2 from_II interaction_NN1 analyses_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Silver_NP1 (_( 1997_MC )_) and_CC Sheffield_NP1 (_( 2009_MC )_) address_NN1 "_" creativity_NN1 to_II all_DB students_NN2 "_" and_CC consider_VV0 problem_NN1 solving_NN1 and_CC problem_NN1 posing_VVG to_TO be_VBI main_JJ tools_NN2 for_IF the_AT development_NN1 of_IO mathematical_JJ creativity_NN1 in_II all_DB students_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
What_DDQ Challenges_NN2 Do_VD0 Introverted_JJ Leaders_NN2 Face_VV0 ?_? 
</s>
<s>
Figure_VV0 1_MC1 summarizes_VVZ Joseph_NP1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 pedagogical_JJ games_NN2 practices_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Based_VVN on_II internet_NN1 searches_NN2 ,_, particularly_RR of_IO the_AT Arkansas_NP1 Department_NN1 of_IO Education_NN1 (_( ADE_NP1 )_) website_NN1 and_CC local_JJ news_NN1 sources_NN2 ,_, it_PPH1 appears_VVZ there_EX was_VBDZ little_RR official_JJ communication_NN1 notifying_VVG schools_NN2 of_IO this_DD1 change_NN1 ,_, except_CS21 that_CS22 an_AT1 ADE_NP1 Commissioner_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 Memo_NN1 was_VBDZ distributed_VVN in_II January_NPM1 2017_MC ,_, after_CS the_AT study_NN1 period_NN1 (_( ADE_NP1 ,_, 2017_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II Study_NN1 1_MC1 ,_, deep_JJ structure_NN1 noticing_NN1 did_VDD not_XX significantly_RR predict_VVI transfer_NN1 posttest_JJT ,_, though_CS the_AT effect_NN1 was_VBDZ in_II the_AT predicted_JJ direction_NN1 (_( p_ZZ1 <_FO .10_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
For_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ well_RR established_VVN that_DD1 assessment_NN1 is_VBZ an_AT1 important_JJ component_NN1 of_IO learning_NN1 &lsqb;_( 20_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
There_EX was_VBDZ no_AT significant_JJ interaction_NN1 ,_, F_ZZ1 (_( 1_MC1 ,_, 122_MC )_) =_FO 1.66_MC ,_, p_ZZ1 =_FO .200_MC ,_, r_ZZ1 =_FO .01_MC ._. 
</s>
<s>
Finally_RR ,_, institutional_JJ and_CC national_JJ documents_NN2 about_II the_AT faculty_NN1 responsibilities_NN2 and_CC DE_NP1 policies_NN2 in_RR21 general_RR22 provided_VVN researchers_NN2 to_TO have_VHI a_AT1 broader_JJR understanding_NN1 of_IO the_AT DE_NP1 context_NN1 in_II Turkey_NP1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Facebook_NN1 allow_VV0 anyone_PN1 to_II post_NN1 online_RR or_CC share_VV0 their_APPGE relevant_JJ resources_NN2 ,_, materials_NN2 like_II links_NN2 or_CC photos_NN2 ,_, projects_NN2 or_CC other_JJ documents_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_RR21 addition_RR22 ,_, for_IF Chinese_JJ mathematics_NN1 educators_NN2 it_PPH1 is_VBZ seen_VVN as_II an_AT1 outstanding_JJ feature_NN1 of_IO RME_NP1 ,_, that_DD1 ,_, in_II31 line_II32 with_II33 a_AT1 famous_JJ Chinese_JJ saying_NN1 ,_, it_PPH1 keeps_VVZ pace_NN1 with_IW the_AT times_NNT2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
To_TO address_VVI Hypothesis_NN1 3_MC ,_, the_AT presence_NN1 of_IO significant_JJ negative_JJ effects_NN2 on_II the_AT task-specific_JJ SE_ND1 of_IO each_DD1 of_IO the_AT separate_JJ VEI_NN2 types_NN2 was_VBDZ calculated_VVN for_IF those_DD2 with_IW low_JJ and_CC high_JJ general_JJ SE_ND1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT second_MD part_NN1 of_IO each_DD1 test_NN1 (_( 10_MC points_NN2 )_) concerned_JJ Archimedes_NP1 '_NULL principle_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Teachers5_FO general_JJ teaching_NN1 experience_NN1 might_VM not_XX affect_VVI their_APPGE perceptions_NN2 of_IO student_NN1 misconceptions_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
However_RR ,_, students_NN2 are_VBR not_XX neatly_RR nested_VVN within_II schools_NN2 over_II time_NNT1 ,_, and_CC thus_RR it_PPH1 is_VBZ impossible_JJ to_TO cluster_VVI the_AT standard_JJ errors_NN2 at_II the_AT school_NN1 level_NN1 while_CS also_RR including_II student_NN1 fixed_JJ effects_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
While_CS a_AT1 belief_NN1 in_II meritocracy_NN1 can_VM serve_VVI to_TO motivate_VVI students_NN2 to_TO put_VVI in_II effort_NN1 amid_II challenging_JJ circumstances_NN2 ,_, such_DA a_AT1 belief_NN1 can_VM also_RR foster_VVI a_AT1 sense_NN1 of_IO self-blame_NN1 and_CC inhibit_VVI social_JJ critiques_NN2 of_IO educational_JJ inequality_NN1 (_( McCoy_NP1 &;_NULL Major_NP1 ,_, 2007_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
ISDDE_NP1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 interests_NN2 related_VVN to_II fostering_VVG research-designer_JJ linkage_NN1 are_VBR visible_JJ in_II publications_NN2 by_II a_AT1 number_NN1 of_IO active_JJ members_NN2 in_II this_DD1 community_NN1 (_( e.g._REX Burkhardt_NP1 &;_NULL Schoenfeld_NP1 ,_, 2003_MC ;_; Schunn_NP1 ,_, 2008_MC ;_; McKenney_NP1 &;_NULL Reeves_NP1 ,_, 2012_MC ;_; Donovan_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2014_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
MethodsTo_NN1 better_RRR understand_VVI the_AT issue_NN1 of_IO dialogic_JJ teaching_NN1 and_CC the_AT challenges_NN2 associated_VVN with_IW enacting_VVG particular_JJ strategies_NN2 that_CST engage_VV0 students_NN2 in_II accountable_JJ talk_NN1 and_CC collaborative_JJ interaction_NN1 ,_, I_PPIS1 undertook_VVD to_TO analyse_VVI the_AT character_NN1 of_IO my_APPGE own_DA instruction_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
For_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, a_AT1 study_NN1 by_II Maestas_NP2 ,_, Vaquera_NP1 ,_, and_CC Mu_NN1 ?_? oz_NNU Zehr_NN1 (_( 2007_MC )_) was_VBDZ focused_VVN on_II understanding_VVG students_NN2 '_NULL sense_NN1 of_IO belonging_VVG on_II an_AT1 HSI_JJ campus_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
An_AT1 example_NN1 item_NN1 given_VVN to_II parents_NN2 is_VBZ :_: '_NULL When_RRQ asked_VVD not_XX to_TO ,_, how_RGQ often_RR did_VDD you_PPY child_NN1 touch_VV0 an_AT1 attractive_JJ item_NN1 anyway_RR ?_? 
</s>
<s>
'_NULL ._. The_AT remaining_JJ statistics_NN are_VBR based_VVN on_II SACMEQ_NP1 data_NN ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT lead_NN1 author_NN1 coded_VVD 100%_NNU of_IO the_AT data_NN ._. 
</s>
<s>
They_PPHS2 could_VM progress_VVI to_II the_AT next_MD sentence_NN1 by_II pressing_VVG the_AT space_NN1 bar_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
ELDEL_NP1 PITN-GA-_NP1 2008-215961-2_MCMC to_II Marketa_NP1 Caravolas_NP2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
These_DD2 teachers_NN2 '_NULL stereotypical_JJ assumptions_NN2 about_II their_APPGE students_NN2 '_NULL parents_NN2 '_NULL practices_NN2 aligned_VVN with_IW the_AT dominant_JJ negative_JJ cultural_JJ narratives_NN2 of_IO the_AT difference-as-deficit_JJ ideology_NN1 (_( Mitchell_NP1 ,_, 2013_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Teacher_NN1 1_MC1 tells_VVZ the_AT students_NN2 that_CST the_AT law_NN1 may_VM require_VVI new_JJ interpretations_NN2 and_CC that_CST there_EX may_VM even_RR be_VBI what_DDQ he_PPHS1 calls_VVZ holes_NN2 in_II the_AT law5_FO (_( loopholes_NN2 )_) if_CS the_AT legislation_NN1 does_VDZ not_XX cover_VVI the_AT issue_NN1 at_II hand_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Conflict_NN1 of_IO interest_NN1 The_AT author_NN1 declares_VVZ that_CST there_EX are_VBR no_AT conflicts_NN2 of_IO interest_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Teacher_NN1 networks_NN2 are_VBR a_AT1 vital_JJ factor_NN1 in_II successful_JJ school_NN1 reform_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Therefore_RR ,_, we_PPIS2 examine_VV0 the_AT effect_NN1 by_II race:white_FO ,_, black_JJ ,_, and_CC Hispanic_JJ ._. 
</s>
<s>
Additionally_RR ,_, many_DA2 of_IO the_AT programmes_NN2 have_VH0 courses_NN2 on_II research_NN1 methods_NN2 and_CC some_DD include_VV0 mandatory_JJ work_NN1 placement_NN1 courses_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT dialogic_JJ teacher_NN1 ,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ argued_VVN ,_, should_VM not_XX exert_VVI authority_NN1 because_CS it_PPH1 is_VBZ students_NN2 who_PNQS have_VH0 '_NULL control_NN1 over_II their_APPGE own_DA learning_NN1 '_NULL (_( Hardman_NP1 ,_, 2008c_FO ,_, p._NN1 254_MC )_) within_II a_AT1 '_NULL deliberative_JJ democracy_NN1 '_NULL (_( Michaels_NP2 ,_, O_UH '_NULL Connor_NP1 &;_NULL Resnick_NP1 ,_, 2008_MC ,_, p._NN1 284_MC )_) where_RRQ students_NN2 '_NULL freely_RR interact_VV0 with_IW each_PPX221 other_PPX222 in_II their_APPGE search_NN1 for_IF new_JJ meanings_NN2 and_CC understandings_NN2 '_NULL (_( Reznitskaya_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2009_MC ,_, p._NN1 32_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
A_AT1 summary_NN1 of_IO the_AT themes_NN2 ,_, including_II descriptions_NN2 and_CC exemplar_JJ quotes_NN2 from_II the_AT students1_FO interviews_NN2 ,_, is_VBZ provided_VVN in_II Table_NN1 5_MC ._. 
</s>
<s>
Selecting_VVG books_NN2 with_IW diverse_JJ language_NN1 elements_NN2 and_CC vocabulary_NN1 can_VM facilitate_VVI children_NN2 '_NULL s_ZZ1 language_NN1 and_CC literacy_NN1 development_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
A_AT1 second_MD concern_NN1 is_VBZ what_DDQ abstract_JJ or_CC material_NN1 resource_NN1 is_VBZ being_VBG analyzed_VVN (_( Grubb_NP1 ,_, 2009_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Although_CS the_AT document_NN1 evidences_NN2 ,_, to_II a_AT1 certain_JJ extent_NN1 ,_, the_AT use_NN1 of_IO RME_NN1 principles_NN2 and_CC methodologies_NN2 ,_, a_AT1 deep_JJ analysis_NN1 of_IO students_NN2 '_NULL mathematical_JJ productions_NN2 was_VBDZ not_XX given_VVN ._. 
</s>
<s>
There_EX was_VBDZ also_RR a_AT1 small_JJ degree_NN1 of_IO cross-over_NN1 between_II international_JJ and_CC online_JJ students_NN2 ,_, which_DDQ may_VM have_VHI had_VHN a_AT1 confounding_JJ effect_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT statistical_JJ distribution_NN1 of_IO the_AT traits_NN2 or_CC criteria_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_RR21 addition_RR22 ,_, the_AT opportunities_NN2 for_IF student_NN1 talk_NN1 in_II a_AT1 lesson_NN1 are_VBR also_RR affected_VVN by_II whether_CSW the_AT lesson_NN1 is_VBZ exploratory_JJ in_II nature_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II the_AT contemporary_JJ field_NN1 of_IO education_NN1 ,_, this_DD1 regime_NN1 is_VBZ associated_VVN with_IW a_AT1 neoliberal_JJ discourse_NN1 that_CST relates_VVZ the_AT autonomy_NN1 of_IO the_AT individual_NN1 subject_II21 to_II22 governmental_JJ accountability_NN1 ,_, human_JJ capital_NN1 development_NN1 ,_, and_CC testing_NN1 and_CC measurement_NN1 (_( Egea_NP1 2014_MC ;_; Lewin_NP1 2016_MC ;_; Peters_VVZ 2011_MC ;_; Vassallo_NP1 2013_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
For_IF instructors_NN2 ,_, each_DD1 of_IO these_DD2 three_MC chapters_NN2 can_VM serve_VVI as_RG useful_JJ examples_NN2 of_IO religious_JJ ,_, educational_JJ ,_, and_CC political_JJ systems_NN2 ,_, respectively_RR ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT fourth_MD glass_NN1 contains_VVZ 8_MC oz_NNU of_IO water_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Help-seeking_JJ literature_NN1 has_VHZ highlighted_VVN several_DA2 barriers_NN2 to_II effective_JJ help_NN1 seeking_VVG for_IF the_AT purpose_NN1 of_IO learning_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
There_EX are_VBR many_DA2 forms_NN2 that_CST such_DA partnerships_NN2 can_VM take_VVI ,_, ranging_VVG from_II tightly_RR focused_VVN partnerships_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 the_AT one_PN1 above_RL to_II ones_NN2 aimed_VVN at_II broadly_RR changing_VVG how_RRQ writing_NN1 is_VBZ taught_VVN ._. 
</s>
<s>
Both_DB2 the_AT current_JJ study_NN1 and_CC the_AT literature_NN1 provide_VV0 evidence_NN1 that_CST neither_RR K-6_FO general_JJ education_NN1 nor_CC special_JJ education_NN1 teaching_NN1 programs_NN2 devote_VV0 a_AT1 significant_JJ amount_NN1 of_IO time_NNT1 or_CC coursework_NN1 to_II science_NN1 content_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT National_JJ Framework_NN1 of_IO Qualifications_NN2 recognizes_VVZ learning_VVG activities_NN2 constituted_VVN of_IO structured_JJ hierarchical_JJ programmes_NN2 with_IW a_AT1 chronological_JJ succession_NN1 of_IO levels_NN2 and_CC grades_NN2 ,_, admission_NN1 requirements_NN2 ,_, and_CC formal_JJ registration_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
These_DD2 collaborative_JJ prewriting_JJ studies_NN2 have_VH0 shown_VVN that_CST studensnegotiate_VV0 ,_, discuss_VV0 content_NN1 ,_, and_CC talk_VV0 about_II organization_NN1 ,_, particularly_RR when_CS task_NN1 materials_NN2 help_VV0 them_PPHO2 focus_VVI on_II evaluating_VVG and_CC organizing_VVG their_APPGE ideas_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT children_NN2 present_VV0 plausible_JJ arguments_NN2 ,_, but_CCB fail_VV0 to_TO work_VVI interactively_RR by_II criticizing_VVG or_CC explicitly_RR contradicting_VVG certain_JJ statements_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Slavin_NN1 and_CC colleagues_NN2 ,_, perhaps_RR because_CS they_PPHS2 used_VVD more_RGR rigorous_JJ study_NN1 selection_NN1 criteria_NN2 ,_, did_VDD not_XX find_VVI any_DD relationship_NN1 between_II study_NN1 design_NN1 and_CC effect_NN1 size_NN1 ,_, although_CS they_PPHS2 note_VV0 that_CST the_AT methodological_JJ rigor_NN1 of_IO most_RRT included_VVN studies_NN2 was_VBDZ still_RR relatively_RR weak_JJ ,_, and_CC "_" quality_NN1 research_NN1 is_VBZ particularly_RR lacking_VVG in_II this_DD1 area_NN1 "_" (_( Slavin_NP1 ,_, 2008_MC ,_, p._NN1 480_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Bangladesh_NP1 is_VBZ another_DD1 patriarchal_JJ society_NN1 in_II which_DDQ Shafiq_NP1 (_( 2009,140-41_MCMC )_) documents_VVZ that_CST a_AT1 reversed_JJ gender_NN1 gap_NN1 has_VHZ arisen_VVN in_II secondary_JJ education_NN1 and_CC in_II young_JJ people_NN '_NULL s_ZZ1 literacy_NN1 rates_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
We_PPIS2 thank_VV0 the_AT IOM_NN1 female_NN1 staff_NN member_NN1 who_PNQS accompanied_VVD us_PPIO2 on_II the_AT field_NN1 visit_NN1 ,_, introduced_VVD us_PPIO2 to_II the_AT local_JJ leader_NN1 and_CC other_JJ community_NN1 members_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
More_RGR specifically_RR ,_, this_DD1 is_VBZ in_II contrast_NN1 with_IW Bertrand_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
(_( 2015_MC )_) and_CC Hwang_NP1 (_( 2016_MC )_) ,_, who_PNQS found_VVD that_CST marriages_NN2 where_RRQ the_AT wife_NN1 earns_VVZ more_DAR than_CSN the_AT husband_NN1 are_VBR less_RGR common_JJ ,_, as_RG well_RR as_CSA in_II contrast_NN1 with_IW both_DB2 Hitsch_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
(_( 2010a_FO )_) and_CC Fisman_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
(_( 2006_MC )_) ,_, who_PNQS found_VVD that_CST men_NN2 disfavour_NN1 highly_RR educated_VVN and_CC highly_RR ambitious_JJ women_NN2 ,_, respectively_RR ._. 
</s>
<s>
Only_RR non-parametric_JJ statistical_JJ tests_NN2 were_VBDR used_VVN ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II fact_NN1 ,_, social_JJ interactions_NN2 and_CC cognitive_JJ activities_NN2 have_VH0 been_VBN found_VVN to_TO be_VBI interdependent_JJ (_( Roy_NP1 and_CC Howe_NP1 1990_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
If_CS students_NN2 have_VH0 little_DA1 confidence_NN1 in_II their_APPGE own_DA abilities_NN2 and_CC they_PPHS2 experience_VV0 the_AT fear_NN1 of_IO failure_NN1 ,_, then_RT indifference_NN1 and_CC the_AT withdrawal_NN1 of_IO their_APPGE effort_NN1 can_VM serve_VVI them_PPHO2 as_II a_AT1 self-handicapping_JJ strategy_NN1 in_II learning_VVG situations_NN2 to_TO avoid_VVI looking_VVG incompetent_JJ (_( e.g._REX ,_, Urdan_NP1 ,_, Midgley_NP1 ,_, &;_NULL Anderman_NP1 ,_, 1998_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Local_JJ languages_NN2 ,_, rather_II21 than_II22 English_NN1 ,_, should_VM be_VBI the_AT languages_NN2 of_IO instruction_NN1 in_II primary_JJ schools_NN2 ,_, and_CC teaching_NN1 of_IO the_AT first_MD official_JJ language_NN1 (_( English_NN1 or_CC Afrikaans_NN1 depending_II21 on_II22 the_AT context_NN1 )_) as_II a_AT1 subject_NN1 should_VM start_VVI in_II the_AT second_MD year_NNT1 of_IO primary_JJ school_NN1 ,_, or_CC in_II Grade_NN1 2_MC ,_, whereas_CS instruction_NN1 in_II the_AT second_MD official_JJ language_NN1 should_VM start_VVI no_AT later_JJR than_CSN the_AT fourth_MD year_NNT1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT first_MD two-way_JJ school_NN1 in_II Israel_NP1 ,_, Wahat_VV0 el-Salam/_JJ Neve-Shalom_NP1 ,_, was_VBDZ established_VVN in_II 1984_MC by_II Palestinian_NN1 and_CC Jewish_JJ parents_NN2 in_II the_AT cooperative_JJ village_NN1 that_CST they_PPHS2 had_VHD founded_VVN as_II a_AT1 model_NN1 of_IO coexistence_NN1 between_II Jews_NN2 and_CC Arabs_NN2 (_( )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Future_JJ studies_NN2 should_VM compare_VVI schools_NN2 with_IW high_JJ and_CC low_JJ PT_NN1 intensity_NN1 and_CC high_JJ and_CC low_JJ SES_NP2 backgrounds_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Previous_JJ studies_NN2 have_VH0 found_VVN that_DD1 student_NN1 mobility_NN1 is_VBZ related_VVN to_II suspension_NN1 and_CC expulsion_NN1 policies_NN2 in_II schools_NN2 and_CC school_NN1 districts_NN2 (_( Engec_NP1 ,_, 2006_MC ;_; Grigg_NP1 ,_, 2012_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Understanding_VVG how_RRQ host_NN1 faculty_NN1 members_NN2 teach_VV0 and_CC interact_VV0 with_IW these_DD2 CHC_NP1 international_JJ students_NN2 provides_VVZ opportunities_NN2 for_IF developing_VVG future_JJ effective_JJ practice_NN1 and_CC can_VM enhance_VVI faculty_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 role_NN1 in_II the_AT internationalization_NN1 of_IO higher_JJR education_NN1 (_( Stohl_NP1 2007_MC ;_; Urban_JJ and_CC Palmer_NP1 2013_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Further_RRR ,_, structurally_RR ,_, ideologies_NN2 have_VH0 been_VBN conceptualized_VVN as_CSA groupings_NN2 of_IO more_RGR narrow_JJ attitudinal_JJ constructs_NN2 :_: "_" constellations_NN2 of_IO co-occuring_VVG fea_NN1 tures_NN2 "_" (_( Shuck_NP1 2006_MC ,_, p._NN1 268_MC )_) ;_; "_" the_AT basic_JJ beliefs_NN2 of_IO an_AT1 ideology_NN1 ..._... organize_VV0 specific_JJ attitudes_NN2 "_" (_( van_NP1 Dijk_NP1 2009_MC ,_, p._NN1 79_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
A_AT1 timer_NN1 is_VBZ set_VVN for_IF a_AT1 time_NNT1 specified_VVN by_II the_AT teacher_NN1 ,_, and_CC while_CS the_AT timer_NN1 is_VBZ going_VVG ,_, the_AT teams_NN2 encourage_VV0 ,_, influence_NN1 and_CC help_VV0 each_PPX221 other_PPX222 to_TO avoid_VVI engaging_VVG in_II off-task_NN1 or_CC undesirable_JJ behaviours_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II Experiment_NN1 2_MC ,_, it_PPH1 seems_VVZ that_CST the_AT teachers_NN2 were_VBDR more_RGR rigorous_JJ in_II ensuring_VVG that_CST the_AT requested_JJ amount_NN1 of_IO time_NNT1 was_VBDZ spent_VVN using_VVG the_AT software_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Likewise_RR ,_, the_AT ratio_NN1 of_IO children_NN2 to_II parents_NN2 at_II home_NN1 is_VBZ far_RG more_RGR unequal_JJ than_CSN the_AT ratio_NN1 of_IO students_NN2 to_II teachers_NN2 at_II school_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Despite_II changing_JJ student_NN1 populations_NN2 ,_, there_EX has_VHZ been_VBN an_AT1 "_" absence_NN1 of_IO significant_JJ challenges_NN2 to_II the_AT dominant_JJ hegemony_NN1 "_" in_II higher_JJR education_NN1 (_( Watson_NP1 ,_, Nind_NP1 ,_, Humphris_NP1 ,_, &;_NULL Borthwick_NP1 ,_, 2009_MC ,_, p._NN1 666_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II these_DD2 study_NN1 streams_NN2 the_AT time_NNT1 spent_VVN on_II continuity_NN1 and_CC limits_NN2 was_VBDZ also_RR diminished_VVN :_: derivatives_NN2 and_CC integrals_NN2 were_VBDR considered_VVN the_AT core_NN1 concepts_NN2 of_IO secondary_JJ school_NN1 analysis_NN1 and_CC had_VHD to_TO receive_VVI maximum_JJ attention_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Protective_JJ factors_NN2 are_VBR defined_VVN as_CSA '_NULL influences_VVZ that_CST modify_VV0 ,_, ameliorate_VV0 ,_, or_CC alter_VV0 a_AT1 person_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 response_NN1 to_II some_DD environmental_JJ hazard_NN1 '_NULL (_( Rutter_NP1 ,_, 1985_MC ,_, p._NN1 600_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
To_TO stabilize_VVI Cronbach_NP1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 alpha_NN1 coefficients_NN2 for_IF analyses_NN2 ,_, we_PPIS2 used_VVD Fisher_NP1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 z-transformation_JJ (_( Romano_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
2010_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_RR21 addition_RR22 ,_, there_EX is_VBZ a_AT1 four-item_JJ subscale_NN1 that_CST measures_VVZ amotivation_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Individual_JJ levels_NN2 of_IO prior_JJ knowledge_NN1 were_VBDR not_XX used_VVN ,_, because_II21 of_II22 the_AT low_JJ sample_NN1 size_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT survey_NN1 responses_NN2 reflected_VVD the_AT qualitative_JJ themes_NN2 ,_, with_IW 79_MC respondents_NN2 (_( 85%_NNU )_) stating_VVG that_CST the_AT learning_NN1 experience_NN1 met_VVN or_CC exceeded_VVD their_APPGE expectations_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
That_REX41 is_REX42 to_REX43 say_REX44 ,_, whether_CSW immigrant_JJ mothers_NN2 speak_VV0 the_AT heritage_NN1 language_NN1 to_II their_APPGE children_NN2 plays_VVZ a_AT1 key_JJ role_NN1 in_II the_AT language_NN1 transmission_NN1 process_NN1 ,_, yet_RR little_DA1 is_VBZ known_VVN about_II how_RRQ the_AT mothers_NN2 make_VV0 the_AT decision_NN1 on_II a_AT1 personal_JJ and_CC interpersonal_JJ level_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Angela_NP1 spoke_VVD of_IO education_NN1 as_CSA almost_RR a_AT1 magical_JJ ,_, intrinsic_JJ destiny_NN1 :_: something_PN1 she_PPHS1 always_RR knew_VVD ._. 
</s>
<s>
Finally_RR ,_, the_AT surrounding_JJ ring_NN1 ,_, labelled_VVN retrospective_JJ memory_NN1 ,_, represents_VVZ that_CST the_AT MSI_NN1 does_VDZ not_XX capture_VVI shifting_VVG at_II the_AT time_NNT1 of_IO occurrence_NN1 but_CCB is_VBZ instead_RR a_AT1 retrospective_JJ report_NN1 of_IO one_MC1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 mode_NN1 shifting_VVG in_II real-life_JJ ._. 
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<s>
Group_NN1 effects_NN2 in_II teacher-student_JJ relationships_NN2 measured_VVN with_IW STRS_NP1 Closeness_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
And_CC ,_, in_II fact_NN1 ,_, as_II a_AT1 result_NN1 of_IO that_DD1 ,_, I_PPIS1 '_NULL ve_VV0 changed_VVN my_APPGE approach_NN1 with_IW problem-solving_NN1 design_NN1 in_II math_NN1 when_CS I_PPIS1 teach_VV0 math_NN1 to_II all_DB the_AT fourth_MD graders_NN2 here_RL ._. "_" 
</s>
<s>
Negatively_RR stereotyped_JJ groups_NN2 may_VM be_VBI more_RGR likely_JJ to_TO be_VBI perceived_VVN by_II the_AT dominant_JJ society_NN1 as_CSA needing_VVG additional_JJ support_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Locations_NN2 and_CC places_NN2 constitute_VV0 fundamental_JJ geographical_JJ knowledge_NN1 that_CST most_DAT teachers_NN2 want_VV0 their_APPGE middle-school_JJ students_NN2 to_TO learn_VVI from_II geography_NN1 class_NN1 (_( Bednarz_NP1 1995_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT notion_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 contextdependent_JJ upper_JJ anchor_NN1 is_VBZ difficult_JJ to_TO reconcile_VVI with_IW these_DD2 uses_NN2 of_IO a_AT1 learning_NN1 progression_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
As_CSA reported_VVN by_II Mandy_NP1 ,_, "_" I_PPIS1 would_VM like_VVI to_TO be_VBI an_AT1 outstanding_JJ teacher_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
As_CSA mentioned_VVN above_RL ,_, the_AT current_JJ article_NN1 analyzes_VVZ the_AT effectiveness_NN1 of_IO VR_NP1 training_NN1 programs_NN2 for_IF social_JJ skill_NN1 development_NN1 as_CSA compared_VVN to_II relevant_JJ control_NN1 groups_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 choice_NN1 reflected_VVD the_AT fact_NN1 that_CST Freeman_NN1 ,_, as_CSA Parker_NP1 notes_VVZ in_II his_APPGE 1981_MC article_NN1 ,_, was_VBDZ racist_JJ in_II his_APPGE views_NN2 and_CC representative_NN1 of_IO his_APPGE times_NNT2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Systematic_JJ reviews_NN2 reveal_VV0 that_CST studies_NN2 on_II school_NN1 improvement_NN1 embedded_VVN in_II the_AT teachers_NN2 '_NULL participation_NN1 are_VBR dominated_VVN by_II the_AT examination_NN1 of_IO short-term_JJ activities_NN2 in_II situationally_RR limited_JJ contexts_NN2 of_IO team_NN1 meetings_NN2 or_CC classroom_NN1 lessons_NN2 (_( Gallagher_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2011_MC ;_; Parker_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2012_MC ;_; Tam_NP1 ,_, 2015_MC ;_; Vangrieken_NP1 ,_, Dochy_NP1 ,_, Raes_NP2 ,_, &;_NULL Kyndt_NP1 ,_, 2013_MC ,_, 2015_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
We_PPIS2 surveyed_VVD staff_NN opinions_NN2 on_II commercial_JJ contract_NN1 cheating_VVG ._. 
</s>
<s>
An_AT1 external_JJ motivation_NN1 to_TO control_VVI prejudice_NN1 describes_VVZ people_NN who_PNQS want_VV0 to_TO appear_VVI unprejudiced_JJ (_( even_CS21 though_CS22 they_PPHS2 are_VBR prejudiced_JJ )_) ,_, whereas_CS people_NN with_IW an_AT1 internal_JJ motivation_NN1 to_TO control_VVI prejudice_NN1 are_VBR actually_RR unprejudiced_JJ (_( Plant_VV0 &;_NULL Devine_NP1 ,_, 1998_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
After_CS a_AT1 period_NN1 of_IO enormous_JJ political_JJ instabilityseven_JJ presidents_NN2 and_CC nine_MC ministers_NN2 of_IO education_NN1 in_II the_AT prior_JJ 10_MC yearsin_NN1 2005_MC ,_, President_NNB Alfredo_NP1 Palacio_NP1 appointed_VVD Rafael_NP1 Correa_NP1 as_CSA Finance_NN1 Minister_NN1 and_CC in_II 2006_MC Raul_NP1 Vallejo_NP1 as_CSA Education_NN1 Minister_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 does_VDZ not_XX seem_VVI to_TO be_VBI a_AT1 problem_NN1 ,_, however_RR ,_, since_CS it_PPH1 responds_VVZ to_II parents_NN2 '_NULL demands_NN2 for_IF "_" secular_JJ "_" knowledge/subjects_FU ,_, especially_RR French_JJ ,_, but_CCB does_VDZ not_XX seem_VVI to_TO have_VHI changed_VVN the_AT schools_NN2 '_NULL character_NN1 or_CC essential_JJ mission_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Thus_RR ,_, I_PPIS1 analyze_VV0 the_AT broad_JJ concept_NN1 by_II considering_VVG an_AT1 anecdote_NN1 as_CSA illustrative_JJ ._. 
</s>
<s>
Furthermore_RR ,_, a_AT1 description_NN1 about_II the_AT possible_JJ interaction_NN1 between_II both_DB2 atoms_NN2 is_VBZ displayed_VVN in_II Arabic_NN1 at_II the_AT bottom_NN1 of_IO the_AT image_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
For_IF this_DD1 task_NN1 ,_, each_DD1 child_NN1 was_VBDZ given_VVN a_AT1 sheet_NN1 of_IO paper_NN1 with_IW five_MC blank_JJ lines_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Thirteen_MC students_NN2 were_VBDR eliminated_VVN from_II the_AT analysis_NN1 as_CSA they_PPHS2 failed_VVD to_TO comprehend_VVI the_AT WCST_NP1 task_NN1 instructions_NN2 as_CSA evidenced_VVN by_II extreme_JJ outlying_JJ error_NN1 scores_NN2 (_( Lyvers_NP1 &;_NULL Tobias-Webb_NP1 ,_, 2010_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
For_IF their_APPGE part_NN1 ,_, the_AT evaluative-formative_JJ sessions_NNT2 are_VBR central_JJ to_II the_AT tutoring_JJ and_CC mentoring_NN1 of_IO students_NN2 ,_, as_CSA they_PPHS2 intend_VV0 primarily_RR to_TO evaluate_VVI the_AT progress_NN1 of_IO students_NN2 and_CC to_TO identify_VVI areas_NN2 in_II which_DDQ they_PPHS2 require_VV0 additional_JJ support_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Since_CS nationality_NN1 plays_VVZ a_AT1 dominant_JJ role_NN1 in_II culture_NN1 in_II the_AT GCC_NP1 ,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ expected_VVN that_DD1 nationality_NN1 and_CC concerns_VVZ over_RP national_JJ culture_NN1 are_VBR the_AT dominant_JJ characteristics_NN2 of_IO and_CC concerns_VVZ about_II diversity_NN1 according_II21 to_II22 these_DD2 principals_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
These_DD2 results_NN2 could_VM be_VBI explained_VVN by_II the_AT nature_NN1 of_IO the_AT activity_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ required_VVD them_PPHO2 to_TO step_VVI out_II21 of_II22 their_APPGE comfort_NN1 zone_NN1 and_CC engage_VV0 in_II an_AT1 outdoor_JJ 1st-grade_JJ cross-curricular_JJ activity_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 is_VBZ especially_RR true_JJ of_IO Black_JJ schools_NN2 prior_II21 to_II22 desegregation_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT magnitude_NN1 of_IO these_DD2 deviations_NN2 was_VBDZ nearly_RR one_MC1 semitone_NN1 from_II the_AT target_NN1 pitches_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 includes_VVZ when_RRQ teachers_NN2 talk_VV0 about_II how_RRQ they_PPHS2 have_VH0 applied_VVN the_AT knowledge_NN1 ,_, how_RRQ they_PPHS2 want_VV0 to_TO apply_VVI the_AT knowledge_NN1 ,_, how_RRQ they_PPHS2 might_VM apply_VVI the_AT knowledge_NN1 in_II their_APPGE classroom_NN1 teaching_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Focus_VV0 groups_NN2 also_RR revealed_VVD the_AT perspectives_NN2 of_IO the_AT men_NN2 in_II the_AT community_NN1 ,_, as_II31 well_II32 as_II33 those_DD2 of_IO the_AT disaster_NN1 management_NN1 staff_NN of_IO local_JJ government_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Compared_VVN with_IW U.S._NP1 states_VVZ like_II California_NP1 ,_, Texas_NP1 ,_, or_CC Florida_NP1 ,_, these_DD2 numbers_NN2 seem_VV0 quite_RG small_JJ ,_, but_CCB it_PPH1 is_VBZ important_JJ to_TO consider_VVI change_NN1 over_II time_NNT1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
With_IW the_AT increased_JJ availability_NN1 of_IO large_JJ datasets_NN2 ,_, powerful_JJ analytics_NN1 engines_NN2 (_( Joksimovic_NN1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
2015_MC ;_; Macfadyen_NP1 and_CC Dawson_NP1 2010_MC ;_; Romero_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
2013_MC )_) ,_, and_CC skilfully_RR designed_VVN visualisations_NN2 of_IO analytics_NN2 (_( Ali_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
2012_MC ;_; Dyckhoff_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
2012_MC ;_; Gonzalez-Torres_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
2013_MC )_) ,_, institutions_NN2 and_CC teachers_NN2 may_VM be_VBI able_JK to_TO use_VVI the_AT experience_NN1 of_IO the_AT past_JJ to_TO create_VVI supportive_JJ ,_, insightful_JJ models_NN2 of_IO primary_NN1 (_( and_CC perhaps_RR real-time_JJ )_) learning_VVG processes_NN2 (_( Ferguson_NP1 and_CC Buckingham_NP1 Shum_NP1 2012_MC ;_; Mor_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
2015_MC ;_; Papamitsiou_NP1 and_CC Economides_VVZ 2014_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Although_CS ,_, generally_RR speaking_VVG ,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ widely_RR accepted_VVN that_CST there_EX is_VBZ a_AT1 gap_NN1 between_II research_NN1 results_NN2 and_CC teachers_NN2 '_NULL practice_NN1 and_CC that_CST it_PPH1 can_VM be_VBI very_RG difficult_JJ for_IF researchers_NN2 and_CC teachers_NN2 to_TO be_VBI on_II the_AT same_DA wavelength_NN1 ,_, in_II this_DD1 forum_NN1 ,_, both_DB2 groups_NN2 agreed_VVN with_IW the_AT ideas_NN2 of_IO RME_NP1 and_CC showed_VVD common_JJ interests_NN2 and_CC attention_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Yet_RR given_VVN the_AT number_NN1 of_IO students_NN2 educated_VVN at_II the_AT Department_NN1 ,_, it_PPH1 had_VHD a_AT1 wider_JJR impact_NN1 on_II the_AT AIF_NN1 than_CSN RMC_NP1 Duntroon_NP1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Abbott_NP1 ,_, Berninger_NP1 and_CC colleagues_NN2 also_RR conducted_VVN a_AT1 number_NN1 of_IO studies_NN2 into_II the_AT relationships_NN2 between_II reading_VVG and_CC writing_NN1 (_( sub_NN1 )_) skills_NN2 (_( Abbott_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2010_MC ;_; Berninger_NP1 ,_, Cartwright_NP1 ,_, Yates_NP1 ,_, Swanson_NP1 ,_, &;_NULL Abbott_NP1 ,_, 1994_MC ;_; Berninger_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2002_MC ;_; Berninger_NP1 &;_NULL Abbott_NP1 ,_, 2010_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
These_DD2 differential_JJ findings_NN2 in_II the_AT literature_NN1 could_VM be_VBI the_AT result_NN1 of_IO selection_NN1 bias_NN1 (_( see_VV0 Bernal_NP1 ,_, 2008_MC ;_; Waldfogel_NP1 ,_, 2002_MC )_) ,_, which_DDQ we_PPIS2 attempt_VV0 to_TO address_VVI ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT concept_NN1 of_IO OCB_NP1 was_VBDZ first_MD introduced_VVN by_II Bateman_NP1 and_CC Organ_NN1 (_( 1983_MC )_) ,_, who_PNQS defined_VVD it_PPH1 as_CSA "_" an_AT1 individual_JJ behavior_NN1 that_CST is_VBZ discretionary_JJ ,_, not_XX directly_RR or_CC explicitly_RR recognized_VVN by_II a_AT1 formal_JJ reward_NN1 system_NN1 ,_, and_CC that_CST in_II aggregate_NN1 promotes_VVZ the_AT effective_JJ functioning_NN1 of_IO an_AT1 organization_NN1 "_" (_( p._NNU 4_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Most_DAT come_VV0 from_II nearby_JJ community_NN1 ,_, but_CCB others_NN2 are_VBR from_II other_JJ schools_NN2 located_VVD some_DD distance_NN1 away_RL ,_, from_II which_DDQ they_PPHS2 have_VH0 sometimes_RT been_VBN expelled_VVN ._. 
</s>
<s>
Such_DA biases_NN2 play_VV0 an_AT1 increasing_JJ role_NN1 when_CS the_AT measurement_NN1 precision_NN1 of_IO the_AT point_NN1 estimates_NN2 is_VBZ small_JJ (_( i.e._REX ,_, their_APPGE standard_JJ errors_NN2 are_VBR large_JJ )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT tendency_NN1 for_IF the_AT progressive_JJ increase_NN1 in_II unemployment_NN1 is_VBZ a_AT1 critical_JJ factor_NN1 for_IF the_AT YUR_NN1 but_CCB also_RR a_AT1 more_RGR serious_JJ one_PN1 for_IF more_RGR complex_JJ phenomena_NN2 ,_, such_II21 as_II22 the_AT NEET_NN1 phenomenon_NN1 in_II Europe_NP1 (_( Artner_NP1 2013_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
UCT_NP1 has_VHZ not_XX taken_VVN this_DD1 approach_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Video_NN1 analysis_NN1 of_IO the_AT teacher_NN1 during_II one_MC1 session_NNT1 showed_VVD that_CST he_PPHS1 used_VVD the_AT tablet_NN1 more_RRR than_CSN any_DD other_JJ cue_NN1 in_II the_AT classroom_NN1 to_TO check_VVI on_II the_AT status_NN1 of_IO groups_NN2 (_( Tissenbaum_NP1 and_CC Slotta_NP1 2014_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
We_PPIS2 test_VV0 for_IF values_NN2 of_IO rho_NN1 ranging_VVG between_II 0.1_MC and_CC 0.99_MC and_CC results_NN2 are_VBR trivially_RR different_JJ with_IW coefficients_NN2 and_CC standard_JJ errors_NN2 varying_VVG in_II the_AT hundredths_MF or_CC thousandths_MF places_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Because_II21 of_II22 these_DD2 limited_JJ effects_NN2 in_II the_AT fall_NN1 ,_, the_AT results_NN2 presented_VVN here_RL focus_VV0 on_II the_AT Spring_NN1 2017_MC survey_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ was_VBDZ administered_VVN after_II the_AT intervention_NN1 was_VBDZ in_II the_AT field_NN1 for_IF more_DAR than_CSN 6_MC months_NNT2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II Fig._NN1 6_MC we_PPIS2 show_VV0 the_AT effects_NN2 of_IO having_VHG a_AT1 student_NN1 instructor_NN1 on_II follow-on_JJ grades_NN2 overall_RR ,_, by_II course_NN1 type_NN1 ,_, and_CC by_II student_NN1 ability_NN1 (_( see_VV0 also_RR Table_NN1 A9_FO in_II the_AT Appendix_NN1 )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
From_II this_DD1 perspective_NN1 ,_, internalization_NN1 is_VBZ a_AT1 necessary_JJ step_NN1 in_II the_AT surveillance_NN1 apparatus_NN1 ,_, as_CSA these_DD2 numbers_NN2 render_VV0 the_AT formal_JJ mechanism_NN1 for_IF the_AT regulation_NN1 of_IO pregnancy_NN1 extremely_RR limited_VVN ._. 
</s>
<s>
States_NP1 in_II the_AT first_MD quintile_JJ in_II Panel_NN1 Bthose_NN1 for_IF which_DDQ the_AT weighted_JJ average_JJ approach_NN1 estimates_VVZ greater_JJR equity_NN1 than_CSN the_AT regression_NN1 approach_NN1 –_- are_VBR more_RGR segregated_JJ ,_, but_CCB there_EX is_VBZ no_AT clear_JJ pattern_NN1 for_IF the_AT other_JJ variables_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Historicizing_VVG meaning-making_NN1 in_II language_NN1 policy_NN1 analysisUWC_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 language_NN1 policy_NN1 text_NN1 is_VBZ the_AT outcome_NN1 of_IO both_DB2 external_JJ and_CC internal_JJ processes_NN2 of_IO meaning-making_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II Example_NN1 3_MC above_RL ,_, when_CS the_AT writer_NN1 concludes_VVZ ,_, "_" This_DD1 is_VBZ what_DDQ teachers_NN2 are_VBR like_II ,_, "_" he_PPHS1 moves_VVZ readers_NN2 away_II21 from_II22 his_APPGE teacher_NN1 into_II a_AT1 broader_JJR category_NN1 that_CST can_VM be_VBI represented_VVN by_II any_DD teacher_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Kreitz_NN1 posits_VVZ that_CST many_DA2 writers_NN2 consider_VV0 diversity_NN1 as_CSA "_" any_DD significant_JJ difference_NN1 that_CST distinguishes_VVZ one_MC1 individual_NN1 from_II another-a_DD1 description_NN1 that_CST encompasses_VVZ a_AT1 broad_JJ range_NN1 of_IO overt_JJ and_CC hidden_JJ qualities_NN2 "_" (_( Kreitz_NP1 ,_, 2008_MC :_: 2_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Using_VVG multimodal_JJ conversation_NN1 analysis_NN1 for_IF the_AT examination_NN1 of_IO video-recordings_NN2 captured_VVN in_II social_JJ studies_NN2 classrooms_NN2 in_II Turkey_NP1 ,_, we_PPIS2 focus_VV0 on_II a_AT1 teacher_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 interactional_JJ management_NN1 of_IO student_NN1 participation_NN1 with_IW specific_JJ reference_NN1 to_II the_AT management_NN1 of_IO emergent_JJ learner_NN1 initiatives_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT VET_NN1 reform_NN1 in_II 2004_MC introduced_VVD a_AT1 standardized_JJ two-year_JJ VET_NN1 level_NN1 that_CST replaces_VVZ the_AT informal_JJ training_NN1 plans_NN2 (_( Wettstein_NP1 and_CC Gonon_NP1 ,_, 2009_MC :_: 98_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
I_PPIS1 summarize_VV0 today_RT '_NULL s_ZZ1 opposition_NN1 to_II the_AT CCSS_NP1 by_II touching_VVG upon_II three_MC core_NN1 critiques_NN2 :_: (_( 1_MC1 )_) the_AT lack_NN1 of_IO empirical_JJ evidence_NN1 as_II21 to_II22 the_AT effectiveness_NN1 of_IO the_AT CCSS_NP1 ,_, (_( 2_MC )_) a_AT1 loss_NN1 of_IO local_JJ control_NN1 and_CC a_AT1 privileging_NN1 of_IO elite_NN1 influence_NN1 ,_, and_CC (_( 3_MC )_) political_JJ partisans_NN2 cynically_RR using_VVG the_AT CCSS_NP1 as_II a_AT1 wedge_NN1 issue_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
During_II our_APPGE 3-year_JJ Master_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 Program_NN1 ,_, we_PPIS2 were_VBDR exposed_VVN to_II many_DA2 theories_NN2 of_IO lin_NN1 guistics_NN2 and_CC second_MD language_NN1 acquisition_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II31 addition_II32 to_II33 these_DD2 general_JJ trends_NN2 ,_, this_DD1 analysis_NN1 revealed_VVD five_MC key_JJ findings_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
For_REX21 instance_REX22 ,_, her_APPGE lesson_NN1 plan_NN1 implemented_VVN the_AT strategy_NN1 of_IO tiering_VVG with_IW fidelity_NN1 to_II in-class_JJ discussions_NN2 of_IO the_AT strategy_NN1 and_CC differentiation_NN1 literature_NN1 (_( Tomlinson_NP1 ,_, 2014_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
Additionally_RR ,_, this_DD1 type_NN1 of_IO analysis_NN1 reveals_VVZ ambiguities_NN2 in_II the_AT definitions_NN2 themselves_PPX2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT aim_NN1 of_IO this_DD1 special_JJ issue_NN1 is_VBZ to_TO provide_VVI a_AT1 platform_NN1 for_IF researchers_NN2 to_TO present_VVI their_APPGE research_NN1 findings_NN2 that_CST may_VM offer_VVI insights_NN2 into_II the_AT role_NN1 of_IO advanced_JJ technologies_NN2 in_II enhancing_VVG learner_NN1 autonomy_NN1 and_CC learner_NN1 ownership_NN1 by_II honing_VVG learners_NN2 '_NULL creativity_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
We_PPIS2 supported_VVD the_AT coordinators_NN2 in_II preparing_VVG video-based_JJ discussions_NN2 :_: When_CS requested_VVN ,_, we_PPIS2 video-recorded_JJ lessons_NN2 and_CC edited_JJ 3-_NN1 to_II 8-min_JJ video_NN1 clips_NN2 ,_, in_II dialogue_NN1 with_IW the_AT recorded_JJ teachers_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Those_DD2 in_II the_AT low_JJ general_JJ SE_ND1 group_NN1 were_VBDR more_RGR likely_JJ to_TO make_VVI negative_JJ self-comparisons_NN2 to_II VEI_NP1 presented_VVD ,_, even_CS21 if_CS22 it_PPH1 communicated_VVD a_AT1 high_JJ level_NN1 of_IO success_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT travel_NN1 time_NNT1 each_DD1 way_NN1 between_II Mazar-e-sharif_NP1 and_CC Sayad_NP1 Village_NP1 was_VBDZ about_RG 3_MC h_ZZ1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT answers_NN2 to_II our_APPGE two_MC research_NN1 questions_NN2 show_VV0 that_CST systemic_JJ contradictions_NN2 are_VBR hidden_VVN but_CCB become_VV0 recognised_JJ when_CS practitioners_NN2 articulate_VV0 and_CC construct_VV0 them_PPHO2 by_II31 way_II32 of_II33 words_NN2 ,_, actions_NN2 and_CC dilemmas_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
We_PPIS2 first_MD average_NN1 these_DD2 scale_NN1 scores_NN2 within_II each_DD1 school-by-grade-by-year_NNT1 cell_NN1 ,_, then_RT follow_VV0 the_AT same_DA procedure_NN1 used_VVN for_IF the_AT Missouri_NP1 data_NN ._. 
</s>
<s>
For_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, we_PPIS2 argue_VV0 that_CST "_" attributes_NN2 "_" may_VM be_VBI best_RRT seen_VVN as_CSA durable_JJ but_CCB not_XX inherent_JJ or_CC fully_RR achievable_JJ ._. 
</s>
<s>
These_DD2 forms_NN2 of_IO technology_NN1 ,_, in_RR21 particular_RR22 interactive_JJ white_JJ boards_NN2 ,_, automatic_JJ speech_NN1 recognition_NN1 programs_NN2 ,_, instructive_JJ virtual_JJ games_NN2 ,_, chat_VV0 programs_NN2 ,_, tablets_NN2 ,_, and_CC animated_JJ books_NN2 ,_, are_VBR increasingly_RR being_VBG integrated_VVN into_II language_NN1 education_NN1 for_IF both_RR children_NN2 and_CC adults_NN2 (_( Golonka_NP1 ,_, Bowles_NP1 ,_, Frank_NP1 ,_, Richardson_NP1 ,_, &;_NULL Freynik_NP1 ,_, 2014_MC ;_; Takacs_NP2 ,_, Swart_NP1 ,_, &;_NULL Bus_NN1 ,_, 2015_MC ;_; Young_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2012_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
You_PPY were_VBDR pitted_VVN against_II your_APPGE coteacher_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Currently_RR ,_, of_IO the_AT 690_MC million_NNO people_NN of_IO the_AT region_NN1 ,_, 40%_NNU are_VBR children_NN2 under_II the_AT age_NN1 of_IO 15_MC ,_, Social_JJ justice-oriented_JJ school_NN1 leaders_NN2 in_II such_DA contexts_NN2 prioritize_VV0 the_AT importance_NN1 of_IO relationships_NN2 within_RL and_CC across_II their_APPGE school_NN1 communities_NN2 ,_, recognizing_VVG the_AT importance_NN1 of_IO partnership_NN1 and_CC shared_JJ decision_NN1 making-a_VVG crucial_JJ first_MD step_NN1 in_II building_VVG empowering_JJ learning_NN1 communities_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Below_RL are_VBR the_AT elements_NN2 you_PPY '_NULL ve_VV0 seen_VVN in_II the_AT previous_JJ task_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT Netherlands_NP1 tends_VVZ to_TO be_VBI more_RGR strongly_RR quantitative_JJ and_CC analytic_JJ and_CC New_NP1 Zealand_NP1 tends_VVZ to_TO be_VBI more_RGR qualitative_JJ and_CC critical_JJ (_( see_VV0 Williams_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
2017:17_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II this_DD1 paper_NN1 they_PPHS2 described_VVD and_CC analysed_VVD a_AT1 conversation_NN1 between_II a_AT1 father_NN1 (_( Streefland_NP1 himself_PPX1 )_) and_CC his_APPGE eight-year_JJ old_JJ son_NN1 about_II a_AT1 poster_NN1 showing_VVG a_AT1 man_NN1 and_CC a_AT1 whale_NN1 ,_, in_II which_DDQ the_AT size_NN1 of_IO the_AT whale_NN1 compared_VVN to_II that_DD1 of_IO the_AT man_NN1 was_VBDZ exaggerated_VVN to_TO make_VVI it_PPH1 more_RGR sensational_JJ ._. 
</s>
<s>
Bresler_NN1 ,_, 1993_MC ,_, 1995_MC ;_; Wiggins_NP1 &;_NULL Wiggins_NP1 ,_, 1997_MC ;_; Drake_NP1 ,_, 1998_MC ;_; Cosenza_NP1 ,_, 2005_MC ;_; Mansilla_NP1 ,_, 2007_MC ;_; Reimer_NP1 ,_, 2007_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Simulation_NN1 can_VM link_VVI real_JJ actions_NN2 of_IO future_JJ academic_JJ and_CC professional_JJ work_NN1 with_IW similar_JJ learning_NN1 environments_NN2 and_CC procedures_NN2 (_( Kelly_NP1 ,_, Forber_NP1 ,_, Conlon_NP1 ,_, Roche_NP1 ,_, &;_NULL Stasa_NP1 ,_, 2014_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Here_RL too_RR ,_, the_AT job_NN1 interview_NN1 is_VBZ a_AT1 necessary_JJ first_MD stage_NN1 applicants_NN2 need_VV0 to_TO get_VVI through_RP in_BCL21 order_BCL22 to_TO advance_VVI to_II further_JJR stages_NN2 of_IO the_AT job_NN1 application_NN1 process_NN1 and_CC to_TO potentially_RR secure_VVI the_AT job_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Participating_VVG in_II classroom_NN1 life_NN1 can_VM be_VBI challenging_JJ ,_, and_CC perhaps_RR more_RGR so_RR where_CS school-sanctioned_JJ practices_NN2 and_CC ways_NN2 of_IO being_VBG ,_, doing_VDG and_CC knowing_VVG literacy_NN1 differ_VV0 significantly_RR to_II children_NN2 '_NULL s_ZZ1 home_RL and_CC community_NN1 experiences_NN2 of_IO being_VBG ,_, doing_VDG and_CC knowing_VVG literacy_NN1 (_( see_VV0 Heath_NP1 ,_, 1983_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
To_TO summarize_VVI ,_, our_APPGE four_MC practical_JJ tips_NN2 for_IF avoiding_VVG and_CC detecting_VVG errors_NN2 are_VBR (_( 1_MC1 )_) plan_VV0 well_RR ;_; (_( 2_MC )_) less_DAR code_NN1 ,_, fewer_DAR errors_NN2 ;_; dons_NN2 trust_VV0 your_APPGE eyes_NN2 ;_; and_CC do_VD0 descriptives_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Reading_NP1 picture_NN1 books_NN2 to_II babies_NN2 matters_NN2 because_CS the_AT sooner_RRR children_NN2 acquire_VV0 language_NN1 ,_, the_AT more_RGR likely_JJ they_PPHS2 are_VBR to_TO master_VVI it_PPH1 (_( Massaro_NP1 ,_, 2015_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
I_PPIS1 was_VBDZ introduced_VVN to_II RME_NP1 during_II my_APPGE second_MD year_NNT1 as_II a_AT1 high_JJ school_NN1 mathematics_NN1 teacher_NN1 ,_, in_II a_AT1 school_NN1 in_II the_AT Boulder_NP1 Valley_NN1 School_NN1 District_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
These_DD2 former_DA pupils_NN2 were_VBDR recruited_VVN through_II a_AT1 church_NN1 network_NN1 with_IW historical_JJ links_NN2 to_II the_AT Norwegian_JJ Mission_NN1 Society_NN1 (_( NMS_NP1 )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
As_CSA is_VBZ often_RR done_VDN in_II strategic_JJ management_NN1 research_NN1 ,_, we_PPIS2 used_VVD firm_JJ size_NN1 as_II a_AT1 measure_NN1 of_IO the_AT size_NN1 of_IO the_AT resource_NN1 base_NN1 of_IO the_AT firms_NN2 studied_VVN (_( Pradhan_NP1 ,_, 2003_MC ;_; Swamidass_NP1 and_CC Kotha_NP1 ,_, 1998_MC ;_; Zahra_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2003_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
By_II providing_VVG diverse_JJ and_CC complex_JJ perspectives_NN2 ,_, the_AT theoretical_JJ literature_NN1 might_VM raise_VVI questions_NN2 about_II what_DDQ counts_VVZ as_CSA literacy_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
It_PPH1 should_VM be_VBI noted_VVN here_RL that_DD1 ,_, while_CS the_AT reliability_NN1 of_IO growth_NN1 parameters_NN2 has_VHZ been_VBN a_AT1 focus_NN1 of_IO DMM_NP1 research_NN1 ,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ not_XX a_AT1 typically_RR included_VVN statistic_NN1 in_II most_DAT existing_JJ growth_NN1 modeling_NN1 or_CC mixed-effects_NN2 modeling_VVG work_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Specifically_RR ,_, we_PPIS2 run_VV0 regressions_NN2 for_IF both_DB2 full-sample_JJ linear_JJ and_CC quadratic_JJ splines_NN2 ,_, as_II31 well_II32 as_II33 local_JJ linear_JJ regressions_NN2 with_IW restricted_JJ bandwidths_NN2 ,_, for_IF models_NN2 where_RRQ the_AT unit_NN1 of_IO observation_NN1 is_VBZ school_NN1 by_II year_NNT1 and_CC our_APPGE controls_NN2 include_VV0 year_NNT1 fixed_JJ effects_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
However_RR ,_, the_AT research_NN1 also_RR revealed_VVN that_CST parents_NN2 should_VM not_XX be_VBI reluctant_JJ to_TO choose_VVI schools_NN2 with_IW many_DA2 high-risk_JJ students_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
For_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, students_NN2 who_PNQS used_VVD OER_NP1 were_VBDR asked_VVN to_II rate_NN1 the_AT quality_NN1 of_IO teaching_NN1 ,_, compared_VVN to_II typical_JJ class_NN1 ,_, and_CC stated_VVN that_CST the_AT quality_NN1 of_IO teaching_VVG in_II the_AT class_NN1 that_CST used_VVD OER_NP1 was_VBDZ much_RR lower_JJR (_( 2%_NNU )_) ,_, slightly_RR lower_JJR (_( 5%_NNU )_) ,_, about_II the_AT same_DA (_( 36%_NNU )_) ,_, slightly_RR higher_JJR (_( 26%_NNU )_) ,_, and_CC much_RR higher_JJR (_( 31%_NNU )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
He_PPHS1 begins_VVZ his_APPGE study_NN1 with_IW a_AT1 discussion_NN1 of_IO Enlightenment_NN1 ideas_NN2 about_II human_JJ rights_NN2 ,_, and_CC the_AT American_JJ imperative_NN1 to_TO ensure_VVI fairness_NN1 ,_, then_RT goes_VVZ about_II the_AT task_NN1 of_IO showing_VVG how_RRQ this_DD1 fairness_NN1 ,_, or_CC equal_JJ protection_NN1 ,_, rarely_RR extends_VVZ to_II issues_NN2 of_IO language_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Diagnostic_JJ performance_NN1 reports_NN2 were_VBDR created_VVN for_IF each_DD1 of_IO the_AT 1025_MC individual_JJ IELTS_NN2 test-takers_NN2 based_VVN on_II their_APPGE performance_NN1 on_II the_AT selected_JJ IELTS_NN2 reading_VVG test_NN1 with_IW the_AT goal_NN1 of_IO helping_VVG the_AT individual_JJ test-takers_NN2 promote_VV0 their_APPGE IELTS_NN2 reading_VVG performance_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
These_DD2 results_NN2 in_II part_NN1 confirm_VV0 the_AT findings_NN2 of_IO the_AT study_NN1 by_II Liao_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
(_( 2018_MC )_) showing_VVG that_CST their_APPGE creative_JJ L2_FO pedagogy_NN1 was_VBDZ more_RGR conducive_JJ to_II L2_FO learners_NN2 '_NULL ideational_JJ originality_NN1 than_CSN ideational_JJ fluency_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
For_IF the_AT participants_NN2 in_II this_DD1 study_NN1 ,_, developing_VVG multicultural_JJ competence_NN1 includes_VVZ a_AT1 continual_JJ journey_NN1 of_IO building_NN1 awareness_NN1 ,_, knowledge_NN1 ,_, and_CC skills_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 does_VDZ not_XX mean_VVI ,_, however_RR ,_, that_CST robots_NN2 should_VM not_XX be_VBI teleoperated_VVN during_II experiments_NN2 ,_, as_CSA teleoperating_VVG robots_NN2 allows_VVZ researchers_NN2 to_TO study_VVI more_RGR advanced_JJ interactions_NN2 than_CSN those_DD2 that_CST can_VM be_VBI achieved_VVN using_VVG autonomous_JJ robots_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Self-placement_JJ strategies_NN2 for_IF the_AT purposes_NN2 of_IO assigning_VVG students_NN2 to_II developmental_JJ or_CC gateway_NN1 college-level_NN1 courses_NN2 have_VH0 gained_VVN traction_NN1 in_II recent_JJ years_NNT2 among_II decisionmakers_NN2 seeking_VVG to_TO improve_VVI community_NN1 college_NN1 student_NN1 outcomes_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
One_MC1 example_NN1 of_IO the_AT practicality_NN1 occurs_VVZ in_II chapter_NN1 three_MC ,_, which_DDQ focuses_VVZ on_II recognizing_VVG and_CC interrogating_VVG frustration_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Direct_JJ benefits_NN2 relate_VV0 to_II the_AT research_NN1 project_NN1 directly_RR ,_, "_" allowing_VVG the_AT research_NN1 to_TO be_VBI performed_VVN or_CC applied_VVN at_II a_AT1 higher_JJR quality_NN1 ,_, with_IW a_AT1 broader_JJR scope_NN1 ,_, more_RGR quickly_RR or_CC more_RGR economically_RR than_CSN would_VM be_VBI the_AT case_NN1 without_IW cooperation_NN1 (_( Georghiou_NP1 1998_MC ,_, p._NN1 620_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
For_IF the_AT environmental_JJ stewardship_NN1 ,_, green_JJ building_NN1 can_VM conserve_VVI natural_JJ resources_NN2 ,_, such_II21 as_II22 water_NN1 ,_, fossil_NN1 fuel_NN1 ,_, as_II31 well_II32 as_II33 maintain_VV0 and_CC improve_VV0 the_AT quality_NN1 of_IO water_NN1 ,_, air_NN1 ,_, land_NN1 ,_, etc._RA ,_, reserving_VVG a_AT1 better_JJR earth_NN1 for_IF the_AT future_JJ generations_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II the_AT pooled_JJ model_NN1 ,_, we_PPIS2 include_VV0 two_MC categories_NN2 for_IF traditional_JJ age_NN1 and_CC nontraditional_JJ age_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Bootstrap_VV0 samples_NN2 are_VBR drawn_VVN without_IW replacement_NN1 and_CC contain_VV0 63%_NNU of_IO the_AT original_JJ training_NN1 set_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Further_JJR insights_NN2 into_II individual_JJ differences_NN2 can_VM be_VBI gained_VVN through_II analysis_NN1 of_IO the_AT conceptual_JJ relations_NN2 expressed_VVN by_II the_AT connectives_NN2 deployed_VVN (_( e.g._REX ,_, addition_NN1 ,_, cause_NN1 and_CC effect_NN1 )_) ,_, the_AT functions_NN2 served_VVN (_( i.e._REX ,_, inter-clausal_JJ connectors_NN2 or_CC discourse_NN1 markers_NN2 )_) ,_, and_CC the_AT productive_JJ skills_NN2 that_CST co-occurred_VVD with_IW differences_NN2 in_II connectives_NN2 '_NULL frequency_NN1 or_CC diversity_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Although_CS numerous_JJ themes_NN2 were_VBDR identified_VVN during_II this_DD1 recursive_JJ initial_JJ analysis_NN1 ,_, the_AT most_RGT salient_JJ themes_NN2 found_VVN across_II each_DD1 research_NN1 team_NN1 member_NN1 involved_VVD interview_NN1 segments_NN2 coded_VVN for_IF identity_NN1 ,_, the_AT interdisciplinary_JJ nature_NN1 of_IO EC_NP1 (_( i.e._REX ,_, the_AT different_JJ domains_NN2 required_VVN for_IF the_AT perceived_JJ successful_JJ enactment_NN1 of_IO club_NN1 )_) ,_, and_CC unfamiliarity_NN1 with_IW the_AT subject_NN1 matter_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Likewise_RR ,_, Lynn_NP1 developed_VVD newfound_JJ expertise_NN1 in_II language_NN1 education_NN1 which_DDQ she_PPHS1 too_RR found_VVN challenging_VVG yet_RR with_IW clear_JJ payoffs_NN2 for_IF the_AT ELs_NP2 in_II her_APPGE classes_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
My_APPGE daughter_NN1 doesn_NN1 '_NULL t_ZZ1 feel_VV0 comfortable_JJ ._. "_" 
</s>
<s>
._. ._. ._. We_PPIS2 begin_VV0 by_II describing_VVG the_AT literature_NN1 that_CST serves_VVZ as_II the_AT theoretical_JJ framework_NN1 for_IF this_DD1 QUAN-QUAL_JJ mixed-method_JJ study_NN1 conducted_VVN at_II a_AT1 public_JJ mid-sized_JJ college_NN1 in_II America_NP1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Compared_VVN to_II stimulants_NN2 ,_, use_NN1 of_IO pain_NN1 relievers_VVZ and_CC CNS_NP1 depressants_NN2 is_VBZ less_RGR frequent_JJ among_II college_NN1 students_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT research_NN1 questions_NN2 will_VM be_VBI addressed_VVN by_II estimating_VVG partial_JJ correlations_NN2 in_II structural_JJ equation_NN1 models_NN2 (_( SEM_NP1 )_) ,_, using_VVG Lisrel_NN1 8.80_MC ._. 
</s>
<s>
Student_NN1 performance_NN1 scores_NN2 are_VBR also_RR divided_VVN into_II six_MC proficiency_NN1 levels_NN2 ,_, with_IW Level_NN1 6_MC representing_VVG the_AT highest_JJT scores_NN2 (_( and_CC hence_RR the_AT ability_NN1 to_TO solve_VVI the_AT most_RGT difficult_JJ task_NN1 )_) and_CC Level_NN1 1_MC1 the_AT lowest_JJT scores_NN2 (_( and_CC hence_RR the_AT ability_NN1 to_TO solve_VVI only_RR the_AT least_RGT difficult_JJ tasks_NN2 )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Considering_CS word-count_JJ limitations_NN2 ,_, only_RR 137_MC of_IO the_AT 377_MC articles_NN2 are_VBR presented_VVN in_II this_DD1 review3_FO to_TO illustrate_VVI the_AT discussion_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
We_PPIS2 also_RR present_VV0 a_AT1 number_NN1 of_IO concrete_JJ examples_NN2 of_IO how_RRQ teachers_NN2 can_VM use_VVI the_AT material_NN1 to_TO illustrate_VVI basic_JJ concepts_NN2 often_RR included_VVN in_II statistics_NN ,_, research_NN1 methods_NN2 ,_, and_CC other_JJ psychology_NN1 courses_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Like_II cisgender_NN1 people_NN ,_, transgender_VV0 people_NN reflect_VV0 the_AT entire_JJ range_NN1 of_IO sexual_JJ orientations_NN2 and_CC may_VM identify_VVI as_RG straight_RR ,_, lesbian_NN1 ,_, gay_JJ ,_, bisexual_JJ ,_, pansexual_JJ ,_, or_CC asexual_JJ ,_, to_TO name_VVI a_AT1 few_DA2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT goal_NN1 of_IO this_DD1 type_NN1 of_IO analysis_NN1 was_VBDZ to_TO determine_VVI if_CSW a_AT1 model_NN1 could_VM be_VBI produced_VVN that_CST would_VM significantly_RR predict_VVI group_NN1 membership_NN1 for_IF each_DD1 respondent_NN1 on_II the_AT three_MC levels_NN2 of_IO the_AT occupation_NN1 choice_NN1 coded_JJ variable_NN1 :_: music_NN1 teaching_NN1 ,_, other_JJ music_NN1 ,_, and_CC other_JJ nonmusic_JJ occupation_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT relationship_NN1 between_II the_AT three_MC components_NN2 (_( collective_NN1 ,_, inquiry_NN1 process_NN1 and_CC technological_JJ support_NN1 )_) shows_VVZ how_RRQ Collective_JJ Inquiry_NN1 with_IW Data_NN Analytics_NP1 (_( CIDA_NP1 )_) contributes_VVZ to_II teacher_NN1 professional_JJ development_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Such_DA new_JJ teachers_NN2 have_VH0 limited_VVN teaching_VVG experience_NN1 ,_, and_CC in_II the_AT practice_NN1 phases_NN2 of_IO teacher_NN1 education_NN1 ,_, they_PPHS2 often_RR do_VD0 not_XX have_VHI the_AT opportunity_NN1 to_TO engage_VVI in_II teaching_NN1 but_CCB are_VBR restricted_VVN to_II observing_VVG the_AT lessons_NN2 taught_VVN by_II experienced_JJ teachers_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
First_MD ,_, this_DD1 article_NN1 examines_VVZ the_AT probability_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 student_NN1 making_VVG non-structural_JJ and_CC discipline-related_JJ school_NN1 changes_NN2 based_VVN on_II the_AT (_( a_ZZ1 )_) gender_NN1 of_IO the_AT student_NN1 ,_, (_( b_ZZ1 )_) demographic_JJ and_CC achievement_NN1 characteristics_NN2 of_IO the_AT student_NN1 ,_, and_CC (_( c_ZZ1 )_) the_AT characteristics_NN2 of_IO the_AT school_NN1 they_PPHS2 exit_VV0 ._. 
</s>
<s>
His_APPGE research_NN1 focuses_VVZ on_II the_AT learning_NN1 environment_NN1 changes_NN2 in_II educational_JJ institutions_NN2 ,_, the_AT sociocultural_JJ processes_NN2 of_IO creating_VVG practical_JJ knowledge_NN1 ,_, and_CC the_AT teachers_NN2 '_NULL professional_JJ development_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Over_II the_AT course_NN1 of_IO the_AT 20th_MD century_NNT1 ,_, ideas_NN2 about_II children_NN2 and_CC the_AT need_NN1 for_IF a_AT1 special_JJ kind_NN1 of_IO education_NN1 for_IF young_JJ children_NN2 continued_VVD to_TO develop_VVI in_II direct_JJ contrast_NN1 to_II the_AT philosophy_NN1 of_IO behaviorism_NN1 ,_, an_AT1 outgrowth_NN1 of_IO earlier_JJR European_JJ philosophies_NN2 that_CST were_VBDR and_CC remain_VV0 dominant_JJ in_II U.S._NP1 education_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Demographic_JJ characteristics_NN2 of_IO Sites_NN2 2_MC and_CC 3_MC were_VBDR similar_JJ regarding_II household_NN1 income_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
As_CSA expected_VVN based_VVN on_II models_NN2 1_MC1 to_II 3_MC ,_, tie-level_JJ predictors_NN2 crown_VV0 out_RP effects_NN2 at_II the_AT individual_JJ level_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
These_DD2 types_NN2 of_IO analyses_NN2 ,_, such_II21 as_II22 Hidden_NP1 Markov_NP1 modelling_NN1 ,_, are_VBR highly_RR promising_JJ techniques_NN2 for_IF further_RRR unravelling_VVG the_AT dynamics_NN of_IO early_JJ childhood_NN1 self-regulation_NN1 processes_NN2 (_( see_VV0 for_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, Lunkenheimer_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
2017_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Mariola_NP1 (_( 20_MC years_NNT2 old_JJ )_) grew_VVD up_RP in_II a_AT1 small_JJ town_NN1 ,_, in_II a_AT1 large_JJ family_NN1 with_IW low_JJ socioeconomic_JJ status_NN1 (_( SES_NP2 )_) –_- she_PPHS1 has_VHZ five_MC siblings_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II that_DD1 study_NN1 ,_, a_AT1 different_JJ ,_, possibly_RR less_RGR sensitive_JJ coding_NN1 procedure_NN1 was_VBDZ used_VVN ,_, which_DDQ raises_VVZ the_AT possibility_NN1 that_CST if_CS the_AT current_JJ proce_NN1 dure_NN1 were_VBDR used_VVN ,_, adults_NN2 too_RR might_VM show_VVI conditions_NN2 differences_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT impacts_NN2 of_IO this_DD1 work_NN1 may_VM be_VBI many_DA2 and_CC varied_VVD ,_, due_II21 to_II22 local_JJ variations_NN2 in_II clinics_NN2 and_CC clinicians_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT academic_JJ rigor_NN1 scale_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ includes_VVZ five_MC items_NN2 from_II the_AT Student_NN1 Experiences_NN2 Survey_VV0 ,_, has_VHZ an_AT1 internal_JJ consistency_NN1 reliability_NN1 of_IO 0.82_MC at_II Time_NNT1 2_MC (_( end_NN1 of_IO first_MD year_NNT1 )_) and_CC 0.84_MC at_II Time_NNT1 3_MC (_( end_NN1 of_IO fourth_MD year_NNT1 )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Few_DA2 TPSs_NP1 remained_VVD in_II New_NP1 Orleans_NP1 in_II the_AT year_NNT1 of_IO this_DD1 study_NN1 ,_, but_CCB there_EX were_VBDR many_DA2 TPSs_NP1 in_II nearby_JJ parishes_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Ms._NNB Delgado_NP1 :_: Let_VV0 '_NULL s_ZZ1 start_VVI with_IW "_" spectacular_JJ ._. "_" 
</s>
<s>
Johnson_NP1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 (_( 2009_MC )_) CCCI_MC is_VBZ a_AT1 modified_JJ version_NN1 of_IO Dwyer_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
'_NULL s_ZZ1 (_( 2004_MC )_) CCCI_MC ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT biggest_JJT challenge_NN1 of_IO using_VVG the_AT flipped_VVN classroom_NN1 approach_NN1 is_VBZ the_AT heavy_JJ workload_NN1 created_VVN for_IF teachers_NN2 and_CC students_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II all_DB of_IO these_DD2 cases_NN2 ,_, the_AT authors_NN2 suggested_VVD that_DD1 servingness_NN1 was_VBDZ defined_VVN by_II academic_JJ outcomes_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Brennan_NP1 (_( 1998_MC )_) and_CC Wong_VV0 '_NULL s_ZZ1 (_( 2007_MC )_) accounts_NN2 of_IO the_AT development_NN1 of_IO ECE_NP1 in_II Australia_NP1 suggest_VV0 that_CST the_AT role_NN1 parents_NN2 have_VH0 played_VVN in_II the_AT development_NN1 of_IO the_AT sectoras_NN2 current_JJ or_CC potential_JJ ECEC_NN1 usershas_NN2 not_XX been_VBN significant_JJ ._. 
</s>
<s>
Such_DA a_AT1 universal_JJ sense_NN1 of_IO love_NN1 that_CST supports_VVZ nonviolent_JJ resistance_NN1 against_II social_JJ oppression_NN1 is_VBZ not_XX dependent_JJ on_II personal_JJ liking_NN1 or_CC disliking_VVG ,_, but_CCB is_VBZ based_VVN on_II a_AT1 spiritual_JJ unity_NN1 that_CST redeems_VVZ all_DB people_NN ._. 
</s>
<s>
We_PPIS2 examined_VVD associations_NN2 between_II various_JJ characteristics_NN2 and_CC the_AT number_NN1 of_IO lecture_NN1 hours_NNT2 in_II geriatric_JJ psychiatry_NN1 in_II Canadian_JJ medical_JJ schools_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT corrections_NN2 presented_VVN in_II this_DD1 article_NN1 are_VBR thus_RR crucial_JJ for_IF evaluating_VVG whether_CSW conclusions_NN2 in_II primary_JJ studies_NN2 may_VM change_VVI if_CS previously_RR omitted_VVN level_NN1 of_IO clustering_NN1 had_VHD been_VBN appropriately_RR accounted_VVN for_IF ._. 
</s>
<s>
Interventions_NN2 designed_VVN to_TO raise_VVI students_NN2 '_NULL awareness_NN1 of_IO such_DA opportunities_NN2 and_CC ,_, specifically_RR ,_, to_TO help_VVI college-ready_JJ students_NN2 bypass_VV0 placement_NN1 exams_NN2 likely_RR would_VM reduce_VVI rates_NN2 of_IO placement_NN1 in_II remedial_JJ coursework_NN1 and_CC ultimately_RR improve_VV0 college_NN1 completion_NN1 rates_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
As_CSA one_PN1 who_PNQS has_VHZ grown_VVN up_RP in_II an_AT1 Indo-Filipino_JJ household_NN1 and_CC regularly_RR communicates_VVZ with_IW family_NN1 and_CC friends_NN2 from_II these_DD2 countries_NN2 ,_, I_PPIS1 can_VM attest_VVI that_CST Filipinos_NN2 are_VBR slightly_RR more_RGR comfortable_JJ and_CC familiar_JJ with_IW the_AT idea_NN1 of_IO their_APPGE offspring_NN pursuing_VVG careers_NN2 in_II music_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II the_AT age_NN1 of_IO global_JJ capitalism_NN1 ,_, some_DD men_NN2 ,_, mostly_RR from_II rural_JJ areas_NN2 and_CC of_IO lower_JJR socioeconomic_JJ status_NN1 in_II industrialized_JJ Taiwan_NP1 ,_, lose_VV0 their_APPGE competi_NN2 tiveness_NN1 in_II the_AT marriage_NN1 market_NN1 and_CC turn_VV0 to_II seeking_VVG "_" foreign_JJ brides_NN2 &lsqb;_( &rsqb;_) "_" from_II low-wage_JJ peripheral_JJ ,_, neighboring_VVG countries_NN2 through_II international_JJ brokers_NN2 or_CC personal_JJ connections_NN2 (_( e.g._REX Chung_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
2016_MC ;_; Wang_NP1 2007_MC ;_; Wang_NP1 and_CC Chang_VV0 2002_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
As_CSA we_PPIS2 engage_VV0 in_II CoPs_NN2 ,_, our_APPGE beliefs_NN2 and_CC knowledge_NN1 about_II the_AT world_NN1 are_VBR influenced_VVN by_II the_AT beliefs_NN2 and_CC values_NN2 of_IO that_DD1 community_NN1 (_( Jonassen_NP1 &;_NULL Land_NP1 ,_, 2000_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Research_NN1 reveals_VVZ that_CST in_II CoPs_NN2 ,_, elements_NN2 influencing_VVG teachers_NN2 '_NULL professional_JJ development_NN1 include_VV0 collaboration_NN1 ,_, opportunities_NN2 for_IF mentoring_VVG ,_, and_CC sustainability_NN1 over_II time_NNT1 (_( Bostancioglu_NP1 ,_, 2016_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Michel_NP1 Boivin_NP1 and_CC Frederic_NP1 Guay_NP1 were_VBDR supported_VVN by_II the_AT Canada_NP1 Research_NN1 Chair_NN1 Program_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Children_NN2 qualify_VV0 for_IF enrolment_NN1 in_II this_DD1 programme_NN1 based_VVN on_II income_NN1 eligibility_NN1 requirements_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Moreover_RR ,_, research_VV0 often_RR decontextualizes_VVZ the_AT external_JJ political_JJ ,_, economic_JJ ,_, and_CC social_JJ environments_NN2 within_II which_DDQ HSIs_NP1 operate_VV0 ._. 
</s>
<s>
As_II21 for_II22 teaching_VVG modality_NN1 ,_, 200_MC (_( 73.8%_FO )_) of_IO the_AT instructors_NN2 primarily_RR taught_VVN online_RR ,_, while_CS 71_MC (_( 26.2%_FO )_) of_IO them_PPHO2 primarily_RR taught_VVN in_II a_AT1 face-to-face_JJ setting_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT current_JJ study_NN1 provides_VVZ empirical_JJ evidence_NN1 to_TO support_VVI the_AT notion_NN1 that_CST general_JJ creativity_NN1 predicts_VVZ visual_JJ creativ-ity_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ is_VBZ consistent_JJ with_IW past_JJ research_NN1 findings_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
We_PPIS2 '_NULL re_II creating_VVG a_AT1 regional_JJ parent_NN1 council_NN1 to_TO have_VHI parents_NN2 who_PNQS know_VV0 what_DDQ '_NULL s_ZZ1 going_VVG on_RP ,_, can_VM give_VVI us_PPIO2 input_NN1 ,_, and_CC who_PNQS are_VBR willing_JJ to_TO speak_VVI up_RP ._. 
</s>
<s>
._. ._. This_DD1 form_NN1 of_IO individual_JJ habitus_NN1 brings_VVZ field_NN1 (_( i.e._REX ,_, the_AT larger_JJR context_NN1 of_IO power_NN1 relations_NN2 )_) into_II the_AT institution_NN1 but_CCB in_II such_DA a_AT1 way_NN1 that_CST it_PPH1 ignores_VVZ the_AT reality_NN1 that_CST an_AT1 institution_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 own_VV0 field_NN1 position_NN1 is_VBZ a_AT1 significant_JJ way-if_CS not_XX the_AT primary_JJ way-through_JJ which_DDQ structural_JJ power_NN1 relations_NN2 enter_VV0 the_AT school_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
These_DD2 considerations_NN2 contribute_VV0 to_II categorizing_VVG individual_JJ identity_NN1 along_II a_AT1 life-course_JJ dimension_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ ultimately_RR essentializes_VVZ age_NN1 phases_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Our_APPGE results_NN2 also_RR provide_VV0 guidance_NN1 for_IF the_AT design_NN1 of_IO research_NN1 studies_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
It_PPH1 can_VM be_VBI seen_VVN from_II Table_NN1 5_MC that_CST Humanities_NN2 students_NN2 show_VV0 greater_JJR evidence_NN1 of_IO SA_NP1 than_CSN do_VD0 science_NN1 students_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Results_NN2 elsewhere_RL ,_, using_VVG a_AT1 variety_NN1 of_IO data_NN sets_NN2 ,_, suggest_VV0 that_DD1 reading_NN1 and_CC math_NN1 gaps_NN2 continue_VV0 to_TO change_VVI little_RR through_II eighth_MD grade_NN1 (_( von_NP1 Hippel_NP1 and_CC Hamrock_VV0 2016_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II this_DD1 case_NN1 A_ZZ1 would_VM have_VHI a_AT1 direct_JJ positive_JJ effect_NN1 on_II internal_JJ evaluations_NN2 and_CC the_AT estimated_JJ coefficient_NN1 of_IO ext_NN1 would_VM be_VBI smaller_JJR in_II size_NN1 than_CSN the_AT true_JJ one_PN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
At_II the_AT onset_NN1 of_IO this_DD1 review_NN1 ,_, there_EX were_VBDR 38_MC articles_NN2 coded_VVN within_II the_AT database_NN1 as_CSA focused_VVN on_II reading_VVG processes_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
And_CC the_AT third_MD section_NN1 will_VM demonstrate_VVI the_AT analysis_NN1 results_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II peer_NN1 learning_NN1 ,_, whilst_CS there_EX is_VBZ no_AT direct_JJ intervention_NN1 of_IO teachers_NN2 ,_, their_APPGE role_NN1 is_VBZ to_TO define_VVI the_AT learning_NN1 objectives_NN2 of_IO the_AT required_JJ activity_NN1 ,_, as_II31 well_II32 as_II33 forming_VVG the_AT student_NN1 groups_NN2 ,_, which_DDQ then_RT is_VBZ capable_JJ of_IO fostering_NN1 peer_NN1 teaching_VVG among_II students_NN2 (_( John-son_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
2007_MC ;_; Boud_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
2001_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
KS2_FO match_VV0 rates_NN2 were_VBDR as_CSA follows_VVZ :_: 2010_MC :_: 88%_NNU ,_, 2011_MC :_: 88%_NNU ,_, 2012_MC :_: 86%_NNU ,_, 2013_MC :_: 88%_NNU and_CC 2014_MC :_: 88%_NNU ._. 
</s>
<s>
However_RR ,_, the_AT differences_NN2 in_II results_NN2 for_IF the_AT M_NN1 25_MC ;_; 000_MC and_CC M_ZZ1 100_MC ;_; 000_MC estimates_NN2 are_VBR large_JJ enough_RR to_TO suggest_VVI there_RL is_VBZ nonnegligible_JJ Monte_NP1 Carlo_NP1 error_NN1 for_IF the_AT M_NN1 25_MC ;_; 000_MC estimates_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
While_CS proponents_NN2 of_IO the_AT republican_JJ idea_NN1 of_IO freedom_NN1 as_CSA non-domination_JJ ,_, as_CSA noted_VVN above_RL ,_, have_VH0 argued_VVN that_CST this_DD1 concept_NN1 transcends_VVZ the_AT familiar_JJ negative/positive_JJ dichotomy_NN1 ,_, this_DD1 point_NN1 plays_VVZ out_RP somewhat_RR differently_RR within_II the_AT anarchist_NN1 perspective_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Subsequently_RR ,_, we_PPIS2 computed_VVD descriptive_JJ statistics_NN ,_, checked_VVD assumptions_NN2 ,_, and_CC used_VVD a_AT1 mixed_JJ multivariate_JJ analysis_NN1 of_IO covariance_NN1 to_TO address_VVI the_AT primary_JJ research_NN1 questions_NN2 ,_, with_IW minority_NN1 status_NN1 as_II the_AT between-subject_NN1 variable_NN1 and_CC academic_JJ status_NN1 as_II the_AT covariate_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Second_MD ,_, we_PPIS2 searched_VVD unpublished_JJ literature_NN1 through_II Cochrane_NP1 Database_NN1 of_IO Systematic_JJ Reviews_NN2 and_CC relevant_JJ conference_NN1 programs_NN2 (_( e.g._REX ,_, American_JJ Educational_JJ Research_NN1 Association_NN1 ,_, National_JJ Council_NN1 for_IF Teachers_NN2 of_IO Mathematics_NN1 )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Although_CS Muslim_JJ parents_NN2 across_II the_AT region_NN1 tended_VVD to_TO adhere_VVI to_II traditional_JJ Islamic_JJ education_NN1 in_II Arabic_NN1 ,_, colonial_JJ schools_NN2 ultimately_RR changed_VVD the_AT ethos_NN1 as_II31 well_II32 as_II33 the_AT form_NN1 of_IO schooling_VVG in_II the_AT region_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II the_AT end_NN1 the_AT Norwegian_JJ missionaries_NN2 ,_, like_II the_AT majority_NN1 of_IO the_AT churches_NN2 in_II South_NP1 Africa_NP1 ,_, decided_VVD on_II a_AT1 compromise_NN1 ,_, choosing_VVG to_TO rent_VVI their_APPGE schools_NN2 to_II the_AT government_NN1 in_BCL21 order_BCL22 for_IF their_APPGE 10,415_MC Zulu_JJ pupils_NN2 to_TO obtain_VVI some_DD form_NN1 of_IO education_NN1 and_CC for_IF the_AT mission_NN1 to_TO continue_VVI to_TO exert_VVI some_DD influence_NN1 in_II what_DDQ were_VBDR now_RT public/government_NN1 schools_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Scientific_JJ literacy_NN1 is_VBZ assumed_VVN to_TO help_VVI people_NN "_" respond_VV0 to_II issues_NN2 and_CC challenges_NN2 that_CST emerge_VV0 in_II their_APPGE personal_JJ and_CC community_NN1 contexts_NN2 ,_, "_" including_II personal_JJ health_NN1 decisions_NN2 and_CC civic_JJ decisions_NN2 about_II environmental_JJ policies_NN2 (_( National_JJ Academies_NN2 of_IO Sciences_NN2 Engineering_NN1 and_CC Medicine_NN1 2016_MC ,_, p._NN1 24_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
A_AT1 web-based_JJ platform_NN1 was_VBDZ used_VVN to_TO support_VVI delivery_NN1 of_IO the_AT modules_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT studies_NN2 included_VVN in_II this_DD1 review_NN1 were_VBDR undertaken_VVN across_II four_MC continents_NN2 ,_, i.e._REX Europe_NP1 ,_, North_ND1 America_NP1 ,_, Africa_NP1 and_CC Asia_NP1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
By_II agreeing_VVG to_TO participate_VVI ,_, each_DD1 respondent_NN1 was_VBDZ randomly_RR presented_VVN one_MC1 out_RP of_IO the_AT six_MC fictitious_JJ resumes_NN2 of_IO a_AT1 young_JJ business_NN1 graduate_NN1 applying_VVG to_II an_AT1 entry-level_JJ marketing_NN1 position_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Considering_CS their_APPGE detrimental_JJ consequences_NN2 on_II academic_JJ achievements_NN2 found_VVN in_II the_AT literature_NN1 (_( e.g._REX Liem_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2008_MC ;_; Muis_NP1 and_CC Franco_NP1 ,_, 2009_MC ;_; Soltaninejad_NP1 ,_, 2015_MC )_) ,_, we_PPIS2 do_VD0 not_XX recommend_VVI teacher_NN1 educators_NN2 promote_VV0 these_DD2 two_MC goals_NN2 among_II preservice_NN1 PE_NN1 teachers_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT parental_JJ education_NN1 variable_NN1 refers_VVZ to_II the_AT highest_JJT level_NN1 of_IO education_NN1 of_IO either_DD1 parent_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Secondly_RR ,_, a_AT1 series_NN of_IO case_NN1 studies_NN2 examining_VVG students_NN2 '_NULL learning_VVG experiences_NN2 in_II different_JJ kinds_NN2 of_IO online_JJ courses_NN2 is_VBZ presented_VVN ,_, unpacking_VVG and_CC answering_VVG the_AT central_JJ question_NN1 of_IO what_DDQ authentically_RR constructivist_NN1 online_JJ learning_NN1 can_VM be_VBI ._. 
</s>
<s>
For_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, one_MC1 participant_NN1 shared_VVD ,_, think_VV0 that_CST the_AT different_JJ roleplaying_NN1 ,_, whether_CSW it_PPH1 was_VBDZ different_JJ staff_NN ,_, or_CC parents_NN2 ,_, or_CC students_NN2 ,_, was_VBDZ ._. 
</s>
<s>
._. ._. After_II reviewing_VVG each_DD1 clip_NN1 ,_, the_AT preservice_NN1 teachers_NN2 provided_VVD written_JJ responses_NN2 to_II the_AT following_JJ prompt_NN1 :_: "_" Discuss_VV0 how_RRQ the_AT teacher_NN1 and_CC the_AT student(s)_NN2 interact_VV0 around_RP the_AT mathematical_JJ content_NN1 ._. "_" 
</s>
<s>
Demodalisation_NN1 removes_VVZ agency_NN1 in_II propositions_NN2 in_BCL21 order_BCL22 to_TO suggest_VVI non-contestation_JJ or_CC a_AT1 fait_NN121 accompli_NN122 ._. 
</s>
<s>
However_RR ,_, most_DAT multistate_VV0 analyses_NN2 rely_VV0 solely_RR on_II binary_JJ indicators_NN2 of_IO PBF_NP1 and_CC are_VBR unable_JK to_TO account_VVI for_IF distinctions_NN2 between_II PBF_NP1 policies_NN2 (_( or_CC changes_NN2 to_II PBF_NP1 policies_NN2 once_RR in_II place_NN1 )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
For_REX21 instance_REX22 ,_, high_JJ school_NN1 students_NN2 with_IW the_AT highest_JJT academic_JJ profiles_NN2 choose_VV0 doctor_NN1 ,_, lawyer_NN1 ,_, and_CC other_JJ professions_NN2 requiring_VVG high_JJ level_NN1 of_IO demands_NN2 even_CS21 though_CS22 they_PPHS2 are_VBR aware_JJ of_IO such_DA high_JJ demands_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 decision_NN1 should_VM be_VBI immediately_RR followed_VVN by_II creating_VVG a_AT1 draft_NN1 list_NN1 of_IO the_AT variables_NN2 of_IO interest_NN1 ,_, or_CC a_AT1 data_NN dictionary_NN1 ,_, that_DD1 includes_VVZ a_AT1 clear_JJ description_NN1 of_IO each_DD1 variable_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Once_RR21 again_RR22 ,_, the_AT notion_NN1 of_IO competition_NN1 emerged_VVD ,_, this_DD1 time_NNT1 framed_VVD not_XX as_II a_AT1 competition_NN1 of_IO East_ND1 Asia_NP1 versus_II the_AT West_ND1 but_CCB as_CSA competition_NN1 between_II the_AT three_MC East_NP1 Asian_JJ countries_NN2 that_CST were_VBDR supposed_JJ to_TO be_VBI cooperating_VVG ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT narratives_NN2 of_IO experience_NN1 provided_VVN by_II Cynthia_NP1 and_CC Michael_NP1 reveal_VV0 that_CST their_APPGE early_JJ musical_JJ improvisations_NN2 did_VDD not_XX have_VHI a_AT1 particular_JJ mystique_NN1 ,_, a_AT1 reverential_JJ remove_VV0 from_II any_DD other_JJ way_NN1 of_IO being_VBG ._. 
</s>
<s>
They_PPHS2 imply_VV0 that_CST teachers_NN2 continued_VVD to_TO improve_VVI their_APPGE effectiveness_NN1 during_II the_AT second_MD year_NNT1 ,_, even_CS21 though_CS22 their_APPGE programs_NN2 were_VBDR no_RR21 longer_RR22 helping_VVG them_PPHO2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Parents_NN2 ,_, as_CS31 far_CS32 as_CS33 their_APPGE competence_NN1 in_II English_NN1 allows_VVZ them_PPHO2 to_TO engage_VVI in_II basic_JJ communication_NN1 ,_, may_VM consider_VVI raising_VVG their_APPGE children_NN2 in_II the_AT language_NN1 together_RL with_IW their_APPGE first_MD language_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
President_NNB Obama_NP1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 popularity_NN1 among_II Republicans_NN2 and_CC certain_JJ conservative_JJ groups_NN2 also_RR nose-dived_VVN after_II successful_JJ partisan_JJ attacks_NN2 that_CST used_VVD the_AT CCSS_NP1 as_II a_AT1 wedge_NN1 issue_NN1 (_( among_II many_DA2 others_NN2 )_) (_( Druckman_NP1 ,_, Levendusky_NP1 ,_, &;_NULL McLain_NP1 ,_, 2018_MC ;_; Polikoff_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2016_MC ;_; Supovitz_NP1 ,_, 2017_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT participants_NN2 believe_VV0 that_CST FLL_NP1 classes_NN2 generally_RR include_VV0 more_RGR detailed_JJ instructor_NN1 explanations_NN2 of_IO difficult_JJ topics_NN2 and_CC provide_VV0 more_DAR opportunities_NN2 to_TO ask_VVI questions_NN2 than_CSN do_VD0 OLL_VVI classes_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Unlike_II the_AT prior_JJ two_MC phases_NN2 ,_, both_DB2 coders_NN2 coded_VVD each_DD1 of_IO the_AT final_NN1 34_MC sources_NN2 for_IF the_AT following_JJ attributes_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Respondents_NN2 might_VM also_RR "_" edit_VV0 "_" answers_NN2 for_IF reasons_NN2 of_IO social_JJ desirability_NN1 and_CC self-presentation_NN1 ,_, or_CC provide_VV0 inaccurate_JJ answers_NN2 to_II uncomfortable_JJ questions_NN2 (_( Schwarz_NP1 &;_NULL Oyserman_NP1 ,_, 2001_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Implications_NN2 :_: Findings_NN2 help_VV0 inform_VVI those_DD2 seeking_VVG to_TO meet_VVI the_AT needs_NN2 of_IO our_APPGE growing_JJ Latinx_NN1 student_NN1 population_NN1 ,_, including_II school_NN1 district_NN1 administrators_NN2 ,_, current_JJ and_CC upcoming_JJ school_NN1 leaders_NN2 ,_, and_CC those_DD2 working_VVG to_TO prepare_VVI a_AT1 more_RGR diverse_JJ school_NN1 leadership_NN1 pipeline_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Testing_VVG the_AT observed_JJ relation_NN1 in_II other_JJ specific_JJ domains_NN2 (_( e.g._REX ,_, mathematics_NN1 )_) would_VM also_RR be_VBI an_AT1 important_JJ contribution_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
To_TO parallel_VVI the_AT measures_NN2 of_IO USNWR_NP1 and_CC party_NN1 school_NN1 rankings_NN2 ,_, I_PPIS1 also_RR use_VV0 a_AT1 variable_NN1 that_CST identifies_VVZ programs_NN2 that_CST moved_VVD into_II the_AT AP_NP1 Top_NN1 10_MC compared_VVN to_II the_AT previous_JJ season_NNT1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 finish_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Nelson_NP1 Laird_NP1 ,_, Bridges_NP1 ,_, Morelon-Quainoo_NP1 ,_, Williams_NP1 ,_, and_CC Holmes_NP1 (_( 2007_MC )_) made_VVD similar_JJ comparisons_NN2 between_II HSIs_NP1 ,_, PWIs_NP1 ,_, and_CC HBCUs_NN1 using_VVG regression_NN1 analyses_NN2 and_CC data_NN from_II the_AT National_JJ Survey_NN1 of_IO Student_NN1 Engagement_NN1 ,_, stating_VVG that_CST because_CS Latinxs_NN2 were_VBDR engaged_VVN at_II HSIs_NP1 in_II similar_JJ rates_NN2 as_CSA they_PPHS2 are_VBR at_II PWIs_NP1 ,_, HSIs_NP1 ,_, "_" We_PPIS2 suggest_VV0 that_CST HSIs_NP1 are_VBR in_II the_AT midst_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 shift_NN1 from_II having_VHG white-oriented_JJ institutional_JJ cultures_NN2 to_II cultures_NN2 inclusive_JJ of_IO Hispanic_JJ student_NN1 and_CC their_APPGE educational_JJ needs_NN2 "_" (_( p._NNU 51_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Each_DD1 program_NN1 is_VBZ characterized_VVN by_II a_AT1 single_JJ circle_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Many_DA2 charter_NN1 teachers_NN2 in_II Detroit_NP1 sought_VVD jobs_NN2 in_II the_AT TPS_NP1 sector_NN1 ,_, but_CCB ultimately_RR felt_VVD trapped_VVN in_II charter_NN1 schools_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
All_DB the_AT participants_NN2 were_VBDR between_II 16_MC and_CC 23_MC years_NNT2 old_JJ and_CC had_VHD migrated_VVN to_II the_AT United_NP1 States_NP1 within_II the_AT past_JJ 7_MC years_NNT2 ,_, with_IW several_DA2 arriving_VVG as_RG recently_RR as_CSA 6_MC months_NNT2 prior_II21 to_II22 the_AT study_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
That_REX21 is_REX22 ,_, to_TO explore_VVI if_CS and_CC how_RGQ in-text_JJ commentary_NN1 and_CC comments_NN2 as_CSA feedback_NN1 which_DDQ make_VV0 reference_NN1 to_II the_AT rubric_NN1 are_VBR provided_VVN ._. 
</s>
<s>
More_RGR broadly_RR ,_, it_PPH1 would_VM in_II fact_NN1 seem_VV0 that_CST the_AT discourse_NN1 prior_II21 to_II22 the_AT protests_NN2 (_( e.g._REX excellent_JJ policies_NN2 but_CCB problematic_JJ implementation_NN1 )_) ,_, during_II the_AT protests_NN2 (_( e.g._REX silence_NN1 over_II the_AT role_NN1 of_IO indigenous_JJ African_JJ languages_NN2 in_II the_AT "_" Afrikaans_NN1 must_VM fall_VVI "_" versus_II "_" Afrikaans_NN1 must_VM stay_VVI "_" demonstrations_NN2 )_) ,_, and_CC after_CS the_AT protests_NN2 (_( e.g._REX English_JJ as_CSA primary_JJ medium_NN1 in_II several_DA2 policy_NN1 revisions_NN2 )_) warrant_VV0 attention_NN1 ,_, especially_RR from_II critical_JJ literacy_NN1 perspectives_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
There_EX were_VBDR also_RR limitations_NN2 that_CST emerged_VVD from_II this_DD1 study_NN1 that_CST speak_VV0 to_II potential_JJ future_JJ areas_NN2 of_IO research_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
I_PPIS1 had_VHD been_VBN trying_VVG to_TO study_VVI earlier_RRR ,_, but_CCB there_EX was_VBDZ no_AT opportunity_NN1 because_CS you_PPY then_RT would_VM have_VHI had_VHN to_TO do_VDI it_PPH1 in_II31 addition_II32 to_II33 your_APPGE full-time_JJ job_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Thus_RR ,_, future_JJ studies_NN2 should_VM avoid_VVI this_DD1 possible_JJ lack_NN1 of_IO students_NN2 '_NULL engagement_NN1 in_II the_AT task_NN1 by_II preventing_VVG them_PPHO2 from_II simply_RR copying_VVG the_AT information_NN1 from_II the_AT text_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Because_CS inequality_NN1 in_II family_NN1 characteristics_NN2 and_CC resources_NN2 is_VBZ greater_JJR than_CSN inequality_NN1 in_II school_NN1 environments_NN2 ,_, the_AT argument_NN1 goes_VVZ ,_, schools_NN2 have_VH0 an_AT1 overall_JJ equalizing_JJ effect_NN1 (_( Downey_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2004_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Given_CS21 that_CS22 there_EX is_VBZ no_AT bunching_NN1 ,_, this_DD1 issue_NN1 does_VDZ not_XX appear_VVI problematic_JJ to_II the_AT RD_NN1 as_II an_AT1 identification_NN1 strategy_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
One_MC1 future_JJ option_NN1 could_VM be_VBI to_TO include_VVI some_DD form_NN1 of_IO automated_JJ writing_NN1 evaluation_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ many_DA2 writing_NN1 programs_NN2 use_VV0 ._. 
</s>
<s>
For_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, one_PN1 attested_VVD to_II the_AT concept_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 usefulness_NN1 absent_VV0 a_AT1 clear_JJ assertion_NN1 of_IO its_APPGE meaning_NN1 :_: "_" It_PPH1 &lsqb;_( institutional_JJ habitus_NN1 &rsqb;_) reveals_VVZ how_RRQ each_DD1 school_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 habitus_JJ projects_NN2 ,_, '_NULL normalizes_VVZ '_NULL and_CC engenders_VVZ particular_JJ knowledge_NN1 and_CC experiences_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
._. ._. Need_VV0 for_IF a_AT1 new_JJ implementation_NN1 of_IO CT_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Additionally_RR ,_, Study_NN1 2_MC showed_VVD a_AT1 significant_JJ link_NN1 between_II deep_JJ structure_NN1 noticing_VVG and_CC transfer_NN1 test_NN1 performance_NN1 ,_, when_CS controlling_VVG for_IF task_NN1 performance_NN1 and_CC prior_JJ knowledge_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT evaluation_NN1 process_NN1 though_CS being_VBG grounded_VVN on_II evaluation_NN1 theory_NN1 can_VM be_VBI complex_JJ requiring_VVG expertise_NN1 for_IF success_NN1 (_( Frye_NP1 &;_NULL Hemmer_NP1 ,_, 2012_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
But_CCB I_PPIS1 never_RR feel_VV0 like_CS they_PPHS2 actually_RR talk_VV0 to_II us_PPIO2 about_II what_DDQ does_VDZ the_AT data_NN say_VVI ?_? 
</s>
<s>
The_AT U.S._NP1 Department_NN1 of_IO Education_NN1 identified_VVN 11_MC necessary_JJ elements_NN2 to_TO qualify_VVI for_IF CSR_NP1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
As_II an_AT1 English_JJ major_NN1 at_II a_AT1 small_JJ liberal_JJ arts_NN2 college_NN1 in_II the_AT mid-1990s_MC2 ,_, Carolyn_NP1 felt_VVD called_VVN to_TO teach_VVI ._. 
</s>
<s>
Figure_VV0 1_MC1 demonstrates_VVZ there_EX was_VBDZ little_JJ variation_NN1 among_II the_AT profiles_NN2 in_II31 terms_II32 of_II33 the_AT English_JJ variables_NN2 ,_, which_DDQ is_VBZ likely_JJ due_II21 to_II22 the_AT students_NN2 receiving_VVG English-only_JJ instruction_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT subsection_NN1 on_II "_" Instructional_JJ materials_NN2 "_" in_II the_AT "_" Method_NN1 "_" details_NN2 how_RRQ specific_JJ instructional_JJ features_NN2 from_II the_AT theoretical_JJ model_NN1 found_VVD their_APPGE way_NN1 into_II the_AT design_NN1 of_IO the_AT video_NN1 tutorial_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT extent_NN1 to_II which_DDQ one_MC1 or_CC the_AT other_JJ way_NN1 is_VBZ more_RGR successful_JJ in_II enhancing_VVG social_JJ inclusion_NN1 is_VBZ a_AT1 question_NN1 for_IF further_RRR empirical_JJ research_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Acknowledgments_NN2 This_DD1 study_NN1 is_VBZ a_AT1 partnership_NN1 between_II House_NN1 of_IO Oswaldo_NP1 Cruz/Oswaldo_NP1 Cruz_NP1 Foundation_NN1 -_- Fiocruz_NP1 (_( Brazil_NP1 )_) and_CC Oregon_NP1 State_NN1 University_NN1 (_( USA_NP1 )_) ,_, and_CC linked_VVN to_II the_AT Brazilian_JJ Institute_NN1 of_IO Public_JJ Communi-cation_NN1 of_IO Science_NN1 and_CC Technology_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Blimp_VV0 syntax_NN1 editor_NN1 ,_, displayed_VVN on_II Mac_NP1 ,_, with_IW syntax_NN1 for_IF random_JJ intercept_VV0 analysis_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Correlations_NN2 among_II all_DB variables_NN2 are_VBR displayed_VVN in_II Table_NN1 2_MC ._. 
</s>
<s>
However_RR ,_, when_CS discussing_VVG a_AT1 creative_JJ product_NN1 ,_, we_PPIS2 reference_VV0 the_AT creative_JJ design_NN1 process_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ was_VBDZ proposed_VVN to_TO integrate_VVI the_AT engineering_NN1 design_NN1 process_NN1 with_IW the_AT cognitive_JJ creative_JJ process_NN1 (_( Howard_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
2008_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Kibbee_NN1 rightly_RR challenges_VVZ the_AT French_JJ notion_NN1 that_CST linguistic_JJ uniformity_NN1 is_VBZ the_AT way_NN1 to_TO remediate_VVI linguistic_JJ inequality_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Data_NN drawn_VVN from_II teacher_NN1 interview_NN1 responses_NN2 and_CC written_JJ reflections_NN2 suggest_VV0 that_CST the_AT collaborative_JJ ,_, socially_RR focused_VVN format_NN1 of_IO HEAT_NN1 and_CC the_AT use_NN1 of_IO the_AT hands-on_JJ manipulatives_NN2 allowed_VVN for_IF the_AT creation_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 fun_NN1 and_CC enjoyable_JJ learning_NN1 space_NN1 that_CST motivated_JJ student_NN1 participation_NN1 and_CC mathematics_NN1 learning_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Kumashiro_NP1 (_( 2002_MC )_) follows_VVZ Felman_NP1 and_CC Laub_NP1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 argument_NN1 and_CC write_VV0 how_RRQ entering_VVG crises_NN2 is_VBZ not_XX just_RR a_AT1 required_JJ part_NN1 but_CCB also_RR a_AT1 desired_JJ part_NN1 of_IO learning_VVG in_II anti-oppressive_JJ ways_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_RR21 general_RR22 ,_, our_APPGE society_NN1 views_NN2 creativity_NN1 as_II the_AT nearly_RR exclusive_JJ property_NN1 of_IO the_AT privileged_JJ or_CC the_AT antisocial_JJ ._. 
</s>
<s>
All_DB data_NN was_VBDZ recorded_VVN and_CC transcribed_VVN ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT results_NN2 show_VV0 that_CST the_AT number_NN1 of_IO times_NNT2 Facebook_NP1 was_VBDZ accessed_VVN and_CC the_AT time_NNT1 spent_VVN on_II Facebook_NP1 did_VDD not_XX affect_VVI active_JJ and_CC collaborative_JJ learning_NN1 ,_, learning_VVG with_IW peers_NN2 ,_, or_CC academic_JJ challenge_NN1 in_II learning_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Since_II 1988_MC ,_, state_VV0 schools1_FO have_VH0 had_VHN to_TO follow_VVI a_AT1 National_JJ Curriculum_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ outlines_NN2 the_AT subjects_NN2 that_CST students_NN2 must_VM be_VBI taught_VVN and_CC the_AT assessments_NN2 they_PPHS2 must_VM sit_VVI across_II four_MC compulsory_JJ key_JJ stages_NN2 (_( Isaacs_NP1 ,_, 2010_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT marked_JJ underutilization_NN1 of_IO TOCs_NP2 suggests_VVZ the_AT need_NN1 for_IF more_DAR clarity_NN1 and_CC support_VV0 for_IF their_APPGE development_NN1 and_CC use_VV0 throughout_II the_AT early_JJ childhood_NN1 ecosystem_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 study_NN1 aimed_VVD to_TO determine_VVI the_AT relationship_NN1 between_II three_MC dimensions_NN2 of_IO organizational_JJ justice_NN1 and_CC two_MC dimensions_NN2 of_IO university_NN1 faculty_NN1 OCB_NN1 and_CC examine_VV0 the_AT potential_JJ mediating_JJ role_NN1 of_IO affective_JJ organizational_JJ commitment_NN1 on_II participant_NN1 faculty_NN1 members_NN2 of_IO a_AT1 major_JJ university_NN1 in_II Shandong_NP1 Province_NN1 ,_, China_NP1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
More_DAR than_CSN a_AT1 decade_NNT1 after_II Brown_NP1 ,_, there_EX remained_VVD significant_JJ local_JJ White_JJ resistance_NN1 to_II school_NN1 desegregation_NN1 in_II Nashville_NP1 and_CC many_DA2 Southern_JJ school_NN1 districts_NN2 ;_; fearful_JJ of_IO losing_VVG federal_JJ funding_NN1 (_( Franklin_NP1 ,_, 2005_MC )_) ,_, the_AT districts_NN2 proposed_VVD a_AT1 "_" grade-a-year_JJ "_" program_NN1 (_( Erickson_NP1 ,_, 2012_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Those_DD2 beliefs_NN2 are_VBR likely_JJ to_TO be_VBI derivatives_NN2 of_IO beliefs_NN2 about_II students_NN2 '_NULL capabilities_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
An_AT1 additional_JJ interesting_JJ activity_NN1 would_VM be_VBI to_TO open_VVI up_RP course_NN1 discussions_NN2 to_II a_AT1 broader_JJR audience_NN1 of_IO students_NN2 who_PNQS did_VDD not_XX participate_VVI in_II the_AT course_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Data_NN from_II 997_MC Australian_JJ students_NN2 in_II primary_JJ Years_NNT2 4_MC and_CC 6_MC were_VBDR analysed_VVN to_TO examine_VVI the_AT influence_NN1 of_IO 10_MC variables_NN2 on_II reading_VVG frequency_NN1 and_CC attitudes_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Priming_NN1 allows_VVZ individuals_NN2 to_TO respond_VVI more_RGR quickly_RR and_CC more_RGR accurately_RR to_II previously_RR experienced_JJ materials_NN2 (_( Dell_NP1 ,_, Ratcliff_NP1 ,_, &;_NULL McKoon_NP1 ,_, 1981_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
A_AT1 theme_NN1 can_VM comprise_VVI two_MC or_CC more_DAR subjects_NN2 ,_, vocational_JJ and_CC general_JJ subjects_NN2 ,_, only_RR general_JJ subjects_NN2 ,_, or_CC only_RR vocational_JJ subjects_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
P1_FO '_NULL s_ZZ1 lab_NN1 looked_VVD somewhat_RR like_II a_AT1 modern_JJ business_NN1 office_NN1 ,_, except_CS with_IW a_AT1 higher_JJR temperature_NN1 due_II21 to_II22 the_AT computer_NN1 simulations_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
We_PPIS2 found_VVD a_AT1 significant_JJ main_JJ effect_NN1 of_IO talk_NN1 partner_NN1 on_II total_JJ elaborations_NN2 (_( see_VV0 Table_NN1 4_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II using_VVG repeated_JJ administrations_NN2 of_IO a_AT1 simple_JJ writing_NN1 task_NN1 ,_, we_PPIS2 expected_VVD this_DD1 developmental_JJ window_NN1 to_TO provide_VVI insights_NN2 into_II the_AT phase_NN1 during_II which_DDQ spelling_NN1 ability_NN1 should_VM exert_VVI the_AT greatest_JJT impact_NN1 on_II emergent_JJ writing_NN1 skills_NN2 (_( Berninger_NP1 &;_NULL Swanson_NP1 ,_, 1994_MC ;_; Juel_NP1 ,_, 1988_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Rather_RR ,_, he_PPHS1 expressed_VVD his_APPGE desire_NN1 to_TO develop_VVI the_AT deep_JJ interest_NN1 that_CST ,_, for_IF teachers_NN2 ,_, often_RR comes_VVZ through_II engagement_NN1 ,_, planning_VVG ,_, lesson_NN1 design_NN1 ,_, and_CC repeated_JJ engagement_NN1 with_IW a_AT1 topic_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT middle_JJ school_NN1 teachers_NN2 had_VHD teaching_NN1 certificates_NN2 and_CC teaching_VVG experience_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II "_" If_CSW You_PPY Offer_VV0 It_PPH1 ,_, Will_VM They_PPHS2 Come_VV0 ?_? 
</s>
<s>
Given_CS21 that_CS22 descriptions_NN2 are_VBR frequently_RR part_NN1 of_IO other_JJ modes_NN2 of_IO writing_NN1 ,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ important_JJ to_TO examine_VVI how_RRQ children_NN2 face_VV0 the_AT challenge_NN1 of_IO integrating_VVG descriptive_JJ structures_NN2 and_CC other_JJ textual_JJ features_NN2 ,_, such_II21 as_II22 content_JJ relationships_NN2 ,_, vocabulary_NN1 ,_, or_CC stance_NN1 in_II different_JJ text_NN1 types_NN2 ,_, throughout_II their_APPGE academic_JJ life_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Subjects_NN2 rated_VVD one_MC1 of_IO six_MC fictitious_JJ resumes_NN2 randomly_RR arranged_VVN within_II a_AT1 2_MC (_( gender_NN1 )_) x_ZZ1 3_MC (_( internship_NN1 type_NN1 )_) factorial_JJ design_NN1 that_CST tested_VVD the_AT main_JJ and_CC the_AT interaction_NN1 effects_NN2 of_IO the_AT independent_JJ variables_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
That_DD1 number_NN1 ranged_VVN from_II 3_MC to_II 30_MC in_II a_AT1 centre_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT worsening_JJ of_IO some_DD of_IO the_AT key_JJ measures_NN2 of_IO wellbeing_NN1 over_II time_NNT1 is_VBZ consistent_JJ with_IW increasingly_RR risky_JJ gambling_NN1 behaviour_NN1 or_CC the_AT cumulative_JJ effects_NN2 of_IO a_AT1 sustained_JJ period_NN1 of_IO problem_NN1 gambling_NN1 and_CC existing_JJ research_NN1 that_CST has_VHZ identified_VVN comorbidity_NN1 between_II problem_NN1 gambling_NN1 and_CC mental_JJ health_NN1 problems_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Only_RR 2_MC of_IO 13_MC undergraduate_NN1 and_CC 6_MC of12_FO postgraduate_NN1 papers_NN2 failed_VVD ._. 
</s>
<s>
One_MC1 Doctor_NN1 ,_, also_RR an_AT1 HOD_NN1 ,_, blamed_VVD their_APPGE department_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 area_NN1 of_IO expertise_NN1 as_II the_AT reason_NN1 to_TO justify_VVI minimal_JJ use_NN1 of_IO Moodle_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Only_JJ articles_NN2 that_CST met_VVD the_AT following_JJ inclusion_NN1 criteria_NN2 were_VBDR selected_VVN :_: peer-reviewed_JJ ,_, empirical_JJ studies_NN2 with_IW a_AT1 particular_JJ focus_NN1 on_II academic_JJ writing_NN1 ,_, published_VVN in_II the_AT field_NN1 of_IO academic_JJ education_NN1 ,_, including_II all_DB disciplines_NN2 that_CST discussed_VVD interventions_NN2 employing_VVG face-to-face_JJ feedback_NN1 dialogue_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Gautreaux_NN2 offered_VVD evidence_NN1 that_CST rather_RG small_JJ changes_NN2 in_II policy_NN1 could_VM dramatically_RR change_VVI lives_NN2 ,_, but_CCB the_AT initial_JJ results_NN2 of_IO MTO_NP1 dampened_VVD much_DA1 of_IO that_DD1 enthusiasm_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
We_PPIS2 turn_VV0 first_MD to_II a_AT1 brief_JJ summary_NN1 of_IO the_AT reforms_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Just_RR as_CSA singers_NN2 improved_VVN in_II sight-singing_JJ achievement_NN1 after_II pitch-set_JJ instruction_NN1 ,_, wind_NN1 players_NN2 also_RR saw_VVD significant_JJ improvement_NN1 when_CS they_PPHS2 learned_VVD notes_NN2 in_II the_AT context_NN1 of_IO tonal_JJ patterns_NN2 rather_II21 than_II22 in_II isolation_NN1 (_( MacKnight_NP1 ,_, 1975_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Again_RT ,_, we_PPIS2 maintained_VVD the_AT 17-items_NN2 and_CC used_VVD a_AT1 5-point_JJ scale_NN1 for_IF the_AT measurement_NN1 system_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Figure_NN1 4_MC shows_VVZ teachers_NN2 '_NULL mean_VV0 Confidence_NN1 scores_NN2 in_II each_DD1 topic_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Male_NN1 and_CC female_JJ students_NN2 that_CST switched_VVD schools_NN2 in_II the_AT summer_NNT1 had_VHD nearly_RR identical_JJ math_NN1 achievement_NN1 levels_NN2 (_( ?_? 0.15SD_FO vs._II ?_? 0.13SD_FO )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Such_DA results_NN2 indicated_VVD that_CST the_AT change_NN1 in_II ICL0_FO for_IF low-varied_JJ experiences_NN2 condition_NN1 was_VBDZ gradual_JJ and_CC unstable_JJ ._. 
</s>
<s>
To_TO address_VVI these_DD2 issues_NN2 ,_, there_EX are_VBR opportunities_NN2 for_IF professional_JJ education_NN1 and_CC continuing_JJ professional_JJ development_NN1 (_( CPD_NP1 )_) programmes_NN2 to_TO integrate_VVI relationship_NN1 and_CC sexuality_NN1 issues_NN2 as_II a_AT1 core_NN1 element_NN1 of_IO the_AT curriculum_NN1 and_CC staff_NN development_NN1 and_CC the_AT role_NN1 of_IO RSE_NN1 programmes_NN2 (_( McCann_NP1 and_CC Brown_NP1 ,_, 2018_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
A_AT1 frequently_RR cited_VVN definition_NN1 of_IO AfL_NN1 is_VBZ the_AT one_PN1 formulated_VVN by_II the_AT Assessment_NN1 Reform_NN1 Group_NN1 (_( ARG_NP1 2002_MC )_) which_DDQ views_NN2 AfL_VV0 as_II a_AT1 process_NN1 of_IO seeking_VVG and_CC interpreting_VVG evidence_NN1 for_IF use_NN1 by_II learners_NN2 and_CC their_APPGE teachers_NN2 to_TO decide_VVI where_RRQ the_AT learners_NN2 are_VBR in_II their_APPGE learning_NN1 ,_, and_CC where_CS they_PPHS2 need_VV0 to_TO go_VVI and_CC how_RRQ best_RRT to_TO get_VVI there_RL ._. 
</s>
<s>
Hypothesis_NN1 1_MC1 :_: Dominant_JJ predictors_NN2 of_IO schoolwide_JJ API_NN2 would_VM also_RR be_VBI strong_JJ predictors_NN2 of_IO subgroup_NN1 API_NN2 gain_VV0 ._. 
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<s>
Although_CS the_AT difference_NN1 between_II control_NN1 and_CC treated_JJ students_NN2 was_VBDZ substantively_RR small_JJ ,_, this_DD1 finding_NN1 is_VBZ reassuring_JJ because_CS a_AT1 no_NN1 effect_NN1 finding_NN1 could_VM indicate_VVI that_CST the_AT supple-mental_JJ letter_NN1 was_VBDZ disregarded_VVN by_II students_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II their_APPGE dialogue_NN1 with_IW their_APPGE student_NN1 partners_NN2 ,_, staff_NN reflect_VV0 on_II the_AT ways_NN2 in_II which_DDQ the_AT academy_NN1 and_CC particular_JJ disciplines_NN2 exclude_VV0 (_( e.g._REX ,_, women_NN2 and_CC people_NN of_IO color_NN1 in_II STEM_NN1 )_) and_CC the_AT ways_NN2 in_II which_DDQ inequitable_JJ language_NN1 and_CC behavior_NN1 can_VM affect_VVI any_DD class_NN1 ,_, regardless_RR of_IO discipline_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Preliminary_JJ analysis_NN1 did_VDD not_XX reveal_VVI sex_NN1 or_CC race_NN1 differences_NN2 ,_, so_RR these_DD2 variables_NN2 were_VBDR not_XX included_VVN in_II subsequent_JJ analyses_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 sense_NN1 of_IO inconvenience_NN1 may_VM also_RR be_VBI exacerbated_VVN by_II the_AT large_JJ portion_NN1 of_IO administrative_JJ positions_NN2 occupied_VVN by_II Han_NP1 officials_NN2 ,_, many_DA2 of_IO whom_PNQO are_VBR not_XX familiar_JJ with_IW regulations_NN2 regarding_II minority_NN1 language_NN1 rights_NN2 (_( Zhou_NP1 2004_MC )_) i.e._REX For_IF the_AT present_JJ study_NN1 ,_, the_AT main_JJ advantage_NN1 of_IO micro-level_JJ coding_NN1 was_VBDZ to_TO facilitate_VVI sequential_JJ analyses_NN2 to_TO examine_VVI how_RGQ maternal_JJ behaviours_NN2 led_VVN to_II infant_NN1 behaviours_NN2 or_CC vice_RR21 versa_RR22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT SRS_NP1 provides_VVZ the_AT function_NN1 for_IF teachers_NN2 by_II displaying_VVG charted_JJ information_NN1 of_IO students_NN2 '_NULL responses_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II conclusion_NN1 ,_, our_APPGE analysis_NN1 suggests_VVZ the_AT uncontroversial_JJ but_CCB sometimes_RT underappreciated_JJ fact_NN1 that_CST ,_, when_CS it_PPH1 comes_VVZ to_II policy_NN1 efforts_NN2 to_TO improve_VVI our_APPGE nation_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 underperforming_JJ schools_NN2 ,_, local_JJ implementation_NN1 and_CC contextual_JJ details_NN2 are_VBR highly_RR relevant_JJ and_CC an_AT1 accountability_NN1 system_NN1 that_CST may_VM have_VHI proved_VVN effective_JJ elsewhere_RL can_VM still_RR fail_VVI if_CSW the_AT local_JJ infrastructure_NN1 and_CC public_JJ attitudes_NN2 do_VD0 not_XX support_VVI it_PPH1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT SDR_NP1 was_VBDZ launched_VVN in_II 1973_MC and_CC is_VBZ repeated_VVN every_AT1 two_MC or_CC three_MC years_NNT2 since_II then_RT ._. 
</s>
<s>
Most_DAT analyses_NN2 used_VVD an_AT1 ANOVA_NN1 model_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Because_CS teachers_NN2 were_VBDR all_DB given_VVN the_AT same_DA learning_NN1 environment_NN1 that_CST included_VVD autonomy-promoting_JJ elements_NN2 supported_VVN by_II prior_JJ research_NN1 ,_, Udio_NP1 provided_VVD an_AT1 ideal_JJ setting_NN1 to_TO study_VVI teacher_NN1 sensemaking_VVG and_CC choices_NN2 about_II student_NN1 autonomy_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Researchers_NN2 have_VH0 recently_RR emphasized_VVN the_AT importance_NN1 of_IO educational_JJ theories_NN2 for_IF learning_VVG analytics_NN1 design_NN1 ,_, as_II31 well_II32 as_II33 the_AT contributions_NN2 of_IO learning_VVG analytics_NN1 interventions_NN2 to_II the_AT advancement_NN1 of_IO theories_NN2 (_( Knight_NP1 &;_NULL Shum_NP1 ,_, 2017_MC ;_; Wise_NP1 &;_NULL Shaffer_NP1 ,_, 2015_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT complex_JJ task_NN1 of_IO learning_VVG to_TO write_VVI entails_VVZ a_AT1 variety_NN1 of_IO sub-skills_NN2 ,_, including_II learning_VVG to_II scribeto_NN1 write_VV0 the_AT letters_NN2 of_IO the_AT alphabet_NN1 by_II hand_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT only_JJ citizens_NN2 he_PPHS1 saw_VVD as_CSA having_VHG a_AT1 choice_NN1 of_IO school_NN1 were_VBDR those_DD2 who_PNQS could_VM afford_VVI private_JJ education_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
It_PPH1 is_VBZ notable_JJ that_CST these_DD2 satisfaction_NN1 findings_NN2 align_VV0 with_IW Gleason_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
(_( 2010_MC )_) and_CC Tuttle_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
(_( 2013_MC )_) ,_, which_DDQ compared_VVD the_AT satisfaction_NN1 of_IO charter_NN1 school_NN1 lottery_NN1 winners_NN2 and_CC losers_NN2 ,_, and_CC Barrows_NN2 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
(_( 2017_MC )_) ,_, which_DDQ examined_VVD two_MC nationally_RR representative_JJ parent_NN1 surveys_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
They_PPHS2 might_VM thus_RR become_VVI more_RRR engaged_VVN in_II tasks_NN2 based_VVN on_II learner-generated_JJ content_NN1 than_CSN in_II tasks_NN2 based_VVN on_II teacher-generated_JJ content_NN1 as_CSA learner-generated_JJ content_NN1 provides_VVZ more_DAR opportunities_NN2 for_IF conceptualizing_VVG original_JJ content_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
For_IF military_JJ task_NN1 performance_NN1 the_AT impact_NN1 of_IO cold_NN1 appeared_VVD related_VVN to_II the_AT complexity_NN1 of_IO the_AT task_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
While_CS in_II the_AT New_JJ Math_NN1 period_NN1 ,_, this_DD1 topic_NN1 immediately_RR started_VVD with_IW an_AT1 abstract_JJ and_CC technically_RR advanced_JJ definition_NN1 (_( '_NULL a_AT1 special_JJ type_NN1 of_IO subset_NN1 of_IO the_AT Cartesian_JJ product_NN1 of_IO two_MC sets_NN2 '_NULL )_) in_II the_AT first_MD year_NNT1 in_II secondary_JJ school_NN1 ,_, now_RT students_NN2 first_MD encounter_NN1 tables_NN2 ,_, graphs_NN2 and_CC formulas_NN2 as_CSA representations_NN2 of_IO various_JJ types_NN2 of_IO meaningful_JJ relationships_NN2 (_( e.g._REX ,_, proportional_JJ and_CC inverse_JJ proportional_JJ relationships_NN2 )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT red_JJ line_NN1 is_VBZ the_AT reference_NN1 line_NN1 defined_VVN as_CSA y_ZZ1 =_FO x_ZZ1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Beyond_II individualized_JJ training_NN1 ,_, our_APPGE results_NN2 suggest_VV0 two_MC other_JJ professional_JJ learning_NN1 features_NN2 worth_II noting_VVG ._. 
</s>
<s>
Initiatives_NN2 of_IO low-carbon_JJ eco-city_NN1 ,_, green_JJ campus_NN1 and_CC green_JJ building_NN1 date_NN1 back_RP to_II the_AT same_DA period_NN1 of_IO 1970s_MC2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT assessment_NN1 criteria_NN2 also_RR make_VV0 evident_JJ writing_NN1 constructs_NN2 that_CST presuppose_VV0 that_DD1 writing_NN1 must_VM conform_VVI to_II certain_JJ rules_NN2 governing_VVG language_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Predicting_VVG problem_NN1 behavior_NN1 ,_, prosocial_JJ behavior_NN1 ,_, and_CC language_NN1 ability_NN1 As_CSA some_DD of_IO the_AT observed_JJ children_NN2 came_VVD from_II the_AT same_DA childcare_NN1 setting_NN1 ,_, we_PPIS2 had_VHD to_TO deal_VVI with_IW a_AT1 hierarchical_JJ data_NN structure_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 was_VBDZ also_RR the_AT case_NN1 when_CS considering_VVG the_AT poor_JJ answers_NN2 (_( M_ZZ1 =_FO 4,4_MC ,_, SD_NP1 =_FO 0.5_MC )_) effect_NN1 on_II participants_NN2 task-specific_JJ SE_ND1 ,_, t_ZZ1 (_( 10_MC )_) =_FO 8.9_MC ,_, p_ZZ1 <.001_FO ,_, d_ZZ1 =_FO 2.8_MC ._. 
</s>
<s>
Self-competence_NN1 and_CC school_NN1 engagement_NN1 are_VBR the_AT variables_NN2 that_CST can_VM be_VBI influenced_VVN by_II school_NN1 programs_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
It_PPH1 should_VM be_VBI noted_VVN that_CST this_DD1 notion_NN1 of_IO appropriateness_NN1 does_VDZ not_XX address_VVI the_AT question_NN1 of_IO whether_CSW a_AT1 word_NN1 is_VBZ used_VVN accurately_RR or_CC not_XX (_( i.e._REX whether_CSW it_PPH1 captures_VVZ the_AT intended_JJ meaning_NN1 )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
We_PPIS2 report_VV0 the_AT results_NN2 in_II Table_NN1 7_MC ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II this_DD1 sense_NN1 ,_, the_AT tendency_NN1 toward_II self-justification_NN1 may_VM ,_, in_II itself_PPX1 ,_, affect_VV0 levels_NN2 of_IO prosocial_JJ and_CC intrinsic_JJ motivation_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT teacher_NN1 first_MD tries_VVZ to_TO reprimand_VVI the_AT child_NN1 non-verbally_RR (_( tapping_VVG her_APPGE own_DA shoulders_NN2 )_) ,_, perhaps_RR in_II an_AT1 attempt_NN1 to_TO minimize_VVI the_AT disruption_NN1 to_II the_AT ongoing_JJ conversation_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II this_DD1 section_NN1 ,_, we_PPIS2 expand_VV0 the_AT results_NN2 by_II offering_VVG larger_JJR contributions_NN2 and_CC implications_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II the_AT late_JJ 2000s_MC2 ,_, in_II an_AT1 attempt_NN1 to_TO make_VVI SPS_NN2 more_RGR meaningful_JJ ,_, the_AT state_NN1 created_VVD performance_NN1 labels_NN2 corresponding_VVG to_II the_AT numbers_NN2 :_: In_II31 addition_II32 to_II33 AUS_NP1 labels_NN2 for_IF low_JJ performers_NN2 ,_, schools_NN2 received_VVD stars_NN2 if_CS they_PPHS2 earned_VVD 60_MC or_CC higher-from_II one_MC1 star_NN1 up_RP to_II five_MC for_IF scores_NN2 140_MC and_CC above_RL ._. 
</s>
<s>
All_DB student_NN1 and_CC group_NN1 tags_NN2 ,_, answers_NN2 ,_, and_CC rationales_NN2 were_VBDR captured_VVN by_II the_AT system_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 data_NN logging_VVG ;_; researcher_NN1 field_NN1 notes_NN2 were_VBDR taken_VVN during_II the_AT in-class_JJ activity_NN1 ;_; a_AT1 follow-up_JJ debriefing_NN1 was_VBDZ held_VVN with_IW the_AT teacher_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Teachers_NN2 in_II such_DA schools_NN2 are_VBR likely_JJ to_TO have_VHI positive_JJ beliefs_NN2 about_II the_AT school_NN1 ,_, their_APPGE colleagues_NN2 ,_, their_APPGE students_NN2 ,_, and_CC the_AT wider_JJR school_NN1 community_NN1 including_II parents_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
She_PPHS1 described_VVD racism_NN1 as_II '_NULL part_NN1 of_IO my_APPGE everyday_JJ life_NN1 '_NULL in_II South_NP1 Africa_NP1 and_CC being_VBG spatatinNorthernIreland_NN1 ,_, soon_RR after_II arriving_VVG in_II the_AT UK_NP1 ,_, aged11_FO ._. 
</s>
<s>
Model_VV0 1_MC1 confirmed_VVD the_AT existence_NN1 of_IO between-school_JJ variance_NN1 in_II average_JJ GCSE_NN1 score_NN1 and_CC thus_RR ,_, validated_VVD the_AT use_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 multilevel_NN1 modelling_NN1 approach_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Behavior_NN1 can_VM be_VBI summarized_VVN in_II31 terms_II32 of_II33 the_AT actions_NN2 that_CST occur_VV0 most_RGT frequently_RR ,_, the_AT proportion_NN1 of_IO time_NNT1 that_CST specific_JJ actions_NN2 occur_VV0 ,_, or_CC the_AT variability_NN1 in_II the_AT types_NN2 of_IO actions_NN2 performed_VVD ._. 
</s>
<s>
These_DD2 audit_NN1 findings_NN2 will_VM have_VHI relevance_NN1 for_IF countries_NN2 wishing_VVG to_TO improve_VVI or_CC develop_VVI education_NN1 and_CC training_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
A_AT1 networked_JJ education_NN1 system_NN1 operates_VVZ in_II31 accord_II32 with_II33 principles_NN2 of_IO evolutionary_JJ learning_NN1 systems_NN2 ,_, net-worked_JJ improvement_NN1 communities_NN2 ,_, and_CC design-based_JJ improvement_NN1 (_( Bryk_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2015_MC ;_; Fishman_NP1 ,_, Penuel_NP1 ,_, Allen_NP1 ,_, Cheng_NP1 ,_, &;_NULL Sabelli_NP1 ,_, 2013_MC ;_; Peurach_NP1 ,_, Glazer_NP1 ,_, &;_NULL Lenhoff_NP1 ,_, 2016_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
To_TO help_VVI achieve_VVI these_DD2 goals_NN2 ,_, the_AT COAG_NP1 approved_VVD a_AT1 number_NN1 of_IO Indigenous-specific_JJ National_JJ Partnerships_NN2 ,_, including_II Closing_VVG the_AT Gap_NN1 :_: National_JJ Partnership_NN1 Agreement_NN1 on_II Indigenous_JJ Early_JJ Childhood_NN1 Development_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
They_PPHS2 came_VVD from_II a_AT1 different_JJ part_NN1 of_IO the_AT country_NN1 and_CC are_VBR just_RR new_JJ to_II Memphis_NP1 ,_, new_JJ to_II the_AT South_ND1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 decentered_JJ move_NN1 also_RR contributes_VVZ to_II Vincenzo_NP1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 greater_JJR acquisition_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 sense_NN1 of_IO himself_PPX1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
A_AT1 comparison_NN1 of_IO the_AT two_MC models_NN2 suggested_VVD that_CST both_DB2 models_NN2 fit_VV0 the_AT data_NN equally_RR well_RR (_( CFI_NP1 <_FO 0.01_MC )_) ,_, but_CCB the_AT second-order_JJ factor_NN1 model_NN1 was_VBDZ more_RGR parsimonious_JJ than_CSN the_AT correlated-trait_JJ model_NN1 as_CSA evidenced_VVN by_II its_APPGE lower_JJR CAIC_JJ values_NN2 and_CC was_VBDZ therefore_RR selected_VVN as_II the_AT final_JJ model_NN1 for_IF the_AT present_JJ study_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Participants_NN2 answered_VVD open-ended_JJ questions_NN2 that_CST included_VVD :_: "_" Why_RRQ did_VDD you_PPY choose_VVI to_II ghost_NN1 another_DD1 ?_? "_" 
</s>
<s>
But_CCB beyond_II the_AT 25%_NNU Latinx_NN1 (_( and_CC 50%_NNU low-income_NN1 )_) enrollment_NN1 criteria_NN2 solidified_VVD with_IW the_AT reauthorization_NN1 of_IO the_AT Higher_JJR Education_NN1 Act_NN1 of_IO 1992_MC ,_, the_AT federal_JJ government_NN1 has_VHZ not_XX specified_VVN what_DDQ the_AT "_" serving_NN1 "_" in_II HSIs_NP1 actually_RR means_VVZ ._. 
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<s>
More_DAR studies_NN2 are_VBR needed_VVN using_VVG a_AT1 combination_NN1 of_IO tools_NN2 for_IF collecting_VVG data_NN on_II teaching_VVG behavior_NN1 in_II different_JJ age_NN1 groups_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Table1_FO shows_VVZ the_AT simple_JJ statistical_JJ description_NN1 of_IO the_AT core_NN1 variables_NN2 in_II this_DD1 paper_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
He_PPHS1 went_VVD through_II each_DD1 of_IO these_DD2 ,_, asking_VVG for_IF suggestions_NN2 from_II parents_NN2 and_CC sharing_VVG his_APPGE own_DA examplesemphasizing_JJ positive_JJ parent-child_NN1 interactionsuntil_NN1 class_NN1 ended_VVD ._. 
</s>
<s>
Cross-sectional_JJ and_CC longitudinal_JJ results_NN2 show_VV0 that_CST the_AT structure_NN1 of_IO the_AT texts_NN2 evolves_VVZ from_II describing_VVG qualities_NN2 to_II building_VVG a_AT1 descriptive_JJ schema_NN1 in_II which_DDQ the_AT described_JJ entity_NN1 is_VBZ introduced_VVN ,_, qualities_NN2 are_VBR justified_VVN ,_, and_CC a_AT1 generalization_NN1 is_VBZ drawn_VVN from_II previously_RR provided_VVN details_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
As_II the_AT control_NN1 group_NN1 used_VVD the_AT ordinary_JJ blog_NN1 without_IW mindtool_NN1 ,_, only_RR the_AT two_MC experi_NN2 mental_JJ groups_NN2 needed_VVN to_TO answer_VVI the_AT question_NN1 about_II mindtools_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Do_VD0 conceptions_NN2 of_IO national_JJ prosperity_NN1 differ_VV0 in_II young_JJ people_NN who_PNQS attend_VV0 a_AT1 school_NN1 with_IW a_AT1 whole-school_JJ approach_NN1 to_II positive_JJ education_NN1 ?_? 
</s>
<s>
Changing_JJ patterns_NN2 of_IO financial_JJ contribution_NN1 in_II public_JJ systems_NN2 represent_VV0 a_AT1 challenge_NN1 to_TO long_VVI held_JJ assumptions_NN2 regarding_II the_AT equitableness_NN1 of_IO public_JJ schools_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Table_NN1 4_MC indicates_VVZ that_CST ability-driven_JJ selection_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ is_VBZ controlled_VVN for_IF in_II the_AT model_NN1 (_( for_IF details_NN2 ,_, see_VV0 Appendix_NN1 Table_NN1 A1_FO )_) ,_, is_VBZ certainly_RR not_XX strong_JJ enough_RR to_TO completely_RR attenuate_VVI the_AT role_NN1 of_IO social_JJ background_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
CHC_NP1 teaching_NN1 and_CC learning_VVG perspectives_NN2 differ_VV0 from_II those_DD2 in_II the_AT U.S._NP1 (_( Nisbett_NP1 2003_MC ;_; Straker_NP1 2016_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT two_MC approaches_NN2 were_VBDR (_( a_ZZ1 )_) a_AT1 businessasusual_JJ condition_NN1 in_II which_DDQ the_AT topic_NN1 was_VBDZ taught_VVN and_CC practiced_VVN during_II one_MC1 session_NNT1 and_CC (_( b_ZZ1 )_) a_AT1 distributed_JJ practice_NN1 condition_NN1 in_II which_DDQ the_AT topic_NN1 was_VBDZ taught_VVN over_II multiple_JJ sessions_NNT2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Testing_JJ sessions_NNT2 were_VBDR conducted_VVN in_II group_NN1 format_NN1 and_CC were_VBDR approximately_RR 120_MC min_NNU in_II length_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Final_JJ score_NN1 is_VBZ standardized_VVN on_II a_AT1 0-100_MCMC point_NN1 scale_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT relevance_NN1 of_IO international_JJ and_CC regional_JJ human_JJ rights_NN2 instruments_NN2 is_VBZ highlighted_VVN through_II a_AT1 knowledge_NN1 and_CC awareness_NN1 approach_NN1 by_II linking_VVG them_PPHO2 directly_RR to_II the_AT national_JJ South_NP1 African_JJ context_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
We_PPIS2 employed_VVD VOSviewer_NP1 to_TO generate_VVI a_AT1 co-citation_NN1 map_NN1 that_CST "_" visualizes_VVZ similarities_NN2 "_" in_II the_AT scholarship_NN1 of_IO authors_NN2 by_II setting_VVG a_AT1 threshold_NN1 of_IO at_RR21 least_RR22 20_MC citations_NN2 with_IW a_AT1 display_NN1 of_IO 100_MC authors_NN2 (_( see_VV0 Figure_NN1 4_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Some_DD people_NN can_VM not_XX perform_VVI well_RR under_II the_AT pressure_NN1 of_IO exams_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Indeed_RR ,_, the_AT field_NN1 of_IO education_NN1 has_VHZ typically_RR regarded_VVN transitions_NN2 as_CSA lost_VVN instructional_JJ time_NNT1 (_( Codding_NP1 and_CC Smyth_NP1 ,_, 2008_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
However_RR ,_, only_RR eight_MC mothers_NN2 (_( 3.8%_FO of_IO the_AT sample_NN1 )_) engaged_VVD in_II this_DD1 type_NN1 of_IO behavior_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_RR21 addition_RR22 ,_, the_AT share_NN1 of_IO FRL-eligible_JJ students_NN2 is_VBZ about_RG 20_MC percentage_NN1 points_NN2 higher_JJR in_II placement_NN1 schools_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
It_PPH1 was_VBDZ made_VVN part_NN1 of_IO the_AT compulsory_JJ elementary_JJ school_NN1 cur_NN1 riculum_NN1 in_II China_NP1 in_II as_RG recent_JJ as_CSA 2003_MC (_( Wang_NP1 2007_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Authority_NN1 reflects_VVZ a_AT1 policy_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 legitimacy_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ can_VM be_VBI achieved_VVN through_II laws_NN2 ,_, institutional_JJ norms_NN2 ,_, and_CC charismatic_JJ leaders_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
However_RR ,_, another_DD1 study_NN1 ,_, also_RR conducted_VVN in_II Korea_NP1 and_CC aimed_VVN at_II improving_VVG L2_FO English_JJ speaking_NN1 and_CC listening_JJ skills_NN2 ,_, did_VDD find_VVI improvement_NN1 in_II other_JJ speaking_JJ skills_NN2 (_( S._NP1 Lee_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2011_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
It_PPH1 is_VBZ special_JJ insofar_CS21 as_CS22 studies_NN2 of_IO adult-child-interactions_NN2 merely_RR delineate_VV0 procedures_NN2 by_II which_DDQ adults_NN2 diminish_VV0 children_NN2 '_NULL s_ZZ1 conversational_JJ tasks_NN2 and_CC thus_RR minimize_VV0 space_NN1 for_IF practicing_VVG and_CC rehearsing_VVG discursive_JJ skills_NN2 (_( Heller_NP1 ,_, 2014_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Interestingly_RR ,_, students_NN2 from_II the_AT 2014_MC cohort_NN1 performed_VVD better_RRR in_II Year_NNT1 2_MC examination_NN1 when_CS compared_VVN to_II the_AT students_NN2 from_II the_AT 2013_MC cohort_NN1 ,_, despite_II going_VVG through_II ungraded_JJ iRAT_NN1 in_II Year_NNT1 2_MC ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II fact_NN1 ,_, there_EX are_VBR three_MC dimensions_NN2 of_IO organizational_JJ commitment_NN1 :_: affective_JJ ,_, continuance_NN1 ,_, and_CC normative_JJ commitment_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT first_MD author_NN1 coded_VVD all_DB items_NN2 and_CC the_AT second_MD author_NN1 coded_VVD 30%_NNU of_IO the_AT responses_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Analysis_NN1 for_IF Hypothesis_NN1 3_MC was_VBDZ conducted_VVN in_II two_MC halves_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 was_VBDZ made_VVN evident_JJ when_CS the_AT students_NN2 initially_RR delivered_VVN one_PN1 kind_RR21 of_RR22 answer_VV0 that_CST helped_VVD the_AT friend_NN1 avoid_VVI her_APPGE boyfriend_NN1 anger_NN1 (_( Student_NN1 1_MC1 )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
While_CS the_AT term_NN1 "_" learning_NN1 goals_NN2 "_" has_VHZ been_VBN used_VVN in_II the_AT literature_NN1 to_TO define_VVI many_DA2 different_JJ constructs_NN2 (_( e.g._REX ,_, Dweck_NP1 1986_MC ;_; Elliot_NP1 and_CC Harackiewicz_NP1 1994_MC ;_; Latham_NP1 and_CC Brown_NP1 2006_MC ;_; Gardner_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
2016_MC ;_; Rothkopf_NP1 and_CC Billington_NP1 1979_MC )_) ,_, this_DD1 paper_NN1 is_VBZ specifically_RR concerned_JJ with_IW content-focused_JJ learning_NN1 goals_NN2 versus_II outcome_NN1 goals_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II31 relation_II32 to_II33 RQ3_FO ,_, academic_JJ resistance_NN1 ,_, as_CSA conceptualised_VVN by_II (_( Piderit_NP1 2000_MC )_) ,_, towards_II the_AT use_NN1 of_IO analytics_NN2 to_TO support_VVI teaching_VVG activities_NN2 was_VBDZ shown_VVN to_TO relate_VVI to_II cognitive_JJ beliefs_NN2 ,_, in_RR21 particular_RR22 teachers_NN2 ,_, inconsistency_NN1 in_II31 terms_II32 of_II33 which_DDQ features_NN2 of_IO OUA_NP1 they_PPHS2 access_VV0 and_CC perceive_VV0 as_RG useful_JJ ,_, as_II31 well_II32 as_II33 certain_JJ enhancements_NN2 to_II the_AT system_NN1 that_CST could_VM facilitate_VVI adoption_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Teachers_NN2 often_RR hold_VV0 problematic_JJ and_CC unrealistic_JJ ideas_NN2 about_II race_NN1 and_CC culture_NN1 that_CST contribute_VV0 to_II their_APPGE doubts_NN2 about_II the_AT validity_NN1 ,_, utility_NN1 ,_, and_CC efficacy_NN1 of_IO CRE_NP1 for_IF teaching_VVG and_CC learning_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Her_APPGE research_NN1 explores_VVZ the_AT connections_NN2 between_II poverty_NN1 ,_, health_NN1 ,_, school_NN1 climate_NN1 ,_, and_CC academic_JJ achievement_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT discourse_NN1 of_IO social_JJ movements_NN2 is_VBZ found_VVN in_II the_AT texts_NN2 produced_VVN by_II the_AT movements_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT role_NN1 of_IO the_AT family_NN1 and_CC the_AT school_NN1 environment_NN1 in_II providing_VVG knowledge_NN1 and_CC understanding_NN1 of_IO the_AT steps_NN2 required_VVN to_TO realise_VVI an_AT1 aspiration_NN1 is_VBZ thus_RR crucial_JJ ,_, and_CC critical_JJ in_II enhancing_VVG or_CC diminishing_VVG a_AT1 young_JJ person_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 capacity_NN1 to_TO aspire_VVI ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II Hong_NP1 Kong_NP1 ,_, similar_JJ to_II many_DA2 other_JJ countries_NN2 ,_, an_AT1 important_JJ mission_NN1 of_IO higher_JJR education_NN1 is_VBZ to_TO nurture_VVI globally_RR competitive_JJ students_NN2 equipped_VVN with_IW the_AT capacity_NN1 for_IF lifelong_JJ learning_NN1 ,_, so_BCL21 as_BCL22 to_TO cope_VVI with_IW the_AT challenges_NN2 of_IO a_AT1 more_RGR dynamic_JJ future_NN1 (_( University_NN1 Grants_VVZ Committee_NN1 ,_, 2010_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
As_CSA can_VM be_VBI gleaned_VVN from_II the_AT analysis_NN1 of_IO data_NN ,_, the_AT school_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 mean_JJ SES_NP2 significantly_RR affects_VVZ school_NN1 expectations_NN2 ,_, and_CC this_DD1 validates_VVZ previous_JJ findings_NN2 on_II negative_JJ economic_JJ factors_NN2 blocking_VVG both_RR aspirations_NN2 and_CC opportunities_NN2 (_( Dupriez_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2012_MC ;_; Rowan-Kenyon_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2011_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Notably_RR ,_, the_AT negative_JJ association_NN1 between_II school_NN1 spending_NN1 shocks_NN2 and_CC student_NN1 achievement_NN1 declines_VVZ monotonically_RR (_( in_II magnitude_NN1 )_) across_II recession_NN1 intensity_NN1 quartiles_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 mailed-in_JJ program_NN1 had_VHD an_AT1 effect_NN1 of_IO ?_? 0.04_MC ,_, compared_VVN to_II the_AT 0.24_MC from_II the_AT original_JJ study_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Other_JJ teaching_NN1 methods_NN2 have_VH0 been_VBN shown_VVN to_TO foster_VVI the_AT development_NN1 of_IO critical_JJ thinking_NN1 and_CC creative_JJ skills_NN2 ,_, such_II21 as_II22 problem_NN1 or_CC project_NN1 based_VVN learning_NN1 (_( Murray-Harvey_NP1 ,_, Curtis_NP1 ,_, Cattley_NP1 ,_, &;_NULL Slee_NP1 ,_, 2005_MC )_) ,_, but_CCB they_PPHS2 need_VV0 to_TO be_VBI per_II ?_? formed_VVD in_II small_JJ groups_NN2 of_IO students_NN2 ,_, which_DDQ can_VM be_VBI a_AT1 higher_JJR limitation_NN1 for_IF some_DD faculties_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Though_CS we_PPIS2 find_VV0 a_AT1 clear_JJ pattern_NN1 of_IO cohort-specific_JJ heterogeneity_NN1 in_II achievement_NN1 estimates_VVZ across_II cohorts_NN2 ,_, with_IW a_AT1 steeper_JJR gradient_NN1 for_IF math_NN1 than_CSN for_IF ELA_NN1 estimates_NN2 ,_, these_DD2 cohort-specific_JJ differences_NN2 may_VM be_VBI due_JJ (_( in_RR21 part_RR22 or_CC in_II combination_NN1 )_) to_II three_MC factors_NN2 ,_, which_DDQ we_PPIS2 detail_VV0 below_RL ._. 
</s>
<s>
Inoue_NP1 (_( 2009_MC )_) likewise_RR calls_VVZ DSP_NP1 "_" social_JJ justice_NN1 work_NN1 "_" because_II21 of_II22 its_APPGE abdication_NN1 of_IO institutional_JJ authority_NN1 in_II31 favor_II32 of_II33 students_NN2 '_NULL self-knowledge_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Demonstrating_VVG and_CC having_VHG students_NN2 practice_NN1 the_AT basic_JJ methods_NN2 of_IO a_AT1 historical_JJ inquiry_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
These_DD2 include_VV0 instances_NN2 of_IO children_NN2 from_II non-_JJ scheduled_JJ caste_NN1 families_NN2 not_XX partaking_VVG of_IO the_AT food_NN1 cooked_VVN by_II scheduled_JJ caste_NN1 helpers_NN2 ;_; Anganwadi_NP1 Worker_NN1 belonging_VVG to_II an_AT1 "_" upper_JJ "_" caste_NN1 not_XX visiting_VVG the_AT Scheduled_JJ Caste_NN1 houses_NN2 as_II a_AT1 part_NN1 of_IO the_AT house-to-house_JJ survey_NN1 ;_; backward_JJ classes_NN2 children_NN2 not_XX going_VVG to_II the_AT AWC_NN1 located_VVN in_II a_AT1 Scheduled_JJ caste_NN1 colony_NN1 for_IF supplementary_JJ nutrition_NN1 ;_; Anganwadi_NP1 Worker_NN1 from_II a_AT1 Scheduled_JJ Caste_NN1 community_NN1 unable_JK to_TO visit_VVI "_" upper_JJ caste_NN1 "_" houses_NN2 as_II a_AT1 part_NN1 of_IO her_APPGE periodic_JJ house_NN1 visits_NN2 etc_RA ._. 
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<s>
Table_NN1 3_MC presents_VVZ results_NN2 from_II the_AT model_NN1 with_IW reading_VVG theta_NN1 scores_NN2 (_( divided_VVN by_II the_AT fall_NN1 kindergarten_NN1 SD_NP1 )_) as_II the_AT outcome_NN1 while_CS also_RR incorporating_VVG the_AT school_NN1 characteristics_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
While_CS the_AT onus_NN1 of_IO choice_NN1 is_VBZ in_II the_AT context_NN1 of_IO limited_JJ available_JJ ,_, affordable_JJ ,_, and_CC high-quality_JJ options_NN2 the_AT current_JJ policy_NN1 positioning_NN1 of_IO parents_NN2 as_CSA informed_VVN consumers_NN2 of_IO child_NN1 care_NN1 has_VHZ not_XX generated_VVN and_CC is_VBZ unlikely_JJ to_TO generate_VVI a_AT1 powerful_JJ parent_NN1 lobby_NN1 that_CST demands_VVZ a_AT1 quality_NN1 system_NN1 of_IO ECE_NP1 ._. 
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<s>
Furthermore_RR ,_, as_CSA he_PPHS1 claims_VVZ in_II the_AT last_MD chapter_NN1 ,_, AOE_NP1 has_VHZ broader_JJR implications_NN2 for_IF global_JJ problems_NN2 ,_, whereby_RRQ one_PN1 can_VM generalize_VVI AOE_NP1 to_TO rationally_RR criticize_VVI values_NN2 and_CC political_JJ or_CC humanitarian_JJ assumptions_NN2 as_RR21 well_RR22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
While_CS it_PPH1 is_VBZ possible_JJ that_CST the_AT use_NN1 of_IO OER_NP1 was_VBDZ so_RG significant_JJ that_CST the_AT difference_NN1 in_II instructional_JJ materials_NN2 led_VVN to_II higher_JJR student_NN1 perceptions_NN2 of_IO the_AT teacher_NN1 and_CC overall_JJ course_NN1 ,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ equally_RR likely_JJ that_CST exceptionally_RR strong_JJ faculty_NN1 or_CC courses_NN2 colored_VVD their_APPGE perceptions_NN2 of_IO the_AT materials_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
As_CSA Table_NN1 1_MC1 indicates_VVZ (_( see_VV0 also_RR Figure_NN1 3_MC for_IF the_AT comparison_NN1 between_II White_NP1 and_CC Black_JJ students_NN2 )_) ,_, the_AT URR_NN1 probabilities_NN2 vary_VV0 significantly_RR by_II race_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Some_DD classes_NN2 are_VBR devoted_JJ to_II exam_NN1 preparation_NN1 ,_, and_CC these_DD2 '_NULL are_VBR not_XX really_RR voluntary_JJ '_NULL (_( S-26_FO )_) ;_; 4_MC all_DB students_NN2 are_VBR expected_VVN to_TO participate_VVI and_CC the_AT fee_NN1 is_VBZ affordable_JJ ._. 
</s>
<s>
As_CSA in_II Study_NN1 1_MC1 ,_, pair_NN was_VBDZ added_VVN as_II a_AT1 random_JJ effect_NN1 in_II the_AT model_NN1 for_IF each_DD1 outcome_NN1 that_CST had_VHD a_AT1 significant_JJ ICC_NP1 value_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
With_II31 regard_II32 to_II33 PISA_NP1 reports_NN2 and_CC students_NN2 with_IW SEN_NP1 ,_, there_EX are_VBR three_MC main_JJ issues_NN2 :_: (_( 1_MC1 )_) with_IW the_AT exception_NN1 of_IO two_MC ad_JJ21 hoc_JJ22 studies_NN2 (_( OECD_NP1 ,_, 2007_MC ;_; OECD/European_FU Communities_NN2 ,_, 2009_MC )_) ,_, no_AT original_JJ unique_JJ SEN_NN1 reports_NN2 are_VBR routinely_RR prepared_VVN following_II each_DD1 test_NN1 administration_NN1 ;_; (_( 2_MC )_) OECD_NP1 controls_VVZ access_NN1 to_II SEN_NP1 data_NN ;_; and_CC (_( 3_MC )_) no_AT standard_JJ formats_NN2 exist_VV0 for_IF SEN_NP1 reports_VVZ within_II OECD/PISA_NP1 ._. 
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<s>
In_II Detroit_NP1 and_CC San_NP1 Antonio_NP1 ,_, teachers_NN2 who_PNQS initially_RR desired_VVN to_TO work_VVI in_II upper_JJ tier_NN1 schools_NN2 later_RRR broadened_VVN their_APPGE searches_NN2 to_TO include_VVI lower_JJR tier_NN1 schools_NN2 or_CC those_DD2 in_II the_AT secondary_JJ segment_NN1 ,_, out_II21 of_II22 desperation_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Notably_RR ,_, these_DD2 estimated_VVN spending_VVG losses_NN2 (_( total_NN1 ,_, capital_NN1 ,_, and_CC instructional_JJ )_) were_VBDR monotonic_JJ ;_; among_II recession_NN1 intensity_NN1 Quartile_NN1 3_MC districts_NN2 ,_, annual_JJ total_JJ spending_NN1 declined_VVN by_II approximately_RR $330_NNU per_II pupil_NN1 (_( or_CC approximately_RR $660_NNU per_II pupil_NN1 over_II the_AT exposure_NN1 period_NN1 )_) ,_, relative_II21 to_II22 recession_NN1 intensity_NN1 Quartile_NN1 1_MC1 districts_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II contrast_NN1 ,_, the_AT writer_NN1 of_IO the_AT second_MD testimonial_NN1 describes_VVZ how_RRQ they_PPHS2 were_VBDR able_JK to_TO successfully_RR complete_VVI the_AT task_NN1 set_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT analyses_NN2 of_IO high_JJ school_NN1 graduation_NN1 and_CC postsecondary_JJ enrollment_NN1 only_RR utilize_VV0 the_AT IPTW_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Students_NN2 also_RR were_VBDR asked_VVN to_TO report_VVI how_RGQ prepared_JJ they_PPHS2 were_VBDR to_TO take_VVI the_AT placement_NN1 exam_NN1 ,_, specifically_RR ,_, "_" How_RRQ prepared_JJ are_VBR you_PPY to_TO take_VVI this_DD1 placement_NN1 test_NN1 ?_? "_" 
</s>
<s>
Is_VBZ oralism_NN1 equal_JJ opportunity_NN1 or_CC does_VDZ it_PPH1 saddle_VVI them_PPHO2 with_IW an_AT1 unnecessary_JJ cognitive_JJ load_NN1 of_IO lip_NN1 reading/evaluating_VVG verbal_JJ content_NN1 ?_? 
</s>
<s>
Using_VVG video_NN1 data_NN from_II which_DDQ the_AT researchers_NN2 identified_VVN critical_JJ events_NN2 ,_, they_PPHS2 transcribed_VVD and_CC coded_VVD the_AT data_NN ,_, which_DDQ enabled_VVD them_PPHO2 to_TO construct_VVI a_AT1 storyline_NN1 and_CC compose_VVI a_AT1 narrative_NN1 (_( described_VVN in_II Powell_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2003_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
A_AT1 retrospective_JJ verbal_JJ protocol_NN1 was_VBDZ used_VVN to_TO prompt_VVI the_AT improvisers_NN2 '_NULL recollection_NN1 of_IO strategies_NN2 used_VVN at_II particular_JJ moments_NN2 of_IO generative_JJ activity_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II drafting_VVG identity_NN1 memos_NN2 ,_, I_PPIS1 synthesized_VVD participants_NN2 '_NULL responses_NN2 to_II questions_NN2 about_II their_APPGE "_" baseline_NN1 beliefs_NN2 about_II teaching_NN1 and_CC learning_NN1 "_" and_CC then_RT used_VVD the_AT beliefs_NN2 emerging_VVG from_II these_DD2 memos_NN2 as_II an_AT1 interpretive_JJ lens_NN1 on_II their_APPGE accounts_NN2 of_IO the_AT learning_NN1 experiences_NN2 they_PPHS2 identified_VVD as_RG powerful_JJ (_( and/or_CC negative_JJ )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
I_PPIS1 group_VV0 together_RL countries_NN2 in_II sub-Saharan_JJ Africa_NP1 ,_, the_AT Middle_JJ East_ND1 ,_, and_CC Latin_JJ America_NP1 (_( including_II Mexico_NP1 )_) in_II the_AT reference_NN1 category_NN1 due_II21 to_II22 limited_JJ observations_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Most_RGT notably_RR ,_, for_IF nontraditional_JJ students_NN2 ,_, social_JJ class_NN1 may_VM be_VBI relatively_RR less_RGR important_JJ in_II determining_VVG the_AT likelihood_NN1 of_IO completing_VVG a_AT1 degree_NN1 on_II time_NNT1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
A_AT1 sample_NN1 of_IO 89_MC preservice_NN1 teachers_NN2 completed_VVD the_AT Performance_NN1 Assessment_NN1 for_IF California_NP1 Teachers_NN2 (_( PACT_NN1 )_) and_CC the_AT classroom_NN1 video_NN1 analysis_NN1 (_( CVA_NP1 )_) instrument_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
MMW-S_NP1 enabled_VVD us_PPIO2 to_TO investigate_VVI whether_CSW31 or_CSW32 not_CSW33 the_AT effect_NN1 of_IO private_JJ tutoring_JJ varies_VVZ ,_, depending_II21 on_II22 the_AT quantity_NN1 of_IO private_JJ tutoring_JJ ,_, for_IF middle_JJ school_NN1 students_NN2 in_II Korea_NP1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Among_II educational_JJ studies_NN2 ,_, IA_NP1 is_VBZ found_VVN as_CSA one_MC1 of_IO the_AT most_RGT important_JJ factors_NN2 that_CST impact_VV0 the_AT intercultural_JJ acquaintance_NN1 in_II universities_NN2 (_( Dunne_NP1 2009_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Funding_VVG This_DD1 research_NN1 was_VBDZ supported_VVN by_II the_AT MOE_NN1 Project_NN1 of_IO Key_JJ Research_NN1 Institute_NN1 of_IO Humanities_NN2 and_CC Social_JJ Sciences_NN2 at_II Universities_NN2 (_( Grant_NP1 No._NN1 15JJD190002_FO )_) ,_, and_CC Foundation_NN1 for_IF Young_JJ Scholars_NN2 from_II the_AT National_JJ Office_NN1 for_IF Education_NN1 Sciences_NN2 Planning_VVG (_( No_UH ._. 
</s>
<s>
EMA170440_FO )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
There_EX were_VBDR approximately_RR 22_MC students_NN2 in_II each_DD1 class_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Moreover_RR ,_, discerning_VVG each_DD1 character_NN1 from_II a_AT1 sentence_NN1 was_VBDZ more_RGR complex_JJ than_CSN discerning_VVG it_PPH1 from_II a_AT1 two-character-word_NN1 (_( i.e._REX )_) for_IF some_DD preschoolers_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_RR21 addition_RR22 ,_, by_II crossing_VVG the_AT organizational_JJ boundaries_NN2 between_II university_NN1 and_CC school_NN1 ,_, Fang_NN1 ,_, who_PNQS was_VBDZ from_II the_AT "_" ivory_NN1 tower_NN1 "_" and_CC developed_VVD a_AT1 stronger_JJR identity_NN1 as_II a_AT1 language_NN1 teacher_NN1 educator_NN1 and_CC researcher_NN1 ,_, began_VVD to_TO consider_VVI the_AT feasibility_NN1 of_IO the_AT new_JJ model_NN1 within_II a_AT1 broader_JJR context_NN1 of_IO her_APPGE work_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
A_AT1 total_NN1 of_IO 231_MC completed_JJ questionnaires_NN2 were_VBDR received_VVN ._. 
</s>
<s>
These_DD2 are_VBR political_JJ project_NN1 ,_, philosophical_JJ assumptions_NN2 ,_, policy_NN1 ,_, and_CC practice_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT Cronbach_NP1 alpha_NN1 for_IF the_AT scale_NN1 was_VBDZ 0.84_MC ,_, which_DDQ is_VBZ considered_VVN good_JJ and_CC higher_JJR than_CSN the_AT original_JJ (_( a_ZZ1 =_FO 0.67_MC )_) from_II Evers_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
(_( 1998_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Participants_NN2 demonstrated_VVD that_CST they_PPHS2 gained_VVD insights_NN2 from_II the_AT huddle_NN1 -_- and_CC their_APPGE work_NN1 experience-activity_NN1 about_II agency_NN1 ,_, for_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, asking_VVG for_IF help_NN1 and_CC listening_NN1 were_VBDR seen_VVN as_CSA active_JJ learning_NN1 skills_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Mathematics_NN1 curricula_NN2 were_VBDR analyzed_VVN ,_, based_VVN on_II previous_JJ and_CC current_JJ legislation_NN1 ,_, to_TO observe_VVI the_AT changes_NN2 that_CST have_VH0 occurred_VVN at_II the_AT preuniversity_NN1 stage_NN1 with_II31 respect_II32 to_II33 the_AT content_NN1 in_II Statistics_NN and_CC Probability_NN1 (_( Fig._NN1 1_MC1 )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT view_NN1 of_IO AfL_NN1 as_II an_AT1 enquiry_NN1 process_NN1 is_VBZ further_RRR supported_VVN in_II McDowell_NP1 et_NP1 al.r_NNU (_( 2011_MC )_) recent_JJ conceptualization_NN1 of_IO AfL_NN1 that_CST foregrounds_NN2 the_AT role_NN1 of_IO both_DB2 formal_JJ and_CC informal_JJ feedback_NN1 derived_VVN from_II dialogic_JJ teaching_NN1 in_II class_NN1 and_CC interactive_JJ dialog_NN1 with_IW teachers_NN2 or_CC peer_VV0 students_NN2 in_II regulating_VVG students_NN2 ?_? learning_NN1 in_II an_AT1 assessment_NN1 environment_NN1 which_DDQ offers_VVZ students_NN2 opportunities_NN2 to_TO monitor_VVI their_APPGE own_DA learning_NN1 and_CC improvement_NN1 and_CC consequently_RR take_VV0 responsibility_NN1 for_IF directing_VVG their_APPGE own_DA learning_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II the_AT year_NNT1 the_AT present_JJ study_NN1 was_VBDZ carried_VVN out_RP ,_, Cito_NP1 introduced_VVD new_JJ skill_NN1 score_NN1 scales_NN2 and_CC formulas_NN2 in_II second_MD grade_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Bourdieu_NP1 eschewed_VVD "_" a_AT1 substantialist_NN1 manner_NN1 "_" that_CST assumes_VVZ that_CST social_JJ reality_NN1 is_VBZ composed_VVN of_IO interactions_NN2 among_II things_NN2 rather_II21 than_II22 of_IO the_AT relations_NN2 among_II these_DD2 things_NN2 and_CC interactions_NN2 (_( Bourdieu_NP1 &;_NULL Wacquant_NP1 ,_, 1992_MC ,_, p._NN1 28_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
More_RGR specifically_RR ,_, we_PPIS2 studied_VVD the_AT change_NN1 of_IO principals_NN2 '_NULL practices_NN2 and_CC their_APPGE impact_NN1 on_II the_AT school_NN1 capacity_NN1 to_TO improve_VVI ,_, as_RG well_RR as_CSA on_II the_AT improvement_NN1 of_IO teachers_NN2 '_NULL practices_NN2 in_II a_AT1 group_NN1 of_IO Italian_JJ schools_NN2 that_CST participated_VVD in_II the_AT VALES_NN2 project_NN1 aimed_VVN at_II piloting_VVG the_AT new_JJ policy_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT adult_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 perception_NN1 is_VBZ an_AT1 "_" immediate_JJ fusion_NN1 of_IO the_AT processes_NN2 of_IO concrete_JJ thinking_NN1 and_CC perception_NN1 "_" (_( ibid._RR )_) ;_; as_CS31 soon_CS32 as_CS33 speech_NN1 develops_VVZ and_CC categorical_JJ thinking_NN1 is_VBZ added_VVN ,_, "_" we_PPIS2 can_VM no_RR21 longer_RR22 separate_VVI the_AT perception_NN1 of_IO the_AT object_NN1 as_CSA such_DA from_II its_APPGE meaning_NN1 or_CC sense_NN1 "_" (_( ibid._RR ,_, p._NN1 299_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
It_PPH1 was_VBDZ also_RR found_VVN that_CST the_AT sociability_NN1 score_NN1 was_VBDZ 7.69%_FO higher_RRR in_II EG_REX than_CSN in_II CG_NP1 at_II the_AT end_NN1 of_IO the_AT study_NN1 (_( 4.68_MC ±0.621_FO vs._II 4.32_MC ±0.563_FO ,_, respectively_RR ,_, p_ZZ1 =_FO .003_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Dialogical_JJ approaches_NN2 promote_VV0 reflexivity_NN1 by_II enhancing_VVG resistance_NN1 to_II the_AT assumption_NN1 that_CST a_AT1 clinical_JJ (_( or_CC research_NN1 )_) perspective_NN1 is_VBZ the_AT singular_NN1 or_CC right_JJ view_NN1 (_( Kumagai_NP1 and_CC Naidu_NP1 2015_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Surely_RR ,_, we_PPIS2 might_VM read_VVI his_APPGE gesture_NN1 as_II an_AT1 exclusive_JJ expression_NN1 of_IO either_RR preformed_JJ subjective_JJ tase_NN1 or_CC a_AT1 virtue_NN1 on_II which_DDQ Vincenzo_NN1 might_VM be_VBI acting_VVG ._. 
</s>
<s>
Therefore_RR ,_, this_DD1 study_NN1 used_VVD the_AT bootstrap_NN1 technique_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ can_VM be_VBI used_VVN to_TO create_VVI multiple_JJ sub-samples_NN2 from_II the_AT collected_JJ data_NN that_CST can_VM be_VBI used_VVN in_BCL21 order_BCL22 to_TO assess_VVI the_AT stability_NN1 of_IO the_AT parameter_NN1 estimates_NN2 and_CC improve_VV0 the_AT multivariate_JJ normality_NN1 (_( Byrne_NP1 2001_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Music_NN1 ensemble_NN1 courses_NN2 were_VBDR more_RGR heavily_RR populated_VVN than_CSN were_VBDR non-ensemble_JJ music_NN1 courses_NN2 :_: Only_RR 3%_NNU of_IO students_NN2 enrolled_VVD in_RP at_RR21 least_RR22 one_MC1 high_JJ school_NN1 guitar_NN1 class_NN1 ,_, 3%_NNU enrolled_VVN in_II at_RR21 least_RR22 one_MC1 piano_NN1 class_NN1 ,_, and_CC less_DAR than_CSN 1%_NNU of_IO students_NN2 (_( about_II eight-tenths_MF of_IO 1%_NNU )_) enrolled_VVD in_RP at_RR21 least_RR22 one_MC1 music_NN1 technology_NN1 course_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
A_AT1 preference_NN1 for_IF Durkheim_NP1 and_CC Esser_NP1 clearly_RR increases_VVZ the_AT probability_NN1 for_IF working_VVG purely_RR quantitatively_RR ,_, while_CS a_AT1 preference_NN1 for_IF Marx_NP1 and_CC Adorno_NP1 indicates_VVZ an_AT1 aversion_NN1 to_II quantitative_JJ methods_NN2 in_II31 favor_II32 of_II33 both_DB2 qualitative_JJ and_CC nonempirical_JJ research_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Whereas_CS some_DD writers_NN2 (_( e.g._REX Isaacs_NP1 ,_, Zara_NP1 ,_, Herbert_NP1 ,_, Coombs_NP1 ,_, &;_NULL Smith_NP1 ,_, 2013_MC )_) have_VH0 appeared_VVN to_TO assume_VVI that_CST &lsqb;_( un_FW &rsqb;_) fairness_NN1 applies_VVZ only_RR to_II groups_NN2 of_IO test_NN1 takers_NN2 (_( such_II21 as_II22 ethnic/linguistic_JJ minorities_NN2 or_CC candidates_NN2 with_IW defined_JJ disabilities_NN2 )_) ,_, the_AT 2014_MC Standards_NN2 does_VDZ extend_VVI the_AT concept_NN1 to_II individuals_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II fact_NN1 ,_, several_DA2 studies_NN2 revealed_VVD promising_JJ gains_NN2 as_II a_AT1 result_NN1 of_IO writing-to-learn_VV0 ,_, when_CS it_PPH1 is_VBZ grounded_VVN in_II the_AT following_JJ theoretically_RR informed_VVN activities_NN2 and_CC contexts_NN2 :_: (_( 1_MC1 )_) opportunities_NN2 for_IF brainstorm-ing_NN1 ,_, (_( 2_MC )_) provision_NN1 of_IO authentic_JJ audiences_NN2 ,_, (_( 3_MC )_) drafting_NN1 and_CC redrafting_VVG with_IW feedback_NN1 ,_, (_( 4_MC )_) explicit_JJ instruction_NN1 in_II genre_NN1 specifications_NN2 ,_, (_( 5_MC )_) focus_VV0 on_II big_JJ ideas_NN2 ,_, (_( 6_MC )_) use_NN1 of_IO rubrics_NN2 ,_, and_CC (_( 7_MC )_) diverse_JJ opportunities_NN2 to_TO plan_VVI and_CC draft_VVI writing_NN1 (_( Gere_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
2019_MC ;_; Gunel_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
2007_MC ;_; Klein_NP1 1999_MC ,_, 2015_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Each_DD1 activity_NN1 in_II the_AT phase_NN1 took_VVD 10_MC to_II 15_MC min_NNU ._. 
</s>
<s>
At_II the_AT end_NN1 of_IO the_AT first_MD year_NNT1 of_IO college_NN1 ,_, the_AT average_JJ coefficient_NN1 for_IF composite_JJ academic_JJ rigor_NN1 across_II all_DB three_MC dependent_JJ measures_NN2 was_VBDZ p_NNU =_FO 0.04_MC ;_; this_DD1 increased_VVN to_II an_AT1 average_NN1 of_IO p_ZZ1 =_FO 0.07_MC by_II the_AT end_NN1 of_IO the_AT fourth_MD year_NNT1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT University_NN1 of_IO Castilla-La_NP1 Mancha_NP1 itself_PPX1 is_VBZ situated_VVN in_II the_AT centre_NN1 of_IO Spain_NP1 and_CC has_VHZ a_AT1 multi-campus_JJ structure_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
A_AT1 description_NN1 of_IO at_RR21 least_RR22 one_MC1 student_NN1 with_IW physical_JJ disability_NN1 was_VBDZ required_VVN for_IF inclusion_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Another_DD1 possibility_NN1 is_VBZ that_DD1 school_NN1 and_CC district_NN1 staff_NN may_VM not_XX undertake_VVI the_AT desired_JJ behaviors_NN2 or_CC pursue_VV0 key_JJ goals_NN2 because_CS their_APPGE objectives_NN2 differ_VV0 from_II those_DD2 of_IO the_AT public_NN1 (_( i.e._REX ,_, a_AT1 type_NN1 of_IO moral_JJ hazard_NN1 problem_NN1 )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Overall_RR ,_, we_PPIS2 consider_VV0 that_CST the_AT use_NN1 of_IO this_DD1 teaching_NN1 tool_NN1 is_VBZ a_AT1 promising_JJ method_NN1 for_IF teaching_VVG complex_JJ issues_NN2 ,_, such_II21 as_II22 creativity_NN1 and_CC critical_JJ thinking_NN1 ,_, to_II undergraduate_NN1 students_NN2 of_IO health_NN1 sciences_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
As_CSA previously_RR stated_VVN ,_, we_PPIS2 have_VH0 drawn_VVN on_II a_AT1 wide_JJ range_NN1 of_IO perspectives_NN2 ;_; any_DD of_IO these_DD2 might_VM make_VVI a_AT1 fruitful_JJ source_NN1 of_IO theoretical_JJ resources_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Table_NN1 5_MC reports_VVZ OLS_NP2 ,_, IV_MC ,_, and_CC reduced-form_JJ estimates_NN2 of_IO the_AT impact_NN1 of_IO enrollment_NN1 growth_NN1 on_II measures_NN2 of_IO teacher_NN1 quality_NN1 ,_, namely_REX :_: whether_CSW they_PPHS2 have_VH0 O-levels_NN2 (_( Columns_NN2 1_MC1 and_CC 2_MC )_) ,_, and_CC whether_CSW they_PPHS2 have_VH0 completed_VVN at_RR21 least_RR22 two_MC years_NNT2 of_IO teacher_NN1 training_NN1 (_( Columns_NN2 3_MC and_CC 4_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 simple_JJ measure_NN1 of_IO success_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ has_VHZ been_VBN interpreted_VVN as_II the_AT chances_NN2 of_IO achieving_VVG the_AT "_" American_JJ Dream_NN1 ,_, "_" shows_VVZ substantial_JJ differences_NN2 across_II racial_JJ groups_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 work_NN1 is_VBZ essential_JJ because_CS without_IW a_AT1 support_NN1 network_NN1 encouraging_VVG them_PPHO2 to_TO take_VVI such_DA steps_NN2 ,_, low-income_JJ students_NN2 even_RR very_RG high_JJ achievers_NN2 are_VBR less_RGR likely_JJ to_TO identify_VVI an_AT1 appropriate_JJ list_NN1 of_IO colleges_NN2 and_CC consider_VV0 more_RGR selective_JJ institutions_NN2 (_( Roderick_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2009_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT principal_NN1 also_RR has_VHZ stressed_VVN the_AT importance_NN1 of_IO monitoring_VVG students_NN2 '_NULL progress_VV0 during_II the_AT college-application_JJ process_NN1 and_CC nudging_VVG students_NN2 who_PNQS need_VV0 it_PPH1 at_II each_DD1 stage_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Finally_RR children_NN2 were_VBDR asked_VVN to_TO identify_VVI two_MC patterns_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Again_RT ,_, this_DD1 shows_VVZ that_CST administrators_NN2 could_VM be_VBI more_RGR selective_JJ if_CS they_PPHS2 had_VHD more_DAR knowledge_NN1 about_II curricular_JJ content_NN1 in_II music_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Outlining_VVG a_AT1 few_DA2 of_IO these_DD2 might_VM help_VVI educators_NN2 and_CC students_NN2 avoid_VV0 spending_VVG their_APPGE strength_NN1 and_CC resources_NN2 attempting_VVG to_TO enact_VVI roles_NN2 and_CC relationships_NN2 that_CST are_VBR inappropriate_JJ for_IF the_AT educational_JJ context_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Of_IO all_DB the_AT positive_JJ and_CC negative_JJ correlations_NN2 between_II the_AT dependent_JJ and_CC independent_JJ variables_NN2 ,_, Loneliness_NN1 clearly_RR has_VHZ the_AT strongest_JJT connection_NN1 ,_, with_IW .43_MC in_II 2015_MC and_CC .51_MC in_II 2017_MC ._. 
</s>
<s>
Given_CS21 that_CS22 sections_NN2 of_IO the_AT course_NN1 range_NN1 from_II 25_MC to_II 30_MC students_NN2 ,_, members_NN2 of_IO the_AT class_NN1 completed_VVD the_AT assignment_NN1 in_II groups_NN2 of_IO four_MC ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT baseline_NN1 sample_NN1 size_NN1 was_VBDZ n_ZZ1 =_FO 230_MC students_NN2 divided_VVN across_II 11_MC classrooms_NN2 ,_, and_CC postintervention_NN1 data_NN were_VBDR completed_VVN for_IF n_ZZ1 =_FO 225_MC students_NN2 (_( 97.8%_FO completion_NN1 rate_NN1 )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Aisha_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 identity_NN1 as_II a_AT1 well-behaved_JJ child_NN1 was_VBDZ also_RR reinforced_VVN by_II her_APPGE mother_NN1 and_CC by_II Aisha_NP1 herself_PPX1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Similarly_RR ,_, Australian_JJ classroom_NN1 educators_NN2 often_RR express_VV0 a_AT1 sense_NN1 of_IO being_VBG overwhelmed_VVN in_II31 relation_II32 to_II33 the_AT expectation_NN1 that_CST they_PPHS2 ensure_VV0 students_NN2 engage_VV0 meaningfully_RR with_IW numerous_JJ arts_NN2 domains_NN2 (_( Alter_VV0 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2009_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
It_PPH1 was_VBDZ found_VVN that_CST all_DB the_AT participants_NN2 expressed_VVD high_JJ educational_JJ aspirations_NN2 in_II their_APPGE pursuit_NN1 of_IO social_JJ mobility_NN1 yet_RR differed_VVN in_II their_APPGE attitudes_NN2 toward_II meritocracy_NN1 and_CC equality_NN1 of_IO opportunity_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Our_APPGE analyses_NN2 suggest_VV0 that_CST generic_JJ structures_NN2 that_CST eliminate_VV0 one_MC1 significant_JJ barrier_NN1 to_II the_AT hiring_NN1 of_IO fully_RR qualified_JJ teachers_NN2 have_VH0 no_AT impact_NN1 on_II SET_NN1 shortage_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II other_JJ words_NN2 ,_, is_VBZ it_PPH1 possible_JJ for_IF all_DB of_IO the_AT definition_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 claims_VVZ ,_, assumptions_NN2 ,_, or_CC specifications_NN2 to_TO be_VBI simultaneously_RR true_JJ ?_? 
</s>
<s>
Its_APPGE internal_JJ consistency_NN1 reli_NN2 ability_NN1 (_( a_ZZ1 =_FO .83_MC )_) represented_VVD highly_RR consistent_JJ content_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
These_DD2 factors_NN2 included_VVD her_APPGE experiences_NN2 with_IW Oakhurst_NP1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 new_JJ teacher_NN1 orientation_NN1 program_NN1 ,_, planning_VVG with_IW her_APPGE grade_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 team_NN1 ,_, Lambert_NP1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 new_JJ teacher_NN1 support_NN1 structures_NN2 ,_, and_CC evaluations_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
A_AT1 demographic_JJ section_NN1 was_VBDZ added_VVN at_II the_AT end_NN1 of_IO the_AT FIT-_JJ Choice_NN1 survey_NN1 to_TO collect_VVI data_NN on_II the_AT participant_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 year_NNT1 at_II college_NN1 ,_, age_NN1 ,_, gender_NN1 ,_, socio-economic_JJ status_NN1 ,_, subject_NN1 area_NN1 of_IO concentration_NN1 ,_, and_CC response_NN1 to_II an_AT1 open-ended_JJ question_NN1 about_II reasons_NN2 for_IF choosing_VVG teaching_NN1 as_CSA their_APPGE future_JJ career_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II this_DD1 portion_NN1 of_IO the_AT conference_NN1 ,_, the_AT length_NN1 of_IO turns_NN2 by_II Ms_NNB Grey_NP1 and_CC Zion_NP1 differed_VVD substantially_RR ,_, with_IW Ms_NNB Grey_NP1 speaking_VVG 146_MC words_NN2 to_II Zion_NP1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 25_MC words_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Research_NN1 has_VHZ demonstrated_VVN that_DD1 self-monitoring_NN1 is_VBZ effective_JJ in_II increasing_JJ educators_NN2 '_NULL fidelity_NN1 and_CC use_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 variety_NN1 of_IO behavioral_JJ practices_NN2 ,_, including_II praise_NN1 (_( Briere_NP1 ,_, Simonsen_NP1 ,_, Sugai_NP1 ,_, &;_NULL Myers_NP1 ,_, 2015_MC ;_; Kalis_NP1 ,_, Vannest_NP1 ,_, &;_NULL Parker_NP1 ,_, 2007_MC ;_; Pinter_NP1 ,_, East_ND1 ,_, &;_NULL Thrush_NP1 ,_, 2015_MC ;_; Rivera_NP1 ,_, Mason_NP1 ,_, Jabeen_NP1 ,_, &;_NULL Johnson_NP1 ,_, 2015_MC ;_; Rispolietal_NP1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Ethical_JJ approval_NN1 This_DD1 research_NN1 has_VHZ been_VBN approved_VVN by_II the_AT ethics_NN committee_NN1 of_IO the_AT author_NN1 ,_, s_ZZ1 institution_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Seen_VVN in_II an_AT1 argumentative_JJ way_NN1 ,_, these_DD2 insults_NN2 are_VBR strategies_NN2 to_TO minimize_VVI the_AT legitimation_NN1 to_TO speak_VVI and_CC to_TO diminish_VVI the_AT effects_NN2 of_IO the_AT other_JJ '_NULL s_ZZ1 utterances_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT code_NN1 naming_VVG also_RR ensured_VVN confidentiality_NN1 and_CC anonymity_NN1 of_IO the_AT interviewees_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT pupil_NN1 mathematics_NN1 test_NN1 was_VBDZ based_VVN partly_RR on_II Trends_NN2 in_II Mathematics_NN1 and_CC Science_NN1 Study_NN1 (_( TIMSS_NP1 )_) items_NN2 and_CC partly_RR on_II other_JJ items_NN2 newly_RR written_VVN by_II the_AT SACMEQ_JJ National_JJ Research_NN1 Coordinators_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Biesta_NN1 refers_VVZ here_RL to_II Levinas_NP2 ,_, andindeedthe_VV0 anthropological_JJ imaginary_JJ that_CST Levinas_NN2 has_VHZ introduced_VVN is_VBZ a_AT1 very_RG important_JJ point_NN1 of_IO reference_NN1 for_IF understanding_VVG Biesta_NP1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 theoretical_JJ proposition_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Each_DD1 utterance_NN1 that_CST was_VBDZ part_NN1 of_IO an_AT1 extended_JJ conversation_NN1 (_( i.e._REX the_AT teacher_NN1 sustained_VVD a_AT1 single_JJ topic_NN1 of_IO conversation_NN1 or_CC engaged_VVD the_AT student_NN1 in_II solving_VVG a_AT1 problem_NN1 for_IF 5_MC or_CC more_DAR teacher_NN1 turns_VVZ )_) was_VBDZ coded_VVN as_CSA extended_VVN conversation_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Word_NN1 concreteness_NN1 is_VBZ how_RRQ much_RR a_AT1 word_NN1 can_VM be_VBI experienced_VVN through_II the_AT senses_NN2 ,_, with_IW words_NN2 like_II chocolate_NN1 ,_, baby_NN1 ,_, and_CC pencil_NN1 being_VBG high_JJ in_II concreteness_NN1 and_CC words_NN2 like_II evil_NN1 ,_, truth_NN1 ,_, and_CC belief_NN1 being_VBG low_JJ in_II concreteness_NN1 (_( Nagy_NP1 and_CC Townsend_NP1 2012_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Descriptive_JJ statistics_NN for_IF the_AT pretest_NN1 writing_NN1 prompt_NN1 and_CC SEWS_VVZ are_VBR presented_VVN in_II the_AT first_MD two_MC columns_NN2 in_II Table_NN1 2_MC ,_, and_CC posttest_JJT measures_NN2 appear_VV0 in_II columns_NN2 3_MC and_CC 4_MC ._. 
</s>
<s>
With_IW the_AT starting_NN1 points_NN2 and_CC upper_JJ anchors_NN2 typically_RR singular_JJ and_CC fixed_JJ ,_, the_AT only_JJ options_NN2 for_IF multiple_JJ pathways_NN2 are_VBR in_II the_AT intermediaries_NN2 or_CC "_" messy_JJ middle_NN1 "_" of_IO the_AT learning_NN1 progression_NN1 (_( Confrey_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
2017_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Further_JJR investigation_NN1 should_VM be_VBI conducted_VVN to_TO better_RRR understand_VVI the_AT effectiveness_NN1 of_IO each_DD1 component_NN1 of_IO such_DA a_AT1 time_NNT1 management_NN1 enabling_VVG system_NN1 and_CC how_RRQ they_PPHS2 interact_VV0 with_IW one_PPX121 another_PPX122 in_II assisting_VVG students_NN2 to_TO regulate_VVI their_APPGE learning_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Therefore_RR ,_, reading_VVG per_RR21 se_RR22 can_VM be_VBI considered_VVN part_NN1 of_IO the_AT overall_JJ writing_NN1 process_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Classroom_NN1 discussion_NN1 ,_, in_II both_RR second_MD language_NN1 (_( L2_FO )_) and_CC first_MD language_NN1 (_( L1_FO )_) contexts_NN2 ,_, works_VVZ as_II the_AT key_JJ medium_NN1 to_TO develop_VVI critical_JJ thinking_NN1 and_CC academic_JJ discourse_NN1 skills_NN2 ,_, especially_RR the_AT ability_NN1 to_TO articulate_VVI complex_JJ ideas_NN2 with_IW supportive_JJ reasoning_NN1 and_CC explanation_NN1 (_( O_ZZ1 '_NULL Connor_NP1 ,_, Michaels_NP2 &;_NULL Chapin_NN1 ,_, 2015_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT Social_JJ Audit_NN1 team_NN1 also_RR emphasized_VVD the_AT need_NN1 for_IF expanding_VVG the_AT Adolescent_JJ Girl_NN1 Scheme_NN1 to_II every_AT1 Anganwadi_NP1 Centre_NN1 in_II the_AT State_NN1 so_CS21 that_CS22 their_APPGE interests_NN2 and_CC the_AT interests_NN2 of_IO the_AT Anganwadi_NP1 Centre_NN1 in_II31 relation_II32 to_II33 all_DB its_APPGE activities_NN2 could_VM be_VBI mutually_RR strengthened_VVN ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 finding_NN1 converges_VVZ with_IW one_MC1 previous_JJ empirical_JJ study_NN1 (_( Roever_NP1 ,_, 2007_MC )_) using_VVG two_MC CTT-based_JJ DIF_NP1 detection_NN1 methods_NN2 ,_, namely_REX ,_, the_AT Mantel-Haenszel_NP1 method_NN1 and_CC standardization_NN1 method_NN1 ,_, lending_VVG weight_NN1 to_II the_AT claim_NN1 that_CST in_II rare_JJ cases_NN2 does_VDZ one_MC1 method_NN1 report_VVI a_AT1 favor_NN1 for_IF the_AT focal_JJ group_NN1 and_CC the_AT other_JJ method_NN1 for_IF the_AT reference_NN1 group_NN1 in_II DIF_NP1 detection_NN1 studies_NN2 when_RRQ the_AT two_MC methods_NN2 originate_VV0 from_II the_AT same_DA underlying_JJ theory_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Some_DD teachers_NN2 leave_VV0 for_IF other_JJ careers_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
While_CS these_DD2 data_NN exist_VV0 ,_, OECD_NP1 does_VDZ not_XX routinely_RR report_VVI it_PPH1 in_II the_AT administration_NN1 technical_JJ reports_NN2 ,_, nor_CC are_VBR the_AT data_NN cross-referenced_VVN by_II student_NN1 characteristics_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT following_JJ short-answer_JJ prompts_NN2 appeared_VVD in_II the_AT logs_NN2 :_: "_" What_DDQ was_VBDZ a_AT1 highlight_NN1 from_II using_VVG Udio_NP1 this_DD1 week_NNT1 ?_? "_" ;_; 
</s>
<s>
"_" What_DDQ was_VBDZ a_AT1 challenge_NN1 in_II using_VVG Udio_NP1 this_DD1 week_NNT1 ?_? "_" ;_; 
</s>
<s>
"_" What_DDQ advice_NN1 do_VD0 you_PPY have_VHI for_IF other_JJ teachers_NN2 using_VVG Udio_NP1 ?_? "_" ;_; and_CC "_" Is_VBZ there_EX anything_PN1 else_RR you_PPY '_NULL d_MC like_VV0 to_TO tell_VVI us_PPIO2 about_II your_APPGE experience_NN1 using_VVG Udio_NP1 this_DD1 week_NNT1 ?_? "_" 
</s>
<s>
Short-term_JJ training_NN1 in_II research-based_JJ theories_NN2 and_CC concepts_NN2 might_VM bring_VVI positive_JJ change_NN1 to_II teacher_NN1 cognition_NN1 ,_, but_CCB there_EX is_VBZ no_AT guarantee_NN1 of_IO change_NN1 in_II teachers_NN2 '_NULL practices_NN2 (_( I._NP1 Lee_NP1 ,_, 2010_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT changes_NN2 described_VVN above_RL were_VBDR more_DAR than_CSN tactical_JJ efforts_NN2 to_TO secure_VVI community_NN1 buy_VV0 in_RP ,_, and_CC in_II some_DD instances_NN2 reflected_VVD a_AT1 shift_NN1 in_II organizational_JJ identity_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT effect_NN1 sizes_NN2 for_IF accuracy_NN1 and_CC subordination_NN1 were_VBDR similar_JJ (_( .59_MC and_CC .57_MC ,_, respectively_RR )_) ,_, while_CS the_AT effect_NN1 size_NN1 for_IF coordination_NN1 was_VBDZ lower_JJR (_( .39_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
To_TO summarize_VVI the_AT findings_NN2 of_IO the_AT text_NN1 comparison_NN1 ,_, the_AT collaborative_JJ prewriting_JJ texts_NN2 had_VHD lower_JJR error_NN1 rates_NN2 and_CC received_VVD higher_JJR analytic_JJ ratings_NN2 than_CSN the_AT individual_JJ prewriting_JJ texts_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 meeting_NN1 was_VBDZ named_VVN the_AT First_MD Swiss_JJ Conference_NN1 on_II Idiocy_NP1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
It_PPH1 also_RR provides_VVZ a_AT1 framework_NN1 for_IF leaders_NN2 and_CC policy_NN1 makers_NN2 working_VVG to_TO design_VVI formal_JJ structures_NN2 that_CST are_VBR conducive_JJ to_II meaningful_JJ ,_, productive_JJ approaches_NN2 to_II data_NN use_VV0 in_II schools_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
MFRM_NP1 score_NN1 analysis_NN1 revealed_VVD that_DD1 delivery_NN1 mode_NN1 had_VHD no_AT discernible_JJ effect_NN1 across_II the_AT three_MC proficiency_NN1 levels_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Still_RR other_JJ studies_NN2 have_VH0 mixed_VVN the_AT two_MC types_NN2 of_IO measures_NN2 (_( e.g._REX ,_, handwriting_NN1 fluency_NN1 ,_, measured_VVN by_II a_AT1 standardized_JJ test_NN1 ,_, and_CC a_AT1 series_NN of_IO text-based_JJ measures_NN2 ,_, as_CSA in_II Wagner_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2011_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Furthermore_RR ,_, the_AT final_JJ model_NN1 revealed_VVD that_CST the_AT magnitude_NN1 of_IO the_AT effect_NN1 depends_VVZ upon_II prior_JJ attainment_NN1 ,_, school_NN1 type_NN1 and_CC academic_JJ year_NNT1 ,_, which_DDQ suggest_VV0 that_CST the_AT effect_NN1 does_VDZ not_XX stem_VVI ,_, at_RR21 least_RR22 solely_RR ,_, from_II value_NN1 inherent_JJ in_II the_AT subject_NN1 combination_NN1 itself_PPX1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Ultimately_RR ,_, the_AT individual_JJ student_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 mind_NN1 is_VBZ located_VVN inside_II their_APPGE head_NN1 and_CC is_VBZ theirs_PPGE alone_JJ ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 differentiated_VVD approach_NN1 is_VBZ particularly_RR relevant_JJ in_II the_AT case_NN1 of_IO short-tracks_NN2 ,_, because_CS partly_RR opposing_JJ goal_NN1 dimensions_NN2 are_VBR at_II play_NN1 (_( ,_, 2012_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Nevertheless_RR ,_, enclosed_VVN in_II the_AT discriminatory_JJ discourse_NN1 against_II Southeast_ND1 Asia_NP1 ,_, which_DDQ is_VBZ often_RR associated_VVN with_IW under-development_NN1 or_CC poverty_NN1 in_II Taiwan_NP1 ,_, during_II the_AT early_JJ years_NNT2 of_IO marriage_NN1 ,_, all_DB the_AT mothers_NN2 in_II this_DD1 study_NN1 have_VH0 attempted_VVN to_TO make_VVI their_APPGE linguistically_RR "_" embodied_VVN "_" social_JJ identity_NN1 as_II a_AT1 foreign_JJ bride_NN1 invisible_JJ ._. 
</s>
<s>
Sequential_JJ analyses_NN2 were_VBDR performed_VVN by_II31 means_II32 of_II33 process_NN1 mining_VVG with_IW a_AT1 fuzzy_JJ miner_NN1 algorithm_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Early_JJ research_NN1 centering_VVG HSIs_NP1 did_VDD not_XX address_VVI the_AT idea_NN1 of_IO servingness_NN1 ,_, but_CCB it_PPH1 predicted_VVD the_AT essential_JJ role_NN1 HSIs_NN1 would_VM play_VVI in_II decreasing_VVG educational_JJ inequities_NN2 ,_, described_VVD their_APPGE history_NN1 as_CSA grounded_VVN in_II the_AT Civil_JJ Rights_NN2 Movement_NN1 and_CC connected_VVN to_II political_JJ advocacy_NN1 and_CC lobbying_NN1 ,_, and_CC stressed_VVD their_APPGE role_NN1 in_II providing_VVG Latinx_NN1 students_NN2 with_IW access_NN1 to_II college_NN1 (_( Laden_JJ ,_, 2001_MC ,_, 2004_MC ;_; Olivas_NP2 ,_, 1982_MC ;_; Solórzano_NP1 ,_, 1995_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Vincenzo_NN1 votes_NN2 for_IF the_AT success_NN1 of_IO his_APPGE classmate_NN1 as_II an_AT1 "_" impartial_JJ spectator_NN1 ,_, "_" while_CS acquiring_VVG a_AT1 greater_JJR sense_NN1 of_IO his_APPGE position_NN1 as_CSA competitor_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Such_DA positioning_NN1 typically_RR bolsters_VVZ the_AT teacher_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 face_NN1 and_CC mitigates_VVZ future_JJ threat_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Amy_NP1 :_: It_PPH1 wasn_VV0 '_NULL t_ZZ1 really_RR graded_VVD so_RR it_PPH1 didn_VV0 '_NULL t_ZZ1 really_RR matter_VV0 if_CS we_PPIS2 got_VVD a_AT1 perfect_JJ score_NN1 or_CC not_XX ._. 
</s>
<s>
By_II contrast_NN1 ,_, the_AT independent_JJ variables_NN2 were_VBDR related_VVN to_II the_AT learners_NN2 (_( e.g._REX ,_, spelling_VVG ,_, reading_VVG comprehension_NN1 )_) and_CC thus_RR did_VDD not_XX vary_VVI as_II the_AT text_NN1 assessments_NN2 did_VDD ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT whole_JJ approach_NN1 to_II the_AT Scheme_NN1 requires_VVZ an_AT1 immediate_JJ review_NN1 so_CS21 that_CS22 the_AT original_JJ concept_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 certain_JJ number_NN1 of_IO adolescent_JJ girls_NN2 being_VBG trained_VVN in_II all_DB villages_NN2 in_II the_AT ways_NN2 of_IO the_AT ICDS_NP2 programme_NN1 to_TO assume_VVI their_APPGE future_JJ responsibilities_NN2 as_II part_NN1 of_IO the_AT paradigm_NN1 of_IO women_NN2 '_NULL s_ZZ1 empowerment_NN1 and_CC child_NN1 development_NN1 ,_, could_VM be_VBI restored_VVN and_CC its_APPGE implementation_NN1 achieved_VVN ._. 
</s>
<s>
Or_CC ,_, the_AT decoding_JJ cues_NN2 can_VM be_VBI provided_VVN as_CSA redundant_JJ messages_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Using_VVG a_AT1 similar_JJ design_NN1 ,_, Hendricks_NN2 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
(_( 2017_MC )_) examined_VVD the_AT academic_JJ performance_NN1 of_IO students_NN2 in_II an_AT1 introductory_JJ physics_NN1 course_NN1 at_II the_AT University_NN1 of_IO British_NP1 Columbia_NP1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
At_II the_AT end_NN1 of_IO the_AT first_MD year_NNT1 ,_, academic_JJ rigor_NN1 was_VBDZ positively_RR related_VVN to_II both_DB2 need_VV0 for_IF cognition_NN1 (_( p_ZZ1 =_FO 0.03_MC )_) and_CC positive_JJ attitudes_NN2 towards_II literacy_NN1 (_( p_ZZ1 =_FO 0.08_MC )_) ,_, while_CS at_II the_AT end_NN1 of_IO the_AT fourth_MD year_NNT1 ,_, academic_JJ rigor_NN1 was_VBDZ positively_RR related_VVN to_II all_DB three_MC outcomes-ranging_JJ from_II p_ZZ1 =_FO 0.04_MC for_IF critical_JJ thinking_NN1 to_II p_ZZ1 =_FO 0.09_MC for_IF need_NN1 for_IF cognition_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II the_AT first_MD round_NN1 of_IO interviews_NN2 ,_, the_AT teachers_NN2 were_VBDR asked_VVN about_II their_APPGE views_NN2 on_II adopting_VVG IT_NN1 in_II teaching_NN1 ,_, how_RRQ they_PPHS2 responded_VVD to_II school_NN1 requirements_NN2 on_II IT_NN1 use_NN1 and_CC social_JJ discourse_NN1 on_II IT_NN1 use_NN1 ,_, their_APPGE experiences_NN2 of_IO including_VVG IT_NN1 in_II ESL_NP1 teaching_NN1 ,_, how_RRQ the_AT inclusion_NN1 of_IO IT_NN1 in_II teaching_NN1 influenced_VVN their_APPGE understanding_NN1 of_IO teaching_VVG as_II31 well_II32 as_II33 their_APPGE teacher_NN1 identity_NN1 construction_NN1 ,_, and_CC the_AT challenges_NN2 they_PPHS2 met_VVD in_II using_VVG IT_NN1 in_II teaching_NN1 and_CC the_AT strategies_NN2 they_PPHS2 adopted_VVD to_TO overcome_VVI them_PPHO2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 study_NN1 employed_VVD a_AT1 combination_NN1 of_IO quantitative_JJ and_CC qualitative_JJ methods_NN2 to_TO analyse_VVI teachers_NN2 '_NULL responses_NN2 to_II a_AT1 survey_NN1 seeking_VVG their_APPGE perceptions_NN2 of_IO factors_NN2 that_CST influence_VV0 students_NN2 '_NULL educational_JJ aspirations_NN2 and_CC completion_NN1 of_IO secondary_JJ schooling_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Examination_NN1 first_MD of_IO the_AT intra-class_JJ correlation_NN1 (_( ICC_NP1 )_) at_RR21 all_RR22 three_MC levels_NN2 in_II the_AT unconditional_JJ growth_NN1 model_NN1 found_VVD that_CST a_AT1 statistically_RR significant_JJ amount_NN1 of_IO the_AT variance_NN1 in_II teacher-teacher_JJ relational_JJ trust_NN1 (_( approximately_RR 24%_NNU )_) was_VBDZ at_II the_AT school_NN1 level_NN1 (_( p_ZZ1 <_FO 001_MC )_) ,_, which_DDQ provides_VVZ robust_JJ evidence_NN1 for_IF the_AT decision_NN1 to_TO model_VVI teacher-teacher_JJ trust_NN1 at_II the_AT school_NN1 level_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Compared_VVN with_IW the_AT regular_JJ MBO_NN1 pathway_NN1 ,_, the_AT GL_NP1 is_VBZ especially_RR designed_VVN for_IF a_AT1 specific_JJ target_NN1 group_NN1 of_IO students_NN2 :_: Students_NN2 with_IW a_AT1 relatively_RR high_JJ cognitive_JJ ability_NN1 level_NN1 combined_VVN with_IW a_AT1 preference_NN1 for_IF practical_JJ ,_, work-related_JJ assignments_NN2 ,_, and_CC who_PNQS have_VH0 ambitions_NN2 to_TO proceed_VVI with_IW an_AT1 HBO_NP1 programme_NN1 after_II their_APPGE GL_NP1 trajectory_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
However_RR ,_, the_AT advantage_NN1 of_IO parametric_JJ analysis_NN1 lies_VVZ in_II the_AT possibility_NN1 to_TO control_VVI for_IF a_AT1 larger_JJR set_NN1 of_IO covariates_NN2 and_CC fixed_JJ effects_NN2 ,_, compared_VVN with_IW nonparametric_JJ models_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Beyond_II the_AT overall_JJ positive_JJ results_NN2 ,_, the_AT specific_JJ results_NN2 related_VVN to_II practical_JJ knowledge_NN1 were_VBDR always_RR worse_JJR no_PNQS31 matter_PNQS32 who_PNQS33 the_AT teacher_NN1 was_VBDZ ._. 
</s>
<s>
But_CCB what_DDQ makes_VVZ it_PPH1 possible_JJ for_IF a_AT1 deliberative_JJ system_NN1 to_TO function_VVI in_II this_DD1 way_NN1 ?_? 
</s>
<s>
Thus_RR ,_, the_AT frustration_NN1 related_VVN to_II unexpected_JJ events_NN2 was_VBDZ lower_JJR ._. 
</s>
<s>
Local_JJ culture_NN1 ,_, preferences_NN2 ,_, or_CC other_JJ factors_NN2 ,_, may_VM play_VVI a_AT1 role_NN1 in_II a_AT1 student_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 intent_JJ to_TO enroll_VVI ._. 
</s>
<s>
It_PPH1 is_VBZ within_II this_DD1 context_NN1 that_CST a_AT1 new_JJ software_NN1 program_NN1 intended_VVN for_IF French-speaking_JJ children_NN2 experiencing_VVG reading_NN1 difficulties_NN2 has_VHZ been_VBN developed_VVN ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II other_JJ words_NN2 ,_, LPs_NN2 developed_VVD using_VVG the_AT escalated_JJ approach_NN1 are_VBR more_RRR aligned_VVN with_IW Principle_NN1 1_MC1 :_: LPs_NN2 are_VBR conjectural_JJ ._. 
</s>
<s>
Instead_RR ,_, in_II Summer_NNT1 2_MC ,_, the_AT SD_NP1 stays_VVZ constant_JJ in_II math_NN1 and_CC actually_RR shrinks_VVZ in_II reading_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT second_MD section_NN1 asked_VVD teachers_NN2 to_TO compare_VVI PEG_NP1 and_CC Google_VV0 Docs_NN2 with_II31 respect_II32 to_II33 the_AT following_JJ traits_NN2 :_: (_( a_ZZ1 )_) usability_NN1 (_( four_MC items_NN2 ;_; e.g._REX ,_, '_NULL '_NULL Which_DDQ system_NN1 was_VBDZ easier_JJR for_IF you_PPY to_TO use_VVI ?_? '_NULL '_NULL )_) ,_, (_( b_ZZ1 )_) effectiveness_NN1 (_( three_MC items_NN2 ;_; e.g._REX ,_, '_NULL '_NULL Which_DDQ system_NN1 pro_NN1 moted_VVD greater_JJR student_NN1 writing_NN1 quality_NN1 ?_? '_NULL '_NULL )_) ,_, and_CC (_( c_ZZ1 )_) desirability_NN1 (_( two_MC items_NN2 ;_; e.g._REX ,_, For_REX21 instance_REX22 ,_, USGBC_NP1 has_VHZ launched_VVN assessment_NN1 tools_NN2 to_TO support_VVI green_JJ schools_NN2 for_IF the_AT young_JJ generation_NN1 and_CC has_VHZ highlighted_VVN the_AT importance_NN1 in_II several_DA2 perspectives_NN2 ,_, such_II21 as_II22 the_AT improvement_NN1 of_IO indoor_JJ air_NN1 quality_NN1 ,_, the_AT removal_NN1 of_IO toxic_JJ materials_NN2 from_II places_NN2 where_RRQ children_NN2 learn_VV0 and_CC play_NN1 ,_, the_AT improvement_NN1 of_IO classroom_NN1 acoustics_NN2 ,_, the_AT encouragement_NN1 of_IO waste_NN1 management_NN1 ,_, etc_RA ._. 
</s>
<s>
Life_NN1 course_NN1 timing_NN1 differences_NN2 in_II educational_JJ attainment_NN1 ,_, early_JJ timing_NN1 (_( or_CC "_" Matthew_NP1 effect_NN1 "_" )_) ,_, or_CC obtaining_VVG degrees_NN2 in_II a_AT1 timely_JJ fashion_NN1 ,_, have_VH0 real_JJ implications_NN2 for_IF wages_NN2 and_CC one_MC1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 likelihood_NN1 of_IO returning_VVG to_II school_NN1 for_IF further_JJR education_NN1 (_( Elman_NP1 and_CC O_ZZ1 '_NULL Rand_NP1 2004_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT student-centred_JJ digital_JJ technology_NN1 approach_NN1 was_VBDZ also_RR appropriate_JJ in_II setting_VVG an_AT1 optimal_JJ classroom-learning_JJ climate_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Therefore_RR ,_, this_DD1 article_NN1 investigated_VVD teachers_NN2 '_NULL perception_NN1 of_IO principals_NN2 '_NULL social_JJ justice_NN1 leadership_NN1 based_VVN on_II gender_NN1 and_CC school_NN1 size_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
These_DD2 decisions_NN2 must_VM be_VBI informed_VVN by_II evidence_NN1 from_II all_DB stakeholders_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Lyn_NP1 had_VHD majored_VVN in_II art_NN1 during_II college_NN1 ;_; therefore_RR ,_, she_PPHS1 used_VVD her_APPGE expertise_NN1 in_II stick_NN1 drawing_VVG to_TO help_VVI her_APPGE students_NN2 understand_VV0 the_AT poem_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 message_NN1 by_II visualising_VVG it_PPH1 (_( see_VV0 upper-left_NN1 photo_NN1 in_II Fig._NN1 4_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT perceived_JJ value_NN1 ,_, from_II an_AT1 educational_JJ perspective_NN1 ,_, of_IO learning_VVG psychiatry_NN1 in_II a_AT1 primary_JJ care_NN1 setting_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
When_CS conducting_VVG a_AT1 search_NN1 using_VVG educational_JJ research_NN1 databases_NN2 (_( e.g._REX ,_, Academic_JJ Search_NN1 Premier_NN1 ,_, EBSCO_NP1 ,_, ERIC_NP1 ,_, and_CC PsycINFO_NP1 )_) ,_, only_RR one_MC1 study_NN1 about_II SIEP_NP1 meetings_NN2 surfaced_VVD ._. 
</s>
<s>
It_PPH1 is_VBZ interesting_JJ to_TO note_VVI that_CST this_DD1 perspective_NN1 can_VM also_RR be_VBI "_" plugged_VVN in_II "_" (_( Jackson_NP1 and_CC Mazzei_NP1 2012_MC ,_, s5_FO )_) with_IW African_JJ theorization_NN1 of_IO gender_NN1 and_CC seniority_NN1 (_( Oyewumi_NP1 1997_MC ;_; Bakare-Yusuf2004_JJ )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
However_RR ,_, many_DA2 conflict-affected_JJ and_CC fragile_JJ countries_NN2 lack_VV0 the_AT capacity_NN1 and_CC resources_NN2 to_TO improve_VVI quality_NN1 in_II31 terms_II32 of_II33 modernising_VVG teaching_NN1 and_CC learning_VVG facilities_NN2 ,_, pedagogical_JJ approaches_NN2 and_CC research_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Table_NN1 6_MC presents_VVZ the_AT list_NN1 of_IO categories_NN2 that_CST affect_VV0 women_NN2 '_NULL s_ZZ1 vulnerability_NN1 in_II pre-_JJ and_CC post-disaster_JJ situations_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Nevertheless_RR ,_, there_EX were_VBDR over_RG 90,000_MC public_JJ school_NN1 principals_NN2 employed_VVN in_II the_AT 2015–2016_MCMC school_NN1 year_NNT1 ,_, 40%_NNU of_IO whom_PNQO had_VHD at_RR21 least_RR22 4_MC years_NNT2 of_IO experience_NN1 in_II their_APPGE current_JJ schools_NN2 ,_, and_CC for_IF whom_PNQO there_EX was_VBDZ an_AT1 exit_NN1 rate_NN1 from_II the_AT principalship_NN1 of_IO only_JJ 10%_NNU in_II 2016–2017_MCMC (_( U.S._NP1 Department_NN1 of_IO Education_NN1 ,_, National_JJ Center_NN1 for_IF Education_NN1 Statistics_NN ,_, 2017_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
However_RR ,_, we_PPIS2 found_VVD that_CST students_NN2 did_VDD not_XX want_VVI to_TO publish_VVI the_AT DBs_NP1 on_II their_APPGE social_JJ websites_NN2 because_CS they_PPHS2 thought_VVD the_AT work_NN1 they_PPHS2 had_VHD done_VDN to_TO achieve_VVI the_AT badges_NN2 was_VBDZ not_XX of_IO high_RR enough_DD quality_NN1 to_TO be_VBI shown_VVN to_II the_AT public_NN1 ,_, especially_RR to_II potential_JJ employers_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Motivation_NN1 is_VBZ key_JJ when_CS implementing_VVG strategies_NN2 to_TO control_VVI and_CC evaluate_VVI learning_NN1 ,_, especially_RR when_CS trying_VVG to_TO maintain_VVI a_AT1 commitment_NN1 to_TO finish_VVI the_AT reading_NN1 or_CC to_TO seek_VVI help_NN1 in_II understanding_VVG the_AT text_NN1 rather_II21 than_II22 to_TO give_VVI up_RP (_( Pintrich_NP1 and_CC Zusho_NP1 2007_MC ;_; Zusho_NP1 and_CC Edwards_NP1 2011_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT Institute_NN1 of_IO Education_NN1 Science_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 Practice_NN1 Guide_NN1 on_II the_AT topic_NN1 (_( Herman_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2008_MC )_) reviewed_VVD both_RR relevant_JJ business_NN1 literature_NN1 and_CC the_AT school_NN1 improvement_NN1 literature_NN1 and_CC ,_, while_CS suggestive_JJ ,_, found_VVD no_AT convincing_JJ evidence_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 causal_JJ relationship_NN1 between_II selective_JJ turnover_NN1 and_CC school_NN1 improvement_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
We_PPIS2 also_RR report_VV0 the_AT δ2_FO ;_; however_RR ,_, due_II21 to_II22 the_AT large_JJ sample_NN1 size_NN1 ,_, we_PPIS2 relied_VVD on_II the_AT other_JJ ft_NNU indices_NN2 to_TO assess_VVI measurement_NN1 invariance_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
While_CS none_PN of_IO the_AT institutional_JJ variables_NN2 were_VBDR significantly_RR associated_VVN with_IW our_APPGE dependent_JJ variables_NN2 ,_, participants_NN2 '_NULL perceptions_NN2 of_IO the_AT climate_NN1 for_IF STEM_NN1 reform_NN1 in_II their_APPGE academic_JJ unit_NN1 was_VBDZ positively_RR associated_VVN with_IW their_APPGE abilities_NN2 to_TO benefit_VVI in_II learning_VVG skills_NN2 for_IF leadership_NN1 and_CC change_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
However_RR ,_, this_DD1 study_NN1 was_VBDZ conducted_VVN with_IW measures_NN2 only_RR administered_VVN in_II English_NN1 ,_, so_CS conclusions_NN2 regarding_II the_AT role_NN1 of_IO Spanish_JJ proficiency_NN1 can_VM not_XX be_VBI drawn_VVN ._. 
</s>
<s>
It_PPH1 is_VBZ consistent_JJ with_IW previous_JJ studies_NN2 on_II the_AT positive_JJ relationship_NN1 between_II better_JJR disciplinary_JJ environment_NN1 and_CC principal_JJ retention_NN1 (_( Loeb_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2010_MC ;_; Sun_NN1 &;_NULL Ni_NP1 ,_, 2015_MC ;_; Tekleselassie_NP1 &;_NULL Villarreal_NP1 ,_, 2011_MC )_) ,_, but_CCB this_DD1 finding_NN1 further_RRR identifies_VVZ the_AT statistically_RR significant_JJ relationship_NN1 lies_VVZ between_II disciplinary_JJ environment_NN1 and_CC the_AT probability_NN1 of_IO principals_NN2 moving_VVG to_II another_DD1 school_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 study_NN1 avoids_VVZ pretesting_VVG the_AT students_NN2 because_II21 of_II22 potential_JJ testing_NN1 threats_NN2 that_CST may_VM change_VVI participants_NN2 '_NULL behaviour_NN1 during_II the_AT actual_JJ study_NN1 due_II21 to_II22 information_NN1 they_PPHS2 may_VM gain_VVI from_II a_AT1 pre-test_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
I_PPIS1 never_RR got_VVD a_AT1 reason_NN1 for_IF why_RRQ he_PPHS1 wanted_VVD to_TO end_VVI things_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
._. ._. A_ZZ1 direct_JJ result_NN1 of_IO the_AT meeting_NN1 was_VBDZ that_CST Wang_NP1 arranged_VVD a_AT1 short_JJ visit_NN1 to_II the_AT Netherlands_NP1 ._. 
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<s>
While_CS ICs_NP1 also_RR occur_VV0 in_II an_AT1 informal_JJ form_NN1 ,_, with_IW more_RGR random_JJ purposes_NN2 and_CC dynamic_JJ environments_NN2 ,_, such_II21 as_II22 hanging_VVG out_RP with_IW friends_NN2 ,_, joining_VVG student_NN1 clubs_NN2 ,_, living_VVG with_IW foreign_JJ roommates_NN2 ,_, participating_VVG in_II extracurricular_JJ activities_NN2 ,_, and_CC interacting_VVG on_II social_JJ media_NN ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT finding_NN1 that_CST both_RR democracy_NN1 and_CC communism_NN1 have_VH0 a_AT1 positive_JJ association_NN1 with_IW our_APPGE outcome_NN1 supports_VVZ our_APPGE claim_NN1 that_CST democratic_JJ countries_NN2 do_VD0 not_XX have_VHI a_AT1 monopoly_NN1 on_II rights_NN2 discourses_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
So_RR ,_, Nikola_NP1 and_CC Svetlana_NP1 haven_NN1 '_NULL t_ZZ1 done_VDN their_APPGE homework_NN1 ,_, so_RR come_VV0 here_RL and_CC I_PPIS1 will_VM write_VVI a_AT1 note_NN1 in_II your_APPGE student_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 book_NN1 ,_, but_CCB quickly_RR !_! 
</s>
<s>
As_II such_DA ,_, this_DD1 apologizing_NN1 ritual_NN1 does_VDZ not_XX work_VVI in_II helping_VVG pupils_NN2 to_TO be_VBI able_JK to_TO perform_VVI their_APPGE tasks_NN2 ,_, as_CSA it_PPH1 does_VDZ not_XX contribute_VVI to_II improving_VVG the_AT situation_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT outcomes_NN2 will_VM be_VBI compared_VVN across_II the_AT two_MC languages_NN2 (_( L1_FO and_CC EFL_NP1 )_) and_CC across_II grades_NN2 ,_, going_VVG from_II grade_NN1 8_MC to_TO grade_VVI 10_MC ._. 
</s>
<s>
Given_CS21 that_CS22 difficulties_NN2 with_IW hearing_VVG in_II educational_JJ settings_NN2 can_VM lead_VVI to_II negative_JJ outcomes_NN2 for_IF children_NN2 (_( Anderson_NP1 ,_, 2001_MC )_) ,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ critical_JJ that_CST these_DD2 children_NN2 be_VBI identified_VVN as_RG early_RR as_CSA possible_JJ ._. 
</s>
<s>
Primary-school_NN1 age_NN1 cohort_NN1 sizes_NN2 are_VBR based_VVN on_II the_AT 2002_MC Population_NN1 Census_NN1 microdata_NN1 extract_NN1 provided_VVN by_II IPUMS_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Following_VVG the_AT procedure_NN1 of_IO (_( Palmer_NP1 ,_, 2000b_FO )_) prior_II21 to_II22 testing_VVG four_MC lists_VVZ each_DD1 comprising_VVG four_MC items_NN2 selected_VVN by_II random_JJ sampling_NN1 without_IW replacement_NN1 were_VBDR created_VVN ._. 
</s>
<s>
And_CC a_AT1 concluding_JJ chapter_NN1 reminds_VVZ us_PPIO2 of_IO the_AT Jeffersonian_JJ mandate_NN1 to_TO secure_VVI equality_NN1 and_CC liberty_NN1 for_IF the_AT minority_NN1 but_CCB warns_VVZ that_CST there_EX is_VBZ never_RR a_AT1 level_JJ linguistic_JJ playing_JJ field_NN1 ;_; that_DD1 language_NN1 inequality_NN1 has_VHZ been_VBN a_AT1 constant_JJ feature_NN1 of_IO America_NP1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 past_JJ ;_; and_CC that_CST it_PPH1 continues_VVZ to_TO pose_VVI problems_NN2 in_II the_AT present_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Perhaps_RR valuing_VVG learning_NN1 resources_NN2 led_VVN to_II greater_JJR or_CC more_RGR effective_JJ use_NN1 of_IO them_PPHO2 ,_, which_DDQ could_VM promote_VVI learning_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II other_JJ countries_NN2 ,_, such_II21 as_II22 the_AT Netherlands_NP1 ,_, the_AT UK_NP1 and_CC France_NP1 ,_, the_AT process_NN1 has_VHZ enabled_VVN less_RGR prestigious_JJ institutions_NN2 to_TO gain_VVI more_DAR prestige_NN1 and_CC to_TO attract_VVI more_DAR students_NN2 (_( Witte_NP1 2006_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT tutorial_NN1 taught_VVD six_MC formatting_VVG tasks_NN2 in_II Microsoft_NP1 Word_NN1 2010_MC ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_RR21 addition_RR22 ,_, local_JJ capacity_NN1 and_CC will_NN1 are_VBR important_JJ for_IF implementation_NN1 ,_, particularly_RR when_CS there_EX are_VBR multiple_JJ layers_NN2 of_IO government_NN1 or_CC institutions_NN2 (_( Hill_NP1 &;_NULL Hupe_NP1 ,_, 2003_MC ;_; McLaughlin_NP1 ,_, 1987_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT data_NN also_RR indicate_VV0 a_AT1 reaffirmation_NN1 ,_, against_II this_DD1 specific_JJ political_JJ demand_NN1 ,_, of_IO three_MC traditional_JJ ways_NN2 of_IO functioning_VVG tied_VVN up_II21 to_II22 the_AT requests_NN2 made_VVN by_II local_JJ educational_JJ communities_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
It_PPH1 gives_VVZ a_AT1 scope_NN1 ,_, a_AT1 horizon_NN1 of_IO thought_NN1 ,_, in_II which_DDQ one_PN1 can_VM practice_NN1 ,_, perceive_VV0 ,_, and_CC understand_VV0 one_MC1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 own_VV0 experiences_NN2 of_IO teaching_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
One_MC1 theme_NN1 found_VVN across_II teacher_NN1 education_NN1 standards_NN2 is_VBZ a_AT1 focus_NN1 on_II the_AT application_NN1 of_IO knowledge_NN1 and_CC skills_NN2 needed_VVN for_IF teaching_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
When_RRQ students_NN2 evaluated_VVD the_AT statement_NN1 ,_, "_" I_PPIS1 prefer_VV0 using_VVG the_AT open/alternative_JJ educational_JJ resource_NN1 instead_II21 of_II22 buying_VVG a_AT1 textbook_NN1 for_IF this_DD1 course_NN1 (_( 1_MC1 =_FO Strongly_RR disagree_VV0 ,_, 7_MC =_FO Strongly_RR agree_VV0 )_) "_" they_PPHS2 rated_VVD it_PPH1 5.7_MC (_( moderately_RR agree_VV0 )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 was_VBDZ also_RR the_AT case_NN1 at_II the_AT second_MD test_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Additionally_RR ,_, emergency_NN1 room_NN1 and_CC primary_JJ care_NN1 provider_NN1 visits_NN2 declined_VVD significantly_RR in_II the_AT follow-up_JJ period_NN1 ,_, shifting_VVG integrated_JJ care_NN1 patients_NN2 from_II "_" heavy_JJ "_" to_TO "_" average_VVI "_" utilizers_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Documentation_NN1 can_VM support_VVI this_DD1 ,_, yes_UH ,_, but_CCB it_PPH1 starts_VVZ somewhere_RL else_RR ._. 
</s>
<s>
Different_JJ strategies_NN2 could_VM be_VBI used_VVN to_TO develop_VVI students_NN2 '_NULL prior_JJ knowledge_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Therefore_RR ,_, all_DB instructional_JJ materials_NN2 ,_, including_II the_AT software_NN1 ,_, were_VBDR in_II Dutch_JJ ._. 
</s>
<s>
Social-emotional_JJ learning_NN1 has_VHZ also_RR been_VBN identified_VVN as_II an_AT1 important_JJ component_NN1 in_II the_AT prevention_NN1 of_IO bullying_NN1 (_( Smith_NP1 and_CC Low_NP1 2013_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Without_IW the_AT disciplinary_JJ nature_NN1 being_VBG acknowledged_VVN ,_, the_AT construction_NN1 and_CC reconstruction_NN1 of_IO professionalism_NN1 in_II high_JJ school_NN1 English_NN1 teachers_NN2 will_VM be_VBI impossible_JJ ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 process_NN1 inevitably_RR leads_VVZ to_II losing_VVG the_AT emancipatory_JJ potential_NN1 initially_RR identified_VVN ,_, represented_VVN by_II the_AT exclusion_NN1 of_IO pregnancy_NN1 from_II the_AT "_" schoolgirl_NN1 "_" category_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Since_CS the_AT coding_NN1 process_NN1 was_VBDZ recursive_JJ r_ZZ1 ,_, the_AT coders_NN2 referred_VVD back_RP to_II the_AT codebook_NN1 constantly_RR to_TO ensure_VVI that_CST all_DB newly_RR coded_JJ quotes_NN2 aligned_VVN with_IW the_AT previous_JJ codes_NN2 (_( and_CC sub_JJ codes_NN2 )_) in_II that_DD1 category_NN1 and_CC vice_RR21 versa_RR22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
During_II June_NPM1 2017_MC ,_, participants_NN2 worked_VVD more_RRR on_II the_AT conceptualization_NN1 of_IO their_APPGE design_NN1 (_( blue_JJ points_NN2 )_) and_CC then_RT specified_VVD their_APPGE design_NN1 solution_NN1 with_IW different_JJ tools_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Educational_JJ aspirations_NN2 are_VBR now_RT at_II the_AT forefront_NN1 of_IO education_NN1 policy_NN1 as_CSA governments_NN2 focus_VV0 on_II how_RRQ to_TO increase_VVI the_AT proportion_NN1 of_IO Australians_NN2 with_IW university-level_JJ Qualifications_NN2 and_CC ,_, in_RR21 particular_RR22 ,_, how_RRQ to_TO encourage_VVI more_RGR regional_JJ and_CC rural_JJ students_NN2 to_TO aspire_VVI to_II higher_JJR education_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
It_PPH1 has_VHZ been_VBN argued_VVN that_CST the_AT emergence_NN1 of_IO non-state_JJ institutions_NN2 could_VM have_VHI been_VBN stimulated_VVN by_II making_VVG the_AT public_JJ funding_NN1 available_JJ to_II them_PPHO2 (_( Chankseliani_NP1 ,_, 2014_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT study_NN1 provides_VVZ evidence_NN1 that_CST motivation_NN1 and_CC emotion_NN1 is_VBZ an_AT1 inherent_JJ part_NN1 of_IO regulating_VVG individually_RR and_CC towards_II the_AT collaborative_JJ ,_, and_CC vice_RR21 versa_RR22 ,_, where_CS processes_NN2 are_VBR shaped_VVN by_II individual_JJ and_CC collective_JJ aesthetic_JJ and_CC artistic_JJ considerations_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II columns_NN2 (_( 2_MC )_) we_PPIS2 exclude_VV0 schools_NN2 with_IW at_RR21 least_RR22 one_MC1 class_NN1 in_II the_AT bottom_JJ 15%_NNU ._. 
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<s>
SurveyThe_NP1 online_JJ survey_NN1 was_VBDZ a_AT1 modified_JJ version_NN1 of_IO the_AT survey_NN1 used_VVN in_II Foote_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
(_( 2011_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
However_RR ,_, there_EX is_VBZ a_AT1 certain_JJ difference_NN1 between_II Jung_NP1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 theory_NN1 and_CC nonviolence_NN1 theory_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Particularly_RR when_CS participants_NN2 were_VBDR less_DAR than_CSN 90%_NNU confident_JJ ,_, they_PPHS2 demonstrated_VVD little_DA1 ability_NN1 to_TO resolve_VVI their_APPGE performance_NN1 into_II separate_JJ confidence_NN1 bins_NN2 and_CC accuracy_NN1 is_VBZ relatively_RR constant_JJ ._. 
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<s>
Cues_NN2 are_VBR used_VVN to_TO make_VVI monitoring_VVG judgements_NN2 that_CST regulate_VV0 performance_NN1 (_( Koriat_NP1 1997_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Additionally_RR ,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ seen_VVN as_CSA necessary_JJ for_IF future_JJ CDA_NN1 research_NN1 to_TO explore_VVI the_AT IELTS_NP2 reading_VVG performance_NN1 of_IO test-takers_NN2 from_II different_JJ academic_JJ domains_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Teachers_NN2 '_NULL perceptions_NN2 of_IO the_AT charter_NN1 sector_NN1 were_VBDR somewhat_DD1 of_IO a_AT1 paradox_NN1 ,_, in_CS21 that_CS22 there_EX was_VBDZ a_AT1 general_JJ sense_NN1 that_CST charter_NN1 schools_NN2 had_VHD high_JJ turnover_NN1 and_CC instability_NN1 ,_, with_IW interviewees_NN2 constantly_RR describing_VVG concerns_NN2 with_IW teacher_NN1 retention_NN1 and_CC the_AT precarity_NN1 of_IO jobs_NN2 ,_, but_CCB this_DD1 also_RR created_VVN a_AT1 general_JJ sense_NN1 ,_, similar_JJ to_II New_NP1 Orleans_NP1 ,_, that_CST jobs_NN2 were_VBDR always_RR available_JJ because_CS charter_NN1 schools_NN2 were_VBDR always_RR hiring_VVG ._. 
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<s>
As_CSA this_DD1 discussion_NN1 implies_VVZ ,_, knowledge_NN1 of_IO writing_NN1 involves_VVZ knowing_VVG about_II other_JJ related_JJ skills_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
However_RR ,_, with_IW few_DA2 exceptions_NN2 the_AT literature_NN1 overemphasizes_VVZ older_JJR adults_NN2 ?_? 
</s>
<s>
The_AT time_NNT1 distribution_NN1 in_II the_AT micro-lectures_NN2 and_CC exercises_NN2 was_VBDZ different_JJ as_II the_AT course_NN1 went_VVD on_RP ._. 
</s>
<s>
According_II21 to_II22 Cohen_NP1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 (_( 1988_MC )_) criteria_NN2 ,_, the_AT effect_NN1 sizes_NN2 were_VBDR large_JJ for_IF fluency_NN1 and_CC medium_NN1 for_IF flexibility_NN1 and_CC originality_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT APCTLAG_NN1 model_NN1 (_( Chauvel_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
2017_MC )_) implemented_VVN on_II the_AT log_NN1 equivalised_VVD disposable_JJ income_NN1 (_( ln(DPI)_NN2 )_) and_CC the_AT logitranks_NN2 of_IO it_PPH1 (_( logitranks(DPI)_NN2 )_) for_IF the_AT sample_NN1 restricted_VVN to_II tertiary_JJ education_NN1 holders_NN2 only_RR estimates_VVZ the_AT cohort_NN1 variations_NN2 of_IO absolute_JJ returns_NN2 to_II tertiary_JJ education_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Moreover_RR ,_, through_II the_AT application_NN1 of_IO two_MC non-compensatory_JJ CDMs_NP1 as_II31 well_II32 as_II33 one_MC1 compensatory_JJ CDM_NP1 ,_, Lee_NP1 &;_NULL Sawaki_NP1 ,_, 2009a_FO claim_VV0 that_CST the_AT three_MC selected_JJ CDMs_NP1 yield_VV0 greatly_RR similar_JJ classification_NN1 results_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
But_CCB writers_NN2 tended_VVD to_TO include_VVI clearer_JJR conclusions_NN2 in_II their_APPGE texts_NN2 on_II average_NN1 in_II L2_FO than_CSN in_II L1_FO ,_, which_DDQ suggests_VVZ they_PPHS2 might_VM be_VBI inclined_JJ to_TO draw_VVI more_RGR straightforward_JJ or_CC less_RGR nuanced_JJ conclusions_NN2 in_II L2_FO ._. 
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<s>
I_PPIS1 would_VM expect_VVI cold_JJ water_NN1 to_TO sink_VVI to_II the_AT bottom_NN1 "_" )_) ._. 
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<s>
From_II an_AT1 organizational_JJ point_NN1 of_IO view_NN1 ,_, self-reporting_JJ methods_NN2 are_VBR an_AT1 easy_JJ tool_NN1 to_TO implement_VVI :_: in_II contrast_NN1 to_II the_AT combination_NN1 of_IO ex_NN1 post_NN1 and_CC ex_JJ21 ante_JJ22 designs_NN2 ,_, participants_NN2 are_VBR only_RR questioned_VVN at_II one_MC1 point_NN1 in_II time_NNT1 ._. 
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<s>
HCZ_NP1 started_VVD when_RRQ Geoffrey_NP1 Canada_NP1 ,_, a_AT1 local_JJ karate_NN1 instructor_NN1 ,_, grew_VVD frustrated_JJ when_CS children_NN2 regressed_VVN once_CS they_PPHS2 left_VVD his_APPGE program_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT Bosniak_NP1 youths_NN2 who_PNQS participated_VVD in_II this_DD1 research_NN1 are_VBR future-oriented_JJ ,_, practical_JJ ,_, and_CC resilient_JJ ._. 
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<s>
For_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, the_AT code_NN1 above_RL was_VBDZ included_VVN in_II the_AT category_NN1 "_" types_NN2 of_IO schools/students_NN2 served_VVD ._. "_" 
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<s>
Recent_JJ research_NN1 indicates_VVZ that_DD1 school_NN1 factors_NN2 may_VM predict_VVI a_AT1 larger_JJR share_NN1 of_IO outcomes_NN2 other_II21 than_II22 achievement_NN1 test_NN1 scores_NN2 (_( e.g._REX ,_, college_NN1 attendance_NN1 )_) but_CCB may_VM also_RR reduce_VVI racial_JJ inequality_NN1 while_CS exacerbating_VVG inequality_NN1 between_II classes_NN2 (_( Jennings_NP1 ,_, Deming_NP1 ,_, Jencks_NP1 ,_, Lopuch_NP1 ,_, &;_NULL Schueler_NP1 ,_, 2015_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
Health_NN1 and_CC social_JJ care_NN1 is_VBZ a_AT1 complex_JJ system_NN1 that_CST operates_VVZ on_II many_DA2 levels_NN2 across_II different_JJ organisations_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
In_II response_NN1 ,_, Singapore_NP1 focussed_VVD on_II teachers_NN2 '_NULL education_NN1 while_CS preparing_VVG pre-service_JJ teachers_NN2 to_TO work_VVI in_II both_DB2 mainstream_JJ and_CC special_JJ schools_NN2 (_( Walker_NP1 2016_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
The_AT Jungian_JJ notion_NN1 of_IO individuality_NN1 provides_VVZ a_AT1 bridge_NN1 to_II students_NN2 '_NULL further_RRR move_VV0 into_II understanding_VVG the_AT meanings_NN2 of_IO organic_JJ relationality_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Well_RR ,_, not_XX everything_PN1 is_VBZ black_JJ or_CC white_JJ ,_, you_PPY know_VV0 ._. 
</s>
<s>
It_PPH1 started_VVD from_II the_AT beginning_NN1 within_II each_DD1 block_NN1 ._. 
</s>
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Furthermore_RR ,_, the_AT large_JJ number_NN1 of_IO social_JJ challenges_NN2 in_II the_AT high_JJ challenge_NN1 dyads_NN2 may_VM have_VHI triggered_VVN maladaptive_JJ emotion_NN1 regulation_NN1 strategies_NN2 ,_, such_II21 as_II22 avoidance-focused_JJ strategies_NN2 (_( see_VV0 also_RR :_: Naykki_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
2014_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Norwich_NP1 was_VBDZ the_AT centre_NN1 of_IO one_MC1 of_IO the_AT most_RGT culturally_RR and_CC economically_RR advanced_JJ regions_NN2 in_II England_NP1 ,_, resting_VVG only_RR 151_MC miles_NNU2 from_II the_AT coast_NN1 of_IO the_AT Netherlands_NP1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT researcher_NN1 dictated_VVD two_MC different_JJ lists_NN2 of_IO 20_MC words_NN2 in_II each_DD1 list_NN1 :_: one_MC1 list_NN1 of_IO content_JJ words_NN2 and_CC one_MC1 list_NN1 of_IO function_NN1 words_NN2 (_( Shany_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2006_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
They_PPHS2 are_VBR house_NN1 managers_NN2 at_II the_AT time_NNT1 of_IO disaster_NN1 in_II their_APPGE care_NN1 of_IO children_NN2 and_CC all_DB household_NN1 items_NN2 and_CC assume_VV0 responsibility_NN1 for_IF taking_VVG food_NN1 and_CC blankets_NN2 ,_, warm_JJ clothes_NN2 for_IF children_NN2 ,_, and_CC essential_JJ equipment_NN1 to_II a_AT1 safe_JJ place_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Everything_PN1 needed_VVD to_TO be_VBI done_VDN in_II the_AT presence_NN1 of_IO IMO_NN1 personnel_NN2 ,_, who_PNQS were_VBDR accepted_VVN and_CC respected_VVN by_II the_AT community_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Perhaps_RR most_RGT evident_JJ has_VHZ been_VBN the_AT opioid_JJ crisis_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ has_VHZ garnered_VVN increased_JJ national_JJ attention_NN1 and_CC was_VBDZ recently_RR named_VVN a_AT1 public_JJ health_NN1 emergency_NN1 in_II the_AT United_NP1 States_NP1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Children_NN2 were_VBDR required_VVN to_TO listen_VVI to_II and_CC watch_VVI selected_JJ audio-vis_MC2 ual_JJ fragments_NN2 and_CC to_TO answer_VVI corresponding_JJ multiple-choice_NN1 questions_NN2 on_II an_AT1 answer_NN1 sheet_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
These_DD2 connections_NN2 are_VBR prerequisite_JJ for_IF assisting_VVG novice_NN1 students_NN2 filter_VV0 already_RR established_VVN beliefs_NN2 concerning_II the_AT educational_JJ purposes_NN2 and_CC think_VV0 beyond_II the_AT status_NN121 quo_NN122 (_( McEvoy_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2017_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
As_CSA described_VVN by_II Sun_NN1 and_CC He_PPHS1 (_( Chap_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Any_DD resident_NN1 near_II a_AT1 town_NN1 in_II which_DDQ it_PPH1 appeared_VVD ,_, including_II Norwich_NP1 ,_, would_VM have_VHI known_VVN of_IO ,_, or_CC heard_VVD reports_NN2 of_IO the_AT performance_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Thus_RR while_CS my_APPGE results_NN2 speak_VV0 to_II the_AT possible_JJ association_NN1 between_II broadband_JJ access_NN1 and_CC a_AT1 student_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 decision_NN1 of_IO whether_CSW to_TO enroll_VVI in_II online_JJ courses_NN2 (_( or_CC for_IF institutions_NN2 to_TO offer_VVI them_PPHO2 )_) ,_, they_PPHS2 do_VD0 not_XX extend_VVI to_II student_NN1 performance_NN1 in_II online_JJ courses_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
To_TO summarize_VVI ,_, the_AT existing_JJ evidence_NN1 with_II31 respect_II32 to_II33 the_AT robot_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 social_JJ behavior_NN1 is_VBZ mixed_VVN ._. 
</s>
<s>
It_PPH1 is_VBZ possible_JJ that_CST some_DD students_NN2 created_VVD poor-quality_JJ study_NN1 guides_NN2 or_CC did_VDD not_XX create_VVI a_AT1 study_NN1 guide_NN1 at_RR21 all_RR22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
One_MC1 of_IO the_AT most_RGT effective_JJ of_IO these_DD2 programs_NN2 (_( Gersten_NP1 ,_, Dimino_NP1 ,_, Jayanthi_NP1 ,_, Kim_NP1 ,_, &;_NULL Santoro_NP1 ,_, 2010_MC )_) introduced_VVD first-grade_JJ teachers_NN2 to_TO research_VVI findings_NN2 regarding_II early_JJ reading_NN1 instruction_NN1 ,_, and_CC did_VDD this_DD1 by_II helping_VVG teachers_NN2 incorporate_VVI these_DD2 findings_NN2 into_II their_APPGE local_JJ lesson_NN1 plans_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Another_DD1 frequently_RR mentioned_VVN feature_NN1 was_VBDZ that_CST students_NN2 regard_VV0 videos_NN2 as_CSA useful_JJ for_IF providing_VVG the_AT theory_NN1 (_( see_VV0 Fig._NN1 4_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Students_NN2 in_II the_AT control_NN1 group_NN1 did_VDD not_XX receive_VVI any_DD additional_JJ instructions_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
High-cognition_NN1 did_VDD not_XX reach_VVI the_AT significance_NN1 cut-off_NN1 value_NN1 and_CC was_VBDZ therefore_RR not_XX included_VVN in_II the_AT process_NN1 model_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II31 response_II32 to_II33 this_DD1 criticism_NN1 ,_, recent_JJ studies_NN2 have_VH0 provided_VVN empirical_JJ evidence_NN1 that_CST behaviors_NN2 are_VBR a_AT1 reflection_NN1 of_IO cognitive_JJ styles_NN2 and_CC that_CST people_NN with_IW different_JJ cognitive_JJ styles_NN2 show_VV0 actual_JJ behavioral_JJ differences_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_RR21 addition_RR22 ,_, approximately_RR one-fifth_MF of_IO ultra-moves_NN2 by_II male_JJ students_NN2 were_VBDR due_II21 to_II22 school_NN1 discipline_NN1 compared_VVN with_IW 10%_NNU for_IF female_JJ mobile_JJ students_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
At_II the_AT end_NN1 of_IO primary_JJ school_NN1 ,_, students_NN2 take_VV0 a_AT1 national_JJ leaving_NN1 exam_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ largely_RR determines_VVZ which_DDQ secondary_JJ schools_NN2 they_PPHS2 can_VM enter_VVI ._. 
</s>
<s>
Conversely_RR ,_, the_AT students_NN2 experienced_VVD some_DD challenges_NN2 ,_, such_II21 as_II22 lack_NN1 of_IO consistency_NN1 in_II teaching_NN1 and_CC the_AT need_NN1 to_TO get_VVI immediate_JJ feedback_NN1 while_CS conducting_VVG programming_NN1 tasks_NN2 (_( see_VV0 '_NULL Learning_VVG perspectives_NN2 '_NULL section_NN1 )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
First_MD ,_, children_NN2 rated_VVD higher_JJR on_II self-control_NN1 by_II their_APPGE teachers_NN2 showed_VVD a_AT1 more_RGR rapid_JJ shift_NN1 from_II combining_VVG visual_JJ attention_NN1 distraction_NN1 with_IW hands_NN2 withholding_VVG to_II visual_JJ attention_NN1 distraction_NN1 only_RR over_II time_NNT1 on_II the_AT snack_NN1 delay_NN1 task_NN1 ,_, compared_VVN to_II children_NN2 lower_VV0 on_II teacher-rated_JJ self-control_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II this_DD1 context_NN1 ,_, social_JJ and_CC political_JJ characteristics_NN2 might_VM also_RR refer_VVI to_II different_JJ motivations_NN2 to_TO study_VVI sociology_NN1 in_RR21 general_RR22 and_CC different_JJ orientations_NN2 toward_II the_AT labor_NN1 market_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
We_PPIS2 also_RR asked_VVD about_II individual_JJ participant_NN1 experience_NN1 of_IO students_NN2 using_VVG contract_NN1 cheating_VVG services_NN2 ;_; 41.8%_FO answered_VVD '_NULL yes_UH '_NULL that_CST they_PPHS2 had_VHD '_NULL personally_RR ever_RR been_VBN aware_JJ that_CST a_AT1 student_NN1 has_VHZ been_VBN using_VVG one_MC1 of_IO these_DD2 companies_NN2 '_NULL while_CS 59.7%_FO answered_VVD yes_UH that_CST their_APPGE '_NULL institution_NN1 ever_RR caught_VVN a_AT1 student_NN1 using_VVG one_MC1 of_IO these_DD2 companies_NN2 '_NULL ._. 
</s>
<s>
He_PPHS1 contends_VVZ that_CST this_DD1 dogmatic_JJ posturing_NN1 that_CST stems_VVZ from_II a_AT1 sense_NN1 of_IO moral_JJ outrage_NN1 can_VM be_VBI somewhat_RR alienating_JJ for_IF some_DD colleagues_NN2 ,_, students_NN2 and_CC administrators_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT small_JJ effect_NN1 on_II grades_NN2 may_VM ,_, for_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, be_VBI a_AT1 result_NN1 of_IO students_NN2 '_NULL compensating_VVG for_IF bad_JJ student_NN1 instructors_NN2 by_II studying_VVG more_RRR at_II home_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT first_MD half_NN1 was_VBDZ analyzed_VVN via_II principal_JJ axis_NN1 factoring_VVG with_IW promax_NN1 rotation_NN1 in_II SPSS_NP1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT other_JJ suitors_NN2 '_NULL blogTo_NN1 save_II space_NN1 ,_, what_DDQ happens_VVZ next_MD is_VBZ summarized_VVN ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 project_NN1 developed_VVD a_AT1 Scientific_JJ Merit_NN1 Rating_NN1 Scale_NN1 (_( NAC_NP1 ,_, 2009_MC )_) to_TO evaluate_VVI each_DD1 identified_JJ study_NN1 to_TO determine_VVI whether_CSW the_AT intervention/treatment_NN1 implemented_VVN in_II the_AT study_NN1 was_VBDZ effective_JJ for_IF participating_JJ individuals_NN2 with_IW ASD_NP1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
SCOTT_NP1 MONROE_NP1 is_VBZ an_AT1 assistant_JJ professor_NN1 in_II the_AT Department_NN1 of_IO Educational_JJ Policy_NN1 ,_, Research_NN1 ,_, and_CC Administration_NN1 at_II the_AT University_NN1 of_IO Massachusetts_NP1 Amherst_NP1 ,_, Furcolo_NP1 Hall_NN1 ,_, 813_MC N._NNU Pleasant_JJ St._NP1 ,_NP1 Amherst_NP1 ,_, MA_NNA 01002_MC ,_, USA_NP1 ;_; email_NN1 :_: smonroe@educ.umass_FO ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT successful_JJ adoption_NN1 of_IO such_DA curricula_NN2 is_VBZ heavily_RR dependent_JJ on_II the_AT teacher_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 perception_NN1 of_IO the_AT fit_JJ between_II the_AT innovation_NN1 and_CC their_APPGE own_DA goals_NN2 for_IF students_NN2 ,_, teaching_VVG strategies_NN2 ,_, and_CC expectations_NN2 for_IF student_NN1 learning_NN1 (_( Roschelle_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
2006_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Recalling_VVG his_APPGE August_NPM1 registration_NN1 ,_, he_PPHS1 said_VVD ,_, '_NULL '_NULL This_DD1 is_VBZ late_JJ ._. 
</s>
<s>
._. ._. ._. But_CCB rather_CS21 than_CS22 join_VVI my_APPGE colleagues_NN2 in_II formal_JJ algebra_NN1 ,_, I_PPIS1 found_VVD myself_PPX1 drawn_VVN to_II the_AT context_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
For_IF one_MC1 treatment_NN1 group_NN1 ,_, the_AT content_NN1 of_IO the_AT additional_JJ letter_NN1 focused_VVN on_II the_AT benefits_NN2 of_IO obtaining_VVG high_JJ placement_NN1 exam_NN1 scores_NN2 ,_, such_II21 as_II22 allowing_VVG the_AT student_NN1 to_TO enroll_VVI directly_RR in_II college-level_JJ courses_NN2 ,_, reducing_VVG the_AT total_JJ financial_JJ cost_NN1 of_IO attendance_NN1 ,_, and_CC shortening_VVG time_NNT1 to_II completion_NN1 (_( see_VV0 Appendix_NN1 1_MC1 )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT author_NN1 declared_VVD no_AT potential_JJ conflicts_NN2 of_IO interest_NN1 with_II31 respect_II32 to_II33 the_AT research_NN1 ,_, authorship_NN1 ,_, and/or_CC publication_NN1 of_IO this_DD1 article_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Our_APPGE second_MD recommendation_NN1 is_VBZ related_VVN to_II the_AT utility_NN1 of_IO the_AT indicators_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Currently_RR ,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ believed_VVN that_CST teachers_NN2 and_CC leaders_NN2 engage_VV0 in_II a_AT1 recursive_JJ cycle_NN1 of_IO collecting_VVG ,_, analyzing_VVG ,_, and_CC making_VVG sense_NN1 of_IO data_NN ,_, developing_VVG and_CC implementing_VVG interventions_NN2 ,_, reassessing_VVG ,_, and_CC modifying_VVG interventions_NN2 as_CSA needed_VVN (_( Datnow_NP1 &;_NULL Hubbard_NP1 ,_, 2015_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Feedback_NN1 at_II the_AT process_NN1 level_NN1 is_VBZ contingent_JJ on_II contributions_NN2 from_II more_RGR knowledgeable_JJ others_NN2 to_TO collectively_RR construct_VVI inferences_NN2 within_II space_NN1 of_IO reasons_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Only_RR one_MC1 study_NN1 examined_VVD itinerant_JJ special_JJ educators_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
But_CCB how_RRQ does_VDZ asking_NN1 questions_NN2 impact_NN1 student_NN1 learning_NN1 ?_? 
</s>
<s>
The_AT community_NN1 dashboard_NN1 was_VBDZ used_VVN in_II the_AT school_NN1 communities_NN2 and_CC the_AT MOOC_NN1 community_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Qualitative_JJ data_NN collection_NN1 through_II individual_JJ interviews_NN2 was_VBDZ scheduled_VVN 8_MC weeks_NNT2 after_II the_AT initial_JJ quantitative_JJ phase_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
More_RGR extreme_JJ disengagement_NN1 was_VBDZ mentioned_VVN by_II two_MC learners_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Finally_RR ,_, we_PPIS2 compared_VVD impacts_NN2 from_II studies_NN2 with_IW fewer_DAR than_CSN 100_MC teachers_NN2 with_IW those_DD2 with_IW 100_MC or_CC more_DAR teachers_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 is_VBZ not_XX to_TO say_VVI that_CST the_AT goal_NN1 of_IO acquiring_VVG '_NULL correct_JJ '_NULL or_CC native-like_JJ pronunciation_NN1 exists_VVZ in_II all_DB of_IO the_AT literature_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
As_II such_DA ,_, learners_NN2 acquire_VV0 the_AT skills_NN2 of_IO abstracting_VVG from_II irrelevant_JJ features_NN2 which_DDQ happens_VVZ to_TO be_VBI a_AT1 criterion_NN1 to_TO induce_VVI schema_NN1 (_( Atkinson_NP1 ,_, Derry_NP1 ,_, Renkl_NP1 ,_, &;_NULL Wortham_NP1 ,_, 2000_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Most_RGT commonly_RR ,_, schools_NN2 will_VM introduce_VVI a_AT1 dedicated_JJ programme_NN1 where_RRQ students_NN2 are_VBR taught_VVN skills_NN2 based_VVN on_II positive_JJ psychology_NN1 interventions_NN2 (_( PPIs_NP1 )_) that_CST boost_VV0 their_APPGE resilience_NN1 ,_, hope_VV0 and_CC gratitude_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
For_IF an_AT1 additional_JJ analysis_NN1 ,_, I_PPIS1 used_VVD a_AT1 comparison_NN1 group_NN1 consisting_VVG of_IO 590_MC institutions_NN2 classified_VVN as_CSA baccalaureate_JJ or_CC master_NN1 '_NULL s-level_NN1 institutions_NN2 that_CST awarded_VVD fewer_DAR than_CSN 100_MC master_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 degrees_NN2 annually_RR in_II the_AT 2010_MC Carnegie_NP1 classifications_NN2 and_CC that_DD1 did_VDD not_XX have_VHI law_NN1 schools_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
For_IF in-stance_NN1 ,_, teacher_NN1 feedback_NN1 can_VM shape_VVI the_AT ways_NN2 students_NN2 become_VV0 active_JJ agents_NN2 in_II their_APPGE discipline_NN1 (_( Zaini_NP1 ,_, 2018_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
As_CSA young_JJ refugees_NN2 and_CC their_APPGE families_NN2 cross_VV0 borders_NN2 ,_, they_PPHS2 must_VM find_VVI ways_NN2 to_TO develop_VVI a_AT1 sense_NN1 of_IO belonging_VVG in_II nation_NN1 states_VVZ that_CST resist_VV0 their_APPGE presence_NN1 and_CC deny_VV0 their_APPGE right_NN1 to_II citizenship_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 may_VM especially_RR be_VBI the_AT case_NN1 in_II science_NN1 and_CC engineering_NN1 where_RRQ women_NN2 faculty_NN1 "_" are_VBR paid_VVN less_RRR ,_, promoted_VVN more_RGR slowly_RR ,_, receive_VV0 fewer_DAR honors_NN2 ,_, and_CC are_VBR given_VVN fewer_DAR leadership_NN1 positions_NN2 than_CSN men_NN2 "_" (_( Jackson_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
2014_MC ,_, p._NN1 321_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Although_CS teachers_NN2 '_NULL negative_JJ experiences_NN2 in_II one_MC1 sector_NN1 had_VHD a_AT1 strong_JJ impact_NN1 on_II their_APPGE preferences_NN2 for_IF school_NN1 type_NN1 ,_, we_PPIS2 also_RR find_VV0 that_CST a_AT1 lack_NN1 of_IO experience_NN1 ,_, or_CC limited_JJ knowledge_NN1 of_IO the_AT secondary_JJ market_NN1 constrained_VVD crossover_NN1 between_II sectors_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 theoretical_JJ review_NN1 maps_NN2 out_RP democratic_JJ education_NN1 as_II a_AT1 potential_JJ floating_JJ signifier_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Most_DAT participants_NN2 were_VBDR women_NN2 (_( 78%_NNU )_) and_CC most_RRT identified_VVN as_CSA White_NP1 ,_, nonHispanic_JJ (_( 84%_NNU )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
We_PPIS2 also_RR lacked_VVD comparisons_NN2 between_II different_JJ group_NN1 ages_NN2 which_DDQ can_VM be_VBI addressed_VVN in_II future_JJ analysis_NN1 of_IO our_APPGE data_NN ._. 
</s>
<s>
Among_II types_NN2 of_IO conceptual_JJ improvisation_NN1 strategies_NN2 ,_, Despres_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
(_( 2017_MC )_) observe_VV0 a_AT1 general_JJ strategy_NN1 of_IO harmonic_JJ priority_NN1 ,_, established_VVN through_II placing_VVG the_AT improvisation_NN1 in_II a_AT1 harmonic_JJ framework_NN1 in_II31 relation_II32 to_II33 chord_NN1 tones_NN2 ,_, while_CS a_AT1 melodic_JJ priority_NN1 involves_VVZ the_AT selection_NN1 of_IO pitches_NN2 according_II21 to_II22 "_" scales_NN2 ,_, modes_NN2 ,_, or_CC intervals_NN2 instead_II21 of_II22 chord_NN1 tones_NN2 "_" (_( 2017_MC :_: 151_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
At_II both_DB2 methodological_JJ and_CC disciplinary_JJ levels_NN2 ,_, research_NN1 aspires_VVZ to_II standards_NN2 ,_, including_II originality_NN1 ,_, significance_NN1 and_CC rigour_NN1 (_( HEFCE_NP1 ,_, 2011_MC )_) ,_, which_DDQ are_VBR formed_VVN ,_, debated_VVN and_CC defended_VVN ,_, inter_RR21 alia_RR22 ,_, by_II ethics_NN committees_NN2 ,_, peer_VV0 review_NN1 systems_NN2 and_CC learned_VVD societies_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Fellows_NN2 will_VM have_VHI the_AT opportunity_NN1 to_TO develop_VVI integrated_JJ mental_JJ health_NN1 services_NN2 and_CC also_RR work_VV0 in_II community_NN1 mental_JJ health_NN1 settings_NN2 ,_, delivering_VVG and/or_CC developing_JJ systems_NN2 to_TO provide_VVI primary_JJ medical_JJ care_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Researchers_NN2 claim_VV0 that_CST what_DDQ we_PPIS2 teach_VV0 through_II the_AT use_NN1 of_IO space_NN1 ,_, rendered_VVN through_II the_AT eyes_NN2 ,_, words_NN2 ,_, and_CC art_NN1 of_IO youth_NN1 ,_, can_VM be_VBI a_AT1 starting_NN1 point_NN1 when_CS thinking_VVG about_II how_RRQ to_TO differently_RR conceive_VVI of_IO pedagogies_NN2 rooted_VVN in_II place_NN1 across_II disciplines_NN2 (_( Greene_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2014_MC ,_, 2016_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT content_NN1 is_VBZ solely_RR the_AT responsibility_NN1 of_IO the_AT authors_NN2 and_CC does_VDZ not_XX necessarily_RR represent_VVI the_AT view_NN1 of_IO the_AT Institute_NN1 of_IO Education_NN1 Sciences_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Accentuating_VVG supply_NN1 challenges_NN2 is_VBZ the_AT dearth_NN1 of_IO school_NN1 psychologists_NN2 from_II diverse_JJ backgrounds_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Each_DD1 placement_NN1 was_VBDZ coded_VVN based_VVN on_II whether_CSW the_AT child_NN1 first_MD reached_VVN with_IW the_AT handle-side_JJ hand_NN1 ,_, or_CC ,_, due_II21 to_II22 a_AT1 failure_NN1 to_TO inhibit_VVI use_NN1 of_IO their_APPGE preferred_JJ hand_NN1 and/or_CC the_AT hand_NN1 used_VVN on_II the_AT previous_JJ trial_NN1 ,_, reached_VVN with_IW the_AT bowl-side_JJ hand_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II alignment_NN1 with_IW the_AT research_NN1 to_II date_NN1 ,_, we_PPIS2 call_VV0 for_IF action_NN1 in_II the_AT areas_NN2 discussed_VVN below_RL ._. 
</s>
<s>
Just_RR as_II a_AT1 space_NN1 is_VBZ defined_VVN ,_, in_RR21 part_RR22 ,_, by_II the_AT capacity_NN1 of_IO its_APPGE boundaries_NN2 ,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ equally_RR defined_VVN by_II its_APPGE relationship_NN1 to_II other_JJ places_NN2 and_CC things_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Sentences_NN2 were_VBDR relatively_RR simple_JJ to_TO increase_VVI the_AT likelihood_NN1 of_IO hits_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
It_PPH1 is_VBZ easy_JJ to_TO avoid_VVI such_DA disagreements_NN2 when_RRQ one_PN1 perceives_VVZ there_RL to_TO be_VBI no_AT cost_NN1 to_II adding_VVG additional_JJ domains_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
As_CSA we_PPIS2 read_VV0 Manz_NP1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 description_NN1 of_IO the_AT instruction_NN1 core_NN1 to_II her_APPGE research_NN1 ,_, we_PPIS2 were_VBDR reminded_VVN of_IO the_AT writing_NN1 of_IO Marcello_NP1 Pera_NP1 ,_, a_AT1 philosopher_NN1 of_IO science_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Studies_NN2 show_VV0 that_CST the_AT use_NN1 of_IO ADA_NP1 for_IF funding_NN1 purposes_NN2 disadvantages_NN2 high-poverty_JJ districts_NN2 because_CS those_DD2 districts_NN2 tend_VV0 to_TO have_VHI lower_JJR attendance_NN1 rates_NN2 and_CC therefore_RR are_VBR compensated_VVN for_IF a_AT1 lower_JJR number_NN1 of_IO students_NN2 (_( Baker_NP1 &;_NULL Corcoran_NP1 ,_, 2012_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Lareau_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
(_( 2016:291_MC )_) note_VV0 that_CST some_DD parents_NN2 miss_VV0 charter_NN1 school_NN1 deadlines_NN2 '_NULL '_NULL not_XX by_II hours_NNT2 or_CC days_NNT2 but_CCB by_II months_NNT2 ,_, "_" precluding_VVG them_PPHO2 from_II the_AT opportunity_NN1 to_TO access_VVI these_DD2 educational_JJ resources_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT covariates_NN2 in_II X*_FO allow_VV0 us_PPIO2 to_TO compare_VVI otherwise_RR similar_JJ districts_NN2 in_II31 terms_II32 of_II33 size_NN1 and_CC other_JJ cost_NN1 factors_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
It_PPH1 helps_VVZ recipients_NN2 in_II one_MC1 of_IO two_MC ways_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Conclusions_NN2 are_VBR not_XX an_AT1 essential_JJ function_NN1 of_IO descriptions_NN2 ;_; in_II fact_NN1 ,_, they_PPHS2 keep_VV0 the_AT interlocutor_NN1 away_II21 from_II22 the_AT entity_NN1 being_VBG described_VVN ._. 
</s>
<s>
They_PPHS2 have_VH0 explored_VVN how_RRQ to_TO encourage_VVI L2_FO learners_NN2 to_TO think_VVI creatively_RR and_CC to_TO produce_VVI novel_JJ works_NN such_II21 as_II22 creative_JJ writing_NN1 and_CC poems_NN2 (_( e.g._REX ,_, Dai_NP1 ,_, 2010_MC ;_; Tin_NN1 ,_, 2011a_FO ,_, 2011b_FO ,_, 2012_MC ;_; Yeh_NP1 ,_, 2017_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II31 terms_II32 of_II33 students_NN2 '_NULL consent_VV0 ,_, the_AT OU_FW Policy_NN1 on_II Ethical_JJ use_NN1 of_IO Student_NN1 Data_NN for_IF Learning_VVG Analytics_NP1 (_( Open_JJ University_NN1 UK_NP1 2014_MC )_) informs_VVZ students_NN2 that_CST their_APPGE interactions_NN2 are_VBR captured_VVN and_CC may_VM be_VBI used_VVN where_CS there_EX is_VBZ likely_JJ to_TO be_VBI an_AT1 expected_JJ benefit_NN1 to_II learning_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
While_CS traditional_JJ criterion_NN1 validity_NN1 is_VBZ an_AT1 essential_JJ aspect_NN1 of_IO Messick_NP1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 framework_NN1 ,_, he_PPHS1 also_RR emphasized_VVD the_AT need_NN1 to_TO focus_VVI on_II how_RRQ a_AT1 measure_NN1 is_VBZ interpreted_VVN and_CC used_VVN in_II practice_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
It_PPH1 is_VBZ easy_JJ to_TO mistake_VVI it_PPH1 as_RG five_MC characters_NN2 instead_II21 of_II22 two_MC ._. 
</s>
<s>
There_EX was_VBDZ a_AT1 significant_JJ effect_NN1 of_IO content-focused_JJ learning_NN1 goals_NN2 on_II the_AT perceived_JJ value_NN1 of_IO resources_NN2 ,_, (_( 40.88_MC )_) =_FO 1.98_MC ,_, p_ZZ1 =_FO .05_MC ,_, d=0.48_FO ._. 
</s>
<s>
Hence_RR ,_, we_PPIS2 exclude_VV0 children_NN2 who_PNQS were_VBDR born_VVN before_II 1979_MC ,_, which_DDQ is_VBZ about_RG six_MC percent_NNU of_IO the_AT total_JJ sample_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 spectator_NN1 is_VBZ to_TO possess_VVI a_AT1 rational_JJ objectivity_NN1 associated_VVN with_IW the_AT Cartesian_JJ mind/body_NN1 dualism_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
We_PPIS2 study_VV0 the_AT 14_MC refugee-hosting_JJ nation-states_NN2 where_RRQ the_AT UNHCR_NP1 2012-2016_MCMC GES_NP2 was_VBDZ implemented_VVN from_II 2012_MC to_II 2014_MC :_: Bangladesh_NP1 ,_, Chad_NP1 ,_, Egypt_NP1 ,_, Ethiopia_NP1 ,_, Iran_NP1 ,_, Kenya_NP1 ,_, Lebanon_NP1 ,_, Malaysia_NP1 ,_, Pakistan_NP1 ,_, Rwanda_NP1 ,_, South_NP1 Sudan_JJ ,_, Sudan_NP1 ,_, Uganda_NP1 ,_, and_CC Yemen.4_FO UNHCR_NP1 chose_VVD these_DD2 nation-states_NN2 for_IF implementation_NN1 of_IO the_AT GES_NP2 due_II21 to_II22 large_JJ refugee_NN1 populations_NN2 and_CC education-specific_JJ programming_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Education_NN1 is_VBZ highly_RR prized_VVN in_II the_AT Black_JJ community_NN1 and_CC has_VHZ been_VBN viewed_VVN as_CSA central_JJ to_II success_NN1 and_CC mobility_NN1 and_CC is_VBZ often_RR a_AT1 source_NN1 of_IO pride_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
It_PPH1 is_VBZ also_RR possible_JJ that_CST students_NN2 tend_VV0 to_TO have_VHI an_AT1 overall_JJ positive_JJ experience_NN1 in_II every_AT1 class_NN1 they_PPHS2 take_VV0 thus_RR causing_VVG them_PPHO2 to_II rate_NN1 most_DAT classes_NN2 as_CSA "_" better_JJR "_" than_CSN a_AT1 typical_JJ class_NN1 ,_, even_CS21 though_CS22 this_DD1 is_VBZ not_XX mathematically_RR possible_JJ ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II the_AT second_MD step_NN1 ,_, using_VVG the_AT matching_JJ subtest_JJT ,_, all_DB items_NN2 were_VBDR examined_VVN in_II turn_NN1 for_IF potential_JJ DIF_NP1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT battery_NN1 of_IO tests_NN2 included_VVD the_AT Berg_NP1 Card_NN1 Sorting_VVG Test_NN1 ,_, a_AT1 forward_JJ digit_NN1 span_NN1 ,_, and_CC Stroop_NP1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Although_CS this_DD1 approach_NN1 may_VM raise_VVI the_AT realism_NN1 of_IO the_AT findings_NN2 (_( Tsai_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
2011_MC )_) ,_, it_PPH1 has_VHZ limited_VVN control_NN1 over_II other_JJ intervening_JJ variables_NN2 (_( e.g._REX resumes1_FO design_NN1 )_) ,_, and_CC therefore_RR provides_VVZ limited_JJ comparability_NN1 and_CC generalizability_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Coding_NN1 is_VBZ a_AT1 comparatively_RR new_JJ literacy_NN1 but_CCB has_VHZ become_VVN an_AT1 essential_JJ tool_NN1 for_IF reading_NN1 ,_, interpreting_VVG data_NN ,_, and_CC communicating_VVG with_IW others_NN2 in_II a_AT1 digital_JJ society_NN1 (_( Bers_NP1 2018a_FO ,_, b_ZZ1 )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
There_EX was_VBDZ also_RR a_AT1 teacher_NN1 taking_VVG care_NN1 of_IO the_AT girls_NN2 in_II the_AT afternoon_NNT1 '_NULL ._. 
</s>
<s>
These_DD2 emerging_JJ adults_NN2 are_VBR willing_JJ to_TO persevere_VVI to_TO obtain_VVI a_AT1 school_NN1 certificate_NN1 in_II31 return_II32 for_II33 expected_JJ rewards_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
What_DDQ needs_VVZ to_TO be_VBI explained_VVN here_RL are_VBR that_CST since_CS the_AT CFPS2014_FO collected_JJ sample_NN1 cases_NN2 from_II all_DB adult_JJ people_NN (_( not_XX just_RR for_IF face-to-face_JJ and_CC distance_NN1 higher_JJR education_NN1 learners_NN2 )_) ,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ understandable_JJ that_CST this_DD1 paper_NN1 only_RR analyzes_VVZ 626_MC cases_NN2 which_DDQ is_VBZ only_RR a_AT1 small_JJ portion_NN1 of_IO the_AT total_NN1 37,147_MC sample_NN1 cases_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
She_PPHS1 waits_VVZ 5_MC second_NNT1 for_IF a_AT1 response_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT results_NN2 showed_VVD that_CST VR_NP1 training_NN1 programs_NN2 are_VBR effective_JJ ,_, overall_RR ,_, for_IF social_JJ skill_NN1 development_NN1 ,_, but_CCB most_DAT of_IO the_AT factors_NN2 that_CST influence_VV0 program_NN1 success_NN1 contradicted_VVD current_JJ assumptions_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Claims_NN2 of_IO this_DD1 nature_NN1 appear_VV0 in_II Oplatka_NP1 (_( 2007_MC )_) ,_, who_PNQS argued_VVD that_CST only_RR a_AT1 small_JJ number_NN1 of_IO leaders_NN2 are_VBR transformational_JJ (_( 230_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Although_CS in_II both_RR Oregon_NP1 and_CC Washington_NP1 state_NN1 policies_NN2 tend_VV0 to_TO swing_VVI more_RGR progressive_JJ and_CC Democratic_JJ ,_, in_II the_AT suburban_JJ and_CC rural_JJ districts_NN2 our_APPGE research_NN1 participants_NN2 worked_VVD ,_, there_EX appeared_VVD to_TO be_VBI an_AT1 erasing_NN1 of_IO racial_JJ terms_NN2 or_CC "_" colormuting_VVG "_" (_( Pollock_NP1 ,_, 2004_MC )_) when_CS discussing_VVG how_RRQ equity_NN1 could_VM be_VBI addressed_VVN ._. 
</s>
<s>
Despite_II the_AT progress_NN1 made_VVN toward_II racial_JJ desegregation_NN1 in_II the_AT 1970s_MC2 and_CC 1980s_MC2 ,_, schools_NN2 remain_VV0 highly_RR segregated_VVN by_II race_NN1 and_CC income_NN1 :_: Poor_JJ ,_, black_JJ ,_, and_CC Hispanic_JJ children_NN2 often_RR attend_VV0 different_JJ schools_NN2 than_CSN wealthier_JJR ,_, white_JJ ,_, and_CC Asian_JJ children_NN2 (_( Reardon_NP1 and_CC Owens_NP1 2014_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Examples_NN2 of_IO teaching_VVG strategies_NN2 are_VBR included_VVN in_II Table_NN1 3_MC ._. 
</s>
<s>
Arrange_VV0 the_AT Physical_JJ EnvironmentBy_NN1 arranging_VVG the_AT physical_JJ environment_NN1 during_II motor_NN1 activities_NN2 ,_, teachers_NN2 can_VM increase_VVI all_DB children_NN2 '_NULL s_ZZ1 levels_NN2 of_IO engagement_NN1 ,_, including_II those_DD2 with_IW physical_JJ disabilities_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
However_RR ;_; if_CS future_JJ researchers_NN2 would_VM like_VVI to_TO ascertain_VVI whether_CSW Pokemon_NP1 GO_VV0 is_VBZ a_AT1 useful_JJ viable_JJ cognitive_JJ and_CC social_JJ approach_NN1 or_CC not_XX ,_, more_RGR randomized_JJ controlled_JJ trial_NN1 studies_NN2 will_VM be_VBI needed_VVN to_TO compare_VVI Pokemon_NP1 GO_VV0 with_IW traditional_JJ teaching_NN1 approachesandeducational_JJ methods_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_RR21 addition_RR22 ,_, the_AT context_NN1 of_IO student_NN1 talk_NN1 and_CC the_AT connections_NN2 between_II lessons_NN2 need_VV0 to_TO be_VBI considered_VVN in_BCL21 order_BCL22 to_TO investigate_VVI the_AT quality_NN1 of_IO student_NN1 talk_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Ho_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
(_( 2003b_FO )_) found_VVD that_CST Chinese_JJ children_NN2 needed_VVN to_TO learn_VVI a_AT1 good_JJ number_NN1 of_IO characters_NN2 before_CS they_PPHS2 could_VM begin_VVI to_TO recognize_VVI the_AT rules_NN2 underlying_VVG the_AT components_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Finally_RR ,_, the_AT complexity_NN1 of_IO the_AT evolving_JJ widening_JJ participation_NN1 agenda_NN1 in_II higher_JJR education_NN1 in_II the_AT UK_NP1 makes_VVZ isolating_VVG the_AT impact_NN1 of_IO this_DD1 revision_NN1 to_TO assess_VVI its_APPGE contribution_NN1 difficult_JJ ._. 
</s>
<s>
She_PPHS1 elaborated_VVD ,_, "_" I_PPIS1 just_RR really_RR believe_VV0 that_CST if_CS you_PPY tell_VV0 kids_NN2 that_CST they_PPHS2 '_NULL re_II good_JJ or_CC you_PPY tell_VV0 kids_NN2 that_CST they_PPHS2 '_NULL re_II smart_JJ ,_, they_PPHS2 keep_VV0 doing_VDG that_DD1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
They_PPHS2 spend_VV0 a_AT1 lot_NN1 of_IO time_NNT1 on_II social_JJ media_NN channels_NN2 in_BCL21 order_BCL22 to_TO emote_VVI and_CC discuss_VVI about_II their_APPGE real_JJ world_NN1 real-life_JJ interactions_NN2 ,_, relationships_NN2 and_CC experiences_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
We_PPIS2 also_RR interviewed_VVD four_MC central_JJ office_NN1 administrators_NN2 and_CC an_AT1 external_JJ consultant_NN1 each_DD1 year_NNT1 to_TO learn_VVI about_II the_AT design_NN1 of_IO the_AT expanded_JJ principal_JJ roles_NN2 ,_, supports_VVZ in_II place_NN1 to_TO assist_VVI principals_NN2 ,_, and_CC the_AT evolution_NN1 of_IO the_AT roles_NN2 over_II time_NNT1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Horsford_NN1 and_CC Sampson_NP1 (_( 2014_MC )_) report_NN1 on_II a_AT1 proposed_JJ Promise_NN1 Neighborhood_NN1 in_II Las_NP1 Vegas_NP1 that_CST did_VDD not_XX receive_VVI funding_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Taken_VVN together_RL ,_, these_DD2 data_NN showed_VVD very_RG little_DA1 movement_NN1 overall_NN1 towards_II personal_JJ decision-making_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Are_VBR there_RL significant_JJ differences_NN2 between_II the_AT two_MC groups_NN2 ?_? 
</s>
<s>
Two_MC children_NN2 were_VBDR excluded_VVN because_CS they_PPHS2 did_VDD not_XX complete_VVI all_DB components_NN2 of_IO the_AT study_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
RDD_NP1 is_VBZ based_VVN on_II the_AT notion_NN1 that_CST researchers_NN2 deliver_VV0 knowledge_NN1 ,_, intermediaries_NN2 translate_VV0 this_DD1 knowledge_NN1 into_II usable_JJ products_NN2 disseminated_VVN for_IF practice_NN1 and_CC professionals_NN2 use_VV0 knowledge_NN1 in_II the_AT form_NN1 of_IO specific_JJ products_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
It_PPH1 would_VM be_VBI good_JJ if_CS the_AT functions_NN2 can_VM be_VBI combined_VVN into_II a_AT1 single_JJ system_NN1 interface_NN1 to_TO make_VVI it_PPH1 more_RGR convenient_JJ for_IF us_PPIO2 to_TO use_VVI the_AT tool_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
They_PPHS2 expressed_VVD anger_NN1 and_CC frustration_NN1 at_II the_AT way_NN1 CPS_NP1 and_CC the_AT City_NN1 of_IO Chicago_NP1 handled_VVD the_AT schools_NN2 ?_? closings_NN2 and_CC treated_VVD them_PPHO2 as_CS21 if_CS22 the_AT community_NN1 itself_PPX1 was_VBDZ Bailing._NP1 ?_? 
</s>
<s>
An_AT1 associated_JJ aspect_NN1 of_IO vocation_NN1 worth_II considering_VVG is_VBZ the_AT concept_NN1 of_IO calling_VVG ,_, because_CS it_PPH1 provides_VVZ for_IF a_AT1 deeper_JJR understanding_NN1 of_IO how_RRQ involvement_NN1 in_II work_NN1 may_VM lead_VVI to_TO work_VVI being_VBG more_RRR than_CSN just_RR a_AT1 job_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
As_II the_AT German_JJ critic_NN1 Theodor_NP1 W._NP1 Adorno_NP1 (_( 19031969_MC )_) confirms_VVZ when_RRQ he_PPHS1 discusses_VVZ the_AT late_JJ Beethoven_NP1 ,_, '_NULL the_AT theory_NN1 of_IO art_NN1 were_VBDR to_TO divest_VVI itself_PPX1 of_IO its_APPGE rights_NN2 and_CC abdicate_VVI in_II31 favor_II32 of_II33 reality_NN1 '_NULL (_( cited_VVN in_II Leppert_NP1 ,_, 2002_MC ,_, p._NN1 564_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Morris_NP1 offers_VVZ multiple_JJ supports_NN2 for_IF students_NN2 ,_, including_II social_JJ workers_NN2 ,_, therapists_NN2 ,_, and_CC onsite_NN1 daycare_NN1 for_IF students_NN2 with_IW infants_NN2 and_CC toddlers_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 observation_NN1 is_VBZ somewhat_RR in_II contrast_NN1 to_II a_AT1 popular_JJ Danish_JJ narrative_NN1 of_IO an_AT1 administration_NN1 outgrowing_VVG the_AT academic_JJ part_NN1 of_IO the_AT universities_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 strategy_NN1 allows_VVZ us_PPIO2 to_TO control_VVI for_IF any_DD determinants_NN2 of_IO pre-primary_JJ enrollment_NN1 and_CC outcomes_NN2 that_CST do_VD0 not_XX vary_VVI within_II house-holds_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
From_II the_AT information_NN1 presented_VVN in_II Table_NN1 9_MC ,_, it_PPH1 can_VM be_VBI concluded_VVN that_CST although_CS these_DD2 two_MC test-takers_NN2 got_VVD the_AT same_DA score_NN1 on_II the_AT selected_JJ IELTS_NN2 reading_VVG test_NN1 (_( band_NN1 score_NN1 =_FO 5.5_MC )_) ,_, the_AT performance_NN1 of_IO these_DD2 two_MC test-takers_NN2 on_II the_AT selected_JJ IELTS_NN2 reading_VVG test_NN1 was_VBDZ quite_RG different_JJ in_II a_AT1 way_NN1 that_CST they_PPHS2 belonged_VVD to_II two_MC different_JJ attribute_NN1 mastery_NN1 patterns_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
One_MC1 principal_NN1 (_( 20FS_RA )_) illustrates_VVZ this_DD1 understanding_NN1 stating_VVG ,_, "_" diversity_NN1 means_NN having_VHG different_JJ nationalities_NN2 ,_, cultures_NN2 ,_, and_CC socio-economic_JJ status_NN1 ,_, different_JJ abilities_NN2 in_II students_NN2 and_CC staff_NN ,_, different_JJ nationalities_NN2 ,_, different_JJ academic_JJ achievement_NN1 of_IO students_NN2 ._. "_" 
</s>
<s>
Indeed_RR ,_, in_II our_APPGE sample_NN1 of_IO organizations_NN2 ,_, 69%_NNU provided_CS work_NN1 experience_NN1 in_II the_AT employer_NN1 setting_VVG as_II part_NN1 of_IO their_APPGE participation_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Data_NN analyses_VVZ with_II31 regard_II32 to_II33 purposes_NN2 for_IF SGI_JJ instruction_NN1 revealed_VVD that_CST although_CS targeting_VVG disciplinary_JJ literacy_NN1 was_VBDZ the_AT main_JJ reason_NN1 for_IF SGI_NP1 ,_, it_PPH1 also_RR served_VVN as_II a_AT1 tool_NN1 for_IF (_( a_ZZ1 )_) gauging_VVG students_NN2 '_NULL needs_NN2 and_CC how_RRQ students_NN2 responded_VVN to_II instruction_NN1 ,_, (_( b_ZZ1 )_) "_" hitting_VVG "_" multiple_JJ within-_NN1 and_CC cross-disciplinary_JJ targets_NN2 ,_, and_CC (_( c_ZZ1 )_) building_NN1 students_NN2 '_NULL social_JJ skills_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Janes_NP2 (_( 1988_MC )_) found_VVD that_DD1 ISM_FU is_VBZ particularly_RR useful_JJ for_IF working_VVG with_IW participants_NN2 in_II a_AT1 group_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Can_VM you_PPY talk_VVI about_II the_AT current_JJ state_NN1 of_IO the_AT effort_NN1 to_TO include_VVI multiple_JJ measures_NN2 in_II the_AT accountability_NN1 system_NN1 ?_? 
</s>
<s>
Both_DB2 programmes_NN2 recruit_VV0 participants_NN2 internationally_RR from_II a_AT1 wide_JJ range_NN1 of_IO health_NN1 professions_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
How_RGQ ever_RR ,_, the_AT background_NN1 variables_NN2 and_CC interactions_NN2 significantly_RR improved_VVD the_AT model_NN1 (_( X2(6)_FO =_FO 16.95_MC ,_, p_ZZ1 =_FO .009_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Second_MD ,_, the_AT measures_NN2 of_IO behavior_NN1 do_VD0 not_XX cover_VVI the_AT entire_JJ semester_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT various_JJ policies_NN2 also_RR required_VVN him_PPHO1 to_TO model_VVI appropriate_JJ social_JJ behaviour_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Partnership_NN1 for_IF 21st_MD Century_NNT1 Skills_NN2 ,_, P21_FO 2009_MC ;_; National_JJ Research_NN1 Council_NN1 ,_, NRC_NP1 2010_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Here_RL ,_, we_PPIS2 examine_VV0 one_MC1 such_DA example_NN1 of_IO lay_JJ reasoning_NN1 on_II a_AT1 science-related_JJ civic_JJ issue_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Although_CS life_NN1 satisfaction_NN1 has_VHZ been_VBN utilized_VVN as_II a_AT1 key_JJ measure_NN1 of_IO wellbeing_NN1 in_II many_DA2 studies_NN2 ,_, inclusion_NN1 of_IO other_JJ measures_NN2 of_IO wellbeing_NN1 (_( such_II21 as_II22 positive_JJ and_CC negative_JJ affect_NN1 and_CC sense_NN1 of_IO meaning_NN1 and_CC purpose_NN1 )_) as_II31 well_II32 as_II33 ill-being_JJ ,_, can_VM provide_VVI a_AT1 more_RGR comprehensive_JJ perspective_NN1 on_II the_AT association_NN1 between_II gratitude_NN1 and_CC well-being_NN1 in_II the_AT school_NN1 context_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
They_PPHS2 were_VBDR selected_VVN from_II standard_JJ classes_NN2 and_CC had_VHD not_XX received_VVN special_JJ placement_NN1 based_VVN on_II academic_JJ performance_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II each_DD1 group_NN1 an_AT1 increase_NN1 in_II the_AT number_NN1 and_CC percentage_NN1 of_IO entries_NN2 in_II 2013_MC and_CC 2014_MC was_VBDZ accompanied_VVN by_II a_AT1 decrease_NN1 in_II the_AT percentage_NN1 of_IO entrants_NN2 achieving_VVG the_AT EBacc_NP1 ._. 
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<s>
If_CS students_NN2 '_NULL test_VV0 scores_NN2 did_VDD not_XX show_VVI improvement_NN1 over_II time_NNT1 ,_, their_APPGE teachers_NN2 '_NULL professional_JJ files_NN2 could_VM be_VBI permanently_RR flagged_VVN or_CC they_PPHS2 could_VM often_RR be_VBI denied_VVN merit_NN1 pay_NN1 ,_, tenure_NN1 ,_, or_CC continuing_JJ teaching_NN1 contracts_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
What_DDQ do_VD0 these_DD2 results_NN2 tell_VVI us_PPIO2 ?_? 
</s>
<s>
As_CSA Figure_NN1 3_MC reveals_VVZ ,_, each_DD1 of_IO our_APPGE outcomes_NN2 has_VHZ relatively_RR long_JJ tails_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Other_JJ researchers_NN2 considered_VVN PTs_NN2 '_NULL self-efficacy_JJ as_CSA ELA_NP1 teachers_NN2 in_II31 relation_II32 to_II33 their_APPGE experiences_NN2 in_II coursework_NN1 (_( Filatov_NP1 &;_NULL Pill_NP1 ,_, 2015_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
There_EX are_VBR also_RR some_DD who_PNQS warn_VV0 that_CST rubrics_NN2 reduce_VV0 feedback_NN1 on_II the_AT particular_JJ assignment_NN1 and_CC the_AT feedback_NN1 becomes_VVZ too_RG generic_JJ and_CC vague_JJ for_IF comprehension_NN1 (_( e.g._REX Wilson_NP1 ,_, 2007_MC cited_VVD in_II Li_NP1 and_CC Lindsey_NP1 ,_, 2015_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
As_CSA reviewed_VVN elsewhere_RL ,_, these_DD2 include_VV0 benefits_NN2 for_IF the_AT development_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 diverse_JJ range_NN1 of_IO literacy_NN1 skills_NN2 (_( Merga_NP1 ,_, 2019a_FO )_) ;_; however_RR ,_, attention_NN1 should_VM also_RR be_VBI given_VVN to_II the_AT likelihood_NN1 that_CST literacy_NN1 skills_NN2 do_VD0 not_XX remain_VVI static_JJ ._. 
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<s>
A_AT1 whooping_JJ number_NN1 14_MC articles_NN2 (_( 35.89_MC %_NNU )_) have_VH0 pressed_VVN the_AT use_NN1 of_IO TAM_NP1 in_II digital_JJ learning_NN1 ,_, and_CC 2_MC (_( 5.12%_FO )_) articles_NN2 have_VH0 discussed_VVN the_AT Kano_NP1 model_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ is_VBZ the_AT next_MD best_JJT performer_NN1 on_II the_AT list_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
However_RR ,_, such_DA a_AT1 decision_NN1 is_VBZ accompanied_VVN by_II the_AT mothers_NN2 '_NULL increasing_VVG anxiety_NN1 and_CC awareness_NN1 of_IO their_APPGE limited_JJ Chinese_JJ language_NN1 proficiency_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ potentiallyjeopardizes_VVZ the_AT identity_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 mother_NN1 as_II a_AT1 knowledge-giver_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT concern_NN1 is_VBZ not_XX whether_CSW we_PPIS2 are_VBR exposing_VVG children_NN2 to_II coding_NN1 but_CCB how_RRQ to_TO expose_VVI them_PPHO2 to_II coding_VVG in_II a_AT1 developmentally_RR appropriate_JJ manner_NN1 and_CC in_II a_AT1 way_NN1 that_CST will_VM get_VVI them_PPHO2 to_TO playfully_RR engage_VVI in_II coding_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Instead_RR ,_, trustworthiness_NN1 is_VBZ pursued_VVN by_II researchers_NN2 to_TO demonstrate_VVI that_CST findings_NN2 are_VBR not_XX simply_RR the_AT preferences_NN2 of_IO the_AT researchers_NN2 (_( Lincoln_NP1 and_CC Guba_NP1 1985_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
In_II31 light_II32 of_II33 the_AT relatively_RR demanding_VVG role_NN1 carried_VVN out_RP by_II the_AT students_NN2 in_II patient_JJ assessment_NN1 ,_, it_PPH1 was_VBDZ reassuring_VVG that_CST the_AT positive_JJ focus_NN1 group_NN1 contributions_NN2 were_VBDR matched_VVN by_II a_AT1 similarly_RR positive_JJ response_NN1 to_II the_AT survey_NN1 question_NN1 in_II this_DD1 area_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
To_TO find_VVI out_RP whether_CSW and_CC how_RRQ workshop_NN1 attendance_NN1 is_VBZ related_VVN to_II other_JJ modes_NN2 of_IO learning_NN1 ,_, we_PPIS2 control_VV0 for_IF both_DB2 training_NN1 participation_NN1 and_CC informal_JJ learning_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
We_PPIS2 find_VV0 that_CST increasing_JJ labor_NN1 market_NN1 opportunities_NN2 for_IF men_NN2 lead_VV0 to_II a_AT1 significant_JJ improvement_NN1 in_II overall_JJ home_NN1 environment_NN1 and_CC emotional_JJ support_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Findings_NN2 from_II this_DD1 study_NN1 demonstrated_VVD that_CST the_AT POEE_NN1 scaffolding_NN1 strategy_NN1 fulfilled_VVD the_AT four_MC conditions_NN2 of_IO a_AT1 constructivist_NN1 learning_NN1 environment_NN1 suggested_VVN by_II Baviskar_NP1 ,_, Hartle_NP1 ,_, and_CC Whitney_NP1 (_( 2009_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
The_AT following_JJ schematic_JJ diagram_NN1 (_( Fig._NN1 1_MC1 )_) illustrates_VVZ the_AT revised_JJ POEE_NN1 strategy_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT result_NN1 was_VBDZ that_CST the_AT students_NN2 started_VVD to_TO engage_VVI ._. 
</s>
<s>
These_DD2 insights_NN2 indicate_VV0 the_AT teachers_NN2 '_NULL recognition_NN1 of_IO the_AT significance_NN1 of_IO using_VVG analytics_NN2 to_TO support_VVI students_NN2 yet_RR they_PPHS2 also_RR raised_VVD the_AT need_NN1 for_IF additional_JJ support_NN1 and_CC teacher_NN1 training_NN1 that_CST can_VM facilitate_VVI usage_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
For_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ stated_VVN that_CST '_NULL guessing_VVG '_NULL ,_, '_NULL predicting_VVG '_NULL and_CC '_NULL using_VVG context_NN1 '_NULL is_VBZ a_AT1 '_NULL dead-end_NN1 street_NN1 '_NULL (_( p._NNU 37_MC )_) ,_, but_CCB the_AT author_NN1 later_RRR promotes_VVZ the_AT Reading_NP1 Pathways_NN2 program_VV0 ,_, which_DDQ asks_VVZ students_NN2 to_TO consciously_RR make_VVI predictions_NN2 from_II context_NN1 about_II what_DDQ they_PPHS2 are_VBR reading_VVG (_( p._NNU 190_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
Nowadays_RT ,_, meritocracy_NN1 manifests_VVZ itself_PPX1 in_II meritocratic_JJ procedures_NN2 ,_, such_II21 as_II22 meritocratic_JJ selection_NN1 in_II hiring_VVG or_CC the_AT general_JJ principle_NN1 that_CST people_NN in_II higher_JJR positions_NN2 ought_VMK to_TO be_VBI there_RL due_JJ to_TO merit_VVI rather_CS21 than_CS22 because_CS of_IO money_NN1 ,_, influence_NN1 or_CC family_NN1 connections_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Activities_NN2 are_VBR distinguished_VVN by_II their_APPGE energizing_VVG motives_NN2 (_( material_NN1 or_CC ideal_JJ )_) oriented_VVD by_II objects_NN2 ;_; actions_NN2 are_VBR goal-oriented_JJ processes_NN2 of_IO translating_VVG activities_NN2 into_II reality_NN1 ;_; goal-oriented_JJ actions_NN2 are_VBR operationalized_VVN by_II variable_JJ meditational_JJ means_NN under_II specific_JJ conditions_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT resolution_NN1 index_NN1 was_VBDZ measured_VVN with_IW the_AT use_NN1 of_IO the_AT GoodmanKruskal_JJ Gamma_NN1 correlation_NN1 and_CC involves_VVZ a_AT1 within_II subjects_NN2 measure_NN1 of_IO the_AT relationship_NN1 between_II confidence_NN1 judgments_NN2 and_CC the_AT correctness_NN1 of_IO each_DD1 individual_JJ item_NN1 (_( e.g._REX ,_, Koriat_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
2009_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II31 addition_II32 to_II33 the_AT rise_NN1 in_II knowledge_NN1 production_NN1 ,_, the_AT Asian_JJ region_NN1 has_VHZ also_RR seen_VVN a_AT1 dramatic_JJ increase_NN1 in_II regional_JJ cross-border_JJ collaborative_JJ research_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Maps_NN2 provide_VV0 orientation_NN1 and_CC direction_NN1 ,_, but_CCB not_XX full_JJ explanations_NN2 of_IO the_AT landscape_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Children_NN2 demonstrated_VVD much_DA1 interest_NN1 in_II passing_VVG one_MC1 more_DAR time_NNT1 through_II the_AT nose_NN1 but_CCB waited_VVD for_IF permission_NN1 from_II the_AT explainer_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Three_MC of_IO the_AT mothers_NN2 had_VHD only_RR completed_VVN primary_JJ school_NN1 ,_, 3_MC had_VHD completed_VVN secondary_JJ school_NN1 ,_, and_CC two_MC had_VHD attended_VVN technical_JJ post-secondary_JJ school_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Data_NN was_VBDZ triangulated_VVN as_CSA '_NULL ..._... essentially_RR a_AT1 means_NN of_IO cross_NN1 checking_VVG data_NN to_TO establish_VVI its_APPGE validity_NN1 '_NULL (_( Bush_NP1 ,_, 2012_MC :_: 85_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Moreover_RR ,_, traditional_JJ discussions_NN2 of_IO school_NN1 composition_NN1 effects_NN2 tend_VV0 to_TO focus_VVI on_RP relatively_RR similar_JJ theoretical_JJ mechanisms_NN2 as_CSA those_DD2 of_IO neighborhood_NN1 poverty_NN1 :_: collective_JJ socialization_NN1 ,_, relative_JJ deprivation_NN1 ,_, and_CC lack_NN1 of_IO institutional_JJ resources_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Ms._NNB Fischer_NP1 also_RR incorporated_VVN cultural_JJ practices_NN2 into_II classroom_NN1 activities_NN2 ,_, which_DDQ were_VBDR culturally_RR relevant_JJ for_IF emergent_JJ bilingual_JJ students_NN2 (_( Ladson-Billings_NN2 ,_, 1995b_FO )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
It_PPH1 is_VBZ this_DD1 game-grammar_NN1 ,_, or_CC lack_NN1 thereof_RR ,_, that_DD1 distinguishes_VVZ these_DD2 two_MC technologies_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Unfortunately_RR ,_, we_PPIS2 were_VBDR unable_JK to_TO recruit_VVI control_NN1 schools_NN2 due_II21 to_II22 the_AT remote_JJ location_NN1 of_IO participating_JJ schools_NN2 and_CC the_AT scarcity_NN1 of_IO schools_NN2 in_II the_AT same_DA general_JJ area_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Rather_RR ,_, they_PPHS2 argued_VVD ,_, the_AT gain_NN1 score_NN1 and_CC lagged_JJ score_NN1 approaches_VVZ simply_RR ask_VV0 different_JJ questions_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
There_EX was_VBDZ little_RR in-depth_JJ discussion_NN1 or_CC examples_NN2 of_IO specific_JJ strategies_NN2 that_CST principals_NN2 use_VV0 in_II addressing_VVG diversity_NN1 or_CC any_DD suggestions_NN2 or_CC discussion_NN1 about_II building_VVG a_AT1 strong_JJ school_NN1 culture_NN1 that_CST embraces_VVZ the_AT differences_NN2 between_II faculty_NN1 members_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT possibility_NN1 to_TO subscribe_VVI to_II blogs_NN2 and_CC their_APPGE availability_NN1 in_II formats_NN2 adaptable_JJ to_II mobile_JJ devices_NN2 mean_VV0 their_APPGE content_NN1 can_VM be_VBI taken_VVN anywhere_RL ._. 
</s>
<s>
Second_MD ,_, private_JJ preschools_NN2 are_VBR owned_VVN and_CC run_VVN by_II a_AT1 variety_NN1 of_IO providers_NN2 ,_, including_II non-governmental_JJ and_CC faith-based_JJ organizations_NN2 ,_, community-based_JJ associations_NN2 ,_, and_CC private-for-profit_JJ agents_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT data_NN in_II Table_NN1 4_MC are_VBR a_AT1 summary_NN1 of_IO children_NN2 '_NULL s_ZZ1 views_NN2 about_II how_RRQ they_PPHS2 knew_VVD what_DDQ was_VBDZ right_JJ and_CC wrong_JJ at_II school_NN1 at_II Year_NNT1 1_MC1 and_CC Year_NNT1 3_MC ._. 
</s>
<s>
Our_APPGE research_NN1 question_NN1 is_VBZ as_CSA follows_VVZ :_: Does_VDZ the_AT strengthening_NN1 of_IO the_AT household_NN1 educational_JJ level_NN1 have_VH0 a_AT1 daunting_JJ effect_NN1 on_II the_AT population_NN1 of_IO young_JJ NEETs_NN2 in_II Italy_NP1 ?_? 
</s>
<s>
For_IF assessing_VVG fluent_JJ letter_NN1 writing_NN1 ,_, we_PPIS2 measured_VVD how_RGQ fast_JJ children_NN2 write_VV0 letter_NN1 forms_VVZ automatically_RR ._. 
</s>
<s>
With_II31 respect_II32 to_II33 the_AT personality_NN1 traits_NN2 ,_, our_APPGE findings_NN2 partly_RR coincided_VVD with_IW findings_NN2 of_IO former_DA studies_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
There_EX are_VBR differences_NN2 in_II cultures_NN2 and_CC norms_NN2 ,_, and_CC we_PPIS2 have_VH0 an_AT1 innate_JJ ability_NN1 as_CSA African_JJ American_JJ males_NN2 to_TO figure_VVI out_RP African_JJ American_JJ students_NN2 more_RGR quickly_RR ._. 
</s>
<s>
Between_II 2013_MC and_CC 2015_MC ,_, 46_MC teachers_NN2 from_II schools_NN2 across_II three_MC regions_NN2 of_IO Queensland_NP1 ,_, selected_VVN for_IF their_APPGE high_JJ density_NN1 of_IO Indigenous_JJ learners_NN2 ,_, were_VBDR invited_VVN to_TO assess_VVI the_AT record_NN1 cards_NN2 of_IO 24_MC fictional_JJ students_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
These_DD2 individuals_NN2 were_VBDR required_VVN to_TO think_VVI aloud_RR ,_, or_CC verbalize_VV0 ,_, reading_VVG processes_NN2 and_CC strategies_NN2 while_CS taking_VVG the_AT test_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 resonates_VVZ with_IW prior_JJ research_NN1 on_II the_AT impact_NN1 of_IO SES_NP2 on_II entry_NN1 into_II particular_JJ fields_NN2 of_IO study_NN1 and_CC selective_JJ colleges_NN2 (_( Davies_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
2014_MC ;_; Goyette_NP1 and_CC Mullen_NP1 2006_MC ;_; Zarifa_NP1 2012a_FO ,_, 2012b_FO )_) but_CCB also_RR suggests_VVZ that_DD1 part_NN1 of_IO the_AT delays_NN2 in_II time_NNT1 to_II completion_NN1 for_IF low-income_JJ students_NN2 may_VM be_VBI attributable_JJ to_II increased_JJ hours_NNT2 of_IO employment_NN1 to_TO offset_VVI rising_VVG college_NN1 costs_NN2 (_( Bound_VV0 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
2010_MC ;_; Roksa_NP1 and_CC Velez_NP1 2010_MC ;_; Weiss_NP1 and_CC Roksa_NP1 2016_MC )_) or_CC stopping_VVG out_RP during_II their_APPGE studies_NN2 (_( Davies_NP1 and_CC Mehta_NP1 2018_MC ;_; Goldrick-Rab_NP1 2006_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Trust-building_NN1 was_VBDZ achieved_VVN over_II time_NNT1 through_II multiphase_NN1 contact_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT initiative_NN1 is_VBZ founded_VVN in_II a_AT1 belief_NN1 in_II non-positional_JJ leadership_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ assumes_VVZ '_NULL that_CST all_DB members_NN2 of_IO learning_VVG communities_NN2 have_VH0 capacity_NN1 for_IF leadership_NN1 regardless_RR of_IO status_NN1 or_CC designated_JJ positions_NN2 of_IO authority_NN1 '_NULL .3_MC ITL_NN1 projects_NN2 work_VV0 to_II a_AT1 set_NN1 of_IO principles_NN2 that_CST guide_VV0 action_NN1 (_( Frost_NP1 ,_, 2011a_FO :_: 11_MC )_) (_( Appendix_NN1 )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 study_NN1 examines_VVZ the_AT implementation_NN1 of_IO four_MC different_JJ flipped-classroom_JJ activities_NN2 in_II a_AT1 microbiology_NN1 course_NN1 in_BCL21 order_BCL22 to_TO analyze_VVI how_RGQ active_JJ learning_NN1 can_VM train_VVI creativity_NN1 skills_NN2 and_CC critical_JJ thinking_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Essentially_RR ,_, teachers_NN2 expect_VV0 students_NN2 to_II practice_NN1 every_AT1 day_NNT1 ;_; however_RR ,_, parental_JJ expectations_NN2 and_CC the_AT actual_JJ practice_NN1 accomplished_VVN by_II students_NN2 is_VBZ notably_RR less_RRR (_( Kostka_NP1 ,_, 2002_MC ;_; Carey_NP1 ,_, 2015_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
An_AT1 average_JJ item_NN1 score_NN1 was_VBDZ calculated_VVN for_IF learning_VVG and_CC transfer_NN1 subtests_NN2 ,_, after_II transforming_VVG each_DD1 question_NN1 to_II a_AT1 0-1_MCMC scale_NN1 ,_, so_CS21 that_CS22 each_DD1 subtest_JJT item_NN1 was_VBDZ weighted_VVN equally_RR ._. 
</s>
<s>
Comparison_NN1 groups_NN2 attended_VVD schools_NN2 that_CST indicated_VVD they_PPHS2 did_VDD not_XX explicitly_RR teach_VVI any_DD particular_JJ positive_JJ education_NN1 framework_NN1 or_CC use_VV0 PPIs_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
A_AT1 revised_JJ SoC_NN1 questionnaire_NN1 (_( with_IW adequate_JJ reliability_NN1 and_CC construct_VV0 validity_NN1 )_) has_VHZ been_VBN developed_VVN to_TO assess_VVI SSFMs_NP1 '_NULL concerns_VVZ about_II adopting_VVG FC_NP1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
First_MD ,_, the_AT sample_NN1 size_NN1 was_VBDZ small_JJ which_DDQ precluded_VVD the_AT performance_NN1 of_IO more_RGR sophisticated_JJ data_NN analyses_NN2 ,_, such_II21 as_II22 moderation_NN1 or_CC mediation_NN1 analyses_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II this_DD1 pilot_NN1 ,_, all_DB 33_MC subitems_NN2 were_VBDR observed_VVN ._. 
</s>
<s>
Learning_VVG efficiency_NN1 is_VBZ defined_VVN as_II the_AT speed_NN1 (_( in_II days_NNT2 )_) at_II which_DDQ a_AT1 student_NN1 takes_VVZ to_TO complete_VVI the_AT course_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
My_APPGE contention_NN1 is_VBZ that_DD1 research_NN1 about_II distributed_JJ cognition_NN1 in_II the_AT field_NN1 of_IO educational_JJ technology_NN1 is_VBZ informed_VVN by_II relations_NN2 of_IO power_NN1 produced_VVN through_II the_AT interactions_NN2 of_IO a_AT1 broad_JJ assemblage_NN1 of_IO institutions_NN2 not_XX limited_VVN to_II governmental_JJ departments_NN2 of_IO education_NN1 and_CC commercial_JJ interests_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 the_AT testing_NN1 industry_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT most_RGT striking_JJ contrast_NN1 between_II urban_JJ and_CC rural_JJ areas_NN2 is_VBZ found_VVN in_II the_AT response_NN1 to_II enrollment_NN1 growth_NN1 of_IO the_AT math_NN1 test_NN1 scores_NN2 of_IO math_NN1 teachers_NN2 and_CC pupils_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
What_DDQ it_PPH1 is_VBZ :_: Tinkering_VVG projects_NN2 are_VBR not_XX '_NULL in_II the_AT head_NN1 '_NULL or_CC '_NULL in_II the_AT world_NN1 '_NULL ,_, but_CCB instead_RR they_PPHS2 exist_VV0 in_II both_DB2 places_NN2 and_CC the_AT project_NN1 bridges_VVZ them_PPHO2 (_( Papert_NP1 ,_, 1993_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Tinkering_VVG project_NN1 ideas_NN2 are_VBR nurtured_VVN and_CC made_VVN by_II children_NN2 and_CC are_VBR personally_RR relevantProjects_VVZ might_VM look_VVI fun_JJ but_CCB the_AT process_NN1 of_IO creating_VVG them_PPHO2 involves_VVZ iteration_NN1 ,_, repeated_VVD problem_NN1 solving_NN1 ,_, and_CC is_VBZ fraught_JJ with_IW challenges_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Julie_NP1 elaborated_VVD :_: "_" They_PPHS2 come_VV0 to_II me_PPIO1 at_II a_AT1 grade_NN1 2_MC level_JJ ,_, year_NNT1 after_II year_NNT1 ,_, and_CC they_PPHS2 are_VBR grade_NN1 4_MC ._. 
</s>
<s>
Elsewhere_RL ,_, we_PPIS2 have_VH0 affirmed_VVN that_CST spaces_NN2 outside_II the_AT metropolis_NN1 are_VBR "_" culturally_RR ,_, economically_RR ,_, environmentally_RR and_CC demographically_RR diverse_JJ "_" ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II31 response_II32 to_II33 external_JJ pressures_NN2 ,_, it_PPH1 was_VBDZ reported_VVN that_CST the_AT management_NN1 at_II some_DD schools_NN2 considered_VVD boosting_VVG student_NN1 academic_JJ performance_NN1 with_IW more_DAR tuition_NN1 after_II classes_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II31 support_II32 of_II33 Symeonides_NP1 and_CC Childs_NP1 (_( 2015_MC )_) ,_, this_DD1 study_NN1 found_VVD that_CST the_AT use_NN1 of_IO emotional_JJ support_NN1 (_( from_II peers_NN2 and_CC family_NN1 members_NN2 )_) ,_, and_CC reading_VVG self_NN1 discourses_NN2 of_IO others_NN2 '_NULL feelings_NN2 and_CC struggles_NN2 helped_VVN alleviate_VVI anxiety_NN1 (_( see_VV0 section_NN1 3.2.4._MC -_- support_VV0 )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
We_PPIS2 then_RT take_VV0 the_AT residuals_NN2 from_II these_DD2 regressions_NN2 and_CC calculate_VV0 mean_JJ achievement_NN1 ,_, by_II year_NNT1 ,_, for_IF recession_NN1 intensity_NN1 Quartiles_NN2 1_MC1 and_CC 4_MC for_IF cohorts_NN2 with_IW at_RR21 least_RR22 one_MC1 year_NNT1 of_IO school-age_JJ exposure_NN1 and_CC cohorts_NN2 with_IW zero_MC years_NNT2 of_IO school-age_JJ exposure_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 change_NN1 represented_VVD a_AT1 statistically_RR significant_JJ decrease_NN1 in_II risk_NN1 status_NN1 for_IF the_AT target_NN1 students_NN2 (_( N_ZZ1 p_ZZ1 16_MC )_) from_II standard_JJ condition_NN1 (_( M_ZZ1 p_ZZ1 12.9_MC ,_, SD_NP1 p_ZZ1 3.5_MC )_) to_II post-PBPD_JJ (_( M_ZZ1 p_ZZ1 9.1_MC ,_, SD_NP1 p_ZZ1 4.7_MC )_) ,_, t(15)_FO p_ZZ1 3.11_MC ,_, p_ZZ1 !_! 
</s>
<s>
He_PPHS1 stated_VVD ,_, "_" Students_NN2 start_VV0 to_TO speak_VVI that_DD1 Arabic_NN1 &lsqb;_( dialect_NN1 &rsqb;_) instead_II21 of_II22 speaking_VVG standard_JJ Arabic_NN1 ._. "_" 
</s>
<s>
In_II Malaysia_NP1 ,_, participants_NN2 described_VVD the_AT explicit_JJ purpose_NN1 of_IO refugee_NN1 education_NN1 as_CSA preparing_VVG young_JJ people_NN for_IF a_AT1 future_NN1 of_IO resettlement_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Which_DDQ outcomes_NN2 can_VM be_VBI attributed_VVN to_II school-based_JJ wellbeing_NN1 interventions_NN2 ?_? 
</s>
<s>
Gurung_NP1 (_( 2017_MC )_) asked_VVD students_NN2 to_II rate_NN1 the_AT current_JJ textbook_NN1 they_PPHS2 were_VBDR using_VVG (_( some_DD subjects_NN2 used_VVD OER_NP1 and_CC others_NN2 used_JJ CT_NN1 )_) and_CC compared_VVD the_AT results_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 decision_NN1 was_VBDZ made_VVN because_CS we_PPIS2 were_VBDR interested_JJ in_II how_RRQ teacher_NN1 SGI_NN2 decision-making_JJ practices_NN2 related_VVN to_II student_NN1 language_NN1 backgrounds_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II this_DD1 article_NN1 ,_, we_PPIS2 replicate_VV0 the_AT Great_JJ Equalizer_NN1 study_NN1 using_VVG better_JJR test_NN1 scores_NN2 in_II both_DB2 the_AT original_JJ data_NN and_CC a_AT1 newer_JJR cohort_NN1 of_IO children_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
A_AT1 total_NN1 of_IO 56_MC students_NN2 ,_, of_IO which_DDQ 40_MC were_VBDR male_JJ ,_, enrolled_VVN in_II the_AT Pedagogical_JJ Formation_NN1 Education_NN1 Certificate_NN1 Program_NN1 of_IO BAIBU_NP1 ,_, voluntarily_RR participated_VVD in_II this_DD1 experiment_NN1 for_IF an_AT1 extra_JJ credit_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Therefore_RR ,_, the_AT improvement_NN1 in_II building_NN1 resource_NN1 efficiency_NN1 and_CC reduction_NN1 in_II pollutions_NN2 and_CC wastes_VVZ also_RR means_VVZ promoting_VVG the_AT sustainability_NN1 of_IO schools_NN2 and_CC universities_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
We_PPIS2 conclude_VV0 by_II discussing_VVG implications_NN2 of_IO the_AT study_NN1 findings_NN2 ,_, including_II limitations_NN2 and_CC directions_NN2 for_IF future_JJ research_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Thus_RR ,_, a_AT1 student_NN1 in_II a_AT1 school_NN1 with_IW 10%_NNU more_DAR students_NN2 who_PNQS expect_VV0 to_TO go_VVI on_II graduate_NN1 school_NN1 has_VHZ an_AT1 89.28%_FO chance_NN1 of_IO being_VBG accepted_VVN to_II college_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT interviewer_NN1 asked_VVD clarifying_VVG questions_NN2 and_CC occasionally_RR conducted_VVN a_AT1 brief_JJ conversation_NN1 with_IW the_AT interviewees_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Having_VHG collected_VVN the_AT 38_MC articles_NN2 (_( see_VV0 Supplemental_JJ Appendix_NN1 A_ZZ1 for_IF a_AT1 full_JJ reference_NN1 list_NN1 of_IO the_AT reviewed_JJ articles_NN2 )_) ,_, we_PPIS2 developed_VVD a_AT1 template_NN1 for_IF analytic_JJ review_NN1 that_CST allowed_VVD us_PPIO2 to_TO document_VVI and_CC analyze_VVI the_AT studies_NN2 and_CC their_APPGE findings_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II these_DD2 analyses_NN2 observed_VVD power_NN1 to_TO detect_VVI interaction_NN1 terms_NN2 was_VBDZ reduced_VVN below_RG .50_MC but_CCB the_AT pattern_NN1 of_IO results_NN2 resemble_VV0 those_DD2 reported_VVN in_II the_AT main_JJ analyses_NN2 without_IW the_AT autoregressor_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Results_NN2 revealed_VVD a_AT1 positive_JJ correlation_NN1 between_II text_NN1 quality_NN1 in_II L1_FO and_CC L2_FO (_( r_ZZ1 =_FO .73_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
It_PPH1 should_VM be_VBI noted_VVN here_RL that_DD1 ,_, originally_RR ,_, the_AT TRIAD_NN1 intervention_NN1 featured_VVD two_MC treatment_NN1 groups_NN2 (_( TRIAD-FT_NNU and_CC Triad-NFT_NP1 )_) ;_; in_II both_DB2 of_IO the_AT TRIAD_NN1 treatment_NN1 groups_NN2 ,_, students_NN2 received_VVD the_AT same_DA and_CC the_AT same_DA amount_NN1 of_IO the_AT Building_NN1 Blocks_VVZ instructional_JJ intervention_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
These_DD2 texts_NN2 may_VM be_VBI prepared_VVN by_II state-_NN1 or_CC district-level_JJ administrators_NN2 and_CC could_VM be_VBI intended_VVN for_IF teachers_NN2 ,_, parents_NN2 ,_, or_CC state-_JJ or_CC district-level_JJ administrators_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
We_PPIS2 hypothesize_VV0 that_CST the_AT gain_NN1 in_II partial_JJ information_NN1 obtained_VVN if_CS a_AT1 candidate_NN1 answers_VVZ fewer_DAR than_CSN three_MC of_IO the_AT four_MC options_NN2 of_IO an_AT1 MTF_NP1 item_NN1 correctly_RR is_VBZ offset_VVN by_II the_AT increased_JJ credit_NN1 of_IO chance_NN1 success_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II the_AT second_MD study_NN1 we_PPIS2 suppose_VV0 that_CST our_APPGE larger_JJR sample_NN1 (_( n_ZZ1 =_FO 78_MC had_VHD noticing_VVG data_NN )_) allowed_VVD us_PPIO2 to_TO accurately_RR detect_VVI this_DD1 significant_JJ effect_NN1 between_II deep_JJ structure_NN1 noticing_VVG and_CC transfer_NN1 ability_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
So_RR ,_, when_CS deciding_VVG to_TO move_VVI from_II traditional_JJ lectures_NN2 to_II flipped_VVD classroom_NN1 this_DD1 fact_NN1 must_VM be_VBI considered_VVN ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT results_NN2 show_VV0 that_CST the_AT students_NN2 '_NULL grades_NN2 from_II elementary_JJ school_NN1 ,_, parental_JJ and_CC teacher_NN1 support_NN1 and_CC school_NN1 engagement_NN1 in_II upper_JJ secondary_JJ school_NN1 are_VBR important_JJ explanatory_JJ factors_NN2 leading_VVG to_TO dropout_VVI ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 study_NN1 shows_VVZ that_CST principals_NN2 in_II schools_NN2 with_IW high_JJ concentrations_NN2 of_IO students_NN2 of_IO color_NN1 are_VBR about_RG 60%_NNU to_II 70%_NNU more_DAR likely_JJ to_TO move_VVI to_II another_DD1 school_NN1 than_CSN those_DD2 in_II schools_NN2 in_II the_AT lowest_JJT quartile_NN1 of_IO percentage_NN1 of_IO students_NN2 of_IO color_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ confirms_VVZ previous_JJ literature_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Part_NN1 D_ZZ1 was_VBDZ to_TO enquire_VVI about_II the_AT participants_NN2 '_NULL willingness_NN1 to_TO take_VVI part_NN1 in_II a_AT1 follow-up_JJ focus_NN1 group_NN1 interview_NN1 ,_, as_II31 well_II32 as_II33 their_APPGE contact_NN1 information_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Thus_RR ,_, the_AT average_JJ charter-district_JJ satisfaction_NN1 difference_NN1 in_II Figure_NN1 2_MC is_VBZ around_RG twice_RR as_RG large_JJ as_II the_AT average_JJ White-non-White_NP1 and_CC district_NN1 satisfaction_NN1 gaps_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
However_RR ,_, one_MC1 child_NN1 in_II the_AT initial_JJ reading_NN1 test_NN1 unexpectedly_RR had_VHN a_AT1 null_JJ z-score_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
To_TO better_RRR approximate_VVI the_AT most_RGT likely_JJ distribution_NN1 of_IO students_NN2 around_II institutions_NN2 ,_, I_PPIS1 instead_RR assign_VV0 each_DD1 school_NN1 broadband_NN1 measures_NN2 using_VVG a_AT1 weighting_NN1 process_VV0 that_CST takes_VVZ into_II account_NN1 both_RR its_APPGE distance_NN1 to_II surrounding_JJ census_NN1 block_NN1 group-level_NN1 measures_NN2 and_CC the_AT population_NN1 sizes_NN2 of_IO those_DD2 census_NN1 block_NN1 groups_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Coronary_JJ heart_NN1 disease_NN1 and_CC diabetes_NN1 have_VH0 similar_JJ guideline-level_JJ recommendations_NN2 and_CC often_RR co-occur_VV0 ._. 
</s>
<s>
For_IF students_NN2 who_PNQS had_VHD solved_VVN a_AT1 larger_JJR number_NN1 of_IO prior_JJ problems_NN2 in_II ASSISTments_NP1 ,_, language_NN1 features_NN2 designed_VVN to_TO make_VVI problems_NN2 easier_RRR to_TO read_VVI had_VHD a_AT1 positive_JJ effect_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
We_PPIS2 subsequently_RR compared_VVD the_AT results_NN2 from_II ANN_NP1 against_II an_AT1 output_NN1 from_II conventional_JJ statistical_JJ approaches_NN2 -_- BLR_NP1 for_IF dichotomous_JJ output_NN1 variables_NN2 (_( i.e._REX attitude_NN1 )_) and_CC LR_NP1 for_IF scale-dependent_JJ variables_NN2 (_( i.e._REX reading_NN1 frequency_NN1 )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT following_JJ section_NN1 will_VM talk_VVI about_II the_AT used_JJ methodology_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
An_AT1 enhancement_NN1 is_VBZ needed_VVN of_IO the_AT already_RR mandated_VVN training_NN1 for_IF family_NN1 practice_NN1 and_CC pediatric_JJ physicians_NN2 ,_, and_CC the_AT establishment_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 new_JJ educational_JJ requirement_NN1 in_II internal_JJ medicine_NN1 and_CC OBGYN_NP1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_RR21 addition_RR22 ,_, this_DD1 research_NN1 brings_VVZ attention_NN1 to_II the_AT complementary_JJ point_NN1 that_CST asking_VVG assessors_NN2 to_TO judge_VVI writing_VVG on_II criteria_NN2 that_CST are_VBR not_XX considered_VVN relevant_JJ in_II certain_JJ ranges_NN2 is_VBZ likely_JJ to_TO introduce_VVI construct-irrelevant_JJ variance_NN1 in_II scores_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Next_MD ,_, it_PPH1 refers_VVZ to_II a_AT1 breast_NN1 ,_, as_CSA '_NULL the_AT moder_NN1 may_VM geve_VVI her_APPGE chylde_NN1 sucke_NN1 '_NULL (_( 60/30_MF )_) ,_, and_CC then_RT to_II his_APPGE milk_NN1 (_( '_NULL mylke_NN1 '_NULL )_) used_VVN to_TO feed_VVI his_APPGE children_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Also_RR ,_, remember_VV0 to_II tic_NN1 the_AT morphological_JJ parts_NN2 of_IO the_AT term_NN1 back_RP to_II your_APPGE studentfriendly_RR definition_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
A_AT1 further_JJR point_NN1 that_CST might_VM be_VBI viewed_VVN as_II a_AT1 limitation_NN1 is_VBZ the_AT geographic_JJ coverage_NN1 of_IO existing_JJ evidence_NN1 :_: very_RG few_DA2 studies_NN2 have_VH0 analyzed_VVN factors_NN2 shaping_VVG gender_NN1 differences_NN2 in_II math_NN1 performance_NN1 in_II Latin_JJ America_NP1 in_II comparative_JJ perspective_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 can_VM also_RR happen_VVI in_II the_AT areas_NN2 of_IO education_NN1 ,_, employment_NN1 as_II31 well_II32 as_II33 in_II different_JJ aspects_NN2 of_IO social_JJ life_NN1 and_CC citizen_NN1 participation_NN1 (_( Copeland_NP1 and_CC Daly_NP1 2012_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II PRC_NP1 language_NN1 management_NN1 ,_, one_PN1 sees_VVZ the_AT priority_NN1 that_CST the_AT political_JJ leader_NN1 ship_NN1 has_VHZ assigned_VVN to_II language_NN1 policy_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Without_IW the_AT aid_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 study_NN1 guide_NN1 ,_, students_NN2 are_VBR forced_VVN to_TO make_VVI their_APPGE own_DA decisions_NN2 about_II what_DDQ concepts_NN2 are_VBR most_RGT critical_JJ to_TO study_VVI and_CC independently_RR determined_VVN how_RRQ best_RRT to_TO focus_VVI their_APPGE efforts_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
By_II analyzing_VVG the_AT human_JJ rights_NN2 content_VV0 across_II grades_NN2 and_CC subjects_NN2 ,_, this_DD1 study_NN1 focuses_VVZ on_II developing_VVG an_AT1 understanding_NN1 of_IO the_AT extent_NN1 to_II which_DDQ human_JJ rights_NN2 values_NN2 are_VBR embedded_VVN in_II South_NP1 Africa_NP1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 postapartheid_JJ curricula_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Of_IO the_AT studies_NN2 that_CST examined_VVD the_AT efficacy_NN1 of_IO AWE_NN1 in_II ELA_NP1 classrooms_NN2 in_II the_AT United_NP1 States_NP1 ,_, few_DA2 have_VH0 probed_VVN teachers_NN2 '_NULL perceptions_NN2 of_IO AWE_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Each_DD1 of_IO the_AT categories_NN2 in_II Table_NN1 1_MC1 is_VBZ further_RRR clarified_VVN below_RL in_II selected_JJ excerpts_NN2 from_II relevant_JJ written_JJ responses_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Eighteen_MC items_NN2 were_VBDR found_VVN to_TO have_VHI a_AT1 higher_JJR item_NN1 discrimination_NN1 parameter_NN1 on_II the_AT primary_JJ dimension_NN1 than_CSN that_DD1 on_II the_AT secondary_JJ testlet_NN1 dimensions_NN2 ,_, suggesting_VVG that_CST these_DD2 items_NN2 mainly_RR measured_VVD the_AT primary_JJ dimension_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
They_PPHS2 did_VDD not_XX report_VVI the_AT magnitude_NN1 of_IO the_AT indirect_JJ relationship_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
PEI_NP1 :_: I_PPIS1 find_VV0 BSGs_NP1 useful_JJ in_II learning_VVG management_NN1 knowledge_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
She_PPHS1 defined_VVD the_AT problem_NN1 broadly_RR within_II the_AT general_JJ area_NN1 of_IO the_AT corsage_NN1 not_XX glowing_JJ as_CSA desired_VVN ._. 
</s>
<s>
For_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, when_CS teachers_NN2 provided_VVD multiple_JJ OTRs_NN2 ,_, students_NN2 with_IW EBD_NP1 had_VHD increased_VVN task_NN1 engagement_NN1 and_CC decreased_VVN inappropriate_JJ behavior_NN1 (_( Sutherland_NP1 &;_NULL Wehby_NP1 ,_, 2001_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT other_JJ two_MC NSSE_NN1 factors_NN2 were_VBDR excluded_VVN from_II this_DD1 study_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Continually_RR reinforcing_VVG the_AT pleasure_NN1 of_IO reading_NN1 can_VM also_RR have_VHI a_AT1 positive_JJ effect_NN1 on_II future_JJ reading_NN1 experiences_NN2 for_IF students_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Whereas_CS all_DB academic_JJ track_NN1 students_NN2 must_VM take_VVI the_AT USE_NN1 for_IF admission_NN1 to_II higher_JJR education_NN1 ,_, higher_JJR education_NN1 institutions_NN2 are_VBR legally_RR permitted_VVN to_TO waive_VVI vocational_JJ school_NN1 graduates_NN2 '_NULL USE_VV0 results_NN2 in_II31 favor_II32 of_II33 locally_RR administered_VVN admission_NN1 procedures_NN2 (_( Federal_JJ Law_NN1 2012_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 confirms_VVZ the_AT statement_NN1 that_CST primary_JJ school_NN1 effects_NN2 can_VM not_XX be_VBI underestimated_VVN in_II investigating_VVG secondary_JJ school_NN1 effectiveness_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Indeed_RR ,_, at_II the_AT beginning_NN1 of_IO this_DD1 study_NN1 ,_, the_AT participants_NN2 saw_VVD themselves_PPX2 as_CSA traditional_JJ cooperating_JJ teachers_NN2 and_CC described_VVD their_APPGE mentoring_NN1 as_CSA haphazard_JJ ._. 
</s>
<s>
After_CS families_NN2 register_VV0 ,_, the_AT district_NN1 needs_VVZ to_TO process_VVI rankings_NN2 and_CC coordinate_VVI with_IW other_JJ departments_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 transportation_NN1 ,_, special_JJ education_NN1 ,_, and_CC language_NN1 testing_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Table_NN1 1_MC1 summarizes_VVZ geriatric_JJ psychiatry_NN1 education_NN1 in_II Canadian_JJ universities_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Based_VVN on_II the_AT literature_NN1 briefly_RR recalled_VVN in_II the_AT previous_JJ section_NN1 ,_, we_PPIS2 designed_VVD an_AT1 empirical_JJ research_NN1 study_NN1 founded_VVN in_II a_AT1 model_NN1 in_II which_DDQ the_AT leadership_NN1 of_IO the_AT school_NN1 principal_NN1 interacts_VVZ with_IW the_AT instructional_JJ leadership_NN1 of_IO teachers_NN2 in_II building_VVG organizational_JJ capacities_NN2 for_IF improvement_NN1 (_( see_VV0 Figure_NN1 1_MC1 )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
It_PPH1 just_RR sounded_VVD amazing_JJ where_CS it_PPH1 was_VBDZ a_AT1 stripped_JJ back_NN1 ending_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Something_PN1 that_CST does_VDZ not_XX have_VHI to_TO be_VBI wrong_JJ ,_, per_RR21 se_RR22 ,_, rather_RR it_PPH1 is_VBZ a_AT1 part_NN1 of_IO the_AT beautiful_JJ risk_NN1 of_IO teaching_NN1 and_CC something_PN1 to_TO maintain_VVI ._. 
</s>
<s>
A_AT1 very_RG short_JJ one_PN1 ,_, the_AT pre-PE_JJ questionnaire_NN1 survey_NN1 ,_, was_VBDZ conducted_VVN before_II pre-service_JJ teachers_NN2 started_VVD on_II their_APPGE professional_JJ experience_NN1 ,_, mainly_RR asking_VVG them_PPHO2 to_TO select_VVI the_AT emotion(s)_NN2 they_PPHS2 anticipated_VVD having_VHG during_II their_APPGE professional_JJ experience_NN1 ,_, from_II the_AT seven_MC options_NN2 offered_VVN in_II the_AT survey_NN1 ,_, with_IW a_AT1 comment_NN1 space_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT potential_NN1 for_IF other_JJ mental_JJ health_NN1 conditions_NN2 ,_, such_II21 as_II22 PTSD_NP1 ,_, have_VH0 yet_RR to_TO be_VBI systematically_RR studied_VVN ,_, but_CCB early_JJ results_NN2 appear_VV0 promising_JJ (_( Butler_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
2008_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Dmitry_NP1 Kurakin_NP1 is_VBZ the_AT director_NN1 of_IO the_AT Centre_NN1 for_IF Cultural_JJ Sociology_NN1 and_CC Anthropology_NN1 of_IO Education_NN1 and_CC a_AT1 leading_JJ research_NN1 fellow_NN1 at_II the_AT Centre_NN1 for_IF Fundamental_JJ Sociology_NN1 at_II the_AT National_JJ Research_NN1 University_NN1 Higher_JJR School_NN1 of_IO Economics_NN1 ,_, Moscow_NP1 ,_, Russia_NP1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
More_RGR empirical_JJ research_NN1 needs_VVZ to_TO be_VBI conducted_VVN in_II this_DD1 area_NN1 ,_, to_TO refine_VVI the_AT visual_JJ creativity_NN1 model_NN1 and_CC to_TO elaborate_VVI and_CC explore_VVI it_PPH1 in_II various_JJ learning_NN1 and_CC instructional_JJ domains_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
For_IF children_NN2 ,_, the_AT theory_NN1 of_IO complementary_JJ actions_NN2 supports_VVZ the_AT notion_NN1 that_CST physical_JJ actions_NN2 in_II computational_JJ tasks_NN2 make_VV0 difficult_JJ mental_JJ tasks_NN2 easier_RRR to_TO perform_VVI and_CC are_VBR thus_RR beneficial_JJ to_II children_NN2 '_NULL s_ZZ1 learning_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
They_PPHS2 claim_VV0 that_CST PLCs_NN2 and_CC teacher_NN1 networks_NN2 are_VBR among_II the_AT most_RGT effective_JJ ways_NN2 to_TO move_VVI practice_NN1 forward_RL ._. 
</s>
<s>
Pacheco_NN1 ,_, M._NN1 B._NP1 ,_, &;_NULL Goodwin_NP1 ,_, A._NP1 P._NP1 (_( 2013_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Email_NN1 :_: scaubrey@kansai-u.ac.jp_FO productively_RR engaged_VVN in_II learning_VVG tasks_NN2 is_VBZ an_AT1 important_JJ goal_NN1 for_IF teachers_NN2 implementing_VVG communicative_JJ approaches_NN2 and_CC essential_JJ for_IF language_NN1 processing_VVG to_TO take_VVI place_NN1 (_( Dornyei_NP1 ,_, 2002_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Finally_RR ,_, examples_NN2 of_IO historical/social_JJ studies_NN2 practices_NN2 include_VV0 identifying_VVG and_CC making_VVG claims_NN2 about_II perspectives_NN2 ,_, questioning_VVG the_AT text_NN1 ,_, recognizing_VVG "_" data_NN points_NN2 in_II31 relation_II32 to_II33 a_AT1 question_NN1 ,_, "_" examining_VVG data_NN for_IF patterns_NN2 and_CC anomalies_NN2 ,_, and_CC considering_VVG "_" social_JJ and_CC historical_JJ contexts_NN2 "_" (_( Rainey_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2017_MC ,_, p._NN1 374_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Barber_NP1 and_CC Buehl_NP1 (_( 2013_MC )_) ,_, for_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, reported_VVD that_CST teachers_NN2 '_NULL autonomy-enhancing_JJ behaviors_NN2 predicted_VVD students_NN2 '_NULL positive_JJ feelings_NN2 about_II and_CC engagement_NN1 in_II science_NN1 regardless_RR of_IO their_APPGE language_NN1 status_NN1 (_( i.e._REX ,_, whether_CSW the_AT students_NN2 were_VBDR ELLs_NN2 or_CC non-ELLs_NN2 )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
But_CCB as_CSA the_AT theorist_NN1 Dobson_NP1 (_( 2014_MC )_) has_VHZ pointed_VVN out_RP in_II the_AT context_NN1 of_IO deliberation_NN1 ,_, speech_NN1 means_VVZ little_RR if_CS no_PN121 one_PN122 is_VBZ listening_VVG ._. 
</s>
<s>
Of_IO particular_JJ interest_NN1 was_VBDZ a_AT1 contribution_NN1 by_II Luke_NP1 N._NP1 H._NP1 Bunt_NP1 (_( 1905–1984_MCMC )_) who_PNQS wrote_VVD about_II an_AT1 interesting_JJ development_NN1 in_II the_AT Netherlands_NP1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Cells_NN2 with_IW "_" na_FW "_" are_VBR not_XX estimated_VVN due_II21 to_II22 insufficient_JJ data_NN (_( k_ZZ1 <_FO 4_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT results_NN2 of_IO this_DD1 study_NN1 supported_VVD the_AT earlier_JJR two_MC studies_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Dorothy_NP1 mentions_VVZ operational_JJ challenges_NN2 in_II dealing_VVG with_IW the_AT IB_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ has_VHZ already_RR been_VBN identified_VVN as_CSA one_MC1 of_IO the_AT two_MC main_JJ pressures_NN2 facing_VVG IB_NP1 educational_JJ leaders_NN2 (_( Walker_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2014_MC )_) ,_, and_CC how_RRQ this_DD1 has_VHZ improved_VVN as_II the_AT IB_NN1 has_VHZ been_VBN restructured_VVN ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT first_MD article_NN1 to_TO do_VDI so_RR examined_VVD the_AT Illinois_NP1 Supreme_JJ Court_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 1976_MC Gautreaux_NN2 decision_NN1 allowing_VVG public_JJ housing_NN1 residents_NN2 in_II Chicago_NP1 to_TO reside_VVI in_II the_AT suburbs_NN2 as_RR21 well_RR22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Given_VVN the_AT complexity_NN1 of_IO family-teacher_JJ conference_NN1 communication_NN1 ,_, a_AT1 combination_NN1 of_IO assessment_NN1 methods_NN2 is_VBZ required_VVN to_TO get_VVI an_AT1 in-depth_JJ understanding_NN1 of_IO the_AT nature_NN1 and_CC development_NN1 of_IO this_DD1 professional_JJ competence_NN1 (_( Bl_FO ?_? meke_NN1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2015_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Future_JJ studies_NN2 developing_VVG anti-phishing_JJ interventions_NN2 should_VM investigate_VVI both_RR performance_NN1 and_CC metacognition_NN1 metrics_NN2 to_TO understand_VVI how_RRQ users_NN2 are_VBR shifting_VVG their_APPGE decision-making_JJ strategies_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT large_JJ majority_NN1 of_IO the_AT lesson_NN1 involved_VVD small-group_JJ instruction_NN1 with_IW students_NN2 flexibly_RR grouped_VVN according_II21 to_II22 proficiency_NN1 with_IW the_AT lesson_NN1 objective_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
They_PPHS2 reported_VVD that_CST the_AT project_NN1 helped_VVD them_PPHO2 to_TO learn_VVI how_RRQ to_TO create_VVI reproducible_JJ files_NN2 and_CC understand_VVI why_RRQ that_DD1 is_VBZ important_JJ ._. 
</s>
<s>
Currently_RR there_EX are_VBR 1.19_MC child_NN1 psychiatrists_NN2 per_II 100,000_MC people_NN in_II high-income_JJ countries_NN2 (_( HIC_FW )_) ,_, with_IW less_DAR than_CSN 0.1_MC per_II 100,000_MC in_II countries_NN2 of_IO all_DB income_NN1 levels_NN2 ,_, which_DDQ equates_VVZ to_II 20,000_MC CAP_NN1 specialists_NN2 providing_VVG care_NN1 for_IF the_AT entire_JJ global_JJ child_NN1 and_CC adolescent_JJ population_NN1 &lsqb;_( 16-18_MCMC &rsqb;_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II contrast_NN1 ,_, responses_NN2 indicated_VVD that_CST some_DD participating_JJ teachers_NN2 were_VBDR not_XX taught_VVN or_CC only_RR mentioned_VVN incidentally_RR on_II evidence-based_JJ practices_NN2 for_IF students_NN2 with_IW ASD_NN1 in_II their_APPGE teacher_NN1 education_NN1 programs_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Each_DD1 class_NN1 has_VHZ a_AT1 student_NN1 representative_NN1 that_CST should_VM serve_VVI as_II a_AT1 contact_NN1 point_NN1 between_II pupils_NN2 and_CC teachers_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Each_DD1 institution_NN1 seeking_VVG accreditation_NN1 must_VM develop_VVI dispositions_NN2 that_CST become_VV0 a_AT1 part_NN1 of_IO the_AT institution5s_FO programs_NN2 and_CC curricula_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Given_CS21 that_CS22 half_DB of_IO these_DD2 STEM_VV0 jobs_NN2 "_" middle-skills_NN2 "_" positions_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 web_NN1 developer_NN1 ,_, petroleum_NN1 technician_NN1 ,_, and_CC computer_NN1 network_NN1 support_NN1 specialistrequire_VV0 less_DAR than_CSN a_AT1 bachelor_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 degree_NN1 (_( Fayer_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2017_MC ;_; Rothwell_NP1 ,_, 2013_MC )_) ,_, studying_VVG STEM_NN1 at_II a_AT1 community_NN1 college_NN1 is_VBZ an_AT1 increasingly_RR attractive_JJ postsecondary_JJ option_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT result_NN1 of_IO all_DB this_DD1 is_VBZ cursory_JJ examination_NN1 of_IO pregnant_JJ women_NN2 by_II looking_VVG at_II the_AT color_NN1 of_IO their_APPGE nails_NN2 or_CC eyes_NN2 to_TO determine_VVI whether_CSW they_PPHS2 are_VBR anemic_JJ ._. 
</s>
<s>
We_PPIS2 '_NULL ve_VV0 been_VBN working_VVG on_II the_AT Positive_JJ Behaviour_NN1 Support_NN1 model_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
To_TO determine_VVI if_CSW the_AT findings_NN2 presented_VVN above_RL hold_VV0 up_RP for_IF the_AT most_RGT recent_JJ wave_NN1 of_IO performance_NN1 funding_NN1 ,_, I_PPIS1 conducted_VVD additional_JJ analyses_NN2 limited_VVN to_II the_AT policies_NN2 implemented_VVN from_II 2004_MC to_II 2014_MC ._. 
</s>
<s>
When_CS he_PPHS1 could_VM not_XX decide_VVI what_DDQ to_TO do_VDI on_II his_APPGE own_DA ,_, he_PPHS1 shared_VVD his_APPGE problem_NN1 with_IW the_AT group_NN1 ,_, and_CC then_RT with_IW an_AT1 external_JJ expert_NN1 ,_, to_TO offload_VVI some_DD imaginative_JJ work_NN1 (_( more_RRR on_II this_DD1 case_NN1 below_RL )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
P4_FO wondered_VVD how_RRQ to_TO create_VVI a_AT1 visualization_NN1 for_IF the_AT output_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 particular_JJ model_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT authors_NN2 argued_VVD that_CST the_AT combination_NN1 of_IO individual_JJ responses_NN2 and_CC choral_JJ responses_NN2 was_VBDZ a_AT1 typical_JJ way_NN1 of_IO eliciting_VVG multiple_JJ students_NN2 '_NULL contributions_NN2 in_II Shanghai_NP1 mathematics_NN1 classrooms_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II31 addition_II32 to_II33 the_AT difference_NN1 between_II the_AT theorized_JJ and_CC operationalized_VVD MKT_NP1 constructs_NN2 ,_, the_AT item_NN1 format_NN1 affected_VVN the_AT findings_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Regarding_II the_AT direct_JJ impact_NN1 of_IO performance_NN1 funding_NN1 on_II state_NN1 appropriations_NN2 ,_, there_EX are_VBR a_AT1 few_DA2 additional_JJ studies_NN2 to_TO mention_VVI ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT Dutch_JJ experience_NN1 had_VHD other_JJ important_JJ effects_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Additionally_RR ,_, attention_NN1 to_II the_AT issue_NN1 of_IO gender_NN1 bias_NN1 only_RR gained_VVN momentum_NN1 in_II the_AT late_JJ 1990s_MC2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
That_DD1 education_NN1 was_VBDZ to_TO become_VVI compulsory_JJ was_VBDZ a_AT1 welcome_JJ development_NN1 ,_, but_CCB many_DA2 doubted_VVD that_CST the_AT State_NN1 would_VM manage_VVI the_AT task_NN1 of_IO implementing_VVG this_DD1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 work_NN1 was_VBDZ supported_VVN by_II the_AT Office_NN1 of_IO Education_NN1 Research_NN1 at_II the_AT National_JJ Institute_NN1 of_IO Education_NN1 through_II the_AT Education_NN1 Research_NN1 Funding_NN1 Program_NN1 ,_, OER_VV0 01/14_MF OP_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
An_AT1 overview_NN1 of_IO the_AT analyses_NN2 show_VV0 that_CST a_AT1 majority_NN1 of_IO the_AT teachers_NN2 '_NULL comments_NN2 ,_, regardless_RR of_IO school_NN1 subject_NN1 ,_, were_VBDR directed_VVN towards_II the_AT domains_NN2 Content_NN1 and_CC Language_NN1 use.11_FO Constatives_NP1 addressing_VVG content_NN1 hold_VV0 more_DAR praise_NN1 than_CSN criticism_NN1 and_CC thus_RR visualise_VV0 the_AT students_NN2 '_NULL subject_NN1 competence_NN1 :_: '_NULL You_PPY demonstrate_VV0 that_CST you_PPY know_VV0 a_AT1 lot_NN1 about_II the_AT potentially_RR harmful_JJ effects_NN2 of_IO different_JJ stimulants_NN2 '_NULL ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT correlation_NN1 analysis_NN1 of_IO the_AT 37_MC misconception_NN1 statements_NN2 found_VVD that_CST the_AT Frequency_NN1 and_CC Importance_NN1 scores_NN2 were_VBDR significantly_RR positively_RR corre_NN1 lated_VVD (_( r_ZZ1 =_FO .63_MC ,_, p<_FO .01_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Participants_NN2 from_II University_NN1 2_MC represent_VV0 16%_NNU (_( n_ZZ1 =_FO 32_MC )_) of_IO the_AT sample_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Her_APPGE discovery_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 parallelogram_NN1 is_VBZ rare_JJ ,_, but_CCB is_VBZ considered_VVN trivial_JJ since_CS PMTs_NP1 were_VBDR expected_VVN to_TO know_VVI that_CST "_" a_AT1 quadrilateral_NN1 with_IW vertices_NN2 in_II the_AT midpoints_NN2 of_IO another_DD1 quadrilateral_NN1 is_VBZ a_AT1 parallelogram_NN1 "_" ._. 
</s>
<s>
Thus_RR ,_, the_AT interaction_NN1 between_II theoria_NN1 and_CC praxis_NN1 is_VBZ a_AT1 dialectical_JJ and_CC intertwined_JJ process_NN1 of_IO mutual_JJ stabilization_NN1 and_CC destabilization_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
As_CSA mentioned_VVN previously_RR ,_, a_AT1 desire_NN1 to_TO change_VVI can_VM prompt_VVI practitioners_NN2 to_TO focus_VVI on_II a_AT1 narrow_JJ or_CC a_AT1 wide_JJ focus_NN1 ,_, and_CC their_APPGE commitment_NN1 to_TO change_VVI can_VM vary_VVI in_II intensity_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Jakobovich_NP1 ,_, Shoval_NP1 ,_, Berry_NP1 and_CC Shulruf_VV0 also_RR used_VVN an_AT1 intervention_NN1 model_NN1 ,_, drawing_VVG on_II the_AT children_NN2 as_CSA agents_NN2 of_IO change_NN1 ,_, combined_VVN with_IW professional_JJ learning_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Its_APPGE members_NN2 are_VBR frequently_RR invited_VVN to_TO conduct_VVI thematic_JJ workshops_NN2 and_CC seminars_NN2 and_CC present_NN1 at_II conferences_NN2 in_II the_AT provinces_NN2 of_IO Catamarca_NP1 ,_, Córdoba_NP1 ,_, Buenos_NP1 Aires_NP1 ,_, Ciudad_NP1 Autónoma_NP1 de_NP1 Buenos_NP1 Aires_NP1 ,_, and_CC Santa_NP1 Fe_NP1 as_II31 well_II32 as_II33 in_II Salto_NP1 (_( Uruguay_NP1 )_) and_CC ,_, most_RGT recently_RR ,_, in_II Lima_NP1 (_( Perú_NP1 )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
You_PPY know_VV0 you_PPY don_VV0 '_NULL t_ZZ1 want_VV0 to_TO think_VVI only_RR about_II the_AT next_MD step_NN1 ,_, what_DDQ is_VBZ the_AT next_MD thingthat_NN1 is_VBZ very_RG individualistic_JJ and_CC just_RR work_VV0 ,_, work_VV0 ,_, work_VV0 ._. 
</s>
<s>
However_RR ,_, another_DD1 study_NN1 examining_VVG algebra_NN1 problems_NN2 solved_VVN by_II middle_NN1 and_CC high_JJ school_NN1 students_NN2 found_VVD no_AT association_NN1 between_II second-person_JJ pronouns_NN2 and_CC problem-solving_NN1 performance_NN1 (_( Walkington_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
2015_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Kristin_NP1 L._NP1 Sayeski_NP1 ,_, PhD_NNA ,_, is_VBZ an_AT1 associate_JJ professor_NN1 in_II the_AT Department_NN1 of_IO Communication_NN1 Sciences_NN2 and_CC Special_JJ Education_NN1 at_II the_AT University_NN1 of_IO Georgia_NP1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II 2016_MC ,_, the_AT conference_NN1 is_VBZ held_VVN at_II Universitas_NP2 Negeri_NP1 Padang_NP1 (_( UNP_NP1 )_) in_II West_ND1 Sumatera_NP1 ,_, Padang_NP1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Explanation_NN1 contains_VVZ a_AT1 correct_JJ relationship_NN1 without_IW elaboration_NN1 ,_, or_CC correctly_RR interprets_VVZ evidence_NN1 without_IW stating_VVG a_AT1 relationship_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
A_AT1 study_NN1 of_IO hard-to-manage_VV0 preschoolers_NN2 found_VVD that_CST half_DB of_IO those_DD2 children_NN2 had_VHD adjustment_NN1 problems_NN2 in_II kindergarten_NN1 ,_, and_CC 67%_NNU met_VVD clinical_JJ criteria_NN2 for_IF externalizing_VVG behavior_NN1 problems_NN2 at_II age_NN1 9_MC ._. 
</s>
<s>
Several_DA2 investigations_NN2 have_VH0 evaluated_VVN the_AT quality_NN1 of_IO teachers_NN2 '_NULL explanations_NN2 in_II science_NN1 lessons_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Gal_NN1 (_( 2005_MC )_) supports_VVZ that_DD1 probability_NN1 literacy_NN1 unpicks_VVZ knowledge_NN1 and_CC dispositions_NN2 regarding_II probabilistic_JJ matters_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
By_II analyzing_VVG 64_MC video-recorded_JJ lessons_NN2 by_II 16_MC teachers_NN2 in_II mainland_NN1 China_NP1 ,_, Zhao_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
(_( 2016_MC )_) reported_VVD the_AT emergence_NN1 of_IO more_DAR student_NN1 participation_NN1 with_IW deeper_JJR mathematical_JJ thinking_NN1 in_II reform-based_JJ mathematics_NN1 classrooms_NN2 than_CSN traditional_JJ classrooms_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Grasping_VVG the_AT relational_JJ nature_NN1 of_IO work_NN1 that_CST centers_VVZ the_AT voices_NN2 of_IO youth_NN1 as_CSA researchers_NN2 is_VBZ the_AT focus_NN1 of_IO the_AT second_MD question_NN1 motivating_VVG our_APPGE review_NN1 :_: What_DDQ can_VM we_PPIS2 learn_VVI about_II the_AT conditions_NN2 in_II and_CC out_II21 of_II22 school_NN1 that_CST enable_VV0 youth_NN1 to_TO transform_VVI what_DDQ they_PPHS2 learn_VV0 about_II themselves_PPX2 and_CC the_AT needs_NN2 of_IO others_NN2 into_II action_NN1 as_CSA citizens_NN2 ?_? 
</s>
<s>
An_AT1 example_NN1 of_IO this_DD1 confidence_NN1 was_VBDZ shown_VVN in_II Lyn_NP1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 teaching_VVG the_AT Chinese_JJ poem_NN1 Ode_NN1 of_IO Hua_NP1 Mountain_NNL1 to_II her_APPGE students_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT proposed_JJ method_NN1 was_VBDZ then_RT used_VVN in_II a_AT1 middle_JJ school_NN1 context_NN1 and_CC was_VBDZ evaluated_VVN ._. 
</s>
<s>
Fourth_MD ,_, evaluation_NN1 users_NN2 ,_, at_II the_AT teacher_NN1 preparation_NN1 level_NN1 or_CC in_II schools_NN2 ,_, may_VM need_VVI to_TO supplement_VVI evaluation_NN1 systems_NN2 with_IW other_JJ measures_NN2 that_CST address_NN1 classroom_NN1 management_NN1 depending_II21 on_II22 the_AT extent_NN1 to_II which_DDQ their_APPGE local_JJ rubrics_NN2 address_VV0 classroom_NN1 management_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT process_NN1 of_IO realigning_VVG history_NN1 with_IW right_JJ knowledge_NN1 allows_VVZ students_NN2 to_TO "_" know_VVI "_" themselves_PPX2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT scorers_NN2 of_IO the_AT PACT_NN1 teaching_NN1 event_NN1 must_VM pass_VVI a_AT1 calibration_NN1 standard_NN1 set_VVN by_II the_AT PACT_NN1 Consortium_NN1 each_DD1 year_NNT1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT sustainability_NN1 agenda_NN1 fosters_VVZ just_RR ,_, equitable_JJ and_CC inclusive_JJ societies_NN2 that_CST require_VV0 the_AT participation_NN1 of_IO all_DB countries_NN2 ,_, stakeholders_NN2 and_CC people_NN (_( UN_NP1 2015_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Intentionality_NN1 and_CC emergence_NN1 are_VBR put_VVN forward_RL as_CSA dual_JJ lenses_NN2 to_TO ensure_VVI that_DD1 ,_, in_II the_AT study_NN1 and_CC practice_NN1 of_IO leadership_NN1 ,_, human_JJ intention_NN1 -_- its_APPGE frailties_NN2 ,_, imagination_NN1 ,_, sparks_NN2 of_IO creativity_NN1 ,_, goodness_NN1 and_RR31 so_RR32 on_RR33 -_- are_VBR not_XX submerged_VVN and_CC lost_VVN within_II the_AT complex_NN1 ,_, continuous_JJ flows_NN2 of_IO emergence_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Despite_II all_DB of_IO the_AT intriguing_JJ and_CC overwhelming_JJ findings_NN2 about_II the_AT early_JJ evolution_NN1 of_IO argumentation_NN1 ,_, also_RR in_RR21 particular_RR22 among_II peers_NN2 ,_, most_DAT of_IO the_AT growing_JJ number_NN1 of_IO studies_NN2 about_II kindergartners_NN2 '_NULL arguing_VVG fail_VV0 to_TO identify_VVI acquisition-supporting_JJ patterns_NN2 ,_, which_DDQ could_VM explain_VVI learning_VVG mechanisms_NN2 in_II detail_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Some_DD of_IO these_DD2 skills_NN2 that_CST young_JJ people_NN can_VM develop_VVI with_IW the_AT use_NN1 of_IO exergames_NN2 are_VBR spatial_JJ awareness_NN1 ,_, understanding_NN1 of_IO cause-effect_JJ relationships_NN2 ,_, correct_JJ manipulation_NN1 of_IO the_AT smartphone_NN1 ,_, computer_NN1 or_CC video_NN1 console_VV0 ,_, appropriate_JJ responses_NN2 to_II visual_JJ feedback_NN1 ,_, action_NN1 planning_NN1 ,_, understanding_VVG spatial_JJ limitations_NN2 ,_, A_AT1 further_JJR danger_NN1 is_VBZ that_CST universities_NN2 become_VV0 pawns_NN2 in_II a_AT1 larger_JJR game_NN1 of_IO national_JJ politics_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Realizing_VVG these_DD2 ambitions_NN2 ,_, finally_RR ,_, would_VM require_VVI comprehensive_JJ ,_, coordinated_JJ initiatives_NN2 aimed_VVN at_II transforming_VVG U.S._NP1 public_JJ education_NN1 from_II an_AT1 access-oriented_JJ mass_JJ public_JJ schooling_NN1 enterprise_NN1 to_II a_AT1 collection_NN1 of_IO instructionally_RR focused_VVN education_NN1 systems_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
At_II this_DD1 mid-level_NN1 ,_, the_AT mutual_JJ exclusivity_NN1 of_IO most_DAT categories_NN2 improved_VVN significantly_RR ._. 
</s>
<s>
Second_MD ,_, high-quality_JJ instructional_JJ resources_NN2 can_VM provide_VVI clear_JJ images_NN2 of_IO differentiation_NN1 for_IF a_AT1 particular_JJ grade_NN1 level_NN1 or_CC content_JJ area_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
As_CSA discussed_VVN in_II Section_NN1 3_MC ,_, unobserved_JJ changes_NN2 in_II pupil_NN1 composition_NN1 or_CC other_JJ omitted_JJ variables_NN2 might_VM bias_VVI my_APPGE OLS_NN2 estimates_VVZ downwards_RL ._. 
</s>
<s>
As_II a_AT1 result_NN1 ,_, restricted_JJ access_NN1 is_VBZ applied_VVN to_II "_" high-stakes_NN2 "_" or_CC sensitive_JJ items_NN2 of_IO school_NN1 performance_NN1 such_II21 as_II22 value-added_JJ data_NN or_CC Basic_JJ Competency_NN1 Assessment_NN1 results_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Compared_VVN with_IW other_JJ teachers_NN2 ,_, teachers_NN2 as_CSA school_NN1 directors_NN2 are_VBR the_AT counselors_NN2 and_CC executives_NN2 of_IO principals_NN2 '_NULL policies_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
They_PPHS2 tend_VV0 to_TO overestimate_VVI financial_JJ rewards_NN2 ,_, set_VVD high_JJ value_NN1 on_II status-expressing_JJ properties_NN2 ,_, and_CC underestimate_VV0 necessary_JJ efforts_NN2 (_( van_NP1 Zenderen_NP1 ,_, 2011_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
For_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, for_IF A_ZZ1 with_IW N_ZZ1 500_MC and_CC S_ZZ1 1_MC1 ;_; 000_MC ,_, RSE_NP1 0:005_MC ,_, or_CC 0:5%_FO ._. 
</s>
<s>
So_RR ,_, what_DDQ they_PPHS2 know_VV0 allows_VVZ them_PPHO2 to_TO have_VHI new_JJ learning_NN1 and_CC to_TO build_VVI new_JJ learning_NN1 and_CC &lsqb;_( their_APPGE home_NN1 language_NN1 is_VBZ &rsqb;_) not_XX a_AT1 deficit_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
As_II a_AT1 result_NN1 ,_, Black_JJ students_NN2 faced_VVD a_AT1 decline_NN1 in_II the_AT quality_NN1 of_IO teaching_NN1 and_CC learning_VVG they_PPHS2 once_RR enjoyed_VVN (_( Milner_NP1 &;_NULL Howard_NP1 ,_, 2004_MC ;_; Tillman_NP1 ,_, 2004_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Du_FW Bois_NP1 (_( 1940_MC )_) also_RR observed_VVN that_DD1 testing_NN1 supported_VVD racist_JJ theories_NN2 and_CC placed_VVN African_JJ Americans_NN2 at_II the_AT lowest_JJT rates_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II this_DD1 article_NN1 ,_, I_PPIS1 argue_VV0 that_CST there_EX are_VBR hierarchizing_VVG ,_, merit-based_JJ practices_NN2 in_II music_NN1 schools_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
His_APPGE effort_NN1 is_VBZ directed_VVN to_II doing_VDG whatever_DDQV is_VBZ necessary_JJ to_TO reach_VVI the_AT objective_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
All_DB students_NN2 from_II the_AT experimental_JJ group_NN1 obtained_VVD 85%_NNU or_CC more_RRR on_II the_AT mathematics_NN1 test_NN1 ,_, and_CC only_RR three_MC students_NN2 had_VHD less_DAR than_CSN 90%_NNU ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT impact_NN1 on_II the_AT probability_NN1 of_IO passing_VVG Algebra_NP1 2_MC in_II Grade_NN1 12_MC is_VBZ at_II its_APPGE largest_JJT for_IF the_AT least-prepared_JJ students_NN2 and_CC positive_JJ for_IF students_NN2 from_II higher_JJR quintiles_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT Context_NN1 of_IO Social_JJ Exclusion_NN1 and_CC Inclusion:The_FO fact_NN1 that_CST parents_NN2 refer_VV0 to_II education_NN1 as_II a_AT1 means_NN of_IO escaping_VVG the_AT MRC_NP1 casts_VVZ doubt_NN1 on_II the_AT notion_NN1 that_CST MRC_NP1 inhabit-ants_NN2 are_VBR happy_JJ with_IW their_APPGE low_JJ living_JJ standards_NN2 (_( Sekyt1998_FO ;_; Hornak_NP1 2005_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Each_DD1 research_NN1 team_NN1 consisted_VVN of_IO a_AT1 first-year-school_NN1 (_( FYS_NP2 )_) teacher_NN1 ,_, a_AT1 prior-to-school_NN1 (_( PTS_NN2 )_) teacher_NN1 and_CC families_NN2 of_IO children_NN2 who_PNQS were_VBDR preparing_VVG to_TO make_VVI the_AT transition_NN1 to_II school_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Indeed_RR many_DA2 studies_NN2 have_VH0 pointed_VVN to_II the_AT importance_NN1 of_IO social_JJ network_NN1 information_NN1 in_II supporting_JJ school_NN1 choiceciting_VVG the_AT disparities_NN2 between_II networks_NN2 as_II a_AT1 contributor_NN1 to_II choice_NN1 quality_NN1 disparities_NN2 (_( Holme_NP1 ,_, 2002_MC ;_; Neild_NP1 ,_, 2005_MC ;_; Saporito_NP1 &;_NULL Lareau_NP1 ,_, 1999_MC )_) ,_, while_CS important_JJ this_DD1 has_VHZ overlooked_VVN the_AT role_NN1 of_IO more_RGR formally_RR disseminated_VVN information_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
One_MC1 SEA_NN1 official_NN1 stated_VVD ,_, "_" The_AT pub-_JJ lie_NN1 campaigns_NN2 to_TO revise_VVI our_APPGE accountability_NN1 system_NN1 were_VBDR pretty_RG comprehensive_JJ ,_, "_" and_CC they_PPHS2 included_VVD "_" other_JJ public_JJ menus_NN2 and_CC presentations_NN2 and_CC feedback_NN1 sessions_NNT2 that_CST were_VBDR open_JJ to_II anyone_PN1 ._. "_" 
</s>
<s>
Paths_NN2 marked_VVN with_IW **_FU are_VBR significant_JJ at_II p_ZZ1 <_FO 0.01_MC ,_, paths_NN2 marked_VVN with_IW *_FU are_VBR significant_JJ at_II p_ZZ1 <_FO 0.05_MC ._. 
</s>
<s>
Mothers_NN2 who_PNQS reported_VVD low_JJ directiveness_NN1 with_IW preschoolers_NN2 had_VHD children_NN2 with_IW advanced_JJ reading_NN1 achievement_NN1 in_II third_MD grade_NN1 (_( Joussemet_NP1 ,_, Koestner_NP1 ,_, Lekes_NP2 ,_, &;_NULL Landry_NP1 ,_, 2005_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
According_II21 to_II22 Lubart_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
(_( 2011_MC )_) ,_, the_AT figurative_JJ divergent_JJ thinking_NN1 task_NN1 comprised_VVN in_II EPoC_NP1 evaluated_VVD fluency_NN1 and_CC indirectly_RR originality_NN1 ,_, as_CSA the_AT more_DAR ideas_NN2 children_NN2 give_VV0 ,_, the_AT more_RRR the_AT chances_NN2 of_IO providing_VVG an_AT1 original_JJ one_PN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II the_AT case_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 creative_JJ product_NN1 ,_, design_NN1 plays_VVZ a_AT1 major_JJ role_NN1 in_II defining_VVG the_AT physical_JJ form_NN1 of_IO the_AT product_NN1 to_TO better_RRR satisfy_VVI customer_NN1 needs_NN2 (_( Ulrich_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
2011_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
At_II Newland_NP1 ,_, Karen_NP1 lacked_VVD externally_RR supplied_VVN supports_NN2 for_IF differentiation_NN1 offering_NN1 management_NN1 structures_NN2 ,_, instructional_JJ resources_NN2 ,_, strategy_NN1 modeling_NN1 ,_, or_CC vision_NN1 reinforcement_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Close_JJ examination_NN1 of_IO Table_NN1 3_MC shows_VVZ that_CST SCK_NP1 items_NN2 are_VBR both_RR some_DD of_IO the_AT easiest_JJT and_CC most_RGT difficult_JJ items_NN2 ,_, with_IW CCK_NP1 and_CC PCK_NP1 items_NN2 intermingled_VVD ._. 
</s>
<s>
For_REX21 instance_REX22 ,_, in_II the_AT case_NN1 of_IO transfers_NN2 and_CC promotions_NN2 ,_, the_AT school_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 principal_NN1 is_VBZ rated_VVN slightly_RR higher_JJR than_CSN average_NN1 (_( relative_II21 to_II22 that_DD1 school_NN1 )_) in_II the_AT years_NNT2 preceding_VVG the_AT transition_NN1 ,_, while_CS the_AT new_JJ principal_NN1 receives_VVZ substantially_RR lower_JJR scores_NN2 in_II their_APPGE first_MD year_NNT1 in_II the_AT school_NN1 (_( -.36_MC SD_NP1 for_IF transfers_NN2 and_CC -.45_MC SD_NP1 for_IF promotions_NN2 )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Everything_PN1 else_RR in_II my_APPGE life_NN1 I_PPIS1 have_VH0 half_RR finished_VVN ._. 
</s>
<s>
For_IF this_DD1 test_NN1 ,_, one_MC1 additional_JJ featurethe_NN1 u-turn_NN1 or_CC humpwas_NN2 included_VVN with_IW the_AT typically_RR identified_VVN seven_MC distinctive_JJ critical_JJ features_NN2 (_( Pelli_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2006_MC )_) to_TO offer_VVI a_AT1 more_RGR convenient_JJ way_NN1 for_IF kindergarten_NN1 students_NN2 to_TO assemble_VVI letters_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 m_ZZ1 and_CC h_ZZ1 in_II the_AT interest_NN1 of_IO time_NNT1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT three_MC hard_JJ sounds_NN2 together_RL in_II '_NULL All_DB rent_VV0 from_II top_NN1 to_II too_RG '_NULL also_RR build_VV0 tension_NN1 and_CC finality_NN1 ,_, enclosing_VVG his_APPGE body_NN1 in_II pain_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT ILDE_NN1 was_VBDZ used_VVN in_II the_AT school_NN1 communities_NN2 and_CC the_AT MOOC_NN1 community_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT authors_NN2 wish_VV0 to_TO thank_VVI the_AT schools_NN2 ,_, students_NN2 and_CC their_APPGE parents_NN2 for_IF their_APPGE cooperative_JJ efforts_NN2 ,_, as_II31 well_II32 as_II33 the_AT SiBO_NN1 team_NN1 of_IO the_AT Centre_NN1 for_IF Educational_JJ Effectiveness_NN1 and_CC Evaluation_NN1 for_IF collecting_VVG the_AT data_NN ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II fact_NN1 ,_, Edwin_NP1 (_( 2009_MC )_) postulated_VVD that_CST there_EX are_VBR few_DA2 studies_NN2 that_CST explore_VV0 the_AT occupational_JJ stress_NN1 experienced_VVN by_II school_NN1 administrators_NN2 in_II developing_JJ countries_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 Malaysia_NP1 ,_, especially_RR within_II the_AT primary_JJ school_NN1 context_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
But_CCB when_CS shared_JJ ownership_NN1 of_IO data_NN did_VDD not_XX exist_VVI ,_, data_NN were_VBDR viewed_VVN and_CC often_RR used_VVN as_II an_AT1 evaluative_JJ weapon_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Whilst_CS taking_VVG such_DA an_AT1 innovative_JJ approach_NN1 to_II the_AT project_NN1 seemed_VVD risky_JJ and_CC could_VM potentially_RR lead_VVI to_II "_" unproductive_JJ failure_NN1 "_" (_( Kapur_NP1 ,_, 2016_MC )_) ,_, this_DD1 turned_VVD out_RP not_XX to_TO be_VBI the_AT case_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
However_RR ,_, distributed_JJ cognition_NN1 research_NN1 in_II educational_JJ technology_NN1 ignores_VVZ these_DD2 debates_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II some_DD areas_NN2 ,_, RSE_VV0 programmes_NN2 have_VH0 been_VBN developed_VVN that_CST are_VBR specific_JJ to_II the_AT needs_NN2 of_IO people_NN with_IW ID_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Which_DDQ resources_NN2 determine_VV0 the_AT relative_JJ positions_NN2 of_IO actors_NN2 related_VVN to_II the_AT policy_NN1 ?_? 
</s>
<s>
After_CS the_AT English_JJ version_NN1 of_IO the_AT questionnaire_NN1 was_VBDZ drafted_VVN ,_, it_PPH1 was_VBDZ translated_VVN into_II Japanese_NN1 by_II a_AT1 bilingual_JJ graduate_NN1 student_NN1 and_CC translated_VVD back_RP into_II English_NN1 by_II a_AT1 bilingual_JJ English_JJ professor_NN1 (_( for_IF the_AT English_NN1 and_CC Japanese_JJ version_NN1 ,_, see_VV0 Appendix_NN1 1_MC1 )_) ._. 
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<s>
Similarly_RR ,_, another_DD1 grade_NN1 9_MC social_JJ sciences_NN2 book_NN1 explains_VVZ that_CST "_" in_II 1966_MC the_AT UN_NP1 declared_VVD the_AT persecution_NN1 of_IO black_JJ people_NN under_II apartheid_NN1 a_AT1 crime_NN1 against_II humanity_NN1 "_" (_( Barnard_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
2007_MC ,_, 95_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT International_JJ Commission_NN1 on_II Non-Ionizing_JJ Radiation_NN1 Protection_NN1 (_( ICNIRP_NP1 )_) has_VHZ published_VVN guidelines_NN2 regulating_VVG exposure_NN1 to_II NIR_NP1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Instead_RR ,_, researchers_NN2 consistently_RR describe_VV0 the_AT role_NN1 that_CST community-based_JJ organizations_NN2 committed_VVN to_II social_JJ justice_NN1 play_NN1 in_II framing_VVG the_AT process_NN1 of_IO using_VVG digital_JJ storytelling_NN1 and_CC photovoice_VV0 to_TO identify_VVI assets_NN2 and_CC problems_NN2 in_II a_AT1 community_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT teacher_NN1 commented_VVD that_CST the_AT "_" group_NN1 members_NN2 suggested_VVD re-wordings_NN2 when_CS they_PPHS2 were_VBDR explaining_VVG the_AT reasoning_NN1 behind_II their_APPGE answer_NN1 selections_NN2 and_CC they_PPHS2 seemed_VVD to_TO be_VBI interacting_VVG with_IW each_PPX221 other_PPX222 more_DAR than_CSN in_II the_AT previous_JJ version_NN1 "_" and_CC that_CST they_PPHS2 seemed_VVD to_TO be_VBI working_VVG less_RRR in_II '_NULL parallel_NN1 '_NULL ._. 
</s>
<s>
Finally_RR ,_, as_II part_NN1 of_IO the_AT workshop_NN1 ,_, teachers_NN2 reflected_VVN on_II how_RRQ the_AT lessons_NN2 they_PPHS2 learned_VVD from_II the_AT game_NN1 could_VM relate_VVI to_II school_NN1 music_NN1 education_NN1 and_CC pedagogy_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Finally_RR ,_, we_PPIS2 conduct_VV0 additional_JJ analyses_NN2 that_CST address_VV0 a_AT1 range_NN1 of_IO further_JJR potential_JJ concerns_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_RR21 addition_RR22 ,_, parents_NN2 who_PNQS reported_VVD more_DAR books_NN2 in_II the_AT household_NN1 (_( r_ZZ1 =_FO 0.31_MC ,_, p_ZZ1 <_FO .01_MC )_) ,_, as_II31 well_II32 as_II33 higher_JJR parental_JJ educational_JJ attainment_NN1 (_( r_ZZ1 =_FO 0.24_MC ,_, p_ZZ1 <_FO .01_MC )_) ,_, were_VBDR more_RGR likely_JJ to_TO become_VVI involved_VVN at_II home_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
One_MC1 of_IO the_AT visions_NN2 of_IO this_DD1 institution_NN1 is_VBZ the_AT intellectual_NN1 ,_, personal_JJ and_CC professional_JJ development_NN1 of_IO students_NN2 so_CS21 that_CS22 they_PPHS2 can_VM succeed_VVI in_II work_NN1 and_CC life_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT first_MD programme_NN1 to_TO be_VBI launched_VVN ,_, in_II 2003_MC before_II the_AT first_MD socle_NN1 commun_NN1 was_VBDZ introduced_VVN into_II schools_NN2 ,_, is_VBZ entitled_VVN CEDRE_NP1 (_( Cycle_NN1 des_NP1 evaluations_NN2 disciplinaires_NN2 realisees_NN2 sur_FW echantillon_NN1 )_) and_CC is_VBZ sample-based_JJ ._. 
</s>
<s>
Indeed_RR ,_, later_RRR the_AT student_NN1 overcame_VVD the_AT confusion_NN1 by_II crossing_VVG the_AT bottom_JJ part_NN1 of_IO the_AT parabola_NN1 several_DA2 times_NNT2 (_( with_IW the_AT tutor_NN1 carefully_RR following_VVG these_DD2 movements_NN2 )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT curriculum_NN1 of_IO the_AT 5-year_JJ program_NN1 follows_VVZ guidelines_NN2 published_VVD jointly_RR by_II the_AT American_JJ Board_NN1 of_IO Family_NN1 Practice_NN1 and_CC the_AT American_JJ Board_NN1 of_IO Psychiatry_NP1 and_CC Neurology_NN1 but_CCB also_RR includes_VVZ a_AT1 unique_JJ curriculum_NN1 that_CST integrates_VVZ the_AT two_MC fields_NN2 (_( Table_NN1 9_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Values_NN2 emerged_VVD as_CSA being_VBG central_JJ to_II participants_NN2 '_NULL perception_NN1 of_IO leadership_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
All_DB participating_JJ students_NN2 are_VBR assumed_VVN to_TO be_VBI enrolled_VVN in_II a_AT1 variety_NN1 of_IO classes_NN2 ,_, including_II stu_NN1 dents_NN2 in_II the_AT TG_NP1 being_VBG enrolled_VVN in_II physical_JJ sciences_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
He_PPHS1 develops_VVZ measures_NN2 of_IO mathematics_NN1 teacher_NN1 knowledge_NN1 and_CC beliefs_NN2 and_CC uses_VVZ these_DD2 tools_NN2 to_TO study_VVI teacher_NN1 change_NN1 in_II the_AT context_NN1 of_IO teacher_NN1 education_NN1 and_CC teaching_VVG experience_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Moreover_RR ,_, school_NN1 A_ZZ1 strives_VVZ to_TO improve_VVI its_APPGE reputation_NN1 by_II participating_VVG in_II contests_NN2 ,_, and_CC '_NULL cleans_VVZ out_RP '_NULL low-performing_JJ students_NN2 in_BCL21 order_BCL22 to_TO improve_VVI its_APPGE ranking_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Students_NN2 in_II the_AT experimental_JJ condition_NN1 reported_VVD higher_JJR connection_NN1 at_II midterms_NN2 ,_, although_CS differences_NN2 no_RR21 longer_RR22 remained_VVN at_II finals_NN2 ,_, after_CS both_DB2 conditions_NN2 abstained_VVD from_II electronic_JJ devices_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
T11_FO 36_MC testing_NN1 and_CC assessment_NN1 give_VV0 me_PPIO1 the_AT confidence_NN1 to_TO continue_VVI learning_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Variable_JJ importance_NN1 is_VBZ also_RR interesting_JJ for_IF that_DD1 research_NN1 questions_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Although_CS this_DD1 may_VM have_VHI increased_VVN the_AT likelihood_NN1 of_IO Type_NN1 I_MC1 error_NN1 ,_, it_PPH1 was_VBDZ deemed_VVN unlikely_JJ considering_II the_AT magnitude_NN1 of_IO the_AT condition_NN1 effect_NN1 (_( n2_FO =_FO .709_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 reform_NN1 gave_VVD rise_NN1 to_II three_MC distinct_JJ education_NN1 systems_NN2 corresponding_VVG to_II the_AT three_MC cultural_JJ communities_NN2 in_II the_AT country_NN1 :_: one_MC1 Dutch-speaking_NN1 ,_, one_MC1 German-speaking_JJ and_CC a_AT1 third_MD –_- our_APPGE focus_NN1 here_RL –_- French-speaking_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
They_PPHS2 found_VVD higher_JJR rates_NN2 of_IO fractional_JJ anisotropy_NN1 in_II the_AT cingulate_NN1 cortex_NN1 and_CC corpus_NN1 callosum_NN1 in_II jazz_NN1 musicians_NN2 ,_, indicating_VVG more_RGR white_JJ matter_NN1 organization_NN1 and_CC density_NN1 (_( Nelson_NP1 &;_NULL Luciana_NP1 ,_, 2008_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT coefficient_NN1 for_IF SES_NP2 here_RL indicates_VVZ that_CST a_AT1 one-standard_JJ deviation_NN1 increase_NN1 in_II SES_NP2 was_VBDZ associated_VVN with_IW a_AT1 0.01-point_JJ decrease_NN1 in_II monthly_JJ kindergarten_NN1 learning_VVG in_II reading_NN1 ,_, or_CC roughly_RR 6%_NNU less_DAR per_II month_NNT1 (_( 0.01/0.16_MF )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT work_NN1 of_IO anarchist_NN1 thinkers_NN2 like_II Proudhon_NP1 ,_, Kropotkin_NP1 and_CC Bakunin_NP1 thus_RR offers_VVZ a_AT1 clear_JJ articulation_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 concept_NN1 of_IO freedom_NN1 as_CSA non-domination_JJ that_CST leads_VVZ logically_RR to_II the_AT view_NN1 that_CST the_AT modern_JJ state_NN1 and_CC its_APPGE underpinning_JJ liberal_JJ conception_NN1 of_IO law_NN1 is_VBZ "_" the_AT main_JJ vehicle_NN1 for_IF structural_JJ domination_NN1 "_" (_( Kinna_NP1 and_CC Pritchard_NP1 ,_, ibid_RR )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT Latinas_NP2 ranged_VVD in_II age_NN1 from_II their_APPGE mid-30s_MC2 to_II their_APPGE 50s_MC2 ,_, with_IW all_RR having_VHG at_RR21 least_RR22 10_MC years_NNT2 of_IO experience_NN1 in_II the_AT field_NN1 of_IO education_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Gamson_NN1 and_CC Modigliani_NP1 (_( 1989_MC )_) distinguish_VV0 two_MC forms_NN2 of_IO symbolic_JJ devices_NN2 ,_, namely_REX '_NULL framing_JJ devices_NN2 '_NULL that_CST highlight_VV0 what_DDQ is_VBZ the_AT issue_NN1 defined_VVN as_II a_AT1 policy_NN1 problem_NN1 (_( e.g._REX metaphors_NN2 ,_, catchphrases_NN2 ,_, exemplars_NN2 ,_, stories_NN2 ,_, depictions_NN2 ,_, and_CC visual_JJ images_NN2 )_) ,_, and_CC '_NULL reasoning_VVG devices_NN2 '_NULL that_CST justify_VV0 why_RRQ it_PPH1 should_VM be_VBI dealt_VVN with_IW (_( e.g._REX causal_JJ analysis_NN1 ,_, and_CC moral_JJ claims_NN2 )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
For_IF a_AT1 small_JJ number_NN1 of_IO programs_NN2 that_CST reported_VVD per-credit_JJ tuition_NN1 prices_NN2 instead_II21 of_II22 overall_JJ prices_NN2 ,_, I_PPIS1 multiplied_VVD the_AT per-credit_JJ price_NN1 by_II 30_MC to_TO reflect_VVI a_AT1 full-time_JJ course_NN1 load_VV0 that_CST would_VM allow_VVI students_NN2 to_TO graduate_VVI in_II three_MC years_NNT2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
To_TO determine_VVI the_AT number_NN1 of_IO factors_NN2 to_TO be_VBI retained_VVN ,_, we_PPIS2 used_VVD multiple_JJ criteria_NN2 ,_, including_II eigenvalues_NN2 ,_, scree_NN1 plots_NN2 ,_, and_CC meaningfulness_NN1 of_IO items_NN2 loading_VVG on_II respective_JJ factors_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Open_VV0 mathematical_JJ tasks_NN2 enable_VV0 flexible_JJ reasoning_NN1 and_CC relative_JJ originality_NN1 (_( Leikin_NP1 ,_, 2009a_FO ,_, b_ZZ1 )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Cleary_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
(_( 2015_MC )_) used_VVD microanalytic_JJ procedures_NN2 to_TO examine_VVI the_AT link_NN1 between_II self-reflection_JJ phase_NN1 processes_NN2 and_CC future_JJ forethought_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT importance_NN1 of_IO basic_JJ concepts_NN2 of_IO Chinese_JJ characters_NN2 and_CC radical_JJ recognition_NN1 potentially_RR suggests_VVZ ways_NN2 to_TO improve_VVI early_JJ literacy_NN1 instruction_NN1 and_CC early_JJ detection_NN1 of_IO children_NN2 at_II risk_NN1 of_IO reading_VVG difficulties_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
We_PPIS2 assessed_VVD three_MC literacy_NN1 skills_NN2 :_: decoding_JJ ,_, reading_VVG comprehension_NN1 ,_, and_CC writing_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
We_PPIS2 find_VV0 that_CST resource_VV0 scarcity_NN1 is_VBZ not_XX correlated_VVN with_IW the_AT innovation_NN1 orientation_NN1 of_IO SMEs_NN2 ,_, while_CS the_AT growth_NN1 ambitions_NN2 of_IO managers_NN2 and_CC owners_NN2 strongly_RR and_CC positively_RR influence_VV0 their_APPGE focus_NN1 on_II both_DB2 exploratory_JJ and_CC exploitative_JJ innovation_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Consequently_RR ,_, future_JJ efforts_NN2 should_VM be_VBI made_VVN to_TO create_VVI an_AT1 improved_JJ grit_NN1 scale_NN1 that_CST can_VM conform_VVI to_II strict_JJ psychometric_JJ scrutiny_NN1 ,_, given_VVN the_AT interest_NN1 of_IO using_VVG non-cognitive_JJ factors_NN2 like_II grit_NN1 in_II high-stakes_NN2 decisions_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
However_RR ,_, to_TO maximize_VVI the_AT potential_JJ efficacy_NN1 of_IO AWE_NN1 ,_, it_PPH1 may_VM be_VBI necessary_JJ to_TO identify_VVI ways_NN2 for_IF teachers_NN2 to_TO implement_VVI AWE_NN1 in_II a_AT1 manner_NN1 that_CST extends_VVZ or_CC enriches_VVZ the_AT curriculum_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
To_TO reduce_VVI social_JJ desirability_NN1 (_( see_VV0 also_RR Krumpal_JJ ,_, 2013_MC ;_; Nederhof_NP1 ,_, 1985_MC )_) ,_, the_AT survey_NN1 was_VBDZ designed_VVN to_TO be_VBI filled_VVN in_II anonymously_RR ,_, through_II self-administration_NN1 ,_, and_CC to_TO be_VBI returned_VVN within_II a_AT1 sealed_JJ envelope_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
At_II an_AT1 institutional_JJ level_NN1 ,_, it_PPH1 would_VM be_VBI important_JJ to_TO know_VVI if_CSW policy_NN1 initiatives_NN2 ,_, district_NN1 mandates_NN2 ,_, standards_NN2 ,_, and_CC curriculum_NN1 reflect_VV0 students_NN2 '_NULL diverse_JJ forms_NN2 of_IO cultural_JJ knowledge_NN1 or_CC further_RRR homogenize_VV0 educators_NN2 and_CC students_NN2 as_CSA it_PPH1 would_VM determine_VVI the_AT types_NN2 of_IO materials_NN2 and_CC resources_NN2 teachers_NN2 have_VH0 access_NN1 to_II ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II31 addition_II32 to_II33 the_AT above_JJ caveats_NN2 about_II the_AT observational_JJ nature_NN1 of_IO our_APPGE study_NN1 sample_NN1 with_IW its_APPGE potential_NN1 for_IF omitted_JJ variable_NN1 bias_NN1 and_CC reverse_JJ causality_NN1 ,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ possible_JJ that_CST comparisons_NN2 across_II principal_JJ behaviors_NN2 reflect_VV0 the_AT multicollinearity_NN1 between_II principal_JJ ratings_NN2 across_II different_JJ dimensions_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Source_NN1 :_: Authors_NN2 '_NULL own_VV0 ,_, based_VVN on_II a_AT1 synthesis_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 qualitative_JJ institutional_JJ analysis_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Future_JJ work_NN1 may_VM wish_VVI to_TO further_RRR investigate_VVI actual_JJ effort_NN1 levels_NN2 of_IO girls_NN2 in_II single-gender_NN1 and_CC mixed-gender_JJ environments_NN2 ,_, in_II a_AT1 range_NN1 of_IO sports_NN2 and_CC activities_NN2 ,_, in_BCL21 order_BCL22 to_TO confirm_VVI the_AT findings_NN2 reported_VVD herein_RR ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II31 terms_II32 of_II33 state_NN1 financing_NN1 of_IO higher_JJR education_NN1 ,_, models_NN2 generally_RR indicated_VVN that_CST appropriations_NN2 were_VBDR negatively_RR related_VVN to_TO study_VVI abroad_RL participation_NN1 ,_, as_CSA were_VBDR state_NN1 funds_NN2 directed_VVN toward_II non-grant_JJ aid_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Other_JJ research_NN1 on_II student_NN1 teachers_NN2 and_CC early_JJ career_NN1 teachers_NN2 has_VHZ found_VVN that_CST the_AT context_NN1 of_IO teaching_NN1 influences_VVZ the_AT extent_NN1 to_II which_DDQ teachers_NN2 rely_VV0 on_II both_DB2 their_APPGE own_DA prior_JJ experiences_NN2 as_II31 well_II32 as_II33 the_AT ideas_NN2 they_PPHS2 were_VBDR exposed_VVN to_II in_II their_APPGE teacher_NN1 education_NN1 programs_NN2 (_( Flores_FW &;_NULL Day_NP1 ,_, 2006_MC ;_; Friesen_NP1 &;_NULL Besley_NP1 ,_, 2013_MC ;_; Hong_NP1 ,_, Greene_NP1 ,_, &;_NULL Lowery_NP1 ,_, 2017_MC ;_; Smagorinsky_NP1 ,_, Cook_NP1 ,_, Moore_NP1 ,_, Jackson_NP1 ,_, &;_NULL Fry_NP1 ,_, 2004_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Those_DD2 with_IW positional_JJ district_NN1 leadership_NN1 ,_, including_II superintendents_NN2 ,_, can_VM make_VVI or_CC break_VVI the_AT implementation_NN1 of_IO standards-based_JJ policy_NN1 (_( Marsh_NP1 &;_NULL Wohlstetter_NP1 ,_, 2013_MC ;_; Sharratt_NP1 &;_NULL Fullan_NP1 ,_, 2009_MC ;_; Supovitz_NP1 ,_, 2006_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT differential_JJ consent_NN1 rates_NN2 across_II treatment_NN1 conditions_NN2 for_IF both_DB2 cohorts_NN2 introduced_VVD potential_JJ bias_NN1 into_II the_AT ISS_NN1 sample_NN1 with_II31 respect_II32 to_II33 the_AT treatment-control_JJ contrast_NN1 ,_, despite_II that_CST this_DD1 subsample_NN1 was_VBDZ drawn_VVN from_II a_AT1 randomized_JJ applicant_NN1 list_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
SE_NP1 beliefs_NN2 would_VM not_XX find_VVI VEI_NN2 to_TO boost_VVI their_APPGE task-specific_JJ SE_NP1 as_RG much_DA1 as_CSA others_NN2 with_IW high_JJ general_JJ SE_ND1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Indeed_RR ,_, the_AT effects_NN2 of_IO school_NN1 turnaround_NN1 efforts_NN2 have_VH0 varied_VVN widely_RR across_II states_NN2 ,_, strategies_NN2 ,_, urban_JJ and_CC rural_JJ districts_NN2 ,_, gender_NN1 ,_, grades_NN2 ,_, and_CC subject_NN1 areas_NN2 with_IW the_AT main_JJ finding_NN1 being_VBG the_AT stubborn_JJ persistence_NN1 of_IO poor_JJ performance_NN1 and_CC the_AT extraordinary_JJ difficulty_NN1 of_IO sustaining_VVG improvement_NN1 (_( Dee_FU ,_, 2012_MC ;_; Dougherty_NP1 &;_NULL Wiener_FW ,_, 2017_MC ;_; Dragoset_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2017_MC ;_; Heissel_NP1 &;_NULL Ladd_NP1 ,_, 2018_MC ;_; Henry_NP1 ,_, Guthrie_NP1 ,_, &;_NULL Townsend_NP1 ,_, 2015_MC ;_; Le_NP1 Floch_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2016_MC ;_; Sun_NN1 ,_, Penner_NP1 ,_, &;_NULL Loeb_NP1 ,_, 2017_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Data_NN analysis_NN1 in_II qualitative_JJ research_NN1 can_VM occur_VVI either_RR straight_RR after_II the_AT collection_NN1 of_IO data_NN has_VHZ been_VBN completed_VVN or_CC concurrent_JJ to_II the_AT data_NN collection_NN1 process_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Results_NN2 in_II Panel_NN1 A_ZZ1 were_VBDR obtained_VVN from_II an_AT1 OLS_NN2 regression_NN1 of_IO Eq_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
(_( 2_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT more_RGR famous_JJ pronouncement_NN1 comes_VVZ from_II E.M_NP1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Forster_NP1 :_: "_" How_RRQ do_VD0 I_PPIS1 know_VVI what_DDQ I_PPIS1 think_VV0 until_CS I_PPIS1 see_VV0 what_DDQ I_PPIS1 '_NULL ve_VV0 written_VVN ?_? "_" 
</s>
<s>
Detailed_JJ results_NN2 are_VBR shown_VVN in_II Table_NN1 3_MC ._. 
</s>
<s>
Teacher_NN1 librarian_NN1 respondents_NN2 highlighted_VVD how_RGQ adequate_JJ resourcing_NN1 of_IO the_AT library_NN1 was_VBDZ an_AT1 essential_JJ contribution_NN1 to_II a_AT1 reading_NN1 culture_NN1 ,_, with_IW the_AT texts_NN2 held_VVN by_II the_AT library_NN1 providing_VVG access_NN1 to_II interesting_JJ reading_NN1 materials_NN2 for_IF students_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Overly_RR strong_JJ parametric_JJ assumptions_NN2 result_VV0 in_II specification_NN1 bias_NN1 ,_, and_CC consequent_JJ false_JJ conclusions_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
These_DD2 interviews_NN2 ,_, with_IW questions_NN2 targeting_VVG teacher_NN1 sensemaking_VVG ,_, could_VM serve_VVI two_MC purposes_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT TCIF_NN1 is_VBZ a_AT1 blueprint_NN1 that_CST school_NN1 principals_NN2 and_CC teachers_NN2 can_VM use_VVI to_TO create_VVI ,_, evaluate_VVI ,_, and_CC improve_VVI professional_JJ collaboration_NN1 within_II their_APPGE educational_JJ contexts_NN2 (_( Gajda_NP1 and_CC Koliba_NP1 ,_, 2008_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Besides_RR examining_VVG the_AT reliability_NN1 of_IO the_AT raters_NN2 ,_, we_PPIS2 evaluated_VVD the_AT internal_JJ consistency_NN1 of_IO rubric_NN1 scores_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II the_AT context_NN1 of_IO IRT_NP1 modeling_NN1 ,_, the_AT expected_JJ IM_NN1 is_VBZ a_AT1 function_NN1 of_IO all_DB possible_JJ response_NN1 patterns_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Pseudonyms_NN2 were_VBDR given_VVN prior_II21 to_II22 the_AT coding_NN1 process_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Speaking_VVG to_II members_NN2 of_IO the_AT nonprofit_JJ offered_VVD these_DD2 young_JJ adults_NN2 an_AT1 opportunity_NN1 to_TO explain_VVI how_RRQ blight_NN1 masks_VVZ the_AT violence_NN1 that_CST exists_VVZ where_RRQ they_PPHS2 live_VV0 ,_, limits_VVZ their_APPGE movement_NN1 and_CC opportunities_NN2 for_IF growth_NN1 ,_, and_CC negatively_RR affects_VVZ their_APPGE own_DA sense_NN1 of_IO belonging_VVG and_CC self-worth_JJ ._. 
</s>
<s>
Sadeed_NP1 explained_VVD that_CST Afghans_NN2 have_VH0 become_VVN suspicious_JJ of_IO hidden_JJ agendas_NN2 in_II educational_JJ materials_NN2 developed_VVN outside_II the_AT country_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II the_AT first_MD two_MC years_NNT2 of_IO study_NN1 ,_, we_PPIS2 conducted_VVD 96_MC interviews_NN2 to_TO understand_VVI processes_NN2 of_IO contextualizing_VVG the_AT GES_NP2 in_II the_AT 14_MC nation-states.5_JJ We_PPIS2 interviewed_VVD staff_NN members_NN2 from_II UNHCR_NP1 ,_, relevant_JJ government_NN1 offices_NN2 (_( e.g._REX ,_, offices_NN2 of_IO refugee_NN1 affairs_NN2 ,_, Ministries_NN2 of_IO Education_NN1 )_) ,_, and_CC nongovernment_NN1 organizations_NN2 (_( NGOs_NP2 )_) implementing_VVG UNHCR_NP1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 refugee_NN1 education_NN1 programs_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Students_NN2 also_RR need_VV0 to_TO invest_VVI more_DAR effort_NN1 in_II flipped_VVD learning_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Nevertheless_RR ,_, when_CS analysing_VVG the_AT size_NN1 of_IO the_AT effect_NN1 ,_, we_PPIS2 see_VV0 that_CST such_DA differences_NN2 are_VBR only_RR relevant_JJ in_II the_AT case_NN1 of_IO the_AT extrinsic_JJ values_NN2 linked_VVN to_II mobility_NN1 (_( Cohenr_NP1 d_ZZ1 =_FO 0.41_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 finding_NN1 was_VBDZ consistent_JJ across_II varying_JJ scale_NN1 lengths_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
There_EX is_VBZ a_AT1 risk_NN1 of_IO bias_NN1 in_II outcome_NN1 classification_NN1 across_II studies_NN2 due_II21 to_II22 the_AT use_NN1 of_IO inconsistent_JJ out_RP come_VV0 measures_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Second_MD ,_, we_PPIS2 tested_VVD a_AT1 structural_JJ model_NN1 to_TO examine_VVI the_AT effects_NN2 of_IO perfectionism_NN1 dimensions_NN2 on_II test-related_JJ hope_NN1 directly_RR and_CC by_II31 way_II32 of_II33 self-compassion_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 may_VM include_VVI healthcare_NN1 professionals_NN2 ,_, allied_JJ healthcare_NN1 professionals_NN2 ,_, pharmacists_NN2 ,_, general_JJ practitioners_NN2 ,_, clinical_JJ and_CC non-clinical_JJ staff_NN ,_, porters_NN2 ,_, kitchen_NN1 staff_NN ,_, and_CC receptionists_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Habitus_NN1 refers_VVZ to_II a_AT1 system_NN1 of_IO dispositions_NN2 that_CST influence_VV0 parents5_FO and_CC children_NN2 '_NULL s_ZZ1 development_NN1 of_IO perceptions_NN2 ,_, appreciations_NN2 and_CC practices_NN2 (_( Bourdieu_NP1 ,_, 1990_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT teacher_NN1 ,_, for_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, emphasizes_VVZ her_APPGE dissimilarity_NN1 of_IO pupils_NN2 from_II the_AT teacher_NN1 by_II saying_VVG that_CST the_AT pupils_NN2 speak_VV0 in_II another_DD1 language_NN1 :_: "_" If_CS I_PPIS1 say_VV0 it_PPH1 in_II your_APPGE words_NN2 -_- a_AT1 gig_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Performing_VVG mental_JJ computations_NN2 and_CC comparing_VVG and_CC contrasting_JJ alternative_JJ strategies_NN2 solidified_VVD students_NN2 '_NULL understanding_NN1 of_IO number_NN1 and_CC operations_NN2 serving_VVG as_II a_AT1 foundation_NN1 for_IF appropriating_VVG standard_JJ algorithms_NN2 via_II progressive_JJ schematising_NN1 and_CC formalising_VVG ._. 
</s>
<s>
Researchers_NN2 have_VH0 found_VVN that_CST individuals_NN2 are_VBR generally_RR overconfident_JJ in_II their_APPGE phishing_JJ email_NN1 detection_NN1 (_( Wang_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
2016_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Thus_RR ,_, the_AT results_NN2 show_VV0 that_CST transformational_JJ leadership_NN1 is_VBZ one_MC1 of_IO the_AT most_RGT popular_JJ leadership_NN1 concepts_NN2 in_II educational_JJ administration_NN1 research_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Finally_RR ,_, the_AT current_JJ study_NN1 findings_NN2 and_CC those_DD2 of_IO Friedman_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
(_( 2011_MC )_) and_CC Watts_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
(_( 2018_MC )_) suggest_VV0 that_CST key_JJ individual_JJ differences_NN2 in_II self-control_NN1 are_VBR evident_JJ very_RG early_RR on_RP in_II the_AT delay_NN1 time_NNT1 in_II young_JJ children_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT question_NN1 remains_VVZ about_II whether_CSW these_DD2 items_NN2 assess_VV0 learners_NN2 '_NULL writing_VVG self-efficacy_JJ or_CC not_XX ._. 
</s>
<s>
Intelligence_NN1 or_CC IQ_NN1 testing_NN1 became_VVD one_MC1 of_IO the_AT more_RGR indirect_JJ ,_, but_CCB far-reaching_JJ policies_NN2 influenced_VVN by_II eugenics.14_FO Public_JJ debate_NN1 over_II the_AT use_NN1 of_IO IQ_NN1 testing_VVG also_RR grew_VVD in_II the_AT early_JJ part_NN1 of_IO the_AT century_NNT1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Thus_RR ,_, the_AT LP_NN1 led_VVN to_II new_JJ discoveries_NN2 about_II student_NN1 thinking_NN1 and_CC learning_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Additionally_RR ,_, many_DA2 effects_NN2 decrease_VV0 over_II time_NNT1 ,_, often_RR disappearing_VVG altogether_RR (_( Gross_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
2003_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
District_NN1 leaders_NN2 are_VBR continually_RR reconstructing_VVG state_NN1 education_NN1 policy_NN1 (_( Daly_NP1 &;_NULL Finnigan_NP1 ,_, 2011_MC ;_; Woulfin_NP1 ,_, Donaldson_NP1 ,_, &;_NULL Gonzales_NP2 ,_, 2016_MC )_) while_CS they_PPHS2 accommodate_VV0 the_AT institutional_JJ memories_NN2 of_IO their_APPGE teaching_NN1 force_NN1 (_( Goodson_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2006_MC )_) and_CC navigate_VV0 emotional_JJ networks_NN2 (_( Fullan_NP1 ,_, 2016_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
While_CS the_AT keyword_NN1 analysis_NN1 told_VVD us_PPIO2 about_II the_AT frequency_NN1 with_IW which_DDQ certain_JJ words_NN2 were_VBDR used_VVN in_II ASW_NP1 ,_, it_PPH1 did_VDD not_XX tell_VVI us_PPIO2 how_RRQ those_DD2 terms_NN2 were_VBDR being_VBG used_VVN ,_, especially_RR in_II31 relation_II32 to_II33 the_AT kinds_NN2 of_IO arguments_NN2 researchers_NN2 were_VBDR making_VVG in_II their_APPGE research_NN1 articles_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
By_II controlling_VVG essay_NN1 scores_NN2 ,_, the_AT differences_NN2 in_II writing_VVG processes_NN2 are_VBR more_RGR likely_JJ to_TO be_VBI explained_VVN by_II the_AT group_NN1 characteristics_NN2 instead_II21 of_II22 by_II writing_VVG proficiency_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
According_II21 to_II22 Caleb_NP1 Gattegno_NP1 (_( 1911–1988_MCMC )_) ,_, the_AT founder_NN1 of_IO the_AT CIEAEM_NN1 ,_, national_JJ organisations_NN2 of_IO mathematics_NN1 teachers_NN2 had_VHD to_TO take_VVI a_AT1 leading_JJ role_NN1 in_II international_JJ exchange_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
To_TO address_VVI our_APPGE research_NN1 question_NN1 whether_CSW an_AT1 organization_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 learning_VVG from_II error_NN1 climate_NN1 enables_VVZ young_JJ professionals_NN2 to_TO overcome_VVI the_AT barriers_NN2 of_IO accessibility_NN1 and_CC hierarchical_JJ boundaries_NN2 ,_, to_TO enable_VVI help-seeking_NN1 after_II making_VVG an_AT1 error_NN1 ,_, we_PPIS2 formulated_VVD the_AT following_JJ prompt_NN1 for_IF participants_NN2 to_TO generate_VVI relevant_JJ ties_NN2 :_: when_RRQ you_PPY experience_VV0 an_AT1 error_NN1 or_CC mistake_NN1 at_II work_NN1 ,_, who_PNQS do_VD0 you_PPY typically_RR turn_VVI to_II for_IF help_NN1 and_CC advice_NN1 ?_? 
</s>
<s>
But_CCB the_AT framework_NN1 of_IO deliberative_JJ systems_NN2 enables_VVZ another_DD1 analysis_NN1 :_: the_AT interchange_NN1 between_II dialogic_JJ and_CC adversarial_JJ modes_NN2 may_VM have_VHI made_VVN people_NN within_II the_AT event_NN1 more_RGR reflective_JJ about_II when_RRQ dialogue_NN1 may_VM be_VBI harmful_JJ ,_, and_CC may_VM deepen_VVI their_APPGE capacity_NN1 to_II practice_NN1 their_APPGE form_NN1 of_IO engagement_NN1 in_II a_AT1 way_NN1 that_CST is_VBZ more_RGR open_JJ to_II learning_VVG from_II others_NN2 ,_, and_CC hence_RR bears_VVZ less_RGR potential_JJ to_TO do_VDI harm_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
PCGs_NP1 were_VBDR asked_VVN whether_CSW the_AT child_NN1 had_VHD any_DD school_NN1 absences_NN2 in_II the_AT past_JJ year_NNT1 and_CC ,_, if_CS so_RR ,_, whether_CSW these_DD2 absences_NN2 were_VBDR because_CS the_AT child_NN1 was_VBDZ '_NULL '_NULL suspended_VVN or_CC expelled_VVD ._. "_" 
</s>
<s>
And_CC in_II31 spite_II32 of_II33 the_AT '_NULL awfulness_NN1 '_NULL of_IO this_DD1 challenge_NN1 for_IF government_NN1 and_CC policy_NN1 ,_, we_PPIS2 can_VM not_XX wait_VVI much_RR longer_JJR to_TO think_VVI it_PPH1 through_RP ,_, and_CC enact_VVI it_PPH1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
When_CS we_PPIS2 refer_VV0 to_II Dutch_JJ as_II the_AT L1_FO ,_, in_II contrast_NN1 to_II English_NN1 as_II the_AT FL_NNU ,_, we_PPIS2 acknowledge_VV0 that_CST for_IF 29%_NNU of_IO the_AT participants_NN2 Dutch_NN1 was_VBDZ not_XX their_APPGE L1_FO ,_, but_CCB their_APPGE dominant_JJ language_NN1 and_CC the_AT language_NN1 in_II which_DDQ they_PPHS2 have_VH0 become_VVN literate_JJ ._. 
</s>
<s>
For_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, the_AT teaching_NN1 and_CC programme_NN1 administration_NN1 workload_NN1 should_VM be_VBI reduced_VVN for_IF the_AT FC_NP1 early-adopters_NN2 so_CS21 that_CS22 they_PPHS2 can_VM have_VHI sufficient_JJ time_NNT1 to_TO develop_VVI the_AT pre-class_JJ learning_NN1 materials_NN2 and_CC restructure_VVI their_APPGE teaching_NN1 from_II conventional_JJ lecture-mode_NN1 to_II FC-mode_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
We_PPIS2 provide_VV0 an_AT1 application_NN1 of_IO entropy_NN1 rate_NN1 estimation_NN1 using_VVG data_NN that_CST were_VBDR introduced_VVN in_II Davis_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
(_( 2017_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
However_RR ,_, in_II Excerpt_NP1 2_MC ,_, the_AT teachers_NN2 also_RR considered_VVN the_AT visual_JJ information_NN1 (_( a_AT1 picture_NN1 of_IO the_AT aftermath_NN1 of_IO an_AT1 earthquake_NN1 in_II Japan_NP1 )_) which_DDQ accompanied_VVD the_AT print_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
H4_FO Higher_RRR ratings_NN2 of_IO (_( a_ZZ1 )_) learning_VVG skills_NN2 ;_; (_( b_ZZ1 )_) creativity_NN1 ,_, innovation_NN1 and_CC change_VV0 skills_NN2 ;_; and_CC (_( c_ZZ1 )_) interpersonal_JJ skills_NN2 are_VBR expected_VVN for_IF the_AT applicants_NN2 who_PNQS have_VH0 a_AT1 facultative_JJ international_JJ business_NN1 internship_NN1 (_( versus_II those_DD2 who_PNQS have_VH0 not_XX such_DA experience_NN1 or_CC have_VH0 a_AT1 domestic_JJ internship_NN1 )_) ._. 
</s>
