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Figure_NN1 17_MC shows_VVZ an_AT1 example_NN1 of_IO the_AT relabeling_NN1 :_: on_II the_AT left_JJ side_NN1 of_IO the_AT figure_NN1 ,_, the_AT dependency_NN1 labels_NN2 are_VBR superficial_JJ (_( dep_VV0 x_ZZ1 )_) ,_, whereas_CS on_II the_AT right_JJ side_NN1 of_IO the_AT figure_NN1 ,_, the_AT labels_NN2 are_VBR the_AT ones_NN2 usually_RR found_VVN in_II a_AT1 DSyntS_NP1 (_( dep_VV0 Deepx_NP1 )_) ._. 
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Mean_JJ age_NN1 was_VBDZ 22.8_MC and_CC mean_JJ education_NN1 was_VBDZ 16.1_MC years_NNT2 ._. 
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To_TO convince_VVI a_AT1 potentially_RR sceptical_JJ audience_NN1 ,_, the_AT signaller_NN1 must_VM take_VVI on_RP some_DD handicap_NN1 ,_, demonstrating_VVG that_CST it_PPH1 can_VM afford_VVI the_AT costs_NN2 ._. 
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Where_CS B_ZZ1 &K;_NULL '_NULL s_ZZ1 and_CC L_ZZ1 &G;_NULL '_NULL s_ZZ1 procedures_NN2 differ_VV0 is_VBZ on_II the_AT question_NN1 of_IO how_RRQ to_TO quantify_VVI individual_JJ CV_NN1 and_CC VC_NN1 effects_NN2 and_CC how_RRQ to_TO compare_VVI their_APPGE combined_JJ strength_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT analysis_NN1 for_IF Research_NN1 Question_NN1 (_( 2_MC )_) is_VBZ based_VVN on_II two_MC groups_NN2 ._. 
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Mordecai_NP1 has_VHZ selected_VVN several_DA2 pins_NN2 of_IO different_JJ colors_NN2 ,_, and_CC is_VBZ giving_VVG Pascal_JJ hints_NN2 which_DDQ should_VM help_VVI Pascal_JJ to_TO figure_VVI out_RP which_DDQ pins_VVZ Mordecai_NP1 has_VHZ ._. 
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This_DD1 generally_RR relates_VVZ to_II the_AT interaction_NN1 between_II sign_NN1 and_CC spoken_JJ language_NN1 and_CC the_AT potential_JJ convergence_NN1 or_CC '_NULL pooling_VVG '_NULL of_IO language_NN1 knowledge_NN1 and_CC abilities_NN2 (_( Mineiro_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
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2014_MC ;_; Ormel_NP1 &amp;_CC Giezen_NP1 2014_MC ;_; Plaza-Pust_NP1 2014_MC )_) ._. 
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Depending_II21 on_II22 contextual_JJ pragmatic_JJ inferences_NN2 regarding_II the_AT reason_NN1 that_CST the_AT interlocutor_NN1 is_VBZ expected_VVN to_TO become_VVI committed_VVN to_II something_PN1 ,_, a_AT1 projected_JJ commitment_NN1 can_VM be_VBI more_RGR tentative_JJ than_CSN an_AT1 actual_JJ public_JJ discourse_NN1 commitment_NN1 ._. 
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Turning_VVG now_RT to_II the_AT question_NN1 of_IO how_RRQ phi-features_NN2 are_VBR interpreted_VVN ,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ important_JJ to_TO realize_VVI that_CST the_AT range_NN1 of_IO values_NN2 that_CST the_AT pronoun_NN1 takes_VVZ in_II (_( 15_MC )_) is_VBZ represented_VVN as_II the_AT argument_NN1 of_IO the_AT choice_NN1 function_NN1 ,_, e.g._REX the_AT first_MD years_NNT2 in_II this_DD1 particular_JJ example_NN1 ,_, and_CC this_DD1 is_VBZ syntactically_RR accessible_JJ as_II a_AT1 part_NN1 of_IO the_AT complex_JJ index_NN1 ,_, 8&lsqb;e&rsqb;_FO in_II 5&lsqb;_FO (_( e_ZZ1 ,_, e_ZZ1 )_) &rsqb;_) (_( 8&lsqb;e&rsqb;_FO )_) ._. 
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The_AT analysis_NN1 provided_VVN here_RL extends_VVZ an_AT1 account_NN1 of_IO commiseration_NN1 reported_VVD elsewhere_RL (_( Ekberg_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2013_MC )_) by_II considering_VVG the_AT local_JJ contexts_NN2 in_II which_DDQ commiserations_NN2 and_CC affective_JJ inferences_NN2 are_VBR produced_VVN ._. 
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The_AT electrode_NN1 offset_NN1 was_VBDZ kept_VVN below_RG 40_MC mV_NNU ._. 
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The_AT EEG_NN1 was_VBDZ acquired_VVN in_II a_AT1 continuous_JJ mode_NN1 at_II a_AT1 digitization_NN1 rate_NN1 of_IO 512_MC Hz_NNU ,_, with_IW a_AT1 bandpass_NN1 filter_NN1 of_IO 0.01-100_MCMC Hz_NNU ,_, and_CC stored_VVN on_II hard_JJ disk_NN1 for_IF later_JJR analysis_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT first_MD difference_NN1 has_VHZ to_TO do_VDI with_IW the_AT ease_NN1 of_IO suspension_NN1 of_IO the_AT presupposition_NN1 associated_VVN to_II some_DD triggers_NN2 ._. 
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Note_VV0 also_RR that_DD1 ,_, as_CSA formalized_VVN ,_, this_DD1 is_VBZ a_AT1 purely_RR narrative_JJ pattern_NN1 specifying_VVG only_RR a_AT1 repetition_NN1 of_IO narrative_JJ units_NN2 ,_, with_IW no_AT specific_JJ semantic_JJ information_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT Chinese_JJ students_NN2 wrote_VVD an_AT1 essay_NN1 in_II which_DDQ they_PPHS2 introduced_VVD themselves_PPX2 and_CC described_VVD their_APPGE views_NN2 of_IO American_JJ culture_NN1 and_CC life_NN1 ._. 
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With_II31 regard_II32 to_II33 the_AT different_JJ parameter_NN1 settings_NN2 in_II the_AT PPMI_JJ calculation_NN1 (_( Levy_NP1 ,_, Goldberg_NP1 ,_, and_CC Dagan_NP1 2015_MC )_) ,_, we_PPIS2 tuned_VVD on_II a_AT1 number_NN1 of_IO popular_JJ word_NN1 similarity_NN1 tasks_NN2 :_: MEN_NN2 (_( Bruni_NP1 ,_, Tran_NP1 ,_, and_CC Baroni_NP1 2014_MC )_) ;_; WordSim-353_MC (_( Finkelstein_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
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2001_MC )_) ;_; and_CC SimLex-999_MC (_( Hill_NP1 ,_, Reichart_NP1 ,_, and_CC Korhonen_NP1 2015_MC )_) ._. 
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The_AT two_MC exemplar_JJ stories_NN2 ,_, together_RL ,_, strengthen_VV0 ,_, through_II the_AT use_NN1 of_IO parallel_JJ experiences_NN2 ,_, an_AT1 alignment_NN1 with_IW and_CC identification_NN1 with_IW group_NN1 goals_NN2 and_CC common_JJ sewing_NN1 experiences_NN2 (_( Norrick_NP1 2000_MC )_) ._. 
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As_II a_AT1 notion_NN1 pertaining_II21 to_II22 meaning_NN1 (_( interpretation_NN1 )_) rather_CS21 than_CS22 to_II language-specific_JJ forms_NN2 ,_, coherence_NN1 can_VM be_VBI assumed_VVN to_TO hold_VVI for_IF any_DD kind_NN1 of_IO meaningful_JJ representation_NN1 ;_; studies_NN2 in_II multimodality_NN1 have_VH0 increasingly_RR examined_VVN how_RRQ coherence_NN1 is_VBZ constructed_VVN and_CC interpreted_VVN in_II representations_NN2 that_CST combine_VV0 different_JJ semiotic_JJ modes_NN2 ._. 
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It_PPH1 is_VBZ important_JJ to_TO note_VVI that_DD1 ,_, despite_II the_AT length_NN1 of_IO the_AT list_NN1 ,_, Schmid_NP1 (_( 2000_MC )_) does_VDZ not_XX guarantee_VVI that_DD1 other_JJ abstract_JJ nouns_NN2 absent_VV0 from_II it_PPH1 may_VM not_XX also_RR act_VVI as_II shell_NN1 nouns_NN2 ._. 
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Three_MC more_DAR chapters_NN2 highlight_VV0 issues_NN2 of_IO locality_NN1 ,_, before_CS the_AT final_JJ chapter_NN1 asks_VVZ to_II what_DDQ extent_NN1 all_DB of_IO these_DD2 issues_NN2 can_VM relate_VVI to_II other_JJ questions_NN2 in_II contemporary_JJ syntactic_JJ theory_NN1 ._. 
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Sara_NP1 responds_VVZ one_MC1 last_MD time_NNT1 to_II Molly_NP1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 continued_JJ assertion_NN1 of_IO the_AT rules_NN2 ,_, though_CS like_II Molly_NP1 in_II a_AT1 different_JJ manner_NN1 than_CSN before_II (_( line_NN1 29_MC )_) ._. 
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The_AT second_NNT1 ,_, the_AT initial_JJ drafting_NN1 of_IO the_AT script_NN1 ,_, involves_VVZ a_AT1 call-centre_JJ manager_NN1 from_II downstairs_RL writing_VVG a_AT1 first_MD version_NN1 of_IO the_AT script_NN1 ,_, working_VVG to_II notes_NN2 from_II the_AT sales_NN meeting_VVG ._. 
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There_EX is_VBZ a_AT1 longstanding_JJ debate_NN1 about_II the_AT extent_NN1 to_II which_DDQ two-way_JJ laryngeal_JJ contrasts_NN2 should_VM be_VBI encoded_VVN in_II31 terms_II32 of_II33 a_AT1 single_JJ opposition_NN1 in_II &lsqb;_( voice_NN1 &rsqb;_) ._. 
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This_DD1 method_NN1 is_VBZ computationally_RR expensive_JJ and_CC has_VHZ runtime_NNT1 complexity_NN1 O_ZZ1 (_( J_ZZ1 2I_FO 2_MC )_) ._. 
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Because_CS intercultural_JJ projects_NN2 are_VBR socially_RR and_CC culturally_RR situated_VVN in_II unique_JJ learning_NN1 environments_NN2 ,_, we_PPIS2 used_VVD a_AT1 case-study_JJ approach_NN1 (_( Yin_NP1 ,_, 2006_MC )_) ,_, which_DDQ allows_VVZ for_IF substantial_JJ exploration_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 new_JJ or_CC emerging_JJ area_NN1 using_VVG multiple_JJ forms_NN2 of_IO evidence_NN1 from_II many_DA2 stakeholders_NN2 '_NULL perspectives_NN2 ._. 
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Because_CS language_NN1 emerges_VVZ and_CC changes_NN2 in_II the_AT course_NN1 of_IO public_JJ interpersonal_JJ talk_NN1 ,_, it_PPH1 does_VDZ not_XX have_VHI the_AT tidiness_NN1 that_CST a_AT1 system_NN1 might_VM have_VHI ,_, were_VBDR its_APPGE components_NN2 decided_VVN by_II committee_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT work_NN1 of_IO Latour_NP1 &amp;_CC Woolgar_NP1 (_( 1979_MC )_) ,_, Bloor_NP1 (_( 1991_MC )_) ,_, Hesse_NP1 (_( 1980_MC )_) and_CC many_DA2 others_NN2 ,_, has_VHZ amply_RR demonstrated_VVN that_CST natural_JJ sciences_NN2 ,_, too_RR ,_, are_VBR more_RGR prone_JJ to_TO bias_VVI and_CC far_RG less_RGR "_" scientific_JJ "_" than_CSN we_PPIS2 tend_VV0 to_TO believe_VVI ._. 
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The_AT application_NN1 of_IO Hobson-Jobson_NP1 to_II the_AT process_NN1 of_IO assimilation_NN1 of_IO loanwords_NN2 was_VBDZ a_AT1 coinage_NN1 of_IO Yule_NP1 and_CC Burnell_NP1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 ._. 
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Participants_NN2 '_NULL proficiency_NN1 ,_, measured_VVN by_II Test_NN1 of_IO English_NN1 for_IF International_JJ Communication_NN1 (_( TOEIC_NP1 )_) Bridge_NN1 ,_, was_VBDZ between_II high_JJ beginner_NN1 and_CC intermediate_JJ ,_, with_IW a_AT1 mean_JJ score_NN1 of_IO 135.27_MC (_( SD_NP1 =_FO 14.42_MC ;_; range_NN1 =_FO 100-172_MCMC )_) ._. 
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However_RR ,_, some_DD additional_JJ ,_, more_RGR deliberate_JJ learning_NN1 opportunities_NN2 may_VM be_VBI needed_VVN when_CS learners_NN2 have_VH0 low_JJ proficiency_NN1 in_II the_AT language_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT lack_NN1 of_IO the_AT accusative_JJ marker_NN1 ,_, o_ZZ1 (_( &lsqb;_( ?_? &rsqb;_) )_) ,_, after_CS the_AT second_MD koto_NN1 shows_VVZ that_CST this_DD1 speech_NN1 is_VBZ hybrid_JJ in_II nature_NN1 ._. 
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This_DD1 foregrounds_VVZ J_ZZ1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 affective_JJ responses_NN2 and_CC attachment_NN1 needs_NN2 (_( feeling_VVG hurt_JJ ,_, his_APPGE desire_NN1 to_TO be_VBI a_AT1 good_JJ husband_NN1 ,_, and_CC being_VBG overwhelmed_VVN by_II his_APPGE wife_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 apparent_JJ disappointment_NN1 in_II him_PPHO1 )_) ._. 
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Such_DA reports_NN2 motivate_VV0 our_APPGE study_NN1 :_: when_RRQ comparatively_RR small_JJ duration_NN1 differences_NN2 can_VM affect_VVI H_ZZ1 alignment_NN1 ,_, it_PPH1 will_VM be_VBI interesting_JJ to_TO see_VVI whether_CSW the_AT stability_NN1 predicted_VVN by_II the_AT segmental_JJ anchoring_NN1 hypothesis_NN1 persists_VVZ in_II more_RGR drastic_JJ reductions_NN2 in_II the_AT segmental_JJ material_NN1 such_II21 as_II22 VD_NN1 in_II IG_NP1 ._. 
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Whatever_DDQV the_AT source_NN1 of_IO this_DD1 asymmetry_NN1 ,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ very_RG interesting_JJ from_II the_AT perspective_NN1 of_IO understanding_NN1 what_DDQ child_NN1 language_NN1 learners_NN2 bring_VV0 to_II the_AT table_NN1 ._. 
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Plurality_NN1 ,_, on_II the_AT other_JJ hand_NN1 ,_, is_VBZ a_AT1 language-independent_JJ concept_NN1 ,_, a_AT1 category_NN1 of_IO thought_NN1 (_( notwithstanding_II the_AT typological_JJ variation_NN1 in_II the_AT way_NN1 languages_NN2 express_VV0 plurality_NN1 and_CC number_NN1 crosslinguistically_RR )_) ._. 
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The_AT lead_NN1 physician_NN1 demonstrates_VVZ a_AT1 combination_NN1 of_IO appropriate_JJ interpretability_NN1 (_( e.g._REX ,_, information_NN1 provision_NN1 )_) and_CC appropriate_JJ emotional_JJ expression_NN1 (_( e.g._REX ,_, concern_NN1 )_) ._. 
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All_DB errors_NN2 and_CC oversights_NN2 are_VBR ,_, of_RR21 course_RR22 ,_, my_APPGE own_DA ._. 
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This_DD1 general_JJ approach_NN1 led_VVN to_II the_AT current_JJ study_NN1 ._. 
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Binding_JJ locality_NN1 would_VM thus_RR only_RR need_VVI to_TO hold_VVI at_II the_AT point_NN1 in_II a_AT1 derivation_NN1 where_RRQ the_AT Agree_VV0 relationship_NN1 is_VBZ established_VVN ._. 
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Note_VV0 that_CST if_CS we_PPIS2 were_VBDR to_TO switch_VVI the_AT subject_NN1 and_CC object_VVI in_RP (_( 30-a_MC )_) ,_, depending_II21 on_II22 the_AT weight_NN1 given_VVN to_II structurally_RR parallel_JJ antecedents_NN2 ,_, we_PPIS2 would_VM predict_VVI foci_NN2 on_II both_DB2 the_AT nationality_NN1 and_CC the_AT profession_NN1 ._. 
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PREs_NNB provide_VV0 opportunities_NN2 for_IF pragmatic_JJ learning_NN1 that_CST involves_VVZ a_AT1 complex_JJ mapping_NN1 of_IO form-function-context_NN1 ._. 
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It_PPH1 is_VBZ also_RR true_JJ in_II parallel_JJ activation_NN1 models_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 the_AT logogen_NN1 model_NN1 (_( Morton_NP1 ,_, 1969_MC )_) ,_, where_CS activation_NN1 in_II a_AT1 given_JJ logogen_NN1 must_VM reach_VVI threshold_NN1 before_II semantic_JJ activation_NN1 can_VM occur_VVI ._. 
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Thus_RR ,_, a_AT1 journalist_NN1 is_VBZ more_RGR likely_JJ to_TO write_VVI that_CST many_DA2 people_NN were_VBDR killed_VVN in_II the_AT crash_NN1 ,_, than_CSN a_AT1 lot_NN1 of_IO people_NN were_VBDR killed_VVN in_II the_AT crash_NN1 ,_, as_CSA this_DD1 could_VM suggest_VVI an_AT1 inappropriate_JJ disregard_NN1 for_IF the_AT individual_JJ victims_NN2 ._. 
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However_RR ,_, (_( entity_NN1 )_) classifiers_NN2 encode_VV0 entity_NN1 type_NN1 by_II31 means_II32 of_II33 general_JJ shape_NN1 features_NN2 (_( e.g._REX flat_JJ object_NN1 ,_, rounded_JJ object_NN1 ;_; Fig._NN1 1_MC1 )_) ,_, and_CC SASSes_NN2 represent_VV0 entities_NN2 by_II encoding_VVG specific_JJ shape_NN1 features_NN2 (_( e.g._REX long_JJ ,_, narrow_JJ ,_, rectangular_JJ object_NN1 ;_; Fig._NN1 2_MC )_) ._. 
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We_PPIS2 can_VM represent_VVI this_DD1 belief_NN1 as_II a_AT1 probability_NN1 function_NN1 ._. 
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Native_JJ speakers_NN2 '_NULL sensitivity_NN1 to_II ,_, and_CC ability_NN1 to_TO acquire_VVI ,_, relatively_RR infrequent_JJ ,_, but_CCB strongly_RR associated_VVN ,_, pairs_NN2 suggests_VVZ that_CST they_PPHS2 are_VBR aware_JJ ,_, not_XX only_RR of_IO how_RRQ frequent_VV0 a_AT1 collocation_NN1 is_VBZ ,_, but_CCB of_IO how_RRQ frequent_VV0 its_APPGE parts_NN2 are_VBR ,_, compared_VVN to_II the_AT frequency_NN1 of_IO the_AT whole_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT differences_NN2 observed_VVN among_II speakers_NN2 and_CC items_NN2 further_RRR illustrate_VV0 the_AT importance_NN1 of_IO examining_VVG a_AT1 range_NN1 of_IO lexical_JJ items_NN2 ,_, contexts_NN2 ,_, and_CC speakers_NN2 ._. 
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In_II the_AT letter_NN1 condition_NN1 ,_, there_EX were_VBDR three_MC trials_NN2 requiring_VVG responses_NN2 to_II the_AT letters_NN2 F_ZZ1 ,_, A_ZZ1 and_CC S._NP1 Thus_RR demonstration_NN1 through_II the_AT vocal_JJ and_CC bodily_JJ channels_NN2 would_VM both_RR rise_VVI concomitantly_RR with_IW a_AT1 general_JJ rise_NN1 in_II the_AT overall_JJ degree_NN1 of_IO demonstration_NN1 ._. 
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Previously_RR ,_, her_APPGE husband_NN1 had_VHD testified_VVN that_CST his_APPGE grandfather_NN1 had_VHD suggested_VVN the_AT marriage_NN1 ._. 
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While_CS this_DD1 means_VVZ we_PPIS2 must_VM be_VBI cautious_JJ about_II making_VVG generalisations_NN2 about_II K4_FO graphs_NN2 ,_, let_VV0 us_PPIO2 consider_VVI all_DB three_MC in_II turn_NN1 ._. 
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This_DD1 suggests_VVZ that_CST children_NN2 who_PNQS stutter_VV0 need_VV0 emotional_JJ support_NN1 from_II parents_NN2 ,_, SLPs_NP1 ,_, and_CC teachers_NN2 in_II helping_VVG them_PPHO2 cope_VVI with_IW the_AT disorder_NN1 ._. 
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Once_RR an_AT1 hour_NNT1 may_VM be_VBI frequent_JJ enough_RR for_IF the_AT child_NN1 to_TO acquire_VVI the_AT feature_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT findings_NN2 from_II Hebrew_NN1 ,_, however_RR ,_, are_VBR limited_VVN ,_, inasmuch_CS21 as_CS22 this_DD1 language_NN1 exhibits_VVZ a_AT1 relatively_RR large_JJ inventory_NN1 of_IO onset_NN1 clusters_NN2 (_( e.g._REX it_PPH1 allows_VVZ syllables_NN2 like_II ktiv_NN1 ,_, "_" spelling_VVG "_" ,_, knas_NN2 ,_, "_" fine_JJ ,_, penalty_NN1 "_" and_CC klal_JJ "_" rule_NN1 "_" )_) ._. 
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This_DD1 may_VM not_XX seem_VVI so_RG surprising_JJ ,_, since_CS the_AT only_JJ way_NN1 that_CST participants_NN2 could_VM have_VHI systematically_RR made_VVN their_APPGE decision_NN1 in_II the_AT experiment_NN1 was_VBDZ to_TO read_VVI and_CC listen_VVI to_II the_AT target_NN1 sentences_NN2 ._. 
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Some_DD recent_JJ work_NN1 has_VHZ begun_VVN to_TO address_VVI this_DD1 (_( Lui_NP1 ,_, Lau_NP1 ,_, and_CC Baldwin_NP1 2014_MC )_) ,_, and_CC our_APPGE application_NN1 imposes_VVZ an_AT1 additional_JJ efficiency_NN1 requirement_NN1 ._. 
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Section_NN1 5_MC discusses_VVZ some_DD broader_JJR implications_NN2 of_IO the_AT proposed_JJ account_NN1 as_II31 well_II32 as_II33 some_DD open_JJ problems_NN2 ._. 
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Several_DA2 recent_JJ studies_NN2 are_VBR consistent_JJ with_IW the_AT idea_NN1 that_CST the_AT L2_FO immersion_NN1 setting_NN1 induces_VVZ rapid_JJ and_CC strong_JJ effects_NN2 on_II speakers_NN2 '_NULL L1_FO activation_NN1 levels_NN2 (_( e.g._REX ,_, Baus_NN2 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2013_MC )_) and_CC that_CST these_DD2 effects_NN2 are_VBR likely_JJ to_TO be_VBI the_AT result_NN1 of_IO active_JJ L1_FO suppression_NN1 (_( Linck_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2009_MC )_) ._. 
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Chapters_NN2 4-7_MCMC contain_VV0 specific_JJ analyses_NN2 of_IO node_NN1 words_NN2 found_VVD to_TO be_VBI similarly_RR common_JJ and_CC of_IO generally_RR high_JJ frequency_NN1 in_II the_AT SCO_NP1 and_CC BNC/C_NP1 corpora_NN2 ._. 
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Fourth_MD ,_, koto_NN1 ranks_NN2 12th_MD in_II H_ZZ1 written_JJ and_CC 16th_MD in_II the_AT editorials_NN2 ._. 
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This_DD1 allowed_VVD us_PPIO2 to_TO assess_VVI intended_JJ reactions_NN2 toward_II PWS_NP2 in_II protective_JJ services_NN2 workers_NN2 ,_, while_CS taking_VVG into_II account_NN1 variables_NN2 that_CST may_VM be_VBI associated_VVN with_IW these_DD2 reactions_NN2 ._. 
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However_RR ,_, they_PPHS2 restrict_VV0 the_AT discoursal_NN1 information_NN1 to_II what_DDQ has_VHZ occurred_VVN in_II the_AT preceding_JJ part_NN1 of_IO the_AT current_JJ discourse_NN1 ,_, and_CC they_PPHS2 confine_VV0 the_AT situational_JJ information_NN1 to_II features_NN2 of_IO the_AT immediate_JJ environment_NN1 of_IO the_AT utterance_NN1 ,_, namely_REX the_AT participants_NN2 ,_, the_AT time_NNT1 and_CC place_NN1 ,_, and_CC the_AT other_JJ pertinent_JJ perceivable_JJ and_CC inferable_JJ entities_NN2 ._. 
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Indeed_RR ,_, CG_NP1 foreshadowed_VVD the_AT social_JJ turn_NN1 by_II claiming_VVG that_CST the_AT speaker-hearer_JJ interaction_NN1 is_VBZ inherent_JJ in_II linguistic_JJ units_NN2 ,_, which_DDQ are_VBR abstracted_VVN from_II usage_NN1 events_NN2 ._. 
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Again_RT ,_, if_CS we_PPIS2 modify_VV0 the_AT scenario_NN1 a_AT1 little_JJ bit_NN1 ,_, the_AT dependence_NN1 of_IO the_AT interlocutors_NN2 '_NULL behavior_NN1 on_II practical_JJ goals_NN2 becomes_VVZ apparent_JJ ._. 
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You_PPY have_VH0 the_AT technology_NN1 aspect_NN1 ,_, of_RR21 course_RR22 ,_, which_DDQ would_VM fit_VVI in_II great_JJ with_IW the_AT technology_NN1 class_NN1 ,_, especially_RR since_CS &lsqb;_( the_AT telecollaboration_NN1 &rsqb;_) is_VBZ kind_RR21 of_RR22 cutting_VVG edge_NN1 as_CS31 far_CS32 as_CS33 blogging_VVG with_IW the_AT videos_NN2 and_CC all_DB that_DD1 ._. 
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Additionally_RR ,_, the_AT truncation_NN1 point_NN1 for_IF model_NN1 fitting_NN1 is_VBZ selected_VVN to_TO minimize_VVI false_JJ non-discovery_JJ rate_NN1 ,_, i.e._REX ,_, type_NN1 II_MC error_NN1 ,_, increasing_JJ leverage_NN1 in_II interpreting_VVG both_RR significant_JJ and_CC non-significant_JJ findings_NN2 (_( Efron_NP1 ,_, 2004_MC )_) ._. 
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A_AT1 generalized_JJ linear_JJ mixed_JJ model_NN1 with_IW a_AT1 logit_NN1 linking_VVG function_NN1 with_IW a_AT1 categorical_JJ correct/incorrect_JJ dependent_JJ variable_NN1 was_VBDZ fitted_VVN to_II the_AT data_NN ._. 
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According_II21 to_II22 this_DD1 idea_NN1 ,_, lexical_JJ alternatives_NN2 may_VM be_VBI generated_VVN via_II distinct_JJ mechanisms_NN2 for_IF ignorance_NN1 implicature_NN1 and_CC scalar_JJ implicature_NN1 ._. 
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Follow-up_JJ chi-square_JJ analyses_NN2 confirmed_VVD that_CST across_II subjects_NN2 ,_, significantly_RR more_DAR voxels_NN2 responded_VVN to_II both_RR difficulty_NN1 and_CC feature_NN1 type_NN1 than_CSN would_VM be_VBI expected_VVN by_II chance_NN1 (_( 2(1)_FO =_FO 209.6_MC ,_, p_ZZ1 =_FO .002_MC with_IW continuity_NN1 correction_NN1 ;_; see_VV0 Table_NN1 S7_FO )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II the_AT USA_NP1 ,_, the_AT socio-historically_RR repeated_VVN pattern_NN1 of_IO immigration_NN1 in_II the_AT 19th_MD and_CC 20th_MD centuries_NNT2 looked_VVN like_II a_AT1 timeless_JJ "_" social_JJ structural_JJ "_" fact_NN1 :_: by_II the_AT third_MD generation_NN1 ,_, language_NN1 assimilation_NN1 to_II American_JJ English_NN1 as_CSA peoples_NN2 are_VBR incorporated_VVN into_II the_AT cone_NN1 of_IO stratification_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Analyzing_VVG this_DD1 complex_JJ moral_JJ performance_NN1 has_VHZ also_RR shown_VVN that_DD1 identity_NN1 is_VBZ fluid_NN1 ,_, not_XX static_JJ ,_, because_CS speakers_NN2 "_" do_VD0 "_" identity_NN1 in_II talk_NN1 (_( Benwell_NP1 and_CC Stokoe_NP1 2006_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
Indeed_RR ,_, advocates_NN2 of_IO particular_JJ curricular_JJ reform_NN1 packages_NN2 are_VBR not_XX shy_JJ about_II using_VVG history_NN1 when_CS it_PPH1 seems_VVZ to_TO suit_VVI their_APPGE particular_JJ policy_NN1 predilections_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
John_NP1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 narrative_NN1 was_VBDZ seen_VVN by_II his_APPGE peers_NN2 as_II a_AT1 masterful_JJ weaving_NN1 together_RL of_IO narrative_JJ events_NN2 ,_, complete_JJ with_IW reported_JJ conversations_NN2 ,_, flashbacks_NN2 ,_, and_CC contemplations_NN2 of_IO suicide_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Thus_RR ,_, the_AT analysis_NN1 of_IO metalanguage_NN1 can_VM tap_VVI into_II the_AT ideological_JJ assumptions_NN2 that_CST are_VBR being_VBG enacted_VVN ._. 
</s>
<s>
Aeesha_NN1 contributes_VVZ with_IW a_AT1 counter_NN1 evaluation_NN1 of_IO the_AT "_" ignorant_JJ woman_NN1 "_" as_II a_AT1 "_" good_JJ lady_NN1 "_" ._. 
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<s>
Factor_NN1 1_MC1 ,_, "_" Pronunciation_NN1 ,_, "_" consisted_VVD of_IO all_DB pronunciation_NN1 scores_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
To_TO access_VVI the_AT configuration_NN1 of_IO SG_NP1 and_CC WG_NP1 ,_, we_PPIS2 can_VM examine_VVI frequently_RR used_JJ grammatical_JJ features_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT interplay_NN1 that_CST comes_VVZ from_II indirectness_NN1 is_VBZ an_AT1 integral_JJ part_NN1 of_IO this_DD1 system_NN1 ._. "_" 
</s>
<s>
We_PPIS2 must_VM therefore_RR consider_VVI whether_CSW ,_, for_IF an_AT1 arbitrary_JJ boy_NN1 z_ZZ1 ,_, the_AT F-marking_NN1 in_II &lsqb;_( &lsqb;_( &lsqb;_( sich1_FO &rsqb;_) F_ZZ1 &rsqb;_) &rsqb;_) g(1/z)_FU will_VM satisfy_VVI the_AT contrastive_JJ licensing_NN1 condition_NN1 (_( 46_MC )_) in_II simple_JJ contexts_NN2 like_II (_( 49ai-iii_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
If_CS a_AT1 sentence_NN1 is_VBZ tensed_VVN ,_, and_CC thus_RR reference_VV0 to_II (_( spatio-_NN1 )_) temporal_JJ region_NN1 uncontroversial_JJ ,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ remiss-so_RR it_PPH1 has_VHZ been_VBN argued-to_JJ neglect_NN1 the_AT pas_NN31 de_NN32 deux_NN33 that_CST ensues_VVZ between_II tense_JJ and_CC negation_NN1 in_II any_DD negated_JJ sentence_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Let_VV0 us_PPIO2 briefly_RR consider_VVI two_MC quick_JJ examples_NN2 of_IO how_RRQ GB-Adv_NP1 can_VM search_VVI through_II the_AT billions_NNO2 of_IO words_NN2 of_IO data_NN to_TO provide_VVI information_NN1 on_II other_JJ syntactic_JJ changes_NN2 in_II American_JJ English_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 would_VM seem_VVI to_TO support_VVI models_NN2 of_IO lexical_JJ access_NN1 in_II which_DDQ segmentation_NN1 into_II individual_JJ words_NN2 is_VBZ a_AT1 result_NN1 of_IO lexical_JJ competition_NN1 and_CC identification_NN1 ,_, rather_II21 than_II22 being_VBG a_AT1 precursor_NN1 to_II it_PPH1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
A_AT1 prescriptive_JJ melodrama_NN1 most_RGT often_RR begins_VVZ when_RRQ a_AT1 student_NN1 says_VVZ one_MC1 of_IO several_DA2 prohibited_JJ terms_NN2 as_II part_NN1 of_IO ordinary_JJ classroom_NN1 discourse_NN1 ,_, while_CS in_II a_AT1 few_DA2 instances_NN2 ,_, the_AT instructor_NN1 him/herself_FU broaches_VVZ the_AT subject_NN1 gently_RR ,_, initiating_VVG the_AT students_NN2 into_II the_AT particular_JJ prescription_NN1 and_CC its_APPGE taboo_JJ status_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Essentially_RR this_DD1 approach_NN1 requires_VVZ each_DD1 parent_NN1 to_TO speak_VVI his_APPGE or_CC her_APPGE language_NN1 exclusively_RR to_II the_AT child_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Yet_RR ,_, there_EX does_VDZ not_XX appear_VVI to_TO be_VBI much_RR contact_VV0 between_II the_AT disciplines_NN2 ,_, let_II21 alone_II22 overlap_NN1 in_II the_AT points_NN2 highest_RRT up_VV0 on_II the_AT respective_JJ research_NN1 agendas_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II investigating_VVG the_AT wide_JJ range_NN1 of_IO differences_NN2 across_II languages_NN2 ,_, the_AT perspective_NN1 of_IO CANONICAL_JJ TYPOLOGY_NN1 proves_VVZ useful_JJ ,_, allowing_VVG us_PPIO2 to_TO establish_VVI a_AT1 typology_NN1 based_VVN on_II four_MC criteria_NN2 for_IF analyzing_VVG splits_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT combination_NN1 of_IO error_NN1 tags_NN2 and_CC part-of-speech_JJ tags_NN2 enables_VVZ investigation_NN1 of_IO morpheme_NN1 acquisition_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Any_DD problems_NN2 associated_VVN with_IW the_AT monograph_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 readability_NN1 or_CC its_APPGE somewhat_RR simplistic_JJ statistical_JJ approach_NN1 are_VBR tempered_VVN by_II its_APPGE number_NN1 of_IO innovations_NN2 across_II fields_NN2 (_( especially_RR lexical_JJ priming_NN1 and_CC dialectology_NN1 )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT lone_JJ difference_NN1 between_II the_AT rare-TC_NN1 and_CC its_APPGE impersonal_JJ counterpart_NN1 lies_VVZ in_II the_AT featural_JJ composition_NN1 of_IO the_AT embedded_JJ C_ZZ1 ,_, just_RR as_CSA Rezac_NP1 (_( 2006:298ff._FO )_) proposes_VVZ for_IF canonical_JJ TCs_NP1 and_CC their_APPGE corresponding_JJ impersonals_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT regularization_NN1 parameter_NN1 was_VBDZ optimized_VVN on_II the_AT relpron_NN1 development_NN1 set_NN1 and_CC set_VVN to_II 75_MC for_IF all_DB four_MC matrices_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Let_VV0 '_NULL s_ZZ1 see_VVI what_DDQ Mr._NNB Cat_NP1 says_VVZ ._. 
</s>
<s>
Psychoticism_NN1 ,_, neuroticism_NN1 ,_, and_CC extraversion_NN1 were_VBDR all_DB higher_JJR in_II Chile_NP1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT issue_NN1 of_IO appropriate_JJ text_NN1 selection_NN1 is_VBZ an_AT1 important_JJ consideration_NN1 in_II organizations_NN2 that_CST have_VH0 vast_JJ repositories_NN2 of_IO textual_JJ data_NN and_CC need_VV0 to_TO quickly_RR find_VVI texts_NN2 for_IF management_NN1 purposes_NN2 ,_, decision_NN1 making_VVG ,_, or_CC customer_NN1 profiling_VVG (_( Durfee_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
2007_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Transitivity_NN1 helps_VVZ TNCF_NP1 avoid_VVI this_DD1 erroneous_JJ rule_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Dick_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
(_( 2004_MC )_) examined_VVD the_AT developmental_JJ trajectory_NN1 of_IO the_AT sensitivity_NN1 to_II word_NN1 order_NN1 (_( as_II31 well_II32 as_II33 other_JJ cues_NN2 )_) in_II children_NN2 5-17_MCMC years_NNT2 of_IO age_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT question_NN1 of_IO whether_CSW bilingual_JJ children_NN2 have_VH0 one_MC1 or_CC two_MC language_NN1 systems_NN2 relates_VVZ to_II the_AT mental_JJ representations_NN2 that_CST bilingual_JJ children_NN2 have_VH0 of_IO each_DD1 language_NN1 ,_, with_IW separate_JJ storage_NN1 and_CC processing_NN1 of_IO in-_NN1 and_CC output_NN1 in_II the_AT two_MC languages_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
One_MC1 final_JJ observation_NN1 on_II classifier_NN1 constructions_NN2 involves_VVZ the_AT analysis_NN1 of_IO examples_NN2 in_II which_DDQ the_AT signer_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 two_MC hands_NN2 are_VBR used_VVN to_TO produce_VVI two_MC demonstrations_NN2 at_II one_MC1 time_NNT1 ,_, or_CC when_CS one_MC1 hand_NN1 is_VBZ producing_VVG a_AT1 demonstration_NN1 and_CC the_AT other_JJ hand_NN1 is_VBZ signing_VVG lexical_JJ content_NN1 that_CST is_VBZ not_XX necessarily_RR part_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 demonstration_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
That_REX21 is_REX22 ,_, morphologically_RR tenseless_JJ clauses_NN2 lack_VV0 tense_JJ features_NN2 ,_, but_CCB still_RR contain_VV0 a_AT1 temporal_JJ pronoun_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
In_II fact_NN1 ,_, the_AT needs-exposure_JJ group_NN1 was_VBDZ numerically_RR faster_JJR ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT point_NN1 that_CST tutors_NN2 '_NULL perceptions_NN2 of_IO students_NN2 '_NULL motivation_NN1 are_VBR fundamentally_RR tied_VVN to_II the_AT tutors_NN2 '_NULL own_DA perceptions_NN2 of_IO creative_JJ practice_NN1 is_VBZ implied_VVN here_RL by_II Webster_NP1 (_( 2003_MC )_) through_II her_APPGE suggestion_NN1 that_CST motivation_NN1 was_VBDZ only_RR believed_VVN to_TO be_VBI occurring_VVG by_II the_AT tutors_NN2 when_RRQ students_NN2 were_VBDR perceived_VVN to_TO be_VBI thinking_VVG "_" in_II the_AT same_DA plane_NN1 "_" as_CSA the_AT tutors_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
What_DDQ changes_VVZ instead_RR is_VBZ which_DDQ proposition_NN1 is_VBZ the_AT object_NN1 of_IO asserting_VVG ,_, disagreeing_VVG and_CC retracting_VVG ._. 
</s>
<s>
Another_DD1 important_JJ aspect_NN1 of_IO the_AT usage-based_JJ framework_NN1 lies_VVZ in_II its_APPGE assumption_NN1 that_CST by_II being_VBG exposed_VVN repeatedly_RR to_II exemplars_NN2 ,_, speakers_NN2 are_VBR able_JK to_TO extract_VVI generic_JJ information_NN1 about_II a_AT1 given_JJ linguistic_JJ category_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT other_JJ approach_NN1 examines_VVZ the_AT nature_NN1 of_IO the_AT relationship_NN1 between_II the_AT cue_NN1 and_CC the_AT response_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 is_VBZ because_CS they_PPHS2 provide_VV0 structural_JJ information_NN1 at_II the_AT segmental_JJ level_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ is_VBZ of_IO the_AT same_DA nature_NN1 as_CSA the_AT information_NN1 one_PN1 wishes_VVZ to_TO obtain_VVI at_II the_AT syllabic_JJ level_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Algorithms_NN2 that_CST calculate_VV0 the_AT score_NN1 of_IO each_DD1 utterance_NN1 according_II21 to_II22 its_APPGE similarity_NN1 to_II the_AT whole_JJ document_NN1 can_VM not_XX detect_VVI them_PPHO2 ,_, instead_RR our_APPGE proposed_JJ algorithm_NN1 segments_VVZ the_AT transcript_NN1 and_CC then_RT calculates_VVZ the_AT score_NN1 of_IO each_DD1 utterance_NN1 according_II21 to_II22 its_APPGE similarity_NN1 to_II the_AT corresponding_JJ segment_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT explanation_NN1 given_VVN is_VBZ often_RR that_CST the_AT judgments_NN2 are_VBR so_RG subtle_JJ that_CST there_EX is_VBZ bound_VVNK to_TO be_VBI some_DD disagreement_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
We_PPIS2 will_VM then_RT provide_VVI some_DD background_NN1 about_II the_AT representation_NN1 of_IO viewpoint_NN1 in_II language_NN1 ,_, co-speech_NN1 gesture_NN1 ,_, and_CC ASL_VV0 before_II reviewing_VVG what_DDQ is_VBZ known_VVN about_II how_RRQ cinematography_NN1 affects_VVZ behavior_NN1 in_II these_DD2 two_MC language_NN1 systems_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Despite_II careful_JJ manipulation_NN1 of_IO the_AT QUD_NN1 ,_, Moscati_NP1 (_( 2011_MC )_) found_VVD no_AT evidence_NN1 of_IO an_AT1 effect_NN1 of_IO the_AT QUD_NN1 across_II the_AT two_MC conditions_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 study_NN1 included_VVD 3_MC counterbalancing_JJ conditions_NN2 (_( described_VVN below_RL )_) ;_; of_IO the_AT 32_MC participants_NN2 ,_, 11_MC were_VBDR tested_VVN in_II 2_MC of_IO the_AT 3_MC counterbalancing_JJ conditions_NN2 ,_, and_CC 10_MC were_VBDR tested_VVN in_II the_AT third_MD ._. 
</s>
<s>
We_PPIS2 return_VV0 to_TO explore_VVI this_DD1 in_II detail_NN1 in_II a_AT1 model_NN1 that_CST directly_RR compares_VVZ participants_NN2 '_NULL performance_NN1 on_II novel_JJ sentences_NN2 in_II a_AT1 later_JJR section_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Yet_RR the_AT same_DA pattern_NN1 was_VBDZ found_VVN in_II the_AT speech_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 Mennonite_JJ farmer_NN1 with_IW a_AT1 ninth-grade_JJ education_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Ricento_NN1 begins_VVZ with_IW the_AT argument_NN1 that_CST concerns_VVZ about_II neoliberalism_NN1 and_CC the_AT economic_JJ dimensions_NN2 of_IO its_APPGE growth_NN1 are_VBR underexplored_JJ in_II the_AT field_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Because_II21 of_II22 the_AT constraints_NN2 imposed_VVN by_II manual_NN1 searching_VVG and_CC the_AT lexical_JJ division_NN1 between_II source_NN1 and_CC target_NN1 triggers_NN2 ,_, metaphor_NN1 researchers_NN2 in_II corpus_NN1 linguistics_NN1 have_VH0 turned_VVN to_II alternative_JJ approaches_NN2 (_( Koller_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
2008_MC ,_, L_ZZ1 '_NULL Hote_NP1 2014_MC ,_, Demmen_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
2015_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT discussion_NN1 posts_NN2 provide_VV0 the_AT constraints_NN2 on_II performing_VVG disinvitations_NN2 (_( Q2_FO )_) and_CC evaluations_NN2 of_IO disinvitations_NN2 (_( Q4_FO )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
To_II the_AT extent_NN1 that_CST there_EX was_VBDZ a_AT1 numerical_JJ trend_NN1 ,_, in_II both_DB2 experiments_NN2 ,_, participants_NN2 were_VBDR less_RGR likely_JJ to_TO report_VVI a_AT1 boundary_NN1 the_AT further_RRR they_PPHS2 progressed_VVD through_II the_AT experiment_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ is_VBZ inconsistent_JJ with_IW participants_NN2 learning_VVG to_TO report_VVI boundaries_NN2 at_II the_AT two_MC critical_JJ locations_NN2 over_II the_AT course_NN1 of_IO the_AT experiment_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
In_RR21 general_RR22 ,_, however_RR ,_, all_DB the_AT above_JJ groups_NN2 except_II21 for_II22 the_AT first_MD mention_NN1 entities_NN2 in_II the_AT satellite_NN1 prefer_VV0 for_IF the_AT cataphor_NN1 and_CC the_AT antecedent_JJ to_TO be_VBI in_II adjacent_JJ clauses_NN2 of_IO different_JJ sentences_NN2 ,_, which_DDQ is_VBZ a_AT1 looser_JJR level_NN1 of_IO Unity_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Participants_NN2 were_VBDR instructed_VVN to_TO match_VVI response_NN1 options_NN2 to_II metaphor_NN1 frames_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
But_II21 for_II22 object_NN1 relative_NN1 targets_NN2 ,_, each_DD1 group_NN1 other_II21 than_II22 the_AT young_JJ children_NN2 produced_VVD more_DAR subject_NN1 than_CSN object_NN1 relatives_NN2 ;_; even_RR the_AT young_JJ children_NN2 produced_VVD subject_NN1 relatives_NN2 close_RR to_II 50%_NNU of_IO the_AT time_NNT1 ,_, as_CSA shown_VVN in_II Figure_NN1 1_MC1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Using_VVG frequency_NN1 distributions_NN2 and_CC type_NN1 accumulation_NN1 curves_NN2 we_PPIS2 can_VM now_RT compare_VVI the_AT similarities_NN2 and_CC differences_NN2 in_II the_AT quantitative_JJ patterns_NN2 of_IO the_AT Old_JJ English_NN1 and_CC Modern_JJ English_JJ Genesis_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Guasch_NN1 and_CC Espasa_NP1 (_( Chapter_NN1 1_MC1 )_) provide_VV0 an_AT1 overview_NN1 of_IO several_DA2 linked_JJ empirical_JJ studies_NN2 of_IO students_NN2 '_NULL use_NN1 of_IO online_JJ feedback_NN1 in_II a_AT1 distance_NN1 education_NN1 setting_NN1 ,_, showing_VVG that_DD1 '_NULL epistemic_JJ and_CC suggestive_JJ feedback_NN1 '_NULL (_( p._NNU 21_MC )_) results_NN2 in_II improved_JJ student_NN1 performance_NN1 and_CC cognitive_JJ engagement_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Table_NN1 5_MC reveals_VVZ an_AT1 unexpected_JJ disparity_NN1 between_II the_AT two_MC lexicon_NN1 sizes_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II this_DD1 context_NN1 ,_, a_AT1 message_NN1 m_ZZ1 is_VBZ '_NULL compatible_JJ '_NULL with_IW a_AT1 type_NN1 t_ZZ1 given_VVN a_AT1 belief_NN1 b_ZZ1 iff_CS the_AT probability_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 type-t_NN1 Sender_NN1 sending_VVG message_NN1 m_ZZ1 is_VBZ non-zero_JJ assuming_VVG b_ZZ1 ._. 
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<s>
Levinson_NN1 suggests_VVZ that_CST the_AT apparent_JJ influence_NN1 of_IO literacy_NN1 in_II this_DD1 case_NN1 is_VBZ reinforced_VVN by_II the_AT fact_NN1 that_CST Belhare_VV0 speakers_NN2 interact_VV0 verbally_RR with_IW absolute_JJ coders_NN2 on_II a_AT1 regular_JJ basis_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Minimalist_NN1 idealisation_NN1 isolates_VVZ the_AT minimal_JJ set_NN1 of_IO features_NN2 necessary_JJ for_IF a_AT1 given_JJ phenomenon_NN1 and_CC the_AT resulting_JJ model_NN1 only_RR contains_VVZ these_DD2 features_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II bringing_VVG a_AT1 diversity_NN1 of_IO data_NN to_TO bear_VVI on_II the_AT issue_NN1 of_IO evidentiality_NN1 ,_, and_CC in_II its_APPGE focus_NN1 on_II social_JJ meanings_NN2 in_II its_APPGE interactional_JJ contexts_NN2 ,_, this_DD1 volume_NN1 thus_RR makes_VVZ a_AT1 timely_JJ and_CC significant_JJ contribution_NN1 to_TO work_VVI in_II this_DD1 domain_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
It_PPH1 will_VM then_RT discuss_VVI the_AT linguistic_JJ senses_NN2 of_IO the_AT word_NN1 ,_, its_APPGE derivative_JJ terms_NN2 ,_, and_CC eclectic_JJ uses_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Finally_RR ,_, several_DA2 studies_NN2 have_VH0 investigated_VVN whether_CSW morphological_JJ awareness_NN1 is_VBZ predictive_JJ of_IO reading_VVG skills_NN2 (_( both_RR comprehension_NN1 and_CC word-level_JJ reading_NN1 )_) after_II controlling_VVG for_IF phonological_JJ awareness_NN1 (_( Deacon_NN1 &amp;_CC Kirby_NP1 ,_, 2004_MC ;_; Kirby_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2012_MC ;_; Singson_NP1 ,_, Mahony_NP1 ,_, &amp;_CC Mann_NP1 ,_, 2000_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT printed_JJ material_NN1 resulting_VVG from_II this_DD1 scholarship_NN1 was_VBDZ destined_VVN for_IF the_AT expanding_JJ bourgeois_JJ reading_NN1 public_NN1 ,_, who_PNQS then_RT became_VVD "_" the_AT first_MD classes_NN2 to_TO achieve_VVI solidarities_NN2 on_II an_AT1 essentially_RR imagined_JJ basis_NN1 "_" (_( 77_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Even_CS21 though_CS22 the_AT capture_NN1 cue_NN1 improved_JJ judgements_NN2 about_II character_NN1 location_NN1 ,_, it_PPH1 did_VDD not_XX influence_VVI either_RR judgements_NN2 about_II the_AT pronoun_NN1 referent_NN1 or_CC speed_NN1 of_IO response_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Effects_NN2 of_IO an_AT1 imagery_NN1 mnemonic_NN1 on_II second_MD language_NN1 recall_NN1 and_CC comprehension_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Before_II turning_VVG to_II the_AT findings_NN2 ,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ important_JJ to_TO note_VVI that_DD1 ,_, as_CSA with_IW other_JJ discourse-pragmatic_JJ variables_NN2 ,_, there_EX are_VBR potential_JJ issues_NN2 associated_VVN with_IW analysing_VVG HRT_NN1 within_II a_AT1 variationist_NN1 paradigm_NN1 (_( Dines_VVZ 1980_MC ;_; Cheshire_NP1 1987_MC ;_; Pichler_NP1 2010_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II cases_NN2 where_RRQ no_AT statistical_JJ interaction_NN1 was_VBDZ found_VVN the_AT main_JJ effects_NN2 of_IO the_AT two_MC factors_NN2 were_VBDR investigated_VVN and_CC interpreted_VVN ._. 
</s>
<s>
Frequency_NN1 was_VBDZ not_XX included_VVN as_II a_AT1 predictor_NN1 because_CS we_PPIS2 did_VDD not_XX have_VHI access_NN1 to_II frequency_NN1 counts_VVZ for_IF most_DAT following_JJ hesitations_NN2 (_( e.g._REX silence_NN1 ,_, partial_JJ words_NN2 ,_, filled_VVD pauses_NN2 )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
There_EX are_VBR obvious_JJ English_JJ equivalents_NN2 to_II the_AT types_NN2 identified_VVN by_II Auer_NP1 (_( 1996_MC )_) ,_, including_II vocatives_NN2 (_( boy_NN1 ,_, man_NN1 )_) ,_, imperatives_NN2 (_( listen_VV0 ,_, look_NN1 )_) ,_, interjections_NN2 (_( oh_UH ,_, wow_UH )_) ,_, and_CC forms_NN2 of_IO assessment_NN1 and_CC agreeing_VVG responses_NN2 (_( well_RR ,_, sure_JJ ,_, right_RR )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Firstly_RR ,_, the_AT production_NN1 task_NN1 indicates_VVZ that_CST participants_NN2 knew_VVD which_DDQ shapes_NN2 were_VBDR named_VVN and_CC which_DDQ were_VBDR not_XX :_: when_CS referring_VVG to_II shapes_NN2 with_IW shared_JJ names_NN2 ,_, participants_NN2 virtually_RR always_RR used_JJ names_NN2 (_( 99%_NNU of_IO trials_NN2 )_) ,_, and_CC when_CS referring_VVG to_II unnamed_JJ shapes_NN2 ,_, they_PPHS2 almost_RR never_RR produced_VVN a_AT1 name_NN1 (_( 1%_NNU of_IO trials_NN2 with_IW names_NN2 )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II his_APPGE conception_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 '_NULL sociolinguistics_NN1 of_IO globalization_NN1 '_NULL ,_, Blommaert_NP1 (_( 2010_MC )_) suggests_VVZ certain_JJ shifts_NN2 in_II perspective_NN1 ,_, e.g._REX a_AT1 focus_NN1 on_II resources_NN2 rather_II21 than_II22 bilingual_JJ competences_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
As_CSA linguists_NN2 have_VH0 noted_VVN ,_, or_CC can_VM be_VBI understood_VVN either_RR as_CSA introducing_VVG the_AT second_MD of_IO two_MC distinct_JJ alternatives_NN2 or_CC as_CSA introducing_VVG an_AT1 alternative_JJ formulation_NN1 of_IO the_AT first_MD (_( i.e._REX ,_, in_II linguistic_JJ terms_NN2 ,_, either_RR as_II a_AT1 simple_JJ coordinator_NN1 or_CC as_II a_AT1 coordinative_JJ apposition_NN1 ,_, Quirk_NN1 ,_, Greenbaum_NP1 ,_, Leech_NP1 ,_, &amp;_CC Svartvik_NP1 ,_, 1985_MC ,_, pp_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
There_EX has_VHZ been_VBN a_AT1 healthy_JJ level_NN1 of_IO critical_JJ discussion_NN1 about_II the_AT sociolinguistic_JJ theorising_NN1 of_IO class_NN1 ,_, but_CCB most_DAT of_IO it_PPH1 has_VHZ not_XX been_VBN sensitive_JJ to_TO change_VVI over_II time_NNT1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Alternatively_RR ,_, because_CS the_AT word_NN1 is_VBZ active_JJ in_II the_AT discourse_NN1 ,_, speakers_NN2 can_VM exert_VVI less_DAR effort_NN1 and_CC produce_VVI a_AT1 less_RGR intelligible_JJ ,_, reduced_VVD version_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 given_JJ word_NN1 (_( Aylett_NP1 &amp;_CC Turk_NN1 ,_, 2004_MC ;_; Bard_NN1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2000_MC ;_; Fowler_NP1 ,_, 1988_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
I_PPIS1 adopt_VV0 in_II this_DD1 study_NN1 a_AT1 cognitive-functional_JJ approach_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Not_XX all_DB concepts_NN2 can_VM be_VBI resolved_VVN directly_RR into_II semantic_JJ primes_NN2 ,_, and_CC evidence_NN1 suggests_VVZ that_CST many_DA2 complex_JJ concepts_NN2 are_VBR built_VVN out_II21 of_II22 simpler_JJR building_NN1 blocks_NN2 which_DDQ are_VBR in_II turn_NN1 built_VVN of_IO other_JJ ,_, still_RR simpler_JJR ,_, ones_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
F_ZZ1 :_: He_PPHS1 went_VVD away_RL to_II school_NN1 early_RR on_RP ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II play_NN1 ,_, children_NN2 have_VH0 been_VBN observed_VVN managing_VVG "_" their_APPGE interactive_JJ spaces_NN2 through_II rule_NN1 production_NN1 and_CC enforcement_NN1 "_" (_( Cobb-Moore_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2009:1478_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
It_PPH1 can_VM also_RR detect_VVI what_DDQ the_AT learners_NN2 are_VBR (_( or_CC are_VBR not_XX )_) doing_VDG and_CC this_DD1 information_NN1 is_VBZ used_VVN by_II the_AT kitchen_NN1 program_NN1 to_TO provide_VVI feedback_NN1 such_II21 as_II22 a_AT1 reminder_NN1 or_CC more_DAR details_NN2 about_II a_AT1 certain_JJ cooking_NN1 action_NN1 in_II French_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
As_CSA Bauman_NP1 (_( 2005:146_MC )_) writes_VVZ ,_, a_AT1 '_NULL Bakhtinian_JJ framework_NN1 offers_VVZ us_PPIO2 a_AT1 discourse-centered_JJ way_NN1 of_IO elucidating_VVG and_CC calibrating_VVG the_AT terms_NN2 ,_, modes_NN2 and_CC degrees_NN2 of_IO mutual_JJ alignment_NN1 and_CC distancing_VVG in_II discourse_NN1 and_CC social_JJ relations_NN2 '_NULL ._. 
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<s>
The_AT little_JJ porcelain_NN1 pot_NN1 in_II (_( 10a_FO )_) is_VBZ construed_VVN as_CSA being_VBG the_AT final_JJ element_NN1 of_IO the_AT set_NN1 of_IO items_NN2 displayed_VVN in_II the_AT row_NN1 of_IO objects_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
For_IF disjunctions_NN2 ,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ a_AT1 straightforward_JJ assumption_NN1 that_CST they_PPHS2 introduce_VV0 a_AT1 set_NN1 of_IO propositional_JJ alternatives_NN2 at_II the_AT sentential_JJ level_NN1 which_DDQ the_AT modifier_NN1 can_VM combine_VVI with_IW ._. 
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<s>
Thus_RR ,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ highly_RR possible_JJ that_CST the_AT production_NN1 of_IO infrequent_JJ words_NN2 at_II an_AT1 initial_JJ stage_NN1 of_IO L2_FO learning_NN1 is_VBZ the_AT result_NN1 of_IO advanced_JJ lexical_JJ knowledge_NN1 in_II the_AT NS_NP1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT rules_NN2 were_VBDR first_MD preprocessed_VVN with_IW the_AT frequent_JJ pattern_NN1 mining_NN1 algorithm_NN1 FP-growth_NN1 to_TO find_VVI common_JJ incorrect_JJ phrases_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
In_II this_DD1 sense_NN1 ,_, our_APPGE account_NN1 may_VM raise_VVI issues_NN2 of_IO uniformity_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Any_DD discrepancies_NN2 between_II the_AT two_MC would_VM be_VBI conveyed_VVN as_CSA error_NN1 signals_VVZ back_RP to_II the_AT neocerebellar_JJ cortex_NN1 through_II climbing_VVG fibers_NN2 from_II the_AT inferior_JJ olive_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II contrast_NN1 ,_, the_AT same_DA example_NN1 but_CCB with_IW a_AT1 different_JJ movement_NN1 (_( 75b_FO )_) show_VV0 the_AT figures_NN2 making_VVG a_AT1 notable_JJ zig-zagging_JJ path_NN1 through_II space_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
As_CSA we_PPIS2 know_VV0 from_II above_RL ,_, this_DD1 is_VBZ a_AT1 dispreferred_JJ option_NN1 so_CS it_PPH1 is_VBZ going_VVGK to_TO be_VBI chosen_VVN only_RR if_CS information_NN1 in_II the_AT context_NN1 contradicts_VVZ the_AT universal_JJ inference_NN1 we_PPIS2 would_VM obtain_VVI with_IW global_JJ exhaustification_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Likewise_RR ,_, the_AT upper_JJ left_JJ and_CC bottom_JJ right_JJ quadrants_NN2 of_IO both_DB2 figures_NN2 contain_VV0 more_DAR data_NN points_NN2 than_CSN the_AT other_JJ quadrants_NN2 ,_, again_RT ,_, indicative_JJ of_IO a_AT1 negative_JJ correlation_NN1 between_II center_NN1 of_IO gravity_NN1 and_CC frequency_NN1 ,_, whether_CSW form_NN1 frequency_NN1 or_CC lemma_NN1 frequency_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
More_RGR specifically_RR ,_, in_II the_AT present_JJ study_NN1 it_PPH1 was_VBDZ possible_JJ to_TO show_VVI that_CST simply_RR telling_VVG people_NN that_CST their_APPGE translations_NN2 are_VBR prone_JJ to_II errors_NN2 does_VDZ not_XX in_II itself_PPX1 result_VV0 in_II improvement_NN1 ,_, whereas_CS supplying_VVG them_PPHO2 with_IW examples_NN2 in_BCL21 order_BCL22 to_TO assist_VVI them_PPHO2 revise_VV0 their_APPGE initial_JJ translations_NN2 appears_VVZ to_TO be_VBI beneficial_JJ ._. 
</s>
<s>
Instead_RR ,_, we_PPIS2 need_VV0 to_TO provide_VVI a_AT1 third_MD type_NN1 of_IO entry_NN1 ,_, one_PN1 that_CST can_VM combine_VVI with_IW verbs_NN2 as_CSA in_II (_( 51_MC )_) but_CCB that_DD1 does_VDZ not_XX assume_VVI that_CST its_APPGE argument_NN1 is_VBZ quantificational_JJ ._. 
</s>
<s>
Qian_NP1 ,_, Tian_JJ &amp;_CC Wang_NP1 (_( 2009_MC )_) performed_VVD a_AT1 longitudinal_JJ (_( for_IF four_MC years_NNT2 )_) study_NN1 of_IO two_MC Chinese_JJ teachers_NN2 '_NULL code-switching_NN1 between_II their_APPGE L1_FO and_CC the_AT target_NN1 language_NN1 (_( English_NN1 )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
On_II the_AT other_JJ hand_NN1 ,_, in_II the_AT current_JJ analysis_NN1 ,_, the_AT question-embedding_JJ meaning_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 ResP_NN1 is_VBZ basic_JJ ,_, from_II which_DDQ the_AT embedding_NN1 of_IO declaratives_NN2 is_VBZ derived_VVN ._. 
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<s>
Each_DD1 subject_NN1 was_VBDZ presented_VVN with_IW 338_MC experimental_JJ sentence_NN1 fragments_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
These_DD2 terms_NN2 suggest_VV0 that_CST the_AT number_NN1 of_IO lexical_JJ competitors_NN2 is_VBZ encoded_VVN along_II the_AT anterior-posterior_JJ extent_NN1 of_IO the_AT temporal_JJ lobe_NN1 ,_, while_CS frequency_NN1 effects_NN2 have_VH0 both_RR anterior-posterior_JJ and_CC dorsal-ventral_JJ gradients_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
From_II this_DD1 perspective_NN1 ,_, the_AT development_NN1 of_IO many_DA2 discourse_NN1 markers_NN2 can_VM be_VBI understood_VVN as_CSA involving_VVG a_AT1 process_NN1 of_IO increasing_JJ syntactic_JJ de-categorialization_NN1 (_( Hopper_NP1 1991_MC )_) as_II the_AT grammaticalizing_JJ element_NN1 loses_VVZ its_APPGE original_JJ grammatical_JJ constraints_NN2 and_CC comes_VVZ to_TO function_VVI as_II a_AT1 marker_NN1 at_II the_AT level_NN1 of_IO discourse_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT structures_NN2 represented_VVN by_II automata_NN1 are_VBR usually_RR sentence_NN1 bound_VVN and_CC describe_VV0 a_AT1 quite_RG specific_JJ type_NN1 of_IO event_NN1 (_( such_II21 as_II22 a_AT1 terrorist_JJ attack_NN1 )_) ,_, thus_RR not_XX capturing_VVG the_AT more_RGR basic_JJ (_( or_CC '_NULL atomic_JJ '_NULL )_) templates_NN2 that_CST can_VM be_VBI combined_VVN to_TO form_VVI larger_JJR ,_, sentence-wide_JJ ,_, transformations_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT written_JJ model_NN1 also_RR revealed_VVN a_AT1 reliable_JJ effect_NN1 of_IO Context_NN1 (_( t=2.47_FO ,_, p=.034_FO )_) but_CCB no_AT reliable_JJ interaction_NN1 between_II Context_NN1 and_CC Degree_NN1 of_IO similarity_NN1 (_( t=0.39_FO ,_, p=.70_FO )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
For_IF controversial_JJ cases_NN2 (_( lines_NN2 2_MC and_CC 3_MC of_IO table_NN1 1_MC1 )_) ,_, the_AT possibility_NN1 of_IO strict_JJ inclusive_JJ reference_NN1 correlates_VVZ with_IW our_APPGE version_NN1 of_IO (_( non_FU )_) exemption_NN1 :_: inanimates_NN2 require_VV0 exhaustive_JJ binding_JJ ;_; animates_VVZ ,_, which_DDQ can_VM freely_RR be_VBI exempt_JJ ,_, do_VD0 not_XX ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT notation_NN1 XV_MC indicates_VVZ that_CST the_AT rule_NN1 applies_VVZ to_II realisations_NN2 of_IO verbal_JJ roots_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Unlike_JJ F_ZZ1 &B;_NULL '_NULL s_ZZ1 system_NN1 ,_, this_DD1 allows_VVZ for_IF moves_NN2 that_CST give_VV0 tentative_JJ commitments_NN2 (_( by_II adding_VVG propositions_NN2 to_II the_AT speaker_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 projected_JJ ,_, rather_CS21 than_CS22 present_VVI ,_, commitments_NN2 )_) ,_, or_CC to_TO offer_VVI the_AT speaker_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 best_RRT guess_VV0 of_IO commitments_NN2 of_IO other_JJ participants_NN2 (_( by_II adding_VVG to_II others_NN2 '_NULL projected_JJ commitment_NN1 sets_VVZ )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Before_II concluding_VVG ,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ worth_II noting_VVG that_CST ,_, beyond_II the_AT specific_JJ case_NN1 study_NN1 of_IO scalar_JJ implicature_NN1 ,_, our_APPGE study_NN1 has_VHZ broader_JJR implications_NN2 regarding_II the_AT development_NN1 of_IO Gricean_JJ pragmatic_JJ reasoning_NN1 abilities_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Verhagen_NP1 (_( 1994_MC )_) ,_, too_RR ,_, has_VHZ offered_VVN an_AT1 explanation_NN1 along_II similar_JJ lines_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Jiang_NP1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 (_( 2004_MC )_) participants_NN2 were_VBDR fairly_RR characterized_VVN as_CSA "_" proficient_JJ "_" (_( p._NNU 612_MC )_) ,_, on_II the_AT basis_NN1 of_IO TOEFL_NN1 scores_NN2 and_CC enrollment_NN1 at_II a_AT1 university_NN1 in_II the_AT United_NP1 States_NP1 ,_, but_CCB they_PPHS2 appear_VV0 to_TO have_VHI been_VBN potentially_RR less_RGR proficient_JJ than_CSN even_RR the_AT advanced_JJ group_NN1 in_II the_AT present_JJ study_NN1 ,_, on_II the_AT basis_NN1 of_IO L2_FO self-proficiency_JJ ratings_NN2 of_IO 5.3-5.8_MCMC versus_II 6.8-7.7_MCMC (_( maximum_NN1 10_MC )_) and_CC mean_JJ length_NN1 of_IO residency_NN1 of_IO 1.4_MC versus_II 6.0_MC years_NNT2 (_( although_CS the_AT Jiang_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2011_MC ,_, participants_NN2 had_VHD residency_NN1 similar_JJ to_II the_AT near-native_JJ group_NN1 in_II the_AT present_JJ study_NN1 )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
As_II a_AT1 result_NN1 ,_, participants_NN2 might_VM find_VVI that_CST depictions_NN2 of_IO the_AT ongoing_JJ states_NN2 of_IO events_NN2 and_CC their_APPGE final_JJ physical_JJ states_NN2 equally_RR match_VV0 the_AT content_NN1 of_IO the_AT participants_NN2 '_NULL mental_JJ simulations_NN2 when_CS they_PPHS2 process_VV0 progressive_JJ sentences_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Consumers_NN2 first_MD need_NN1 to_TO undertake_VVI parallel_RR metonymic_JJ expansion_NN1 processes_NN2 to_TO bridge_VVI the_AT gap_NN1 between_II the_AT elements_NN2 displayed_VVN in_II the_AT billboard_NN1 (_( eyelashes_NN2 and_CC speedometers_NN2 )_) and_CC the_AT persuasive_JJ message_NN1 (_( women_NN2 and_CC cars_NN2 ,_, respectively_RR )_) to_TO draw_VVI the_AT metaphorical_JJ connection_NN1 necessary_JJ to_TO process_VVI the_AT advertising_NN1 message_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
User_NN1 behaviour_NN1 is_VBZ classified_VVN into_II four_MC actions_NN2 :_: perform_VV0 desired_JJ action_NN1 ,_, perform_VV0 undesired_JJ action_NN1 ,_, wait_VV0 and_CC request_NN1 help_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
School_NN1 children_NN2 who_PNQS stutter_VV0 are_VBR chronically_RR bullied_VVN because_II21 of_II22 their_APPGE stuttering_VVG ._. 
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<s>
The_AT leveling_JJ stage_NN1 is_VBZ followed_VVN by_II simplification_NN1 ,_, or_CC elimination_NN1 of_IO marked_JJ variants_NN2 and_CC irregular_JJ patterns_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
As_CSA with_IW comprehensibility_NN1 ,_, the_AT speakers_NN2 were_VBDR divided_VVN into_II four_MC groups_NN2 based_VVN on_II their_APPGE accentedness_NN1 ratings_NN2 ,_, with_IW nonoverlapping_VVG distribution_NN1 of_IO scores_NN2 (_( shown_VVN in_II Table_NN1 7_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Such_DA an_AT1 approach_NN1 is_VBZ unlikely_JJ to_TO extend_VVI to_II the_AT aspect-sensitive_JJ alternations_NN2 (_( which_DDQ are_VBR quite_RG heterogeneous_JJ phonologically_RR and_CC lack_VV0 any_DD kind_NN1 of_IO phonological_JJ conditioning_NN1 )_) ,_, but_CCB the_AT analysis_NN1 posited_VVD above_RL does_VDZ not_XX seem_VVI to_TO run_VVI afoul_NN1 of_IO the_AT locality_NN1 principles_NN2 in_II any_DD case_NN1 ,_, as_CSA the_AT Aspect_NN1 head_NN1 is_VBZ plausibly_RR adjacent_II21 to_II22 the_AT (_( complex_NN1 )_) head_VV0 that_CST shows_VVZ the_AT allomorphy_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT language_NN1 model_NN1 used_VVN in_II this_DD1 work_NN1 was_VBDZ built_VVN using_VVG 10_MC million_NNO tweets_NN2 from_II Sina_NP1 Weibo_NP1 for_IF Chinese_JJ ._. 
</s>
<s>
Stance-related_JJ features_NN2 have_VH0 been_VBN shown_VVN to_TO be_VBI affected_VVN by_II speaker_NN1 age_NN1 (_( Barbieri_NP1 2008a_FO )_) ._. 
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<s>
The_AT transcript_NN1 shows_VVZ an_AT1 utterance_NN1 that_CST occurs_VVZ at_II the_AT end_NN1 of_IO an_AT1 instruction_NN1 segment_NN1 ,_, in_II which_DDQ the_AT master_NN1 has_VHZ detailed_VVN the_AT way_NN1 that_CST the_AT composer_NN1 has_VHZ written_VVN the_AT music_NN1 so_BCL21 as_BCL22 to_TO convey_VVI the_AT dynamic_JJ phrasing_NN1 of_IO the_AT piece_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
A_AT1 manual_JJ error_NN1 analysis_NN1 moreover_RR indicates_VVZ that_CST many_DA2 additional_JJ synonyms_NN2 are_VBR very_RG close_JJ in_II the_AT distributional_JJ model_NN1 ,_, while_CS most_DAT other_JJ distributional_JJ neighbours_NN2 are_VBR semantically_RR related_VVN to_II the_AT target_NN1 word_NN1 along_II other_JJ dimensions_NN2 than_CSN synonymy_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Specifically_RR ,_, in_II animate_JJ different_JJ trials_NN2 ,_, they_PPHS2 were_VBDR expected_VVN to_TO use_VVI the_AT preposition_NN1 to_TO predict_VVI that_CST an_AT1 animate_JJ object_NN1 followed_VVD ._. 
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<s>
Labov_NP1 identified_VVD his_APPGE interview_NN1 methodology_NN1 as_II a_AT1 suitable_JJ way_NN1 to_TO gather_VVI data_NN that_CST would_VM help_VVI address_NN1 questions_NN2 about_II language_NN1 variation_NN1 and_CC change_VV0 that_CST can_VM be_VBI traced_VVN to_II Weinreich_NP1 ,_, Labov_NP1 and_CC Herzog_NP1 (_( 1968_MC ;_; e.g._REX These_DD2 findings_NN2 could_VM be_VBI used_VVN to_TO provide_VVI safety_NN1 guidelines_NN2 to_II second-language_JJ learners_NN2 of_IO English_NN1 wishing_VVG to_TO use_VVI many_DA2 unmodified_JJ in_II positive_JJ sentences_NN2 :_: by_II using_VVG many_DA2 with_IW personal_JJ nouns_NN2 in_II subject_NN1 position_NN1 or_CC nouns_NN2 of_IO settings_NN2 in_II adverbial_JJ phrases_NN2 ,_, learners_NN2 would_VM be_VBI less_RGR likely_JJ to_TO utter_VVI the_AT kind_NN1 of_IO unnatural_JJ statements_NN2 mentioned_VVN at_II the_AT beginning_NN1 of_IO this_DD1 article_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
For_IF the_AT younger_JJR children_NN2 ,_, speed_NN1 was_VBDZ comparable_JJ for_IF the_AT SVOs_NP2 and_CC SRs_NP1 and_CC slower_RRR than_CSN their_APPGE interpretation_NN1 of_IO both_DB2 the_AT passives_NN2 and_CC ORs_NN2 ,_, which_DDQ did_VDD not_XX differ_VVI from_II each_PPX221 other_PPX222 ._. 
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<s>
Abrusán_NN1 &amp;_CC Szendri_NP1 (_( 2013_MC )_) aim_VV0 to_TO test_VVI several_DA2 accounts_NN2 of_IO the_AT variation_NN1 in_II judgments_NN2 between_II squeamishness_NN1 and_CC falsity_NN1 by_II presenting_VVG sentences_NN2 with_IW definites_NN2 and_CC asking_VVG subjects_NN2 to_TO judge_VVI these_DD2 as_CSA '_NULL true_JJ '_NULL or_CC '_NULL false_JJ '_NULL ,_, with_IW a_AT1 third_MD option_NN1 of_IO '_NULL can_NN1 '_NULL t_ZZ1 say_VV0 '_NULL ._. 
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<s>
There_EX is_VBZ currently_RR no_AT consensus_NN1 on_II what_DDQ is_VBZ the_AT best_JJT way_NN1 to_TO combine_VVI compositional_JJ semantics_NN1 and_CC event_NN1 semantics_NN1 ,_, whether_CSW it_PPH1 is_VBZ possible_JJ or_CC easy_JJ ,_, and_CC what_DDQ consequences_NN2 the_AT presence_NN1 of_IO events_NN2 has_VHZ on_II the_AT analyses_NN2 of_IO scope-taking_JJ expressions_NN2 in_II compositional_JJ semantics_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Further_RRR ethnographic_JJ research_NN1 with_IW Lviv_NN1 residents_NN2 indicates_VVZ that_CST while_CS some_DD aspects_NN2 of_IO alphabet_NN1 mixing_NN1 may_VM indeed_RR be_VBI a_AT1 passing_JJ fad_NN1 ,_, this_DD1 phenomenon_NN1 was_VBDZ also_RR widely_RR recognized_VVN as_CSA speaking_VVG to_II an_AT1 emerging_JJ multilingual_JJ (_( or_CC at_RR21 least_RR22 multiliterate_JJ )_) consumer_NN1 public_NN1 characterized_VVN by_II youth_NN1 and_CC an_AT1 orientation_NN1 towards_II Western_JJ goods_NN2 and_CC cultural_JJ forms_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Problems_NN2 of_IO expectation_NN1 or_CC acceptability_NN1 can_VM be_VBI indicated_VVN with_IW a_AT1 range_NN1 of_IO stance_NN1 displays_NN2 ,_, from_II mild_JJ surprise_NN1 to_II scorn_NN1 and_CC disgust_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
For_IF the_AT voicing_VVG classification_NN1 there_EX were_VBDR 150_MC voiced_JJ sounds_NN2 (_( /b_FU ,_, d_ZZ1 ,_, g/_FU )_) and_CC 150_MC voiceless_JJ sounds_NN2 (_( /p_NN1 ,_, t_ZZ1 ,_, k/_FU )_) ;_; when_CS submitted_VVN to_II the_AT 15-fold_JJ classification_NN1 scheme_NN1 this_DD1 led_VVD to_II 280_MC training_NN1 tokens_NN2 and_CC 20_MC testing_JJ tokens_NN2 (_( per_II fold_NN1 )_) ._. 
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<s>
Fig._NN1 3_MC shows_VVZ grand_JJ mean_JJ untransformed_JJ reading_NN1 times_NNT2 for_IF the_AT PWA_NN1 at_II the_AT pre-critical_JJ ,_, critical_JJ ,_, and_CC post-critical_JJ regions_NN2 ._. 
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As_CSA we_PPIS2 are_VBR reminded_VVN by_II Spolsky_NP1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 emphasis_NN1 on_II merchants_NN2 '_NULL logs_NN2 ,_, communal_JJ records_NN2 ,_, periodicals_NN2 ,_, and_CC belles_NN221 lettres_NN222 ,_, this_DD1 book_NN1 fits_VVZ not_XX only_RR into_II the_AT sociology_NN1 of_IO language_NN1 and_CC religion_NN1 but_CCB also_RR language_NN1 and_CC ethnicity_NN1 and_CC diaspora_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Perhaps_RR responding_VVG to_II the_AT '_NULL interactional_JJ dilemma_NN1 '_NULL (_( M._NN1 Goodwin_NP1 1996_MC )_) of_IO the_AT key_NN1 and_CC frame_NN1 becoming_VVG so_RG serious_JJ around_II money_NN1 ,_, I_PPIS1 say_VV0 ,_, "_" We_PPIS2 have_VH0 been_VBN paid_VVN by_II '_NULL Arsto:tzka_FO '_NULL "_" (_( line_NN1 12_MC )_) ,_, referring_VVG to_II the_AT fictional_JJ country_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 government_NN1 in_II Papers_NN2 ,_, Please_RR and_CC making_VVG an_AT1 implicit_JJ comparison_NN1 between_II our_APPGE academic_JJ department_NN1 and_CC Arstotzka_NP1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 bureaucratic_JJ government_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
M_ZZ1 &L;_NULL also_RR consider_VV0 the_AT tensor_NN1 product_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ is_VBZ an_AT1 instance_NN1 of_IO the_AT general_JJ multiplicative_JJ model_NN1 described_VVN above_RL (_( when_CS C_ZZ1 is_VBZ the_AT identity_NN1 operator_NN1 )_) ,_, and_CC described_VVN in_II Section_NN1 4.4_MC ,_, but_CCB find_VV0 that_CST it_PPH1 performs_VVZ poorly_RR on_II their_APPGE phrasal_NN1 composition_NN1 tasks_NN2 and_CC data_NN sets_NN2 ,_, using_VVG classical_JJ count_NN1 vectors_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 correlation_NN1 was_VBDZ observed_VVN for_IF the_AT feature_NN1 generation_NN1 task_NN1 in_II older_JJR adults_NN2 ,_, and_CC for_IF both_DB2 multiple_JJ choice_NN1 and_CC generation_NN1 tasks_NN2 in_II people_NN with_IW MCI_MC ._. 
</s>
<s>
Furthermore_RR ,_, chapters_NN2 are_VBR often_RR ,_, and_CC helpfully_RR ,_, paired_VVD thematically_RR ._. 
</s>
<s>
However_RR ,_, the_AT total_JJ number_NN1 of_IO responses_NN2 required_VVN per_II independent_JJ analysis_NN1 is_VBZ a_AT1 function_NN1 of_IO the_AT number_NN1 of_IO items_NN2 entered_VVN into_II the_AT analysis_NN1 ,_, the_AT number_NN1 of_IO factors_NN2 obtained_VVN by_II an_AT1 analysis_NN1 and_CC the_AT strength_NN1 of_IO the_AT loadings_NN2 of_IO items_NN2 onto_II factors_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
There_EX are_VBR a_AT1 number_NN1 of_IO advantages_NN2 of_IO finite-state_JJ technology_NN1 that_CST makes_VVZ it_PPH1 especially_RR attractive_JJ in_II dealing_VVG with_IW human_JJ language_NN1 morphologies_NN2 (_( Wintner_NP1 2008_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT initial_JJ manual_JJ analysis_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 sample_NN1 of_IO data_NN from_II the_AT whole_JJ corpus_NN1 led_VVD us_PPIO2 to_II an_AT1 informed_JJ application_NN1 of_IO semi-automated_JJ quantitative_JJ corpus_NN1 linguistic_JJ methods_NN2 (_( using_VVG the_AT USAS_NP2 semantic_JJ annotation_NN1 tool_NN1 in_II Wmatrix_NP1 )_) to_TO search_VVI for_IF open-ended_JJ sets_NN2 of_IO violence-related_JJ linguistic_JJ expressions_NN2 in_II our_APPGE data_NN ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II the_AT research_NN1 reported_VVD here_RL we_PPIS2 show_VV0 that_DD1 or-prefacing_NN1 of_IO repair_NN1 solutions-and_CC repair_VV0 prefacing_VVG more_DAR generally-is_VBZ a_AT1 distinctive_JJ practice_NN1 in_II the_AT organization_NN1 of_IO self-initiated_JJ repair_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT most_DAT or_CC second_MD most_RGT frequent_JJ topic_NN1 of_IO conversation_NN1 for_IF the_AT mainland-educated_JJ speakers_NN2 is_VBZ their_APPGE management_NN1 responsibilities_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
In_II the_AT data_NN ,_, the_AT use_NN1 of_IO cross-experience_JJ metaphors_NN2 that_CST highlight_VV0 a_AT1 "_" BODY_NN1 IS_VBZ MIND_NN1 "_" metaphor_NN1 is_VBZ thus_RR conducive_JJ to_II the_AT delivery_NN1 of_IO sex_NN1 knowledge_NN1 in_II China_NP1 that_CST both_RR conforms_VVZ to_II traditional_JJ moral_JJ and_CC ethical_JJ requirements_NN2 and_CC contributes_VVZ to_II the_AT sound_NN1 physical_JJ and_CC mental_JJ growth_NN1 of_IO young_JJ children_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
We_PPIS2 implemented_VVD the_AT idea_NN1 in_II the_AT regression_NN1 model_NN1 through_II a_AT1 dichotomous_JJ variable_NN1 coding_VVG the_AT L1_FO effect_NN1 as_CSA 0_MC if_CS the_AT morpheme_NN1 is_VBZ absent_JJ or_CC optional_JJ in_II the_AT L1_FO and_CC as_CSA 1_MC1 if_CS it_PPH1 is_VBZ obligatory_JJ ._. 
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However_RR ,_, as_CSA Gennaro_NP1 Chierchia_NP1 has_VHZ pointed_VVN out_RP to_II me_PPIO1 ,_, sentences_NN2 like_II these_DD2 ought_VMK to_TO come_VVI out_RP as_RG redundant_JJ ,_, since_CS the_AT entailment_NN1 embodied_VVN in_II the_AT SLDA_NN1 still_RR holds_VVZ ._. 
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<s>
They_PPHS2 instantiate_VV0 claims_NN2 about_II the_AT task_NN1 that_CST our_APPGE participants_NN2 are_VBR attempting_VVG to_TO perform_VVI and_CC the_AT assumptions_NN2 that_CST they_PPHS2 use_VV0 in_II performing_VVG it_PPH1 ,_, but_CCB they_PPHS2 are_VBR agnostic_JJ about_II the_AT particular_JJ processes_NN2 (_( '_NULL algorithms_NN2 '_NULL ,_, in_II Marr_NP1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 terminology_NN1 )_) by_II which_DDQ individuals_NN2 perform_VV0 it_PPH1 ._. 
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<s>
In_II31 addition_II32 to_II33 specializing_VVG the_AT distributional_JJ representation_NN1 of_IO wood_NN1 to_TO reflect_VVI the_AT context_NN1 wooden_JJ floor_NN1 ,_, the_AT distributional_JJ representation_NN1 of_IO floor_NN1 should_VM also_RR be_VBI refined_VVN ,_, down-weighting_JJ distributional_JJ features_NN2 arising_VVG in_II contexts_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 Prices_NN2 fell_VVD through_II the_AT floor_NN1 ,_, while_CS up-weighting_JJ distributional_JJ features_NN2 arising_VVG in_II contexts_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 I_PPIS1 polished_VVD the_AT concrete_JJ floor_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT tools_NN2 of_IO scientific_JJ modelling_NN1 are_VBR thus_RR justified_VVN as_CSA tools_NN2 which_DDQ could_VM shed_VVI light_NN1 on_II linguistic_JJ reality_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
As_CSA noted_VVN at_II the_AT beginning_NN1 of_IO this_DD1 section_NN1 ,_, languages_NN2 differ_VV0 with_II31 regard_II32 to_II33 the_AT exact_JJ range_NN1 of_IO verbs_NN2 that_CST take_VV0 an_AT1 external_JJ argument_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
As_CSA noted_VVN already_RR ,_, I_PPIS1 use_VV0 SG1_FO to_TO refer_VVI to_II this_DD1 limited_JJ conversational_JJ grammatical_JJ potential_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
It_PPH1 thus_RR intervenes_VVZ between_II the_AT antecedent_JJ ces_NN2 sondes_NN2 '_NULL these_DD2 probes_NN2 '_NULL and_CC the_AT plain_JJ anaphor_NN1 leurs_NN2 (_( propres_NN2 inerties_NN2 )_) '_NULL their_APPGE (_( own_DA inertias_NN2 )_) '_NULL without_IW blocking_VVG it_PPH1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT mixed_JJ readings_NN2 are_VBR given_VVN in_II (_( b_ZZ1 )_) and_CC (_( c_ZZ1 )_) ._. 
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<s>
To_TO see_VVI this_DD1 ,_, consider_VV0 again_RT example_NN1 (_( 2_MC )_) ,_, repeated_VVN as_CSA (_( 73_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
The_AT Heavies_NN2 ,_, traditionally_RR the_AT standard-makers_NN2 of_IO the_AT Catalan_JJ academy_NN1 ,_, were_VBDR linguistic_JJ purists_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
We_PPIS2 discuss_VV0 every_AT1 lexical_JJ unit_NN1 separately_RR ,_, in_II the_AT order_NN1 of_IO usage_NN1 in_II sentence_NN1 (_( 7_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
The_AT micro-mechanism_NN1 responsible_JJ for_IF the_AT leveling_NN1 out_II21 of_II22 differences_NN2 is_VBZ speaker-to-speaker_JJ accommodation_NN1 in_II the_AT immediate_JJ linguistic_JJ interaction_NN1 ,_, and_CC long-term_JJ accommodation_NN1 at_II the_AT community_NN1 level_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
It_PPH1 is_VBZ still_RR quite_RG diverse_JJ -_- as_CSA indicated_VVN by_II the_AT hyphenated_JJ label_NN1 -_- but_CCB has_VHZ an_AT1 overall_JJ coherence_NN1 for_IF which_DDQ the_AT shared_JJ rejection_NN1 of_IO generative_JJ theory_NN1 is_VBZ only_RR incidental_JJ ._. 
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<s>
The_AT father_NN1 then_RT produces_VVZ the_AT candidate_NN1 hearing_NN1 celi_FW ._. 
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<s>
Before_II proceeding_VVG to_II the_AT 130_MC target_NN1 samples_NN2 ,_, the_AT raters_NN2 assessed_VVN five_MC preliminary_JJ files_NN2 for_IF practice_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
In_II the_AT latter_DA ,_, given_VVN the_AT simple_JJ assumption_NN1 that_CST extraction_NN1 can_VM target_VVI only_JJ constituents_NN2 ,_, this_DD1 type_NN1 of_IO overgeneration_NN1 concern_NN1 simply_RR does_VDZ not_XX arise_VVI ._. 
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Yet_RR ,_, given_VVN the_AT inherently_RR non-assertoric_JJ nature_NN1 of_IO imperative_JJ clauses_NN2 ,_, one_PN1 might_VM consider_VVI defending_VVG such_DA a_AT1 solution_NN1 for_IF the_AT more_RGR limited_JJ domain_NN1 of_IO imperative_NN1 disjunctions-if_CS ,_, as_CSA suggested_VVN by_II the_AT received_JJ view_NN1 ,_, these_DD2 are_VBR invariably_RR choice-offering_JJ ._. 
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<s>
For_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, they_PPHS2 are_VBR found_VVN in_II Slavic_JJ languages_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 Russian_JJ (_( Rudnickaya_NP1 2000_MC )_) and_CC Bulgarian_NN1 (_( Franks_NP2 2008_MC )_) ,_, and_CC are_VBR claimed_VVN to_TO exist_VVI in_II Serbian/Croatian/Bosnian_JJ ,_, although_CS there_EX the_AT facts_NN2 are_VBR somewhat_RR more_RGR controversial_JJ (_( Bgel_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
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<s>
2010_MC ,_, avar_NN1 &amp;_CC Seiss_VV0 2011_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
However_RR ,_, Bob_NP1 manipulated_VVD this_DD1 expectation_NN1 to_TO playfully_RR enhance_VVI rapport_NN1 by_II employing_VVG additional_JJ ,_, albeit_CS unexpected_JJ ,_, humor_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT mere_JJ existence_NN1 of_IO foils_NN2 like_II feather_NN1 creates_VVZ conflict_NN1 for_IF the_AT participant_NN1 for_IF all_DB bird_NN1 category_NN1 trials_NN2 ,_, thus_RR leading_VVG to_II occasional_JJ errors_NN2 on_II positive_JJ instances_NN2 (_( e.g._REX ,_, canary_NN1 )_) as_RR21 well_RR22 ._. 
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<s>
Graphs_NN2 and_CC graph-based_JJ algorithms_NN2 are_VBR particularly_RR relevant_JJ for_IF unsupervised_JJ approaches_NN2 to_II language_NN1 tasks_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Despite_II this_DD1 ,_, the_AT results_NN2 do_VD0 support_VVI the_AT notion_NN1 that_CST self-stigma_NN1 is_VBZ a_AT1 multidimensional_JJ construct_VV0 with_IW application_NN1 of_IO stigmatizing_VVG thoughts_NN2 to_II the_AT self_NN1 being_VBG the_AT most_RGT psychologically_RR harmful_JJ component_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
So_RR it_PPH1 seems_VVZ that_CST there_EX is_VBZ no_AT way_NN1 to_TO analyze_VVI (_( 1b_FO )_) in_II Wilkinson_NP1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 approach_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
As_CSA Joseph_NP1 and_CC Smirniotopoulos_NP2 (_( 1993_MC )_) point_VV0 out_RP ,_, these_DD2 endings_NN2 are_VBR maximal_JJ portmanteaux_NN2 :_: they_PPHS2 are_VBR specific_JJ to_II the_AT imperfective_JJ ,_, and_CC indicate_VV0 voice_NN1 ,_, tense_VV0 ,_, and_CC the_AT features_NN2 of_IO the_AT subject_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Following_VVG the_AT emergence_NN1 of_IO the_AT wei_NN2 construction_NN1 ,_, the_AT jian_JJ construction_NN1 appeared_VVD ,_, where_CS jian_NN1 is_VBZ considered_VVN a_AT1 preverbal_JJ auxiliary_NN1 that_CST indicates_VVZ the_AT passive_JJ voice_NN1 of_IO the_AT verb_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
I_PPIS1 will_VM begin_VVI by_II clarifying_VVG some_DD of_IO my_APPGE terminology_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
But_CCB as_CSA pointed_VVN out_RP above_RL in_II Table_NN1 6_MC ,_, the_AT reference_NN1 forms_VVZ sometimes_RT stand_VV0 in_RP for_IF a_AT1 set_NN1 of_IO mutually_RR interpredictable_JJ forms_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Again_RT we_PPIS2 analysed_VVD the_AT dependent_JJ variable_NN1 of_IO empirical_JJ logit_NN1 of_IO target_NN1 looks_VVZ during_II the_AT ambiguous_JJ region_NN1 after_II the_AT pronoun_NN1 ,_, i.e._REX ,_, from_II 300_MC after_II pronoun_NN1 onset_NN1 until_II 300_MC msec_NN1 after_II the_AT disambiguating_JJ word_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Figure_NN1 2_MC shows_VVZ the_AT unique_JJ collocates_NN2 of_IO a_AT1 selection_NN1 of_IO the_AT words_NN2 from_II Figure_NN1 1_MC1 with_IW the_AT fewest_DAT shared_JJ collocates_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT original_JJ motivation_NN1 for_IF analysis-by-synthesis_NN1 was_VBDZ as_II a_AT1 way_NN1 to_TO overcome_VVI the_AT invariance_NN1 problem_NN1 ;_; it_PPH1 is_VBZ difficult_JJ to_TO discover_VVI features_NN2 of_IO the_AT speech_NN1 signal_NN1 that_CST retain_VV0 invariance_NN1 over_II speakers_NN2 or_CC contexts_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
We_PPIS2 next_MD consider_VV0 the_AT basic_JJ statistical_JJ generalizations_NN2 governing_VVG gender_NN1 and_CC then_RT various_JJ models_NN2 for_IF predicting_VVG gender_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
With_IW a_AT1 95%_NNU confidence_NN1 interval_NN1 ,_, the_AT lower_JJR bound_NN1 is_VBZ 0.98_MC and_CC the_AT upper_JJ bound_NN1 1.04_MC ._. 
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<s>
The_AT effect_NN1 of_IO gender_NN1 is_VBZ not_XX significant_JJ ,_, but_CCB that_DD1 of_IO speech_NN1 rate_NN1 is_VBZ ._. 
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<s>
A_AT1 series_NN of_IO planned_JJ comparisons_NN2 showed_VVD that_DD1 accuracy_NN1 on_II the_AT ordering_NN1 category_NN1 is_VBZ lower_JJR than_CSN on_II the_AT cooccurrence_NN1 category_NN1 in_II the_AT local_JJ condition_NN1 (_( β_NULL =_FO 1.07_MC ,_, SE_NP1 =_FO 0.47_MC ,_, z_ZZ1 =_FO 2.29_MC ,_, p_ZZ1 <_FO 0.03_MC )_) ,_, but_CCB the_AT pattern_NN1 reversed_VVN in_II the_AT nonlocal_JJ condition_NN1 ,_, where_CS accuracy_NN1 is_VBZ higher_JJR on_II the_AT ordering_NN1 category_NN1 than_CSN the_AT cooccurrence_NN1 category_NN1 ,_, though_CS this_DD1 difference_NN1 was_VBDZ only_RR marginally_RR significant_JJ (_( β_NULL =_FO 0.66_MC ,_, SE_NP1 =_FO 0.37_MC ,_, z_ZZ1 =_FO 1.78_MC ,_, p_ZZ1 =_FO 0.08_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
They_PPHS2 model_VV0 various_JJ learning_NN1 scenarios_NN2 with_IW explicit_JJ Bayesian_JJ assumptions_NN2 and_CC show_VV0 that_CST ,_, under_II specific_JJ assumptions_NN2 about_II how_RRQ learning_NN1 proceeds_NN2 ,_, defective_JJ paradigms_NN2 can_VM be_VBI a_AT1 normal_JJ and_CC stable_JJ part_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 morphological_JJ system_NN1 ._. 
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Throughout_II this_DD1 article_NN1 ,_, the_AT organization_NN1 is_VBZ referred_VVN to_II by_II the_AT pseudonym_NN1 Jack_NP1 Camera_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 association_NN1 with_IW greater_JJR positive_JJ amplitudes_NN2 for_IF correct_JJ responses_NN2 (_( '_NULL hits_NN2 '_NULL and_CC '_NULL correct_JJ rejections_NN2 '_NULL )_) is_VBZ well_RR established_VVN ,_, although_CS with_IW alternative_JJ explanations_NN2 (_( e.g._REX ,_, Scheffers_NP1 &amp;_CC Coles_NP1 ,_, 2000_MC )_) ,_, and_CC associated_VVN with_IW participants_NN2 '_NULL confidence_NN1 (_( Pailing_NP1 &amp;_CC Segalowitz_NP1 ,_, 2004_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Contextualists_NN2 by_RR31 no_RR32 means_RR33 deny_VV0 that_CST there_EX are_VBR such_DA things_NN2 as_CSA job_NN1 &lsqb;_( 1_MC1 &rsqb;_) propositions_NN2 ,_, or_CC that_CST they_PPHS2 have_VH0 a_AT1 useful_JJ role_NN1 to_TO play_VVI in_II semantic_JJ theorizing_NN1 ._. 
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Associated_VVN with_IW this_DD1 are_VBR two_MC kinds_NN2 of_IO normativity_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ extend_VV0 beyond_II the_AT norms_NN2 of_IO face_NN1 management_NN1 alluded_VVD to_II above_RL ._. 
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A_AT1 syllable_NN1 stress_NN1 perception_NN1 task_NN1 was_VBDZ selected_VVN to_II measure_NN1 differences_NN2 in_II phonological_JJ processing_NN1 between_II children_NN2 ._. 
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Hence_RR ,_, a_AT1 better_JJR model_NN1 will_VM lead_VVI to_II a_AT1 goal_NN1 hypothesis_NN1 being_VBG found_VVN more_RGR quickly_RR ._. 
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Our_APPGE analysis_NN1 of_IO NI-rises_NN2 is_VBZ shown_VVN schematically_RR in_II (_( 18_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
A_AT1 decomposition_NN1 of_IO the_AT interaction_NN1 between_II Talker_NP1 Group_NN1 and_CC Syllable_NN1 Length_NN1 using_VVG estimated_JJ marginal_JJ means_NN with_IW the_AT Bonferroni_JJ adjustment_NN1 revealed_VVD a_AT1 significant_JJ difference_NN1 between_II the_AT adults_NN2 who_PNQS stutter_VV0 (_( M_ZZ1 =_FO 4.9_MC ,_, SD_NP1 =_FO 3.57_MC )_) and_CC the_AT adults_NN2 who_PNQS do_VD0 not_XX stutter_VVI (_( M_ZZ1 =_FO 8.2_MC ;_; SD_NP1 =_FO 2.35_MC )_) at_II the_AT 7-syllable_JJ length_NN1 F(1,18)_FO =_FO 5.958_MC ,_, p_ZZ1 =_FO .025_MC ,_, partial_JJ 2_MC =_FO .249_MC ._. 
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The_AT Fisher_NP1 Exact_JJ test_NN1 reveals_VVZ a_AT1 chance_NN1 distribution_NN1 (_( p_ZZ1 =_FO .244_MC )_) ._. 
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The_AT rate_NN1 of_IO communication_NN1 among_II people_NN ,_, in_II both_DB2 intra-_JJ and_CC international_JJ settings_NN2 ,_, is_VBZ witnessing_VVG an_AT1 increasing_JJ rate_NN1 ,_, since_CS physical_JJ distances_NN2 are_VBR shrinking_VVG in_RP today_RT '_NULL s_ZZ1 world_NN1 ._. 
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Rayson_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
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<s>
(_( 1997_MC )_) use_VV0 a_AT1 procedure_NN1 similar_JJ to_II the_AT keyword_NN1 method_NN1 (_( e.g._REX Scott_NP1 1997_MC ,_, 2001_MC )_) which_DDQ identifies_VVZ lexical_JJ units_NN2 which_DDQ occur_VV0 significantly_RR more_RGR frequently_RR in_II one_MC1 part_NN1 of_IO the_AT corpus_NN1 in_II31 comparison_II32 with_II33 another_DD1 ._. 
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The_AT participants_NN2 were_VBDR also_RR allowed_VVN to_TO choose_VVI the_AT option_NN1 "_" other_NN1 ._. "_" 
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<s>
The_AT first_MD of_IO these_DD2 three_MC parameters_NN2 ,_, whether_CSW31 or_CSW32 not_CSW33 Ego_NN1 moves_NN2 ,_, has_VHZ received_VVN the_AT most_DAT attention_NN1 in_II the_AT literature_NN1 ._. 
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An_AT1 aspiring_JJ semanticist_NN1 or_CC a_AT1 fieldworker_NN1 might_VM be_VBI discouraged_VVN by_II this_DD1 situation_NN1 ,_, particularly_RR when_CS a_AT1 given_JJ language_NN1 or_CC phenomenon_NN1 that_CST seems_VVZ to_TO be_VBI well-suited_JJ to_II event_NN1 semantics_NN1 also_RR involves_VVZ scope-taking_JJ expressions_NN2 that_CST need_VV0 to_TO be_VBI analyzed_VVN in_II some_DD way_NN1 ._. 
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Crucially_RR ,_, these_DD2 assumptions_NN2 lead_VV0 the_AT folk_NN theory_NN1 to_TO locate_VVI racism_NN1 in_II the_AT individual_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Perhaps_RR Jackendoff_VV0 '_NULL s_ZZ1 parallel_JJ architecture_NN1 (_( PA_NNU )_) serves_VVZ as_CSA one_MC1 of_IO the_AT best_JJT cases_NN2 of_IO both_DB2 isolation_NN1 and_CC minimal_JJ determination_NN1 and_CC is_VBZ therefore_RR a_AT1 useful_JJ starting_NN1 point_NN1 ._. 
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Thus_RR Richard_NP1 (_( 2008_MC )_) emphasizes_VVZ the_AT need_NN1 to_TO account_VVI for_IF the_AT fact_NN1 that_CST both_DB2 types_NN2 of_IO expression_NN1 '_NULL scope_NN1 out_RP '_NULL when_CS they_PPHS2 are_VBR embedded_VVN ._. 
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The_AT general_JJ schema_NN1 of_IO the_AT account_NN1 goes_VVZ as_CSA follows_VVZ :_: a_AT1 set_NN1 of_IO verbs_NN2 in_II the_AT language_NN1 ,_, '_NULL coercion_NN1 verbs_NN2 '_NULL ,_, selects_VVZ for_IF event-denoting_NN1 complements_VVZ ,_, that_REX21 is_REX22 ,_, their_APPGE arguments_NN2 must_VM be_VBI of_IO an_AT1 eventive_JJ type_NN1 ._. 
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Note_VV0 that_CST the_AT degree_NN1 vector_NN1 analysis_NN1 proposed_VVN in_II Section_NN1 4.3_MC straightforwardly_RR derives_VVZ the_AT default_NN1 interpretations_NN2 for_IF VOCs_NN2 with_IW bottom-closed_JJ scales_NN2 since_CS ,_, unlike_II a_AT1 differential_JJ degree_NN1 ,_, a_AT1 vector_NN1 by_II definition_NN1 contains_VVZ information_NN1 not_XX only_RR about_II the_AT size_NN1 of_IO the_AT difference_NN1 between_II two_MC measurements_NN2 ,_, but_CCB also_RR what_DDQ those_DD2 measurements_NN2 are_VBR ._. 
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The_AT lexical_JJ difficulty_NN1 measures_NN2 were_VBDR computed_VVN as_CSA follows_VVZ ._. 
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<s>
We_PPIS2 model_VV0 points_NN2 as_CSA elements_NN2 of_IO a_AT1 topological_JJ space_NN1 ,_, where_CS regions_NN2 are_VBR sets_NN2 of_IO such_DA points_NN2 ._. 
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This_DD1 similarity_NN1 should_VM not_XX obscure_VVI the_AT fact_NN1 that_CST this_DD1 variety_NN1 does_VDZ not_XX descend_VVI from_II any_DD of_IO the_AT participating_JJ vernaculars_NN2 by_II31 way_II32 of_II33 intergenerational_JJ transmission_NN1 ;_; instead_RR ,_, it_PPH1 results_VVZ from_II a_AT1 metaphorical_JJ "_" disassembly_RR "_" of_IO the_AT contributing_JJ varieties_NN2 and_CC its_APPGE subsequent_JJ "_" reassembly_RR "_" ,_, whose_DDQGE bulk_NN1 is_VBZ performed_VVN by_II children_NN2 and_CC grandchildren_NN2 of_IO the_AT founding_JJ population_NN1 in_II31 response_II32 to_II33 such_DA characteristics_NN2 of_IO the_AT features_NN2 as_CSA their_APPGE frequency_NN1 ,_, transparency_NN1 ,_, and_CC salience_NN1 ._. 
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First_MD ,_, as_CSA Beck_NP1 (_( 2010_MC )_) observes_VVZ ,_, there_EX appears_VVZ to_TO be_VBI no_AT way_NN1 for_IF the_AT weaker_JJR >min_FO reading_VVG to_II surface_NN1 ,_, even_CS21 when_CS22 the_AT stronger_JJR >max_FO reading_NN1 is_VBZ ruled_VVN out_RP :_: (_( 28_MC )_) is_VBZ only_RR understood_VVN as_CSA false_JJ (_( 28a_FO )_) ,_, and_CC never_RR as_CSA true_JJ (_( 28b_FO )_) ._. 
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Sociolinguists_NN2 have_VH0 focused_VVN on_II how_RRQ children_NN2 socialize_VV0 each_PPX221 other_PPX222 into_II vernacular_JJ styles_NN2 appropriate_VV0 for_IF peer_NN1 group_NN1 use_NN1 but_CCB often_RR assume_VV0 that_CST they_PPHS2 disalign_VV0 with_IW social_JJ and_CC linguistic_JJ norms_NN2 for_IF classroom_NN1 behavior_NN1 ._. 
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It_PPH1 includes_VVZ journalistic_JJ articles_NN2 about_II everyday_JJ news_NN1 ,_, opinion_NN1 pieces_NN2 ,_, interviews_NN2 ,_, and_CC editorials_NN2 ,_, but_CCB also_RR weekly_JJ supplements_NN2 on_II specific_JJ topics_NN2 (_( business_NN1 ,_, travel_VV0 ,_, arts_NN2 and_CC culture_NN1 ,_, sports_NN2 ,_, etc._RA )_) ,_, and_CC a_AT1 weekly_JJ magazine_NN1 ._. 
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In_II31 line_II32 with_II33 Halliday_NP1 and_CC Hasan_NP1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 terminology_NN1 ,_, I_PPIS1 will_VM refer_VVI to_II contextual_JJ information_NN1 manifestly_RR intended_VVN by_II the_AT speaker_NN1 to_TO play_VVI a_AT1 role_NN1 in_II the_AT interpretive_JJ process_NN1 as_CSA presupposed_JJ information_NN1 ,_, using_VVG the_AT term_NN1 not_XX in_II any_DD of_IO its_APPGE technical_JJ senses_NN2 ,_, but_CCB merely_RR as_II a_AT1 shorthand_NN1 to_TO pick_VVI out_RP a_AT1 particular_JJ subset_NN1 of_IO available_JJ information_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT new-speaker_JJ data_NN for_IF this_DD1 study_NN1 are_VBR taken_VVN from_II semi-structured_JJ interviews_NN2 conducted_VVN by_II the_AT second_NNT1 ,_, third_MD ,_, and_CC fourth_MD authors_NN2 in_II 2013-14_MCMC ,_, and_CC which_DDQ were_VBDR part_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 project_NN1 that_CST investigated_VVD the_AT linguistic_JJ practices_NN2 and_CC ideologies_NN2 of_IO Gaelic_JJ new_JJ speakers_NN2 (_( see_VV0 McLeod_NP1 ,_, O_UH '_NULL Rourke_NP1 and_CC Dunmore_NP1 2014_MC ;_; McLeod_NP1 and_CC O_ZZ1 '_NULL Rourke_NP1 2015_MC )_) ._. 
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All_DB conference_NN1 interactions_NN2 were_VBDR conducted_VVN in_II English_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
We_PPIS2 define_VV0 the_AT size_NN1 of_IO an_AT1 edge_NN1 as_II the_AT number_NN1 of_IO recursive_JJ sub-edges_NN2 in_II the_AT edge_NN1 plus_II one_MC1 (_( e.g._REX ,_, the_AT size_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 leaf_NN1 edge_NN1 is_VBZ 1_MC1 )_) ,_, which_DDQ is_VBZ equivalent_JJ to_II the_AT number_NN1 of_IO actions_NN2 (_( i.e._REX ,_, lexical_JJ category_NN1 assignment_NN1 for_IF leaf_NN1 edges_NN2 ,_, and_CC rule_NN1 application_NN1 for_IF unary/binary_JJ edges_NN2 )_) that_CST have_VH0 been_VBN applied_VVN to_TO construct_VVI the_AT edge_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Tiana_NN1 is_VBZ frustrated_VVN (_( "_" come_VV0 o:n_FO "_" ,_, 2_MC :_: 44_MC )_) with_IW "_" the_AT woman_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 "_" category_NN1 bound_VVD actions_NN2 of_IO "_" bringing_VVG in_RP like_II this_DD1 lacy_JJ shit_NN1 "_" (_( 2_MC :_: 44_MC )_) and_CC not_XX making_VVG assumptions_NN2 (_( 2_MC :_: 44-45_MCMC ,_, 50_MC )_) based_VVN on_II Jen_NP1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 obvious_JJ dyke_NN1 appearance_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
As_CSA argued_VVN in_II Connolly_NP1 (_( 2007a_FO :_: 19_MC )_) ,_, the_AT only_JJ way_NN1 in_II which_DDQ contextual_JJ factors_NN2 may_VM directly_RR influence_VVI the_AT production_NN1 and_CC interpretation_NN1 of_IO discourse_NN1 is_VBZ through_II their_APPGE presence_NN1 in_II the_AT minds_NN2 of_IO the_AT discourse-participants_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Often_RR the_AT MWE_NP1 inherits_VVZ some_DD of_IO its_APPGE morphological_JJ features_NN2 from_II those_DD2 of_IO the_AT constituents_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Building_NN1 on_II speech_NN1 act_NN1 theory_NN1 (_( Austin_NP1 1975_MC &lsqb;_( 1962_MC &rsqb;_) ;_; Searle_NP1 1979_MC )_) ,_, Cooren_NP1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 (_( 2010_MC )_) theory_NN1 of_IO ventriloquism_NN1 posits_VVZ that_CST words_NN2 do_VD0 things_NN2 in_II interaction_NN1 by_II materializing_VVG figures_NN2 that_CST can_VM accomplish_VVI social_JJ acts_NN2 when_CS they_PPHS2 are_VBR staged_VVN in_II talk_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Research_NN1 on_II English_JJ acquisition_NN1 among_II young_JJ learners_NN2 in_II Asia_NP1 can_VM potentially_RR make_VVI unique_JJ contributions_NN2 to_II language_NN1 acquisition_NN1 theories_NN2 because_CS the_AT children_NN2 '_NULL s_ZZ1 L1s_FO are_VBR drastically_RR different_JJ from_II European_JJ languages_NN2 typologically_RR ,_, phonologically_RR ,_, lexically_RR ,_, and_CC orthographically_RR ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II Section_NN1 4_MC ,_, we_PPIS2 present_VV0 the_AT methodology_NN1 and_CC key_JJ findings_NN2 from_II our_APPGE Production_NN1 experiment_NN1 ,_, from_II which_DDQ the_AT items_NN2 used_VVN in_II our_APPGE two_MC Perception_NN1 experiments_NN2 (_( presented_VVN in_II Sections_NN2 5-6_MCMC )_) were_VBDR drawn_VVN ._. 
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<s>
Phrase_NN1 repetitions_NN2 were_VBDR used_VVN most_RGT frequently_RR in_II the_AT unscripted_JJ samples_NN2 ,_, with_IW word_NN1 repetitions_NN2 close_JJ behind_RL ._. 
</s>
<s>
Participants_NN2 were_VBDR classified_VVN as_CSA CWNS_NP1 if_CS they_PPHS2 (_( a_ZZ1 )_) exhibited_VVD two_MC or_CC fewer_DAR stuttered_JJ disfluencies_NN2 per_II 100_MC words_NN2 of_IO conversational_JJ speech_NN1 ,_, and_CC (_( b_ZZ1 )_) scored_VVD 10_MC or_CC lower_JJR on_II the_AT SSI-3_MC (_( i.e._REX ,_, severity_NN1 of_IO less_DAR than_CSN "_" mild_JJ "_" )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
These_DD2 participants_NN2 were_VBDR thus_RR probably_RR not_XX doing_VDG the_AT task_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 is_VBZ generally_RR referred_VVN to_II as_RG Simultaneous_JJ Communication_NN1 (_( SimCom_NP1 )_) in_II the_AT American_JJ literature_NN1 ,_, and_CC Sign_VV0 Supported_JJ English_NN1 (_( SSE_ND1 )_) in_II the_AT UK_NP1 ._. 
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<s>
Of_IO nine_MC studies_NN2 ,_, five_MC studies_NN2 used_VVD a_AT1 delayed_JJ posttest_JJT ,_, and_CC in_II four_MC of_IO these_DD2 cases_NN2 retention_NN1 of_IO learned_JJ pragmatic_JJ knowledge_NN1 was_VBDZ confirmed_VVN (_( Alcón-Soler_NP1 2007_MC ;_; Félix-Brasdefer_NP1 2008_MC ;_; Nguyen_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
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<s>
2012_MC ;_; Fordyce_NP1 2014_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_RR21 particular_RR22 ,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ often_RR seen_VVN as_II a_AT1 possible_JJ solution_NN1 to_II Artificial_JJ Intelligence_NN1 (_( AI_NN1 )_) planning_VVG in_II which_DDQ well-studied_JJ algorithms_NN2 are_VBR used_VVN for_IF finding_VVG action_NN1 strategies_NN2 for_IF NLG_NP1 tasks_NN2 from_II a_AT1 predefined_JJ set_NN1 of_IO knowledge_NN1 and_CC constraints_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
As_II a_AT1 result_NN1 ,_, for_IF purposes_NN2 of_IO ellipsis_NN1 resolution_NN1 and_CC alternative_JJ computation_NN1 ,_, &lsqb;_( protfem_NN1 &rsqb;_) can_VM be_VBI replaced_VVN with_IW prot_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
These_DD2 words_NN2 signal_VV0 the_AT presence_NN1 of_IO shared_JJ background_NN1 knowledge_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT small_JJ (_( .30_MC )_) difference_NN1 in_II the_AT groups_NN2 '_NULL self-rated_JJ understanding_NN1 of_IO the_AT sentences_NN2 was_VBDZ not_XX reliable_JJ (_( t(22)_FO =_FO 1.76_MC ,_, p_ZZ1 =_FO .093_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT data_NN were_VBDR transcribed_VVN using_VVG the_AT conventions_NN2 set_VVN up_RP by_II Jefferson_NP1 (_( as_CSA presented_VVN in_II Atkinson_NP1 and_CC Heritage_NN1 1984_MC )_) (_( see_VV0 the_AT appendix_NN1 )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT Apple_NN1 logo_NN1 was_VBDZ designed_VVN with_IW a_AT1 bite_NN1 so_CS21 that_CS22 it_PPH1 would_VM be_VBI recognized_VVN as_II an_AT1 apple_NN1 rather_II21 than_II22 a_AT1 cherry_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Consider_VV0 some_DD of_IO their_APPGE examples_NN2 in_II (_( 76a-b_FO )_) and_CC (_( 77a-c_FO )_) (_( taken_VVN fromBeck_NN1 and_CC Kim_NP1 (_( 2006_MC ,_, p._NN1 172_MC )_) with_IW our_APPGE own_DA notational_JJ convention_NN1 )_) ._. 
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<s>
The_AT syntactic_JJ structure_NN1 of_IO the_AT quote_NN1 follows_VVZ the_AT typical_JJ pattern_NN1 of_IO the_AT be_VBI +_FO like_II construction_NN1 (_( Barbieri_NP1 ,_, 2005_MC ;_; Fox_NP1 &amp;_CC Robles_NP1 ,_, 2010_MC ;_; Fox_NP1 Tree_NN1 &amp;_CC Tomlinson_NP1 ,_, 2007_MC ;_; Tagliomante_NP1 &amp;_CC D_ZZ1 '_NULL Arcy_NP1 ,_, 2004_MC ;_; for_IF a_AT1 recent_JJ review_NN1 see_VV0 D_ZZ1 '_NULL arcy_NN1 ,_, 2015_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
The_AT research_NN1 team_NN1 coded_VVD data_NN with_IW an_AT1 overall_JJ inter-rater_JJ reliability_NN1 of_IO r_ZZ1 =_FO .98_MC ._. 
</s>
<s>
Subjects_NN2 were_VBDR then_RT presented_VVN with_IW a_AT1 sentence_NN1 describing_VVG the_AT scene_NN1 with_IW the_AT bear_NN1 and_CC cow_NN1 and_CC were_VBDR asked_VVN to_TO determine_VVI whether_CSW it_PPH1 was_VBDZ Smart_JJ Puppet_NN1 or_CC Silly_JJ Puppet_NN1 who_PNQS uttered_VVD this_DD1 statement_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
However_RR ,_, this_DD1 type_NN1 of_IO definition_NN1 has_VHZ been_VBN unavailable_JJ since_CS the_AT introduction_NN1 of_IO the_AT Predicate-_JJ Internal_JJ Subject_NN1 Hypothesis_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ uniformly_RR makes_VVZ the_AT subject_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 TP_NN1 ,_, or_CC the_AT relevant_JJ position_NN1 from_II which_DDQ son_NN1 propre_NN1 is_VBZ bound_VVN ,_, never_RR a_AT1 0-position_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Despite_II the_AT fact_NN1 that_CST this_DD1 work_NN1 pioneered_VVD the_AT field_NN1 of_IO rhetorical_JJ analysis_NN1 ,_, it_PPH1 has_VHZ many_DA2 limitations_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Aside_II21 from_II22 semantic_JJ primes_NN2 ,_, which_DDQ are_VBR the_AT ultimate_JJ bedrock_NN1 of_IO linguistic_JJ meaning_NN1 ,_, evidence_NN1 suggests_VVZ that_CST a_AT1 smallish_JJ number_NN1 of_IO more_RGR complex_JJ meanings_NN2 (_( perhaps_RR 60-80_MCMC in_II number_NN1 )_) appear_VV0 in_II all_DB or_CC most_DAT languages_NN2 of_IO the_AT world_NN1 (_( Goddard_NP1 2012_MC ,_, in_II press_NN1 )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
They_PPHS2 do_VD0 so_RR by_II considering_VVG the_AT experiences_NN2 that_CST differently_RR positioned_VVN individuals_NN2 have_VH0 to_II the_AT changing_JJ politics_NN1 of_IO language_NN1 use_VV0 involved_JJ in_II revitalization_NN1 programs_NN2 and_CC practices_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
From_II other_JJ details_NN2 of_IO the_AT interaction_NN1 before_II and_CC after_CS this_DD1 excerpt_NN1 ,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ likely_JJ that_CST Sara_NP1 is_VBZ searching_VVG for_IF the_AT image_NN1 she_PPHS1 is_VBZ about_RPK to_TO share_VVI from_II a_AT1 digital_JJ photo_NN1 album_NN1 hosted_VVN on_II the_AT social_JJ network_NN1 site_NN1 Facebook_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT subject-object_JJ asymmetry_NN1 in_II the_AT availability_NN1 of_IO CQP-negation_JJ inversion_NN1 seen_VVN in_II (_( 5a_FO )_) and_CC (_( 5b_FO )_) might_VM prompt_VVI one_PN1 to_TO explore_VVI a_AT1 configurational_JJ or_CC cartographic_JJ account_NN1 of_IO scope_NN1 taking_VVG along_II the_AT lines_NN2 of_IO Beghelli_NP1 &amp;_CC Stowell_NP1 (_( 1997_MC )_) ;_; but_CCB the_AT contrast_NN1 between_II main-_NN1 and_CC embedded-clause_JJ CQP_NP1 subjects_NN2 seen_VVN in_II (_( 5b_FO )_) and_CC (_( 5c_FO )_) makes_VVZ any_DD such_DA proposal_NN1 difficult_JJ to_TO maintain_VVI ._. 
</s>
<s>
When_CS asked_VVN by_II students_NN2 what_DDQ he_PPHS1 thought_VVD of_IO the_AT Canadian_JJ government_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 apology_NN1 ,_, he_PPHS1 said_VVD that_CST it_PPH1 was_VBDZ both_RR overdue_JJ ,_, and_CC inadequate_JJ ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT discussion_NN1 raises_VVZ many_DA2 interesting_JJ issues_NN2 ,_, but_CCB is_VBZ philosophically_RR jejune_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT recipient_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 understanding_VVG that_DD1 "_" or_CC Katherine_NP1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 "_" (_( line_NN1 2_MC )_) is_VBZ a_AT1 repair_NN1 ,_, substituting_VVG the_AT formulation_NN1 "_" Katherine_NP1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 &lsqb;_( car_NN1 &rsqb;_) "_" for_IF "_" his_APPGE own_DA car_NN1 "_" -and_CC that_DD1 or_CC is_VBZ used_VVN here_RL in_II an_AT1 "_" appositional_JJ "_" rather_II21 than_II22 "_" alternative_NN1 "_" sense-depends_VVZ upon_II his_APPGE knowledge_NN1 that_CST their_APPGE son_NN1 does_VDZ not_XX own_VVI a_AT1 car_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT comparison_NN1 in_II all_DB three_MC measures_NN2 demonstrates_VVZ that_CST the_AT improvements_NN2 are_VBR indeed_RR partly_RR due_II21 to_II22 the_AT DCRF_NP1 model_NN1 (_( p-value_NN1 <_FO 0.01_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
The_AT goal_NN1 of_IO this_DD1 study_NN1 is_VBZ to_TO specify_VVI semantic_JJ cognition_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 involvement_NN1 in_II structural_JJ aspects_NN2 of_IO morphology_NN1 like_II morpheme_NN1 assembly_NN1 and_CC regularity_NN1 ,_, but_CCB also_RR in_II the_AT production_NN1 and_CC comprehension_NN1 of_IO semantically_RR encoded_VVD aspects_NN2 of_IO inflection_NN1 ,_, such_II21 as_II22 tense_JJ ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 review_NN1 will_VM focus_VVI on_II studies_NN2 of_IO cerebellar_JJ involvement_NN1 in_II the_AT generation_NN1 of_IO semantic_JJ and_CC phonological_JJ predictions_NN2 above_II the_AT lexical_JJ level_NN1 in_II language_NN1 comprehension_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
I_PPIS1 say_VV0 to_II you_PPY '_NULL These_DD2 boys_NN2 need_VV0 to_TO get_VVI clean_JJ '_NULL ,_, and_CC then_RT I_PPIS1 leave_VV0 to_TO do_VDI some_DD errands_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
They_PPHS2 stand_VV0 alone_RR as_CSA unique_JJ contributions_NN2 to_II the_AT dialogue_NN1 ,_, without_IW any_DD additional_JJ text_NN1 or_CC introductory_JJ devices_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
We_PPIS2 also_RR asked_VVD whether_CSW trial-initial_JJ attention_NN1 affected_VVN responses_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
AraComLex_NN1 contains_VVZ 30,587_MC lemmas_NN2 and_CC is_VBZ developed_VVN using_VVG finite_JJ state_NN1 technology_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
More_RGR broadly_RR ,_, though_CS ,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ difficult_JJ to_TO avoid_VVI the_AT impression_NN1 that_CST despite_II the_AT great_JJ number_NN1 of_IO publications_NN2 that_CST have_VH0 been_VBN dedicated_VVN to_II discourse_NN1 markers_NN2 (_( including_VVG in_II a_AT1 historical_JJ perspective_NN1 )_) in_II recent_JJ years_NNT2 ,_, progress_NN1 has_VHZ been_VBN a_RR21 little_RR22 slow_JJ ._. 
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<s>
However_RR ,_, no_AT response_NN1 is_VBZ forthcoming_JJ at_II line_NN1 22_MC ;_; in_II fact_NN1 ,_, there_EX is_VBZ a_AT1 long_JJ gap_NN1 of_IO 1.8_MC s_ZZ1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
M2_FO takes_VVZ the_AT next_MD turn_NN1 ,_, his_APPGE response_NN1 providing_VVG an_AT1 analysis_NN1 of_IO the_AT gap_NN1 and_CC a_AT1 possible_JJ problem_NN1 in_II M1_FO '_NULL s_ZZ1 turn_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Zhu_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. '_NULL s_ZZ1 (_( 2007_MC )_) approach_NN1 tackles_VVZ the_AT normalization_NN1 task_NN1 as_II a_AT1 tagging_JJ problem_NN1 ,_, where_CS the_AT different_JJ normalization_NN1 transformations_NN2 required_VVN are_VBR performed_VVN on_II each_DD1 token_NN1 depending_II21 on_II22 its_APPGE type_NN1 (_( line_NN1 break_NN1 ,_, space_NN1 ,_, punctuation_NN1 ,_, word_NN1 ,_, and_CC special_JJ )_) ._. 
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<s>
Lexicographic_JJ resources_NN2 are_VBR manually_RR built_VVN knowledge_NN1 bases_NN2 from_II which_DDQ semantic_JJ information_NN1 may_VM be_VBI extracted_VVN ._. 
</s>
<s>
There_EX is_VBZ no_AT doubt_NN1 that_CST '_NULL English_JJ proficiency_NN1 has_VHZ become_VVN a_AT1 very_RG expensive_JJ commodity_NN1 '_NULL (_( Hu_NP1 2009_MC :_: 50_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
Again_RT ,_, Mr._NNB Owl_NP1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 rule_NN1 is_VBZ compatible_JJ with_IW the_AT literal_JJ meaning_NN1 of_IO the_AT test_NN1 sentence_NN1 ;_; it_PPH1 is_VBZ not_XX ,_, however_RR ,_, compatible_JJ with_IW its_APPGE '_NULL not-required-to_XX '_NULL inference_NN1 ,_, ?_? p_ZZ1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
They_PPHS2 continued_VVD to_TO define_VVI the_AT new_JJ lemmas_NN2 and_CC included_VVD those_DD2 which_DDQ '_NULL revealed_VVD '_NULL themselves_PPX2 during_II their_APPGE work_NN1 ;_; for_REX21 instance_REX22 ,_, a_AT1 synonym_NN1 was_VBDZ found_VVN and_CC it_PPH1 was_VBDZ also_RR included_VVN as_II a_AT1 lemma_NN1 ,_, being_VBG defined_VVN accordingly_RR ._. 
</s>
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For_IF more_RGR substantial_JJ discussion_NN1 of_IO the_AT limitations_NN2 of_IO this_DD1 approach_NN1 see_VV0 Curl_NN1 and_CC Drew_NP1 (_( 2008_MC )_) and_CC Watts_NP1 (_( 2003_MC )_) ,_, and_CC for_IF an_AT1 examination_NN1 of_IO object_NN1 requests_NN2 and_CC directness_NN1 see_VV0 Ogiermann_NP1 (_( 2015_MC )_) ._. 
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Second_MD ,_, mitigating_VVG devices_NN2 have_VH0 been_VBN examined_VVN in_II various_JJ Spanish_JJ dialects_NN2 and_CC in_II different_JJ social_JJ contexts_NN2 (_( e.g._REX ,_, Blum-Kulka_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 1989_MC ;_; Bravo_UH ,_, 1999_MC ;_; Bravo_UH and_CC Briz_NP1 ,_, 2004_MC ;_; Koike_NP1 ,_, 1994_MC ;_; Murillo_NP1 Medrano_NP1 ,_, 2002_MC )_) ,_, however_RR ,_, limited_JJ research_NN1 has_VHZ attended_VVN to_II mitigation_NN1 in_II argument_NN1 discourses_NN2 of_IO L2_FO speakers_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Moreover_RR ,_, there_EX is_VBZ reason_NN1 to_TO believe_VVI that_DD1 non-native_JJ English_NN1 speaking_VVG adults_NN2 with_IW less_DAR than_CSN fully_RR proficient_JJ speaking_JJ ability_NN1 are_VBR less_RRR able_JK to_TO take_VVI competing_JJ alternatives_NN2 into_II account_NN1 ;_; in_RR21 particular_RR22 ,_, Robenalt_NP1 and_CC Goldberg_NP1 (_( to_TO appear_VVI )_) use_VV0 the_AT stimuli_NN2 and_CC design_NN1 reported_VVD here_RL as_CSA Experiment_NN1 1_MC1 on_II non-native_JJ speakers_NN2 as_II31 well_II32 as_II33 on_II a_AT1 new_JJ group_NN1 of_IO native_JJ speakers_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Table_NN1 11_MC provides_VVZ the_AT comps_NN2 from_II both_DB2 the_AT lexsub_NN1 and_CC the_AT clls_NNU data_NN ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 is_VBZ the_AT first_MD result_NN1 to_TO show_VVI that_DD1 disfluency_NN1 can_VM bias_VVI listeners_NN2 against_II objects_NN2 that_CST lack_VV0 a_AT1 conventional_JJ name_NN1 and_CC require_VV0 a_AT1 longer_JJR description_NN1 ,_, properties_NN2 that_CST have_VH0 been_VBN previously_RR correlated_VVN with_IW disfluency_NN1 (_( Arnold_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2007_MC ;_; Barr_NP1 ,_, 2001_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
That_CST we_PPIS2 are_VBR doing_VDG so_RR is_VBZ a_AT1 testament_NN1 to_II the_AT character_NN1 of_IO the_AT men_NN2 and_CC women_NN2 in_II uniform_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Comparative_JJ modelling_NN1 suggested_VVD that_CST different_JJ variable_NN1 combinations_NN2 could_VM achieve_VVI comparable_JJ results_NN2 ,_, and_CC that_CST omitting_VVG some_DD affected_JJ prediction_NN1 accuracy_NN1 more_RRR than_CSN omitting_VVG others_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT third_MD and_CC fourth_MD outcome_NN1 assessments_NN2 took_VVD place_NN1 6_MC months_NNT2 and_CC 12_MC months_NNT2 after_II completion_NN1 of_IO Stage_NN1 1_MC1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Which_DDQ of_IO these_DD2 accounts_NN2 better_RRR explains_VVZ the_AT nature_NN1 of_IO these_DD2 children_NN2 '_NULL s_ZZ1 sentence_NN1 interpretation_NN1 deficits_NN2 is_VBZ still_RR under_II debate_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT three_MC linking_VVG phenomena_NN2 mentioned_VVN can_VM be_VBI seen_VVN as_CSA manifestations_NN2 of_IO that_DD1 same_DA general_JJ tendency_NN1 (_( elision_NN1 and_CC liaison_NN1 are_VBR two_MC different_JJ ways_NN2 of_IO avoiding_VVG adjacent_JJ vowels_NN2 ,_, which_DDQ are_VBR realized_VVN in_II different_JJ morphosyntactic_JJ contexts_NN2 )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Evidence_NN1 from_II patterns_NN2 in_II the_AT transcription_NN1 errors_NN2 (_( Table_NN1 4_MC )_) is_VBZ mixed_VVN regarding_II the_AT extent_NN1 to_II which_DDQ listeners_NN2 made_VVD use_NN1 of_IO social_JJ knowledge_NN1 to_TO alter_VVI their_APPGE specific_JJ predictions_NN2 about_II fine_JJ phonetic_JJ detail_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
It_PPH1 contains_VVZ a_AT1 great_JJ deal_NN1 of_IO new_JJ information_NN1 ,_, and_CC also_RR newly-packaged_JJ older_JJR information_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Thus_RR ,_, this_DD1 formula_NN1 represents_VVZ the_AT communication_NN1 difficulties_NN2 that_CST students_NN2 face_VV0 when_CS communicating_VVG with_IW instructors_NN2 who_PNQS have_VH0 Chinese_JJ or_CC Korean_JJ last_MD names_NN2 as_RG temporary_JJ as_CSA opposed_VVN to_II the_AT immutable_JJ incomprehensibility_NN1 ascribed_VVN to_II these_DD2 instructors_NN2 by_II the_AT ideology_NN1 of_IO nativeness_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Following_VVG Krifka_NP1 (_( 2001_MC )_) and_CC others_NN2 ,_, these_DD2 questions_NN2 can_VM be_VBI represented_VVN as_CSA simple_JJ predicates_NN2 ,_, Xx.teach_NP1 (_( bill_NN1 ,_, x_ZZ1 )_) and_CC Xx.teach_NP1 (_( sue_VV0 ,_, x_ZZ1 )_) ,_, respectively_RR ,_, such_CS21 that_CS22 the_AT component_NN1 meaninghood_NN1 assumption_NN1 can_VM stand_VVI as_CSA is_VBZ ._. 
</s>
<s>
Although_CS these_DD2 numbers_NN2 show_VV0 that_CST the_AT pluralization_NN1 of_IO presentational_JJ haber_NN1 is_VBZ a_AT1 wide-spread_JJ variation_NN1 in_II Dominican_JJ Spanish_JJ ,_, they_PPHS2 do_VD0 not_XX match_VVI the_AT high_JJ frequencies_NN2 that_CST have_VH0 been_VBN documented_VVN in_II earlier_JJR studies_NN2 of_IO Latin_JJ American_JJ Spanish_NN1 (_( 54-82%_FO ;_; Bentivoglio_NP1 and_CC Sedano_NP1 2011_MC :_: 173_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 impression_NN1 is_VBZ reinforced_VVN by_II the_AT fact_NN1 that_CST the_AT signature_NN1 looks_VVZ bland_JJ ,_, generic_JJ and_CC unusually_RR legible_JJ in_II comparison_NN1 to_II the_AT other_JJ signatures_NN2 in_II the_AT corpus_NN1 (_( see_VV0 Figure_NN1 2_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
Of_RR21 course_RR22 ,_, CLEC_NP1 consists_VVZ of_IO all_DB native_JJ Chinese_JJ authors_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT disparate_JJ of_IO signals_NN2 of_IO translation_NN1 equivalence_NN1 all_DB provide_VV0 an_AT1 equal_JJ contribution_NN1 in_II MRR_NP1 ,_, regardless_RR of_IO how_RGQ good_JJ they_PPHS2 are_VBR at_II picking_VVG out_RP good_JJ translations_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Nevertheless_RR ,_, the_AT data_NN here_RL suggest_VV0 further_JJR investigation_NN1 is_VBZ warranted_VVN into_II the_AT relationship_NN1 between_II metalinguistic_JJ perceptions_NN2 of_IO grammaticality_NN1 and_CC online_JJ language_NN1 processing_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II this_DD1 instance_NN1 a_AT1 number_NN1 of_IO indexical_JJ possibilities_NN2 are_VBR invoked_VVN through_II the_AT use_NN1 of_IO this_DD1 deictic_JJ ._. 
</s>
<s>
Some_DD cross-associations_NN2 (_( e.g._REX filling_NN1 in_II hatches_NN2 instead_II21 of_II22 hatchet_NN1 ,_, and_CC loops_NN2 instead_II21 of_II22 hoops_NN2 )_) were_VBDR observed_VVN in_II both_DB2 conditions_NN2 ,_, but_CCB we_PPIS2 fail_VV0 to_TO observe_VVI a_AT1 clear_JJ difference_NN1 in_II the_AT number_NN1 of_IO cross-associations_NN2 for_IF either_DD1 cluster_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
We_PPIS2 do_VD0 not_XX advocate_VVI such_DA a_AT1 first-order_JJ view_NN1 completely_RR ,_, however_RR ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT fact_NN1 that_CST different_JJ variables_NN2 do_VD0 not_XX behave_VVI the_AT same_DA in_II a_AT1 variety_NN1 of_IO linguistic_JJ processes_NN2 (_( acquisition_NN1 ,_, change_VV0 ,_, accommodation_NN1 )_) is_VBZ an_AT1 important_JJ (_( and_CC difficult_JJ )_) problem_NN1 in_II sociophonetics_NN2 ,_, and_CC it_PPH1 is_VBZ likely_JJ that_CST the_AT types_NN2 of_IO factors_NN2 that_CST Marotta_NP1 discusses_VVZ are_VBR important_JJ (_( cf._VV0 These_DD2 dimensions_NN2 of_IO epistemic_JJ status_NN1 are_VBR clearly_RR oriented_VVN to_II in_II assessment_NN1 sequences_NN2 ,_, which_DDQ are_VBR shaped_VVN by_II the_AT asymmetrical_JJ sequential_JJ distribution_NN1 of_IO assessment_NN1 rights_NN2 ._. 
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Watumull_NN1 claims_VVZ that_CST his_APPGE thesis_NN1 "_" is_VBZ or_CC would_VM be_VBI accepted_VVN by_II the_AT majority_NN1 of_IO researchers_NN2 in_II biolinguistics_NN2 "_" (_( Watumull_NP1 ,_, 2013_MC :_: 313_MC )_) ._. 
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Hannah_NP1 starts_VVZ the_AT story_NN1 ,_, "_" She_PPHS1 got_VVD an_AT1 A_ZZ1 for_IF rippin_NN1 '_NULL "_" immediately_RR following_VVG Jenny_NP1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 turn_NN1 given_VVN above_RL ._. 
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One_MC1 of_IO the_AT weaknesses_NN2 of_IO both_DB2 the_AT PAM-L2_NN1 and_CC SLM_NP1 is_VBZ that_CST they_PPHS2 can_VM predict_VVI the_AT relative_JJ ease_NN1 or_CC difficulty_NN1 of_IO learning_VVG L2_FO phonemes_NN2 without_IW being_VBG able_JK to_TO be_VBI more_RGR specific_JJ than_CSN this_DD1 ._. 
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The_AT speaker_NN1 of_IO (_( 16_MC )_) likely_RR referred_VVN to_II the_AT first_MD meaning_NN1 of_IO marshmallow_NN1 ,_, that_DD1 of_IO a_AT1 sweet_JJ ._. 
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An_AT1 encoder_NN1 might_VM also_RR learn_VVI a_AT1 compressed_JJ code_NN1 autonomously_RR ._. 
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In_II so_RR doing_VDG he_PPHS1 produces_VVZ a_AT1 candidate_NN1 hearing_NN1 ._. 
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All_DB three_MC outperform_VV0 a_AT1 classifier_NN1 trained_VVN on_II source_NN1 documents_NN2 (_( represented_VVN as_CSA bags_NN2 of_IO words_NN2 )_) and_CC applied_VVD to_TO target_VVI documents_NN2 which_DDQ have_VH0 been_VBN machine-translated_JJ to_II the_AT source_NN1 language_NN1 ,_, and_CC successively_RR gain_VV0 in_II accuracy_NN1 and_CC speed_NN1 ._. 
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They_PPHS2 ,_, too_RR ,_, neglect_VV0 the_AT situation_NN1 in_II which_DDQ visual_JJ conduct_NN1 is_VBZ accomplished_VVN (_( Goffman_NP1 ,_, 1964_MC )_) ._. 
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Two_MC friends_NN2 are_VBR sitting_VVG outside_RL on_II the_AT grass_NN1 enjoying_VVG the_AT sunshine_NN1 when_CS Liz_NP1 begins_VVZ rubbing_VVG her_APPGE upper_JJ lip_NN1 with_IW the_AT forefinger_NN1 of_IO her_APPGE right_JJ hand_NN1 ._. 
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Other_JJ potential_JJ cues_NN2 ,_, including_II N-gram_JJ models_NN2 ,_, morphology_NN1 ,_, and_CC feminine_JJ forms_NN2 of_IO numbers_NN2 and_CC adjectives_NN2 all_DB are_VBR negligible_JJ when_CS compared_VVN with_IW a_AT1 simple-minded_NN1 guess_VV0 masculine_JJ strategy_NN1 ._. 
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This_DD1 indicates_VVZ that_CST in_II the_AT context_NN1 of_IO Fig.2a_FO ,_, a_AT1 non-existential_JJ strategy_NN1 is_VBZ more_RGR prominent_JJ in_II (_( 58b_FO )_) than_CSN the_AT existential_JJ strategy_NN1 ._. 
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Previous_JJ research_NN1 has_VHZ demonstrated_VVN that_CST ,_, in_RR21 general_RR22 ,_, cross-language_JJ similarity_NN1 can_VM predict_VVI the_AT ease_NN1 or_CC difficulty_NN1 of_IO learning_VVG L2_FO phonemes_NN2 ._. 
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For_IF the_AT other_JJ lemmas_NN2 ,_, more_DAR than_CSN one_MC1 candidate_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 inflections_NN2 are_VBR passed_VVN as_CSA input_NN1 words_NN2 to_II the_AT word_NN1 ordering_NN1 system_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT other_JJ materials_NN2 exchanged_VVD were_VBDR a_AT1 set_NN1 of_IO proofs_NN2 ,_, provided_VVN by_II Yule_NP1 to_II Murray_NP1 at_II some_DD point_NN1 prior_II21 to_II22 September_NPM1 1885_MC (_( when_CS the_AT prefatory_JJ note_NN1 to_II Part_NN1 II_MC was_VBDZ written_VVN ,_, with_IW explicit_JJ acknowledgment_NN1 of_IO Yule_NP1 and_CC his_APPGE proofs_NN2 )_) ;_; of_IO these_DD2 proofs_NN2 ,_, only_RR fragmentary_JJ evidence_NN1 is_VBZ available_JJ ,_, as_CSA will_VM be_VBI discussed_VVN below_RL ._. 
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An_AT1 additional_JJ advantage_NN1 is_VBZ that_CST the_AT responses_NN2 provided_CS some_DD information_NN1 about_II listeners_NN2 '_NULL final_JJ interpretation_NN1 of_IO the_AT story_NN1 ._. 
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Here_RL ,_, I_PPIS1 focus_VV0 on_II a_AT1 sequence_NN1 of_IO stagings_NN2 of_IO Corsican_JJ language_NN1 and_CC culture_NN1 during_II a_AT1 three-day_JJ event_NN1 in_II 2011_MC that_CST included_VVD plurilingual_JJ ,_, heteroglossic_JJ performances_NN2 ._. 
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Modular_JJ pivots_NN2 are_VBR comprised_VVN of_IO items_NN2 of_IO talk_NN1 that_CST (_( a_ZZ1 )_) are_VBR linguistic_JJ adjuncts_NN2 and_CC hence_RR syntactically_RR optional_JJ ,_, (_( b_ZZ1 )_) routinely_RR appear_VV0 in_RP both_RR turn-initial_JJ and_CC turn-final_JJ positions_NN2 ,_, and_CC (_( c_ZZ1 )_) are_VBR deployed_VVN to_TO forge_VVI an_AT1 overlapping_JJ or_CC pivotal_JJ transition_NN1 between_II otherwise_RR discrete_JJ TCUs_NN1 ._. 
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In_II the_AT generic_JJ device_NN1 used_VVN by_II DGS_NP1 signers_NN2 ,_, referents_NN2 were_VBDR not_XX in_II fact_NN1 represented_VVN on_II the_AT hands_NN2 ._. 
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This_DD1 exists_VVZ within_II the_AT minds_NN2 of_IO the_AT discourse-participants_NN2 (_( including_II analysts_NN2 ,_, where_CS applicable_JJ )_) ._. 
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Next_MD ,_, we_PPIS2 examined_VVD whether_CSW the_AT proportion_NN1 of_IO trials_NN2 with_IW correct_JJ choices_NN2 was_VBDZ above_II the_AT chance_NN1 level_NN1 in_II the_AT Identifiable_JJ and_CC the_AT Unidentifiable_JJ items_NN2 ._. 
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Below_RL we_PPIS2 give_VV0 the_AT semantic_JJ derivation_NN1 for_IF a_AT1 comparative_JJ with_IW a_AT1 some-indefinite_JJ in_II the_AT than-clause_NN1 ._. 
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In_II the_AT analysis_NN1 comparing_VVG semantically-related_NN1 to_II unrelated_JJ pairs_NN2 ,_, there_EX was_VBDZ no_AT main_JJ effect_NN1 of_IO language_NN1 group_NN1 ,_, F_ZZ1 (_( 1_MC1 ,_, 39_MC )_) =_FO 2.85_MC ,_, p_ZZ1 =_FO .10_MC ,_, but_CCB there_EX was_VBDZ a_AT1 marginal_JJ effect_NN1 of_IO distractor_NN1 type_NN1 ,_, F_ZZ1 (_( 1_MC1 ,_, 39_MC )_) =_FO 3.72_MC ,_, p_ZZ1 =_FO .06_MC ,_, p2_FO ._. 
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They_PPHS2 were_VBDR collected_VVN from_II email_NN1 ,_, blogs_NN2 ,_, and_CC an_AT1 online_JJ survey_NN1 designed_VVN for_IF this_DD1 study_NN1 ._. 
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It_PPH1 is_VBZ also_RR the_AT most_RGT specific_JJ of_IO other-initiations_NN2 of_IO repair_NN1 (_( Schegloff_NP1 ,_, 2007_MC )_) ._. 
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Specifically_RR ,_, metaphor_NN1 is_VBZ not_XX only_RR a_AT1 strategy_NN1 to_TO symbolize_VVI and_CC communicate_VVI difficult-to-describe_VV0 abstractions_NN2 (_( McMullen_NP1 ,_, 1996_MC ;_; Stott_NP1 ,_, Mansell_NP1 ,_, Salkovskis_NP1 ,_, Lavender_NN1 ,_, &amp;_CC Cartwright-Hatton_NP1 ,_, 2010_MC )_) ,_, but_CCB may_VM be_VBI an_AT1 inherent_JJ yet_RR underexplored_JJ mechanism_NN1 in_II key_JJ psychotherapeutic_JJ processes_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 transference_NN1 (_( Borbely_NP1 ,_, 2008_MC )_) ._. 
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This_DD1 resulted_VVD in_II a_AT1 total_NN1 of_IO seventeen_MC levels_NN2 for_IF both_DB2 factors_NN2 ._. 
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The_AT rule-based_JJ baseline_NN1 produces_VVZ an_AT1 output_NN1 that_CST contains_VVZ 5,902_MC nodes_NN2 ._. 
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Panbanisha_NN1 was_VBDZ born_VVN in_II 1985_MC ,_, while_CS Kanzi_NP1 was_VBDZ born_VVN in_II 1980_MC ._. 
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Now_RT ,_, it_PPH1 only_RR makes_VVZ sense_NN1 to_TO check_VVI the_AT fridge_NN1 if_CS R_ZZ1 is_VBZ still_RR unresolved_JJ ,_, and_CC Sarah_NP1 points_VVZ out_RP that_CST it_PPH1 indeed_RR is_VBZ by_II asserting_VVG (_( 22a_FO )_) which_DDQ addresses_VVZ R._NP1 In_II doing_VDG so_RR ,_, we_PPIS2 have_VH0 provided_VVN some_DD criteria_NN2 for_IF addressing_VVG the_AT lemma_NN1 dilemma_NN1 for_IF sign_NN1 languages_NN2 ._. 
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Although_CS Turkish_JJ has_VHZ sometimes_RT been_VBN characterized_VVN as_II a_AT1 final_JJ devoicing_JJ language_NN1 (_( e.g._REX Inkelas_NN2 &amp;_CC Orgun_VV0 1995_MC )_) ,_, we_PPIS2 believe_VV0 that_CST the_AT set_NN1 of_IO results_NN2 collected_VVN here_RL strongly_RR points_VVZ towards_II a_AT1 specification_NN1 in_II31 terms_II32 of_II33 &lsqb;_( spread_VV0 glottis_NN1 &rsqb;_) ,_, not_XX only_RR for_IF the_AT stops_NN2 but_CCB also_RR for_IF the_AT fricatives_NN2 ._. 
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First_MD she_PPHS1 discusses_VVZ the_AT predicaments_NN2 and_CC buffoonery_NN1 of_IO Coyote_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 activities_NN2 and_CC how_RRQ the_AT voicing_NN1 of_IO these_DD2 characters_NN2 varies_VVZ across_II storytellers_NN2 ._. 
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Furthermore_RR ,_, the_AT copy_NN1 operations_NN2 do_VD0 not_XX introduce_VVI nonterminals_NN2 into_II any_DD other_JJ cells_NN2 with_IW unmarked_JJ addresses_NN2 ._. 
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The_AT remaining_JJ responses_NN2 were_VBDR either_RR unrelated_JJ to_II the_AT question_NN1 (_( 10.7%_FO on_II Ignorance-1_MC1 trials_NN2 and_CC 7.4%_FO on_II Ignorance-2_MC trials-e.g._REX '_NULL because_CS he_PPHS1 has_VHZ white_JJ on_II his_APPGE hands_NN2 '_NULL )_) -or_CC un-intelligible_JJ (_( 3.6%_FO on_II Ignorance-1_MC1 trials_NN2 )_) ._. 
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We_PPIS2 chose_VVD this_DD1 threshold_NN1 somewhat_RR arbitrarily_RR based_VVN on_II our_APPGE perception_NN1 of_IO what_DDQ constitutes_VVZ clear_JJ linguistic_JJ evidence_NN1 ._. 
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We_PPIS2 demonstrate_VV0 ,_, in_II31 line_II32 with_II33 previous_JJ intuitions_NN2 ,_, that_CST an_AT1 indirect_JJ rejection_NN1 in_II the_AT form_NN1 of_IO '_NULL Hey_UH ,_, wait_VV0 a_AT1 minute_NNT1 '_NULL is_VBZ a_AT1 more_RGR likely_JJ choice_NN1 to_TO target_VVI appositive_JJ content_NN1 than_CSN a_AT1 direct_JJ '_NULL That_CST '_NULL s_ZZ1 not_XX true_JJ '_NULL response_NN1 ,_, and_CC is_VBZ more_RGR likely_JJ to_TO be_VBI associated_VVN with_IW an_AT1 appositive_JJ than_CSN main_JJ clause_NN1 content_NN1 ._. 
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In_II this_DD1 section_NN1 we_PPIS2 describe_VV0 our_APPGE relative_JJ clause_NN1 composition_NN1 methods_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Count-based_JJ features_NN2 can_VM also_RR be_VBI extended_VVN to_TO cover_VVI other_JJ features_NN2 of_IO the_AT translation_NN1 ,_, such_II21 as_II22 phrase_NN1 or_CC rule_NN1 bigrams_NNU2 ,_, indicating_VVG which_DDQ phrases_NN2 or_CC rules_NN2 tend_VV0 to_TO be_VBI used_VVN together_RL (_( Simianer_NP1 ,_, Riezler_NP1 ,_, and_CC Dyer_NP1 2012_MC )_) ._. 
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Although_CS two_MC consider_VV0 themselves_PPX2 bilingual_JJ because_CS they_PPHS2 can_VM read_VVI ,_, write_VV0 ,_, speak_VV0 ,_, and_CC think_VV0 in_II both_DB2 languages_NN2 (_( though_CS their_APPGE written_JJ French_NN1 surpasses_VVZ their_APPGE oral_NN1 )_) ,_, most_DAT are_VBR stronger_JJR in_II English_NN1 and_CC do_VD0 not_XX consider_VVI themselves_PPX2 bilingual_JJ (_( e.g._REX ,_, they_PPHS2 do_VD0 not_XX always_RR understand_VVI Francophones_NN2 ,_, they_PPHS2 are_VBR surrounded_VVN by_II those_DD2 who_PNQS are_VBR more_RGR bilingual_JJ ,_, and_CC they_PPHS2 make_VV0 grammar_NN1 errors_NN2 or_CC have_VH0 vocabulary_NN1 gaps_NN2 and_CC English_JJ accents_NN2 )_) ._. 
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Harris_NP1 shows_VVZ that_CST ,_, as_CSA under_II the_AT unaccusative_JJ hypothesis_NN1 ,_, Georgian_JJ has_VHZ two_MC classes_NN2 of_IO verbs_NN2 :_: one_PN1 has_VHZ an_AT1 initial_JJ subject_NN1 (_( an_AT1 external_JJ argument_NN1 )_) ,_, and_CC the_AT other_NN1 does_VDZ not_XX ._. 
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With_II31 reference_II32 to_II33 conditionals_NN2 ,_, on_II the_AT one_MC1 hand_NN1 ,_, (_( i_ZZ1 )_) conditional_JJ sentences_NN2 are_VBR not_XX the_AT only_JJ way_NN1 to_TO express_VVI conditional_JJ thoughts_NN2 ,_, as_CSA (_( 1_MC1 )_) and_CC (_( 2_MC )_) demonstrate_VV0 ,_, and_CC on_II the_AT other_JJ ,_, (_( ii_MC )_) conditional_JJ sentences_NN2 can_VM be_VBI put_VVN to_II a_AT1 variety_NN1 of_IO uses_NN2 other_II21 than_II22 expressing_VVG conditional_JJ thoughts_NN2 ,_, as_CSA shown_VVN in_II (_( 3_MC )_) and_CC (_( 4_MC )_) ._. 
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We_PPIS2 have_VH0 seen_VVN that_CST ,_, contrary_II21 to_II22 what_DDQ is_VBZ commonly_RR assumed_VVN ,_, there_EX is_VBZ no_AT opacity_NN1 involved_JJ in_II pure_JJ quotations_NN2 ._. 
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O_UH sea_NN1 ,_, in_II this_DD1 case_NN1 ,_, also_RR assists_VVZ NS6_FO to_TO back_VVI away_II21 from_II22 the_AT previous_JJ statement_NN1 :_: puse_VV0 lo_FW que_FW lo_FW que_FW yo_UH personalmente_NN1 pienso_NN1 ,_, '_NULL (_( I_ZZ1 )_) put_VV0 what_DDQ I_PPIS1 personally_RR think_VV0 '_NULL which_DDQ ,_, although_CS mitigated_VVN ,_, also_RR ascribes_VVZ responsibility_NN1 to_II the_AT speaker_NN1 himself_PPX1 ._. 
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Browning_NP1 (_( 2004_MC )_) reports_VVZ that_DD1 number_NN1 of_IO vowel_NN1 letters_NN2 did_VDD not_XX affect_VVI Italian_JJ primary_JJ schoolchildren_NN2 '_NULL s_ZZ1 pronunciation_NN1 ._. 
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We_PPIS2 do_VD0 the_AT same_DA thing_NN1 with_IW the_AT set_NN1 of_IO women_NN2 and_CC obtain_VV0 the_AT set_NN1 of_IO all_DB the_AT sets_NN2 that_CST contain_VV0 a_AT1 woman_NN1 and_CC possibly_RR other_JJ entities_NN2 ._. 
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Paraguayan_JJ Guaraní_NNU (_( henceforth_RT Guaraní_NNU )_) was_VBDZ selected_VVN as_II the_AT comparison_NN1 language_NN1 because_CS its_APPGE overall_JJ prosodic_JJ structure_NN1 is_VBZ similar_JJ to_II English_NN1 ,_, thus_RR allowing_VVG for_IF a_AT1 comparative_JJ analysis_NN1 ._. 
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A_AT1 MATLAB_NN1 script_NN1 was_VBDZ used_VVN to_TO present_VVI participants_NN2 with_IW the_AT sentence_NN1 materials_NN2 on_II a_AT1 computer_NN1 screen_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT written_JJ questionnaire_NN1 was_VBDZ provided_VVN to_II the_AT clients_NN2 at_II the_AT end_NN1 of_IO the_AT therapy_NN1 session_NNT1 with_IW the_AT option_NN1 of_IO completing_VVG it_PPH1 on-site_JJ or_CC returning_VVG it_PPH1 at_II a_AT1 later_JJR date_NN1 ._. 
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An_AT1 example_NN1 analysis_NN1 of_IO the_AT internal_JJ structure_NN1 of_IO an_AT1 instance_NN1 of_IO creative_JJ gesticulation_NN1 is_VBZ given_VVN in_II Figure_NN1 5_MC ._. 
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However_RR ,_, he_PPHS1 also_RR critiques_NN2 early_JJ studies_NN2 of_IO ELF_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ strived_VVD to_TO discover_VVI shared_JJ forms_NN2 ,_, or_CC core_NN1 features_NN2 ,_, that_DD1 indirectly_RR postulate_VV0 a_AT1 language_NN1 variety_NN1 ,_, a_AT1 product_NN1 (_( p._NNU 63_MC )_) that_DD1 is_VBZ again_RT defined_VVN in_II31 terms_II32 of_II33 formal_JJ systematicity_NN1 (_( p._NNU 65_MC )_) ._. 
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We_PPIS2 use_VV0 the_AT metric_JJ proposed_JJ by_II Goldberg_NP1 ,_, Hayvanovych_NP1 ,_, and_CC Magdon-Ismail_NP1 (_( 2010_MC )_) ,_, which_DDQ considers_VVZ the_AT elements_NN2 that_CST are_VBR shared_VVN by_II ,_, and_CC are_VBR unique_JJ to_TO ,_, each_DD1 of_IO the_AT sets_NN2 ._. 
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The_AT relatively_RR high_JJ degree_NN1 of_IO inter-individual_JJ variability_NN1 in_II the_AT thematic-animate_JJ condition_NN1 (_( SD_NP1 =_FO 0.21_MC ,_, vs._II 0.12_MC in_II the_AT thematic-inanimate_JJ condition_NN1 )_) likely_RR contributed_VVN to_II the_AT lack_NN1 of_IO significant_JJ priming_NN1 effects_NN2 in_II this_DD1 condition_NN1 ._. 
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This_DD1 approach_NN1 suggests_VVZ a_AT1 new_JJ way_NN1 to_TO understand_VVI the_AT relationship_NN1 between_II language_NN1 and_CC gesture_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ we_PPIS2 propose_VV0 in_II Section_NN1 5_MC ._. 
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By_II contrast_NN1 ,_, no_AT such_DA decrease_NN1 in_II zero_NN1 can_VM be_VBI observed_VVN in_II the_AT second-person_JJ data_NN ._. 
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In_II the_AT following_JJ sections_NN2 ,_, I_PPIS1 detail_VV0 the_AT range_NN1 of_IO published_JJ empirical_JJ studies_NN2 about_II teaching_VVG English_NN1 as_II a_AT1 foreign_JJ language_NN1 (_( EFL_NP1 )_) to_II young_JJ learners_NN2 in_II East_ND1 Asia_NP1 ,_, organizing_VVG them_PPHO2 in_II such_DA a_AT1 way_NN1 that_CST readers_NN2 can_VM see_VVI their_APPGE associations_NN2 with_IW the_AT above-mentioned_JJ policy_NN1 concerns_NN2 ._. 
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In_II the_AT current_JJ story_NN1 ,_, this_DD1 location_NN1 is_VBZ used_VVN in_II scene-setting_NN1 ._. 
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In_II a_AT1 second_MD step_NN1 ,_, true_JJ hits_NN2 of_IO either_DD1 complementation_NN1 construction_NN1 were_VBDR checked_VVN manually_RR for_IF syntactic_JJ relevance_NN1 ,_, yielding_VVG a_AT1 sample_NN1 of_IO approximately_RR 7,400_MC instances_NN2 of_IO gerundial_JJ and_CC infinitival_JJ complementation_NN1 construction_NN1 from_II each_DD1 of_IO the_AT five_MC corpora_NN2 ._. 
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In_II Appendix_NN1 4_MC ,_, line_NN1 one_MC1 and_CC line_NN1 three_MC ,_, the_AT unknown_JJ human_NN1 asks_VVZ Panbanisha_NP1 about_II dogs_NN2 ._. 
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The_AT findings_NN2 clearly_RR confirm_VV0 that_CST monolingual_JJ and_CC bilingual_JJ children_NN2 differ_VV0 in_II the_AT acquisition_NN1 of_IO prosodic_JJ heads_NN2 and_CC edges_NN2 ,_, just_RR as_CSA they_PPHS2 differ_VV0 in_II the_AT development_NN1 of_IO rhythm_NN1 ._. 
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Appendix_NN1 A_ZZ1 provides_VVZ several_DA2 basic_JJ examples_NN2 of_IO the_AT available_JJ tools_NN2 and_CC their_APPGE usage_NN1 ._. 
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INDIRECT_JJ NEGATIVE_JJ evidence_NN1 would_VM correspond_VVI to_II the_AT learner_NN1 noticing_VVG that_CST items_NN2 like_II 1b_FO are_VBR absent_JJ from_II the_AT input_NN1 ,_, and_CC so_RR inferring_VVG that_CST these_DD2 items_NN2 are_VBR absent_JJ because_CS they_PPHS2 are_VBR ungrammatical_JJ ._. 
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For_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, many_DA2 of_IO the_AT dimensions_NN2 that_CST make_VV0 sense_NN1 for_IF verbs_NN2 ,_, such_II21 as_II22 those_DD2 involving_VVG a_AT1 co-occurrence_NN1 type_NN1 that_CST begins_VVZ with_IW dobj_JJ or_CC nsubj_NN1 ,_, do_VD0 not_XX make_VVI sense_NN1 for_IF a_AT1 noun_NN1 ._. 
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Here_RL too_RR there_EX are_VBR no_AT apostrophes_NN2 and_CC the_AT ellipsis_NN1 is_VBZ used_VVN to_TO demarcate_VVI sections_NN2 of_IO the_AT discourse_NN1 ._. 
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Extract_VV0 (_( 1_MC1 )_) gives_VVZ an_AT1 example_NN1 of_IO this_DD1 ._. 
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In_II writing_VVG this_DD1 I_PPIS1 am_VBM positioning_VVG myself_PPX1 in_II31 relation_II32 to_II33 this_DD1 book_NN1 and_CC in_II31 relation_II32 to_II33 how_RRQ I_PPIS1 understand_VV0 sociolinguistics_NN2 as_II a_AT1 field_NN1 ._. 
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In_II the_AT probed-order_JJ recall_NN1 task_NN1 ,_, adult_NN1 participants_NN2 were_VBDR presented_VVN with_IW a_AT1 series_NN of_IO nine_MC digits_NN2 from_II the_AT ten-item_JJ set_NN1 0-9_MCMC (_( e.g._REX ,_, '_NULL 587130649_MC '_NULL )_) and_CC were_VBDR then_RT asked_VVN "_" which_DDQ item_NN1 followed_VVD x_ZZ1 ?_? "_" where_RRQ x_ZZ1 denotes_VVZ one_MC1 of_IO the_AT list-items_NN2 chosen_VVN at_RR21 random_RR22 on_II each_DD1 trial_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT second_MD factor_NN1 -_- demographic_JJ ratios_NN2 -_- is_VBZ examined_VVN by_II Holm_NP1 (_( 2004_MC )_) ._. 
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He_PPHS1 shows_VVZ that_CST once_RR a_AT1 multi-word_JJ lexical_JJ item_NN1 such_II21 as_II22 this_DD1 is_VBZ found_VVN which_DDQ exhibits_VVZ variation_NN1 ,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ then_RT possible_JJ to_TO describe_VVI its_APPGE local_JJ grammar_NN1 ._. 
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Billings_NN2 '_NULL s_ZZ1 work_NN1 adds_VVZ important_JJ evidence_NN1 of_IO this_DD1 change_NN1 ,_, with_IW many_DA2 contestants_NN2 professing_VVG ignorance_NN1 of_IO their_APPGE ethnic_JJ languages_NN2 ;_; yet_RR whether_CSW this_DD1 means_VVZ that_CST they_PPHS2 now_RT think_VV0 of_IO themselves_PPX2 as_CSA '_NULL ethnically_RR Swahili_NN1 '_NULL remains_VVZ an_AT1 open_JJ question_NN1 that_CST demands_VVZ further_JJR research_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
No_AT physical_JJ entity_NN1 ,_, then_RT ,_, can_VM be_VBI digital_JJ in_II itself_PPX1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Example_NN1 (_( 14_MC )_) shows_VVZ how_RRQ a_AT1 Passive-Transitive_JJ Construction_NN1 selects_VVZ the_AT undergoer_NN1 and_CC maps_NN2 it_PPH1 onto_II the_AT subject_NN1 role_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Table_NN1 16_MC gives_VVZ the_AT full_JJ list_NN1 (_( again_RT ,_, note_VV0 that_CST this_DD1 is_VBZ provisional_JJ on_II the_AT particular_JJ segmentation_NN1 adopted_VVD here_RL )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
That_REX21 is_REX22 ,_, it_PPH1 does_VDZ not_XX tell_VVI us_PPIO2 whether_CSW there_EX is_VBZ interaction_NN1 between_II processes_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Nerbonne_NN1 1995_MC ;_; Schwarzschild_NP1 2002_MC ,_, 2005_MC ;_; Nakanishi_NP1 2007_MC ;_; Rett_NP1 2007_MC ,_, 2008b_FO ,_, 2014_MC ;_; Champollion_NP1 2010_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Additionally_RR ,_, we_PPIS2 find_VV0 a_AT1 DETERMINER_NN1 X_ZZ1 WEBER_NP1 RATIOS_NN2 interaction_NN1 ,_, such_CS21 that_CS22 more_DAR than_CSN half_DB is_VBZ affected_VVN by_II the_AT WEBER_NP1 RATIOS_NN2 manipulation_NN1 more_RRR than_CSN most_DAT is_VBZ ,_, and_CC a_AT1 DETERMINER_NN1 X_ZZ1 COLOR_NN1 RATIOS_NN2 interaction_NN1 ,_, such_CS21 that_CS22 most_DAT is_VBZ affected_VVN by_II the_AT COLOR_NN1 RATIOS_NN2 manipulation_NN1 more_RRR than_CSN more_DAR than_CSN half_DB is_VBZ ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT mean_JJ age_NN1 of_IO participants_NN2 was_VBDZ 70.91_MC years_NNT2 (_( SD=6.82_FO ,_, range=60-89_FO years_NNT2 )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
So_RR ,_, here_RL the_AT pace_NN1 of_IO the_AT talk_NN1 continues_VVZ ,_, with_IW a_AT1 next_MD word_NN1 smoothly_RR following_VVG "_" said_VVD ,_, "_" but_CCB it_PPH1 is_VBZ not_XX a_AT1 syntactically_RR (_( i.e._REX ,_, projectably_RR )_) suitable_JJ next_MD word_NN1 that_CST is_VBZ placed_VVN adjacent_II21 to_II22 it_PPH1 (_( see_VV0 Lerner_NP1 ,_, 1996_MC ,_, pp_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
An_AT1 important_JJ consideration_NN1 in_II interpreting_VVG DTI_NP1 measures_NN2 of_IO white_JJ matter_NN1 microstructural_NN1 differences_NN2 between_II subject_NN1 populations_NN2 is_VBZ that_CST the_AT diffusion_NN1 signal_NN1 is_VBZ affected_VVN by_II many_DA2 factors_NN2 ,_, including_II the_AT presence_NN1 of_IO crossing_VVG fibers_NN2 from_II different_JJ tracts_NN2 ,_, the_AT fiber_NN1 volume_NN1 fraction_NN1 ,_, as_II31 well_II32 as_II33 the_AT proportion_NN1 of_IO non-neuronal_JJ cells_NN2 (_( such_II21 as_II22 glial_JJ cells_NN2 )_) located_VVD within_II each_DD1 voxel_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 can_VM easily_RR be_VBI related_VVN to_II the_AT difference_NN1 between_II our_APPGE cases_NN2 in_II a_ZZ1 )_) their_APPGE general_JJ phonological_JJ skills_NN2 and_CC b_ZZ1 )_) the_AT presence_NN1 or_CC absence_NN1 of_IO pseudohomophone_NN1 advantages_NN2 in_II reading_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Of_IO particular_JJ note_NN1 is_VBZ the_AT suggestion_NN1 in_II (_( 6_MC )_) ,_, in_II which_DDQ ,_, drawing_VVG on_II the_AT ideology_NN1 of_IO nativeness_NN1 (_( see_VV0 Shuck_NN1 2006_MC )_) ,_, the_AT RMP_NP1 user_NN1 attempts_NN2 to_TO absolve_VVI students_NN2 of_IO the_AT responsibility_NN1 to_TO cooperate_VVI and_CC ask_VVI questions_NN2 when_CS they_PPHS2 do_VD0 not_XX understand_VVI ._. 
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<s>
The_AT majority_NN1 of_IO chapters_NN2 in_II this_DD1 book_NN1 are_VBR structured_VVN in_II this_DD1 way_NN1 ;_; with_IW theoretical_JJ discussion_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 particular_JJ linguistic_JJ phenomenon_NN1 often_RR preceding_VVG corpus-assisted_JJ demonstrations_NN2 ,_, while_CS due_JJ consideration_NN1 is_VBZ always_RR paid_VVN to_II practical_JJ issues_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Backwards_RL multiple_JJ linear_JJ regression_NN1 showed_VVD that_DD1 speech_NN1 rate_NN1 and_CC within-utterance_JJ pauses_NN2 accounted_VVN for_IF approximately_RR 39%_NNU of_IO the_AT variance_NN1 (_( R_ZZ1 =_FO 0.621_MC ,_, p_ZZ1 <_FO 0.001_MC )_) and_CC combining_VVG these_DD2 variables_NN2 with_IW between-utterance_JJ pauses_NN2 did_VDD not_XX account_VVI for_IF any_DD more_DAR of_IO the_AT variance_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II fact_NN1 ,_, twice_RR as_RG many_DA2 male_JJ as_CSA female_JJ speakers_NN2 show_VV0 high_JJ percentages_NN2 of_IO voicing_VVG :_: over_RG 40%_NNU ._. 
</s>
<s>
As_II such_DA ,_, it_PPH1 may_VM not_XX be_VBI very_RG suitable_JJ for_IF use_NN1 with_IW patients_NN2 with_IW high_JJ levels_NN2 of_IO anxiety_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Bednarek_VV0 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
(_( 2004_MC )_) investigated_VVD the_AT processes_NN2 of_IO alerting_VVG ,_, orienting_VVG ,_, and_CC inhibition_NN1 (_( or_CC resolution_NN1 of_IO conflict_NN1 )_) among_II Spanish_JJ dyslexics_NN2 and_CC normally_RR reading_VVG children_NN2 using_VVG a_AT1 cueing_JJ task_NN1 in_II which_DDQ targets_NN2 were_VBDR surrounded_VVN by_II compatible_JJ and_CC incompatible_JJ flankers_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
And_CC I_ZZ1 '_NULL ll_NNU bet_VV0 you_PPY ,_, you_PPY '_NULL re_II going_VVGK to_TO hear_VVI some_DD fear_NN1 in_II that_DD1 parent_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 voice_NN1 ,_, fear_VV0 regarding_II the_AT few_DA2 investments_NN2 that_CST some_DD of_IO us_PPIO2 have_VH0 in_II the_AT stock_NN1 market_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Both_DB2 graduate_VV0 students_NN2 and_CC clients_NN2 reported_VVD benefits_NN2 from_II reading_VVG and_CC discussing_VVG a_AT1 memoir_NN1 about_II stuttering_VVG ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_RR21 addition_RR22 ,_, regular_JJ decompositional_JJ analyses_NN2 have_VH0 been_VBN found_VVN to_TO be_VBI involved_JJ in_II the_AT processing_NN1 of_IO idiomatic_JJ expressions_NN2 not_XX only_RR at_II the_AT level_NN1 of_IO syntax_NN1 (_( Konopka_NP1 and_CC Bock_VV0 2009_MC ;_; Snider_NP1 and_CC Arnon_NP1 2012_MC )_) ,_, but_CCB also_RR at_II the_AT level_NN1 of_IO phonology_NN1 and_CC semantics_NN1 (_( Sprenger_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
2006_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Thus_RR ,_, we_PPIS2 assume_VV0 that_DD1 syntax_NN1 generates_VVZ a_AT1 certain_JJ combination_NN1 of_IO polarity_NN1 features_NN2 in_II the_AT head_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 Polarity_NN1 Phrase_NN1 ,_, and_CC morphological_JJ VOCABULARY_NN1 INSERTION_NN1 rules_NN2 insert_VV0 lexical_JJ items_NN2 ,_, namely_REX polarity_NN1 particles_NN2 ,_, that_CST realize_VV0 these_DD2 features_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Likewise_RR ,_, there_EX is_VBZ no_AT doubt_NN1 that_CST the_AT various_JJ lexical_JJ items_NN2 have_VH0 somewhat_RR diverging_VVG semantic_JJ potentials_NN2 in_II our_APPGE three_MC languages_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II fact_NN1 ,_, the_AT correlations_NN2 between_II (_( log_NN1 )_) word_NN1 frequency_NN1 and_CC these_DD2 variables_NN2 are_VBR in_II the_AT opposite_JJ direction_NN1 from_II what_DDQ this_DD1 hypothesis_NN1 predicts_VVZ ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II this_DD1 process_NN1 ,_, two_MC levels_NN2 of_IO monitoring_NN1 ,_, self-monitoring_JJ and_CC other-monitoring_NN1 ,_, are_VBR occurring_VVG simultaneously_RR ,_, which_DDQ essentially_RR promote_VV0 more_RGR accurate_JJ ,_, high-quality_JJ task_NN1 outcomes_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT columns_NN2 in_II Table_NN1 9_MC represent_VV0 the_AT inclusion_NN1 order_NN1 of_IO the_AT feature_NN1 subsets_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
One_MC1 possibility_NN1 is_VBZ that_CST there_EX are_VBR specific_JJ contexts_NN2 in_II which_DDQ the_AT influence_NN1 of_IO informativeness_NN1 is_VBZ limited_VVN by_II other_JJ constraints_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Yet_RR ,_, the_AT repair_NN1 in_II Extract_NN1 9_MC is_VBZ produced_VVN with_IW prosodic_JJ marking_NN1 ;_; that_DD1 in_II Extract_NN1 10_MC is_VBZ not_XX ._. 
</s>
<s>
He_PPHS1 also_RR chooses_VVZ phrases_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 "_" right_NN1 here_RL "_" ,_, "_" right_RR there_RL "_" ,_, or_CC "_" right_RR back_RP there_RL "_" as_CSA he_PPHS1 publicly_RR validates_VVZ raised_JJ hands_NN2 as_CSA proving_VVG alleged_JJ conversions_NN2 ,_, thus_RR reinforcing_VVG his_APPGE importance_NN1 within_II the_AT discourse_NN1 as_CSA directing_VVG the_AT "_" born-again_JJ "_" experience_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT evidence_NN1 for_IF the_AT association_NN1 between_II zhi/zhiyou_FU and_CC the_AT in-situ_JJ wh-phrases_NN2 in_II (_( 6a-b_FO )_) comes_VVZ from_II the_AT obligatory_JJ exhaustive_JJ interpretation_NN1 of_IO the_AT wh-questions_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II this_DD1 sense_NN1 ,_, the_AT future_NN1 of_IO the_AT proposition_NN1 lies_VVZ in_II the_AT direction_NN1 of_IO these_DD2 refined_JJ alternatives_NN2 to_II traditional_JJ minimalism_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 study_NN1 has_VHZ illustrated_VVN the_AT influence_NN1 that_CST a_AT1 respected_JJ scholar_NN1 and_CC geographer_NN1 exercised_VVN on_II the_AT Oxford_NP1 English_NN1 Dictionary-not_XX just_RR its_APPGE first_MD edition_NN1 (_( OED1_FO )_) ,_, but_CCB successive_JJ editions_NN2 that_CST have_VH0 reproduced_VVN OED1_FO '_NULL s_ZZ1 information_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT elaborations_NN2 that_CST are_VBR routinely_RR produced_VVN as_II part_NN1 of_IO the_AT SPP_NP1 to_II or-turns_NN2 differ_VV0 from_II accounts_NN2 that_CST often_RR accompany_VV0 dispreferred_JJ responses_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Dave_NP1 overlaps_VVZ with_IW me_PPIO1 ,_, saying_VVG ,_, "_" Yeah_UH ,_, I_PPIS1 know_VV0 ,_, right_RR ?_? "_" 
</s>
<s>
Researchers_NN2 studying_VVG telephone_NN1 surveys_NN2 note_VV0 that_CST there_EX is_VBZ a_AT1 tension_NN1 between_II the_AT desire_NN1 to_TO provide_VVI a_AT1 uniform_JJ survey_NN1 experience_NN1 (_( in_BCL21 order_BCL22 to_TO increase_VVI the_AT scientific_JJ validity_NN1 of_IO the_AT study_NN1 )_) ,_, and_CC the_AT need_NN1 to_TO deal_VVI with_IW interactional_JJ contingencies_NN2 or_CC unexpected_JJ situations_NN2 that_CST may_VM arise_VVI (_( Maynard_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2010_MC ;_; Maynard_NP1 and_CC Schaeffer_NP1 ,_, 2002_MC ;_; Schaeffer_NP1 and_CC Maynard_NP1 ,_, 1996_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
A_AT1 similar_JJ result_NN1 was_VBDZ obtained_VVN for_IF POA_NN1 classification_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
These_DD2 methods_NN2 rely_VV0 on_II absolute_JJ measures_NN2 of_IO time_NNT1 ,_, but_CCB they_PPHS2 are_VBR still_RR captured_VVN manually_RR ,_, and_CC so_CS they_PPHS2 can_VM vary_VVI from_II transcriptionist_NN1 to_II transcriptionist_NN1 (_( Roberts_NP1 &amp;_CC Robinson_NP1 ,_, 2004_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II sum_NN1 ,_, results_NN2 of_IO Experiment_NN1 1_MC1 will_VM show_VVI if_CSW there_EX is_VBZ a_AT1 robust_JJ need_NN1 for_IF selection_NN1 control_NN1 in_II each_DD1 stage_NN1 of_IO word_NN1 selection_NN1 (_( lexical_JJ and_CC segmental_JJ )_) ,_, by_II looking_VVG at_II the_AT contextual_JJ similarity_NN1 cost_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
While_CS the_AT second_MD option_NN1 is_VBZ feasible_JJ mostly_RR for_IF statistically_RR trained_VVN tools_NN2 (_( the_AT case_NN1 for_IF Foster_NP1 2010_MC )_) ,_, the_AT first_MD option_NN1 should_VM work_VVI for_IF any_DD tool_NN1 ,_, statistical_JJ and_CC rule-based_JJ ,_, and_CC it_PPH1 is_VBZ the_AT course_NN1 we_PPIS2 have_VH0 followed_VVN in_II this_DD1 work_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
It_PPH1 is_VBZ only_RR once_RR this_DD1 has_VHZ occurred_VVN in_II an_AT1 organised_JJ and_CC satisfactory_JJ manner_NN1 that_CST action_NN1 frame_NN1 transition_NN1 can_VM be_VBI said_VVN to_TO have_VHI occurred_VVN ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT Euclidean_JJ distance_NN1 between_II the_AT contrasting_JJ vowels_NN2 in_II a_AT1 Bark-normalized_JJ vowel_NN1 space_NN1 was_VBDZ taken_VVN as_II a_AT1 measure_NN1 of_IO accuracy_NN1 in_II spectrally_RR differentiating_VVG the_AT two_MC vowels_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
But_CCB when_CS the_AT sentence_NN1 is_VBZ placed_VVN into_II an_AT1 entailment-canceling_JJ environment_NN1 such_II21 as_II22 negation_NN1 as_CSA in_II (_( 15b_FO )_) ,_, a_AT1 yes/no_UH question_NN1 as_CSA in_II (_( 15c_FO )_) ,_, or_CC the_AT antecedent_JJ of_IO a_AT1 conditional_JJ as_CSA in_II (_( 15d_NNU )_) ,_, itisno_NN1 longer_RRR implied_VVN that_CST there_EX is_VBZ only_RR one_MC1 author_NN1 of_IO Waverley_NP1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Roncero_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
(_( 2006_MC )_) ,_, for_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, found_VVD that_CST similes_NN2 were_VBDR more_RGR often_RR followed_VVN by_II explanations_NN2 than_CSN metaphors-especially_RR when_CS expressions_NN2 were_VBDR conventional-and_CC noted_VVD that_CST explanations_NN2 tended_VVD to_TO convey_VVI novel_JJ meanings_NN2 (_( e.g._REX ,_, "_" Time_NNT1 is_VBZ like_JJ money_NN1 because_CS only_RR retired_JJ executives_NN2 have_VH0 both_RR "_" )_) ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 analysis_NN1 is_VBZ illustrated_VVN using_VVG a_AT1 Goldbergian_JJ diagram_NN1 of_IO argument_NN1 structure_NN1 in_II Figure_NN1 1_MC1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 can_VM be_VBI a_AT1 single_JJ file_NN1 or_CC a_AT1 set_NN1 of_IO separate_JJ files_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Ojima_NN1 ,_, Nakata_NP1 ,_, and_CC Kakigi_NP1 (_( 2005_MC )_) used_VVD event-related_JJ potentials_NN2 (_( ERPs_NP2 )_) to_TO examine_VVI the_AT sensitivity_NN1 of_IO native_JJ Japanese_JJ speakers_NN2 of_IO English_NN1 as_II a_AT1 L2_FO (_( ESL_NP1 )_) to_II violations_NN2 of_IO local_JJ verbal_JJ number_NN1 agreement_NN1 such_II21 as_II22 the_AT one_PN1 in_II (_( 2_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
We_PPIS2 identify_VV0 circumstances_NN2 in_II which_DDQ our_APPGE approach_NN1 performs_VVZ well_RR and_CC show_VV0 that_CST ,_, using_VVG additional_JJ experiments_NN2 by_II narrowing_VVG down_RP the_AT topic_NN1 focus_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT meaning_NN1 of_IO the_AT whole_NN1 is_VBZ influenced_VVN by_II top-down_JJ ,_, pragmatic_JJ factors_NN2 ,_, and_CC through_II the_AT meaning_NN1 of_IO the_AT whole_NN1 the_AT meanings_NN2 of_IO the_AT parts_NN2 are_VBR also_RR affected_VVN ._. 
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<s>
Not_XX surprisingly_RR ,_, this_DD1 pattern_NN1 is_VBZ supported_VVN by_II pairwise_RR comparisons_NN2 between_II 〈_NULL TMC_NP1 ,_, TAPP_VV0 〉_NULL sentences_NN2 and_CC all_DB other_JJ sentence_NN1 types_NN2 (_( 〈_NULL TMC_NP1 ,_, FAPP-MED_JJ 〉_NULL :_: W_ZZ1 =_FO 3916_MC ,_, z_ZZ1 =_FO 8.15_MC ,_, P_ZZ1 <_FO 0.0001_MC ;_; 〈_NULL TMC_NP1 ,_, FAPP-MED-_NP1 !_! 
</s>
<s>
Unlike_II their_APPGE typical_JJ peers_NN2 ,_, however_RR ,_, the_AT children_NN2 with_IW LLI_NN2 were_VBDR at_II earlier_JJR stages_NN2 of_IO grammatical_JJ development_NN1 in_II both_RR Swedish_JJ and_CC Arabic_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT purpose_NN1 of_IO using_VVG negative_JJ exemplars_NN2 from_II a_AT1 common_JJ category_NN1 was_VBDZ to_TO generate_VVI a_AT1 congruence_NN1 as_II31 well_II32 as_II33 an_AT1 incongruence_NN1 effect_NN1 if_CS one_PN1 were_VBDR there_RL to_TO be_VBI found_VVN ._. 
</s>
<s>
Taboo_JJ words_NN2 are_VBR often_RR used_VVN to_TO produce_VVI humor_NN1 effects_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Thus_RR ,_, calculating_VVG a_AT1 SI_FW involves_VVZ a_AT1 Theory_NN1 of_IO Mind_NN1 (_( ToM_NP1 )_) component_NN1 in_II31 terms_II32 of_II33 keeping_VVG track_NN1 of_IO the_AT interlocutor_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 epistemic_JJ state_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
I_PPIS1 will_VM show_VVI in_II section_NN1 4.2_MC that_CST further_JJR movement_NN1 is_VBZ blocked_VVN ,_, preventing_VVG that-clauses_NN2 from_II topicalizing_VVG or_CC moving_VVG to_II subject_NN1 position_NN1 (_( 3_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
That_CST none_PN of_IO the_AT versions_NN2 of_IO reality_NN1 can_VM protest_VVI to_TO be_VBI "_" true_JJ "_" shows_NN2 that_CST the_AT only_JJ realities_NN2 we_PPIS2 can_VM discuss_VVI are_VBR contingent_JJ discourse_NN1 constructs_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT results_NN2 from_II the_AT current_JJ investigation_NN1 do_VD0 support_VVI the_AT claim_NN1 that_CST processing_NN1 behavior_NN1 changes_NN2 as_CSA proficiency_NN1 in_II the_AT L2_FO increases_VVZ because_CS there_EX was_VBDZ a_AT1 clear_JJ difference_NN1 in_II the_AT behavior_NN1 of_IO the_AT near-native_JJ and_CC advanced_JJ participant_NN1 groups_NN2 ;_; whereas_CS the_AT near-native_JJ group_NN1 showed_VVD nativelike_JJ effects_NN2 for_IF attraction_NN1 and_CC the_AT grammaticality_NN1 of_IO nonlocal_JJ agreement_NN1 ,_, the_AT advanced_JJ group_NN1 showed_VVD no_AT effects_NN2 with_IW the_AT attraction_NN1 stimuli_NN2 and_CC only_RR a_AT1 minimal_JJ trend_NN1 with_IW the_AT grammaticality_NN1 stimuli_NN2 that_CST was_VBDZ statistically_RR similar_JJ to_II the_AT other_JJ two_MC groups_NN2 in_II the_AT omnibus_NN1 ANOVA_NN1 but_CCB probably_RR would_VM not_XX hold_VVI on_II its_APPGE own_DA ._. 
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<s>
The_AT baseline_NN1 carries_VVZ out_RP the_AT most_RGT direct_JJ SSynt-DSynt_NP1 relation_NN1 label_NN1 projections_NN2 following_VVG the_AT SSyntS-DSyntS_NP1 relation_NN1 mapping_NN1 tables_NN2 compiled_VVN for_IF each_DD1 language_NN1 (_( see_VV0 Tables_NN2 2_MC and_CC 3_MC for_IF Spanish_JJ )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Nonparametric_JJ measures_NN2 were_VBDR used_VVN since_CS assumptions_NN2 are_VBR being_VBG made_VVN using_VVG small_JJ samples_NN2 which_DDQ were_VBDR not_XX randomly_RR selected_VVN ._. 
</s>
<s>
Doubling_VVG errors_NN2 are_VBR then_RT derived_VVN from_II movement_NN1 errors_NN2 as_CSA speech_NN1 errors_NN2 that_CST blend_VV0 the_AT speech_NN1 plan_NN1 for_IF a_AT1 movement_NN1 error_NN1 with_IW the_AT speech_NN1 plan_NN1 for_IF an_AT1 accurate_JJ repetition_NN1 ;_; for_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, &lsqb;_( k_ZZ1 '_NULL apa_NN1 &rsqb;_) competes_VVZ with_IW &lsqb;_( kap_VV0 '_NULL a_ZZ1 &rsqb;_) to_TO yield_VVI &lsqb;_( k_ZZ1 '_NULL ap_VV0 '_NULL a_ZZ1 &rsqb;_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT model_NN1 was_VBDZ initially_RR fit_VV0 using_VVG a_AT1 maximal_JJ random-effects_NN2 structure_NN1 ,_, including_II random_NN1 intercepts_VVZ for_IF subject_NN1 and_CC item/noun_NN1 ,_, and_CC random_JJ slopes_NN2 for_IF subject×condition_FO and_CC ._. 
</s>
<s>
Many_DA2 linguists_NN2 look_VV0 first_MD for_IF a_AT1 phonological_JJ solution_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Analyses_NN2 also_RR showed_VVD an_AT1 interesting_JJ difference_NN1 in_II the_AT varieties_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
A_AT1 theory_NN1 of_IO this_DD1 kind_NN1 is_VBZ entirely_RR compatible_JJ with_IW the_AT lexical_JJ presumption_NN1 view_NN1 ,_, and_CC has_VHZ at_RR21 least_RR22 the_AT foregoing_JJ advantages_NN2 to_TO recommend_VVI it_PPH1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
As_CSA we_PPIS2 shall_VM see_VVI ,_, its_APPGE study_NN1 throws_VVZ up_RP two_MC intriguing_JJ issues_NN2 in_II how_RRQ adults_NN2 manage_VV0 their_APPGE deontic_JJ authority_NN1 :_: their_APPGE flouting_NN1 of_IO the_AT fundamental_JJ conversational_JJ norm_NN1 of_IO contiguity_NN1 ,_, and_CC their_APPGE ostensible_JJ privileging_NN1 of_IO the_AT child_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 choice_NN1 in_II complying_VVG with_IW warnings_NN2 and_CC threats_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II the_AT latter_DA two_MC languages_NN2 ,_, the_AT possessive_JJ comparative_JJ construction_NN1 targets_NN2 nominal_JJ PC_NN1 lexemes_NN2 to_II the_AT exclusion_NN1 of_IO adjectival_JJ PC_NN1 lexemes_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
We_PPIS2 conducted_VVD a_AT1 grade-by-grade_JJ comparison_NN1 ,_, rather_II21 than_II22 an_AT1 overall_JJ comparison_NN1 of_IO the_AT two_MC language_NN1 groups_NN2 ,_, because_CS it_PPH1 was_VBDZ our_APPGE belief_NN1 that_CST students_NN2 at_II different_JJ grade_NN1 levels_NN2 could_VM have_VHI very_RG different_JJ perceptions_NN2 of_IO their_APPGE English_JJ skills_NN2 ,_, especially_RR when_CS different_JJ grades_NN2 posed_VVD different_JJ academic_JJ expectations_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Just_RR say_VV0 it_PPH1 ;_; say_VV0 it_PPH1 like_II you_PPY mean_VV0 it_PPH1 ,_, men_NN2 :_: "_" We_PPIS2 are_VBR nasty_JJ !_! "_" 
</s>
<s>
There_EX is_VBZ no_AT evidence_NN1 for_IF significant_JJ prosodic_JJ boundaries_NN2 preceding_VVG a_AT1 conjoined_JJ NP_NP1 ;_; in_II fact_NN1 ,_, the_AT accentual_JJ evidence_NN1 of_IO Ancient_JJ Greek_NN1 ,_, non-probative_JJ though_CS it_PPH1 is_VBZ ,_, suggests_VVZ that_CST there_EX was_VBDZ no_AT such_DA boundary_NN1 in_II the_AT majority_NN1 of_IO instances_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Instead_RR ,_, future_JJ studies_NN2 should_VM work_VVI toward_II establishing_VVG holistic_JJ and_CC multimodal_JJ descriptions_NN2 which_DDQ look_VV0 at_II how_RRQ honorifics_NN2 work_VV0 together_RL with_IW other_JJ verbal_JJ and_CC non-verbal_JJ resources_NN2 to_TO index_VVI social_JJ meanings_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Thus_RR ,_, since_CS the_AT claw_NN1 most_RGT likely_RR picked_VVN a_AT1 shiny_JJ ball_NN1 ,_, (_( 1_MC1 )_) is_VBZ likely_JJ ._. 
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<s>
The_AT modification_NN1 of_IO expect_VV0 →_NULL unexpected_JJ ,_, arrive_VV0 →_NULL arrival_NN1 ,_, and_CC confuse_VV0 →_NULL confusion_NN1 thus_RR transforms_VVZ a_AT1 series_NN of_IO three_MC actions_NN2 into_II a_AT1 quality_NN1 and_CC two_MC entities_NN2 ,_, which_DDQ can_VM then_RT be_VBI arranged_VVN in_II a_AT1 causal_JJ statement_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
First_MD ,_, we_PPIS2 specify_VV0 what_DDQ we_PPIS2 take_VV0 to_TO be_VBI the_AT relevant_JJ components_NN2 of_IO a_AT1 discourse_NN1 context_NN1 ,_, drawing_VVG primarily_RR on_II Farkas_NP2 and_CC Bruce_NP1 (_( 2010_MC )_) ,_, who_PNQS in_II turn_NN1 build_VV0 on_II a_AT1 rich_JJ tradition_NN1 of_IO previous_JJ work_NN1 on_II discourse_NN1 (_( Hamblin_NP1 1971_MC ,_, Stalnaker_NP1 1978_MC ,_, Carlson_NP1 1983_MC ,_, Clark_NP1 1992_MC ,_, Ginzburg_NP1 1996_MC ,_, Roberts_NP1 1996_MC ,_, Gunlogson_NP1 2001_MC ,_, Asher_NP1 &amp;_CC Lascarides_VVZ 2003_MC ,_, Büring_VVG 2003_MC ,_, among_II others_NN2 )_) ._. 
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<s>
Given_VVN the_AT structural_JJ similarity_NN1 to_II the_AT fact-dependent_JJ reading_NN1 of_IO (_( 43b_FO )_) discussed_VVD in_II Sect._NP1 5.1_MC ,_, we_PPIS2 would_VM expect_VVI (_( 83a_FO )_) to_TO be_VBI interpreted_VVN along_II the_AT same_DA lines-except_CS that_DD1 now_RT the_AT object_NN1 question_NN1 is_VBZ '_NULL what_DDQ your_APPGE preferences_NN2 are_VBR '_NULL ,_, so_RR for_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, you_PPY prefer_VV0 to_TO take_VVI the_AT bus_NN1 ,_, you_PPY prefer_VV0 to_TO take_VVI the_AT boat_NN1 ._. 
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For_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, imagine_VV0 that_CST a_AT1 worker_NN1 is_VBZ giving_VVG a_AT1 tour_NN1 to_II a_AT1 new_JJ secretary_NN1 ,_, and_CC says_VVZ Here_RL '_NULL s_ZZ1 your_APPGE office_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT improvements_NN2 get_VV0 even_RR slower_RRR after_II that_DD1 ._. 
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As_CSA input_NN1 texts_NN2 ,_, we_PPIS2 employed_VVD NUS_NN2 SMS_NP1 Corpus_NN1 ,_, a_AT1 collection_NN1 of_IO 10,116_MC real_JJ SMS_NP1 messages_NN2 (_( Chen_NP1 and_CC Kan_NP1 2013_MC )_) ._. 
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As_II a_AT1 consequence_NN1 ,_, the_AT construction_NN1 can_VM be_VBI more_RGR lenient_JJ in_II what_DDQ it_PPH1 minimally_RR requires_VVZ from_II the_AT verb_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
For_IF the_AT completeness_NN1 part_NN1 ,_, given_VVN a_AT1 cyclic_JJ permutation_NN1 multigraph_NN1 M_ZZ1 ,_, we_PPIS2 can_VM guess_VVI a_AT1 tree_NN1 layout_NN1 T_ZZ1 ,_, and_CC accept_VV0 if_CSW the_AT width_NN1 of_IO T_ZZ1 is_VBZ less_DAR than_CSN or_CC equal_JJ to_II k_ZZ1 ._. 
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<s>
All_DB of_IO this_DD1 computation_NN1 can_VM be_VBI carried_VVN out_RP in_II linear_JJ time_NNT1 ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 article_NN1 provides_VVZ an_AT1 account_NN1 of_IO the_AT distribution_NN1 and_CC interpretation_NN1 of_IO polarity_NN1 particles_NN2 in_II responses_NN2 ,_, starting_VVG with_IW yes_UH and_CC no_UH in_II English_NN1 ,_, and_CC then_RT extending_VVG the_AT coverage_NN1 to_II their_APPGE crosslinguistic_JJ kin_NN ._. 
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Additionally_RR ,_, the_AT combination_NN1 of_IO live_JJ and_CC pre-prepared_JJ subtitles_NN2 has_VHZ brought_VVN about_RP examples_NN2 of_IO discrepancy_NN1 between_II the_AT subtitles_NN2 and_CC the_AT script_NN1 in_II cases_NN2 in_II which_DDQ the_AT latter_DA has_VHZ been_VBN amended_VVN by_II the_AT presenters_NN2 just_RR before_II the_AT broadcast_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
There_EX is_VBZ a_AT1 growing_JJ analytic_JJ literature_NN1 that_CST focuses_VVZ on_II musical_JJ instruction_NN1 and_CC rehearsal_NN1 (_( Weeks_NP1 ,_, 1996_MC ;_; Nishizaka_NP1 ,_, 2006_MC ;_; Haviland_NP1 ,_, 2011_MC ;_; Tolins_NP2 ,_, 2013_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
Note_VV0 that_CST this_DD1 conclusion_NN1 is_VBZ based_VVN on_II an_AT1 implicit_JJ assumption_NN1 ,_, namely_REX ,_, that_CST all_DB speakers_NN2 of_IO the_AT same_DA language_NN1 converge_VV0 on_RP (_( more_RRR or_CC less_RRR )_) the_AT same_DA grammar_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Similarly_RR ,_, the_AT range_NN1 of_IO z-scores_NN2 in_II the_AT empirical_JJ graphs_NN2 does_VDZ not_XX map_VVI directly_RR onto_II the_AT range_NN1 in_II Fig._NN1 2_MC ,_, but_CCB rather_RR would_VM be_VBI compressed_VVN in_II Fig._NN1 2_MC ._. 
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<s>
Tagliamonte_NN1 intermittently_RR attempts_VVZ to_TO explain_VVI VSLX_NP1 methods_NN2 and_CC findings_NN2 in_II ways_NN2 an_AT1 outsider_NN1 could_VM understand_VVI ,_, but_CCB for_RR41 the_RR42 most_RR43 part_RR44 a_AT1 reader_NN1 needs_VVZ to_TO be_VBI familiar_JJ with_IW the_AT field_NN1 in_II advance_NN1 ._. 
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News_NN1 should_VM be_VBI accurate_JJ at_II all_DB levels_NN2 ,_, but_CCB inaccurate_JJ statements_NN2 about_II other_JJ nations_NN2 (_( especially_RR their_APPGE governments_NN2 or_CC leaders_NN2 )_) could_VM result_VVI in_II particularly_RR severe_JJ repercussions_NN2 for_IF the_AT journalist_NN1 ,_, his/her_APPGE news_NN1 corporation_NN1 ,_, or_CC even_RR the_AT country_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Since_CS Shh_UH is_VBZ the_AT head_NN1 of_IO FP_NP1 (_( and_CC thus_RR occurs_VVZ nowhere_RL else_RR )_) ,_, it_PPH1 then_RT follows_VVZ that_CST the_AT silencing_NN1 licensed_VVN by_II Shh_UH will_VM only_RR be_VBI found_VVN in_II '_NULL answers_NN2 '_NULL ._. 
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<s>
An_AT1 aspect_NN1 that_CST does_VDZ not_XX reflect_VVI in_II Table_NN1 7_MC are_VBR words_NN2 with_IW the_AT same_DA orthography_NN1 ,_, such_DA as_CSA u_ZZ1 and_CC 4_MC ,_, which_DDQ are_VBR found_VVN in_II the_AT NIST_JJ data_NN set_VV0 ,_, but_CCB can_VM be_VBI used_VVN with_IW different_JJ meanings_NN2 in_II microblogs_NN2 ._. 
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Though_CS not_XX solicited_VVN specifically_RR for_IF this_DD1 purpose_NN1 ,_, the_AT Verilogue_NN1 medical_JJ interview_NN1 data_NN lend_VV0 themselves_PPX2 to_II the_AT analysis_NN1 of_IO sociolinguistic_JJ variation_NN1 (_( see_VV0 also_RR Hesson_NP1 ,_, 2014_MC )_) and_CC to_II comparison_NN1 with_IW Pichler_NP1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 (_( 2013_MC )_) sociolinguistic_JJ interview_NN1 data_NN ._. 
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Don_VV0 West_ND1 asked_VVD ,_, "_" well_RR what_DDQ culture_NN1 is_VBZ that_CST where_CS people_NN describe_VV0 other_JJ people_NN as_CSA creepy-ass_JJ crackers_NN2 ?_? "_" ._. 
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The_AT ANOVA_NP1 yielded_VVD a_AT1 significant_JJ effect_NN1 of_IO vowel_NN1 step_NN1 (_( F_ZZ1 (_( 1_MC1 ,_, 34_MC )_) =23.45_FO ,_, p_ZZ1 ?_? <.0001_FO ,_, 2=.079_FO )_) ,_, and_CC Tukey_NP1 HSD_NP1 tests_NN2 confirmed_VVD that_CST people_NN were_VBDR reliably_RR more_RGR likely_JJ to_TO identify_VVI the_AT input_NN1 as_CSA disyllabic_JJ given_VVN a_AT1 disyllable_JJ (_( at_II step_NN1 6_MC )_) relative_II21 to_II22 each_DD1 of_IO the_AT previous_JJ five_MC steps_NN2 (_( all_DB p_ZZ1 ?_? <.05_FO )_) ._. 
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<s>
In_II languages_NN2 with_IW an_AT1 analytic_JJ negator_NN1 (_( such_II21 as_II22 a_AT1 negative_JJ particle_NN1 )_) ,_, the_AT semantics_NN1 of_IO negation_NN1 and_CC the_AT (_( otherwise_RR affirmative_JJ )_) predicate_VV0 are_VBR combined_VVN in_II s-structure_NN1 ,_, as_CSA proposed_VVN by_II Dalrymple_NP1 &amp;_CC Nikolaeva_NP1 (_( 2011_MC )_) ._. 
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For_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, "_" A_ZZ1 rooster_NN1 is_VBZ an_AT1 alarm_NN1 clock_NN1 "_" is_VBZ more_RGR apt_JJ than_CSN "_" A_AT1 robin_NN1 is_VBZ an_AT1 alarm_NN1 clock_NN1 "_" because_CS the_AT relevant_JJ property_NN1 (_( the_AT sound_NN1 of_IO birds_NN2 waking_VVG people_NN in_II the_AT morning_NNT1 )_) is_VBZ a_AT1 more_RGR salient_JJ property_NN1 of_IO roosters_NN2 than_CSN of_IO robins_NN2 ._. 
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The_AT analyses_NN2 demonstrate_VV0 that_CST the_AT lexical_JJ input_NN1 L2_FO learners_NN2 are_VBR exposed_VVN to_TO is_VBZ Zipfian_JJ ,_, but_CCB that_CST the_AT matching_NN1 L2_FO output_NN1 is_VBZ not_XX ._. 
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The_AT order_NN1 of_IO tasks_NN2 was_VBDZ the_AT same_DA for_IF all_DB participants_NN2 with_IW slight_JJ adjustments_NN2 where_RRQ necessary_JJ (_( e.g._REX ,_, only_RR the_AT learners_NN2 completed_VVN L2_FO vocabulary_NN1 tasks_NN2 )_) and_CC ,_, in_RR21 general_RR22 ,_, included_VVD the_AT production_NN1 task_NN1 first_MD ,_, followed_VVN by_II the_AT cognitive_JJ tasks_NN2 ,_, the_AT perception_NN1 task_NN1 ,_, and_CC the_AT vocabulary_NN1 test_NN1 at_II the_AT end_NN1 ._. 
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This_DD1 metonymic_JJ process_NN1 is_VBZ one_MC1 of_IO the_AT differences_NN2 between_II (_( 29_MC )_) and_CC (_( 31_MC )_) ._. 
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Like_II the_AT GL_NP1 analysis_NN1 ,_, our_APPGE analysis_NN1 also_RR capitalizes_VVZ on_II richer_JJR lexical_JJ structures_NN2 and_CC relies_VVZ on_II the_AT lexicalization_NN1 of_IO conceptual_JJ information_NN1 (_( dimensional_JJ information_NN1 )_) ,_, which_DDQ is_VBZ part_NN1 and_CC parcel_NN1 of_IO qualia_NN1 structure_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT fixed_JJ order_NN1 of_IO tasks_NN2 in_II the_AT first_MD session_NNT1 was_VBDZ :_: Under-informative_JJ statement_NN1 task_NN1 ,_, Sentence_NN1 recall_VV0 task_NN1 ,_, Backward_JJ Digit_NN1 Span_NN1 task_NN1 (_( BDST_NP1 )_) ,_, and_CC WASI_JJ matrix_NN1 reasoning_NN1 test_NN1 (_( WASI_NP1 )_) ._. 
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However_RR ,_, the_AT literature_NN1 regarding_II neural_JJ processing_NN1 efficiency_NN1 in_II cognitive_JJ tasks_NN2 is_VBZ unclear_JJ ._. 
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<s>
They_PPHS2 were_VBDR then_RT presented_VVN with_IW two_MC inflected_JJ verbs_NN2 and_CC were_VBDR asked_VVN to_TO choose_VVI the_AT one_PN1 that_CST completed_VVD the_AT sentence_NN1 correctly_RR ._. 
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At_II the_AT level_NN1 of_IO assessment_NN1 ,_, the_AT CALS-I_NNU2 offers_NN2 a_AT1 preliminary_JJ tool_NN1 focused_VVN on_II testable_JJ cross-discipline_JJ academic_JJ language_NN1 skills_NN2 that_CST can_VM be_VBI highly_RR relevant_JJ for_IF the_AT design_NN1 and_CC development_NN1 of_IO research_NN1 and_CC pedagogical_JJ instruments_NN2 ._. 
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Then_RT ,_, say_VV0 that_CST the_AT A-world_NN1 that_CST some_DD world_NN1 w_ZZ1 e_ZZ1 Ec_NP1 maps_VVZ itself_PPX1 to_TO is_VBZ fA_NN1 (_( w_ZZ1 )_) ._. 
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One_PN1 especially_RR plausible_JJ spandrel_NN1 account_NN1 appeals_NN2 to_II production_NN1 or_CC planning_VVG difficulty_NN1 :_: people_NN avoid_VV0 productions_NN2 that_CST require_VV0 more_DAR effort_NN1 ,_, and_CC these_DD2 same_DA productions_NN2 tend_VV0 to_TO be_VBI rare_JJ ._. 
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As_II the_AT meanings_NN2 in_II each_DD1 case_NN1 are_VBR distinct_JJ ,_, BROTHER_NN1 and_CC MARCH-MONTH_JJ are_VBR treated_VVN as_CSA homonyms_NN2 and_CC therefore_RR separate_JJ lexemes_NN2 ._. 
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But_CCB the_AT fact_NN1 remains_VVZ that_CST left-headed_JJ compounding_NN1 is_VBZ fairly_RR unproductive_JJ in_II English_NN1 ,_, a_AT1 language_NN1 with_IW otherwise_RR abundant_JJ (_( right-headed_NN1 )_) compounding_VVG ._. 
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These_DD2 examples_NN2 are_VBR especially_RR important_JJ since_CS ,_, unlike_II the_AT interactions_NN2 with_IW generalized_JJ quantifiers_NN2 ,_, there_RL currently_RR does_VDZ not_XX exist_VVI any_DD explicit_JJ proposal-_NN1 either_RR in_II the_AT phrase_NN1 structure_NN1 grammar_NN1 literature_NN1 or_CC in_II the_AT CG_NP1 literature-that_CST captures_VVZ the_AT relevant_JJ interactions_NN2 of_IO the_AT empirical_JJ phenomena_NN2 &lsqb;_( Chaves_NP1 (_( 2012_MC )_) offers_VVZ a_AT1 partial_JJ attempt_NN1 ,_, but_CCB see_VV0 Sect._NP1 3.2.2_MC above_RL and_CC Kubota_NP1 and_CC Levine_NP1 (_( 2014d_NNU )_) for_IF its_APPGE inadequacies_NN2 ;_; the_AT precursor_NN1 of_IO the_AT present_JJ proposal_NN1 in_II Kubota_NP1 (_( 2010_MC ,_, 2015_MC )_) does_VDZ not_XX generalize_VVI properly_RR to_II cases_NN2 involving_VVG multiple_JJ '_NULL respective_JJ '_NULL predicates_NN2 and_CC similar_JJ examples_NN2 ;_; again_RT ,_, see_VV0 Kubota_NP1 and_CC Levine_NP1 (_( 2014d_NNU )_) for_IF a_AT1 detailed_JJ discussion_NN1 &rsqb;_) ._. 
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We_PPIS2 conducted_VVD further_JJR experiments_NN2 with_IW other_JJ language_NN1 models_NN2 trained_VVN on_II higher_JJR order_NN1 n-grams_NNU2 ,_, going_VVG from_II 2-_NN1 to_II 3-_NN1 ,_, 4-_JJ and_CC 5-grams_NNU2 ,_, but_CCB the_AT higher_JJR n-gram_JJ order_NN1 did_VDD not_XX lead_VVI to_II any_DD statistically_RR significant_JJ improvement_NN1 of_IO the_AT results_NN2 ,_, and_CC sometimes_RT the_AT accuracy_NN1 even_RR slightly_RR deteriorates_VVZ ,_, which_DDQ leads_VVZ us_PPIO2 to_TO believe_VVI that_CST the_AT 2-gram_JJ language_NN1 model_NN1 is_VBZ good_JJ enough_RR for_IF conducting_VVG this_DD1 type_NN1 of_IO task_NN1 ._. 
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Thus_RR in_II greater_JJR detail_NN1 ,_, the_AT SLM_NP1 structure_NN1 for_IF 5b_FO is_VBZ as_CSA in_II 6_MC ._. 
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Rhetorical_JJ questions_NN2 were_VBDR coded_VVN as_CSA such_DA if_CS they_PPHS2 were_VBDR formally_RR marked_VVN as_CSA questions_NN2 but_CCB were_VBDR judged_VVN not_XX to_TO be_VBI seeking_VVG an_AT1 answer_NN1 to_II the_AT question_NN1 ._. 
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Again_RT ,_, Jack_NP1 cuts_VVZ off_RP his_APPGE talk_NN1 (_( line_NN1 14_MC )_) ._. 
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We_PPIS2 will_VM deal_VVI with_IW these_DD2 challenges_NN2 and_CC the_AT difficulties_NN2 related_VVN to_II L2_FO learning_VVG in_II section_NN1 2_MC and_CC 3_MC hereunder_RR ._. 
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Baggio_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
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(_( 2012_MC )_) take_VV0 this_DD1 analysis_NN1 of_IO tense_JJ and_CC aspect_NN1 one_MC1 step_NN1 further_RRR and_CC claim_VV0 that_CST it_PPH1 also_RR requires_VVZ some_DD incorporation_NN1 of_IO world_NN1 knowledge_NN1 into_II the_AT initial_JJ model_NN1 ._. 
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We_PPIS2 found_VVD that_CST the_AT initial_JJ level_NN1 was_VBDZ a_AT1 significant_JJ predictor_NN1 of_IO oral_JJ language_NN1 development_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Out_RP With_IW It_PPH1 chronicles_VVZ the_AT author_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 journey_NN1 with_IW her_APPGE own_DA stuttering_VVG and_CC highlights_VVZ her_APPGE experiences_NN2 with_IW the_AT emotional_JJ and_CC cognitive_JJ components_NN2 of_IO the_AT disorder_NN1 ._. 
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In_II this_DD1 introduction_NN1 ,_, Romney_NP1 both_DB2 distances_NN2 himself_PPX1 from_II his_APPGE political_JJ identity_NN1 by_II highlighting_VVG his_APPGE identity_NN1 as_II a_AT1 family_NN1 member_NN1 and_CC businessperson_NN1 ,_, but_CCB also_RR constructs_NN2 a_AT1 presidential_JJ self_NN1 that_CST has_VHZ the_AT capacity_NN1 to_TO empower_VVI Americans_NN2 by_II keeping_VVG the_AT country_NN1 "_" strong_JJ "_" and_CC "_" free_JJ "_" in_II (_( 21i_FO )_) if_CS given_VVN the_AT chance_NN1 to_TO drive_VVI this_DD1 metaphorical_JJ vehicle_NN1 himself_PPX1 ._. 
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The_AT means_NN and_CC standard_JJ deviations_NN2 of_IO the_AT five_MC variables_NN2 are_VBR presented_VVN in_II Table_NN1 3_MC ._. 
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Are_VBR the_AT other_JJ three_MC K4_FO graphs_NN2 lexical_JJ bundles_NN2 then_RT ?_? 
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We_PPIS2 then_RT discarded_VVD sentences_NN2 with_IW fewer_DAR than_CSN four_MC words_NN2 ,_, producing_VVG a_AT1 dataset_NN1 with_IW 12,025_MC sentences_NN2 (_( 132,076_MC words_NN2 )_) ._. 
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You_PPY can_VM see_VVI that_DD1 masculine_JJ forms_NN2 ,_, while_CS generally_RR most_RGT frequent_JJ across_II the_AT continuum_NN1 ,_, dip_VV0 below_RG feminine_JJ forms_NN2 when_RRQ soft_JJ mutation_NN1 is_VBZ more_RGR frequent_JJ ._. 
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Interpreted_VVN within_II the_AT context_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 usage-based_JJ approach_NN1 to_II language_NN1 such_II21 as_II22 Cognitive_JJ Grammar_NN1 ,_, we_PPIS2 would_VM say_VVI that_CST such_DA meaningful_JJ locations_NN2 are_VBR symbolic_JJ structures_NN2 ._. 
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For_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, '_NULL HSBC_NP1 '_NULL and_CC '_NULL stake_NN1 '_NULL are_VBR slot_NN1 anchors_VVZ in_II the_AT above_JJ example_NN1 ._. 
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One_MC1 interviewee_NN1 talked_VVN of_IO "_" keyboarding_VVG ,_, some_DD accounting_NN1 and_CC stuff_VV0 I_PPIS1 need_VV0 to_TO know_VVI in_II a_AT1 business_NN1 ,_, "_" another_DD1 thought_NN1 that_CST schools_NN2 could_VM offer_VVI information_NN1 on_II farm_NN1 work_NN1 ,_, and_CC a_AT1 third_MD suggested_JJ learners_NN2 "_" need_VV0 the_AT skills_NN2 of_IO the_AT job_NN1 that_CST they_PPHS2 '_NULL re_II going_VVG for_IF "_" ._. 
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This_DD1 favours_VVZ an_AT1 interpretation_NN1 in_II which_DDQ gazing_VVG preferences_NN2 at_II story_NN1 onset_NN1 affect_NN1 discourse_NN1 accessibility_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ then_RT affects_VVZ online_RR biases_VVZ during_II pronoun_NN1 processing_NN1 ._. 
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In_II lines_NN2 20-23_MCMC ,_, Jacob_NP1 seems_VVZ to_TO be_VBI implicating_VVG that_CST Dr._NNB Jones_NP1 would_VM be_VBI the_AT faculty_NN1 adviser_NN1 if_CS Dr._NNB Wong_NP1 fell_VVD through_RP ._. 
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Three-quarters_MF of_IO the_AT texts_NN2 in_II the_AT IT_NN1 subcorpus_NN1 have_VH0 a_AT1 frequency_NN1 of_IO up_RG21 to_RG22 0.50_MC creative_JJ lexical_JJ forms_NN2 per_II 1,000_MC words_NN2 ,_, while_CS in_II the_AT ET_NP1 subcorpus_NN1 three-quarters_MF of_IO the_AT texts_NN2 have_VH0 a_AT1 frequency_NN1 of_IO up_RG21 to_RG22 0.19_MC such_DA forms_NN2 per_II 1,000_MC words_NN2 ._. 
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The_AT experimental_JJ evidence_NN1 provided_VVD so_RG far_RR falls_VVZ short_JJ of_IO demonstrating_VVG that_DD1 scalar_JJ inferences_NN2 are_VBR less_RGR likely_JJ to_TO be_VBI derived_VVN in_II face-threatening_JJ contexts_NN2 ._. 
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This_DD1 article_NN1 represents_VVZ the_AT first_MD large-scale_JJ implementation_NN1 of_IO methods_NN2 that_CST learn_VV0 explicit_JJ categorial_JJ representations_NN2 for_IF relative_JJ pronouns_NN2 ,_, but_CCB the_AT training_NN1 data_NN in_II the_AT form_NN1 of_IO holistic_JJ vectors_NN2 for_IF relative_JJ clauses_NN2 was_VBDZ still_RR observed_VVN to_TO be_VBI relatively_RR small_JJ compared_VVN with_IW the_AT number_NN1 of_IO parameters_NN2 learned_VVN by_II the_AT methods_NN2 ,_, especially_RR for_IF object_NN1 relative_NN1 clauses_NN2 ._. 
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To_TO examine_VVI word_NN1 comprehension_NN1 ,_, we_PPIS2 compare_VV0 visual_JJ attention_NN1 to_II the_AT target_NN1 versus_II the_AT distracters_NN2 during_II baseline_NN1 and_CC test_VV0 trials_NN2 using_VVG two_MC measures_NN2 previously_RR described_VVN ,_, LTT_NP1 and_CC LL_NP1 ._. 
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One_MC1 possibility_NN1 is_VBZ that_CST the_AT processing_NN1 of_IO spoken_JJ words_NN2 along_II the_AT ventral_JJ stream_NN1 involves_VVZ multiple_JJ simultaneous_JJ quantifications_NN2 of_IO lexical_JJ competitors_NN2 ._. 
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According_II21 to_II22 an_AT1 influential_JJ account_NN1 proposed_VVN by_II Horn_NN1 (_( 1972_MC )_) ,_, SIs_NN1 are_VBR computed_VVN on_II the_AT basis_NN1 of_IO pre-existing_JJ linguistic_JJ scales_NN2 which_DDQ order_VV0 lexical_JJ terms_NN2 (_( such_II21 as_II22 "_" some_DD "_" ,_, "_" all_RR "_" )_) with_II31 respect_II32 to_II33 the_AT strength_NN1 of_IO the_AT information_NN1 that_CST they_PPHS2 convey_VV0 ._. 
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Therefore_RR a_AT1 logical_JJ next_MD step_NN1 in_II the_AT development_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 new_JJ treatment_NN1 was_VBDZ to_TO combine_VVI the_AT most_RGT critical_JJ features_NN2 of_IO the_AT STS_NP2 program_NN1 with_IW those_DD2 of_IO response_NN1 contingent_NN1 stimulation_NN1 treatments_NN2 in_II an_AT1 attempt_NN1 to_TO provide_VVI a_AT1 more_RGR powerful_JJ ,_, yet_RR simple_JJ ,_, treatment_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
In_II this_DD1 sense_NN1 ,_, using_VVG superdiversity_NN1 as_II a_AT1 theoretical_JJ cornerstone_NN1 may_VM appear_VVI disingenuous_JJ ,_, as_CSA it_PPH1 distracts_VVZ from_II the_AT task_NN1 of_IO deeper_JJR investigation_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Arguably_RR ,_, these_DD2 are_VBR the_AT types_NN2 of_IO nouns_NN2 that_CST occur_VV0 most_RGT often_RR in_II object_NN1 position_NN1 ,_, where_RRQ they_PPHS2 fill_VV0 the_AT semantic_JJ role_NN1 of_IO patient_NN1 ,_, in_II31 accordance_II32 with_II33 their_APPGE low_JJ position_NN1 in_II Silverstein_NP1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 (_( 1976_MC )_) agency_NN1 hierarchy_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT CA_NP1 controls_NN2 reported_VVD significantly_RR more_DAR words_NN2 accurately_RR than_CSN the_AT dyslexics_NN2 (_( p_ZZ1 =_FO 0.002_MC )_) and_CC the_AT younger_JJR RL_NP1 children_NN2 (_( p_ZZ1 <_FO 0.001_MC )_) ._. 
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The_AT main_JJ verb_NN1 following_NN1 may_VM in_II the_AT HKEOC_NN1 represents_VVZ the_AT cause_NN1 or_CC result_NN1 of_IO the_AT problem_NN1 or_CC the_AT potential_JJ problem_NN1 mentioned_VVD earlier_RRR in_II the_AT text_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT results_NN2 of_IO the_AT present_JJ investigation_NN1 are_VBR not_XX straightforward_JJ ,_, as_CSA native_JJ speakers_NN2 exhibited_VVD good_JJ intuitions_NN2 in_II the_AT case_NN1 of_IO the_AT extreme_JJ ,_, but_CCB not_XX middle_JJ ,_, frequency_NN1 bands_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 paper_NN1 began_VVD with_IW a_AT1 discussion_NN1 of_IO register_NN1 as_II an_AT1 important_JJ predictor_NN1 of_IO linguistic_JJ variation_NN1 ._. 
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All_DB words_NN2 were_VBDR reconstructed_VVN as_CSA Russian_JJ words_NN2 based_VVN on_II the_AT partial_JJ word_NN1 information_NN1 that_CST could_VM be_VBI extracted_VVN and_CC produced_VVN orally_RR for_IF recognition_NN1 ._. 
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In_II the_AT following_JJ sections_NN2 we_PPIS2 present_VV0 CG_NP1 analyses_NN2 of_IO various_JJ signed_JJ language_NN1 constructions_NN2 that_CST utilize_VV0 Places_NN2 as_CSA components_NN2 ._. 
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The_AT second_MD experiment_NN1 obtained_VVD results_NN2 along_II the_AT same_DA lines_NN2 ,_, although_CS the_AT group_NN1 practicing_VVG under_II non-task-essential_JJ conditions_NN2 did_VDD improve_VVI in_II some_DD of_IO the_AT outcome_NN1 measures_NN2 ,_, which_DDQ the_AT author_NN1 attributed_VVN to_II greater_JJR explicit_JJ knowledge_NN1 of_IO participants_NN2 ._. 
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The_AT participants_NN2 use_VV0 a_AT1 formal_JJ turn-taking_NN1 procedure_NN1 ,_, different_JJ from_II that_DD1 of_IO ordinary_JJ conversation_NN1 (_( Sacks_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 1974_MC )_) ,_, which_DDQ involves_VVZ fixed-length_JJ turns_NN2 and_CC minimizes_VVZ interruptions_NN2 ._. 
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Finally_RR ,_, at_II the_AT post-study-abroad_RL stage_NN1 ,_, learners_NN2 are_VBR encouraged_VVN to_TO continue_VVI learning_NN1 culture_NN1 and_CC language_NN1 ,_, by_II staying_VVG connected_JJ with_IW the_AT social_JJ networks_NN2 that_CST they_PPHS2 participated_VVD in_RP while_CS abroad_RL via_II technology_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
With_IW this_DD1 new_JJ resource_NN1 ,_, researchers_NN2 now_RT have_VH0 access_NN1 to_II hundreds_NNO2 of_IO billions_NNO2 of_IO words_NN2 of_IO data_NN ,_, and_CC can_VM map_VVI out_RP changes_NN2 in_II English_NN1 in_II ways_NN2 that_CST were_VBDR not_XX previously_RR possible_JJ ._. 
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<s>
Matthiessen_NN1 and_CC Thompson_NP1 (_( 1988_MC )_) proposed_VVD that_CST main-subordinate_JJ structures_NN2 at_II the_AT sentence_NN1 level_NN1 are_VBR the_AT result_NN1 of_IO grammaticalization_NN1 of_IO nucleus-satellite_JJ structures_NN2 at_II the_AT discourse_NN1 level_NN1 ._. 
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Such_DA scenes_NN2 present_VV0 a_AT1 challenge_NN1 with_II31 respect_II32 to_II33 the_AT maximally_RR iconic_JJ form_NN1 of_IO spatial_JJ expression_NN1 (_( e.g._REX the_AT challenge_NN1 of_IO representing_VVG more_DAR than_CSN two_MC objects_NN2 with_IW only_RR two_MC hands_NN2 )_) ._. 
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<s>
Again_RT ,_, no_AT participant_NN1 commented_VVN on_II commonality_NN1 between_II the_AT items_NN2 ,_, and_CC those_DD2 who_PNQS asked_VVD after_II the_AT study_NN1 what_DDQ the_AT study_NN1 was_VBDZ about_RP gave_VVN no_AT indication_NN1 they_PPHS2 had_VHD recognized_VVN what_DDQ was_VBDZ being_VBG studied_VVN ._. 
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Flowerdew_VV0 &amp;_CC Forest_NN1 (_( 2015_MC )_) offer_VV0 an_AT1 exhaustive_JJ book-length_JJ analysis_NN1 of_IO signalling-noun_JJ use_NN1 in_II a_AT1 larger_JJR and_CC more_RGR comprehensive_JJ corpus_NN1 of_IO written_JJ and_CC spoken_VVN academic_JJ discourse_NN1 ._. 
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On_II the_AT other_JJ hand_NN1 ,_, this_DD1 rhythm_NN1 processing_NN1 deficit_NN1 could_VM be_VBI associated_VVN with_IW insufficiently_RR robust_JJ feedforward_JJ commands_NN2 to_II the_AT articulators_NN2 about_II rhythmic_JJ structures_NN2 to_TO be_VBI produced_VVN next_MD ._. 
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<s>
Thus_RR ,_, educators_NN2 and_CC researchers_NN2 should_VM be_VBI concerned_JJ with_IW L1_FO users_NN2 '_NULL language_NN1 learning_NN1 ,_, broadly_RR defined_VVN to_TO incorporate_VVI familiarity_NN1 with_IW other_JJ Englishes_NN2 and_CC greater_JJR skill_NN1 in_II communicating_VVG with_IW their_APPGE speakers_NN2 ,_, assisting_VVG L1_FO users_NN2 in_II becoming_VVG better_JJR citizens_NN2 of_IO diverse_JJ local_JJ and_CC global_JJ communities_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Juola_NP1 (_( 1998_MC ,_, 2008_MC )_) consists_VVZ of_IO six_MC languages_NN2 (_( Maori_NP1 ,_, English_NN1 ,_, Dutch_JJ ,_, French_NN1 ,_, Russian_JJ ,_, and_CC Finnish_JJ )_) and_CC his_APPGE data_NN is_VBZ from_II Bible_NN1 translations_NN2 of_IO these_DD2 languages_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT different_JJ lexicon_NN1 sizes_NN2 provide_VV0 additional_JJ information_NN1 on_II the_AT distribution_NN1 of_IO type_NN1 and_CC token_JJ frequency_NN1 ._. 
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Tracking_JJ changes_NN2 in_II ITAs_NP2 '_NULL awareness_NN1 of_IO information_NN1 structure_NN1 and_CC changes_NN2 in_II the_AT breadth_NN1 of_IO their_APPGE working_JJ grammatical_JJ and_CC lexical_JJ repertoire_NN1 would_VM show_VVI whether_CSW a_AT1 given_JJ instructional_JJ approach_NN1 ,_, based_VVN on_II text-based_JJ teaching_NN1 simulation_NN1 preparation_NN1 tasks_NN2 ,_, was_VBDZ effective_JJ ._. 
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Although_CS these_DD2 systems_NN2 are_VBR only_RR marginally_RR attested_VVN ,_, their_APPGE expected_JJ rate_NN1 of_IO attestation_NN1 is_VBZ quite_RG high_JJ :_: at_RR21 least_RR22 20%_NNU of_IO the_AT rankings_NN2 of_IO Kager_NP1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 (_( 2012_MC )_) anti-lapse_JJ constraint_NN1 set_NN1 ,_, assuming_VVG a_AT1 single_JJ stress_NN1 per_II word_NN1 ,_, generate_VV0 shrinking-window_JJ systems_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Tasks_NN2 like_II the_AT following_JJ are_VBR not_XX only_RR unfinished_JJ but_CCB open-ended_JJ :_: describing_VVG lexical_JJ meanings_NN2 as_CSA reflected_VVN in_II grammatical_JJ distribution_NN1 ;_; working_VVG out_RP the_AT specifics_NN2 of_IO grammatical_JJ constructions_NN2 and_CC how_RRQ they_PPHS2 relate_VV0 to_II one_PPX121 another_PPX122 ;_; analyzing_VVG cases_NN2 of_IO conceptual_JJ blending_NN1 in_II31 terms_II32 of_II33 mental_JJ spaces_NN2 and_CC the_AT connections_NN2 among_II them_PPHO2 ._. 
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This_DD1 finding_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ held_VVD in_II both_DB2 interaction_NN1 environments_NN2 ,_, suggests_VVZ the_AT need_NN1 for_IF future_JJ research_NN1 to_TO examine_VVI types_NN2 of_IO modified_JJ output_NN1 in_II relationship_NN1 to_II noticing_VVG in_II other_JJ environments_NN2 and_CC ,_, subsequently_RR ,_, the_AT effect_NN1 of_IO this_DD1 relationship_NN1 on_II learning_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Thus_RR ,_, when_CS using_VVG smaller_JJR batches_NN2 ,_, especially_RR single_JJ sentences_NN2 ,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ necessary_JJ to_TO use_VVI methods_NN2 to_TO approximate_VVI the_AT corpus-level_JJ error_NN1 function_NN1 as_CSA covered_VVN in_II the_AT next_MD two_MC sections_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Similarly_RR ,_, Bob_NP1 in_II (_( 22_MC )_) -(23)_NN1 may_VM or_CC may_VM not_XX have_VHI actually_RR used_VVN as_RG many_DA2 words_NN2 (_( none_PN ,_, or_CC four_MC )_) ,_, but_CCB the_AT sentences_NN2 are_VBR false_JJ if_CS Bob_NP1 didn_VV0 '_NULL t_ZZ1 act_VV0 scared_JJ at_RR21 all_RR22 (_( 22_MC )_) or_CC didn_VV0 '_NULL t_ZZ1 indicate_VV0 that_CST he_PPHS1 wasn_VV0 '_NULL t_ZZ1 willing_JJ or_CC able_JK to_TO kill_VVI the_AT spider_NN1 (_( 23_MC )_) ._. 
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As_CSA suggested_VVN in_II section_NN1 3_MC ,_, however_RR ,_, the_AT addressee_NN1 may_VM end_VVI up_RP rejecting_VVG this_DD1 communicated_VVD content_NN1 on_II the_AT basis_NN1 of_IO considerations_NN2 about_II the_AT speaker_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 '_NULL preferences_NN2 '_NULL ._. 
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By_II contrast_NN1 ,_, in_II Buring_NP1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 analysis_NN1 the_AT adjective_NN1 close_NN1 would_VM be_VBI decomposed_VVN as_RG little_DA1 far_RR ,_, whereas_CS the_AT morpheme_NN1 far_RR would_VM be_VBI left_VVN intact_JJ ._. 
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Statistical_JJ preemption_NN1 presupposes_VVZ that_CST speakers_NN2 attempt_VV0 to_TO anticipate_VVI others_NN2 '_NULL utterances_NN2 as_CSA they_PPHS2 witness_VV0 them_PPHO2 ._. 
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This_DD1 is_VBZ comparable_JJ with_IW Hengeveld_NP1 and_CC Mackenzie_NP1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 Conceptual_JJ Component_NN1 ,_, but_CCB is_VBZ intended_VVN to_TO include_VVI affective_JJ and_CC social_JJ meaning_NN1 ,_, as_II31 well_II32 as_II33 conceptual_JJ content_NN1 in_II the_AT usual_JJ sense_NN1 ;_; cf._VV0 They_PPHS2 also_RR show_VV0 that_CST this_DD1 model_NN1 is_VBZ dynamic_JJ ,_, rather_II21 than_II22 static_JJ ._. 
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The_AT Director_NN1 and_CC the_AT Follower_NN1 were_VBDR seated_VVN at_II a_AT1 table_NN1 facing_VVG each_PPX221 other_PPX222 ._. 
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It_PPH1 appears_VVZ that_CST at_II this_DD1 point_NN1 there_EX are_VBR simply_RR too_RG many_DA2 parameters_NN2 in_II current_JJ syntactic_JJ and_CC semantic_JJ theories_NN2 to_TO provide_VVI evidence_NN1 that_CST would_VM be_VBI convincing_JJ of_IO either_DD1 position_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT best_JJT results_NN2 in_II31 terms_II32 of_II33 recall_NN1 and_CC F1-score_NN1 to_II date_NN1 have_VH0 been_VBN reported_VVN by_II Laparra_NP1 and_CC Rigau_NP1 (_( 2012_MC )_) ,_, with_IW 25%_NNU and_CC 19%_NNU ,_, respectively_RR ._. 
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The_AT other_JJ two_MC topics_NN2 we_PPIS2 describe_VV0 in_II the_AT next_MD two_MC subsections_NN2 ,_, though_CS not_XX comprehensively_RR due_JJ to_TO space_VVI constraints_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II each_DD1 case_NN1 ,_, a_AT1 contrast_NN1 is_VBZ drawn_VVN between_II the_AT PM_NP1 and_CC one_MC1 or_CC more_DAR members_NN2 of_IO the_AT Opposition_NN1 ._. 
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For_IF incisive_JJ and_CC helpful_JJ comments_NN2 on_II my_APPGE originally_RR submitted_VVN draft_NN1 ,_, I_PPIS1 am_VBM indebted_JJ to_II each_DD1 of_IO two_MC anonymous_JJ reviewers_NN2 for_IF Language_NN1 Sciences_NN2 ,_, one_MC1 of_IO whom_PNQO went_VVD out_II21 of_II22 her/his_APPGE way_NN1 to_TO provide_VVI a_AT1 detailed_JJ list_NN1 of_IO works_NN on_II the_AT present_JJ topic_NN1 that_CST I_PPIS1 had_VHD left_VVN out_II21 of_II22 account_NN1 or_CC never_RR seen_VVN at_RR21 all_RR22 ._. 
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In_II other_JJ examples_NN2 ,_, bimodal_JJ bilingual_JJ classroom_NN1 strategies_NN2 are_VBR documented_VVN in_II detail_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
In_II contrast_NN1 ,_, we_PPIS2 propose_VV0 that_CST an_AT1 NI-rise_NN1 signals_VVZ the_AT existence_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 metalinguistic_JJ issue_NN1 ;_; the_AT nature_NN1 of_IO the_AT issue_NN1 is_VBZ then_RT conveyed_VVN via_II contextual_JJ reasoning_NN1 and_CC prosodic_JJ cues_NN2 ._. 
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The_AT Greenhouse-Geisser_NP1 correction_NN1 was_VBDZ applied_VVN to_II variables_NN2 with_IW more_DAR than_CSN one_MC1 degree_NN1 of_IO freedom_NN1 in_II the_AT numerator_NN1 ._. 
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At_II a_AT1 minimal_JJ level_NN1 ,_, the_AT capacity_NN1 of_IO the_AT neocerebellum_NN1 to_TO bias_VVI and/or_CC pre-empt_VVI the_AT prefrontal_JJ cortex_NN1 for_IF upcoming_JJ linguistic_JJ input_NN1 was_VBDZ predicted_VVN to_TO manifest_VVI itself_PPX1 in_II phrasal_JJ associative_JJ ,_, and_CC not_XX semantic_JJ categorical_JJ lexical_JJ priming_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT main_JJ theoretical_JJ question_NN1 of_IO the_AT article_NN1 is_VBZ what_DDQ determines_VVZ whether_CSW a_AT1 PC_NN1 construction_NN1 is_VBZ possessive_JJ or_CC canonical_JJ ._. 
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Granted_VVN that_CST bilingual_JJ and_CC not_XX monolingual_JJ processing_NN1 intensely_RR engages_VVZ this_DD1 circuitry_NN1 for_IF the_AT control_NN1 of_IO languages_NN2 ,_, one_PN1 may_VM come_VVI to_TO expect_VVI adaptive_JJ neural_JJ changes_NN2 (_( Abutalebi_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2012_MC ;_; Green_JJ &amp;_CC Abutalebi_NP1 ,_, 2013_MC )_) ._. 
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Our_APPGE results_NN2 move_VV0 the_AT field_NN1 forward_RL by_II documenting_VVG not_XX only_RR a_AT1 potential_JJ developmental_JJ progression_NN1 but_CCB also_RR considerable_JJ individual_JJ variability_NN1 in_II a_AT1 precise_JJ set_NN1 of_IO CALS_NNU2 that_CST expand_VV0 our_APPGE understanding_NN1 of_IO academic_JJ language_NN1 proficiency_NN1 ._. 
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In_II critically_RR examining_VVG the_AT multi/plural_JJ turn_NN1 ,_, my_APPGE focus_NN1 is_VBZ not_XX specific_JJ arguments_NN2 made_VVN in_II applied_JJ linguistics_NN1 literature_NN1 but_CCB rather_RG a_AT1 macro_JJ discourse_NN1 on_II plurality_NN1 and_CC hybridity_NN1 that_CST has_VHZ attracted_VVN so_RG much_DA1 attention_NN1 ._. 
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When_CS r04_FO '_NULL s_ZZ1 tongue_NN1 moves_VVZ from_II &lsqb;_( θ_NULL &rsqb;_) to_II &lsqb;_( o_ZZ1 &rsqb;_) ,_, it_PPH1 passes_VVZ through_II a_AT1 configuration_NN1 that_CST is_VBZ similar_JJ to_II r04_FO '_NULL s_ZZ1 bunched_JJ /_FO ?_? /_FO ._. 
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Rather_RR ,_, coping_VVG laughter_NN1 deals_VVZ with_IW the_AT framing_NN1 of_IO the_AT disagreement_NN1 and_CC allows_VVZ the_AT participants_NN2 to_TO deal_VVI with_IW the_AT face_NN1 threat_NN1 that_CST is_VBZ created_VVN by_II the_AT escalation_NN1 point_NN1 ._. 
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If_CS children_NN2 '_NULL s_ZZ1 failure_NN1 to_TO compute_VVI scalar_JJ implicatures_NN2 can_VM not_XX be_VBI easily_RR attributed_VVN to_II pragmatic_JJ factors_NN2 or_CC general_JJ processing_NN1 deficiencies_NN2 ,_, what_DDQ else_RR can_VM account_VVI for_IF their_APPGE difficulty_NN1 with_IW this_DD1 particular_JJ inference_NN1 ,_, in_II31 light_II32 of_II33 their_APPGE ability_NN1 to_TO compute_VVI ignorance_NN1 implicature_NN1 ?_? 
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This_DD1 ,_, in_II turn_NN1 ,_, implies_VVZ that_CST it_PPH1 is_VBZ potentially_RR problematic_JJ to_TO project_VVI modern_JJ metaterms_NN2 on_II historical_JJ data_NN because_CS a_AT1 modern_JJ metaterm_NN1 can_VM have_VHI different_JJ equivalents_NN2 ._. 
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For_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, in_II lines_NN2 6_MC through_II 12_MC of_IO excerpt_NN1 (_( 7_MC )_) below_RL (_( which_DDQ immediately_RR follows_VVZ excerpt_NN1 (_( 5_MC )_) in_II the_AT track_NN1 '_NULL Black_JJ preachers_NN2 '_NULL )_) ,_, the_AT preacher_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 encounter_VV0 with_IW God_NP1 takes_VVZ an_AT1 interesting_JJ turn_NN1 ,_, giving_VVG audiences_NN2 a_AT1 view_NN1 of_IO his_APPGE more_RGR witty_JJ ,_, street-wise_JJ nature_NN1 ._. 
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Nevertheless_RR ,_, the_AT interaction_NN1 between_II individuals_NN2 and_CC instructional_JJ methods_NN2 means_VVZ that_DD1 instruction_NN1 that_CST promotes_VVZ a_AT1 certain_JJ learning_NN1 style_NN1 may_VM not_XX work_VVI for_IF all_DB learners_NN2 (_( Pashler_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2008_MC )_) ._. 
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All_DB contrasts_NN2 were_VBDR produced_VVN using_VVG appropriate_JJ phonetic_JJ realizations_NN2 for_IF each_DD1 language_NN1 (_( see_VV0 Appendix_NN1 S2_FO in_II the_AT Supporting_JJ Information_NN1 online_RR )_) ._. 
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These_DD2 authors_NN2 attempt_VV0 to_TO describe_VVI "_" general_JJ English_NN1 "_" ,_, ignoring_VVG wide_JJ variation_NN1 in_II patterns_NN2 of_IO English_JJ language_NN1 use_NN1 across_II situational_JJ contexts_NN2 ._. 
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But_CCB Patrick_NP1 Hanks_NP1 is_VBZ not_XX only_RR a_AT1 lexicographer_NN1 ,_, he_PPHS1 is_VBZ also_RR a_AT1 corpus_NN1 linguist_NN1 and_CC a_AT1 computational_JJ linguist_NN1 ,_, and_CC it_PPH1 seems_VVZ to_II me_PPIO1 that_DD1 Lexical_JJ Analysis_NN1 has_VHZ at_RR21 least_RR22 two_MC ,_, perhaps_RR even_RR three_MC ,_, distinct_JJ guiding_JJ spirits_NN2 ._. 
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For_REX21 instance_REX22 ,_, the_AT preferred_JJ response_NN1 to_II displays_NN2 of_IO deference_NN1 in_II Chinese_JJ which_DDQ are_VBR accomplished_VVN through_II honorific_JJ pronouns_NN2 (_( e.g._REX nin_NN1 ,_, '_NULL you-HON_JJ '_NULL )_) directed_VVD by_II a_AT1 younger_JJR person_NN1 to_II an_AT1 elderly_JJ person_NN1 is_VBZ generally_RR to_TO tacitly_RR accept_VVI it_PPH1 ._. 
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Most_RGT recently_RR ,_, Chang_NP1 ,_, Zhu_NP1 ,_, Choo_NP1 ,_, and_CC Angstadt_NP1 (_( 2015_MC )_) employing_VVG a_AT1 larger_JJR sample_NN1 of_IO considerably_RR younger_JJR children_NN2 (_( down_VV0 to_TO age_VVI 3_MC )_) ,_, also_RR found_VVN that_CST the_AT level_NN1 of_IO fractional_JJ anisotropy_NN1 in_II tracts_NN2 interconnecting_JJ auditory-motor_NN1 areas_NN2 and_CC tracts_NN2 that_CST support_VV0 skilled_JJ movement_NN1 control_NN1 differentiated_VVD CWS_NP1 ._. 
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We_PPIS2 now_RT turn_VV0 to_II a_AT1 more_RGR detailed_JJ discussion_NN1 of_IO each_DD1 function_NN1 in_II turn_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
As_CSA we_PPIS2 will_VM see_VVI ,_, the_AT structure_NN1 of_IO indices_NN2 needs_VVZ to_TO be_VBI a_RR21 bit_RR22 more_RGR complex_JJ than_CSN we_PPIS2 have_VH0 been_VBN assuming_VVG ,_, and_CC consequently_RR we_PPIS2 will_VM also_RR need_VVI to_TO modify_VVI the_AT spell-out_NN1 rules_NN2 proposed_VVN in_II the_AT previous_JJ section_NN1 ._. 
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Delattre_NN1 and_CC Freeman_NN1 (_( 1968:60-61_MCMC )_) further_RRR observe_VV0 that_CST consonant_JJ place_NN1 of_IO articulation_NN1 affects_VVZ retroflexion_NN1 rate_NN1 ,_, specifically_RR that_CST a_AT1 preceding_JJ consonant_NN1 interferes_VVZ with_IW retroflexion_NN1 differently_RR depending_II21 on_II22 its_APPGE place_NN1 of_IO articulation_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT same_DA is_VBZ also_RR true_JJ of_IO many_DA2 of_IO the_AT acts_NN2 listed_VVN above_RL :_: dorobucci_NN2 (_( Yoruba_NN :_: doro_NN1 (_( little_JJ monkey/well-bucket_NN1 pulley_NN1 )_) and_CC English_JJ slang_NN1 :_: bucci_NN2 )_) ,_, ilefo_NN1 illuminati_NN2 (_( Yoruba_NN :_: ilefo_NN1 (_( floating_VVG )_) and_CC Latin/English_NN1 :_: illuminati_NN2 )_) ,_, kamakaze_NN1 (_( Japanese_NN1 :_: Kamikaze_NP1 )_) ,_, and_CC yapayaski_NN2 (_( Yoruba_NN :_: yapa_NN1 (_( plenty_NN1 )_) ,_, ya_PPY (_( deviant_JJ )_) ,_, and_CC Slavic_JJ suffix_NN1 :_: -ski_JJ )_) ,_, all_DB of_IO which_DDQ collapse_VV0 the_AT boundaries_NN2 between_II languages_NN2 ._. 
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As_II a_AT1 consequence_NN1 ,_, we_PPIS2 should_VM not_XX expect_VVI focus_NN1 intervention_NN1 with_IW these_DD2 expressions_NN2 ._. 
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Surely_RR ,_, it_PPH1 might_VM be_VBI thought_VVN ,_, these_DD2 are_VBR both_RR "_" first_MD person_NN1 "_" categories-so_RR how_RRQ can_VM it_PPH1 be_VBI that_CST they_PPHS2 are_VBR (_( as_CSA we_PPIS2 claim_VV0 )_) separate_VV0 semantic_JJ primes_NN2 ,_, neither_RR definable_JJ in_II31 terms_II32 of_II33 the_AT other_JJ ?_? 
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<s>
This_DD1 model_NN1 of_IO anaphora_NN1 could_VM have_VHI various_JJ initial_JJ limitations_NN2 ._. 
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In_II this_DD1 subsection_NN1 we_PPIS2 describe_VV0 the_AT metrics_NN2 used_VVN to_II measure_NN1 both_RR how_RGQ much_DA1 the_AT annotators_NN2 agree_VV0 with_IW each_PPX221 other_PPX222 ,_, and_CC how_RGQ well_RR the_AT systems_NN2 perform_VV0 when_RRQ their_APPGE outputs_NN2 are_VBR compared_VVN with_IW human_JJ annotations_NN2 for_IF the_AT discourse_NN1 analysis_NN1 tasks_NN2 ._. 
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Yet_RR the_AT Mayan_JJ languages_NN2 do_VD0 not_XX behave_VVI like_II ergative_JJ languages_NN2 of_IO the_AT object_NN1 shift_VV0 type_NN1 either_RR ._. 
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However_RR ,_, this_DD1 model_NN1 treats_VVZ all_DB word_NN1 combinations_NN2 as_II the_AT same_DA operation-for_NN1 example_NN1 ,_, treating_VVG the_AT combination_NN1 of_IO an_AT1 adjective_NN1 with_IW its_APPGE argument_NN1 and_CC a_AT1 verb_NN1 with_IW its_APPGE subject_NN1 as_II the_AT same_DA sort_NN1 of_IO composition_NN1 ._. 
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If_CS the_AT post-copular_JJ name_NN1 contributes_VVZ a_AT1 set_NN1 of_IO individual_JJ concepts_NN2 ,_, what_DDQ about_II the_AT pre-copular_JJ variable_NN1 ?_? 
</s>
<s>
The_AT US_NP1 data_NN was_VBDZ collected_VVN in_II a_AT1 community_NN1 language_NN1 program_NN1 for_IF adults_NN2 in_II a_AT1 large_JJ urban_JJ area_NN1 in_II the_AT Northeast_ND1 ,_, and_CC is_VBZ drawn_VVN from_II a_AT1 larger_JJR study_NN1 on_II the_AT nature_NN1 of_IO interaction_NN1 in_II ESL_NP1 classrooms_NN2 (_( Jacknick_NP1 ,_, 2009_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
In_RR21 particular_RR22 ,_, we_PPIS2 were_VBDR concerned_JJ with_IW the_AT difference_NN1 between_II plain_JJ falsity_NN1 and_CC presupposition_NN1 failure_NN1 posited_VVD by_II presuppositional_JJ accounts_NN2 ._. 
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The_AT results_NN2 of_IO Study_NN1 2_MC suggest_VV0 that_CST it_PPH1 does_VDZ not_XX really_RR matter_VVI what_DDQ exactly_RR learners_NN2 track_VV0 ,_, as_CS31 long_CS32 as_CS33 they_PPHS2 track_VV0 enough_DD features_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT latter_DA aspects_NN2 are_VBR held_VVN so_RG strongly_RR that_DD1 discrete_JJ infinity_NN1 is_VBZ often_RR claimed_VVN to_TO be_VBI the_AT single_JJ most_RGT significant_JJ component_NN1 of_IO the_AT language_NN1 faculty_NN1 narrowly_RR construed_VVN (_( i.e._REX an_AT1 explanandum_NN1 as_II31 opposed_II32 to_II33 an_AT1 idealisation_NN1 )_) (_( see_VV0 Chomsky_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
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2002_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
Under_II negative_JJ expectations_NN2 ,_, this_DD1 asymmetry_NN1 was_VBDZ not_XX obtained_VVN ._. 
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<s>
To_TO complicate_VVI the_AT picture_NN1 further_RRR ,_, it_PPH1 seems_VVZ that_CST certain_JJ definite_JJ descriptions_NN2 ,_, such_II21 as_II22 epithets_NN2 ,_, more_RGR readily_RR allow_VV0 dependent_JJ plural_JJ readings_NN2 ,_, as_CSA demonstrated_VVN by_II (_( 71_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
If_CS ab_NN1 ,_, then_RT the_AT set_NN1 of_IO models_NN2 in_II which_DDQ a_AT1 is_VBZ true_JJ is_VBZ a_AT1 subset_NN1 of_IO the_AT set_NN1 of_IO models_NN2 in_II which_DDQ b_ZZ1 is_VBZ true_JJ ._. 
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In_II this_DD1 regard_NN1 ,_, this_DD1 book_NN1 provides_VVZ a_AT1 valuable_JJ introduction_NN1 to_II the_AT field_NN1 ._. 
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Within_II the_AT noun_NN1 phrase_NN1 ,_, the_AT noun_NN1 is_VBZ readily_RR available_JJ ,_, and_CC assignment_NN1 is_VBZ almost_RR always_RR based_VVN straightforwardly_RR on_II the_AT lexical_JJ entry_NN1 ._. 
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Table_NN1 5_MC also_RR shows_VVZ that_CST the_AT majority_NN1 of_IO the_AT 30_MC participants_NN2 assigned_VVN to_II the_AT control_NN1 group_NN1 did_VDD not_XX score_VVI better_RRR in_II the_AT post-test_NN1 ,_, and_CC five_MC of_IO them_PPHO2 even_RR got_VVD lower_JJR marks_NN2 after_II being_VBG asked_VVN to_TO revise_VVI their_APPGE initial_JJ translations_NN2 ._. 
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This_DD1 is_VBZ accomplished_VVN without_IW the_AT participants_NN2 explicitly_RR describing_VVG the_AT document_NN1 they_PPHS2 are_VBR referring_VVG to_II or_CC explicitly_RR guiding_JJ their_APPGE colleagues_NN2 to_II the_AT feature_NN1 of_IO concern_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Discursive_JJ power_NN1 is_VBZ the_AT ability_NN1 to_TO use_VVI language_NN1 as_II a_AT1 resource_NN1 for_IF accomplishing_VVG actions_NN2 in_II talk_NN1 ,_, and_CC it_PPH1 is_VBZ limited_VVN by_II the_AT context_NN1 of_IO the_AT interaction_NN1 (_( Thornborrow_NP1 2014_MC )_) ._. 
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All_DB instances_NN2 of_IO repair_NN1 in_II the_AT collection_NN1 were_VBDR classified_VVN as_CSA prosodically_RR marked_VVN or_CC unmarked_JJ on_II the_AT basis_NN1 of_IO auditory_JJ analysis_NN1 ._. 
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Using_VVG the_AT Wilks_NP1 '_NULL criterion_NN1 ,_, the_AT combination_NN1 of_IO the_AT dimension_NN1 scores_NN2 were_VBDR significantly_RR affected_VVN by_II register_NN1 F_ZZ1 (_( 5_MC ,_, 140_MC )_) =_FO 11.79_MC ,_, p<_FO .001_MC ._. 
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Given_CS21 that_CS22 parental_JJ cues_NN2 predicted_VVD children_NN2 '_NULL s_ZZ1 communicative_JJ and_CC referential_JJ responses_NN2 ,_, the_AT ability_NN1 to_TO distinguish_VVI these_DD2 contexts_NN2 appears_VVZ to_TO be_VBI directly_RR related_VVN to_II parental_JJ cues_NN2 ._. 
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Other_JJ scalar_JJ accounts_NN2 are_VBR also_RR possible_JJ ,_, including_II the_AT semantics_NN1 based_VVN on_II qualitatively_RR additive_JJ measures_NN2 analyzed_VVD in_II some_DD detail_NN1 by_II Holliday_NP1 &amp;_CC Icard_NP1 (_( 2013a_FO )_) ._. 
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Given_VVN the_AT absence_NN1 of_IO ESL_NP1 research_NN1 on_II the_AT two_MC complementation_NN1 patterns_NN2 in_II question_NN1 and_CC the_AT fact_NN1 that_CST comparisons_NN2 between_II EFL_NP1 and_CC ESL_NP1 are_VBR not_XX unproblematic_JJ (_( since_CS the_AT two_MC variants_NN2 are_VBR not_XX necessarily_RR directly_RR (_( qualitatively_RR )_) comparable_JJ ;_; see_VV0 Szmrecsanyi_JJ &amp;_CC Kortmann_NP1 2011_MC ,_, Gries_NP1 &amp;_CC Deshors_NP1 2015_MC )_) ,_, the_AT goal_NN1 of_IO this_DD1 paper_NN1 remains_VVZ largely_RR descriptive_JJ ._. 
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Due_II21 to_II22 a_AT1 technical_JJ fault_NN1 ,_, the_AT pretend_JJ trial_NN1 was_VBDZ not_XX video_NN1 recorded_VVN for_IF one_MC1 dyad_NN1 ,_, therefore_RR they_PPHS2 were_VBDR not_XX include_VV0 in_II the_AT other_JJ analyses_NN2 ,_, leaving_VVG 24_MC participants_NN2 ._. 
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One_MC1 hallmark_NN1 of_IO B_ZZ1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 presentation_NN1 is_VBZ that_CST she_PPHS1 does_VDZ not_XX avoid_VVI points_NN2 still_RR under_II debate_NN1 ._. 
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Relatively_RR more_DAR freedom_NN1 is_VBZ granted_VVN at_II higher_JJR levels_NN2 of_IO linguistic_JJ analysis_NN1 ._. 
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They_PPHS2 are_VBR attested_VVN in_II this_DD1 configuration_NN1 from_II the_AT earliest_JJT available_JJ data_NN on_RP ._. 
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But_CCB this_DD1 precondition_NN1 is_VBZ not_XX specific_JJ enough_RR :_: in_BCL21 order_BCL22 to_TO generate_VVI a_AT1 midpoint_NN1 system_NN1 ,_, several_DA2 other_JJ ranking_NN1 conditions_NN2 must_VM hold_VVI ._. 
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Additionally_RR ,_, when_CS run_VVN separately_RR ,_, neither_DD1 frequency_NN1 measurement_NN1 is_VBZ selected_VVN as_CSA significant_JJ in_II multifactorial_JJ linear_JJ regressions_NN2 with_IW other_JJ predictor_NN1 variables_NN2 (_( form_VV0 frequency_NN1 model_NN1 :_: R2_FO =_FO -0.34_MC ,_, p_ZZ1 <_FO 0.001_MC ;_; lemma_NN1 frequency_NN1 model_NN1 :_: R2_FO =_FO -0.34_MC ,_, p_ZZ1 <_FO 0.001_MC )_) ._. 
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In_BCL21 order_BCL22 to_TO encourage_VVI free_JJ discussion_NN1 ,_, we_PPIS2 did_VDD not_XX set_VVI limits_NN2 on_II posting_VVG frequency_NN1 and_CC number_NN1 of_IO words_NN2 per_II posting_NN1 ._. 
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We_PPIS2 focus_VV0 in_II this_DD1 section_NN1 on_II four_MC methods_NN2 :_: SPLF_NP1 and_CC Addition_NN1 ,_, the_AT two_MC methods_NN2 with_IW the_AT highest_JJT overall_JJ MAP_NN1 score_NN1 ;_; FPLF_NP1 ,_, the_AT better-performing_JJR method_NN1 of_IO the_AT two_MC which_DDQ explicitly_RR learn_VV0 a_AT1 relative_JJ pronoun_NN1 representation_NN1 ;_; and_CC VArg_NP1 ,_, as_CSA a_AT1 high-performing_JJ Categorial_JJ baseline_NN1 ._. 
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This_DD1 paper_NN1 describes_VVZ three_MC discourse_NN1 contexts_NN2 in_II which_DDQ prosodic_JJ marking_NN1 is_VBZ notably_RR common_JJ ,_, and_CC argues_VVZ that_CST both_DB2 proposals_NN2 find_VV0 some_DD support_NN1 in_II these_DD2 contexts_NN2 ._. 
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Gries_NN2 (_( 2013_MC )_) has_VHZ noted_VVN that_DD1 collocation_NN1 can_VM have_VHI two_MC directions_NN2 ._. 
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The_AT second_MD observation_NN1 is_VBZ the_AT striking_JJ differences_NN2 in_II the_AT TLU_NN1 scores_NN2 of_IO individual_JJ morphemes_NN2 among_II different_JJ L1s_FO ,_, despite_II an_AT1 overall_JJ trend_NN1 for_IF TLU_NP1 scores_VVZ to_TO increase_VVI with_IW proficiency_NN1 ._. 
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Whether_CSW and_CC to_II what_DDQ extent_NN1 this_DD1 expectation_NN1 is_VBZ borne_VVN out_RP of_RR21 course_RR22 depends_VVZ on_II future_JJ work_NN1 in_II contrastive_JJ semantics_NN1 ._. 
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This_DD1 test_NN1 has_VHZ a_AT1 reliability_NN1 of_IO 0.93_MC (_( Woodcock_NP1 ,_, 1987_MC )_) ._. 
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In_II normative_JJ Spanish_JJ ,_, presentational_JJ haber_NN1 is_VBZ used_VVN in_II subjectless_JJ ,_, impersonal_JJ constructions_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
If_CS ,_, however_RR ,_, listeners_NN2 are_VBR more_RGR flexible_JJ and_CC they_PPHS2 actively_RR assess_VV0 planning_VVG difficulty_NN1 in_II this_DD1 new_JJ situation_NN1 ,_, then_RT assuming_VVG that_CST they_PPHS2 perceive_VV0 the_AT artificial_JJ names_NN2 as_CSA difficult_JJ to_TO retrieve_VVI and_CC produce_VVI ,_, they_PPHS2 should_VM develop_VVI the_AT expectation_NN1 that_CST the_AT upcoming_JJ referent_NN1 would_VM be_VBI a_AT1 named_JJ shape_NN1 ._. 
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These_DD2 studies_NN2 indicate_VV0 that_CST semantic_JJ operations_NN2 start_VV0 before_II the_AT word_NN1 identification_NN1 is_VBZ complete_JJ (_( Penolazzi_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2007_MC ;_; Van_NP1 Berkum_NP1 ,_, Brown_NP1 ,_, Hagoort_NP1 ,_, &amp;_CC Zwitserlood_NP1 ,_, 2003_MC ;_; van_NP1 den_NP1 Brink_NP1 ,_, Brown_NP1 ,_, &amp;_CC Hagoort_NP1 ,_, 2006_MC ;_; Van_NP1 Petten_NP1 ,_, Coulson_NP1 ,_, Rubin_NP1 ,_, Plante_NP1 ,_, &amp;_CC Parks_NN2 ,_, 1999_MC )_) ._. 
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Dixon_NP1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 (_( 1997_MC )_) and_CC Thurston_NP1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 (_( 1987_MC )_) approaches_NN2 were_VBDR both_RR inspired_VVN by_II the_AT punctuated_JJ equilibrium_NN1 model_NN1 in_II biology_NN1 ,_, and_CC will_VM be_VBI surveyed_VVN here_RL together_RL ._. 
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Notably_RR ,_, in_II excerpt_NN1 (_( 6_MC )_) ,_, the_AT debate_NN1 over_II what_DDQ was_VBDZ thought_VVN to_TO be_VBI heard_VVN on_II the_AT 911_MC tapes-oscillating_JJ in_II the_AT national_JJ conversation_NN1 from_II '_NULL coons_NN2 '_NULL to_II '_NULL cold_NN1 '_NULL to_II '_NULL punks_NN2 '_NULL -_- frames_VVZ the_AT segment_NN1 ._. 
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My_APPGE suggestion_NN1 is_VBZ that_CST when_CS the_AT Proszg_NN1 '_NULL I_PPIS1 request_VV0 '_NULL +_FO VINF_NN1 construction_NN1 is_VBZ used_VVN ,_, instead_II21 of_II22 the_AT V2SGIMP_FO construction_NN1 ,_, the_AT speaker_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 avoidance_NN1 of_IO making_VVG any_DD reference_NN1 to_II the_AT trajector_NN1 of_IO the_AT profiled_JJ process_NN1 conceptualized_VVD specifically_RR in_II the_AT role_NN1 of_IO co-conceptualizer_NN1 in_II the_AT current_JJ speech_NN1 event_NN1 is_VBZ taken_VVN as_CSA defocusing_VVG the_AT idea_NN1 of_IO the_AT default_NN1 "_" intimate_VV0 shared_JJ intersubjectivity_NN1 "_" ,_, and_CC ,_, in_II consequence_NN1 ,_, as_CSA invoking_VVG the_AT idea_NN1 of_IO the_AT vertical_JJ distance_NN1 and_CC the_AT authority_NN1 over_II the_AT hearer_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ the_AT speaker_NN1 now_RT decides_VVZ to_TO exercise_VVI ._. 
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In_II31 spite_II32 of_II33 all_DB of_IO the_AT fanfare_NN1 in_II the_AT past_JJ few_DA2 years_NNT2 about_II the_AT potential_NN1 in_II using_VVG Google_NN1 Books_NN2 data_NN to_TO gain_VVI insight_NN1 into_II "_" culturomics_NN2 "_" (_( cf._VV0 There_RL has_VHZ also_RR been_VBN an_AT1 increasing_JJ usage_NN1 of_IO the_AT be_VBI +_FO like_II formula_NN1 to_TO introduce_VVI DRS_NP1 (_( e.g._REX D_ZZ1 '_NULL Arcy_NP1 2007_MC ;_; Holt_NP1 and_CC Clift_VV0 2007_MC ;_; Romaine_NP1 and_CC Lange_NP1 1991_MC ;_; Tannen_NP1 2007_MC )_) ._. 
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But_CCB it_PPH1 is_VBZ not_XX so_RG clear_JJ when_CS a_AT1 being-statement_NN1 is_VBZ viewed_VVN by_II the_AT theorist_NN1 as_II an_AT1 implicit_JJ literal_JJ comparison_NN1 as_II31 opposed_II32 to_II33 an_AT1 implicit_JJ simile_NN1 ,_, because_CS theorists_NN2 who_PNQS believe_VV0 in_II a_AT1 distinction_NN1 between_II explicit_JJ literal_JJ comparisons_NN2 and_CC similes_NN2 probably_RR do_VD0 not_XX regard_VVI the_AT former_DA as_II one_MC1 surface_NN1 form_NN1 for_IF metaphor_NN1 ._. 
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Key_JJ brain_NN1 areas_NN2 in_II this_DD1 model_NN1 in_II include_VV0 the_AT ACC_NP1 ,_, preSMA_NN1 ,_, SMA_NP1 and_CC basal_JJ ganglia_NN2 outputs_VVZ to_II this_DD1 region_NN1 ._. 
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They_PPHS2 have_VH0 also_RR been_VBN employed_VVN in_II their_APPGE previous_JJ TMS_NP1 investigations_NN2 to_TO aim_VVI at_II the_AT hand_NN1 area_NN1 of_IO the_AT ipsilateral_JJ cerebellar_JJ cortex_NN1 ,_, with_IW its_APPGE stimulation_NN1 affecting_VVG cortico-cerebellar_JJ projections_NN2 ,_, changing_VVG motor_NN1 cortical_JJ excitability_NN1 in_II the_AT contralateral_JJ hand_NN1 area_NN1 (_( Miall_NP1 ,_, Christensen_NP1 ,_, Cain_NP1 ,_, &amp;_CC Stanley_NP1 ,_, 2007_MC )_) ._. 
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This_DD1 paper_NN1 adopts_VVZ an_AT1 approach_NN1 to_II analysis_NN1 based_VVN on_II ethnopoetics_NN2 ,_, representing_VVG everyday_JJ narrative_NN1 dramatically_RR ,_, organized_VVD not_XX only_RR as_CSA lines_NN2 and_CC verses_NN2 ,_, but_CCB also_RR as_CSA scenes_NN2 and_CC acts_NN2 ._. 
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As_CSA in_II Experiment_NN1 1_MC1 ,_, we_PPIS2 replicated_VVD HKV_NP1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 result_VV0 :_: an_AT1 interaction_NN1 between_II determiner_NN1 and_CC verb_NN1 type_NN1 (_( ellipsis_NN1 ,_, different-verb_NN1 )_) ._. 
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For_IF the_AT 76_MC participants_NN2 (_( 37_MC CWS_NP1 +_FO 39_MC CWNS_NP1 )_) ,_, the_AT total_JJ duration_NN1 of_IO the_AT task_NN1 varied_VVD ,_, leading_VVG to_II individual_JJ differences_NN2 in_II duration_NN1 ._. 
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This_DD1 collection_NN1 applies_VVZ CAT_NN1 to_TO inform_VVI us_PPIO2 on_RP socially_RR important_JJ issues_NN2 in_II these_DD2 innovative_JJ contexts_NN2 ._. 
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She_PPHS1 argues_VVZ that_CST Catachresis_NP1 Three_MC is_VBZ "_" a_AT1 figure_NN1 in_II its_APPGE own_DA right_NN1 "_" and_CC "_" basically_RR non-metaphorical_JJ in_II nature_NN1 "_" (_( 53_MC )_) ._. 
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Lambrecht_NP1 (_( 1994_MC )_) explains_VVZ that_CST speakers_NN2 can_VM exploit_VVI this_DD1 when_CS aiming_VVG for_IF pragmatic_JJ accommodation_NN1 :_: the_AT hearer_NN1 is_VBZ required_VVN to_TO accommodate_VVI the_AT information_NN1 as_CS21 though_CS22 it_PPH1 were_VBDR presupposed_VVN ,_, as_CSA is_VBZ the_AT case_NN1 in_II the_AT first_MD phrase_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 lecture_NN1 in_II (_( 30_MC )_) ._. 
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Foregrounding_VVG intra-categorical_JJ complexity_NN1 thus_RR yields_VVZ a_AT1 mode_NN1 of_IO looking_VVG at_II stand-up_JJ comedy_NN1 critique_NN1 in_II a_AT1 manner_NN1 that_CST moves_VVZ beyond_II a_AT1 single-axis_JJ focus_NN1 on_II standard/vernacular_NN1 or_CC gender_NN1 ._. 
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For_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, the_AT predicate_NN1 invade_VV0 (_( country_NN1 ,_, city_NN1 )_) will_VM have_VHI a_AT1 feature_NN1 vector_NN1 for_IF its_APPGE X_ZZ1 slot_NN1 with_IW features_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 germany_NN1 and_CC england_NN1 ,_, and_CC a_AT1 feature_NN1 vector_NN1 for_IF its_APPGE Y_ZZ1 slot_NN1 with_IW features_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 leningrad_NN1 and_CC paris_NN1 ._. 
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Single-letter_JJ processing_NN1 seems_VVZ to_TO elicit_VVI differential_JJ responses_NN2 relative_II21 to_II22 letter_NN1 strings_NN2 in_II skilled_JJ readers_NN2 (_( Coch_NP1 ,_, Hart_NP1 ,_, &amp;_CC Mitra_NP1 ,_, 2008_MC ;_; James_NP1 ,_, James_NP1 ,_, Jobard_NP1 ,_, Wong_NP1 ,_, &amp;_CC Gauthier_NP1 ,_, 2005_MC ;_; Stevens_NP1 ,_, McIlraith_NP1 ,_, Rusk_NN1 ,_, Niermeyer_NP1 ,_, &amp;_CC Waller_NP1 ,_, 2013_MC )_) ._. 
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Stanza_NN1 D_ZZ1 plays_VVZ out_RP across_II four_MC verses_NN2 (_( lines_NN2 14-24_MCMC )_) ._. 
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We_PPIS2 extend_VV0 PESA_NN1 phrase_NN1 alignment_NN1 algorithm_NN1 to_II comparable_JJ sentences_NN2 ,_, by_II explicitly_RR modeling_VVG the_AT non-parallel_JJ sections_NN2 of_IO the_AT sentence_NN1 ._. 
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Given_VVN the_AT morpheme-internal_JJ phonotactic_JJ sequences_NN2 of_IO Turkish_JJ roots_NN2 ,_, the_AT majority_NN1 of_IO such_DA sequences_NN2 were_VBDR heteromorphemic_JJ ._. 
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Teacher_NN1 designs_NN2 each_DD1 of_IO her_APPGE student-praising_JJ utterances_NN2 (_( at_II lines_NN2 2-3_MCMC )_) fluently_RR ,_, straightforwardly_RR ,_, and_CC with_IW an_AT1 active_JJ construction_NN1 ,_, using_VVG the_AT unmarked_JJ pronoun_NN1 '_NULL she_PPHS1 '_NULL to_TO explicitly_RR refer_VVI to_II the_AT student_NN1 as_II the_AT agent_NN1 responsible_JJ for_IF getting_VVG the_AT '_NULL four_MC outta_NN1 fou:r_FO '_NULL and_CC doing_VDG '_NULL a_AT1 great_JJ jo:b_FO '_NULL ._. 
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In_II this_DD1 treatment_NN1 ,_, the_AT entity_NN1 for_IF a_AT1 specific_JJ city_NN1 like_II London_NP1 stands_VVZ in_II a_AT1 part-of_NN1 relation_NN1 to_II the_AT denotation_NN1 of_IO the_AT indefinite_JJ a_AT1 city_NN1 ,_, in_II much_RR the_AT same_DA way_NN1 as_CSA Islington_NP1 stands_VVZ in_II a_AT1 part-of_NN1 relation_NN1 to_II London_NP1 ._. 
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These_DD2 are_VBR cases_NN2 of_IO metalinguistic_JJ negation_NN1 (_( see_VV0 ,_, e.g._REX ,_, Carston_NP1 ,_, 1996_MC ;_; Horn_NN1 ,_, 1985_MC )_) ,_, and_CC so_RR are_VBR examples_NN2 (_( 2_MC )_) -(13)_NN1 ._. 
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In_II the_AT written_JJ mode_NN1 ,_, the_AT difference_NN1 between_II first-_JJ and_CC second-person_JJ subjects_NN2 is_VBZ not_XX significant_JJ ,_, but_CCB the_AT difference_NN1 between_II these_DD2 values_NN2 and_CC the_AT much_RR lower_JJR zero_NN1 rate_NN1 with_IW third-person_JJ subjects_NN2 is_VBZ significant_JJ ._. 
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We_PPIS2 further_RRR showed_VVD that_CST our_APPGE induced_JJ data_NN set_VV0 ,_, which_DDQ contains_VVZ instances_NN2 of_IO implicit_JJ arguments_NN2 and_CC discourse_NN1 antecedents_NN2 ,_, can_VM be_VBI applied_VVN to_TO enhance_VVI current_JJ models_NN2 for_IF implicit_JJ argument_NN1 linking_VVG ._. 
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All_DB pronouns_NN2 referring_VVG to_II the_AT father_NN1 are_VBR marked_VVN in_II bold_JJ ._. 
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Clayman_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 (_( 1992_MC )_) analysis_NN1 of_IO audience_NN1 responses_NN2 during_II presidential_JJ debates_NN2 points_VVZ to_II the_AT affiliative_JJ and_CC disaffiliative_JJ function_NN1 of_IO laughter_NN1 ;_; the_AT key_NN1 in_II determining_VVG which_DDQ is_VBZ which_DDQ lies_VVZ in_II analysis_NN1 of_IO the_AT preceding_JJ turn_NN1 (_( i.e._REX ,_, does_VDZ the_AT laughter_NN1 follow_VVI a_AT1 designedly_RR humorous_JJ utterance_NN1 or_CC an_AT1 earnest_JJ one_PN1 ?_? )_) ._. 
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FTAs_NN2 locate_VV0 the_AT face_NN1 threat_NN1 within_II the_AT individual_NN1 rather_II21 than_II22 within_II the_AT interaction_NN1 ,_, where_CS it_PPH1 is_VBZ oriented_VVN to_II and_CC interpreted_VVN by_II other_JJ participants_NN2 ._. 
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Several_DA2 studies_NN2 focusing_VVG on_II one_MC1 or_CC two_MC features_NN2 or_CC exploring_VVG a_AT1 particular_JJ communicative_JJ function_NN1 have_VH0 highlighted_VVN the_AT conversational_JJ flavour_NN1 of_IO American_JJ classroom_NN1 discourse_NN1 ._. 
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Whereas_CS teachers_NN2 and_CC learners_NN2 focus_VV0 on_II memorizing_VVG vocabulary_NN1 and_CC idiomatic_JJ expressions_NN2 ,_, practicing_VVG sentence_NN1 translations_NN2 and_CC engaging_VVG in_II intensive_JJ and_CC extensive_JJ reading_NN1 as_II a_AT1 main_JJ and_CC short-term_JJ goal_NN1 ,_, they_PPHS2 gradually_RR start_VV0 paying_VVG attention_NN1 to_II oral_JJ communication_NN1 and_CC conversation_NN1 activities_NN2 as_II a_AT1 secondary_NN1 ,_, long-term_JJ goal_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Although_CS be_VBI like_JJ and_CC say_VV0 are_VBR common_JJ introductions_NN2 for_IF language_NN1 reports_NN2 ,_, demonstrations_NN2 need_VM not_XX be_VBI used_VVN only_RR in_II language_NN1 reports_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
All_DB stuttering_VVG preschool_JJ participants_NN2 met_VVD the_AT following_JJ entry_NN1 criteria_NN2 :_: (_( a_ZZ1 )_) parental_JJ judgment_NN1 that_CST stuttering_VVG is_VBZ present_JJ ,_, (_( b_ZZ1 )_) speech-language_JJ clinician_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 (_( certified_JJ staff_NN member_NN1 )_) judgment_NN1 of_IO stuttering_VVG ,_, (_( c_ZZ1 )_) parental_JJ rating_NN1 of_IO stuttering_VVG severity_NN1 of_IO ≥1_FO on_II an_AT1 eight_MC point_NN1 scale_NN1 stuttering_VVG severity_NN1 scale_NN1 ranging_VVG from_II zero_NN1 as_CSA "_" no_AT stuttering_VVG "_" to_II 7_MC as_CSA "_" very_RG severe_JJ stuttering_NN1 ,_, "_" (_( d_ZZ1 )_) clinician_NN1 rating_NN1 of_IO stuttering_VVG severity_NN1 of_IO ≥1_FO on_II a_AT1 similar_JJ eight-point_JJ scale_NN1 ,_, (_( e_ZZ1 )_) minimum_JJ frequency_NN1 of_IO stuttering-like_JJ disfluencies_NN2 (_( SLD_NP1 ,_, detailed_VVN in_II the_AT next_MD section_NN1 )_) of_IO 3.00_MC per_II 100_MC syllables_NN2 ,_, and_CC (_( f_ZZ1 )_) within_II 12_MC months_NNT2 of_IO the_AT reported_JJ onset_NN1 of_IO stuttering_VVG ._. 
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In_II response_NN1 Julia_NP1 has_VHZ asked_VVN Ulla_NP1 to_TO stop_VVI telling_VVG such_DA upsetting_JJ stories_NN2 ,_, otherwise_RR she_PPHS1 (_( Julia_NP1 )_) might_VM change_VVI her_APPGE mind_NN1 about_II wanting_JJ children_NN2 ._. 
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In_RR21 addition_RR22 ,_, there_EX were_VBDR four_MC fillers_NN2 that_CST served_VVD as_CSA practice_NN1 trials_NN2 :_: two_MC fillers_NN2 contained_VVD two_MC pairs_NN2 of_IO named_JJ shapes_NN2 ,_, and_CC another_DD1 two_MC fillers_NN2 contained_VVD two_MC unnamed_JJ shapes_NN2 and_CC two_MC listener-privileged_JJ shapes_NN2 ._. 
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If_CS a_AT1 speaker_NN1 is_VBZ originally_RR from_II greater_JJR Glasgow_NP1 ,_, they_PPHS2 are_VBR significantly_RR less_RGR likely_JJ to_TO make_VVI the_AT distinction_NN1 ._. 
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These_DD2 tables_NN2 reveal_VV0 some_DD noteworthy_JJ differences_NN2 between_II the_AT metalexical_JJ inventories_NN2 of_IO the_AT sources_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 article_NN1 has_VHZ identified_VVN some_DD of_IO the_AT patterns_NN2 in_II prime_JJ ministerial_JJ language_NN1 during_II PMQs_NP1 that_CST contribute_VV0 to_II its_APPGE paradoxical_JJ character_NN1 ._. 
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This_DD1 proposition_NN1 is_VBZ depicted_VVN in_II Fig._NN1 4a_FO ._. 
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In_II the_AT first_MD experiment_NN1 ,_, readers_NN2 judged_VVD the_AT naturalness_NN1 of_IO short_JJ discourses_NN2 like_II those_DD2 in_II Table_NN1 1_MC1 ._. 
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The_AT experiment_NN1 took_VVD approximately_RR 15_MC minutes_NNT2 ._. 
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The_AT present_JJ study_NN1 used_VVD structural_JJ priming_NN1 to_TO address_VVI three_MC questions_NN2 about_II sentence_NN1 production_NN1 in_II aphasia_NN1 and_CC its_APPGE implications_NN2 for_IF normal_JJ processing_NN1 ._. 
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P_ZZ1 w2_FO and_CC w1_FO ?_? 
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Yet_RR ,_, the_AT RP-tag_NN1 is_VBZ infelicitous_JJ ,_, while_CS the_AT declarative_JJ is_VBZ acceptable_JJ ._. 
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<s>
In_BCL21 order_BCL22 to_TO be_VBI able_JK to_TO demonstrate_VVI that_CST the_AT grammatical_JJ variation_NN1 we_PPIS2 describe_VV0 is_VBZ not_XX contingent_JJ on_II the_AT type_NN1 of_IO request_NN1 made_VVD ,_, we_PPIS2 focus_VV0 only_RR on_II those_DD2 requests_NN2 that_CST primarily_RR concern_VV0 the_AT repair_NN1 or_CC alteration_NN1 of_IO an_AT1 item_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT participants_NN2 '_NULL age_NN1 ranged_VVN from_II 25_MC to_II 30_MC ._. 
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<s>
Proponents_NN2 of_IO accounts_NN2 based_VVN on_II the_AT assumption_NN1 that_CST such_DA '_NULL false_JJ '_NULL -judgments_NN2 are_VBR due_II21 to_II22 the_AT availability_NN1 of_IO some_DD type_NN1 of_IO verification_NN1 procedure_NN1 (_( e.g._REX Lasersohn_NP1 1993_MC ;_; von_NP1 Fintel_NP1 2004_MC )_) could_VM argue_VVI that_DD1 verification_NN1 with_IW non-referring_JJ definites_NN2 is_VBZ in_II some_DD way_NN1 more_RRR involved_VVN than_CSN when_CS the_AT existence_NN1 condition_NN1 is_VBZ asserted_VVN ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 systematically_RR provides_VVZ for_IF the_AT production_NN1 of_IO turns_NN2 that_CST can_VM be_VBI radically_RR different_JJ from_II their_APPGE counterparts_NN2 in_II other_JJ interactional_JJ modalities_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 article_NN1 shows_VVZ that_CST it_PPH1 is_VBZ NP-hard_JJ to_TO find_VVI the_AT binary_NN1 parsing_VVG strategy_NN1 having_VHG the_AT lowest_JJT space_NN1 complexity_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
In_II textbox_NN1 4_MC ,_, agents_NN2 introduce_VV0 themselves_PPX2 and_CC check_VV0 that_CST they_PPHS2 are_VBR now_RT through_RP to_II the_AT desired_JJ contact_NN1 person_NN1 ,_, and_CC in_II textbox_NN1 5_MC ,_, the_AT agent_NN1 tells_VVZ the_AT contact_NN1 person_NN1 about_II the_AT client_NN1 on_II31 behalf_II32 of_II33 whom_PNQO he_PPHS1 or_CC she_PPHS1 is_VBZ calling_VVG ._. 
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<s>
The_AT situation_NN1 is_VBZ transformed_VVN by_II the_AT call-taker_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 formulation_NN1 to_II being_VBG a_AT1 broad_JJ but_CCB rather_RG vaguely_RR specified_VVN principle_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Experiment_NN1 2_MC explores_VVZ whether_CSW this_DD1 would_VM still_RR occur_VVI when_RRQ the_AT two_MC words_NN2 were_VBDR spoken_VVN in_II different_JJ voices_NN2 ._. 
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Participants_NN2 read_VVD 24_MC paragraphs_NN2 constructed_VVN to_TO resemble_VVI e-mails_NN2 at_II a_AT1 fictive_JJ small_JJ business_NN1 ._. 
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But_CCB we_PPIS2 do_VD0 not_XX know_VVI whether_CSW this_DD1 is_VBZ a_AT1 case_NN1 of_IO exempt_JJ anaphora_NN1 or_CC plain_JJ anaphora_NN1 (_( since_CS these_DD2 examples_NN2 involve_VV0 animates_VVZ )_) ._. 
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<s>
The_AT scenario_NN1 in_II the_AT Embedded_JJ Mastermind_NN1 example_NN1 (_( 40_MC )_) is_VBZ just_RR the_AT same_DA as_CSA in_II (_( 24_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
Flowerdew_NP1 (_( 2008_MC )_) also_RR draws_VVZ on_II Winter_NNT1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 (_( 1977_MC )_) and_CC Hoey_NP1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 (_( 1983_MC )_) research_NN1 on_II discourse_NN1 signalling_VVG to_TO identify_VVI the_AT possible_JJ connections_NN2 between_II clause_NN1 relations_NN2 and_CC lexical_JJ signals_NN2 in_II the_AT Problem_NN1 and_CC Solution_NN1 stages_NN2 of_IO the_AT pattern_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Research_NN1 Question_NN1 (_( 2_MC )_) :_: To_II what_DDQ extent_NN1 do_VD0 students_NN2 differ_VVI from_II pre-test_NN1 to_II post-test_NN1 in_II English_JJ language_NN1 level_NN1 between_II the_AT two_MC groups_NN2 (_( Treatment_NN1 A_ZZ1 and_CC B_ZZ1 as_CSA combined_JJ CALL_NN1 intervention_NN1 ,_, and_CC Control_NN1 )_) ?_? 
</s>
<s>
A_AT1 yardstick_NN1 is_VBZ given_VVN ,_, which_DDQ enables_VVZ the_AT researcher_NN1 to_TO assess_VVI pairwise_RR whether_CSW objects_NN2 differ_VV0 significantly_RR ._. 
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Before_CS the_AT performance_NN1 ,_, Matilda_NP1 browses_VVZ the_AT program_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ contains_VVZ photographs_NN2 and_CC short_JJ biographies_NN2 of_IO the_AT musicians_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
She_PPHS1 has_VHZ also_RR half-turned_JJ her_APPGE upper_JJ body_NN1 toward_II the_AT workshop_NN1 head_NN1 ,_, away_II21 from_II22 the_AT welder_NN1 who_PNQS is_VBZ talking_VVG (_( see_VV0 Figure_NN1 1_MC1 )_) ._. 
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In_II any_DD case_NN1 ,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ not_XX unlikely_JJ that_CST the_AT students_NN2 in_II our_APPGE study_NN1 experienced_VVD the_AT copy_NN1 exercise_NN1 as_CSA rather_RG un-engaging_JJ ._. 
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Here_RL he_PPHS1 creates_VVZ the_AT impression_NN1 that_CST biolinguists_NN2 work_VV0 currently_RR on_II specific_JJ genetic_JJ and_CC neurophysiological_JJ research_NN1 programs_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT rapidly_RR growing_JJ field_NN1 of_IO second_MD language_NN1 (_( L2_FO )_) psycholinguistics_NN1 has_VHZ as_RG one_MC1 of_IO its_APPGE primary_JJ goals_NN2 the_AT description_NN1 of_IO online_JJ sentence_NN1 processing_NN1 (_( i.e._REX ,_, real-time_JJ comprehension_NN1 )_) in_II nonnative_JJ languages_NN2 acquired_VVN in_II adulthood_NN1 ,_, with_IW particular_JJ emphasis_NN1 on_II the_AT identification_NN1 of_IO specific_JJ traits_NN2 that_CST might_VM distinguish_VVI nonnative_JJ processing_NN1 from_II native_JJ processing_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT competitive_JJ features_NN2 of_IO the_AT activity_NN1 are_VBR further_RRR demonstrated_VVN in_II the_AT way_NN1 some_DD of_IO the_AT contributions_NN2 are_VBR introduced_VVN ._. 
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<s>
If_CS we_PPIS2 accept_VV0 that_CST phonetic_JJ features_NN2 accrue_VV0 meanings_NN2 through_II their_APPGE use_NN1 in_II particular_JJ stances_NN2 (_( Kiesling_NP1 2009_MC ;_; Podesva_NP1 2011a_FO )_) ,_, then_RT the_AT Parkdale_NP1 girls_NN2 appear_VV0 to_TO use_VVI lax_JJ happy_JJ as_II a_AT1 part_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 set_NN1 of_IO social_JJ practices_NN2 that_CST emphasise_VV0 their_APPGE authentically_RR White_JJ and_CC White_NP1 &amp;_CC Black_JJ Caribbean_JJ working-class_JJ backgrounds_NN2 ,_, whereas_CS the_AT Rebellious_JJ girls_NN2 use_VV0 it_PPH1 as_II part_NN1 of_IO an_AT1 urban-oriented_JJ street_NN1 style_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
In_BCL21 order_BCL22 to_TO assess_VVI whether_CSW more_RGR context-sensitive_JJ measures_NN2 of_IO repair_NN1 item_NN1 predictability_NN1 might_VM have_VHI predictive_JJ value_NN1 ,_, we_PPIS2 estimated_VVD cloze_NN1 probabilities_NN2 through_II a_AT1 fill-in-the-gap_JJ task_NN1 (_( Burdin_NP1 &amp;_CC Clopper_NP1 ,_, 2015_MC ;_; Miellet_NP1 ,_, Sparrow_NP1 ,_, &amp;_CC Sereno_NP1 ,_, 2007_MC ;_; Schotter_NP1 ,_, Bicknell_NP1 ,_, Howard_NP1 ,_, Levy_NP1 ,_, &amp;_CC Rayner_NP1 ,_, 2014_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
In_II (_( 4a_FO )_) ,_, the_AT verb_NN1 "_" were_VBDR "_" disambiguates_NN2 the_AT sentence_NN1 towards_II the_AT preferred_JJ low_JJ attachment_NN1 interpretation_NN1 while_CS in_II (_( 4b_FO )_) ,_, the_AT verb_NN1 agrees_VVZ with_IW the_AT first_MD noun_NN1 "_" cakes_NN2 "_" ,_, so_RR a_AT1 dispreferred_JJ high_JJ attachment_NN1 interpretation_NN1 is_VBZ required_VVN ._. 
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<s>
Her_APPGE slight_JJ hesitations_NN2 throughout_II the_AT excerpt_NN1 also_RR show_VV0 her_APPGE emotional_JJ stance_NN1 towards_II the_AT dense_JJ topic_NN1 and_CC reliving_VVG the_AT experience_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
While_CS this_DD1 may_VM be_VBI attributed_VVN to_II the_AT fact_NN1 that_CST the_AT latter_DA two_MC had_VHD a_AT1 lower_JJR chance_NN1 level_NN1 (_( 33%_NNU )_) than_CSN the_AT voicing_VVG classification_NN1 (_( 50%_NNU )_) ,_, converting_VVG accuracy_NN1 to_II odds_NN2 ratios_NN2 indicates_VVZ that_CST voicing_VVG was_VBDZ still_RR substantially_RR better_RRR than_CSN POA_NP1 ,_, though_CS similar_JJ to_II tones_NN2 (_( Voicing_VVG :_: 1.69_MC ,_, Tone_NP1 :_: 1.80_MC ,_, POA_NP1 :_: 1.29_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
He_PPHS1 repeatedly_RR uses_VVZ these_DD2 lexical_JJ terms_NN2 to_TO refer_VVI to_II the_AT Christian_JJ doctrines_NN2 of_IO salvation_NN1 and_CC conversion_NN1 ,_, or_CC even_RR the_AT opportunity_NN1 he_PPHS1 extends_VVZ to_TO respond_VVI to_II his_APPGE charge_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT volume_NN1 is_VBZ organized_VVN ,_, not_XX chronologically_RR in_II31 terms_II32 of_II33 publication_NN1 ,_, but_CCB chronologically_RR in_II31 terms_II32 of_II33 what_DDQ resources_NN2 speakers_NN2 must_VM use_VVI during_II an_AT1 actual_JJ instance_NN1 of_IO troubles-telling_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 means_VVZ that_CST in_II the_AT adult_NN1 linguistic_JJ system_NN1 ,_, lexical_JJ concepts_NN2 are_VBR retrieved_VVN as_II a_AT1 whole_NN1 ,_, without_IW the_AT activation_NN1 of_IO semantic_JJ features_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT items_NN2 were_VBDR drawn_VVN from_II across_II the_AT probability_NN1 range_NN1 for_IF the_AT use_NN1 of_IO the_AT s-genitive_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
There_RL survive_VV0 as_RR21 well_RR22 a_AT1 few_DA2 thousand_NNO ordinary_JJ words_NN2 of_IO what_DDQ is_VBZ ultimately_RR a_AT1 common_JJ Germanic_JJ lexicon_NN1 come_VVN from_II North_ND1 Germanic_JJ ,_, not_XX the_AT West_ND1 Germanic_JJ Anglo-Saxon_NN1 ,_, as_CSA their_APPGE phonological_JJ shapes_NN2 attest_VV0 when_CS considered_VVN by_II criteria_NN2 of_IO the_AT "_" sound_NN1 laws_NN2 "_" of_IO these_DD2 two_MC branches_NN2 of_IO the_AT family_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Nevertheless_RR ,_, the_AT absence_NN1 of_IO talker_NN1 group_NN1 differences_NN2 for_IF the_AT nonvocal_JJ nonword_NN1 repetition_NN1 task_NN1 but_CCB presence_NN1 of_IO differences_NN2 for_IF the_AT nonvocal_JJ phoneme_NN1 elision_NN1 task_NN1 lends_VVZ support_NN1 to_II the_AT notion_NN1 that_CST phonological_JJ differences_NN2 in_II persons_NN2 who_PNQS stutter_VV0 only_RR emerge_VV0 when_RRQ the_AT demand_NN1 on_II the_AT phonological_JJ working_JJ memory_NN1 system_NN1 increases_NN2 ._. 
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Constraints_NN2 on_II the_AT use_NN1 of_IO reduplication_NN1 in_II Negative_JJ Perfectives_NP1 remain_VV0 unclear_JJ ._. 
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<s>
Number_NN1 of_IO words_NN2 not_XX covered_VVN (_( two_MC features_NN2 )_) :_: This_DD1 is_VBZ computed_VVN similarly_RR to_II (_( 4_MC )_) above_RL ,_, but_CCB this_DD1 time_NNT1 counting_VVG the_AT number_NN1 of_IO positions_NN2 that_CST are_VBR not_XX covered_VVN ._. 
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<s>
Thus_RR ,_, a_AT1 language_NN1 user_NN1 often_RR confronts_VVZ a_AT1 phrase_NN1 for_IF the_AT first_MD time_NNT1 ,_, and_CC its_APPGE meaning_NN1 will_VM have_VHI to_TO be_VBI constructed_VVN compositionally_RR from_II its_APPGE parts_NN2 (_( i.e._REX its_APPGE words_NN2 )_) and_CC from_II context_NN1 (_( e.g._REX Medin_NP1 &amp;_CC Shoben_NP1 ,_, 1988_MC ;_; Smith_NP1 &amp;_CC Osherson_NP1 ,_, 1984_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
It_PPH1 is_VBZ possible_JJ that_CST between_II context_NN1 and_CC the_AT lexical_JJ content_NN1 associated_VVN with_IW L*HL%_FO ,_, its_APPGE meaning_NN1 is_VBZ activated_VVN ._. 
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<s>
First_MD ,_, we_PPIS2 need_VV0 to_TO consider_VVI more_DAR competitors_NN2 for_IF disjunction_NN1 (_( see_VV0 Sauerland_NP1 2004_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
Murder_VV0 typically_RR involves_VVZ two_MC people_NN ,_, the_AT victim_NN1 and_CC the_AT aggressor_NN1 ,_, whereas_CS death_NN1 typically_RR involves_VVZ one_MC1 person_NN1 ,_, the_AT deceased_JJ ._. 
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<s>
To_TO bring_VVI the_AT sentence-internal_JJ and_CC the_AT discoursal_NN1 cases_NN2 under_II the_AT same_DA umbrella_NN1 ,_, let_VV0 us_PPIO2 say_VVI preliminarily_RR that_CST the_AT immediate_JJ context_NN1 properly_RR contains_VVZ the_AT host_NN1 ,_, and_CC both_DB2 address_VV0 the_AT same_DA question_NN1 ,_, or_CC subquestion_NN1 ,_, under_II discussion_NN1 (_( Roberts_NP1 2012_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
Synchronous_JJ parsing_NN1 with_IW traditional_JJ tabular_JJ methods_NN2 for_IF ITG_NN1 is_VBZ O(n6)_FO ,_, as_CSA each_DD1 of_IO the_AT three_MC nonterminals_NN2 in_II a_AT1 rule_NN1 has_VHZ fan-out_NN1 of_IO two_MC ._. 
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In_II this_DD1 paper_NN1 I_PPIS1 propose_VV0 an_AT1 agenda_NN1 for_IF researching_VVG language_NN1 learning_NN1 motivation_NN1 '_NULL through_II a_AT1 small_JJ lens_NN1 '_NULL ,_, to_TO counteract_VVI our_APPGE tendency_NN1 in_II the_AT second_MD language_NN1 (_( L2_FO )_) motivation_NN1 field_NN1 to_TO engage_VVI with_IW language_NN1 learning_NN1 and_CC teaching_VVG processes_NN2 at_II a_AT1 rather_RG general_JJ level_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Specific_JJ methods_NN2 used_VVN for_IF the_AT last_MD two_MC steps_NN2 have_VH0 evolved_VVN over_II time_NNT1 ,_, adopting_VVG increasingly_RR more_RGR sophisticated_JJ techniques_NN2 for_IF lexical_JJ analysis_NN1 (_( see_VV0 e.g._REX Leech_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
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2001_MC ,_, Davies_NP1 &amp;_CC Gardner_NP1 2010_MC ,_, Brezina_NP1 &amp;_CC Gablasova_NP1 2013_MC ,_, Gardner&amp;_FO Davies_NP1 2013_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
Cohort_NN1 size_NN1 ,_, average_JJ cohort_NN1 frequency_NN1 ,_, and_CC summed_VVD cohort_NN1 frequency_NN1 are_VBR all_DB dynamic_JJ properties_NN2 of_IO the_AT mental_JJ lexicon_NN1 ;_; they_PPHS2 change_VV0 as_RG acoustic_JJ information_NN1 arrives_VVZ and_CC as_CSA predictions_NN2 about_II a_AT1 word_NN1 form_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 identity_NN1 are_VBR updated_VVN (_( Fig._NN1 1a_FO and_CC b_ZZ1 )_) ._. 
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In_II the_AT online_JJ manual_NN1 at_II http_NNU :_: there_EX is_VBZ a_AT1 full_JJ guide_NN1 to_II the_AT syntactic_JJ annotation_NN1 principles_NN2 ,_, as_II31 well_II32 as_II33 a_AT1 summary_NN1 page_NN1 listing_VVG the_AT points_NN2 where_RRQ the_AT HeliPaD_NP1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 policy_NN1 diverges_VVZ from_II that_DD1 of_IO the_AT YCOE_NN1 ._. 
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Cognitive_JJ linguistics_NN1 ,_, Hanks_NP1 hopes_VVZ ,_, can_VM explain_VVI what_DDQ happens_VVZ in_II people_NN '_NULL s_ZZ1 heads_NN2 ,_, and_CC how_RRQ a_AT1 language_NN1 user_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 interpretation_NN1 of_IO what_DDQ they_PPHS2 hear_VV0 can_VM be_VBI related_VVN to_II the_AT '_NULL meaning_NN1 potential_NN1 '_NULL the_AT lexicographer_NN1 has_VHZ processed_VVN from_II the_AT corpus_NN1 :_: "_" &lsqb;_( T_ZZ1 &rsqb;_) he_PPHS1 meaning_VVG potential_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 word_NN1 is_VBZ best_RRT viewed_VVN holistically_RR ,_, as_CSA a_AT1 cognitive_JJ and_CC social_JJ prototype_NN1 "_" (_( p._NNU 173_MC )_) ._. 
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The_AT mapping_NN1 from_II least_DAT to_II most_DAT abstract_JJ produces_VVZ the_AT acceptable_JJ metaphoric_JJ expression_NN1 in_II (_( 15B_FO )_) ,_, but_CCB the_AT reverse_JJ mapping_NN1 in_II (_( 15C_FO )_) produces_VVZ an_AT1 utterance_NN1 whose_DDQGE metaphoricity_NN1 is_VBZ sufficiently_RR high_JJ to_TO force_VVI a_AT1 literal_JJ interpretation_NN1 instead_RR (_( e.g._REX ,_, that_CST the_AT kidnappers_NN2 are_VBR involved_JJ in_II an_AT1 actual_JJ election_NN1 )_) ._. 
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The_AT authors_NN2 also_RR noted_VVN that_CST one_MC1 class_NN1 that_CST had_VHD more_DAR autonomy_NN1 during_II the_AT writing_NN1 task_NN1 produced_VVD more_RGR collaborative_JJ work_NN1 than_CSN learners_NN2 in_II more_RGR structured_JJ classes_NN2 ,_, echoing_VVG Kessler_NP1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 (_( 2009K_FO )_) findings_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Vowels_NN2 have_VH0 three_MC height_NN1 qualities_NN2 (_( low_JJ ,_, mid_JJ ,_, high_JJ )_) ,_, but_CCB the_AT qualities_NN2 of_IO front/back_NN1 and_CC rounded/unrounded_JJ are_VBR determined_VVN by_II the_AT secondary_JJ articulation_NN1 of_IO the_AT surrounding_JJ consonants_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT fact_NN1 that_CST appositives_NN2 are_VBR secondary_JJ assertions_NN2 ,_, and_CC can_VM present_VVI new_JJ material_NN1 ,_, is_VBZ highlighted_VVN in_II the_AT following_JJ obituary_NN1 notices_NN2 ,_, in_II (_( 9_MC )_) -(10)_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
How_RRQ can_VM one_PN1 make_VVI a_AT1 claim_NN1 about_II everyone_PN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 knowledge_NN1 ?_? 
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<s>
This_DD1 phenomenon_NN1 has_VHZ been_VBN described_VVN as_CSA asyntactic_JJ comprehension_NN1 and_CC has_VHZ been_VBN explored_VVN in_II various_JJ studies_NN2 cross-linguistically_RR in_II the_AT past_JJ decades_NNT2 ._. 
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<s>
And_CC yet_RR ,_, the_AT context_NN1 also_RR specifies_VVZ that_CST the_AT value_NN1 of_IO this_DD1 variable_NN1 changes_NN2 and_CC that_CST this_DD1 change_NN1 is_VBZ what_DDQ disturbs_VVZ the_AT causal_JJ chain_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
These_DD2 data_NN are_VBR in_II Table_NN1 2_MC ._. 
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<s>
For_IF the_AT DirEO_NP1 learner_NN1 ,_, Pearl_NP1 and_CC Lidz_NP1 (_( 2009_MC )_) found_VVD that_CST this_DD1 learner_NN1 has_VHZ a_AT1 very_RG low_JJ probability_NN1 of_IO learning_VVG the_AT adult_NN1 representation_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT prediction_NN1 of_IO this_DD1 type_NN1 of_IO treatment_NN1 is_VBZ that_CST even_CS21 if_CS22 the_AT universal_JJ process_NN1 of_IO reference_NN1 transfer_NN1 is_VBZ available_JJ ,_, the_AT language-specific_JJ rules_NN2 may_VM take_VVI time_NNT1 to_TO acquire_VVI in_II a_AT1 second_MD language_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Besides_II the_AT difference_NN1 in_II effectiveness_NN1 of_IO PI_NN1 depending_II21 on_II22 the_AT outcome_NN1 measures_NN2 (_( comprehension_NN1 vs._II production_NN1 )_) ,_, do_VD0 other_JJ factors_NN2 play_VV0 a_AT1 role_NN1 in_II the_AT +/EI_FU or_CC PI/PB_FU differences_NN2 ,_, such_II21 as_II22 specific_JJ variants_NN2 of_IO the_AT treatments_NN2 ,_, age_NN1 or_CC aptitude_NN1 of_IO the_AT learner_NN1 ,_, or_CC the_AT nature_NN1 of_IO the_AT structure_NN1 being_VBG taught_VVN ?_? 
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<s>
The_AT changes_NN2 have_VH0 mostly_RR been_VBN described_VVN in_II formal_JJ terms_NN2 ,_, involving_VVG reduction_NN1 in_II form_NN1 through_II morphosyntactic_JJ reanalysis_NN1 ,_, phonological_JJ attrition_NN1 and_CC decategorialization_NN1 ,_, similar_JJ to_II general_JJ mechanisms_NN2 of_IO change_NN1 identified_VVN in_II previous_JJ studies_NN2 of_IO grammaticalization_NN1 (_( Heine_NP1 2003_MC ;_; Hopper_NP1 1991_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
It_PPH1 is_VBZ relevant_JJ because_CS it_PPH1 denies_VVZ a_AT1 proposition_NN1 present_NN1 in_II the_AT context_NN1 :_: Where_RRQ '_NULL s_ZZ1 the_AT father_NN1 of_IO your_APPGE ten_MC children_NN2 ?_? 
</s>
<s>
In_II grammar_NN1 ,_, saliency_NN1 has_VHZ been_VBN operationalized_VVN based_VVN on_II the_AT phonological_JJ environment_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 form_NN1 (_( e.g._REX ,_, stress_NN1 and_CC existence_NN1 of_IO vowel_NN1 )_) (_( N._NP1 Ellis_NP1 &amp;_CC Collins_NP1 2009_MC )_) ,_, but_CCB in_II pragmatics_NN1 ,_, saliency_NN1 could_VM go_VVI beyond_II form-internal_JJ characteristics_NN2 and_CC extend_VVI to_II social_JJ and_CC interpersonal_JJ features_NN2 attached_VVN to_II the_AT forms_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
If_CS abstract_JJ language_NN1 yields_VVZ mental_JJ simulation_NN1 similar_JJ to_II that_DD1 performed_VVD in_II understanding_VVG literal_JJ language_NN1 ,_, then_RT grammatical_JJ elements_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 aspect_NN1 markers_NN2 should_VM have_VHI the_AT same_DA effect_NN1 on_II both_DB2 types_NN2 of_IO language_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
As_II a_AT1 result_NN1 ,_, grammatical_JJ information_NN1 does_VDZ not_XX get_VVI processed_JJ easily_RR ._. 
</s>
<s>
By_II ratifying_VVG T_ZZ1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 formulation_NN1 ,_, M_ZZ1 demonstrably_RR treats_VVZ the_AT proxy_NN1 voicing_VVG as_RG both_RR a_AT1 representation_NN1 of_IO his_APPGE prior_JJ talk_NN1 and_CC as_II an_AT1 alternative_NN1 to_II that_DD1 talk_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT Attila_NP1 transcription_NN1 server_NN1 provides_VVZ output_NN1 in_II multiple_JJ file_NN1 formats_NN2 ,_, including_II the_AT standard_JJ format_NN1 for_IF subtitling_VVG videos_NN2 (_( SubRip_NP1 )_) ,_, which_DDQ consists_VVZ of_IO numbered_JJ utterances_NN2 and_CC strings_NN2 of_IO words_NN2 ,_, along_II21 with_II22 their_APPGE starting_NN1 and_CC ending_VVG timecodes_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Durrant_NP1 &amp;_CC Schmitt_NP1 (_( 2010_MC )_) find_VV0 that_CST -_- contrary_II21 to_II22 Wray_NP1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 (_( 2002_MC )_) claims_VVZ -_- adult_NN1 second_MD language_NN1 learners_NN2 do_VD0 retain_VVI memories_NN2 of_IO which_DDQ words_NN2 appear_VV0 together_RL in_II the_AT language_NN1 they_PPHS2 meet_VV0 ,_, and_CC that_CST greater_JJR repetition_NN1 leads_VVZ to_II greater_JJR retention_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 allows_VVZ us_PPIO2 to_TO fix_VVI a_AT1 point_NN1 in_II the_AT theoretical_JJ space_NN1 ,_, so_CS21 that_CS22 we_PPIS2 can_VM then_RT calibrate_VVI the_AT real_JJ examples_NN2 we_PPIS2 find_VV0 ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 indicates_VVZ that_CST :_: (_( 1_MC1 )_) higher_JJR mean_JJ pre-treatment_JJ severity_NN1 and_CC (_( 2_MC )_) higher_JJR mean_JJ number_NN1 of_IO contingencies_NN2 for_IF stuttering_VVG during_II practice_NN1 sessions_NNT2 during_II the_AT first_MD 4_MC weeks_NNT2 of_IO treatment_NN1 were_VBDR associated_VVN with_IW more_DAR clinic_NN1 visits_NN2 to_TO complete_VVI Stage_NN1 1_MC1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
For_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, we_PPIS2 have_VH0 found_VVN that_CST the_AT exact_JJ lexical_JJ verb_NN1 within_II a_AT1 particular_JJ syntactic_JJ format_NN1 has_VHZ consequences_NN2 with_II31 respect_II32 to_II33 where_RRQ and_CC how_RRQ that_DD1 syntactic_JJ format_NN1 is_VBZ used_VVN :_: whereas_CS need-declaratives_NN2 are_VBR used_VVN for_IF making_VVG straightforward_JJ requests_NN2 at_II the_AT very_JJ beginning_NN1 of_IO an_AT1 encounter_NN1 ,_, want-declaratives_NN2 have_VH0 a_AT1 more_RGR limited_JJ use_NN1 ,_, in_II sequential_JJ terms_NN2 ,_, as_CSA customers_NN2 produce_VV0 this_DD1 type_NN1 of_IO declarative_JJ request_NN1 only_RR as_II part_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 request-series_JJ ,_, or_CC following_VVG an_AT1 extended_JJ preface_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
However_RR ,_, this_DD1 forces_VVZ us_PPIO2 to_TO evaluate_VVI whether_CSW difficulties_NN2 with_IW contrastive_JJ marking_NN1 stem_NN1 from_II language_NN1 impairment_NN1 rather_II21 than_II22 autism_NN1 per_RR21 se_RR22 ;_; further_JJR research_NN1 with_IW comparison_NN1 groups_NN2 including_II other_JJ developmental_JJ delays_NN2 is_VBZ essential_JJ to_TO address_VVI this_DD1 question_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
First_MD of_IO all_DB ,_, following_VVG George_NP1 (_( 2011_MC )_) himself_PPX1 ,_, I_PPIS1 assume_VV0 that_CST the_AT mention-some_DD reading_NN1 is_VBZ derived_VVN by_II combining_VVG the_AT denotation_NN1 of_IO know_VV0 and_CC the_AT Hamblin_NP1 denotation_NN1 without_IW the_AT PART-operator_NN1 (_( i.e._REX ,_, George_NP1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 X-operator_JJ )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
As_II a_AT1 result_NN1 ,_, we_PPIS2 can_VM say_VVI that_CST the_AT most_RGT common_JJ adjunctive_JJ general_JJ extenders_NN2 in_II English_JJ show_NN1 evidence_NN1 of_IO having_VHG developed_VVN an_AT1 intersubjective_JJ meaning_NN1 ,_, "_" in_II the_AT sense_NN1 of_IO the_AT development_NN1 of_IO meanings_NN2 that_CST encode_VV0 speaker/writers_FU '_NULL attention_NN1 to_II the_AT cognitive_JJ stances_NN2 and_CC social_JJ identities_NN2 of_IO addressees_NN2 "_" (_( Traugott_NP1 2003a_FO :_: 124_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Labov_NP1 (_( 2004_MC &lsqb;_( 1973_MC &rsqb;_) )_) used_VVD a_AT1 range_NN1 of_IO different_JJ pictures_NN2 to_TO investigate_VVI what_DDQ the_AT perceptual_JJ boundaries_NN2 are_VBR for_IF the_AT lexemes_NN2 cup_NN1 ,_, bowl_NN1 and_CC vase_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
A_AT1 real-world_JJ counterpart_NN1 of_IO the_AT artificial_JJ ab-nese_JJ example_NN1 is_VBZ the_AT interaction_NN1 of_IO stress_NN1 and_CC epenthesis_NN1 in_II Yimas_NP2 ,_, used_VVN by_II Alderete_NP1 and_CC Tesar_NP1 (_( 2002_MC )_) to_TO argue_VVI explicitly_RR for_IF learning_VVG nonidentical_JJ mappings_NN2 from_II surface_NN1 forms_VVZ to_II URs_NN2 even_RR in_II the_AT absence_NN1 of_IO supporting_JJ alternations_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 is_VBZ opposed_VVN to_II the_AT ideal_NN1 of_IO communicative_JJ action_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ is_VBZ oriented_VVN towards_II reaching_VVG mutual_JJ understanding_NN1 and_CC rationally_RR motivated_JJ agreement_NN1 between_II parties_NN2 in_II the_AT absence_NN1 of_IO coercive_JJ force_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT ratings_NN2 from_II Brysbaert_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
include_VV0 information_NN1 about_II the_AT number_NN1 of_IO participants_NN2 who_PNQS did_VDD not_XX know_VVI a_AT1 given_JJ word_NN1 and_CC the_AT number_NN1 of_IO participants_NN2 who_PNQS rated_VVD a_AT1 given_JJ word_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Throughout_II this_DD1 paper_NN1 ,_, by_II '_NULL correction_NN1 '_NULL what_DDQ we_PPIS2 mean_VV0 is_VBZ that_CST one_MC1 speaker_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 utterance_NN1 is_VBZ '_NULL corrected_VVN '_NULL by_II supplying_VVG different_JJ information_NN1 ,_, that_REX21 is_REX22 ,_, making_VVG a_AT1 different_JJ assertion_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Within_II the_AT field_NN1 of_IO Cognitive_JJ Linguistics_NN1 ,_, the_AT semantics_NN1 of_IO spatial_JJ language_NN1 has_VHZ consistently_RR attracted_VVN substantial_JJ attention_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
It_PPH1 appears_VVZ that_CST when_CS the_AT evangelist_NN1 presses_VVZ her_PPHO1 on_II this_DD1 by_II returning_VVG to_II the_AT determination_NN1 question_NN1 ,_, but_CCB uses_VVZ the_AT referring_VVG expression_NN1 of_IO "_" her_APPGE body_NN1 "_" (_( line_NN1 18_MC )_) ,_, she_PPHS1 struggles_VVZ with_IW maintaining_VVG her_APPGE role_NN1 in_II the_AT ritual_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Some_DD of_IO the_AT most_RGT direct_JJ evidence_NN1 of_IO structural_JJ prediction_NN1 comes_VVZ from_II work_NN1 investigating_VVG the_AT processing_NN1 consequences_NN2 of_IO the_AT word_NN1 either_RR ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT current_JJ study_NN1 enhances_VVZ the_AT existing_JJ body_NN1 of_IO literature_NN1 by_II investigating_VVG morphological_JJ awareness_NN1 ,_, a_AT1 conscious_JJ understanding_NN1 of_IO how_RRQ words_NN2 can_VM be_VBI broken_VVN down_RP into_II smaller_JJR units_NN2 of_IO meaning_NN1 ,_, and_CC reading_VVG comprehension_NN1 in_II adults_NN2 enrolled_VVN in_II ABE_NP1 programs_NN2 (_( Carlisle_NP1 ,_, 2000_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Results_NN2 from_II both_DB2 types_NN2 of_IO search_NN1 will_VM be_VBI compared_VVN with_IW student_NN1 scores_NN2 to_TO see_VVI which_DDQ is_VBZ the_AT better_JJR predictor_NN1 of_IO knowledge_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Semantically_RR ,_, it_PPH1 has_VHZ long_RR been_VBN known_VVN that_CST the_AT right-hand_JJ element_NN1 in_II English_JJ compounds_NN2 determines_VVZ the_AT type_NN1 of_IO the_AT result_NN1 ,_, in_II what_DDQ has_VHZ been_VBN called_VVN an_AT1 "_" is-a_VBZ "_" relationship_NN1 (_( Allen_NP1 ,_, 1978_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Thus_RR ,_, we_PPIS2 see_VV0 that_CST there_EX is_VBZ no_AT need_NN1 to_TO posit_VVI covert_JJ ergative_JJ case_NN1 to_TO generate_VVI this_DD1 kind_NN1 of_IO surface_NN1 ergative_JJ agreement_NN1 pattern_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT pictured_JJ figure_NN1 objects_NN2 were_VBDR real_JJ ,_, life-sized_JJ objects_NN2 (_( i.e._REX not_XX toys_NN2 or_CC drawings_NN2 ,_, as_CSA have_VH0 been_VBN used_VVN in_II previous_JJ research_NN1 ,_, e.g._REX Emmorey_NP1 1996_MC ,_, Pederson_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
1998_MC ,_, Perniss_NP1 2007a_FO ,_, Sümer_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
2012_MC ,_, 2013_MC )_) and_CC appeared_VVD in_II typical_JJ environments_NN2 in_II31 relation_II32 to_II33 a_AT1 ground_NN1 object_NN1 (_( i.e._REX cup_NN1 on_II table_NN1 ,_, boat_NN1 on_II water_NN1 ,_, cow_NN1 on_II meadow_NN1 ,_, bird_NN1 on_II street_NN1 or_CC meadow_NN1 ,_, plate_NN1 on_II table_NN1 ,_, pen_NN1 on_II table_NN1 ,_, painting_VVG on_II wall_NN1 )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT phonological_JJ pole_NN1 of_IO the_AT antecedent_JJ (_( TEACHER_NN1 )_) is_VBZ distinct_JJ ._. 
</s>
<s>
It_PPH1 is_VBZ often_RR discussed_VVN by_II reference_NN1 to_II social_JJ solidarity_NN1 (_( see_VV0 Lindstrom_NN1 &amp;_CC Sorjonen_NP1 ,_, 2013_MC ,_, pp_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
A_AT1 prevalent_JJ belief_NN1 within_II the_AT first_MD order_NN1 research_NN1 paradigm_NN1 is_VBZ that_CST words_NN2 and_CC phrases_NN2 have_VH0 no_AT inherent_JJ meaning_NN1 and_CC ,_, hence_RR ,_, can_VM not_XX be_VBI rude_JJ or_CC impolite_JJ in_II and_CC of_IO themselves_PPX2 (_( Bousfield_NP1 ,_, 2010_MC :_: 108_MC ;_; Jagodziski_NP1 ,_, 2013_MC :_: 46-47_MCMC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
First_MD ,_, attending_VVG to_II concepts_NN2 ,_, language_NN1 use_NN1 about_II religion_NN1 appears_VVZ to_TO be_VBI dominated_VVN by_II the_AT objective-material_NN1 dimension_NN1 ,_, while_CS all_DB other_JJ dimensions_NN2 tend_VV0 to_TO be_VBI of_IO no_AT special_JJ relevance_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Transmission_NN1 can_VM be_VBI made_VVN much_RR more_RGR efficient_JJ if_CS only_RR the_AT difference_NN1 between_II successive_JJ frames_NN2 (_( the_AT prediction_NN1 error_NN1 )_) is_VBZ transmitted_VVN ._. 
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<s>
The_AT semantico-conceptual_JJ behavior_NN1 of_IO aspectual_JJ verbs_NN2 suggests_VVZ that_CST no_AT such_DA distinction_NN1 is_VBZ necessary_JJ ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT author_NN1 cited_VVD a_AT1 researcher_NN1 at_II a_AT1 think-tank_NN1 saying_VVG ,_, "_" Poland_NP1 used_VMK to_TO be_VBI the_AT British_JJ ally_NN1 as_II a_AT1 blocking_JJ power_NN1 against_II the_AT mighty_JJ Franco-German_JJ tandem_NN1 ._. "_" 
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<s>
A_AT1 dual_JJ characterization_NN1 can_VM be_VBI given_VVN for_IF final_JJ boundary_NN1 interval_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II some_DD cases_NN2 ,_, application_NN1 of_IO diagnostic_JJ accuracy_NN1 measures_NN2 has_VHZ led_VVN to_II the_AT opposite_JJ conclusion_NN1 from_II group-level_JJ studies_NN2 (_( Blom_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
2013_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
We_PPIS2 argue_VV0 that_CST treating_VVG (_( certain_JJ )_) Davidsonian_JJ arguments_NN2 as_CSA referring_VVG to_II forces_NN2 addresses_VVZ these_DD2 issues_NN2 in_II a_AT1 more_RGR satisfactory_JJ way_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
For_IF the_AT vocal_JJ phoneme_NN1 elision_NN1 condition_NN1 ,_, adults_NN2 who_PNQS stutter_VV0 were_VBDR significantly_RR less_RGR accurate_JJ than_CSN adults_NN2 who_PNQS do_VD0 not_XX stutter_VVI in_II their_APPGE initial_JJ production_NN1 and_CC required_VVN a_AT1 significantly_RR higher_JJR mean_JJ number_NN1 of_IO attempts_NN2 to_TO accurately_RR produce_VVI 7-syllable_JJ nonwords_NN2 with_IW a_AT1 phoneme_NN1 eliminated_VVD ._. 
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<s>
The_AT likeness-exaggerating_JJ interpretation_NN1 route_NN1 diverges_VVZ from_II the_AT abbreviated-simile_NN1 account_VV0 most_RGT importantly_RR in_II the_AT fact_NN1 that_CST the_AT relationship_NN1 to_II a_AT1 simile_NN1 is_VBZ principled_VVN rather_II21 than_II22 just_RR stipulative_JJ ,_, and_CC arises_VVZ from_II a_AT1 different_JJ figure_NN1 of_IO speech_NN1 ,_, namely_REX exaggeration_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
With_IW plural_JJ subjects_NN2 ,_, of_IO the_AT 216_MC lexemes_NN2 with_IW syncope_NN1 in_II the_AT imperfective_JJ ,_, 209_MC have_VH0 syncope_NN1 in_II the_AT perfective_JJ as_RR21 well_RR22 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT 10-point_JJ scale_NN1 they_PPHS2 were_VBDR asked_VVN to_TO use_VVI for_IF their_APPGE ratings_NN2 was_VBDZ anchored_VVN at_II Does_VDZ not_XX rule_VVI out_RP the_AT possibility_NN1 at_RR21 all_RR22 (_( lower_JJR end_NN1 )_) and_CC Completely_RR rules_VVZ out_RP the_AT possibility_NN1 (_( higher_JJR end_NN1 )_) ._. 
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<s>
All_DB participants_NN2 were_VBDR bilingual_JJ in_II Spanish_JJ ,_, which_DDQ was_VBDZ used_VVN as_II the_AT metalanguage_NN1 for_IF the_AT experiment_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT most_RGT familiar_JJ examples_NN2 of_IO morphomic_JJ patterns_NN2 are_VBR from_II Romance_JJ languages_NN2 (_( Maiden_NN1 2005_MC ,_, 2013_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
From_II these_DD2 norms_NN2 ,_, a_AT1 total_NN1 of_IO 48_MC semantic_JJ category_NN1 types_NN2 and_CC their_APPGE associated_JJ token_JJ category_NN1 members_NN2 were_VBDR selected_VVN ;_; yielding_VVG a_AT1 total_NN1 of_IO 353_MC members_NN2 across_II all_DB 48_MC categories_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT hypernode_NN1 identification_NN1 consists_VVZ of_IO a_AT1 binary_JJ classification_NN1 of_IO the_AT nodes_NN2 of_IO a_AT1 given_JJ SSyntS_NN2 as_CSA nodes_NN2 that_CST form_VV0 a_AT1 hypernode_NN1 of_IO cardinality_NN1 1_MC1 (_( i.e._REX ,_, nodes_NN2 that_CST have_VH0 a_AT1 one-to-one_JJ correspondence_NN1 to_II a_AT1 node_NN1 in_II the_AT DSyntS_NP1 )_) versus_II nodes_NN2 that_CST form_VV0 part_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 hypernode_NN1 of_IO cardinality_NN1 >_FO 1_MC1 ._. 
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<s>
We_PPIS2 then_RT replace_VV0 each_DD1 edge_NN1 in_II M_NN1 with_IW a_AT1 vertex_NN1 in_II D_ZZ1 ,_, and_CC replace_VV0 each_DD1 vertex_NN1 in_II M_NN1 with_IW a_AT1 clique_NN1 in_II D._NP1 D_ZZ1 is_VBZ the_AT dependency_NN1 graph_NN1 for_IF an_AT1 SCFG_NP1 rule_NN1 ,_, because_CS it_PPH1 has_VHZ a_AT1 vertex_NN1 for_IF each_DD1 boundary_NN1 ,_, and_CC a_AT1 clique_NN1 that_CST connects_VVZ the_AT boundaries_NN2 of_IO each_DD1 nonterminal_JJ (_( including_II the_AT left-hand_JJ side_NN1 nonterminal_JJ )_) ._. 
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<s>
Only_RR a_AT1 few_DA2 published_JJ experimental_JJ or_CC quasi-experimental_JJ research_NN1 studies_NN2 related_VVN to_II teaching_VVG techniques_NN2 and_CC learning_VVG EFL_NP1 are_VBR available_JJ ,_, specifically_RR for_IF elementary-level_JJ students_NN2 (_( e.g._REX ,_, Al-Shammari_NN1 ,_, Al-Sharoufi_NN1 ,_, &amp;_CC Yawkey_NP1 ,_, 2008_MC ;_; Dannenberg_NP1 &amp;_CC Capell_NP1 ,_, 1997_MC ;_; Isiaka_NP1 ,_, 2007_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
More_RGR specifically_RR ,_, it_PPH1 examines_VVZ whether_CSW the_AT Balanced_JJ Winnow_NN1 classifier_NN1 is_VBZ able_JK to_TO distinguish_VVI between_II the_AT twenty_MC speakers_NN2 of_IO the_AT Ernestus_JJ Corpus_NN1 of_IO Spontaneous_JJ Dutch_JJ ,_, who_PNQS all_RR have_VH0 the_AT same_DA social_JJ background_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
A_AT1 state_NN1 is_VBZ contained_VVN in_II ?_? 
</s>
<s>
The_AT CELEX_NN1 indices_NN2 demonstrated_VVD that_CST the_AT NS_NP1 interlocutors_NN2 tended_VVD to_TO produce_VVI more_RGR low_JJ frequency_NN1 words_NN2 over_II time_NNT1 ._. 
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<s>
Pitch_NN1 ,_, on_II the_AT other_JJ hand_NN1 ,_, was_VBDZ not_XX produced_VVN selectively_RR to_TO mark_VVI the_AT contrastive_JJ element_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
These_DD2 findings_NN2 show_VV0 that_CST different_JJ dimensions_NN2 of_IO pragmatic_JJ competence_NN1 (_( accuracy_NN1 and_CC fluency_NN1 )_) are_VBR affected_VVN differently_RR by_II different_JJ treatment_NN1 conditions_NN2 (_( input-_NN1 vs._II output-based_NN1 )_) as_II31 well_II32 as_II33 by_II a_AT1 different_JJ amount_NN1 of_IO practice_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Of_IO additional_JJ relevance_NN1 for_IF our_APPGE account_NN1 ,_, relatively_RR little_RR descriptive_JJ work_NN1 focuses_VVZ on_II across-clause_JJ extraction_NN1 possibilities_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Since_CS features_NN2 percolate_VV0 upwards_RL ,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ only_RR in_II (_( 1_MC1 )_) that_CST the_AT attractor_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 plural_JJ feature_NN1 has_VHZ the_AT opportunity_NN1 to_TO affect_VVI the_AT representation_NN1 of_IO the_AT whole_JJ subject_NN1 noun_NN1 phrase_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
A_AT1 standard_JJ phrase-based_NN1 MT_NP1 decoder_NN1 (_( Vogel_NP1 2003_MC )_) ,_, which_DDQ is_VBZ similar_JJ to_II Moses_NP1 (_( Koehn_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
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<s>
2007_MC )_) was_VBDZ used_VVN in_II the_AT translation_NN1 experiments_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT reviewer_NN1 proposes_VVZ to_TO analyze_VVI certain_JJ locatives_NN2 as_CSA containing_VVG a_AT1 covert_JJ negation_NN1 operator_NN1 that_CST takes_VVZ scope_NN1 over_II an_AT1 existential_JJ quantifier_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
One_MC1 group_NN1 of_IO researchers_NN2 ,_, Al-Shammari_NN1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
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<s>
(_( 2008_MC )_) ,_, when_CS studying_VVG elementary_JJ English_JJ language_NN1 classes_NN2 in_II Kuwait_NP1 ,_, found_VVD that_CST direct_JJ instruction_NN1 is_VBZ an_AT1 effective_JJ approach_NN1 in_II teaching_VVG EFL_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
It_PPH1 shows_VVZ that_CST the_AT p-value_NN1 is_VBZ very_RG low_JJ for_IF the_AT same_DA signal_NN1 appearing_VVG by_II chance_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT Reid_NP1 method_NN1 was_VBDZ first_MD published_VVN in_II 1962_MC and_CC provides_VVZ police_NN2 officers_NN2 with_IW guidelines_NN2 (_( the_AT '_NULL nine_MC step_NN1 technique_NN1 '_NULL )_) to_TO obtain_VVI confessions_NN2 from_II suspects_NN2 without_IW the_AT use_NN1 of_IO physical_JJ coercion_NN1 or_CC the_AT '_NULL third_MD degree_NN1 '_NULL ._. 
</s>
<s>
We_PPIS2 might_VM also_RR expect_VVI toddlers_NN2 to_TO smile_VVI more_RRR when_CS parents_NN2 do_VD0 so_RR as_CSA smiling_VVG is_VBZ contagious_JJ (_( Mojzisch_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2006_MC ;_; Schilbach_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2008_MC )_) ,_, and_CC parents_NN2 '_NULL smiles_NN2 encourage_VV0 infants_NN2 '_NULL smiles_NN2 (_( Mireault_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2014_MC ,_, 2015_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT boxplot_NN1 in_II Figure_NN1 3_MC indicates_VVZ that_CST half_DB of_IO the_AT documents_NN2 in_II the_AT IT_NN1 subcorpus_NN1 contain_VV0 at_RR21 least_RR22 38%_NNU unique_JJ lexical_JJ items_NN2 per_II 1,000_MC words_NN2 ,_, which_DDQ is_VBZ the_AT lowest_JJT of_IO the_AT three_MC subcorpora_NN1 ,_, whereas_CS the_AT NT_NN1 subcorpus_NN1 has_VHZ the_AT highest_JJT standardised_JJ TTR_NP1 of_IO the_AT corpus_NN1 ,_, with_IW at_RR21 least_RR22 45%_NNU unique_JJ lexical_JJ items_NN2 occurring_VVG per_II 1,000_MC words_NN2 ,_, in_II half_DB of_IO the_AT texts_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
But_CCB the_AT reverse_NN1 does_VDZ not_XX hold_VVI :_: given_VVN this_DD1 particular_JJ repertoire_NN1 of_IO three_MC inflection_NN1 classes_NN2 ,_, having_VHG a_AT1 3PL_FO -_- ?_? 
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Each_DD1 word_NN1 list_NN1 consisted_VVN of_IO 12_MC unique_JJ words_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 can_VM not_XX be_VBI explained_VVN by_II the_AT folk_NN theory_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT correlations_NN2 between_II coders_NN2 '_NULL scores_NN2 for_IF the_AT remaining_JJ 42_MC gestures_NN2 were_VBDR significant_JJ ,_, p_ZZ1 ?_? <0.01_FO for_IF stroke-iness_NN1 and_CC p_ZZ1 ?_? <0.001_FO for_IF both_RR displacement_NN1 and_CC directionality_NN1 (_( stroke-iness_NN1 :_: r=0.42_FO ,_, t=2.80_FO ,_, 40_MC df_NNU ;_; displacement_NN1 r=0.76_FO ,_, t=7.09_FO ,_, 40_MC df_NNU ;_; directionality_NN1 r=0.73_FO ,_, t=6.58_FO ,_, 40_MC df_NNU )_) ._. 
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<s>
A_AT1 trend_NN1 toward_II differences_NN2 was_VBDZ noted_VVN in_II the_AT proportion_NN1 of_IO repetitions_NN2 categorized_VVD as_RG formulaic_JJ ._. 
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<s>
Similarly_RR ,_, Mulac_NP1 ,_, Bradac_NP1 ,_, and_CC Gibbons_NP1 (_( 2001_MC )_) were_VBDR able_JK to_TO relate_VVI gender_NN1 to_II four_MC dimensions_NN2 of_IO culture_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
That_DD1 caller_NN1 was_VBDZ then_RT able_JK to_TO focus_VVI on_II the_AT business_NN1 of_IO the_AT call_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
However_RR ,_, in_II the_AT example_NN1 above_RL ,_, this_DD1 pragmatic_JJ pressure_NN1 is_VBZ reduced_VVN by_II other_JJ means_NN :_: two_MC logically_RR possible_JJ readings_NN2 are_VBR ruled_VVN out_RP by_II binding_JJ theory_NN1 (_( Condition_NN1 B_ZZ1 )_) 6_MC ,_, and_CC the_AT final_JJ reading_NN1 is_VBZ ruled_VVN out_RP by_II world_NN1 knowledge_NN1 (_( specifically_RR ,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ weird_JJ to_TO tell_VVI someone_PN1 else_RR about_II their_APPGE own_DA preferences_NN2 )_) ._. 
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<s>
In_II Section_NN1 2_MC ,_, we_PPIS2 first_MD provide_VV0 definitions_NN2 of_IO the_AT problem_NN1 of_IO machine_NN1 translation_NN1 ,_, describe_VV0 briefly_RR how_RRQ models_NN2 are_VBR built_VVN ,_, how_RRQ features_NN2 are_VBR defined_VVN ,_, and_CC how_RRQ translations_NN2 are_VBR evaluated_VVN ,_, and_CC finally_RR define_VV0 the_AT optimization_NN1 setting_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Most_RGT importantly_RR ,_, however_RR ,_, argumentative_JJ essays_NN2 function_VV0 as_II a_AT1 pre-stage_NN1 to_II academic_JJ writing_NN1 and_CC ,_, particularly_RR from_II a_AT1 lexical_JJ point_NN1 of_IO view_NN1 ,_, can_VM be_VBI useful_JJ in_II assisting_VVG novice_NN1 writers_NN2 in_II the_AT development_NN1 of_IO academic_JJ literacy_NN1 ._. 
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Crucially_RR ,_, the_AT members_NN2 of_IO @_II must_VM lie_VVI along_II the_AT same_DA semantic_JJ dimension(s)_NN2 (_( what_DDQ Bacharach_VV0 2006_MC calls_VVZ "_" a_AT1 family_NN1 of_IO attributes_NN2 "_" )_) ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 allows_VVZ us_PPIO2 to_TO specify_VVI a_AT1 rule_NN1 where_CS argument_NN1 order_NN1 is_VBZ reversed_VVN such_II21 as_II22 beat_NN1 (_( Xteam_NP1 ,_, Yteam_NP1 )_) ?_? 
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<s>
Though_CS not_XX intended_VVN to_TO do_VDI anything_PN1 remotely_RR connected_VVN with_IW building_NN1 students_NN2 '_NULL mathematical_JJ proficiency_NN1 ,_, this_DD1 Twitter_NN1 conversation_NN1 serves_VVZ ,_, outside_II the_AT confines_NN2 of_IO the_AT normal_JJ program_NN1 both_RR temporally_RR and_CC spatially_RR ,_, to_TO reaffirm_VVI the_AT bond_NN1 between_II these_DD2 three_MC individuals_NN2 and_CC their_APPGE common_JJ identity_NN1 as_CSA shared_VVN ,_, in_RR21 part_RR22 ,_, through_II the_AT use_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 common_JJ register_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Similar_JJ to_II the_AT observation_NN1 made_VVD for_REX21 Example_REX22 1_MC1 ,_, the_AT minimalist_NN1 use_NN1 of_IO visuals_NN2 and_CC text_NN1 resources_NN2 in_II Example_NN1 3_MC is_VBZ not_XX necessarily_RR linked_VVN to_II the_AT complexity_NN1 of_IO the_AT conceptual_JJ scaffolding_NN1 structuring_VVG the_AT multimodal_JJ message_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Both_RR Kratzer_NP1 and_CC Shimoyama_NP1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 and_CC Ciardelli_NP1 and_CC Roelofsen_NP1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 grammars_NN2 automatically_RR interpret_VV0 the_AT common_JJ core_NN1 of_IO Who_NP1 dances_NN2 ?_? 
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<s>
In_II other_JJ words_NN2 ,_, metaphoric_JJ utterances_NN2 are_VBR characterized_VVN by_II a_AT1 diffusion_NN1 of_IO the_AT ontological_JJ properties_NN2 of_IO concepts_NN2 discussed_VVN above_RL across_II the_AT utterance_NN1 (_( especially_RR fact-status_JJ and_CC function-status_JJ properties_NN2 :_: Dunn_NP1 ,_, 2014b_FO )_) ._. 
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<s>
Sometimes_RT women_NN2 will_VM sew_VVI as_CSA they_PPHS2 talk_VV0 ,_, but_CCB most_DAT of_IO the_AT women_NN2 do_VD0 their_APPGE quilting_NN1 at_II home_NN1 on_II a_AT1 sewing_NN1 machine_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
For_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, the_AT invalid_JJ argument_NN1 in_II (_( 65a_FO )_) is_VBZ wrongly_RR predicted_VVN valid_JJ since_CS temporal_JJ closure_NN1 causes_NN2 (_( 65b_FO )_) to_TO entail_VVI (_( 65c_FO )_) ._. 
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<s>
But_CCB how_RRQ does_VDZ one_PN1 best_RRT approach_VVI the_AT grammar_NN1 of_IO DMs_NNU2 at_II more_RGR advanced_JJ stages_NN2 of_IO grammaticalization_NN1 ,_, after_CS they_PPHS2 have_VH0 developed_VVN discourse_NN1 functions_VVZ that_CST no_RR21 longer_RR22 resemble_VV0 the_AT meaning_NN1 of_IO their_APPGE sources_NN2 in_II an_AT1 obvious_JJ way_NN1 ?_? 
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<s>
The_AT maxim_NN1 of_IO manner_NN1 -_- a_AT1 maxim_NN1 concerning_II the_AT '_NULL how_RRQ '_NULL of_IO interaction_NN1 -_- is_VBZ formulated_VVN simply_RR as_II :_: be_VBI perspicuous_JJ ._. 
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<s>
In_II fact_NN1 ,_, the_AT "_" problem_NN1 "_" of_IO "_" get&lsqb;ting&rsqb;_NN1 into_II people_NN '_NULL s_ZZ1 heads_NN2 "_" (_( Schwenter_NP1 and_CC Traugott_NP1 ,_, 1995_MC :_: 244_MC )_) is_VBZ as_RG much_RR an_AT1 issue_NN1 for_IF the_AT participants_NN2 within_II an_AT1 interaction_NN1 as_CSA it_PPH1 is_VBZ researchers_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Instead_RR ,_, it_PPH1 was_VBDZ a_AT1 consequence_NN1 of_IO the_AT communicative_JJ approach_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Therefore_RR ,_, he_PPHS1 and_CC John_NP1 can_VM not_XX refer_VVI to_II the_AT same_DA entity_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT findings_NN2 and_CC discussion_NN1 also_RR lend_VV0 weight_NN1 to_II the_AT argument_NN1 for_IF dissociating_VVG mock_JJ politeness_NN2 and_CC sarcasm_NN1 ,_, and_CC viewing_VVG the_AT latter_DA as_CSA one_MC1 possible_JJ realisation_NN1 of_IO the_AT former_DA ,_, as_CSA is_VBZ the_AT case_NN1 with_IW mock_JJ impoliteness_NN1 and_CC banter_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Furthermore_RR ,_, it_PPH1 revealed_VVD uncertainties_NN2 in_II identification_NN1 even_CS21 if_CS22 samples_NN2 of_IO 100_MC words_NN2 from_II an_AT1 unknown_JJ language_NN1 were_VBDR used_VVN ,_, as_CSA shown_VVN by_II remarkable_JJ variation_NN1 between_II samples_NN2 of_IO the_AT same_DA size_NN1 in_II Figure_NN1 1_MC1 ._. 
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<s>
In_II this_DD1 sequence_NN1 ,_, each_DD1 group_NN1 constitutes_VVZ its_APPGE own_DA bound_JJ entity_NN1 (_( e.g._REX ,_, Jackendoff_NP1 ,_, 2010_MC ;_; Talmy_NP1 ,_, 2000_MC )_) ._. 
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Results_NN2 are_VBR shown_VVN in_II Table_NN1 5_MC ._. 
</s>
<s>
A_AT1 plain_JJ anaphor_NN1 must_VM be_VBI bound_VVN within_II the_AT Spell-Out_NN1 domain_NN1 containing_VVG it_PPH1 ._. 
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<s>
It_PPH1 should_VM also_RR be_VBI noted_VVN that_CST this_DD1 activation_NN1 occurs_VVZ under_II conditions_NN2 that_CST would_VM not_XX be_VBI favorable_JJ for_IF cascaded_VVN activation_NN1 ,_, namely_REX when_CS the_AT prime_JJ is_VBZ a_AT1 word_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Even_CS21 if_CS22 the_AT trend_NN1 is_VBZ decreasing_JJ ,_, this_DD1 reduction_NN1 is_VBZ not_XX monotonic_JJ and_CC we_PPIS2 can_VM detect_VVI a_AT1 small_JJ increase_NN1 under_II Lincoln_NP1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 presidency_NN1 (_( 1861-1864_MCMC )_) ._. 
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<s>
In_RR21 particular_RR22 ,_, much_DA1 research_NN1 on_II laughter_NN1 has_VHZ pointed_VVN to_II its_APPGE complex_JJ relationship_NN1 to_II (_( dis_DD1 )_) affiliation_NN1 and_CC (_( dis_DD1 )_) alignment_NN1 (_( Fatigante_NP1 and_CC Orletti_NP1 ,_, 2013_MC ;_; Glenn_NP1 ,_, 2003_MC ,_, 2013_MC ;_; Haakana_NP1 ,_, 2010_MC ;_; Holt_NP1 ,_, 2012_MC ;_; Markaki_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2010_MC ;_; Thonus_NP1 ,_, 2008_MC ;_; Vge_NP1 ,_, 2010_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 does_VDZ not_XX mean_VVI that_CST students_NN2 do_VD0 not_XX use_VVI complex_JJ noun_NN1 phrases_NN2 ;_; they_PPHS2 do_VD0 ,_, but_CCB these_DD2 are_VBR often_RR too_RG vague_JJ ._. 
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<s>
The_AT presented_JJ instances_NN2 of_IO detailed_JJ transcriptions_NN2 of_IO the_AT four_MC questions_NN2 types_NN2 form_VV0 the_AT performative_JJ path_NN1 of_IO this_DD1 deliverance_NN1 ritual_NN1 ,_, with_IW the_AT identity_NN1 question_NN1 asked_VVD as_II the_AT initial_JJ turn_NN1 by_II the_AT evangelists_NN2 to_TO allow_VVI the_AT possession_NN1 to_TO be_VBI framed_VVN and_CC characterised_VVN ._. 
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<s>
Only_JJ data_NN from_II native_JJ English_JJ speakers_NN2 from_II the_AT United_NP1 States_NP1 were_VBDR analyzed_VVN ._. 
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<s>
Hence_RR the_AT Archi_JJ verb_NN1 can_VM have_VHI different_JJ syntactic_JJ possibilities_NN2 when_CS it_PPH1 is_VBZ periphrastic_JJ (_( 16_MC )_) as_CSA compared_VVN to_II when_RRQ it_PPH1 is_VBZ synthetic_JJ (_( 17_MC )_) ._. 
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However_RR ,_, the_AT nature_NN1 of_IO processing_NN1 captured_VVN in_II the_AT brain_NN1 activities_NN2 in_II this_DD1 study-whether_CSW it_PPH1 was_VBDZ semantic_JJ processing_NN1 ,_, auditory_JJ processing_NN1 ,_, some_DD sort_NN1 of_IO strategic_JJ processing_NN1 ,_, or_CC a_AT1 combination_NN1 of_IO these_DD2 processing_NN1 types-was_VBDZ not_XX clear_JJ ._. 
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However_RR ,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ worthwhile_JJ exploring_VVG the_AT possibility_NN1 that_CST incorporating_VVG PC_NN1 into_II the_AT theory_NN1 might_VM give_VVI a_AT1 better_JJR result_NN1 ._. 
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Such_DA a_AT1 level_NN1 of_IO proficiency_NN1 was_VBDZ below_II that_DD1 of_IO a_AT1 native_JJ English_JJ speaker_NN1 with_IW a_AT1 grade_NN1 level_NN1 prior_II21 to_II22 the_AT beginning_NN1 of_IO kindergarten_NN1 ._. 
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Their_APPGE method_NN1 relies_VVZ on_II the_AT Distributional_JJ Hypothesis_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ states_VVZ that_CST words_NN2 that_CST occur_VV0 in_II similar_JJ contexts_NN2 tend_VV0 to_TO have_VHI similar_JJ meanings_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Items_NN2 from_II the_AT two_MC hypothetical_JJ dimensions_NN2 converged_VVD to_TO form_VVI a_AT1 single_JJ observable_JJ factor_NN1 ,_, citation_NN1 formatting_VVG preference_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT volume_NN1 begins_VVZ with_IW the_AT foreword_NN1 by_II Michael_NP1 McCarthy_NP1 ,_, in_II which_DDQ he_PPHS1 heralds_NN2 the_AT work_NN1 of_IO Biber_NP1 and_CC his_APPGE colleagues_NN2 at_II the_AT Flagstaff_NN1 School_NN1 as_II a_AT1 "_" productive_JJ and_CC internationally_RR respected_JJ body_NN1 of_IO research_NN1 and_CC publication_NN1 "_" (_( p._NNU ix_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
However_RR ,_, non-metaphoric_JJ frames_NN2 often_RR differ_VV0 from_II metaphoric_JJ frames_NN2 along_II a_AT1 variety_NN1 of_IO linguistic_JJ dimensions_NN2 (_( e.g._REX ,_, valence_NN1 ,_, arousal_NN1 ,_, imagery_NN1 )_) ,_, which_DDQ can_VM be_VBI difficult_JJ to_TO control_VVI for_IF and_CC make_VVI such_DA comparisons_NN2 difficult_JJ to_TO interpret_VVI (_( see_VV0 Thibodeau_NN1 &amp;_CC Boroditsky_NP1 ,_, 2015_MC ,_, for_IF an_AT1 extended_JJ discussion_NN1 of_IO this_DD1 issue_NN1 )_) ._. 
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Examination_NN1 of_IO the_AT metaphorical_JJ language_NN1 used_VVN in_II these_DD2 conversations_NN2 revealed_VVD that_DD1 SIGHT_NN1 plays_VVZ an_AT1 important_JJ role_NN1 in_II academic_JJ mentoring_NN1 in_II English_NN1 ._. 
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Thus_RR ,_, we_PPIS2 propose_VV0 an_AT1 agenda_NN1 for_IF research_NN1 focusing_VVG on_II L1_FO users_NN2 '_NULL ability_NN1 to_TO communicate_VVI across_II linguistic_JJ difference_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT value_NN1 of_IO any_DD silence_NN1 depends_VVZ on_II context_NN1 :_: 0.3_MC s_ZZ1 in_II "_" fast_JJ "_" speech_NN1 sounds_VVZ longer_JJR than_CSN in_II "_" slow_JJ "_" speech_NN1 ;_; a_AT1 turn_NN1 that_CST starts_VVZ after_II 0.3_MC s_ZZ1 of_IO silence_NN1 but_CCB on_II beat_NN1 with_IW the_AT prior_JJ turn_NN1 makes_VVZ the_AT silence_NN1 less_RGR salient_JJ than_CSN if_CS it_PPH1 starts_VVZ off_RP beat_NN1 ._. 
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CA_NP1 is_VBZ a_AT1 data-driven_JJ methodology_NN1 tailor-made_JJ for_IF the_AT analysis_NN1 of_IO recorded_JJ occasions_NN2 of_IO naturally_RR situated_VVN interaction_NN1 ._. 
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In_II some_DD cases_NN2 ,_, the_AT entailment_NN1 follows_VVZ from_II the_AT lexical_JJ properties_NN2 of_IO the_AT focal_JJ items_NN2 ,_, which_DDQ allow_VV0 for_IF a_AT1 ranking_NN1 on_II the_AT well-known_JJ Horn_NN1 scales_NN2 (_( Horn_NN1 ,_, 1989_MC ,_, 2000_MC )_) (_( e.g._REX He_PPHS1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 not_XX an_AT1 assistant_JJ professor_NN1 ,_, let_II21 alone_II22 a_AT1 full_JJ professor_NN1 ;_; They_PPHS2 '_NULL re_II not_XX engaged_VVN ,_, let_II21 alone_II22 married_JJ )_) ._. 
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In_RR21 particular_RR22 ,_, the_AT dynamics_NN has_VHZ to_TO include_VVI a_AT1 division_NN1 of_IO the_AT variables_NN2 into_II background_NN1 and_CC inner_JJ variables_NN2 in_II a_AT1 way_NN1 that_CST ensures_VVZ the_AT causal_JJ necessity_NN1 and_CC insufficiency_NN1 of_IO the_AT catalyst_NN1 ._. 
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Such_DA effective_JJ strategies_NN2 include_VV0 repetition_NN1 of_IO the_AT problematic_JJ part_NN1 of_IO the_AT message_NN1 with_IW rising_VVG intonation_NN1 (_( Mauranen_NP1 2006_MC ;_; Watterson_NP1 2008_MC ;_; Pickering_NP1 2009_MC )_) and_CC specific_JJ questions_NN2 (_( Mauranen_NP1 2006_MC ;_; Watterson_NP1 2008_MC )_) or_CC requests_NN2 for_IF clarification_NN1 (_( Kaur_NP1 2010_MC ;_; Kirkpatrick_NP1 2010_MC )_) ._. 
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Following_VVG Raymond_NP1 &amp;_CC Heritage_NN1 (_( 2006_MC )_) ,_, this_DD1 study_NN1 highlights_VVZ the_AT role_NN1 of_IO epistemic_JJ management_NN1 in_II group_NN1 identity_NN1 construction_NN1 ,_, further_RRR developing_VVG the_AT field_NN1 of_IO epistemic_JJ discourse_NN1 analysis_NN1 ._. 
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Reading_NP1 was_VBDZ also_RR restricted_VVN to_II word-level_JJ reading_NN1 in_II their_APPGE study_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Putting_VVG existential_JJ closure_NN1 into_II the_AT lexical_JJ entry_NN1 of_IO the_AT verb_NN1 will_VM automatically_RR derive_VVI the_AT fact_NN1 that_CST all_DB other_JJ quantifiers_NN2 always_RR have_VH0 to_TO take_VVI scope_NN1 above_II existential_JJ closure_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT subsequent_JJ actions_NN2 following_VVG the_AT initial_JJ laughter_NN1 is_VBZ also_RR key_JJ to_II determining_VVG the_AT acceptance_NN1 or_CC rejection_NN1 of_IO the_AT framing_NN1 of_IO the_AT FTA_NN1 as_CSA laughable_JJ ._. 
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For_IF the_AT purpose_NN1 of_IO this_DD1 article_NN1 ,_, we_PPIS2 only_RR need_VV0 the_AT following_JJ simplified_JJ entry_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ is_VBZ a_AT1 special_JJ case_NN1 of_IO (_( 90_MC )_) :_: To_TO solve_VVI Bergmann_NP1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 puzzle_NN1 ,_, we_PPIS2 first_MD need_NN1 to_TO adopt_VVI a_AT1 theory_NN1 of_IO how_RGQ distributive_JJ quantifiers_NN2 like_II every_AT1 interact_VV0 with_IW collective_JJ predicates_NN2 in_II restrictor_NN1 position_NN1 ,_, like_II cat_NN1 and_CC dog_NN1 ._. 
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They_PPHS2 may_VM also_RR not_XX be_VBI the_AT '_NULL principals_NN2 '_NULL of_IO the_AT story_NN1 as_CSA they_PPHS2 bear_VV0 no_AT responsibility_NN1 for_IF its_APPGE content_NN1 ._. 
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Construction_NN1 learning_NN1 studies_NN2 have_VH0 shown_VVN that_CST a_AT1 completely_RR novel_JJ pattern_NN1 can_VM be_VBI detected_VVN and_CC elicited_VVN even_RR after_II brief_JJ exposure_NN1 to_II low_JJ type-frequency_JJ input_NN1 (_( Fulga_NP1 &amp;_CC McDonough_NP1 ,_, 2014_MC ;_; Nakamura_NP1 ,_, 2012_MC ;_; McDonough_NP1 &amp;_CC Trofimovich_NP1 ,_, 2013_MC )_) ._. 
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In_II fact_NN1 ,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ conceivable_JJ that_CST a_AT1 narrow_JJ perspective_NN1 on_RP correction-but_CCB in_II the_AT strict_JJ terms_NN2 of_IO elimination_NN1 is_VBZ justified_VVN by_II considerations_NN2 of_IO analogy_NN1 ,_, i.e._REX a_AT1 treatment_NN1 of_IO correction_NN1 along_II typical_JJ procedural_JJ (_( denial-of-expectation_NN1 )_) cases_NN2 ,_, rather_CS21 than_CS22 by_II argumentation_NN1 ._. 
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Communicatively_RR competent_JJ people_NN take_VV0 into_II consideration_NN1 their_APPGE goals_NN2 ,_, their_APPGE audience_NN1 ,_, the_AT context_NN1 ,_, and_CC social_JJ norms_NN2 when_CS constructing_VVG messages_NN2 ,_, and_CC adapt_VV0 their_APPGE messages_NN2 accordingly_RR ._. 
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In_II this_DD1 role_NN1 "_" yes_UH "_" is_VBZ typically_RR considered_VVN to_TO be_VBI implementing_VVG an_AT1 initial_NN1 acknowledging_VVG action_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ is_VBZ followed_VVN by_II a_AT1 new_JJ TCU_NN1 in_II which_DDQ a_AT1 disaffiliative_JJ action_NN1 is_VBZ performed_VVN ._. 
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Comparing_VVG the_AT case_NN1 without_IW Mary_NP1 to_II the_AT case_NN1 with_IW Mary_NP1 ,_, we_PPIS2 can_VM see_VVI that_CST whether_CSW the_AT same_DA piece_NN1 of_IO knowledge_NN1 '_NULL There_EX are_VBR no_AT keys_NN2 on_II the_AT fridge_NN1 '_NULL is_VBZ relevant_JJ for_IF the_AT epistemic_JJ claim_NN1 is_VBZ directly_RR dependent_JJ on_II when_RRQ that_DD1 piece_NN1 of_IO knowledge_NN1 is_VBZ obtained_VVN ._. 
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<s>
In_II the_AT four_MC instances_NN2 ,_, the_AT relinquishing_NN1 and_CC return_VV0 movements_NN2 are_VBR seen_VVN to_TO function_VVI in_II31 relation_II32 to_II33 the_AT performance_NN1 preparatory_JJ movements_NN2 of_IO the_AT pianist_NN1 and_CC student-singer_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Although_CS inflection_NN1 class_NN1 distinctions_NN2 are_VBR no_AT rarity_NN1 in_II the_AT languages_NN2 of_IO the_AT world_NN1 ,_, such_DA a_AT1 wealth_NN1 of_IO patterns_NN2 is_VBZ typologically_RR quite_RG remarkable_JJ ._. 
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<s>
Forms_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 the_AT symbolically_RR onomatopoeic_JJ "_" heh_UH "_" and_CC "_" haha_UH ,_, "_" or_CC the_AT abbreviation_NN1 "_" lol_NN1 "_" (_( which_DDQ stands_VVZ for_IF "_" laugh_VV0 out_RP loud_RR )_) are_VBR often_RR recognized_VVN as_CSA appropriate_JJ ways_NN2 to_TO indicate_VVI mirth_NN1 online_RR (_( Cherny_NP1 1999_MC ;_; Tagliamonte_NP1 and_CC Denis_NP1 2008_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
Based_VVN on_II edited_JJ letter_NN1 collections_NN2 ,_, the_AT CEEC_NN1 family_NN1 of_IO corpora_NN2 was_VBDZ designed_VVN for_IF the_AT purposes_NN2 of_IO historical_JJ sociolinguistics_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Indeed_RR ,_, several_DA2 labs_NN2 have_VH0 reported_VVN results_NN2 that_CST are_VBR consistent_JJ with_IW this_DD1 prediction_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT data_NN for_IF the_AT present_JJ study_NN1 comes_VVZ from_II two_MC German_JJ corpora_NN2 ,_, Falko-L1_JJ and_CC WHiG_JJ ,_, from_II which_DDQ formulaic_JJ sequences_NN2 were_VBDR automatically_RR retrieved_VVN (_( see_VV0 Section_NN1 3.2_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
So_RR for_IF a_AT1 speaker_NN1 to_TO choose_VVI one_MC1 format_NN1 over_II another_DD1 is_VBZ revealing_VVG ._. 
</s>
<s>
As_CS31 soon_CS32 as_CS33 they_PPHS2 heard_VVD the_AT first_MD beep_NN1 ,_, they_PPHS2 were_VBDR asked_VVN to_TO start_VVI repeating_VVG the_AT sentence_NN1 as_RG quickly_RR and_CC as_RG many_DA2 times_NNT2 as_CSA possible_JJ while_CS minimizing_VVG errors_NN2 ,_, until_CS they_PPHS2 heard_VVD the_AT second_MD beep_VVI ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_RR21 particular_RR22 ,_, we_PPIS2 argue_VV0 that_CST in_II the_AT case_NN1 of_IO interactional_JJ trouble_NN1 related_VVN to_II epistemic_JJ issues_NN2 ,_, student_NN1 smiles_NN2 serve_VV0 to_TO maintain_VVI affiliation_NN1 and_CC to_TO promote_VVI the_AT progressivity_NN1 of_IO talk_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Her_APPGE cut-off_NN1 of_IO this_DD1 self-identification_NN1 displays_VVZ her_APPGE orientation_NN1 to_II her_APPGE understanding_NN1 that_CST she_PPHS1 has_VHZ already_RR communicated_VVN her_APPGE role_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Previous_JJ research_NN1 into_II parental_JJ experiences_NN2 of_IO delivering_VVG the_AT Lidcombe_NP1 Program_NN1 has_VHZ found_VVN that_CST parents_NN2 can_VM find_VVI it_PPH1 difficult_JJ to_TO problem-solve_VVI treatment_NN1 when_CS it_PPH1 does_VDZ not_XX progress_VVI in_II the_AT anticipated_JJ fashion_NN1 (_( Goodhue_NP1 ,_, Onslow_NP1 ,_, Quine_NN1 ,_, O_UH '_NULL Brian_NP1 ,_, &amp;_CC Hearne_NP1 ,_, 2010_MC ;_; Hayhow_NP1 ,_, 2009_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
S_ZZ1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 silence_NN1 is_VBZ interpreted_VVN as_II a_AT1 signal_NN1 that_CST the_AT default_NN1 biases_NN2 hold_VV0 :_: m_ZZ1 0_MC prompts_NN2 aP_VV0 ,_, and_CC coordination_NN1 occurs_VVZ at_II minimal_JJ cost_NN1 to_II the_AT Sender_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
As_CSA in_II transformational_JJ approaches_NN2 ,_, the_AT missing_JJ expressions_NN2 in_II these_DD2 constructions_NN2 are_VBR analyzed_VVN as_CSA constituents_NN2 ,_, but_CCB the_AT flexible_JJ notion_NN1 of_IO constituency_NN1 entertained_VVN in_II Hybrid_JJ TLCG_NP1 enables_VVZ us_PPIO2 to_TO analyze_VVI the_AT missing_JJ strings_NN2 in_II these_DD2 examples_NN2 as_CSA full-fledged_JJ constituents_NN2 via_II hypothetical_JJ reasoning_NN1 ,_, thereby_RR subsuming_VVG these_DD2 more_DAR complex_JJ cases_NN2 directly_RR under_II the_AT independently_RR motivated_JJ basic_JJ analyses_NN2 of_IO Gapping_NP1 and_CC pseudogapping_VVG ._. 
</s>
<s>
Our_APPGE study_NN1 found_VVD that_CST adults_NN2 with_IW low_JJ literacy_NN1 skills_NN2 struggled_VVN with_IW both_DB2 inflected_VVD and_CC derived_VVN complex_JJ words_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Furthermore_RR ,_, if_CS tonal_JJ information_NN1 contributes_VVZ less_RRR to_II lexical_JJ selection_NN1 than_CSN segments_NN2 (_( e.g._REX ,_, Cutler_NP1 &amp;_CC Chen_NP1 ,_, 1997_MC ;_; Repp_NN1 &amp;_CC Lin_NP1 ,_, 1990_MC ;_; Sereno_NP1 &amp;_CC Lee_NP1 ,_, 2014_MC ;_; Taft_NP1 &amp;_CC Chen_NP1 ,_, 1992_MC ;_; Ye_PPY &amp;_CC Connine_NP1 ,_, 1999_MC )_) ,_, we_PPIS2 wish_VV0 to_TO determine_VVI whether_CSW vowels_NN2 or_CC consonants_NN2 play_VV0 a_AT1 more_RGR important_JJ role_NN1 in_II Mandarin_NN1 word_NN1 recognition_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 is_VBZ partly_RR due_II21 to_II22 the_AT fact_NN1 that_CST lexical_JJ priming_NN1 is_VBZ seen_VVN as_II a_AT1 general_JJ phenomenon_NN1 in_II language_NN1 processing_VVG that_DD1 is_VBZ not_XX unique_JJ to_II metaphor_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
As_CSA can_VM be_VBI seen_VVN in_II Table_NN1 4_MC ,_, the_AT WHiG_JJ corpus_NN1 contains_VVZ a_AT1 much_RR higher_JJR frequency_NN1 of_IO 3-grams_NNU2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
A_AT1 few_DA2 days_NNT2 later_RRR ,_, the_AT story_NN1 began_VVD to_TO receive_VVI national_JJ media_NN attention_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ generated_VVD a_AT1 great_JJ deal_NN1 of_IO nationwide_JJ discussion_NN1 about_II race_NN1 and_CC racism_NN1 through_II the_AT summer_NNT1 of_IO 2013_MC when_RRQ Zimmerman_NP1 faced_VVD trial_NN1 and_CC was_VBDZ ultimately_RR acquitted_VVN of_IO murder_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Thus_RR ,_, we_PPIS2 use_VV0 one_MC1 request_NN1 to_TO obtain_VVI the_AT most_RGT recent_JJ 100_MC messages_NN2 a_AT1 user_NN1 has_VHZ posted_VVN ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II both_DB2 studies_NN2 ,_, participants_NN2 performed_VVD poorly_JJ or_CC at_II chance_NN1 on_II the_AT explicit_JJ measure_NN1 of_IO sensitivity_NN1 (_( i.e._REX ,_, the_AT GJT_NP1 )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
While_CS participants_NN2 with_IW dyslexia_NN1 were_VBDR highly_RR sensitive_JJ to_II phonological_JJ structure_NN1 ,_, their_APPGE phonetic_JJ processing_NN1 was_VBDZ impaired_VVN ._. 
</s>
<s>
As_II the_AT third_MD question_NN1 was_VBDZ exploratory_JJ in_II nature_NN1 we_PPIS2 were_VBDR neutral_JJ in_II our_APPGE hypotheses_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Children_NN2 were_VBDR recruited_VVN from_II 20_MC preschools_NN2 and_CC schools_NN2 in_II urban_JJ areas_NN2 in_II central_JJ Sweden_NP1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Absolute_JJ adjectives_NN2 ,_, on_II the_AT other_JJ hand_NN1 ,_, do_VD0 not_XX display_VVI this_DD1 level_NN1 of_IO context-sensitivity_NN1 ;_; the_AT requirements_NN2 for_IF satisfying_VVG their_APPGE positive_JJ forms_NN2 does_VDZ not_XX vary_VVI (_( or_CC varies_VVZ to_II a_AT1 much_RR less_DAR degree_NN1 )_) from_II context-to-context_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT results_NN2 also_RR suggest_VV0 that_CST in_II31 response_II32 to_II33 negative_JJ polar_JJ questions_NN2 ,_, bare_JJ no_NN1 is_VBZ less_RGR infelicitous_JJ than_CSN bare_VV0 yes_UH ,_, both_RR when_CS the_AT context_NN1 is_VBZ positive_JJ and_CC when_CS the_AT context_NN1 is_VBZ negative_JJ (_( the_AT fifth_MD bar_NN1 is_VBZ lower_JJR than_CSN the_AT seventh_MD ,_, and_CC the_AT sixth_MD is_VBZ lower_JJR than_CSN the_AT eighth_MD )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
But_CCB the_AT setting_NN1 is_VBZ abstract_JJ :_: It_PPH1 has_VHZ not_XX been_VBN evaluated_VVN on_II empirical_JJ data_NN and_CC applied_VVN to_II any_DD language_NN1 tasks_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
There_EX is_VBZ an_AT1 internal_JJ hierarchy_NN1 ,_, and_CC the_AT corporate_JJ management_NN1 is_VBZ informally_RR referred_VVN to_II as_CSA '_NULL upstairs_RL '_NULL ,_, with_IW the_AT call_NN1 centre_NN1 itself_PPX1 being_VBG '_NULL downstairs_RL '_NULL ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT purpose_NN1 of_IO this_DD1 section_NN1 is_VBZ to_TO provide_VVI introspective_JJ evidence_NN1 for_IF this_DD1 analysis_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Therefore_RR we_PPIS2 did_VDD not_XX follow_VVI up_RP to_TO determine_VVI transitional_JJ probabilities_NN2 or_CC ARs_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Analysis_NN1 begins_VVZ and_CC proceeds_VVZ with_IW repeated_JJ examination_NN1 of_IO recordings_NN2 and_CC the_AT making_NN1 of_IO detailed_JJ transcripts_NN2 that_CST enable_VV0 the_AT analyst_NN1 to_TO discover_VVI and_CC represent_VVI in_II graphic_JJ form_NN1 fleeting_VVG details_NN2 of_IO participants_NN2 '_NULL visible_JJ and_CC audible_JJ social_JJ actions_NN2 (_( thereby_RR forestalling_VVG averaging_NN1 and_CC idealization_NN1 ;_; Heritage_NN1 1984_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT final_NN1 two_MC models_NN2 are_VBR full_JJ versions_NN2 of_IO the_AT one_PN1 we_PPIS2 presented_VVD in_II Section_NN1 4_MC ._. 
</s>
<s>
These_DD2 two_MC brief_JJ extracts_NN2 suggest_VV0 that_CST extremely_RR lax_JJ tokens_NN2 of_IO happy_JJ do_VD0 not_XX always_RR occur_VVI around_RP overtly_RR '_NULL anti-school_JJ '_NULL stances_NN2 ,_, but_CCB can_VM also_RR feature_VVI in_II metalinguistic_JJ discourse_NN1 that_CST involves_VVZ taking_VVG a_AT1 stance_NN1 towards_II particular_JJ styles_NN2 of_IO speech_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
When_CS done_VDN online_RR using_VVG a_AT1 crowdsourcing_JJ service_NN1 like_II Mechanical_JJ Turk_NN1 ,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ good_JJ practice_NN1 to_TO include_VVI some_DD checks_NN2 to_TO make_VVI sure_JJ that_CST participants_NN2 are_VBR engaged_VVN ,_, doing_VDG the_AT task_NN1 ,_, and_CC competent_JJ users_NN2 of_IO the_AT language_NN1 of_IO interest_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT third_MD challenge_NN1 for_IF teachers_NN2 is_VBZ helping_VVG lower_JJR level_NN1 learners_NN2 effectively_RR progress_VV0 through_II subsequent_JJ graded_JJ reading_NN1 levels_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Higher_JJR levels_NN2 of_IO reconstruction_NN1 accuracy_NN1 are_VBR found_VVN for_IF the_AT younger_JJR children_NN2 ,_, as_CSA also_RR shown_VVN in_II Fig._NN1 2b_FO ,_, suggesting_VVG that_CST the_AT fidelity_NN1 of_IO bottom-up_NN1 encoding_NN1 may_VM be_VBI greater_JJR early_JJ in_II development_NN1 ,_, when_CS children_NN2 have_VH0 less_DAR exposure_NN1 to_II the_AT pragmatic_JJ and_CC contextual_JJ aspects_NN2 of_IO language_NN1 use_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
But_CCB of_RR21 course_RR22 this_DD1 capacity_NN1 to_TO evoke_VVI can_VM be_VBI frustrating_JJ or_CC challenging_VVG for_IF applied_JJ and_CC social_JJ linguists_NN2 when_CS they_PPHS2 are_VBR in_II the_AT thick_JJ of_IO empirical_JJ data_NN analysis_NN1 and_CC need_VV0 to_TO do_VDI some_DD careful_JJ identification_NN1 and_CC categorisation_NN1 of_IO actual_JJ utterances_NN2 (_( in_II whichever_DDQV mode_NN1 )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Subtitles_NN2 must_VM reach_VVI an_AT1 accuracy_NN1 rate_NN1 of_IO 98%_NNU to_TO be_VBI considered_VVN acceptable_JJ with_IW the_AT NER_FU model_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ includes_VVZ a_AT1 final_JJ assessment_NN1 with_IW an_AT1 analysis_NN1 of_IO the_AT results_NN2 ,_, as_II31 well_II32 as_II33 comments_NN2 on_II different_JJ issues_NN2 ,_, such_II21 as_II22 the_AT speed_NN1 and_CC delay_NN1 of_IO the_AT subtitles_NN2 ,_, how_RRQ the_AT subtitler_NN1 has_VHZ coped_VVN with_IW the_AT speech_NN1 rate_NN1 of_IO the_AT audio_NN1 ,_, the_AT overall_JJ flow_NN1 of_IO the_AT subtitles_NN2 on_II screen_NN1 ,_, speaker_NN1 identification_NN1 ,_, the_AT audiovisual_JJ coherence_NN1 between_II the_AT original_JJ image/sound_NN1 and_CC the_AT subtitles_NN2 ,_, whether_CSW31 or_CSW32 not_CSW33 too_RG much_DA1 time_NNT1 has_VHZ been_VBN lost_VVN in_II the_AT corrections_NN2 ,_, etc_RA ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 approach_NN1 made_VVD use_NN1 of_IO an_AT1 earlier_JJR annotation_NN1 tool_NN1 called_VVN SPAACy_NP1 (_( see_VV0 Weisser_NN1 2003_MC )_) ,_, about_II whose_DDQGE effectiveness_NN1 in_II comparison_NN1 to_II a_AT1 manual_NN1 ,_, gold-standard_NN1 ,_, annotation_NN1 I_PPIS1 reported_VVD on_RP in_II Weisser_NP1 2004_MC ._. 
</s>
<s>
We_PPIS2 also_RR expected_VVD that_CST the_AT task_NN1 might_VM show_VVI differences_NN2 across_II varieties_NN2 in_II the_AT size_NN1 of_IO different_JJ effects_NN2 ,_, because_CS these_DD2 have_VH0 been_VBN found_VVN across_II different_JJ varieties_NN2 of_IO English_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
So_RG far_RR ,_, then_RT ,_, the_AT EMC_NN1 remains_VVZ much_DA1 as_CSA before_RT ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT disinvitation_NN1 withdraws_VVZ the_AT proffered_JJ benefits_NN2 of_IO the_AT invitation_NN1 ,_, cancels_VVZ S_ZZ1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 commitment_NN1 to_II H_ZZ1 ,_, and_CC releases_NN2 H_ZZ1 from_II following_VVG the_AT original_JJ directive_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT general_JJ purpose_NN1 of_IO this_DD1 study_NN1 was_VBDZ to_TO continue_VVI this_DD1 investigation_NN1 of_IO word_NN1 type_NN1 differences_NN2 ,_, using_VVG a_AT1 set_NN1 of_IO stimuli_NN2 previously_RR used_VVN by_II Kazanas_NP2 and_CC Altarriba_NP1 (_( 2015_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
In_II our_APPGE mental_JJ health_NN1 interview_NN1 data_NN ,_, IDK_NP1 occurs_VVZ in_II a_AT1 variety_NN1 of_IO contexts_NN2 ,_, including_VVG :_: answers_NN2 to_II information_NN1 requests_NN2 (_( 2_MC )_) ;_; discussions_NN2 of_IO treatment_NN1 options_NN2 (_( 3_MC )_) ;_; and_CC co-constructions_NN2 of_IO mutually_RR satisfactory_JJ DR-PT_JJ relationships_NN2 (_( 4_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
A_AT1 principal_JJ part_NN1 is_VBZ a_AT1 form_NN1 that_CST is_VBZ diagnostic_JJ of_IO the_AT behavior_NN1 of_IO the_AT rest_NN1 of_IO the_AT paradigm_NN1 and_CC so_RR can_VM be_VBI used_VVN to_TO predict_VVI the_AT other_JJ forms_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Tiana_NN1 positions_VVZ Jen_JJ and_CC herself_PPX1 as_CSA lesbians_NN2 and_CC in_II opposition_NN1 to_II Luciana_NP1 ,_, the_AT little_JJ peppy_JJ girl_NN1 who_PNQS is_VBZ fascinated_VVN with_IW Tiana_NP1 and_CC Jen_JJ because_CS they_PPHS2 are_VBR lesbians_NN2 and_CC she_PPHS1 has_VHZ "_" never_RR met_VVN a_AT1 lesbian_NN1 before_RT !_! "_" 
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<s>
However_RR ,_, the_AT present_JJ corpus_NN1 still_RR enabled_VVD an_AT1 analysis_NN1 of_IO the_AT different_JJ ways_NN2 in_II which_DDQ therapists_NN2 structure_VV0 the_AT client_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 involvement_NN1 in_II the_AT behavioural_JJ change_NN1 process_NN1 ,_, interactionally_RR ,_, and_CC the_AT consequences_NN2 for_IF the_AT trajectory_NN1 of_IO the_AT therapy_NN1 session_NNT1 ._. 
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<s>
However_RR ,_, the_AT major_JJ disadvantage_NN1 of_IO the_AT genetic_JJ algorithm_NN1 is_VBZ its_APPGE dependency_NN1 on_II the_AT initial_JJ generation_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
If_CS any_DD measure_NN1 was_VBDZ 3_MC standard_JJ deviations_NN2 from_II the_AT mean_NN1 of_IO all_DB channels_NN2 that_CST channel_NN1 was_VBDZ identified_VVN as_RG bad_JJ ._. 
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<s>
Taking_VVG into_II account_NN1 that_CST some_DD gestures_NN2 involved_VVD motion_NN1 in_II more_DAR than_CSN one_MC1 direction_NN1 ,_, each_DD1 time_NNT1 reference_NN1 category_NN1 can_VM be_VBI seen_VVN to_TO be_VBI dominated_VVN by_II gestures_NN2 in_II one_MC1 particular_JJ direction_NN1 or_CC in_II combinations_NN2 that_CST include_VV0 that_DD1 particular_JJ direction_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
For_IF these_DD2 reasons_NN2 ,_, high-gamma_NN1 has_VHZ become_VVN a_AT1 standard_JJ measure_NN1 in_II investigations_NN2 of_IO spoken_JJ language_NN1 processing_VVG that_CST use_VV0 intracranial_JJ recordings_NN2 (_( e.g._REX Mainy_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2008_MC ;_; Tanji_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2005_MC ;_; Towle_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2008_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
Or_CC take_VV0 the_AT following_JJ ,_, where_CS an_AT1 adverb_NN1 intervenes_VVZ ._. 
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<s>
During_II the_AT interaction_NN1 ,_, a_AT1 shared_JJ multilingual-multimodal_JJ space_NN1 is_VBZ created_VVN and_CC successively_RR enriched_VVN with_IW linguistic_JJ structures_NN2 and_CC other_JJ strategies_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
According_II21 to_II22 Jakonen_NP1 and_CC Morton_NP1 (_( 2013_MC )_) ,_, when_CS students_NN2 '_NULL responses_NN2 to_II teacher_NN1 questions_NN2 are_VBR delayed_VVN ,_, like_VV0 in_II this_DD1 excerpt_NN1 ,_, teachers_NN2 may_VM engage_VVI in_II interpretative_JJ practices_NN2 like_II ESCs_NN2 ,_, and_CC such_DA instances_NN2 make_VV0 institutional_JJ roles_NN2 relevant_JJ ._. 
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<s>
In_RR21 addition_RR22 ,_, given_VVN the_AT possibility_NN1 that_CST the_AT target_NN1 consonant_NN1 contrasts_NN2 were_VBDR not_XX ideal_JJ to_TO reveal_VVI sufficient_JJ variation_NN1 among_II learners_NN2 ,_, especially_RR among_II the_AT L2_FO English_JJ learners_NN2 ,_, we_PPIS2 interpret_VV0 the_AT consonant_JJ results_NN2 with_IW caution_NN1 ;_; this_DD1 issue_NN1 needs_VVZ to_TO be_VBI reexamined_VVN in_II future_JJ research_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
However_RR ,_, the_AT word_NN1 vectors_NN2 used_VVN are_VBR hand-written_JJ and_CC specified_VVN model-theoretically_RR ,_, as_CSA the_AT authors_NN2 leave_VV0 it_PPH1 for_IF future_JJ research_NN1 to_TO determine_VVI how_RRQ such_DA vectors_NN2 might_VM be_VBI obtained_VVN from_II a_AT1 corpus_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT authenticity_NN1 of_IO dialect_NN1 vernaculars_NN2 can_VM be_VBI similarly_RR appropriated_VVN ,_, as_CSA Johnstone_NP1 has_VHZ shown_VVN in_II the_AT case_NN1 of_IO Pittsburghese_NP2 ._. 
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<s>
Moreover_RR ,_, the_AT import_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 given_JJ stance_NN1 ,_, as_CSA an_AT1 act_NN1 to_II which_DDQ others_NN2 can_VM align_VVI or_CC not_XX align_VVI ,_, often_RR requires_VVZ a_AT1 consideration_NN1 of_IO more_DAR than_CSN just_RR a_AT1 singular_JJ turn_NN1 of_IO talk_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
A_ZZ1 &rsqb;_) (_( )_) is_VBZ consistent_JJ with_IW two_MC possible_JJ six-syllable_NN1 forms_VVZ :_: the_AT attested_JJ &lsqb;_( pU.cá.a._NNU ì.p_NNU ?_? ì.a_NNU &rsqb;_) (_( )_) ,_, with_IW a_AT1 clash_NN1 between_II two_MC secondary_JJ stresses_NN2 ,_, and_CC the_AT unattested_JJ *_FU &lsqb;_( pU_FO ._. 
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<s>
cá._NNU ?_? à.i.p_NNU ?_? ì.a_NNU &rsqb;_) (_( *_FU )_) ,_, with_IW a_AT1 clash_NN1 between_II the_AT primary_NN1 and_CC a_AT1 secondary_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Although_CS some_DD small_JJ differences_NN2 between_II age_NN1 groups_NN2 were_VBDR found_VVN in_II kinesthetic_JJ and_CC tactile_JJ learning_NN1 styles_NN2 ,_, male_JJ and_CC females_NN2 did_VDD not_XX differ_VVI in_II technology_NN1 application_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
For_IF both_DB2 error_NN1 rate_NN1 and_CC RT_NN1 in_II each_DD1 language_NN1 ,_, the_AT three-way_JJ interaction_NN1 between_II the_AT fixed_JJ factors_NN2 was_VBDZ not_XX significant_JJ ._. 
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<s>
However_RR ,_, the_AT more_RGR common_JJ sense_NN1 of_IO be_VBI put_VVN by_RP does_VDZ not_XX entail_VVI the_AT predicate_NN1 be_VBI run_VVN by_RP ;_; this_DD1 sense_NN1 is_VBZ captured_VVN by_II the_AT predicates_NN2 in_II the_AT LHS_NP1 component_NN1 Y_ZZ1 help_VV0 put_VVI X_ZZ1 and_CC X_ZZ1 be_VBI placed_VVN by_II Y._NP1 Example_NN1 4_MC is_VBZ another_DD1 good_JJ example_NN1 where_CS the_AT ambiguous_JJ predicate_NN1 is_VBZ X_ZZ1 be_VBI open_JJ to_II Y-the_AT RHS_NP1 component_NN1 is_VBZ concerned_JJ with_IW the_AT physical_JJ state_NN1 of_IO being_VBG opened_VVN ,_, whereas_CS the_AT LHS_NP1 component_NN1 has_VHZ a_AT1 more_RGR abstract_JJ sense_NN1 of_IO availability_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
As_CSA shown_VVN here_RL ,_, however_RR ,_, absolute_JJ peak-marking_JJ devices_NN2 do_VD0 exist_VVI ,_, where_CS a_AT1 rhetorical_JJ strategy_NN1 is_VBZ embedded_VVN in_II the_AT grammar_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 language_NN1 and_CC forms_VVZ a_AT1 dedicated_JJ morphosyntactic_JJ construction_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Our_APPGE approach_NN1 is_VBZ a_AT1 modest_JJ extension_NN1 of_IO theirs_PPGE ._. 
</s>
<s>
Instead_II21 of_II22 adopting_VVG the_AT idea_NN1 that_CST this_DD1 displays_VVZ a_AT1 shift_NN1 from_II a_AT1 "_" self-presentational_JJ "_" to_II a_AT1 "_" personal_JJ "_" stance_NN1 ,_, recent_JJ studies_NN2 have_VH0 offered_VVN other_JJ explanations_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Unlike_II the_AT more_RGR unidimensional_JJ understanding_NN1 of_IO politeness_NN2 used_VVN in_II prior_JJ HRT_NN1 research_NN1 ,_, this_DD1 perspective_NN1 allows_VVZ me_PPIO1 to_TO go_VVI beyond_II a_AT1 focus_NN1 on_II the_AT mitigation_NN1 of_IO face-threat_JJ to_TO explore_VVI the_AT different_JJ ways_NN2 in_II which_DDQ HRT_NN1 can_VM be_VBI used_VVN to_TO manage_VVI the_AT multiple_JJ rights-_NN1 and_CC face-needs_NN2 of_IO both_RR speakers_NN2 and_CC listeners_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
We_PPIS2 assume_VV0 that_CST all_DB word_NN1 pairs_NN2 within_II a_AT1 subcategory_NN1 belong_VV0 to_II the_AT same_DA class_NN1 (_( either_RR all_DB entail_VV0 or_CC none_PN entail_VV0 )_) ._. 
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<s>
Examination_NN1 of_IO conversation_NN1 reveals_VVZ that_CST everyday_JJ speech_NN1 is_VBZ comprised_VVN not_XX only_RR of_IO novel_JJ expressions_NN2 ,_, but_CCB also_RR of_IO utterances_NN2 that_CST have_VH0 been_VBN produced_VVN in_II prior_JJ instances_NN2 or_CC contexts_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Thus_RR "_" Crime_NN1 is_VBZ a_AT1 disease_NN1 "_" would_VM only_RR be_VBI a_AT1 metaphor_NN1 if_CS given_VVN a_AT1 normal_JJ metaphorical_JJ interpretation_NN1 (_( by_II which_DDQ I_PPIS1 continue_VV0 to_TO mean_VVI an_AT1 interpretation_NN1 according_II21 to_II22 some_DD existing_JJ theory_NN1 of_IO metaphor_NN1 )_) ,_, not_XX if_CS given_VVN a_AT1 likeness-exaggerating_JJ interpretation_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 is_VBZ a_AT1 particularly_RR relevant_JJ contextual_JJ aspect_NN1 as_II the_AT forum_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 space_NN1 and_CC future_JJ sustainability_NN1 is_VBZ not_XX solely_RR dependent_JJ on_II members_NN2 '_NULL practices_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Surprisingly_RR ,_, this_DD1 differential_JJ development_NN1 of_IO the_AT bilingual_JJ auditory_JJ cortex_NN1 has_VHZ been_VBN associated_VVN with_IW increased_JJ language_NN1 processing_NN1 ability_NN1 rather_II21 than_II22 an_AT1 impoverished_JJ one_MC1 (_( Petitto_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2012_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
As_CSA Norris_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
(_( 2003_MC )_) argue_VV0 ,_, feedback_NN1 for_IF learning_NN1 can_VM occur_VVI in_II a_AT1 way_NN1 that_CST does_VDZ not_XX influence_VVI immediate_JJ online_JJ processing_NN1 and_CC therefore_RR does_VDZ not_XX necessarily_RR entail_VVI activation_NN1 feedback_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Graduate_VV0 in_RP (_( 2_MC )_) denotes_VVZ an_AT1 event_NN1 that_CST has_VHZ a_AT1 climax_NN1 or_CC that_DD1 involves_VVZ a_AT1 stage_NN1 of_IO completeness_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
We_PPIS2 denote_VV0 by_II as(t)_NN1 the_AT different_JJ anchor-sets_NN2 that_CST instantiate_VV0 t_ZZ1 in_II S._NP1 Likewise_RR ,_, the_AT identification_NN1 and_CC discrimination_NN1 tasks_NN2 were_VBDR administered_VVN in_II a_AT1 counter-balanced_JJ order_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
In_RR21 short_RR22 ,_, they_PPHS2 may_VM hear_VVI a_AT1 constituent_NN1 as_CSA being_VBG more_RGR prominent_JJ than_CSN it_PPH1 is_VBZ under_II circumstances_NN2 where_RRQ prominence_NN1 is_VBZ expected_VVN (_( cf._VV0 In_II this_DD1 section_NN1 ,_, we_PPIS2 will_VM propose_VVI a_AT1 principle_NN1 that_CST derives_VVZ a_AT1 preference_NN1 for_IF determinate_JJ interpretations_NN2 of_IO descriptions_NN2 in_II argument_NN1 position_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
But_CCB ,_, as_CSA noted_VVN in_II Partee_NP1 (_( 1987_MC )_) ,_, Boolean_NN1 compounds_NN2 of_IO proper_JJ names_NN2 (_( even_RR with_IW other_JJ proper_JJ names_NN2 )_) as_CSA in_II (_( 30_MC )_) ,_, force_VV0 us_PPIO2 to_TO interpret_VVI them_PPHO2 as_CSA individuals_NN2 ,_, defined_VVN in_II (_( 31_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
In_RR21 particular_RR22 ,_, the_AT sped-up_JJ response_NN1 times_NNT2 for_IF the_AT Indef_NN1 -_- PP_NN1 condition_NN1 in_II Experiment_NN1 2_MC show_VV0 that_DD1 falsification_NN1 based_VVN on_II asserted_JJ content_NN1 begins_VVZ right_RR when_CS the_AT relevant_JJ expression_NN1 is_VBZ encountered_VVN ._. 
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<s>
It_PPH1 does_VDZ not_XX even_RR mean_VVI that_CST all_DB deaf_JJ people_NN will_VM categorize_VVI these_DD2 elements_NN2 the_AT same_DA way_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 is_VBZ quoted_VVN almost_RR without_IW comment_NN1 but_CCB ,_, it_PPH1 seems_VVZ to_II me_PPIO1 ,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ a_AT1 good_JJ rule_NN1 of_IO thumb_NN1 to_TO follow_VVI not_XX just_RR for_IF evaluating_VVG the_AT web_NN1 as_CSA corpus_NN1 but_CCB any_DD data_NN source_NN1 ,_, and_CC a_AT1 rule_NN1 that_CST could_VM be_VBI emphasised_VVN more_RRR for_IF budding_JJ corpus_NN1 linguists_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
These_DD2 items_NN2 were_VBDR based_VVN loosely_RR on_II the_AT items_NN2 from_II HKV_NP1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 Experiment_NN1 2_MC ._. 
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<s>
The_AT basic_JJ thrust_NN1 of_IO this_DD1 chapter_NN1 is_VBZ that_CST the_AT cognitive_JJ approach_NN1 does_VDZ not_XX adequately_RR explain_VVI literary_JJ metaphors_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT third_MD apparent_JJ argument_NN1 for_IF SLM_NP1 (_( §5.3_FO )_) is_VBZ often_RR implicit_JJ rather_II21 than_II22 explicit_JJ ._. 
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<s>
Of_RR21 course_RR22 ,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ possible_JJ that_CST linguistic_JJ factors_NN2 explain_VV0 the_AT oppositional_JJ patterning_NN1 of_IO the_AT '_NULL character_NN1 reminiscence_NN1 '_NULL and_CC '_NULL council_NN1 '_NULL tokens_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
In_II contrast_NN1 ,_, the_AT data_NN presented_VVD here_RL indicate_VV0 that_CST in_II Finnish_JJ ,_, single_JJ marking_NN1 is_VBZ most_RGT strongly_RR associated_VVN with_IW variables_NN2 that_CST connect_VV0 to_II the_AT immediate_JJ syntactic_JJ environment_NN1 ,_, i.e._REX relative_JJ complexity_NN1 and_CC persistence_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
For_IF this_DD1 reason_NN1 ,_, the_AT findings_NN2 here_RL can_VM not_XX be_VBI taken_VVN as_CSA representative_NN1 of_IO all_DB Italian_JJ national_JJ newspapers_NN2 ;_; they_PPHS2 represent_VV0 centre-left_NN1 and_CC centre-right_JJ orientations_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
In_II Section_NN1 4.2_MC we_PPIS2 define_VV0 the_AT multiplication_NN1 operator_NN1 between_II cells_NN2 of_IO the_AT matrices_NN2 we_PPIS2 use_VV0 ._. 
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<s>
Approaching_VVG transference_NN1 as_CSA cross-domain_JJ conceptualization_NN1 provides_VVZ a_AT1 means_NN for_IF therapists_NN2 to_TO construct_VVI their_APPGE clients_NN2 '_NULL continuous_JJ stream_NN1 of_IO lived_VVN experience_NN1 as_CSA two_MC distinct_JJ conceptual_JJ structures_NN2 of_IO "_" PRESENT_NN1 "_" and_CC "_" PAST_RL ._. "_" 
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<s>
Another_DD1 unanswered_JJ question_NN1 is_VBZ whether_CSW L1_FO English_JJ speakers_NN2 actually_RR require_VV0 additional_JJ instruction_NN1 in_II communication_NN1 strategies_NN2 or_CC whether_CSW they_PPHS2 have_VH0 an_AT1 existing_JJ set_NN1 that_CST would_VM be_VBI perfectly_RR functional_JJ if_CS they_PPHS2 were_VBDR willing_JJ to_TO use_VVI them_PPHO2 with_IW L2_FO speakers_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Furthermore_RR ,_, the_AT caller_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 turns_VVZ immediately_RR prior_II21 to_II22 our_APPGE target_NN1 expressions_NN2 all_DB have_VH0 an_AT1 interrogative_JJ format-I_NN1 mean_NN1 is_VBZ it_PPH1 gon_VVGK na_TO be_VBI another_DD1 two_MC months_NNT2 or_CC another_DD1 three_MC months_NNT2 or_CC before_CS we_PPIS2 know_VV0 it_PPH1 we_PPIS2 '_NULL re_II gon_VVGK na_TO have_VHI over_II a_AT1 three_MC thousand_NNO dollar_NNU1 power_NN1 bill_NN1 at_II Christmas_NNT1 time_NNT1 (_( Extract_VV0 1_MC1 )_) ;_; If_CS I_ZZ1 '_NULL m_MC not_XX getting_VVG the_AT accounts_NN2 how_RRQ am_VBM I_PPIS1 supposed_JJ to_TO sort_VVI my_APPGE tax_NN1 (_( Extracts_VVZ 2_MC )_) ;_; and_CC Wouldn_VV0 '_NULL t_ZZ1 that_CST make_VV0 you_PPY feel_VVI vulnerable_JJ (_( Extract_VV0 3_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
According_II21 to_II22 Jeantel_NP1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 testimony_NN1 ,_, Martin_NP1 had_VHD complained_VVN about_II being_VBG followed_VVN by_II a_AT1 white_JJ man_NN1 -_- Martin_NP1 described_VVD him_PPHO1 as_II a_AT1 "_" creepy-ass_JJ cracker_NN1 "_" ._. 
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<s>
It_PPH1 also_RR demands_VVZ that_CST the_AT reader_NN1 reconsider_VV0 ideas_NN2 of_IO advantage_NN1 and_CC salvation_NN1 that_CST underscore_VV0 mainstream_JJ ,_, institutionally_RR driven_JJ interventions_NN2 and_CC to_TO ask_VVI ,_, what_DDQ are_VBR we_PPIS2 saving_VVG and_CC for_IF whom_PNQO ?_? 
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<s>
In_II fairness_NN1 ,_, S_ZZ1 &E;_NULL (_( 2005_MC :_: 633_MC )_) comment_VV0 briefly_RR on_II the_AT occurrence_NN1 of_IO -ci_NN2 ,_, although_CS they_PPHS2 see_VV0 its_APPGE functional_JJ load_NN1 as_CSA being_VBG secondary_JJ to_II that_DD1 of_IO -yo_UH :_: "_" the_AT +BOUNDARY_FO feature_NN1 signaled_VVD by_II the_AT polite_JJ form_NN1 is_VBZ underscored_VVN all_DB the_AT more_DAR by_II the_AT interactional_JJ particle_NN1 affixed_VVN to_II it_PPH1 ._. "_" 
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<s>
The_AT weight_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 complete_JJ ,_, valid_JJ path_NN1 through_II the_AT WFST_NP1 is_VBZ then_RT determined_VVN by_II computing_VVG the_AT product_NN1 of_IO the_AT arc_NN1 weights_NN2 along_II the_AT path_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT finding_NN1 that_CST smiles_NN2 may_VM indicate_VVI interactional_JJ trouble_NN1 based_VVN on_II epistemic_JJ access_NN1 has_VHZ pedagogical_JJ implications_NN2 for_IF language_NN1 classrooms_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Further_JJR testing_NN1 is_VBZ needed_VVN in_II populations_NN2 that_CST were_VBDR underrepresented_JJ in_II the_AT current_JJ study_NN1 including_II PWS_NP2 with_IW multiple_JJ stigmatizing_JJ conditions_NN2 (_( e.g._REX ,_, individuals_NN2 with_IW other_JJ disabilities_NN2 ,_, racial_JJ minorities_NN2 ,_, or_CC individuals_NN2 )_) ,_, children_NN2 and_CC adolescents_NN2 who_PNQS stutter_VV0 ,_, PWS_NP2 from_II different_JJ geographical_JJ locations_NN2 ,_, as_II31 well_II32 as_II33 non-English_JJ speakers_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Of_RR21 course_RR22 ,_, if_CS the_AT listener_NN1 actually_RR repeats_VVZ each_DD1 heard_VVD item_NN1 ,_, the_AT production_NN1 system_NN1 can_VM then_RT learn_VVI the_AT new_JJ distribution_NN1 by_II generalizing_VVG over_RP these_DD2 production_NN1 experiences_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Example_NN1 (_( 1_MC1 )_) illustrates_VVZ how_RRQ the_AT 5-year-olds_NN2 '_NULL narratives_NN2 are_VBR dominated_VVN by_II attempts_NN2 and_CC outcomes_NN2 ,_, with_IW little_DA1 information_NN1 about_II the_AT feelings_NN2 ,_, intentions_NN2 ,_, and_CC goals_NN2 of_IO the_AT protagonists_NN2 involved_VVD ._. 
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On_II the_AT Aristotelian_JJ account_NN1 ,_, tracking_VVG the_AT dynamics_NN of_IO lower-order_JJ activities_NN2 involves_VVZ tracking_NN1 how_RRQ capacities_NN2 interact_VV0 ._. 
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<s>
If_CS present_JJ ,_, a_AT1 universal_JJ pattern_NN1 could_VM indicate_VVI the_AT existence_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 universal_JJ mechanism_NN1 necessary_JJ to_TO acquire_VVI language_NN1 (_( Dulay_NP1 &amp;_CC Burt_NP1 ,_, 1973_MC )_) ._. 
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However_RR ,_, participants_NN2 can_VM produce_VVI a_AT1 responding_VVG turn_NN1 that_CST includes_VVZ no-knowledge_JJ claims_NN2 or_CC other_NN1 accounts_VVZ for_IF an_AT1 inability_NN1 to_TO answer_VVI (_( e.g._REX ,_, De_NP1 Ruiter_NP1 ,_, 2012_MC ;_; Enfield_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2010_MC ;_; Raymond_NP1 ,_, 2003_MC ;_; Schegloff_NP1 2007_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
With_IW hypotheses_NN2 (_( 46_MC )_) -(47)_NN1 in_II place_NN1 ,_, we_PPIS2 can_VM now_RT account_VVI for_IF contrasts_NN2 like_II those_DD2 in_II (_( 44_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
Five_MC (_( 11%_NNU )_) of_IO the_AT videos_NN2 were_VBDR coded_VVN for_IF agreement_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Some_DD are_VBR explicit_JJ ,_, such_II21 as_II22 when_RRQ we_PPIS2 use_VV0 direct_JJ quotations_NN2 (_( e.g._REX ,_, He_PPHS1 said_VVD ,_, I_ZZ1 '_NULL m_ZZ1 so_RR hungry_JJ !_! )_) ,_, which_DDQ produce_VV0 speech_NN1 for_IF another_DD1 person_NN1 ,_, or_CC indirect_JJ quotations_NN2 ,_, where_CS third_MD person_NN1 pronouns_NN2 and_CC a_AT1 shift_NN1 in_II tense_NN1 is_VBZ used_VVN to_TO report_VVI another_DD1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 speech_NN1 (_( e.g._REX ,_, He_PPHS1 said_VVD that_CST he_PPHS1 was_VBDZ hungry_JJ )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT first_MD of_IO these_DD2 is_VBZ that_DD1 fingerspelling_NN1 is_VBZ already_RR a_AT1 part_NN1 of_IO the_AT natural_JJ lexicon_NN1 of_IO sign_NN1 language_NN1 and_CC so_RR is_VBZ a_AT1 very_RG accessible_JJ tool_NN1 for_IF deaf_JJ children_NN2 ,_, potentially_RR providing_VVG a_AT1 direct_JJ link_NN1 to_II the_AT printed_JJ word_NN1 ._. 
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At_II the_AT age_NN1 of_IO 6_MC bilinguals_NN2 have_VH0 shorter_JJR unaccented_JJ than_CSN accented_JJ (_( p<_FO .001_MC )_) syllables_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 raises_VVZ a_AT1 question_NN1 of_IO what_DDQ opportunities_NN2 or_CC abilities_NN2 customers_NN2 have_VH0 if_CS they_PPHS2 want_VV0 service_NN1 problems_NN2 remedied_VVD ._. 
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<s>
He_PPHS1 was_VBDZ wearing_VVG a_AT1 hat_NN1 to_TO protect_VVI himself_PPX1 from_II the_AT sun_NN1 ,_, see_VV0 Appendix_NN1 1_MC1 ,_, all_DB verbal_JJ stimuli_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Levelt_NP1 (_( 1989_MC ,_, p._NN1 481_MC )_) questions_NN2 this_DD1 line_NN1 of_IO reasoning_NN1 and_CC suggests_VVZ a_AT1 '_NULL pragmatic_JJ '_NULL account_NN1 ,_, centred_VVN on_II the_AT assumption_NN1 that_CST '_NULL &lsqb;_( b_ZZ1 &rsqb;_) y_ZZ1 interrupting_VVG a_AT1 word_NN1 ,_, a_AT1 speaker_NN1 signals_NN2 to_II the_AT addressee_NN1 that_CST that_DD1 word_NN1 is_VBZ an_AT1 error_NN1 '_NULL ._. 
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The_AT second_MD crucial_JJ fact_NN1 is_VBZ related_VVN to_II the_AT nature_NN1 of_IO the_AT voice_NN1 ;_; a_AT1 voice_NN1 that_CST reproduces_VVZ a_AT1 casual_JJ conversation_NN1 does_VDZ not_XX convey_VVI the_AT same_DA effect_NN1 as_CSA a_AT1 voice_NN1 that_CST reproduces_VVZ the_AT words_NN2 of_IO a_AT1 well-respected_JJ historical_JJ figure_NN1 such_II21 as_II22 Lincoln_NP1 ._. 
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The_AT relationship_NN1 between_II the_AT two_MC types_NN2 of_IO demonstrations_NN2 was_VBDZ then_RT assessed_VVN for_IF direct_JJ and_CC non-direct_JJ quotation_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Samples_NN2 of_IO Thrax_NN1 grammars_NN2 with_IW explanations_NN2 are_VBR given_VVN in_II the_AT ensuing_JJ discussion_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
By_II offering_VVG a_AT1 candidate_NN1 understanding_NN1 that_CST does_VDZ not_XX take_VVI a_AT1 position_NN1 on_II J_ZZ1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 complaint_NN1 but_CCB instead_RR focuses_VVZ on_II J_ZZ1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 attachment_NN1 needs_NN2 ,_, T_ZZ1 treats_VVZ J_ZZ1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 needs_VVZ ,_, rather_II21 than_II22 his_APPGE complaints_NN2 ,_, as_CSA therapeutically_RR relevant_JJ ._. 
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Some_DD bilingual_JJ teaching_NN1 approaches_NN2 are_VBR still_RR based_VVN on_II the_AT perceived_JJ need_NN1 to_TO separate_VVI languages_NN2 in_II the_AT teaching_NN1 environment_NN1 to_TO preserve_VVI the_AT integrity_NN1 of_IO each_DD1 language_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT high-ranking_JJ collexemes_NN2 of_IO a_AT1 default_NN1 adjectival_NN1 nature_NN1 (_( negative_JJ participles_NN2 ,_, such_II21 as_II22 unknown_JJ ,_, unexpected_JJ )_) induce_VV0 state_NN1 ascriptions_NN2 and_CC are_VBR related_VVN to_II verbs_NN2 naming_VVG psychological_JJ states_NN2 or_CC activities_NN2 ._. 
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Both_DB2 the_AT locator_NN1 of_IO the_AT trouble_NN1 source_NN1 and_CC the_AT confirmation_NN1 token_NN1 are_VBR the_AT most_RGT strongly_RR marked_JJ components_NN2 in_II the_AT RT_NN1 OI_UH sequences_NN2 in_II the_AT telling_NN1 of_IO the_AT bank_NN1 story_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT novelty_NN1 of_IO the_AT arguments_NN2 presented_VVN here_RL arises_VVZ ,_, in_RR21 part_RR22 ,_, from_II the_AT fact_NN1 that_CST as_CSA Kendrick_NP1 and_CC Drew_VVD themselves_PPX2 note_VV0 ,_, "_" Research_NN1 in_II this_DD1 area_NN1 has_VHZ until_II recently_RR eschewed_VVD the_AT fuller_JJR spatial_JJ and_CC embodied_VVD context_NN1 in_II which_DDQ people_NN solicit_VV0 and_CC receive_VV0 help_NN1 ,_, in_RR21 part_RR22 because_CS we_PPIS2 have_VH0 tended_VVN to_TO focus_VVI our_APPGE research_NN1 principally_RR around_RG just_RR these_DD2 vernacular_JJ terms_NN2 ,_, requests_NN2 and_CC ,_, to_II a_AT1 lesser_JJ extent_NN1 ,_, offers_NN2 "_" (_( p._NNU 3_MC )_) ._. 
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Otherwise_RR ,_, the_AT presence_NN1 of_IO some_DD attribute_NN1 under_II inflect_NN1 constrains_VVZ the_AT value_NN1 of_IO that_DD1 attribute_NN1 ._. 
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Beach_NN1 on_II the_AT use_NN1 of_IO okay_RR to_TO display_VVI a_AT1 "_" '_NULL state_NN1 of_IO readiness_NN1 '_NULL for_IF moving_VVG to_II next-positioned_JJ matters_NN2 ,_, "_" 1993:328-329_MCMC )_) ._. 
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Suppose_VV0 you_PPY have_VH0 a_AT1 visitor_NN1 to_II your_APPGE university_NN1 who_PNQS asks_VVZ to_II tour_NN1 the_AT grounds_NN2 ._. 
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This_DD1 is_VBZ quite_RG puzzling_JJ for_IF Dimitriadis_NP1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 analysis_NN1 ,_, because_CS the_AT structure_NN1 of_IO the_AT pronoun_NN1 is_VBZ identical_JJ in_II the_AT two_MC cases_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
During_II the_AT final_JJ test_NN1 phase_NN1 ,_, the_AT set_NN1 of_IO one_MC1 target_NN1 and_CC two_MC distracter_NN1 images_NN2 in_II the_AT same_DA orientation_NN1 reappeared_VVD for_IF 3_MC s_ZZ1 and_CC the_AT target_NN1 word_NN1 was_VBDZ repeated_VVN (_( e.g._REX ,_, crab_NN1 )_) ._. 
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In_II31 addition_II32 to_II33 listening_VVG to_II stories_NN2 for_IF 10_MC to_II 15_MC minutes_NNT2 per_II week_NNT1 for_IF 21_MC weeks_NNT2 ,_, the_AT students_NN2 in_II the_AT treatment_NN1 group_NN1 engaged_VVN in_II one_MC1 hour_NNT1 of_IO free_JJ reading_NN1 per_II week_NNT1 ._. 
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In_II this_DD1 section_NN1 ,_, we_PPIS2 propose_VV0 an_AT1 analysis_NN1 of_IO both_DB2 the_AT truth-conditional_NN1 and_CC presuppositional_JJ content_NN1 of_IO manage_VV0 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT fact_NN1 that_CST our_APPGE and_CC British_JJ appear_VV0 to_TO share_VVI the_AT same_DA collocates_NN2 in_II the_AT network_NN1 would_VM perhaps_RR suggest_VVI that_DD1 ,_, ideologically_RR ,_, The_AT Sun_NN1 intends_VVZ our_APPGE troops_NN2 to_TO address_VVI everyone_PN1 in_II Britain_NP1 -_- that_CST when_CS it_PPH1 uses_VVZ British_JJ troops_NN2 ,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ using_VVG this_DD1 term_NN1 synonymously_RR with_IW our_APPGE troops_NN2 ,_, thus_RR imbibing_VVG British_JJ troops_NN2 with_IW a_AT1 more_RGR positive_JJ stance_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
In_II contexts_NN2 where_CS those_DD2 conditions_NN2 are_VBR not_XX satisfied-such_DA as_CSA null_JJ (_( out-of-the-blue_NN1 )_) contexts-focus_NN1 of_IO the_AT reflexive_NN1 marker_NN1 will_VM force_VVI a_AT1 stronger_JJR ,_, distributive_JJ reading_NN1 of_IO (_( 3a_FO )_) -(7a)_NN1 ,_, one_PN1 that_CST only_RR holds_VVZ in_II reflexive_NN1 scenarios_NN2 like_II (_( 2a_FO )_) ._. 
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Note_VV0 ,_, also_RR ,_, her_APPGE use_NN1 of_IO taboo_JJ language_NN1 in_II lines_NN2 8_MC and_CC 9_MC when_CS referring_VVG to_II what_DDQ she_PPHS1 had_VHD been_VBN told_VVN in_II the_AT course_NN1 of_IO her_APPGE previous_JJ interactions_NN2 with_IW an_AT1 agent_NN1 ,_, i.e._REX ,_, she_PPHS1 basically_RR told_VVD me_PPIO1 to_TO FUCK_VVI OFF_RP ,_, and_CC her_APPGE emotional_JJ state_NN1 ,_, i.e._REX ,_, I_ZZ1 '_NULL m_ZZ1 so_RR pissed_VVN off_RP (_( cf._VV0 They_PPHS2 suggest_VV0 that_CST the_AT demonstrative_JJ that_CST in_II (_( i_ZZ1 )_) refers_VVZ to_II the_AT NP_NP1 a_AT1 Chinese_JJ vase_NN1 ,_, whereas_CS in_II (_( ii_MC )_) that_CST refers_VVZ to_II the_AT total_JJ event_NN1 '_NULL their_APPGE breaking_NN1 of_IO the_AT vase_NN1 '_NULL ._. 
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<s>
Prior_JJ word_NN1 knowledge_NN1 is_VBZ a_AT1 factor_NN1 that_CST affects_VVZ vocabulary_NN1 learning_VVG during_II the_AT reading_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 single_JJ text_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Giving_VVG shorter_JJR signals_NN2 to_II more_RGR common_JJ messages_NN2 is_VBZ called_VVN source_NN1 coding_NN1 ,_, and_CC works_VVZ towards_II our_APPGE first_MD efficiency_NN1 requirement_NN1 of_IO short_JJ signals_NN2 ._. 
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That_REX21 is_REX22 ,_, at_II each_DD1 point_NN1 in_II a_AT1 sentence_NN1 ,_, the_AT network_NN1 estimates_VVZ the_AT probability_NN1 of_IO each_DD1 possible_JJ upcoming_JJ word_NN1 ._. 
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To_TO investigate_VVI this_DD1 ,_, we_PPIS2 interviewed_VVD 191_MC residents_NN2 of_IO Utah_NP1 County_NN1 ,_, Utah_NP1 ._. 
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<s>
In_II these_DD2 languages_NN2 ,_, lexical_JJ categories_NN2 ,_, like_II N_ZZ1 ,_, can_VM not_XX intervene_VVI between_II Q_ZZ1 and_CC a_AT1 wh-word_NN1 ._. 
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After_CS much_DA1 consideration_NN1 ,_, it_PPH1 was_VBDZ decided_VVN to_TO follow_VVI the_AT criteria_NN2 described_VVN above_RL using_VVG 80%_NNU at_II age_NN1 2_MC ;_; 6_MC (_( 30_MC months_NNT2 )_) as_II the_AT old_JJ low_JJ cutoff_NN1 score_NN1 and_CC 45%_NNU at_II age_NN1 2_MC ;_; 6_MC as_II the_AT new_JJ high_JJ cutoff_NN1 score_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT line_NN1 break_NN1 employed_VVN by_II Swets_NP1 and_CC colleagues_NN2 (_( 2007_MC )_) in_II their_APPGE materials_NN2 resembles_VVZ another_DD1 ,_, more_RGR conventionalized_JJ cue_NN1 to_II prosodic_JJ juncture_NN1 in_II text_NN1 :_: the_AT orthographic_JJ comma_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
To_TO cover_VVI this_DD1 possibility_NN1 ,_, the_AT experiment_NN1 utilized_VVD a_AT1 third_MD sentence_NN1 condition_NN1 ,_, Ex1_FO ,_, that_DD1 explicitly_RR introduced_VVN uniqueness_NN1 as_II part_NN1 of_IO the_AT asserted_JJ content_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
In_II conversations_NN2 ,_, interlocutors_NN2 regularly_RR end_VV0 questioning_NN1 turns_VVZ with_IW or_CC as_CSA in_RP Does_VDZ that_DD1 bring_VVI up_RP jealousy_NN1 or_CC ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 is_VBZ another_DD1 reason_NN1 why_RRQ discussing_VVG VLPFC_NP1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 role_NN1 in_II31 terms_II32 of_II33 a_AT1 DDM_NP1 is_VBZ appealing_JJ ,_, as_CSA it_PPH1 provides_VVZ a_AT1 natural_JJ explanation_NN1 for_IF graded_JJ sensitivity_NN1 of_IO association_NN1 strength_NN1 to_II VLPFC_NP1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 boost_VV0 :_: the_AT stronger_JJR the_AT associations_NN2 ,_, the_AT less_DAR room_NN1 for_IF contribution_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 boost_NN1 (_( Fig._NN1 5_MC )_) ,_, without_IW the_AT need_NN1 for_IF a_AT1 binary_JJ cutoff_NN1 between_II strong_JJ and_CC weak_JJ associations_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
We_PPIS2 first_MD assume_VV0 that_CST sentence-medial_JJ ARCs_NN2 (_( and_CC NAs_NN2 )_) are_VBR obligatorily_RR attached_VVN to_II their_APPGE anchor_NN1 ,_, as_CSA illustrated_VVN in_II (_( 39_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
In_II longer_JJR words_NN2 (_( four_MC or_CC more_DAR syllables_NN2 )_) ,_, the_AT desire_NN1 to_TO keep_VVI accent_NN1 at_II the_AT left_JJ edge_NN1 of_IO the_AT stressable_JJ window_NN1 (_( i.e._REX on_II the_AT penult_NN1 )_) can_VM be_VBI attributed_VVN to_II *EXTLAPSE_FO ,_, a_AT1 context-free_JJ anti-lapse_JJ constraint_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Let_VV0 us_PPIO2 assume_VVI that_CST this_DD1 is_VBZ the_AT most_RGT prototypical_JJ construction_NN1 and_CC that_CST the_AT '_NULL illogical_JJ '_NULL afterthought_NN1 construction_NN1 ,_, represented_VVD schematically_RR below_RL ,_, is_VBZ more_RGR peripheral_JJ ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 commonsense_JJ point_NN1 implies_VVZ an_AT1 important_JJ metaphysical_JJ claim_NN1 :_: for_IF an_AT1 object_NN1 to_TO be_VBI what_DDQ it_PPH1 is_VBZ and_CC to_TO do_VDI what_DDQ it_PPH1 does_VDZ ,_, it_PPH1 has_VHZ to_TO be_VBI constructed_VVN out_II21 of_II22 the_AT right_JJ sorts_NN2 of_IO materials_NN2 that_CST are_VBR arranged_VVN in_II the_AT right_JJ sorts_NN2 of_IO ways_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Because_II21 of_II22 the_AT need_NN1 to_TO impose_VVI constraints_NN2 on_II the_AT scope_NN1 of_IO their_APPGE binders_NN2 ,_, choice_NN1 functions_NN2 have_VH0 been_VBN argued_VVN to_TO fail_VVI as_II a_AT1 plausible_JJ model_NN1 of_IO the_AT semantics_NN1 of_IO indefinites_NN2 (_( e.g._REX Heim_NP1 2011_MC ;_; Charlow_NP1 2014_MC ,_, section_NN1 4.7.1_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 resource_NN1 allows_VVZ for_IF a_AT1 wide_JJ range_NN1 of_IO research_NN1 on_II lexical_JJ ,_, phraseological_JJ ,_, syntactic_JJ ,_, and_CC semantic_JJ changes_NN2 in_II English_NN1 ,_, in_II ways_NN2 that_CST would_VM not_XX be_VBI possible_JJ with_IW the_AT standard_JJ interface_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Frequency_NN1 counts_NN2 show_VV0 persistent_JJ use_NN1 of_IO such_DA spleen-_NN1 and_CC blood-based_JJ metaphors_NN2 during_II and_CC following_VVG those_DD2 times_NNT2 that_CST the_AT Four_MC Humors_NN2 model_NN1 was_VBDZ culturally_RR dominant_JJ ._. 
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<s>
These_DD2 results_NN2 are_VBR nonetheless_RR limited_VVN in_II several_DA2 important_JJ respects_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 implies_VVZ that_DD1 hybridity_NN1 or_CC the_AT Third_MD Space_NN1 between_II a_AT1 dominant_JJ group_NN1 and_CC a_AT1 subordinate_JJ group_NN1 may_VM either_RR support_VVI or_CC hinder_VVI cultural_JJ and_CC linguistic_JJ revitalization_NN1 of_IO indigenous_JJ groups_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
There_EX are_VBR 32_MC =_FO 9_MC such_DA worlds_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
As_CSA Shuck_NP1 notes_NN2 ,_, this_DD1 complaint_NN1 appears_VVZ to_TO be_VBI hyperbolic_JJ ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II this_DD1 way_NN1 ,_, the_AT cumulativity_NN1 principle_NN1 in_II (_( 16_MC )_) allows_VVZ us_PPIO2 to_TO easily_RR derive_VVI weak_JJ ,_, cumulative_JJ readings_NN2 for_IF sentences_NN2 like_II (_( 15a_FO )_) ._. 
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<s>
Moreover_RR ,_, hearers_NN2 were_VBDR by_RR31 and_RR32 large_RR33 able_JK to_TO correctly_RR identify_VVI their_APPGE corresponding_JJ interpretations_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
I_PPIS1 assume_VV0 that_DD1 knowledge_NN1 is_VBZ closed_VVN under_II known_JJ entailment_NN1 :_: if_CS x_ZZ1 knows_VVZ p_ZZ1 and_CC x_ZZ1 knows_VVZ that_CST p_ZZ1 entails_VVZ q_ZZ1 ,_, then_RT x_ZZ1 knows_VVZ q_ZZ1 ._. 
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<s>
To_TO further_RRR strengthen_VVI this_DD1 claim_NN1 ,_, we_PPIS2 show_VV0 in_II the_AT next_MD section_NN1 that_CST focus_VV0 intervention_NN1 is_VBZ not_XX even_RR a_AT1 specialty_NN1 of_IO wh-phrases-disjunctive_JJ phrases_NN2 are_VBR subject_II21 to_II22 focus_NN1 intervention_NN1 in_II exactly_RR the_AT same_DA environments_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
As_CSA mentioned_VVN in_II the_AT introduction_NN1 ,_, our_APPGE discussion_NN1 of_IO perceptually_RR grounded_VVN descriptions_NN2 has_VHZ stemmed_VVN from_II an_AT1 observation_NN1 by_II Percus_NP1 (_( 2003_MC )_) that_CST '_NULL we_PPIS2 can_VM not_XX use_VVI it_PPH1 &lsqb;_( =an_FO identity_NN1 question_NN1 with_IW a_AT1 post-copular_JJ name_NN1 &rsqb;_) to_TO ask_VVI what_DDQ function_VV0 John_NP1 performs_VVZ ,_, but_CCB we_PPIS2 can_VM use_VVI it_PPH1 to_TO ask_VVI which_DDQ of_IO the_AT people_NN in_II31 front_II32 of_II33 us_PPIO2 got_VVD introduced_VVN as_CSA John_NP1 '_NULL (_( p._NNU 260_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
For_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, raters_NN2 were_VBDR largely_RR university_NN1 students_NN2 and_CC staff_NN ._. 
</s>
<s>
A_AT1 change_NN1 in_II our_APPGE footing_NN1 is_VBZ another_DD1 way_NN1 of_IO talking_VVG about_II a_AT1 change_NN1 in_II our_APPGE frame_NN1 for_IF events_NN2 ..._... 
</s>
<s>
Paczynski_NN2 and_CC Kuperberg_NP1 (_( 2012_MC )_) showed_VVD that_CST expectations_NN2 based_VVN only_RR on_II world_NN1 knowledge_NN1 ,_, but_CCB not_XX on_II selectional_JJ restrictions_NN2 ,_, could_VM be_VBI overridden_VVN by_II semantic_JJ association_NN1 with_IW preceding_JJ words_NN2 between_II 300_MC and_CC 500_MC ms_NN1 ,_, and_CC that_DD1 only_JJ violations_NN2 of_IO selection_NN1 restrictions_NN2 led_VVN to_II prolonged_JJ costs_NN2 in_II processing_VVG between_II 500_MC and_CC 800_MC ms_NN1 (_( the_AT so-called_JJ semantic_JJ P600_FO effect_NN1 ,_, see_VV0 Kuperberg_NP1 ,_, 2007_MC ,_, for_IF other_JJ examples_NN2 of_IO such_DA prolonged_JJ processing_NN1 costs_VVZ to_II selection_NN1 restriction_NN1 violations_NN2 )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Moving_VVG on_RP to_II the_AT Latino_NN1 diaspora_NN1 ,_, the_AT focus_NN1 of_IO SoD_NP1 involves_VVZ multiple_JJ Spanish_JJ and_CC English_JJ dialects_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Given_VVN the_AT importance_NN1 of_IO discourse_NN1 context_NN1 and_CC verb_NN1 sense_NN1 ,_, as_CSA stressed_VVN ,_, for_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, by_II Lapata_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
(_( 2001_MC )_) and_CC Roland_NP1 and_CC Jurafsky_NP1 (_( 2002_MC )_) ,_, we_PPIS2 used_VVD discourse_NN1 contexts_NN2 from_II an_AT1 existing_JJ corpus_NN1 as_CSA prompts_VVZ for_IF sentence_NN1 completion_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
However_RR ,_, because_II21 of_II22 the_AT remaining_JJ sentences_NN2 in_II (_( 6_MC )_) ,_, the_AT changing_NN1 is_VBZ clearly_RR intended_VVN to_TO be_VBI of_IO the_AT companies_NN2 as_II such_DA ,_, so_CS the_AT adjective_NN1 "_" personal_JJ "_" is_VBZ being_VBG figuratively_RR applied_VVN to_II the_AT companies_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
If_CS the_AT flow_NN1 of_IO information_NN1 during_II planning_NN1 is_VBZ discrete_JJ and_CC modular_JJ ,_, then_RT processes_VVZ occurring_VVG at_II the_AT lexical_JJ level_NN1 of_IO representation_NN1 (_( such_II21 as_II22 cross-linguistic_JJ activation_NN1 of_IO cognate_JJ words_NN2 )_) should_VM not_XX affect_VVI the_AT realization_NN1 of_IO articulatory_JJ gestures_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
I_PPIS1 argue_VV0 that_CST the_AT resulting_JJ configuration_NN1 prevents_VVZ further_RRR leftward_JJ movement_NN1 of_IO clausal_JJ arguments_NN2 ,_, explaining_VVG (_( a_ZZ1 )_) ._. 
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<s>
The_AT second_MD sub-system_NN1 is_VBZ that_DD1 of_IO form_NN1 encoding_VVG ,_, which_DDQ consists_VVZ of_IO the_AT retrieval_NN1 of_IO morphemic_JJ and_CC phonological_JJ codes_NN2 ,_, prosodification_NN1 and_CC syllabification_NN1 and_CC phonetic_JJ encoding_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Any_DD definite_JJ description_NN1 ,_, we_PPIS2 assume_VV0 ,_, expresses_VVZ an_AT1 individual_JJ concept_NN1 ,_, and_CC therefore_RR is_VBZ of_IO the_AT appropriate_JJ type_NN1 to_TO function_VVI as_II an_AT1 answer_NN1 to_II (_( 39_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Similarly_RR ,_, MI3_FO gives_VVZ a_AT1 higher_JJR score_NN1 to_II vain_JJ (_( 8_JJ co-occurrences_NN2 )_) over_II prophanation_NN1 (_( 4_MC co-occurrences_NN2 )_) and_CC downgrades_VVZ parliament_NN1 (_( 3_MC co-occurrences_NN2 )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Bigrams_NP1 that_CST are_VBR more_RGR rare_JJ will_VM make_VVI little_DA1 impact_NN1 on_II the_AT estimates_NN2 for_IF the_AT fixed_JJ effects_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
In_RR21 addition_RR22 ,_, the_AT formalism_NN1 acknowledges_VVZ the_AT word-by-word_JJ contribution_NN1 within_II expressions_NN2 and_CC not_XX only_RR the_AT final_JJ output_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 derivational_JJ process_NN1 (_( in_II this_DD1 way_NN1 following_VVG the_AT path_NN1 of_IO unification-based_JJ grammar_NN1 formalisms_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 GPSG_NP1 and_CC HPSG_NP1 etc_RA ._. )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Since_CS B_ZZ1 &C;_NULL '_NULL s_ZZ1 verbal_JJ projections_NN2 denote_VV0 sets_NN2 of_IO role_NN1 assignments_NN2 ,_, we_PPIS2 need_VV0 to_TO use_VVI an_AT1 event_NN1 semantics_NN1 in_II which_DDQ verbal_JJ projections_NN2 denote_VV0 sets_NN2 of_IO sets_NN2 of_IO events_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT indicative_JJ feature_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 characteristic_JJ anchor-set_NN1 is_VBZ that_CST it_PPH1 should_VM be_VBI specific_JJ enough_RR ._. 
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<s>
The_AT proposed_JJ hierarchy_NN1 consists_VVZ of_IO trying_VVG ,_, difficulty_NN1 and_CC unlikelihood_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
One_MC1 of_IO the_AT first_MD approaches_VVZ to_TO identify_VVI and_CC interpret_VVI metaphorical_JJ expressions_NN2 in_II text_NN1 was_VBDZ proposed_VVN by_II Fass_NP1 (_( 1991_MC )_) in_II his_PPGE met_VVD system_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 measurement_NN1 is_VBZ obtained_VVN by_II dividing_VVG the_AT number_NN1 of_IO always_RR or_CC never_RR tokens_NN2 by_II the_AT number_NN1 of_IO adverbs_NN2 indicating_VVG more_RGR intermediate_JJ rates_NN2 of_IO frequency_NN1 ,_, e.g._REX often_RR and_CC rarely_RR ._. 
</s>
<s>
Judy_NP1 can_VM reply_VVI with_IW a_AT1 go-ahead_NN1 ,_, blocking_VVG ,_, or_CC hedging_VVG response_NN1 ;_; in_II this_DD1 case_NN1 she_PPHS1 uses_VVZ a_AT1 blocking_JJ response_NN1 ,_, '_NULL Well_RR ,_, we_PPIS2 '_NULL re_II going_VVG out_RP '_NULL in_II line_NN1 3_MC which_DDQ ,_, by_II itself_PPX1 ,_, is_VBZ likely_JJ to_TO discourage_VVI John_NP1 from_II continuing_VVG to_II the_AT invitation_NN1 adjacency_NN1 pair_NN ._. 
</s>
<s>
It_PPH1 can_VM have_VHI both_DB2 ,_, but_CCB it_PPH1 can_VM not_XX have_VHI neither_DD1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
A_AT1 more_RGR serious_JJ problem_NN1 concerns_VVZ the_AT representativeness_NN1 of_IO the_AT samples_NN2 in_II some_DD of_IO the_AT analyses_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
She_PPHS1 also_RR explicitly_RR positions_VVZ homeless_JJ citizens_NN2 and_CC "_" legal_JJ people_NN "_" as_CSA more_DAR "_" entitled_VVN "_" than_CSN "_" the_AT illegals_NN2 "_" to_II services_NN2 like_II health_NN1 care_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Similarly_RR ,_, the_AT different_JJ TRAP/BATH_NN1 patterns_NN2 that_CST we_PPIS2 see_VV0 on_II the_AT Isles_NN2 of_IO Scilly_NP1 and_CC their_APPGE associations_NN2 with_IW different_JJ personae_NN2 and_CC stances_NN2 suggest_VV0 that_CST there_EX are_VBR competing_JJ ways_NN2 to_TO embody_VVI a_AT1 Scillonian_JJ persona_NN1 on_II the_AT islands_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
A_AT1 positive_JJ answer_NN1 would_VM have_VHI some_DD import_NN1 :_: if_CS features_NN2 are_VBR innate_JJ and_CC primitive_JJ elements_NN2 of_IO grammar_NN1 ,_, and_CC if_CS some_DD of_IO them_PPHO2 have_VH0 an_AT1 intrinsically_RR geometric_JJ semantics_NN1 ,_, the_AT signed_JJ modality_NN1 might_VM play_VVI a_AT1 greater_JJR role_NN1 than_CSN usually_RR thought_VVN at_II the_AT very_JJ core_NN1 of_IO Universal_JJ Grammar_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Now_RT ,_, the_AT variety_NN1 of_IO correction_NN1 bears_VVZ the_AT following_JJ hallmarks_NN2 (_( Anscombre_NP1 and_CC Ducrot_NP1 ,_, 1977_MC :_: 25-5_MCMC )_) :_: a_ZZ1 )_) p_ZZ1 takes_VVZ the_AT form_NN1 of_IO unincorporated_JJ ,_, i.e._REX uninflected_JJ or_CC monolexemic_JJ ,_, negation_NN1 (_( e.g._REX not_XX p_ZZ1 )_) ,_, b_ZZ1 )_) both_RR p_ZZ1 and_CC q_ZZ1 are_VBR uttered_VVN by_II the_AT same_DA speaker_NN1 ,_, c_ZZ1 )_) q_ZZ1 is_VBZ presented_VVN as_II the_AT reason_NN1 for_IF rejecting_VVG p_ZZ1 and_CC d_ZZ1 )_) p_ZZ1 and_CC q_ZZ1 characterize_VV0 the_AT same_DA kind_NN1 of_IO fact_NN1 (_( in_II ways_NN2 which_DDQ are_VBR considered_VVN incompatible_JJ with_IW each_PPX221 other_PPX222 )_) ._. 
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<s>
In_II essence_NN1 ,_, then_RT ,_, GB-Adv_NP1 allows_VVZ us_PPIO2 to_TO find_VVI all_DB words_NN2 that_CST have_VH0 appeared_VVN or_CC disappeared_VVD between_II different_JJ time_NNT1 periods_NN2 (_( or_CC which_DDQ have_VH0 increased_VVN or_CC decreased_VVD greatly_RR in_II frequency_NN1 between_II these_DD2 time_NNT1 periods_NN2 )_) -_- even_CS21 when_CS22 we_PPIS2 do_VD0 not_XX know_VVI ahead_II21 of_II22 time_NNT1 what_DDQ these_DD2 words_NN2 are_VBR ._. 
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<s>
But_CCB this_DD1 is_VBZ not_XX the_AT last_MD of_IO the_AT narrative_NN1 ,_, as_CSA we_PPIS2 see_VV0 in_II the_AT following_JJ scene_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT human_JJ brain_NN1 recognizes_VVZ speech_NN1 as_II a_AT1 special_JJ kind_NN1 of_IO signal_NN1 ;_; our_APPGE knowledge_NN1 of_IO our_APPGE language_NN1 influences_NN2 what_DDQ we_PPIS2 perceive_VV0 and_CC helps_VVZ us_PPIO2 to_TO make_VVI sense_NN1 even_RR in_II poor_JJ listening_JJ conditions_NN2 ,_, and_CC binaural_JJ hearing_NN1 facilitates_VVZ the_AT separation_NN1 of_IO ,_, e.g._REX ,_, overlapping_VVG voices_NN2 or_CC voices_NN2 against_II background_NN1 noise_NN1 ._. 
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For_IF the_AT remaining_JJ five_MC participants_NN2 ,_, the_AT auditory_JJ run_NN1 failed_VVN due_II21 to_II22 an_AT1 amplifier_NN1 malfunction_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT problematic_JJ speech_NN1 is_VBZ discursively_RR set_VVN apart_RL as_CSA '_NULL not_XX public_JJ '_NULL (_( even_CS21 if_CS22 ,_, in_II reality_NN1 ,_, it_PPH1 may_VM be_VBI easily_RR understood_VVN by_II all_DB those_DD2 co-present_JJ )_) ._. 
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<s>
With_IW this_DD1 approach_NN1 ,_, Nakamura_NP1 not_XX only_RR carefully_RR examines_VVZ the_AT genealogy_NN1 of_IO Japanese_JJ '_NULL women_NN2 '_NULL s_ZZ1 language_NN1 ,_, '_NULL but_CCB also_RR addresses_VVZ the_AT five_MC questions_NN2 mentioned_VVD earlier_RRR ,_, providing_VVG a_AT1 very_RG convincing_JJ argument_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Yet_RR ,_, different_JJ types_NN2 of_IO NS-CS_NP2 interfaces_NN2 using_VVG conjunction_NN1 construct_VV0 "_" virtual_JJ "_" versions_NN2 of_IO these_DD2 attentional_JJ categories_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
One_MC1 consequence_NN1 of_IO taking_VVG natural_JJ language_NN1 to_TO be_VBI a_AT1 primary_JJ source_NN1 of_IO data_NN for_IF quotation/direct_FU language_NN1 reports_NN2 turns_VVZ out_RP to_TO be_VBI a_AT1 greater_JJR focus_NN1 on_II examples_NN2 with_IW verbs_NN2 not_XX of_IO saying_VVG ,_, but_CCB of_IO overall_JJ imitation_NN1 ,_, as_CSA in_II (_( 18_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
In_RR21 addition_RR22 ,_, for_IF the_AT methods_NN2 that_CST learn_VV0 an_AT1 explicit_JJ representation_NN1 of_IO the_AT relative_JJ pronoun_NN1 (_( FPLF_NP1 in_II this_DD1 analysis_NN1 )_) ,_, the_AT substantial_JJ difference_NN1 in_II the_AT amount_NN1 of_IO training_NN1 data_NN might_VM affect_VVI the_AT result_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Our_APPGE experimental_JJ data_NN show_VV0 that_CST the_AT different_JJ contours_NN2 and_CC contexts_NN2 chosen_VVN for_IF the_AT experiment_NN1 affect_NN1 how_RRQ listeners_NN2 perceive_VV0 speaker_NN1 belief_NN1 states_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
That_REX21 is_REX22 ,_, overall_JJ participants_NN2 (_( both_RR PWA_NP1 and_CC controls_NN2 )_) performed_VVD better_RRR in_II trials_NN2 associated_VVN with_IW inverse_JJ scope_NN1 interpretations_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT word_NN1 or_CC relation_NN1 levels_NN2 provide_VV0 the_AT most_DAT information_NN1 and_CC have_VH0 been_VBN the_AT focus_NN1 of_IO the_AT majority_NN1 of_IO approaches_NN2 (_( Gedigian_JJ et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
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<s>
2006_MC ;_; Shutova_NP1 ,_, Sun_NN1 ,_, and_CC Korhonen_NP1 2010_MC ;_; Turney_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
2011_MC ;_; Gandy_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
2013_MC ;_; Heintz_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
2013_MC ;_; Hovy_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
2013_MC ;_; Neuman_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
2013_MC ;_; Shutova_NP1 2013_MC ;_; Shutova_NP1 and_CC Sun_NN1 2013_MC ;_; Wilks_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
2013_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Absolute_JJ distribution_NN1 of_IO mutable_JJ nouns_NN2 with_IW the_AT article_NN1 by_II gender_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT set_NN1 containing_VVG ludicrous_JJ ,_, senseless_JJ and_CC others_NN2 is_VBZ marked_VVN Same_DA ,_, and_CC all_DB the_AT words_NN2 are_VBR indeed_RR marked_VVN identically_RR with_IW Negative_JJ sentiment_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Whatever_DDQV the_AT explanation_NN1 may_VM be_VBI ,_, my_APPGE theory_NN1 is_VBZ neutral_JJ on_II this_DD1 issue_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
San_NP1 Franciscans_NP1 often_RR discursively_RR conflate_VV0 the_AT terms_NN2 '_NULL Asian_JJ '_NULL and_CC '_NULL Chinese_JJ ,_, '_NULL and_CC residents_NN2 of_IO non-Chinese_JJ ,_, East_NP1 Asian_JJ ethnicities_NN2 are_VBR frequently_RR framed_VVN as_CSA Chinese_JJ ._. 
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<s>
The_AT best_JJT multivariable_JJ model_NN1 included_VVD the_AT mean_JJ pre-treatment_JJ severity_NN1 rating_NN1 (_( estimate_VV0 0.29_MC ,_, 95%_NNU CI_FO :_: 0.18-0.40_MCMC ,_, p_ZZ1 <_FO 0.0001_MC )_) and_CC the_AT number_NN1 of_IO verbal_JJ contingencies_NN2 for_IF stuttering_VVG given_VVN during_II practice_NN1 sessions_NNT2 (_( estimate_VV0 0.15_MC ,_, 95%_NNU CI_FO :_: 0.02-0.29_MCMC ,_, p_ZZ1 =_FO 0.024_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II Table_NN1 6_MC the_AT numerical_JJ breakdown_NN1 of_IO the_AT stimuli_NN2 is_VBZ presented_VVN ,_, which_DDQ totals_VVZ 84_MC items_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
It_PPH1 accords_VVZ with_IW speaker_NN1 intuitions_NN2 about_II (_( 21_MC )_) that_CST the_AT son_NN1 ,_, who_PNQS objects_VVZ to_II his_APPGE father_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 command_VV0 to_TO do_VDI his_APPGE homework_NN1 ,_, has_VHZ a_AT1 point_NN1 :_: he_PPHS1 can_VM draw_VVI on_II his_APPGE mother_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 earlier_RRR permission_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ offered_VVD him_PPHO1 a_AT1 choice_NN1 between_II doing_VDG his_APPGE homework_NN1 or_CC helping_VVG in_II the_AT kitchen_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT supporter_NN1 of_IO the_AT Fregean_JJ account_NN1 would_VM want_VVI to_TO say_VVI that_CST the_AT existence_NN1 presupposition_NN1 is_VBZ locally_RR accommodated_VVN in_II this_DD1 case_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Hmlinen_NN1 ,_, Salminen_NP1 ,_, and_CC Leppnen_NP1 (_( 2013_MC )_) reviewed_VVD over_RG 50_MC studies_NN2 of_IO non-speech_JJ auditory_JJ processing_NN1 in_II developmental_JJ dyslexia_NN1 ,_, including_II 17_MC EEG_NN1 studies_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
According_II21 to_II22 the_AT author_NN1 ,_, migrant_NN1 families_NN2 and_CC intercultural_JJ couples_NN2 are_VBR often_RR at_II odds_NN2 over_II complex_JJ intersections_NN2 between_II practices_NN2 ,_, language_NN1 ideologies_NN2 ,_, values_NN2 ,_, and_CC material_NN1 bases_NN2 in_II IC_NP1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 comparison_NN1 allowed_VVD us_PPIO2 to_TO explore_VVI whether_CSW PWA_NP1 assign_VV0 a_AT1 contrastively_RR focused_VVN interpretation_NN1 in_II sentences_NN2 with_IW in_RR21 situ_RR22 CFi_JJ ._. 
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<s>
In_II this_DD1 experiment_NN1 ,_, we_PPIS2 examine_VV0 whether_CSW we_PPIS2 continue_VV0 to_TO get_VVI priming_VVG for_IF a_AT1 visual_JJ item_NN1 related_VVN to_II a_AT1 longer_JJR sequence_NN1 that_CST begins_VVZ the_AT same_DA way_NN1 as_CSA do_VD0 those_DD2 in_II Experiment_NN1 2_MC ._. 
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<s>
I_PPIS1 have_VH0 not_XX discussed_VVN overgeneration_NN1 much_RR in_II this_DD1 article_NN1 ,_, because_CS my_APPGE main_JJ goal_NN1 was_VBDZ a_AT1 proof_NN1 of_IO concept_NN1 :_: I_PPIS1 simply_RR wanted_VVD to_TO show_VVI that_CST the_AT intersective_JJ theory_NN1 is_VBZ able_JK to_TO generate_VVI the_AT right_JJ collective_JJ readings_NN2 in_II the_AT first_MD place_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
To_TO examine_VVI the_AT production_NN1 of_IO amplitude_NN1 ,_, duration_NN1 and_CC pitch_NN1 marking_NN1 we_PPIS2 conducted_VVD separate_JJ 2_MC (_( syllable_NN1 position_NN1 )_) ×2_FO (_( group_NN1 )_) repeated_VVD measures_NN2 ANOVAs_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT extent_NN1 to_II which_DDQ such_DA classroom_NN1 opportunities_NN2 might_VM facilitate_VVI the_AT actual_JJ development_NN1 of_IO new_JJ types_NN2 of_IO online_JJ communication_NN1 skills_NN2 is_VBZ an_AT1 important_JJ long-term_JJ goal_NN1 for_IF language_NN1 researchers_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT most_RGT common_JJ cause_NN1 of_IO these_DD2 misunderstandings_NN2 is_VBZ the_AT interviewer_NN1 failing_VVG to_TO ask_VVI appropriate_JJ types_NN2 of_IO question_NN1 or_CC reaching_VVG a_AT1 premature_JJ conclusion_NN1 that_CST the_AT interviewer_NN1 then_RT presses_VVZ the_AT witness_NN1 to_TO confirm_VVI ._. 
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<s>
In_II other_JJ words_NN2 ,_, both_RR partial_JJ modified_JJ output_NN1 (_( i.e._REX ,_, isolating_VVG out_RP and_CC repeating_VVG only_RR the_AT corrected_JJ form_NN1 targeted_VVN in_II the_AT feedback_NN1 they_PPHS2 received_VVD )_) and_CC full_JJ modified_JJ output_NN1 (_( i.e._REX ,_, repeating_VVG the_AT entire_JJ correction_NN1 )_) ,_, significantly_RR predicted_VVN accurately_RR noticing_VVG more_RRR ,_, when_CS compared_VVN to_II not_XX producing_VVG any_DD modified_JJ output_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Having_VHG looked_VVN at_II examples_NN2 of_IO both_RR composition_NN1 and_CC feature_NN1 signature_NN1 issues_NN2 ,_, for_IF the_AT remainder_NN1 of_IO the_AT article_NN1 I_PPIS1 mainly_RR treat_VV0 them_PPHO2 together_RL ,_, as_CSA different_JJ requirements_NN2 of_IO canonical_JJ structure_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT variable_JJ clust_NN1 reflects_VVZ the_AT clusterability_NN1 predictions_NN2 of_IO each_DD1 measure_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
In_II the_AT German_JJ sample_NN1 ,_, spirituality_NN1 is_VBZ related_VVN to_II Offenheit_NP1 (_( "_" openness_NN1 "_" )_) and_CC Einklang_NP1 (_( "_" harmony_NN1 "_" )_) ,_, which_DDQ opens_VVZ a_AT1 field_NN1 of_IO clearly_RR non-organizational_JJ religiousness_NN1 :_: Esoterik_NP1 (_( "_" esotericism_NN1 "_" )_) ,_, Materie_NP1 (_( "_" matter_NN1 "_" )_) ._. 
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<s>
However_RR ,_, this_DD1 does_VDZ not_XX rule_VVI out_RP the_AT possibility_NN1 that_CST more_DAR complex_JJ predicates_NN2 do_VD0 embed_VVI a_AT1 stative_JJ property_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
To_II this_DD1 end_NN1 ,_, we_PPIS2 included_VVD another_DD1 set_NN1 of_IO shapes_NN2 ,_, for_IF which_DDQ listeners_NN2 learned_VVD an_AT1 artificial_JJ name_NN1 during_II training_NN1 ,_, but_CCB were_VBDR subsequently_RR told_VVN that_CST the_AT speaker_NN1 did_VDD not_XX learn_VVI that_DD1 name_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Item_NN1 analysis_NN1 and_CC selection_NN1 ,_, reliability_NN1 ,_, construct_VV0 and_CC concurrent_JJ validity_NN1 ,_, internal_JJ consistency_NN1 ,_, and_CC other_JJ psychometric_JJ properties_NN2 of_IO the_AT POSHA-S_JJ have_VH0 been_VBN reported_VVN in_II past_JJ studies_NN2 (_( St._NP1 Louis_NP1 &amp;_CC George_NP1 ,_, 2008_MC ;_; St._NP1 Louis_NP1 &amp;_CC Roberts_NP1 ,_, 2010_MC ;_; St._NP1 Louis_NP1 ,_, 2005_MC ,_, 2011a_FO ,_, 2012a_FO ,_, b_ZZ1 ;_; St._NP1 Louis_NP1 ,_, Lubker_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2009_MC ;_; St._NP1 Louis_NP1 ,_, Reichel_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2009_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
For_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, a_AT1 review_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 lively_JJ concert_NN1 described_VVD the_AT performer_NN1 as_II '_NULL not_XX putting_VVG any_DD sheet_NN1 music_NN1 in_II31 front_II32 of_II33 his_APPGE mouth_NN1 '_NULL (_( nahm_NN1 kein_NN1 Notenblatt_NP1 vor_NN1 den_NN1 Mund_NP1 )_) ._. 
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<s>
Certainly_RR the_AT numerical_JJ bias_NN1 corresponds_VVZ to_II the_AT descriptive_JJ generalizations_NN2 ,_, but_CCB the_AT overall_JJ fraction_NN1 of_IO nouns_NN2 is_VBZ quite_RG small_JJ ._. 
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<s>
In_II her_APPGE example_NN1 (_( p._NNU 52_MC )_) ,_, the_AT downward-intoned_JJ tag_NN1 question_NN1 "_" They_PPHS2 got_VVD a_AT1 different_JJ woman_NN1 didn_NN1 '_NULL t_ZZ1 they_PPHS2 ._. "_" 
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<s>
is_VBZ rephrased_VVN as_CSA "_" Didn_NP1 '_NULL t_ZZ1 they_PPHS2 get_VV0 a_AT1 different_JJ woman_NN1 ?_? "_" 
</s>
<s>
Seventeen-year-old_JJ Trayvon_NP1 Martin_NP1 was_VBDZ shot_VVN to_II death_NN1 last_MD month_NNT1 walking_VVG to_II his_APPGE dad_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 house_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
These_DD2 current_JJ distributions_NN2 are_VBR probably_RR the_AT result_NN1 of_IO the_AT competition_NN1 between_II the_AT two_MC quantifiers_NN2 over_II centuries_NNT2 ,_, with_IW many_DA2 having_VHG receded_VVN significantly_RR in_II some_DD -_- but_CCB not_XX all_DB -_- syntactic_JJ and_CC semantic_JJ situations_NN2 in_II spoken_JJ English_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
McConkie_NP1 and_CC Rayner_NP1 (_( 1975_MC ;_; Rayner_NP1 1975_MC )_) pioneered_VVD new_JJ experimental_JJ techniques_NN2 that_CST permitted_VVD researchers_NN2 to_TO determine_VVI precisely_RR when_CS information_NN1 is_VBZ extracted_VVN from_II text_NN1 during_II reading_NN1 (_( see_VV0 Rayner_NP1 ,_, 1978_MC ,_, for_IF a_AT1 discussion_NN1 of_IO the_AT relation_NN1 of_IO these_DD2 techniques_NN2 to_II previously_RR existing_JJ techniques_NN2 )_) ._. 
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<s>
Under_II CCCP_NP1 ,_, however_RR ,_, the_AT difference_NN1 between_II the_AT two_MC examples_NN2 is_VBZ somewhat_RR unexpected_JJ ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 difference_NN1 may_VM appear_VVI inconsequential_JJ ,_, but_CCB we_PPIS2 demonstrate_VV0 that_CST it_PPH1 both_RR resolves_VVZ some_DD empirical_JJ problems_NN2 that_CST arise_VV0 from_II treating_VVG the_AT negative_JJ element_NN1 in_II comparatives_NN2 as_CSA sentential_JJ negation_NN1 (_( in_RR21 particular_RR22 involving_VVG the_AT interpretation_NN1 of_IO differential_JJ measure_NN1 phrases_NN2 )_) and_CC also_RR imposes_VVZ constraints_NN2 on_II scopal_JJ interactions_NN2 in_II the_AT comparative_JJ clause_NN1 that_CST are_VBR just_RR the_AT ones_NN2 we_PPIS2 need_VV0 to_TO respond_VVI to_II Beck_NP1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 challenge_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Two_MC models_NN2 were_VBDR constructed_VVN :_: one_PN1 where_CS the_AT baseline_NN1 for_IF the_AT syllable_NN1 type_NN1 factor_NN1 was_VBDZ the_AT WORD_NN1 level_NN1 ,_, and_CC another_DD1 where_CS the_AT baseline_NN1 was_VBDZ the_AT TAG_NN1 level_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT output_NN1 of_IO these_DD2 series_NN of_IO checking_VVG and_CC validation_NN1 is_VBZ the_AT latest_JJT version_NN1 of_IO AraComLex_NP1 Extended_VVD ,_, that_DD1 is_VBZ version_NN1 1.5_MC ._. 
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<s>
According_II21 to_II22 this_DD1 account_NN1 ,_, the_AT equative_JJ is_VBZ still_RR the_AT weaker_JJR ,_, less_RGR informative_JJ member_NN1 on_II a_AT1 Q_NN1 scale_NN1 with_IW the_AT comparative_JJ ,_, so_CS we_PPIS2 predict_VV0 that_CST the_AT use_NN1 of_IO the_AT equative_JJ will_VM still_RR trigger_VVI a_AT1 Q-implicature_NN1 negating_VVG a_AT1 comparative_JJ counterpart_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
We_PPIS2 also_RR notice_VV0 that_CST in_II our_APPGE Goizueta_NN1 Basque_JJ corpus_NN1 the_AT number_NN1 of_IO partially_RR voiced_VVN tokens_NN2 was_VBDZ negligible_JJ ,_, indicating_VVG the_AT adoption_NN1 of_IO an_AT1 articulatory_JJ strategy_NN1 lacking_VVG a_AT1 gesture_NN1 of_IO vocal_JJ cord_NN1 abduction_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
As_CSA Peters_VVZ and_CC Westerstahl_NP1 (_( 2013_MC )_) discuss_VV0 ,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ often_RR suggested_VVN that_CST possessive_JJ descriptions_NN2 contain_VV0 a_AT1 hidden_JJ the_AT ._. 
</s>
<s>
First_MD ,_, a_AT1 MAX_NP1 constraint_NN1 is_VBZ added_VVN instead_II21 of_II22 having_VHG FAITH_NN1 split_VVN into_II MAX_NP1 and_CC DEP_NP1 ._. 
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<s>
That_REX21 is_REX22 ,_, statistically_RR significant_JJ comparisons_NN2 regarding_II sentence_NN1 acceptability_NN1 can_VM not_XX be_VBI explained_VVN away_RL by_II appealing_VVG to_II such_DA item-level_JJ differences_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II each_DD1 trial_NN1 ,_, participants_NN2 heard_VVD three_MC stimuli_NN2 in_II a_AT1 row_NN1 and_CC had_VHD to_TO choose_VVI if_CSW the_AT last_MD token_NN1 (_( X_ZZ1 )_) was_VBDZ more_RGR similar_JJ to_II the_AT first_MD token_NN1 (_( A_ZZ1 )_) or_CC to_II the_AT second_MD token_NN1 (_( B_ZZ1 )_) ._. 
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<s>
In_RR21 addition_RR22 ,_, we_PPIS2 broach_VV0 the_AT question_NN1 of_IO listener-oriented_JJ versus_II speaker-internal_JJ factors_NN2 in_II the_AT production_NN1 of_IO contrastive_JJ stress_NN1 by_II examining_VVG both_DB2 speakers_NN2 who_PNQS are_VBR developing_VVG typically_RR and_CC those_DD2 with_IW high-functioning_JJ autism_NN1 (_( HFA_NP1 )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 can_VM be_VBI problematic_JJ when_CS indexicality_NN1 is_VBZ activated_VVN by_II asylum_NN1 seekers_NN2 relying_VVG on_II shifters_NN2 as_CSA reference_NN1 markers_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 leads_VVZ to_II an_AT1 increase_NN1 in_II pincl_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Huddleston_NN1 &amp;_CC Pullum_NP1 (_( 2002_MC :_: 827_MC )_) do_VD0 not_XX consider_VVI many_DA2 as_CSA a_AT1 clear_JJ NPI_NN2 either_RR ,_, although_CS it_PPH1 "_" shows_VVZ some_DD signs_NN2 of_IO negative_JJ orientation_NN1 "_" ,_, which_DDQ poses_VVZ the_AT question_NN1 of_IO the_AT types_NN2 of_IO positive_JJ contexts_NN2 in_II which_DDQ many_DA2 is_VBZ indeed_RR acceptable_JJ ._. 
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<s>
We_PPIS2 exemplify_VV0 this_DD1 with_IW a_AT1 few_DA2 fragments_NN2 of_IO graphs_NN2 learned_VVN by_II HTL-FRG_NP1 and_CC TNF_NP1 ._. 
</s>
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In_II these_DD2 constructions_NN2 ,_, multiple_JJ elements_NN2 evoke_VV0 source_NN1 and/or_CC target_NN1 domain_NN1 material_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
As_CSA exemplified_VVN in_II 9_MC above_RL ,_, however_RR ,_, SLPs_NP1 modified_VVD by_II locatives_NN2 are_VBR common_JJ ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 complex_JJ participant_NN1 framework_NN1 dramatizes_VVZ the_AT fragmentation_NN1 of_IO participant_NN1 roles_NN2 and_CC effectively_RR makes_VVZ stancetaking_VVG a_AT1 central_JJ element_NN1 of_IO the_AT performance_NN1 and_CC its_APPGE humor_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT SMFQ_NP1 is_VBZ a_AT1 brief_JJ screening_NN1 instrument_NN1 designed_VVN to_TO evaluate_VVI depressive_NN1 symptomatology_NN1 in_II children_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Suppose_VV0 fij_NN1 is_VBZ an_AT1 element_NN1 in_II the_AT matrix_NN1 of_IO raw_JJ co-occurrence_NN1 frequencies_NN2 F._RA The_AT ith_MD row_NN1 of_IO the_AT matrix_NN1 corresponds_VVZ to_II an_AT1 n-gram_JJ w_ZZ1 in_II WordNet_NP1 and_CC the_AT jth_MD column_NN1 of_IO the_AT matrix_NN1 corresponds_VVZ to_II a_AT1 unigram_NNU1 c_ZZ1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Results_NN2 are_VBR presented_VVN in_II Table_NN1 6_MC ._. 
</s>
<s>
Buttons_NN2 of_IO the_AT response_NN1 pad_NN1 were_VBDR also_RR marked_VVN with_IW the_AT S_ZZ1 ,_, O_UH ,_, and_CC U_JJ letters_NN2 to_TO minimize_VVI memory_NN1 demands_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
For_IF the_AT six_MC /d/_JJ verbs_NN2 ,_, the_AT percentage_NN1 of_IO tokens_NN2 with_IW an_AT1 added_JJ vowel_NN1 ranged_VVN from_II 0%_NNU (_( believe_VV0 )_) to_II 50%_NNU (_( comb_NN1 and_CC turn_NN1 )_) ._. 
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<s>
And_CC they_PPHS2 are_VBR sometimes_RT successful_JJ -_- thanks_NN2 ,_, in_RR21 part_RR22 ,_, to_II a_AT1 certain_JJ flexibility_NN1 that_CST agents_NN2 have_VH0 in_II administering_VVG a_AT1 particular_JJ airline_NN1 policy_NN1 ,_, additional_JJ free_JJ service_NN1 ,_, priority_NN1 boarding_NN1 ,_, etc._RA (_( cf._VV0 Augmenting_VVG the_AT generic_JJ core_NN1 by_II domain-specific_JJ resources_NN2 generally_RR increases_VVZ the_AT quality_NN1 of_IO the_AT analyses_NN2 further_RRR ._. 
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<s>
In_II this_DD1 equation_NN1 ,_, time-on-taskij_JJ and_CC initialij_NN1 are_VBR continuous_JJ variables_NN2 added_VVD to_TO test_VVI their_APPGE relationships_NN2 with_IW the_AT average_JJ gain_NN1 score_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
It_PPH1 is_VBZ motivated_VVN by_II our_APPGE aims_NN2 to_II :_: (_( i_ZZ1 )_) clarify_VV0 the_AT role_NN1 of_IO situational_JJ factors_NN2 in_II linguistic_JJ variation_NN1 and_CC advance_VV0 our_APPGE understanding_NN1 of_IO the_AT nature_NN1 of_IO discourse-pragmatic_JJ variability_NN1 (_( see_VV0 Pichler_NP1 ,_, 2010_MC ,_, p._NN1 586_MC )_) ;_; (_( ii_MC )_) explore_VV0 new_JJ impact_NN1 strategies_NN2 for_IF variationist_NN1 research_NN1 that_CST ,_, if_CS developed_VVN in_II close_JJ collaboration_NN1 with_IW medical_JJ practitioners_NN2 ,_, may_VM benefit_VVI mental_JJ health_NN1 patients_NN2 (_( PTs_NN2 )_) of_IO different_JJ dialects_NN2 and_CC ages_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Although_CS past_JJ tense_JJ -ed_NN1 encodes_VVZ both_RR tense_JJ and_CC aspect_NN1 ,_, the_AT decision_NN1 was_VBDZ made_VVN on_II the_AT basis_NN1 of_IO tense_JJ ._. 
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There_EX were_VBDR three_MC levels_NN2 of_IO orthography-phonology_JJ regularity_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
But_CCB this_DD1 is_VBZ not_XX what_DDQ we_PPIS2 see_VV0 ,_, as_CSA illustrated_VVN in_II (_( 49b_FO )_) ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 same_DA mapping_NN1 appears_VVZ in_II a_AT1 number_NN1 of_IO other_JJ unmarked_JJ metaphoric_JJ expressions_NN2 ,_, such_II21 as_II22 "_" We_PPIS2 made_VVD eye_NN1 contact_NN1 "_" and_CC "_" He_PPHS1 couldn_VV0 '_NULL t_ZZ1 keep_VV0 his_APPGE eyes_NN2 off_II me_PPIO1 ._. "_" 
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<s>
The_AT following_JJ is_VBZ an_AT1 overview_NN1 of_IO each_DD1 of_IO the_AT theme_NN1 clusters_NN2 including_II example_NN1 comments_NN2 from_II each_DD1 ._. 
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<s>
As_CSA has_VHZ been_VBN seen_VVN ,_, the_AT Spanish-speaking_JJ lecturer_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 use_NN1 of_IO sight_NN1 metaphors_NN2 had_VHD more_RRR in_II31 common_II32 with_II33 that_DD1 of_IO the_AT Spanish-speaking_JJ students_NN2 than_CSN with_IW her_APPGE English-speaking_JJ counterparts_NN2 ._. 
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Then_RT ,_, in_II Section_NN1 3_MC ,_, I_PPIS1 examine_VV0 previous_JJ treatments_NN2 of_IO negation_NN1 within_II LFG_NP1 ._. 
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<s>
In_II some_DD ofmy_JJ instances_NN2 ,_, participants_NN2 did_VDD not_XX conform_VVI to_II the_AT question_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 constraint_NN1 and_CC did_VDD not_XX produce_VVI a_AT1 response_NN1 at_RR21 all_RR22 ._. 
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In_II contrast_NN1 P2_FO '_NULL s_ZZ1 improvements_NN2 in_II stuttering_VVG were_VBDR not_XX consistent_JJ with_IW his_APPGE LCB_NP1 scores_NN2 but_CCB were_VBDR consistent_JJ with_IW improvements_NN2 in_II SESAS_NN2 and_CC PSI_NN1 measures_NN2 and_CC his_APPGE perception_NN1 that_CST he_PPHS1 had_VHD more_DAR control_NN1 of_IO his_APPGE speech_NN1 ._. 
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Thus-as_CSA anticipated_VVN in_II the_AT above_II remarks-the_AT more_RGR local_JJ question_NN1 revolves_VVZ around_RP a_AT1 case_NN1 study_NN1 :_: the_AT analysis_NN1 of_IO '_NULL short_JJ '_NULL (_( or_CC fragment_NN1 )_) answers_VVZ to_II questions_NN2 ,_, as_CSA in_II the_AT dialogue_NN1 in_II 1_MC1 ._. 
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Antecedents_NN2 are_VBR reported_VVN to_TO fall_VVI into_II two_MC categories_NN2 :_: '_NULL local_JJ discourse_NN1 '_NULL and_CC '_NULL global_JJ discourse_NN1 '_NULL (_( Gray_NP1 2010_MC :_: 173-174_MCMC )_) ._. 
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Originally_RR ,_, this_DD1 facilitation_NN1 was_VBDZ attributed_VVN to_II spreading_JJ activation_NN1 throughout_II a_AT1 hierarchical_JJ semantic_JJ network_NN1 ,_, and_CC hence_RR was_VBDZ termed_VVN semantic_JJ priming_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
It_PPH1 seems_VVZ to_TO reflect_VVI societal_JJ expectations_NN2 that_CST men_NN2 should_VM possess_VVI the_AT formal_JJ on-stage_JJ roles_NN2 ._. 
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Podhajecka_NN1 shows_VVZ that_CST twenty-eight_MC Russian_JJ loanwords_NN2 are_VBR included_VVN in_II LDOCE3_FO and_CC may_VM be_VBI viewed_VVN as_CSA important_JJ elements_NN2 of_IO the_AT English_JJ lexicon_NN1 ,_, even_CS21 if_CS22 in_II some_DD cases_NN2 (_( such_II21 as_II22 pavlova_NN1 ,_, borscht_VV0 ,_, and_CC samovar_NN1 )_) ,_, their_APPGE frequency_NN1 in_II the_AT BNC_NP1 is_VBZ low_JJ ._. 
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In_II procedural_JJ terms_NN2 ,_, this_DD1 is_VBZ what_DDQ happens_VVZ ._. 
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<s>
Control_VV0 variables_NN2 that_CST had_VHD a_AT1 t-value_NN1 of_IO >1.5_FO were_VBDR retained_VVN in_II the_AT final_JJ model_NN1 ._. 
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In_II that_DD1 context_NN1 ,_, the_AT following_JJ is_VBZ OK_JJ ,_, on_II the_AT epistemic_JJ reading_NN1 of_IO might_NN1 :_: Similarly_RR ,_, the_AT person_NN1 taking_VVG the_AT exam_NN1 can_VM start_VVI her_APPGE answer_NN1 to_II that_DD1 problem_NN1 with_IW the_AT following_JJ :_: Thus_RR in_II contexts_NN2 where_RRQ Practical_JJ Contextualism_NN1 predicts_VVZ that_CST we_PPIS2 should_VM find_VVI epistemic_JJ might_NN1 ,_, we_PPIS2 indeed_RR find_VV0 it_PPH1 ,_, and_CC the_AT meaning_NN1 our_APPGE theory_NN1 assigns_VVZ to_II it_PPH1 matches_VVZ the_AT observed_JJ meaning_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
In_II more_RGR pragmatically_RR based_VVN approaches_NN2 ,_, pronouns_NN2 are_VBR viewed_VVN as_CSA independent_JJ of_IO antecedents_NN2 (_( '_NULL pragmatic/independent_JJ '_NULL pronouns_NN2 in_II Newman_NP1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 (_( 1997:69_MC )_) terms_NN2 )_) ._. 
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In_II summary_NN1 ,_, while_CS we_PPIS2 tend_VV0 not_XX to_TO be_VBI consciously_RR aware_JJ of_IO continuity_NN1 edits_VVZ ,_, perhaps_RR because_CS they_PPHS2 take_VV0 advantage_NN1 of_IO our_APPGE own_DA natural_JJ event_NN1 segmentation_NN1 ,_, we_PPIS2 do_VD0 perceive_VVI them_PPHO2 ._. 
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EM_FU has_VHZ the_AT least_RGT so_RR ,_, IM_NP1 has_VHZ more_DAR ,_, and_CC SMS_NP1 the_AT most_RRT ._. 
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<s>
In_II contrast_NN1 with_IW native_JJ constructions_NN2 ,_, learners_NN2 '_NULL constructions_NN2 include_VV0 state_NN1 verbs_NN2 ,_, occur_VV0 in_II negated_JJ grammatical_JJ contexts_NN2 and_CC include_VV0 lexical_JJ verbs_NN2 denoting_VVG abstract_JJ processes_NN2 and_CC actions_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT HPG_NP1 achieved_VVD reliably_RR higher_JJR d_ZZ1 across_II conditions_NN2 (_( M_ZZ1 =_FO 2.57_MC )_) than_CSN the_AT LPG_NP1 (_( M_ZZ1 =_FO 1.46_MC )_) ,_, F_ZZ1 (_( 1_MC1 ,_, 22_MC )_) =_FO 19.24_MC ,_, p_ZZ1 <_FO .001_MC ,_, ._. 
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<s>
Finally_RR ,_, with_II31 regard_II32 to_II33 alignment_NN1 Du_FW Bois_NP1 writes_VVZ ,_, "_" alignment_NN1 can_VM be_VBI defined_VVN provisionally_RR as_CSA the_AT act_NN1 of_IO calibrating_VVG the_AT relationship_NN1 between_II two_MC stances_NN2 ,_, and_CC by_II implication_NN1 between_II two_MC stancetakers_NN2 "_" (_( p._NNU 144_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT contribution_NN1 of_IO other_JJ factors_NN2 that_CST could_VM potentially_RR have_VHI an_AT1 influence_NN1 over_II performance_NN1 can_VM not_XX be_VBI appraised_VVN ._. 
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<s>
And_CC '_NULL dance_NN1 ,_, '_NULL not_XX previously_RR seen_VVN as_II part_NN1 of_IO the_AT set_NN1 of_IO core_NN1 factors_NN2 ,_, is_VBZ repeatedly_RR invoked_VVN as_CSA relevant_JJ to_II understanding_VVG linguistic_JJ variation_NN1 in_II Yup_UH '_NULL ik_NN1 (_( Ch._NN1 17_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
It_PPH1 is_VBZ not_XX permitted_VVN that_CST there_EX are_VBR some_DD employees_NN2 that_CST the_AT company_NN1 fires_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 is_VBZ not_XX proposed_VVN as_CSA M2_FO '_NULL s_ZZ1 personal_JJ choice_NN1 of_IO solution_NN1 ,_, however_RR ._. 
</s>
<s>
For_IF JD_NP1 ,_, the_AT use_NN1 of_IO physical_JJ artifacts_NN2 to_TO enact_VVI an_AT1 authoritative_JJ stance_NN1 underscores_VVZ his_APPGE identity_NN1 as_II an_AT1 objective_JJ evaluator_NN1 ,_, both_DB2 of_IO his_APPGE Ashe_NN1 County_NN1 community_NN1 and_CC of_IO depictions_NN2 of_IO historical_JJ events_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
On_II the_AT one_MC1 hand_NN1 ,_, default_NN1 accounts_NN2 (_( e.g._REX Levinson_NP1 ,_, 2000_MC ;_; Chierchia_NP1 ,_, 2004_MC )_) conceive_VV0 of_IO scalar_JJ inferences_NN2 as_CSA default_NN1 inferences_NN2 ,_, which_DDQ are_VBR lexically_RR associated_VVN but_CCB defeasible_JJ if_CS contextually_RR inappropriate_JJ ._. 
</s>
<s>
Second_MD ,_, it_PPH1 highlights_VVZ the_AT way_NN1 in_II which_DDQ Zac_NP1 waits_VVZ and_CC persists_VVZ with_IW his_APPGE contribution_NN1 until_CS it_PPH1 is_VBZ heard_VVN in_II the_AT clear_JJ (_( line_NN1 17_MC )_) and_CC responded_VVD to_II ,_, as_CSA was_VBDZ also_RR the_AT case_NN1 in_II Extracts_NN2 1_MC1 and_CC 2_MC ._. 
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The_AT analytical_JJ question_NN1 explored_VVN about_II such_DA variation_NN1 in_II the_AT literature_NN1 is_VBZ what_DDQ aspects_NN2 of_IO grammar_NN1 are_VBR responsible_JJ for_IF it_PPH1 ._. 
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Because_CS our_APPGE parser_NN1 already_RR produces_VVZ k_ZZ1 most_RGT probable_JJ DTs_NP1 ,_, developing_VVG a_AT1 reranker_NN1 based_VVN on_II discourse_NN1 tree_NN1 kernels_NN2 is_VBZ very_RG much_DA1 within_II our_APPGE reach_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT remaining_JJ tasks_NN2 for_IF the_AT L2_FO group_NN1 were_VBDR the_AT cognitive_JJ control_NN1 tasks_NN2 ,_, Dutch_JJ proficiency_NN1 tasks_NN2 (_( including_II the_AT picture_NN1 naming_NN1 task_NN1 )_) ,_, and_CC general_JJ debriefing_NN1 and_CC were_VBDR administered_VVN in_II Dutch_JJ ._. 
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What_DDQ if_CS stimulation_NN1 was_VBDZ to_TO selectively_RR affect_VVI HVIIa_NP1 Crus_NP1 I/II_FU ,_, which_DDQ communicates_VVZ with_IW the_AT contralateral_JJ dorsolateral_JJ prefrontal_JJ cortex_NN1 (_( Kelly_NP1 &amp;_CC Strick_NP1 ,_, 2003_MC )_) ?_? 
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The_AT text_NN1 is_VBZ divided_VVN into_II 71_MC sections_NN2 ,_, called_VVN fitts_NN2 ._. 
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In_II these_DD2 cases_NN2 ,_, the_AT presupposition_NN1 of_IO only_RR does_VDZ not_XX conflict_VVI with_IW the_AT proposition_NN1 that_CST there_EX is_VBZ exactly_RR one_MC1 P._NP1 The_AT presupposition_NN1 of_IO only_JJ is_VBZ the_AT predication_NN1 of_IO P_ZZ1 upon_II the_AT object_NN1 of_IO the_AT verb_NN1 (_( '_NULL him_PPHO1 '_NULL )_) ._. 
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I_PPIS1 will_VM show_VVI that_CST all_DB of_IO these_DD2 features_NN2 are_VBR associated_VVN with_IW exaggeration_NN1 in_II their_APPGE own_DA right_NN1 ._. 
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Our_APPGE system_NN1 reifies_VVZ forces_NN2 ,_, not_XX changes_NN2 ;_; Maienborn_NP1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 ,_, and_CC other_JJ event-based_JJ treatments_NN2 ,_, reify_VV0 changes_NN2 ,_, not_XX forces_NN2 ._. 
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In_II the_AT second_MD analysis_NN1 set_NN1 ,_, a_AT1 comparison_NN1 was_VBDZ conducted_VVN among_II students_NN2 receiving_VVG CALL_NN1 intervention_NN1 (_( with_IW Treatment_NN1 A_ZZ1 and_CC Treatment_NN1 B_ZZ1 combined_JJ )_) and_CC Control_NN1 instruction_NN1 with_IW a_AT1 similar_JJ plan_NN1 to_II that_DD1 presented_VVD in_II the_AT first_MD set_NN1 of_IO analysis_NN1 ._. 
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This_DD1 also_RR shows_VVZ that_CST the_AT '_NULL sociolinguistic_JJ market_NN1 '_NULL for_IF the_AT multilingual_JJ interviewees_NN2 does_VDZ not_XX revolve_VVI around_RP a_AT1 single_JJ normative_JJ centre_NN1 but_CCB that_CST it_PPH1 is_VBZ made_VVN of_IO several_DA2 different_JJ sociolinguistic_JJ spaces_NN2 with_IW their_APPGE own_DA norms_NN2 of_IO competence_NN1 and_CC belonging_VVG ._. 
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Following_VVG this_DD1 trend_NN1 ,_, the_AT current_JJ article_NN1 adopts_VVZ a_AT1 '_NULL narratives-in-context_NN2 '_NULL perspective_NN1 (_( De_NP1 Fina_NP1 &amp;_CC Georgakopoulou_NP1 2008_MC )_) in_II viewing_VVG narrative_NN1 as_II a_AT1 social_JJ act_NN1 that_CST can_VM not_XX be_VBI extracted_VVN from_II its_APPGE surrounding_JJ discourse_NN1 activity_NN1 ._. 
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Example_NN1 (_( 7_MC )_) could_VM be_VBI metaphoric_JJ or_CC non-metaphoric_JJ depending_II21 on_II22 the_AT surrounding_JJ context_NN1 (_( making_VVG it_PPH1 a_AT1 saturated_JJ metaphoric_JJ utterance_NN1 ;_; cf._VV0 One_MC1 idea_NN1 for_IF the_AT origin_NN1 of_IO this_DD1 bias_NN1 is_VBZ that_CST the_AT learner_NN1 develops_VVZ an_AT1 overhypothesis_NN1 (_( Kemp_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
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<s>
2007_MC )_) about_II how_RRQ pronouns_NN2 are_VBR used_VVN ,_, with_IW one_PN1 being_VBG one_MC1 specific_JJ instantiation_NN1 and_CC other_JJ pronouns_NN2 being_VBG other_JJ related_JJ instantiations_NN2 of_IO that_DD1 overhypothesis_NN1 ._. 
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It_PPH1 follows_VVZ that_CST a_AT1 phonotactic_JJ constraint_NN1 placed_VVN beyond_II the_AT uniqueness_NN1 point_NN1 implies_VVZ a_AT1 loss_NN1 of_IO dispensable_JJ phonological_JJ contrasts_NN2 ._. 
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The_AT A-movement_NN1 facts_NN2 pose_VV0 a_AT1 problem_NN1 for_IF the_AT copy_NN1 theory_NN1 of_IO movement_NN1 ._. 
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Broadly_RR ,_, this_DD1 three-way_JJ categorization_NN1 classifies_VVZ judgments_NN2 into_II '_NULL obvious_JJ '_NULL (_( Marantz_NP1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 first_MD two_MC classes_NN2 )_) and_CC '_NULL nonobvious_JJ '_NULL judgments_NN2 (_( the_AT third_MD class_NN1 )_) ._. 
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Second_MD ,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ possible_JJ that_CST an_AT1 effect_NN1 might_VM be_VBI significant_JJ and_CC in_II the_AT same_DA direction_NN1 in_II both_DB2 types_NN2 of_IO speech_NN1 ,_, but_CCB be_VBI much_RR stronger_JJR in_II one_MC1 type_NN1 of_IO speech_NN1 ._. 
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Information_NN1 obtained_VVN from_II a_AT1 background_NN1 questionnaire_NN1 showed_VVD that_CST the_AT majority_NN1 of_IO participants_NN2 spoke_VVD English_JJ as_CSA their_APPGE first_MD language_NN1 (_( L1_FO )_) ._. 
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<s>
Summing_VVG up_RP ,_, hyperbole_NN1 is_VBZ a_AT1 trope_NN1 which_DDQ involves_VVZ deliberate_JJ and_CC overt_JJ exaggeration_NN1 (_( along_II a_AT1 particular_JJ scale_NN1 )_) ,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ flexible_JJ with_II31 regard_II32 to_II33 how_RRQ it_PPH1 can_VM be_VBI expressed_VVN (_( allowing_VVG for_IF degrees_NN2 of_IO exaggeration_NN1 )_) and_CC it_PPH1 is_VBZ capable_JJ of_IO combining_VVG with_IW a_AT1 range_NN1 of_IO other_JJ tropes_NN2 ._. 
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Dowty_NN1 1979_MC ;_; Kamp_NP1 &amp;_CC Rossdeutscher_NP1 1994_MC ;_; von_NP1 Stechow_NP1 1996_MC ;_; Jger_NP1 &amp;_CC Blutner_NP1 2000_MC ;_; Fabricius-Hansen_NP1 2001_MC ;_; Beck_NP1 &amp;_CC Johnson_NP1 2004_MC ;_; Beck_NP1 2005_MC )_) ._. 
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By_II virtue_NN1 of_IO their_APPGE direct_JJ experience_NN1 with_IW immigration_NN1 issues_NN2 ,_, Hope_NP1 and_CC Maria_NP1 are_VBR positioned_VVN as_CSA possessing_VVG relevant_JJ knowledge_NN1 and_CC having_VHG the_AT right_NN1 (_( and_CC perhaps_RR some_DD obligation_NN1 )_) to_TO share_VVI stories_NN2 ,_, answer_VV0 questions_NN2 ,_, and_CC confirm_VV0 or_CC deny_VV0 information_NN1 offered_VVN by_II others_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
We_PPIS2 begin_VV0 with_IW an_AT1 empty_JJ graph_NN1 and_CC first_MD sort_NN1 all_DB pairs_NN2 of_IO predicates_NN2 (_( i_ZZ1 ,_, j_ZZ1 )_) for_IF which_DDQ wij_VV0 >_FO 0_MC ,_, according_II21 to_II22 their_APPGE weight_NN1 w_ZZ1 ._. 
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One_MC1 way_NN1 in_II which_DDQ it_PPH1 differs_VVZ from_II that_DD1 of_IO Kramer_NP1 and_CC Rawlins_NP1 (_( 2009_MC )_) is_VBZ that_CST it_PPH1 requires_VVZ the_AT prejacent_JJ of_IO yes_UH to_TO be_VBI positive_JJ ._. 
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<s>
But_CCB there_EX are_VBR also_RR non-canonical_JJ instances_NN2 involving_VVG particular_JJ controllers_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
And_CC as_CSA we_PPIS2 see_VV0 in_II the_AT following_JJ ,_, both_RR need-_JJ and_CC want-declaratives_NN2 are_VBR routinely_RR treated_VVN by_II the_AT shoetenders_NN2 as_CSA requests_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Each_DD1 pseudo-verb_NN1 (_( n_ZZ1 =_FO 36_MC )_) was_VBDZ constructed_VVN by_II substituting_VVG the_AT two_MC or_CC three_MC first_MD phonemes_NN2 of_IO its_APPGE corresponding_JJ verb_NN1 ._. 
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Unlike_II the_AT Islam_NN1 files_NN2 which_DDQ mainly_RR contain_VV0 a_AT1 set_NN1 of_IO shared_JJ keywords_NN2 related_VVN to_II Tony_NP1 Blair_NP1 ,_, the_AT Muslim_JJ Brotherhood_NN1 ,_, Syria_NP1 ,_, and_CC Assad_NP1 ,_, the_AT football_NN1 files_NN2 have_VH0 fewer_DAR keywords_NN2 and_CC fewer_DAR shared_JJ keywords_NN2 too_RR ,_, indicating_VVG that_CST they_PPHS2 are_VBR more_RGR lexically_RR diverse_JJ than_CSN perhaps_RR expected_VVN ._. 
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<s>
Consistency_NN1 of_IO input_NN1 has_VHZ been_VBN argued_VVN to_TO be_VBI important_JJ ,_, but_CCB in_II fact_NN1 children_NN2 can_VM learn_VVI to_TO replicate_VVI inconsistent_JJ and_CC variable_JJ input_NN1 ,_, as_CSA Kurmanji_JJ Kurdish_JJ children_NN2 do_VD0 (_( see_VV0 above_RL )_) ._. 
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Little_DA1 is_VBZ known_VVN about_II the_AT depth_NN1 to_II which_DDQ audiences_NN2 process_VV0 figurative_JJ information_NN1 when_CS it_PPH1 appears_VVZ in_II multimodal_JJ format_NN1 in_II advertisements_NN2 or_CC about_II how_RGQ long_RR it_PPH1 takes_VVZ them_PPHO2 to_TO do_VDI so_RR ._. 
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<s>
Be_VB0 it_PPH1 as_CSA it_PPH1 may_VM ,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ important_JJ to_TO emphasise_VVI that_CST the_AT "_" functional_JJ category_NN1 "_" in_II the_AT explication_NN1 of_IO spoon_NN1 developed_VVN here_RL is_VBZ formulated_VVN as_II a_AT1 prototype_NN1 ,_, not_XX a_AT1 necessary_JJ condition_NN1 :_: often_RR ,_, someone_PN1 eats_VVZ something_PN1 with_IW a_AT1 '_NULL spoon_NN1 '_NULL when_CS this_DD1 something_PN1 is_VBZ hot_JJ and_CC semi-liquid_NN1 ._. 
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Hesperus_NN1 for_IF "_" Hesperus_NN1 "_" in_II that_DD1 sentence_NN1 salvaveritate_NN1 ._. 
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Core_NN1 members_NN2 commonly_RR reassure_VV0 new_JJ members_NN2 that_CST life_NN1 would_VM return_VVI to_II '_NULL normal_JJ '_NULL ._. 
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This_DD1 is_VBZ not_XX the_AT result_NN1 I_PPIS1 expected_VVD ,_, and_CC it_PPH1 is_VBZ not_XX the_AT result_NN1 that_CST a_AT1 traditional_JJ typologist_NN1 would_VM have_VHI wished_VVN for_IF ._. 
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<s>
Rather_RR ,_, the_AT time_NNT1 of_IO the_AT embedded_JJ clause_NN1 is_VBZ bound_VVN to_II that_DD1 of_IO the_AT matrix_NN1 clause_NN1 ._. 
</s>
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It_PPH1 is_VBZ more_RGR important_JJ from_II this_DD1 perspective_NN1 for_IF American_JJ and_CC Canadian_JJ to_TO bear_VVI strong_JJ prominence_NN1 ,_, since_CS they_PPHS2 are_VBR not_XX reconstructible_JJ in_II the_AT same_DA way_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Extracts_NN2 from_II Yule_NP1 and_CC Burnell_NP1 are_VBR cited_VVN for_IF both_DB2 editions_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 general_JJ schema_NN1 may_VM be_VBI instantiated_VVN by_II different_JJ more_RGR specific_JJ values_NN2 in_II different_JJ lexico-grammatical_JJ and_CC discourse_NN1 contexts_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT morphemes_NN2 in_II Cluster_NN1 1_MC1 marked_JJ higher_JJR TLU_NN1 scores_NN2 than_CSN those_DD2 in_II Cluster_NN1 2_MC ,_, which_DDQ in_II turn_NN1 scored_VVD higher_JJR than_CSN those_DD2 in_II Cluster_NN1 3_MC ,_, and_RR31 so_RR32 forth_RR33 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT analysis_NN1 presented_VVD here_RL can_VM be_VBI seen_VVN to_TO extend_VVI from_II that_DD1 of_IO Broth_NN1 and_CC Mondada_NP1 (_( 2013_MC )_) ,_, who_PNQS show_VV0 how_RRQ '_NULL walking_NN1 away_RL '_NULL is_VBZ an_AT1 important_JJ element_NN1 of_IO turn_NN1 construction_NN1 and_CC action_NN1 frame_NN1 transition_NN1 ._. 
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It_PPH1 should_VM be_VBI kept_VVN in_II mind_NN1 that_CST with_IW our_APPGE conservative_JJ definition_NN1 of_IO marked_JJ features_NN2 the_AT majority_NN1 of_IO utterances_NN2 were_VBDR categorised_VVN as_CSA ambiguous_JJ or_CC unmarked_JJ with_II31 respect_II32 to_II33 each_DD1 acoustic_JJ feature_NN1 ,_, so_CS the_AT maximum_JJ observed_JJ value_NN1 was_VBDZ only_RR 1.75_MC ._. 
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The_AT only_JJ difference_NN1 is_VBZ that_CST the_AT intended_JJ object_NN1 O_ZZ1 is_VBZ no_RR21 longer_RR22 an_AT1 observed_JJ variable-instead_RR ,_, the_AT child_NN1 infers_VVZ the_AT intended_JJ object_NN1 from_II the_AT information_NN1 available_JJ and_CC looks_VVZ to_II one_MC1 of_IO the_AT two_MC objects_NN2 present_NN1 ._. 
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However_RR ,_, they_PPHS2 also_RR show_VV0 that_CST different_JJ corpora_NN2 correlate_VV0 differently_RR with_IW knowledge_NN1 in_II different_JJ groups_NN2 of_IO learners_NN2 ._. 
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It_PPH1 then_RT becomes_VVZ a_AT1 question_NN1 of_IO whether_CSW a_AT1 completely_RR tenseless_JJ analysis_NN1 (_( i.e._REX ,_, one_PN1 lacking_VVG T_ZZ1 at_RR21 all_RR22 )_) for_IF morphologically_RR tenseless_JJ clauses_NN2 in_II Washo_NP1 is_VBZ overall_RR more_RGR parsimonious_JJ than_CSN the_AT one_PN1 I_PPIS1 am_VBM pursuing_VVG ._. 
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This_DD1 apology_NN1 is_VBZ also_RR distinctive_JJ for_IF the_AT ways_NN2 it_PPH1 acknowledges_VVZ the_AT work_NN1 of_IO members_NN2 of_IO Parliament_NN1 ,_, from_II both_DB2 the_AT ruling_JJ Liberal_JJ party_NN1 and_CC the_AT opposition_NN1 ,_, as_II31 well_II32 as_II33 community_NN1 activists_NN2 ,_, before_II flagging_VVG the_AT apology_NN1 that_CST will_VM follow_VVI ._. 
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Research_NN1 into_II subjective_JJ frequency_NN1 estimates_NN2 dates_VVZ back_RP to_II the_AT 1960s_MC2 and_CC 1970s_MC2 ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 may_VM have_VHI encouraged_VVN the_AT Lagos_NP1 DJ_NN1 Ron_NP1 "_" Ronnie_NP1 "_" Ekundayo_NP1 to_TO try_VVI his_APPGE hand_NN1 on_II rap_NN1 in_II 1981_MC with_IW the_AT recording_NN1 of_IO "_" The_AT Way_NN1 I_PPIS1 feel_VV0 "_" which_DDQ eventually_RR became_VVD the_AT "_" first_MD rap_NN1 record_NN1 in_II Nigeria_NP1 (_( and_CC ,_, very_RG possibly_RR ,_, in_II Africa_NP1 )_) "_" It_PPH1 is_VBZ extraordinary_JJ ,_, then_RT ,_, that_DD1 social_JJ anxiety_NN1 disorder_NN1 involving_VVG fear_NN1 of_IO negative_JJ evaluation_NN1 in_II social_JJ situations_NN2 is_VBZ consistently_RR identified_VVN in_II up_RG21 to_RG22 66%_NNU of_IO adults_NN2 who_PNQS stutter_VV0 but_CCB that_DD1 research_NN1 to_II date_NN1 ,_, including_II the_AT present_JJ study_NN1 ,_, has_VHZ failed_VVN to_TO find_VVI consistent_JJ evidence_NN1 of_IO this_DD1 anxiety_NN1 developing_VVG prior_II21 to_II22 adulthood_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Fictional_JJ characters_NN2 like_II Sherlock_NP1 Holmes_NP1 are_VBR sometimes_RT argued_VVN to_TO exist_VVI in_II some_DD sense_NN1 despite_II not_XX being_VBG '_NULL actual_JJ '_NULL or_CC '_NULL concrete_NN1 '_NULL (_( see_VV0 Nelson_NP1 2012_MC for_IF an_AT1 overview_NN1 )_) ._. 
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<s>
We_PPIS2 suggest_VV0 that_CST conveying_VVG this_DD1 element_NN1 of_IO evaluation_NN1 is_VBZ part_NN1 of_IO what_DDQ the_AT speaker_NN1 intends_VVZ to_TO communicate_VVI with_IW her_APPGE hyperbole_NN1 -_- it_PPH1 is_VBZ the_AT crucial_JJ interpretive_JJ effect_NN1 of_IO hyperbole_NN1 (_( additional_JJ to_II the_AT adjusted_JJ propositional_JJ content_NN1 )_) alluded_VVD to_II in_II Section_NN1 2_MC ._. 
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As_II the_AT division_NN1 between_II emotion_NN1 and_CC emotion-laden_JJ words_NN2 has_VHZ been_VBN viewed_VVN as_CSA controversial_JJ by_II ,_, for_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, Kousta_NP1 and_CC colleagues_NN2 ,_, the_AT current_JJ study_NN1 attempted_VVD a_AT1 replication_NN1 and_CC extension_NN1 of_IO findings_NN2 previously_RR described_VVN by_II Kazanas_NP2 and_CC Altarriba_NP1 ._. 
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Moreover_RR ,_, future_JJ work_NN1 may_VM uncover_VVI accommodation_NN1 strategy_NN1 use_NN1 differences_NN2 along_II ethnic_JJ ,_, socioeconomic_JJ ,_, geographic_JJ ,_, educational_JJ ,_, and/or_CC relationship_NN1 status_NN1 dimensions_NN2 ,_, as_II31 well_II32 as_II33 examine_VV0 how_RRQ younger_JJR men_NN2 '_NULL s_ZZ1 divergent_JJ and_CC convergent_JJ behaviors_NN2 are_VBR received_VVN by_II midlife_NN1 men_NN2 ._. 
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One_PN1 wonders_VVZ though_CS if_CS a_AT1 few_DA2 salient_JJ occurrences_NN2 in_II a_AT1 handful_NN1 of_IO relatively_RR unknown_JJ movies_NN2 can_VM outweigh_VVI the_AT likely_JJ far_RG more_RGR numerous_JJ "_" neutral_JJ "_" occurrences_NN2 in_II a_AT1 wide_JJ range_NN1 of_IO spoken_JJ media_NN ,_, such_II21 as_II22 sitcoms_NN2 and_CC informal_JJ entertainment_NN1 networks_NN2 ,_, to_II which_DDQ speakers_NN2 are_VBR continuously_RR exposed_VVN (_( or_CC were_VBDR ,_, before_CS digital_JJ media_NN became_VVD pervasive_JJ )_) ._. 
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For_IF the_AT relationship_NN1 between_II speech_NN1 and_CC spontaneous_JJ gestures_NN2 ,_, if_CS spatial_JJ language_NN1 and_CC spatial_JJ gestures_NN2 share_VV0 tightly_RR intertwined_JJ neural_JJ networks_NN2 ,_, deficits_NN2 in_II the_AT use_NN1 of_IO spatial_JJ prepositions_NN2 and_CC verbs_NN2 should_VM lead_VVI to_II deficits_NN2 in_II the_AT use_NN1 of_IO gestures_NN2 depicting_VVG path_NN1 and_CC manner_NN1 of_IO motion_NN1 ,_, respectively_RR ._. 
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We_PPIS2 evaluate_VV0 classification_NN1 via_II receiver_NN1 operating_NN1 characteristic_NN1 (_( ROC_NP1 )_) curves_NN2 ,_, which_DDQ have_VH0 long_RR been_VBN widely_RR used_VVN to_TO evaluate_VVI diagnostic_JJ tests_NN2 (_( Zweig_NP1 and_CC Campbell_NP1 1993_MC ;_; Faraggi_NP1 and_CC Reiser_NP1 2002_MC ;_; Fan_VV0 ,_, Upadhye_NP1 ,_, and_CC Worster_NP1 2006_MC )_) and_CC are_VBR also_RR increasingly_RR used_VVN in_II machine_NN1 learning_VVG to_TO evaluate_VVI classifiers_NN2 in_II ranking_VVG scenarios_NN2 (_( Cortes_NP1 ,_, Mohri_NP1 ,_, and_CC Rastogi_NP1 2007_MC ;_; Ridgway_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
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2014_MC )_) ._. 
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Each_DD1 subject_NN1 was_VBDZ assigned_VVN a_AT1 random_JJ set_NN1 of_IO twenty_MC messages_NN2 out_II21 of_II22 the_AT total_NN1 of_IO 787_MC messages_NN2 ._. 
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Just_RR over_RG 50%_NNU of_IO these_DD2 nouns_NN2 are_VBR followed_VVN by_II the_AT postnominal_JJ modifier_NN1 wa_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ marks_VVZ a_AT1 noun_NN1 as_CSA given_VVN information_NN1 and_CC as_RG identifiable_JJ by_II the_AT addressee_NN1 ,_, as_CSA in_II 64-66_MCMC and_CC 69_MC above_RL ,_, and_CC in_II IU_NP1 87_MC of_IO 75_MC ._. 
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Billings_NN2 convincingly_RR argues_VVZ that_DD1 AIDS_NN1 '_NULL functioned_VVD here_RL as_II a_AT1 register_NN1 shibboleth_VVZ '_NULL (_( p._NNU 107_MC )_) ._. 
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If_CS the_AT parser_NN1 is_VBZ biased_VVN towards_II the_AT incorrect_JJ interpretation_NN1 ,_, the_AT later_JJR the_AT disambiguating_JJ information_NN1 comes_VVZ in_RP ,_, the_AT more_DAR work_NN1 needed_VVD to_TO shift_VVI the_AT competition_NN1 in_II31 favor_II32 of_II33 the_AT alternative_JJ meaning_NN1 ,_, and_CC the_AT greater_JJR the_AT VLPFC_NP1 activation_NN1 ._. 
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ANOVA_NP1 results_NN2 are_VBR shown_VVN in_II Table_NN1 1_MC1 ,_, while_CS Figs._NN2 4_MC and_CC 5_MC display_NN1 ROI_NN1 locations_NN2 on_II a_AT1 rendered_VVN 3D_NNU brain_NN1 ,_, plus_II graphs_NN2 displaying_VVG mean_JJ percentage_NN1 signal_NN1 change_NN1 for_IF each_DD1 condition_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT younger_JJR student_NN1 dyads_NN2 ,_, compared_VVN with_IW the_AT older_JJR dyads_NN2 ,_, worked_VVD less_RGR collaboratively_RR in_RR21 general_RR22 ,_, had_VHD a_AT1 harder_JJR time_NNT1 developing_VVG mutual_JJ topics_NN2 and_CC taking_VVG the_AT partners_NN2 '_NULL perspectives_NN2 ,_, and_CC showed_VVD more_RGR formulaic_JJ turn-taking_NN1 patterns_NN2 ._. 
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However_RR ,_, thematic_JJ priming_NN1 has_VHZ been_VBN shown_VVN to_TO persist_VVI even_CS21 when_CS22 potential_JJ confounds_NN2 with_IW animacy_NN1 are_VBR controlled_VVN (_( i.e._REX ,_, when_CS the_AT Recipient_NN1 and_CC Theme_NN1 are_VBR matched_VVN with_II31 respect_II32 to_II33 animacy_NN1 )_) (_( Khne_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2014_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
As_CSA has_VHZ been_VBN shown_VVN elsewhere_RL (_( Sert_NP1 ,_, 2013b_FO ,_, 2015_MC )_) withdrawals_NN2 of_IO mutual_JJ gaze_NN1 and_CC gaze_NN1 aversions_NN2 ,_, very_RG long_RR silences_VVZ ,_, minimal_JJ contributions_NN2 and_CC quiet_JJ talk_NN1 from_II the_AT student_NN1 ,_, embodied_VVD efforts_NN2 from_II the_AT teacher_NN1 to_TO obtain_VVI gaze_NN1 and_CC receive_VVI a_AT1 response_NN1 ,_, and_CC CIKs_NN2 as_II31 well_II32 as_II33 ESCs_NN2 may_VM altogether_RR or_CC in_II combinations_NN2 indicate_VV0 unwillingness_NN1 to_TO participate_VVI in_II classroom_NN1 interaction_NN1 ._. 
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Of_RR21 course_RR22 ,_, it_PPH1 may_VM turn_VVI out_RP that_DD1 quantifier_NN1 intervention_NN1 and_CC focus_VVI intervention_NN1 are_VBR indeed_RR the_AT same_DA phenomenon_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT core_NN1 symptoms_NN2 of_IO LLI_NN2 manifest_VV0 differently_RR ,_, based_VVN on_II the_AT child_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 age_NN1 or_CC developmental_JJ stage_NN1 as_II31 well_II32 as_II33 the_AT features_NN2 of_IO the_AT language_NN1 being_VBG learned_VVN ._. 
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Note_VV0 that_CST this_DD1 modification_NN1 to_II the_AT analysis_NN1 makes_VVZ a_AT1 broader_JJR prediction_NN1 :_: all_DB movement_NN1 of_IO wh-_JJ phrases_NN2 (_( and_CC other_JJ elements_NN2 in_II the_AT same_DA category_NN1 )_) ,_, not_XX only_JJ A-extractions_NN2 to_II A-positions_NN2 ,_, should_VM exhibit_VVI reconstruction_NN1 effects_NN2 ._. 
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Besides_II this_DD1 ,_, its_APPGE long_JJ list_NN1 of_IO abbreviations_NN2 does_VDZ not_XX contain_VVI specifically_RR Zimbabwean_JJ abbreviations_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 ZIMSEC_NP1 (_( Zimbabwe_NP1 School_NN1 Examination_NN1 Council_NN1 )_) ,_, ZRP_NP1 (_( Zimbabwe_NP1 Republic_NN1 Police_NN2 )_) ,_, ZAPU_NP1 (_( Zimbabwe_NP1 African_JJ People_NN '_NULL s_ZZ1 Union_NP1 )_) ,_, ZANU_NP1 PF_NP1 (_( Zimbabwe_NP1 African_JJ National_JJ Union_NN1 Patriotic_JJ Front_NN1 )_) ,_, etc._RA ,_, which_DDQ the_AT dictionary_NN1 users_NN2 may_VM encounter_VVI in_II their_APPGE various_JJ school_NN1 subjects_NN2 ._. 
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In_II a_AT1 story_NN1 like_II Doggy_NN1 picked_VVD apples_NN2 with_IW Birdy_NP1 ..._... ,_, the_AT story_NN1 itself_PPX1 only_RR provides_VVZ partial_JJ information_NN1 about_II who_PNQS the_AT discourse_NN1 focus_NN1 is_VBZ ._. 
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<s>
White_JJ matter_NN1 FA_NP1 values_NN2 are_VBR thought_VVN to_TO be_VBI influenced_VVN by_II characteristics_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 axonal_JJ density_NN1 ,_, degree_NN1 of_IO myelination_NN1 ,_, and_CC geometrical_JJ fiber_NN1 arrangement_NN1 (_( Assaf_NP1 &amp;_CC Pasternak_NP1 ,_, 2008_MC )_) ._. 
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After_II six_MC months_NNT2 in_II the_AT USA_NP1 ,_, she_PPHS1 returned_VVD to_II Japan_NP1 for_IF approximately_RR one_MC1 year_NNT1 ,_, after_II which_DDQ she_PPHS1 returned_VVD to_II the_AT USA_NP1 where_RRQ she_PPHS1 resided_VVD for_IF the_AT last_MD two_MC and_CC one-half_MF years_NNT2 ._. 
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All_DB of_IO these_DD2 elements_NN2 are_VBR ,_, of_RR21 course_RR22 ,_, erased_VVN in_II the_AT published_JJ versions_NN2 of_IO the_AT text_NN1 ,_, leaving_VVG referential_JJ meanings_NN2 as_II the_AT only_JJ clue_NN1 to_II the_AT social_JJ origins_NN2 of_IO the_AT letter_NN1 ._. 
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If_CS this_DD1 RCC_NP1 meets_VVZ the_AT double_JJ criteria_NN2 of_IO translational_JJ equivalence_NN1 and_CC proximity_NN1 to_II the_AT register_NN1 of_IO the_AT research_NN1 corpus_NN1 ,_, the_AT extraction_NN1 of_IO key_JJ words_NN2 can_VM be_VBI checked_VVN for_IF robustness_NN1 against_II the_AT choice_NN1 of_IO reference_NN1 corpus_NN1 of_IO standard_JJ language_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT second_MD theory_NN1 that_CST we_PPIS2 will_VM consider_VVI is_VBZ intended_VVN to_TO capture_VVI the_AT insights_NN2 and_CC predictions_NN2 of_IO the_AT account_NN1 proposed_VVN by_II Schwarzschild_NP1 (_( 2008_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
It_PPH1 is_VBZ these_DD2 and_CC related_JJ questions_NN2 that_CST were_VBDR sought_VVN for_IF examination_NN1 ,_, if_CS only_RR briefly_RR ,_, in_II this_DD1 review_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Cue_NN1 strength_NN1 is_VBZ a_AT1 property_NN1 of_IO an_AT1 individual_JJ listener_NN1 (_( in_II our_APPGE case_NN1 ,_, a_AT1 child_NN1 )_) ,_, with_IW cue_NN1 strength_NN1 increasing_VVG as_II cue_NN1 validity_NN1 increases_NN2 ._. 
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Then_RT the_AT baby_NN1 goat_NN1 run_VVN to_II the_AT baby_NN1 goat_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 mummy_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Their_APPGE method_NN1 first_MD identifies_NN1 sentences_NN2 containing_VVG target_NN1 domain_NN1 vocabulary_NN1 and_CC extracts_VVZ the_AT surrounding_JJ five-sentence_JJ passage_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Our_APPGE findings_NN2 reveal_VV0 a_AT1 dissociation_NN1 between_II the_AT two_MC systems_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Typical_JJ examples_NN2 include_VV0 profanities_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 '_NULL shit_NN1 '_NULL and_CC '_NULL faggot_NN1 '_NULL ._. 
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For_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, a_AT1 soaking_JJ wet_JJ shirt_NN1 could_VM sit_VVI in_II the_AT sun_NN1 for_IF a_AT1 couple_NN1 minutes_NNT2 and_CC afterwards_RT feel_VV0 slightly_RR less_RGR wet_JJ ,_, yet_RR it_PPH1 would_VM still_RR be_VBI infelicitous_JJ to_TO use_VVI the_AT positive_JJ form_NN1 of_IO dry_JJ ,_, i.e._REX to_TO say_VVI the_AT shirt_NN1 dried_VVD ;_; rather_RR ,_, one_PN1 would_VM use_VVI a_AT1 modified_JJ version_NN1 of_IO the_AT verb_NN1 such_II21 as_II22 the_AT shirt_NN1 dried_VVD a_RR21 bit_RR22 ._. 
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<s>
Sociolinguistic_JJ factors_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 the_AT language_NN1 of_IO education_NN1 play_VV0 key_JJ roles_NN2 in_II this_DD1 dominance_NN1 shift_NN1 (_( Wright_NP1 ,_, Taylor_NP1 &amp;_CC Macarthur_NP1 2000_MC )_) ._. 
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RQ1_FO :_: Is_VBZ McEnery_NP1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 (_( 2006a_FO )_) analysis_NN1 replicable_JJ with_IW GraphColl_NP1 ?_? 
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<s>
All_DB of_IO these_DD2 examples_NN2 refer_VV0 to_II the_AT same_DA situation_NN1 ,_, but_CCB instruction_NN1 givers_NN2 still_RR employ_VV0 a_AT1 range_NN1 of_IO fundamentally_RR different_JJ instruction_NN1 giving_VVG strategies_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT complete_JJ set_NN1 of_IO annotated_JJ near_II synonym_NN1 sets_NN2 is_VBZ given_VVN in_II Appendix_NN1 A._NNU In_II the_AT modeling_NN1 video_NN1 for_IF the_AT collaborative_JJ group_NN1 ,_, two_MC teachers_NN2 demonstrate_VV0 how_RRQ to_TO perform_VVI a_AT1 task_NN1 collaboratively_RR using_VVG a_AT1 similar_JJ scenario_NN1 ,_, whereas_CS in_II the_AT video_NN1 for_IF the_AT individual_JJ group_NN1 ,_, one_MC1 teacher_NN1 performed_VVD the_AT same_DA task_NN1 while_CS thinking_VVG aloud_RR on_II her_APPGE own_DA ._. 
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<s>
But_CCB that_DD1 reading_NN1 would_VM be_VBI predicted_VVN to_TO be_VBI available_JJ under_II a_AT1 local_JJ accommodation_NN1 story_NN1 for_IF reasons_NN2 analogous_JJ to_II those_DD2 given_VVN in_II31 connection_II32 with_II33 (_( 38_MC )_) ._. 
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Museum_NN1 partnerships_NN2 are_VBR thus_RR a_AT1 compelling_JJ mechanism_NN1 through_II which_DDQ to_TO bring_VVI sociolinguistics_NN2 to_II the_AT public_NN1 ,_, by_II drawing_VVG on_II the_AT interconnectivity_NN1 of_IO language_NN1 ,_, place_VV0 ,_, and_CC heritage_NN1 ._. 
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However_RR ,_, in_II Brennan_NP1 and_CC Pylkkanen_NP1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 study_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ tested_VVD sentences_NN2 with_IW sequences_NN2 just_RR like_II the_AT current_JJ study_NN1 ,_, these_DD2 longer_JJR reading_NN1 times_NNT2 were_VBDR localised_VVN at_II the_AT verb_NN1 and_CC the_AT article_NN1 and_CC resolved_VVN by_II the_AT adjective_NN1 ._. 
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This_DD1 pattern_NN1 whereby_RRQ the_AT order_NN1 of_IO the_AT categories_NN2 ,_, in_II this_DD1 case_NN1 from_II lowest_JJT to_II highest_JJT ExagQ_JJ values_NN2 ,_, is_VBZ written_VVN language_NN1 ,_, academic_JJ speech_NN1 ,_, TV/radio_NN1 dialog_NN1 ,_, then_RT casual_JJ speech_NN1 indicates_VVZ that_CST unscripted_JJ TV/radio_NN1 dialog_NN1 is_VBZ indeed_RR roughly_RR representative_JJ of_IO casual_JJ conversation_NN1 (_( at_RR21 least_RR22 regarding_II exaggeration_NN1 )_) :_: it_PPH1 lies_VVZ somewhere_RL between_II writing_NN1 and_CC casual_JJ speech_NN1 ,_, and_CC it_PPH1 is_VBZ more_RGR like_JJ casual_JJ speech_NN1 than_CSN academic_JJ speech_NN1 is_VBZ ._. 
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Across_II the_AT collection_NN1 ,_, however_RR ,_, explicit_JJ references_NN2 to_II accountability_NN1 are_VBR the_AT exception_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Our_APPGE aim_NN1 in_II Perception_NN1 Experiment_NN1 2_MC was_VBDZ to_TO determine_VVI whether_CSW participants_NN2 could_VM use_VVI the_AT information_NN1 structure_NN1 provided_VVN by_II a_AT1 discourse_NN1 context_NN1 to_TO identify_VVI the_AT prosodic_JJ version_NN1 of_IO the_AT sentence_NN1 that_CST was_VBDZ a_AT1 best_RRT fit_VV0 ,_, given_VVN the_AT interpretation_NN1 that_CST had_VHD been_VBN favored_VVN ._. 
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<s>
In_II this_DD1 approach_NN1 ,_, where_CS the_AT meaning_NN1 of_IO an_AT1 expression_NN1 is_VBZ equated_VVN with_IW the_AT conceptualization_NN1 conventionally_RR evoked_VVN by_II this_DD1 expression_NN1 in_II the_AT mind_NN1 of_IO the_AT language_NN1 user_NN1 ,_, the_AT conceptualizer_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 understanding_NN1 of_IO the_AT content_NN1 of_IO the_AT utterance_NN1 and_CC her_APPGE understanding_NN1 of_IO what_DDQ kind_NN1 of_IO act_NN1 the_AT utterance_NN1 in_II question_NN1 is_VBZ meant_VVN to_TO constitute_VVI may_VM simply_RR be_VBI viewed_VVN as_CSA different_JJ levels_NN2 of_IO organization_NN1 of_IO the_AT overall_JJ conceptualization_NN1 evoked_VVN by_II the_AT utterance_NN1 ._. 
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In_II contrast_NN1 ,_, bare_JJ particle_NN1 responses_NN2 are_VBR not_XX readily_RR interpreted_VVN as_CSA ratifying_VVG appositive_JJ content_NN1 ,_, as_CSA the_AT contrast_NN1 in_II continuations_NN2 between_II (_( 47_MC )_) and_CC (_( 48_MC )_) below_II show_NN1 ._. 
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This_DD1 is_VBZ particularly_RR problematic_JJ because_CS many_DA2 long_JJ English_JJ words_NN2 contain_VV0 shorter_JJR words_NN2 embedded_VVN within_II them_PPHO2 (_( Luce_NP1 ,_, 1986_MC ;_; McQueen_NP1 ,_, Cutler_NP1 ,_, Briscoe_NP1 ,_, &amp;_CC Norris_NP1 ,_, 1985_MC )_) ,_, as_CSA in_II the_AT example_NN1 toucans_NN2 given_VVN earlier_RRR ._. 
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<s>
It_PPH1 is_VBZ a_AT1 typical_JJ focus_NN1 intervention_NN1 configuration_NN1 :_: the_AT focus-sensitive_JJ operator_NN1 scopes_NN2 over_II the_AT focus_NN1 alternatives_NN2 evoked_VVN by_II John_NP1 and_CC ordinary_JJ alternatives_NN2 evoked_VVN by_II the_AT disjunctive_JJ phrase_NN1 ._. 
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On_II critical_JJ trials_NN2 ,_, a_AT1 within-language_JJ phonological_JJ competitor_NN1 was_VBDZ present_JJ in_II the_AT display_NN1 (_( e.g._REX ,_, listeners_NN2 saw_VVD a_AT1 plum_NN1 ,_, a_AT1 plug_NN1 ,_, and_CC two_MC unrelated_JJ pictures_NN2 )_) ._. 
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<s>
A_AT1 stance_NN1 of_IO entitlement_NN1 may_VM also_RR be_VBI arrived_VVN at_II in_II31 response_II32 to_II33 another_DD1 type_NN1 of_IO local_JJ consideration_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Other_JJ studies_NN2 have_VH0 focused_VVN more_RGR specifically_RR on_II scopal_JJ ambiguity_NN1 with_IW negation_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Both_DB2 abbreviations_NN2 in_II English_NN1 (_( e.g._REX ,_, imma_NN1 )_) and_CC in_II Chinese_NP1 (_( e.g._REX ,_, )_) also_RR tend_VV0 to_TO be_VBI mistranslated_VVN ._. 
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<s>
Although_CS conversation_NN1 topics_NN2 were_VBDR not_XX prescribed_VVN ,_, volunteers_NN2 were_VBDR given_VVN a_AT1 list_NN1 of_IO the_AT following_JJ possible_JJ topics_NN2 that_CST could_VM be_VBI used_VVN :_: special_JJ interests_NN2 ,_, family_NN1 ,_, work_VV0 ,_, future_JJ plans_NN2 ,_, holidays_NN2 ,_, favorite_JJ restaurants_NN2 ,_, music_NN1 ,_, movies_NN2 ,_, and_CC books_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Similarly_RR ,_, Barth-Weingarten_NP1 (_( 2003_MC )_) describes_VVZ the_AT prosodically_RR downgraded_JJ use_NN1 of_IO "_" yeah_UH "_" as_II a_AT1 "_" pre-disagreement_JJ marker_NN1 "_" (_( p._NNU 148_MC )_) ,_, in_II contrast_NN1 to_II a_AT1 prosodically_RR highlighted_VVN use_NN1 of_IO "_" yeah_UH "_" on_II its_APPGE own_DA ,_, which_DDQ accomplishes_VVZ full_JJ agreement_NN1 ._. 
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Given_VVN this_DD1 ,_, it_PPH1 comes_VVZ as_II a_AT1 surprise_NN1 that_CST for_IF many_DA2 speakers_NN2 ,_, (_( 68a_FO )_) implies_VVZ that_CST the_AT expected_JJ arrival_NN1 precedes_VVZ SP_NN1 ._. 
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On_II the_AT other_JJ hand_NN1 ,_, our_APPGE system_NN1 performs_VVZ substantially_RR better_RRR in_II the_AT metric_JJ '_NULL What_DDQ to_TO do_VDI '_NULL than_CSN most_DAT competitors_NN2 and_CC was_VBDZ ranked_VVN in_II the_AT middle_NN1 for_IF the_AT metric_JJ '_NULL Appropriate_JJ help_NN1 '_NULL ._. 
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Taking_VVG a_AT1 slightly_RR different_JJ approach_NN1 ,_, Pollatsek_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
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(_( 2000_MC )_) maintain_VV0 that_CST the_AT representation_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 compound_NN1 can_VM be_VBI accessed_VVN via_II its_APPGE individual_JJ lexemes_NN2 (_( e.g._REX bed_NN1 and_CC room_NN1 )_) as_II31 well_II32 as_II33 via_II the_AT entire_JJ compound_NN1 (_( e.g._REX bedroom_NN1 )_) ._. 
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Despite_II its_APPGE tremendous_JJ growth_NN1 ,_, the_AT organization_NN1 has_VHZ always_RR been_VBN controversial_JJ ._. 
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At_II the_AT same_DA time_NNT1 ,_, Lee_NP1 &amp;_CC Huang_NP1 found_VVD a_AT1 unique_JJ variability_NN1 of_IO errors_NN2 among_II their_APPGE children_NN2 ._. 
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Since_CS experienced_JJ translators_NN2 are_VBR more_RGR adept_JJ at_II identifying_VVG the_AT linguistic_JJ and_CC cultural_JJ mismatches_NN2 between_II languages_NN2 in_II translation_NN1 ,_, and_CC applying_VVG strategies_NN2 to_TO resolve_VVI these_DD2 while_VV0 keeping_VVG in_II mind_NN1 the_AT needs_NN2 of_IO the_AT specified_JJ target_NN1 readers_NN2 (_( Gopferich_NP1 &amp;_CC Jaaskelainen_NP1 2009_MC :_: 174_MC )_) ,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ possible_JJ that_CST the_AT work_NN1 of_IO experienced_JJ translators_NN2 will_VM demonstrate_VVI a_AT1 greater_JJR tendency_NN1 towards_II simplification_NN1 than_CSN the_AT work_NN1 of_IO inexperienced_JJ translators_NN2 ._. 
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In_II a_AT1 content-based_JJ German_NN1 as_II a_AT1 foreign_JJ language_NN1 classroom_NN1 ,_, students_NN2 were_VBDR more_RGR likely_JJ to_TO use_VVI specific_JJ (_( i.e._REX ,_, targeted_VVN )_) repair_VV0 initiation_NN1 techniques_NN2 when_CS interacting_VVG with_IW teachers_NN2 ._. 
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For_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, when_CS demonstrating_VVG a_AT1 quilting_JJ technique_NN1 ,_, the_AT more_RGR experienced_JJ quilter_NN1 may_VM describe_VVI something_PN1 she_PPHS1 did_VDD wrong_RR as_II a_AT1 lesson_NN1 to_II new_JJ quilters_NN2 -_- "_" do_VD0 it_PPH1 like_VVI X_ZZ1 ,_, not_XX like_RR I_PPIS1 did_VDD ,_, which_DDQ didn_VV0 '_NULL t_ZZ1 work_VV0 "_" -_- and_CC then_RT illustrate_VV0 how_RRQ it_PPH1 did_VDD not_XX work_VVI through_II an_AT1 exemplar_JJ narrative_NN1 (_( Fitzpatrick_NP1 2007_MC )_) ._. 
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While_CS in_II this_DD1 particular_JJ case_NN1 we_PPIS2 use_VV0 the_AT Bayesian_JJ Networks_NN2 to_TO represent_VVI probabilistic_JJ generation_NN1 spaces_NN2 per_II instruction_NN1 type_NN1 (_( for_IF destination_NN1 ,_, direction_NN1 ,_, orientation_NN1 ,_, path_NN1 ,_, '_NULL straight_JJ '_NULL and_CC referring_VVG expression_NN1 )_) ,_, nothing_PN1 depends_VVZ on_II the_AT model_NN1 chosen_VVN ._. 
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Thus_RR ,_, it_PPH1 may_VM be_VBI that_CST Charlie_NP1 is_VBZ using_VVG more_DAR of_IO these_DD2 especially_RR SeScE-like_JJ vowels_NN2 when_RRQ he_PPHS1 is_VBZ talking_VVG in_II a_AT1 playful_JJ way_NN1 about_II his_APPGE upbringing_NN1 on_II Scilly_NP1 ._. 
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Goldberg_NP1 (_( 1995_MC )_) assumes_VVZ a_AT1 frame_NN1 semantics_NN1 approach_NN1 (_( Fillmore_NP1 1976_MC )_) for_IF handling_VVG verbal_JJ meaning_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ includes_VVZ an_AT1 event_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 participant_NN1 roles_NN2 (_( Goldberg_NP1 1995_MC :_: 43_MC )_) ._. 
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The_AT first_MD involves_VVZ differential_JJ processing_NN1 related_VVN to_II the_AT lexical_JJ status_NN1 of_IO the_AT ASL_NN1 signs_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
A_AT1 problematic_JJ feature_NN1 of_IO clitic_JJ positioning_NN1 attested_VVD in_II a_AT1 number_NN1 of_IO languages_NN2 is_VBZ the_AT ability_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 clitic_JJ to_TO appear_VVI inside_II a_AT1 syntactic_JJ unit_NN1 of_IO which_DDQ it_PPH1 is_VBZ not_XX itself_PPX1 a_AT1 part_NN1 ,_, apparently_RR due_II21 to_II22 prosodic_JJ restrictions_NN2 on_II its_APPGE positioning_NN1 ._. 
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We_PPIS2 will_VM show_VVI it_PPH1 does_VDZ not_XX ._. 
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<s>
Given_VVN this_DD1 ,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ predictable_JJ that_CST ,_, in_II seven-syllable<_FO ,_, the_AT clash_NN1 should_VM be_VBI realized_VVN at_II the_AT edge_NN1 opposite_II the_AT primary_JJ stress_NN1 ._. 
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If_CS the_AT denotational_JJ semantics_NN1 of_IO the_AT root_NN1 is_VBZ compatible_JJ with_IW an_AT1 AS/ES_FU ,_, the_AT EventP_NN1 is_VBZ licensed_VVN and_CC the_AT derivation_NN1 can_VM proceed_VVI ._. 
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In_II the_AT Method_NN1 section_NN1 ,_, we_PPIS2 provide_VV0 a_AT1 few_DA2 comments_NN2 about_II the_AT overarching_JJ aims_NN2 of_IO our_APPGE research_NN1 project_NN1 ,_, and_CC how_RRQ the_AT present_JJ study_NN1 and_CC future_JJ SLI_JJ studies_NN2 fit_VV0 in_RP ._. 
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However_RR ,_, the_AT effect_NN1 of_IO trial-initial_JJ attention_NN1 was_VBDZ not_XX significant_JJ in_II the_AT model_NN1 (_( See_VV0 Table_NN1 4_MC )_) ._. 
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Such_DA an_AT1 inference_NN1 is_VBZ not_XX attested_VVN ._. 
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<s>
Intuitively_RR ,_, gendered_VVD numbers_NN2 might_VM only_RR occur_VVI when_RRQ gendered_JJ adjectives_NN2 occur_VV0 ,_, in_II which_DDQ case_NN1 ,_, we_PPIS2 don_VV0 '_NULL t_ZZ1 gain_VV0 from_II their_APPGE distribution_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT following_JJ numbers_NN2 of_IO children_NN2 were_VBDR included_VVN in_II the_AT analyses_NN2 at_II each_DD1 age_NN1 group_NN1 :_: Spanish-English_JJ speaking_JJ children_NN2 in_II kindergarten_NN1 (_( n_ZZ1 =_FO 54_MC ,_, 25_MC males_NN2 )_) ,_, in_II Grade_NN1 1_MC1 (_( n_ZZ1 =_FO 87_MC ,_, 40_MC males_NN2 )_) and_CC in_II Grade_NN1 2_MC (_( n_ZZ1 =_FO 73_MC ,_, 32_MC males_NN2 )_) ;_; Portuguese-English_JJ speaking_JJ children_NN2 in_II kindergarten_NN1 (_( n_ZZ1 =_FO 69_MC ,_, 30_MC males_NN2 )_) ,_, in_II Grade_NN1 1_MC1 (_( n_ZZ1 =_FO 74_MC ,_, 30_MC males_NN2 )_) ,_, and_CC Grade_VV0 2_MC (_( n_ZZ1 =_FO 68_MC ,_, 25_MC males_NN2 )_) ;_; Chinese-English_JJ speaking_JJ children_NN2 in_II kindergarten_NN1 (_( n_ZZ1 =_FO 57_MC ,_, 30_MC males_NN2 )_) ,_, in_II Grade_NN1 1_MC1 (_( n_ZZ1 =_FO 91_MC ,_, 47_MC males_NN2 ;_; 60_MC Cantonese_NP2 L1_FO and_CC 31_MC Mandarin_NN1 L1_FO )_) ,_, and_CC in_II Grade_NN1 2_MC (_( n_ZZ1 =_FO 83_MC ,_, 45_MC males_NN2 )_) ._. 
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TS_ZZ2 →_NULL 07_MC Q_ZZ1 :_: So_RR I_PPIS1 don_VV0 '_NULL t_ZZ1 have_VH0 to_TO take_VVI the_AT test_NN1 ,_, you_PPY mean_VV0 ?_? 
</s>
<s>
While_CS "_" you_PPY "_" and_CC "_" your_APPGE "_" construct_VV0 him_PPHO1 as_II an_AT1 artist_NN1 who_PNQS is_VBZ concerned_JJ about_II his_APPGE audience-his_APPGE interlocutors_NN2 as_CSA Alim_NP1 (_( 2002_MC :_: 298_MC )_) would_VM conceive_VVI it-_NN1 "_" we_PPIS2 "_" and_CC "_" our_APPGE "_" construct_VV0 him_PPHO1 as_CSA being_VBG part_NN1 of_IO the_AT sociocultural_NN1 and_CC political_JJ milieux_NN1 that_CST he_PPHS1 privileges_NN2 in_II his_APPGE music_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT human_JJ brain_NN1 has_VHZ limited_VVN capacity_NN1 for_IF processing_VVG and_CC retaining_VVG information_NN1 ,_, and_CC overload_NN1 occurs_VVZ when_RRQ the_AT amount_NN1 of_IO input_NN1 (_( volume_NN1 of_IO information_NN1 )_) a_AT1 person_NN1 may_VM need_VVI to_TO deal_VVI with_IW exceeds_VVZ this_DD1 capacity_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Consider_VV0 the_AT potential_JJ enrichment_NN1 of_IO this_DD1 sentence_NN1 to_TO convey_VVI that_CST every_AT1 player_NN1 hit_VVD some_DD but_CCB not_XX all_DB of_IO his_APPGE shots_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
He_PPHS1 withdraws_VVZ from_II some_DD of_IO his_APPGE earlier_JJR claims_NN2 about_II the_AT language_NN1 bioprogram_NN1 ,_, specifically_RR that_CST it_PPH1 contains_VVZ innate_JJ specifications_NN2 of_IO the_AT role_NN1 and_CC position_NN1 of_IO tense_JJ ,_, aspect_NN1 ,_, and_CC modality_NN1 markers_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
One_MC1 of_IO the_AT central_JJ conclusions_NN2 that_CST emerged_VVD from_II the_AT evaluation_NN1 of_IO the_AT literature_NN1 was_VBDZ that_DD1 ,_, in_BCL21 order_BCL22 for_IF children_NN2 to_TO become_VVI proficient_JJ readers_NN2 ,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ necessary_JJ for_IF them_PPHO2 to_TO master_VVI the_AT alphabetic_JJ principle_NN1 ,_, the_AT idea_NN1 that_CST in_II the_AT written_JJ form_NN1 of_IO the_AT language_NN1 ,_, different_JJ letters_NN2 correspond_VV0 to_II different_JJ sounds_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
A_AT1 similar_JJ effect_NN1 has_VHZ been_VBN observed_VVN with_IW modal_JJ verbs_NN2 ,_, as_CSA illustrated_VVN in_II (_( 2_MC )_) ,_, and_CC is_VBZ generally_RR dubbed_VVN the_AT free_JJ choice_NN1 inference_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 approach_NN1 to_II compositionality_NN1 still_RR suffers_VVZ from_II two_MC conceptual_JJ problems_NN2 :_: First_MD ,_, component-wise_JJ multiplication_NN1 is_VBZ still_RR commutative_JJ and_CC hence_RR word_NN1 order_NN1 is_VBZ not_XX accounted_VVN for_IF ;_; second_MD ,_, rather_II21 than_II22 "_" diluting_VVG "_" information_NN1 during_II large_JJ compositions_NN2 and_CC creating_VVG ambiguity_NN1 ,_, it_PPH1 may_VM remove_VVI too_RG much_DA1 through_II the_AT "_" filtering_NN1 "_" effect_NN1 of_IO component-wise_JJ multiplication_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
We_PPIS2 argue_VV0 that_CST adults_NN2 choose_VV0 this_DD1 format_NN1 because_CS the_AT interactional_JJ preference_NN1 for_IF contiguity_NN1 makes_VVZ the_AT negative_JJ alternative_NN1 the_AT more_RGR salient_JJ one_PN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT character_NN1 of_IO this_DD1 expression_NN1 is_VBZ ,_, in_II turn_NN1 ,_, a_AT1 constant_JJ function_NN1 from_II contexts_NN2 to_II the_AT content_NN1 ,_, as_CSA in_II (_( 21a_FO )_) ._. 
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<s>
The_AT rule_NN1 for_IF the_AT anterior_JJ stem_NN1 does_VDZ not_XX specify_VVI a_AT1 particular_JJ polarity_NN1 value_NN1 as_CSA it_PPH1 applies_VVZ in_II the_AT formation_NN1 of_IO negative_JJ and_CC affirmative_JJ verb_NN1 forms_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Schegloff_NN1 notes_VVZ that_CST "_" one_MC1 of_IO the_AT most_RGT intuitively_RR inviting_JJ prospects_NN2 in_II incorporating_VVG prosody_NN1 in_II the_AT study_NN1 of_IO interaction_NN1 has_VHZ often_RR been_VBN that_CST it_PPH1 is_VBZ the_AT intonation_NN1 of_IO some_DD utterance_NN1 which_DDQ has_VHZ it_PPH1 '_NULL do_VD0 '_NULL some_DD action_NN1 or_CC produce_VV0 some_DD outcome_NN1 "_" (_( 1998_MC ,_, p._NN1 247_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
Moreover_RR ,_, participants_NN2 were_VBDR always_RR asked_VVN the_AT very_RG same_DA question_NN1 :_: Are_VBR most_RRT of_IO the_AT dots_NN2 blue_JJ ?_? ,_, where_CS the_AT color_NN1 of_IO the_AT dots_NN2 was_VBDZ not_XX varied_VVN and_CC no_AT fillers_NN2 were_VBDR used_VVN ,_, for_IF 400_MC trials_NN2 in_II all_DB ._. 
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<s>
Marlett_NP1 (_( 2016:314_MC ,_, n._NNU 22_MC )_) suggests_VVZ that_CST all_DB labialized_JJ consonants_NN2 in_II Seri_NP1 go_VV0 back_RP historically_RR to_II a_AT1 syncopated_JJ /o/_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT worst-case_JJ complexity_NN1 of_IO LCFRS_NP1 chart_NN1 parsing_VVG techniques_NN2 is_VBZ O(np)_NP1 ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 holds_VVZ for_IF both_RR Swedish_JJ and_CC English_JJ and_CC for_IF the_AT 5-year-olds_NN2 and_CC 6-_NN1 to_II 7-year-olds_NN2 alike_RR ._. 
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<s>
A_AT1 score_NN1 of_IO 1_MC1 is_VBZ given_VVN to_TO test_VVI takers_NN2 who_PNQS consistently_RR lack_VV0 understanding_NN1 of_IO questions_NN2 ;_; a_AT1 score_NN1 of_IO 2_MC is_VBZ given_VVN to_II those_DD2 who_PNQS may_VM misunderstand_VVI some_DD questions_NN2 and_CC need_VVI restatement_NN1 of_IO fairly_RR simple_JJ questions_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Chen_NP1 and_CC Ji_NP1 (_( 2010_MC )_) present_VV0 a_AT1 survey_NN1 of_IO clustering_NN1 approaches_VVZ useful_JJ for_IF tasks_NN2 in_II computational_JJ linguistics_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 supports_VVZ the_AT idea_NN1 that_CST communicative_JJ and_CC referential_JJ cues_NN2 provide_VV0 a_AT1 low-level_JJ mechanism_NN1 to_TO guide_VVI toddlers_NN2 '_NULL attention_NN1 in_BCL21 order_BCL22 to_TO learn_VVI about_II jokes_NN2 ,_, while_CS also_RR avoiding_VVG generalizing_JJ information_NN1 from_II jokes_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Although_CS they_PPHS2 had_VHD all_RR learned_VVN English_NN1 in_II school_NN1 ,_, none_PN of_IO the_AT Marshallese_JJ speakers_NN2 could_VM carry_VVI on_RP a_AT1 conversation_NN1 in_II any_DD language_NN1 besides_II Marshallese_NN ._. 
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<s>
Features_NN2 of_IO the_AT theory_NN1 being_VBG added_VVN to_II will_NN1 clearly_RR affect_VVI how_RGQ easy_RR it_PPH1 is_VBZ to_TO achieve_VVI a_AT1 satisfyingly_RR unified_VVN enlarged_JJ theory_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 difference_NN1 in_II stem_NN1 alternation_NN1 correlates_VVZ with_IW a_AT1 difference_NN1 in_II the_AT nominative_JJ plural_JJ suffix_NN1 :_: the_AT truncating_JJ type_NN1 has_VHZ -e_ZZ1 in_II31 place_II32 of_II33 the_AT default_NN1 suffix_NN1 -y_ZZ1 ._. 
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The_AT authors_NN2 employed_VVD the_AT '_NULL Visual_JJ World_NN1 '_NULL paradigm_NN1 (_( Altmann_NP1 &amp;_CC Kamide_NP1 ,_, 1999_MC )_) ,_, assessing_VVG the_AT onset_NN1 latencies_NN2 of_IO listeners_NN2 '_NULL saccadic_JJ eye_NN1 movements_NN2 toward_II images_NN2 of_IO objects_NN2 that_CST aurally_RR presented_VVN sentences_NN2 referenced_VVD ._. 
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As_II a_AT1 form_NN1 of_IO institutional_JJ talk_NN1 ,_, writing_VVG tutoring_JJ talk_NN1 is_VBZ goal-oriented_JJ and_CC has_VHZ identifiable_JJ structures_NN2 and_CC patterns_NN2 (_( Agar_NP1 ,_, 1985_MC ;_; Drew_NP1 and_CC Heritage_NN1 ,_, 1992_MC ;_; Sarangi_NP1 and_CC Roberts_NP1 ,_, 1999_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
Place_NN1 of_IO articulation_NN1 of_IO the_AT preceding_JJ phone_NN1 had_VHD the_AT expected_JJ effect_NN1 :_: the_AT consonant_NN1 is_VBZ more_RGR likely_JJ to_TO be_VBI one_MC1 of_IO the_AT alveolar_JJ variants_NN2 (_( and_CC thus_RR less_RGR likely_JJ to_TO be_VBI &lsqb;_( 5_MC &rsqb;_) )_) when_RRQ the_AT preceding_JJ phone_NN1 is_VBZ an_AT1 alveolar_JJ consonant_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
One_PN1 suggests_VVZ that_CST both_RR production_NN1 and_CC comprehension_NN1 effects_NN2 are_VBR due_II21 to_II22 an_AT1 inaccurate_JJ representation_NN1 of_IO the_AT complex_JJ subject_NN1 ,_, in_II which_DDQ the_AT number_NN1 feature_NN1 of_IO the_AT embedded_JJ attractor_NN1 noun_NN1 erroneously_RR migrates_VVZ upward_JJ and_CC is_VBZ used_VVN to_TO mark_VVI the_AT entire_JJ subject_NN1 NP_NP1 (_( Nicol_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 1997_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
But_CCB Rosenbaum_NP1 (_( despite_II his_APPGE observation_NN1 about_II prepositions_NN2 )_) assumed_VVD that_CST CPs_NP1 could_VM nonetheless_RR occur_VVI wherever_RRQV NPs_NP1 can_VM ._. 
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<s>
The_AT endeavor_NN1 to_II more_RGR precisely_RR define_VV0 the_AT skills_NN2 that_CST comprise_VV0 the_AT broad_JJ domain_NN1 of_IO academic_JJ language_NN1 proficiency_NN1 began_VVD in_II 2010_MC ,_, when_RRQ the_AT authors_NN2 of_IO this_DD1 article_NN1 embarked_VVN on_II the_AT design_NN1 of_IO an_AT1 instrument_NN1 that_CST could_VM capture_VVI growth_NN1 in_II school-relevant_JJ language_NN1 skills_NN2 within_RL and_CC across_II Grades_NN2 4_MC to_II 8_MC ._. 
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In_II the_AT absence_NN1 of_IO such_DA a_AT1 construct_NN1 ,_, academic_JJ language_NN1 proficiency_NN1 has_VHZ often_RR been_VBN narrowly_RR operationalized_VVN as_CSA knowledge_NN1 of_IO academic_JJ words_NN2 ,_, and_CC occasionally_RR word_NN1 parts_NN2 ,_, in_II developmental_JJ research_NN1 and_CC in_II intervention_NN1 studies_NN2 focused_VVN on_II the_AT relationship_NN1 between_II language_NN1 proficiency_NN1 and_CC reading_VVG comprehension_NN1 ._. 
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It_PPH1 is_VBZ also_RR worth_II noting_VVG that_CST the_AT Chinese_JJ results_NN2 confirm_VV0 that_CST the_AT SSyntS-DSyntS_NN2 Chinese_JJ mapping_NN1 is_VBZ rather_RG straightforward_JJ ._. 
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<s>
One_MC1 key_JJ criterion_NN1 when_CS creating_VVG a_AT1 representation_NN1 of_IO the_AT lexicon_NN1 of_IO any_DD language_NN1 within_II a_AT1 dictionary_NN1 or_CC lexical_JJ database_NN1 is_VBZ that_CST it_PPH1 must_VM be_VBI decided_VVN which_DDQ groups_NN2 of_IO idiosyncratic_JJ and_CC systematically_RR modified_JJ variants_NN2 together_RL form_VV0 a_AT1 lexeme_NN1 ._. 
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Moreover_RR ,_, in_II discussions_NN2 of_IO word_NN1 order_NN1 in_II ASL_NP1 there_EX are_VBR reports_NN2 of_IO exceptions_NN2 to_II the_AT typical_JJ SVO_NN1 word_NN1 order_NN1 to_TO allow_VVI SOV_NN1 ,_, and_CC these_DD2 are_VBR restricted_VVN to_II cases_NN2 of_IO action_NN1 reports_NN2 (_( 73_MC )_) ._. 
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At_II one_MC1 end_NN1 of_IO the_AT continuum_NN1 ,_, it_PPH1 may_VM be_VBI common_JJ for_IF younger_JJR generations_NN2 to_TO use_VVI technologies_NN2 and_CC communicate_VVI in_II ways_NN2 that_CST were_VBDR once_RR nonexistent_JJ ,_, while_CS at_II the_AT opposing_JJ end_NN1 it_PPH1 may_VM be_VBI presumed_VVN that_CST elders_NN2 are_VBR not_XX frequent_JJ users_NN2 of_IO technology_NN1 ._. 
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I_PPIS1 think_VV0 that_CST our_APPGE students_NN2 being_VBG graduate_NN1 level_NN1 students_NN2 plays_VVZ a_AT1 role_NN1 ._. 
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Material_NN1 development_NN1 has_VHZ been_VBN largely_RR conducted_VVN on_II a_AT1 trial-and-error_JJ basis_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Our_APPGE hypothesis_NN1 based_VVN on_II ours_PPGE and_CC others_NN2 '_NULL work_VV0 is_VBZ that_DD1 persistency_NN1 and_CC recovery_NN1 are_VBR identifiable_JJ subtypes_NN2 not_XX only_RR as_CSA defined_VVN a_JJ21 priori_JJ22 in_II31 terms_II32 of_II33 fluency_NN1 but_CCB with_IW characteristics_NN2 that_CST extend_VV0 across_II epidemiology_NN1 ,_, motor_NN1 control_NN1 ,_, language_NN1 ,_, and_CC temperament_NN1 domains_NN2 ._. 
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Together_RL ,_, these_DD2 works_NN suggest_VV0 a_AT1 preference_NN1 for_IF retroflexion_NN1 in_II prevocalic_JJ position_NN1 over_II postvocalic_JJ position_NN1 ._. 
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There_EX are_VBR not_XX sufficient_JJ data_NN here_RL to_TO enable_VVI a_AT1 reliable_JJ analysis_NN1 of_IO factors_NN2 that_CST might_VM affect_VVI variation_NN1 in_II scores_NN2 between_II tests_NN2 ._. 
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We_PPIS2 also_RR see_VV0 the_AT expected_JJ scalar_JJ inferences_NN2 from_II some_DD and_CC or_CC when_CS they_PPHS2 appear_VV0 independently_RR :_: Player_NN1 A_ZZ1 hit_VVD some_DD shot_NN1 and_CC cheered_VVN leads_VVZ the_AT listener_NN1 away_II21 from_II22 states_NN2 where_CS both_DB2 shots_NN2 were_VBDR made_VVN ,_, and_CC Player_NN1 A_ZZ1 hit_VVD every_AT1 shot_NN1 or_CC cheered_VVN leads_VVZ the_AT listener_NN1 away_II21 from_II22 the_AT world_NN1 verifying_VVG both_DB2 conjuncts_NN2 ,_, s1s2c_FO ._. 
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Fortunately_RR ,_, all_DB of_IO the_AT bigrams_NNU2 appear_VV0 in_II WordNet_NP1 ,_, so_CS they_PPHS2 have_VH0 corresponding_JJ row_NN1 vectors_NN2 in_II our_APPGE matrices_NN2 ._. 
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BSL_NN1 numerals_NN2 are_VBR also_RR subject_II21 to_II22 dialectal_JJ variation_NN1 (_( Stamp_VV0 2013_MC )_) ,_, though_CS the_AT individual_JJ formational_JJ variants_NN2 fall_VV0 into_II fewer_DAR different_JJ types_NN2 of_IO numerals_NN2 compared_VVN to_II IndoSL_NP1 ._. 
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This_DD1 is_VBZ the_AT same_DA point_NN1 we_PPIS2 made_VVD with_II31 respect_II32 to_II33 example_NN1 (_( 13_MC )_) ;_; there_RL we_PPIS2 argued_VVD that_DD1 Parallel_NN1 was_VBDZ violated_VVN because_CS criticized_VVN and_CC read_VVN do_VD0 not_XX have_VHI a_AT1 non-trivial_JJ common_JJ predicate_NN1 ._. 
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When_CS compiling_VVG this_DD1 list_NN1 ,_, the_AT stress_NN1 ,_, etymology_NN1 and_CC usage_NN1 of_IO the_AT words_NN2 were_VBDR controlled_VVN for_IF with_IW the_AT help_NN1 of_IO native_JJ speakers_NN2 of_IO the_AT standard_JJ dialect_NN1 of_IO Turkish_JJ ;_; none_PN of_IO the_AT words_NN2 were_VBDR obvious_JJ borrowings_NN2 ,_, none_PN were_VBDR of_IO a_AT1 frequency_NN1 too_RG low_JJ to_TO be_VBI known_VVN to_II native_JJ speakers_NN2 ,_, and_CC all_DB disyllabic_JJ tokens_NN2 had_VHD final_JJ stress_NN1 ._. 
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For_IF this_DD1 purpose_NN1 ,_, we_PPIS2 relied_VVD on_II the_AT distributional_JJ findings_NN2 reported_VVN in_II Leech_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. '_NULL s_ZZ1 (_( 2001_MC )_) word_NN1 lists_NN2 derived_VVN from_II analysis_NN1 of_IO the_AT BNC_NP1 ._. 
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How_RRQ will_VM self-determined_JJ exposure_NN1 to_TO input_VVI (_( repetitions_NN2 )_) ,_, modified_JJ output_NN1 productivity_NN1 (_( revisions_NN2 )_) and_CC learning_VVG protocol_NN1 word_NN1 recognition_NN1 scores_NN2 (_( accuracy_NN1 )_) vary_VV0 as_CSA learners_NN2 progress_VV0 through_II the_AT computer_NN1 application_NN1 ?_? 
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At_II first_MD glance_NN1 this_DD1 seems_VVZ like_II a_AT1 study_NN1 that_CST could_VM easily_RR be_VBI expanded_VVN to_II a_AT1 mixed_JJ methods_NN2 study_VV0 to_TO test_VVI whether_CSW interactional_JJ resources_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 interrogative_JJ morphosyntax_NN1 ,_, interrogative_JJ intonation_NN1 ,_, speaker_NN1 gaze_NN1 ,_, and/or_CC recipient_NN1 epistemic_JJ bias_NN1 in_II the_AT question_NN1 are_VBR associated_VVN with_IW a_AT1 greater_JJR likelihood_NN1 of_IO responding_VVG than_CSN without_IW these_DD2 features_NN2 ._. 
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If_CS you_PPY had_VHD to_TO guess_VVI ,_, which_DDQ of_IO the_AT crime-reducing_JJ options_NN2 listed_VVN below_RL is_VBZ supported_VVN by_II each_DD1 of_IO the_AT officials_NN2 ?_? 
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Lochtefeld_VV0 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
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<s>
(_( 2011_MC )_) ,_, for_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, has_VHZ started_VVN to_TO examine_VVI the_AT potential_NN1 for_IF using_VVG the_AT Kinect_NN1 device_NN1 in_II the_AT examination_NN1 of_IO non-verbal_JJ behaviour_NN1 by_II tracking_JJ gestures_NN2 used_VVN in_II sales_NN conversations_NN2 at_II a_AT1 meat_NN1 counter_NN1 in_II a_AT1 supermarket_NN1 ._. 
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In_II this_DD1 section_NN1 ,_, we_PPIS2 have_VH0 seen_VVN that_CST Niuean_NP1 fits_VVZ the_AT object_NN1 shift_VV0 type_NN1 of_IO ergative_JJ language_NN1 perfectly_RR :_: ergative_JJ case_NN1 is_VBZ used_VVN only_RR when_CS the_AT direct_JJ object_NN1 moves_VVZ out_II21 of_II22 the_AT VP_NP1 ,_, not_XX when_RRQ the_AT direct_JJ object_NN1 remains_VVZ in_RR21 situ_RR22 ._. 
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However_RR ,_, the_AT absolute_JJ value_NN1 of_IO the_AT f0_FO slope_NN1 of_IO the_AT adjectives_NN2 was_VBDZ affected_VVN by_II context_NN1 condition_NN1 ,_, as_CSA shown_VVN in_II the_AT right_JJ panel_NN1 of_IO Figure_NN1 7_MC ._. 
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For_IF this_DD1 reason_NN1 investigations_NN2 of_IO relational_JJ work_NN1 in_II CMC_NP1 environments_NN2 naturally_RR presuppose_VV0 some_DD level_NN1 of_IO interaction_NN1 amongst_II participants_NN2 ,_, in_II the_AT context_NN1 of_IO which_DDQ relationships_NN2 are_VBR established_VVN ,_, maintained_VVN and_CC challenged_VVN ._. 
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When_CS we_PPIS2 compare_VV0 baseline_NN1 to_TO test_VVI for_IF each_DD1 age_NN1 group_NN1 ,_, LL_NP1 scores_NN2 are_VBR higher_JJR at_II test_NN1 compared_VVN to_II baseline_NN1 for_IF 5-_NN1 (_( p_ZZ1 <_FO .05_MC )_) and_CC 6-year-olds_NN2 (_( p_ZZ1 <_FO .01_MC )_) ,_, but_CCB not_XX for_IF 4-year-olds_NN2 (_( p_ZZ1 >_FO .10_MC )_) ;_; 3-year-olds_NN2 show_VV0 a_AT1 marginal_JJ difference_NN1 (_( p_ZZ1 <_FO .10_MC )_) ._. 
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Before_CS we_PPIS2 can_VM address_VVI the_AT puzzle_NN1 ,_, we_PPIS2 will_VM see_VVI that_CST the_AT questions_NN2 themselves_PPX2 raise_VV0 a_AT1 problem_NN1 in_CS21 that_CS22 the_AT standard_JJ semantics_NN1 of_IO proper_JJ names_NN2 (_( Kripke_NP1 1980_MC )_) ,_, combined_VVN with_IW identity_NN1 semantics_NN1 of_IO the_AT question_NN1 ,_, gives_VVZ rise_NN1 to_II a_AT1 trivial_JJ semantics-but_CCB these_DD2 questions_NN2 are_VBR actually_RR informative_JJ ,_, as_CSA pointed_VVN out_RP by_II Aloni_NP1 (_( 2001_MC )_) ._. 
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Researchers_NN2 are_VBR often_RR rewarded_VVN by_II how_RGQ many_DA2 times_NNT2 their_APPGE works_NN were_VBDR cited_VVN ._. 
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For_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, slave_NN1 is_VBZ a_AT1 common_JJ collocate_NN1 of_IO ship_NN1 ,_, but_CCB it_PPH1 does_VDZ not_XX constitute_VVI lexis_NN1 central_JJ to_II the_AT seafaring/shipping_NN1 frame_NN1 ,_, as_CSA in_II the_AT sense_NN1 of_IO Fillmore_NP1 (_( 1982_MC )_) ,_, and_CC was_VBDZ accordingly_RR not_XX used_VVN to_TO probe_VVI The_AT Economist_NN1 corpus_NN1 ._. 
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In_II their_APPGE study_NN1 ,_, the_AT cross-language_JJ phonological_JJ distractor_NN1 created_VVD interference_NN1 ._. 
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All_DB control_VV0 subconditions_NN2 triggered_VVD fewer_DAR errors_NN2 (_( Merr_NP1 =_FO 4.0-5.7%_FO ,_, CI_FO =_FO 0.6-9.0_MCMC )_) than_CSN the_AT nonnative_JJ vowelE_NN1 subcondition_NN1 (_( Merr_NP1 =_FO 29.3%_FO ,_, CI_FO =_FO 25.9-32.6_MCMC ;_; all_DB p_ZZ1 <_FO .01_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
After_CS contact_NN1 ,_, the_AT L1_FO English_JJ speakers_NN2 rated_VVD other_JJ L2_FO English-speaking_JJ teaching_NN1 assistants_NN2 more_RGR positively_RR in_II31 terms_II32 of_II33 teaching_VVG competence_NN1 than_CSN a_AT1 control_NN1 group_NN1 did_VDD ._. 
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Fig._NN1 2_MC summarises_VVZ the_AT frequency_NN1 of_IO each_DD1 mismatch_NN1 type_NN1 ._. 
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For_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, Blacoe_NP1 and_CC Lapata_NP1 (_( 2012_MC )_) show_VV0 that_DD1 multiplication_NN1 in_II a_AT1 simple_JJ distributional_JJ space_NN1 (_( referred_VVN to_II here_RL as_II an_AT1 untyped_JJ VSM_NP1 )_) outperforms_VVZ the_AT distributional_JJ memory_NN1 (_( DM_NNU )_) method_NN1 of_IO Baroni_NP1 and_CC Lenci_NP1 (_( 2010_MC )_) and_CC the_AT neural_JJ language_NN1 model_NN1 (_( NLM_NP1 )_) method_NN1 of_IO Collobert_NP1 and_CC Weston_NP1 (_( 2008_MC )_) ._. 
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For_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, Colston_NP1 and_CC Gibbs_NP1 (_( 2002_MC )_) conclude_VV0 from_II a_AT1 series_NN of_IO experiments_NN2 on_II adults_NN2 '_NULL comprehension_NN1 of_IO identical_JJ sentences_NN2 used_VVD either_RR metaphorically_RR or_CC ironically_RR that_DD1 irony_NN1 involves_VVZ different_JJ comprehension_NN1 processes_NN2 from_II metaphor_NN1 ._. 
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In_II contrast_NN1 ,_, simply_RR initiating_VVG the_AT activity_NN1 invites_VVZ involvement_NN1 by_II the_AT recipient_NN1 but_CCB does_VDZ not_XX make_VVI any_DD claims_NN2 as_II21 to_II22 who_PNQS benefits_NN2 from_II the_AT involvement_NN1 ._. 
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This_DD1 rate_NN1 varies_VVZ depending_II21 on_II22 the_AT types_NN2 of_IO texts_NN2 ranging_VVG from_II 4.62%_FO in_II more_RGR edited_JJ text_NN1 ,_, such_II21 as_II22 blog_NN1 posts_NN2 ,_, to_II over_RG 25%_NNU in_II Twitter_NN1 and_CC informal_JJ consumer_NN1 reviews_NN2 ._. 
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This_DD1 suggests_VVZ that_CST both_DB2 the_AT source_NN1 and_CC the_AT target_NN1 domain_NN1 impose_VV0 a_AT1 set_NN1 of_IO constraints_NN2 on_II the_AT roles_NN2 that_CST can_VM be_VBI mapped_VVN ,_, and_CC thus_RR on_II the_AT syntactic_JJ options_NN2 for_IF expressing_VVG the_AT metaphorical_JJ meaning_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT presupposition_NN1 is_VBZ that_CST d_ZZ1 directs_VVZ p_NNU in_II a_AT1 world_NN1 w_ZZ1 at_II time_NNT1 t_ZZ1 ,_, while_CS the_AT assertion_NN1 is_VBZ that_CST d_ZZ1 is_VBZ committed_VVN to_II p_ZZ1 in_II w_ZZ1 at_II t_ZZ1 ._. 
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<s>
Informally_RR ,_, what_DDQ it_PPH1 means_VVZ for_IF d_ZZ1 to_TO direct_VVI p_ZZ1 is_VBZ that_CST d_ZZ1 has_VHZ the_AT ability_NN1 to_TO bring_VVI about_RP that_CST p_ZZ1 ,_, and_CC that_CST d_ZZ1 is_VBZ committed_VVN to_TO bring_VVI about_RP that_CST p_ZZ1 ._. 
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Building_NN1 upon_II their_APPGE previous_JJ findings_NN2 that_CST PA_NP1 (_( measured_VVN at_II the_AT phonemic_JJ level_NN1 )_) was_VBDZ correlated_VVN across_II languages_NN2 but_CCB that_DD1 reading_NN1 (_( word_NN1 reading_NN1 )_) was_VBDZ not_XX transferred_VVN across_II two_MC different_JJ writing_NN1 systems_NN2 (_( e.g._REX ,_, English_JJ and_CC Chinese_JJ )_) ,_, Bialystok_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
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<s>
investigated_VVD the_AT roles_NN2 of_IO proficiency_NN1 (_( the_AT degree_NN1 of_IO bilingualism_NN1 )_) and_CC instruction_NN1 to_TO better_RRR understand_VVI the_AT transfer_NN1 of_IO PA_NN1 and_CC reading_VVG across_II two_MC different_JJ writing_NN1 systems_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
An_AT1 ROI_NN1 for_IF motion-associated_JJ regions_NN2 was_VBDZ omitted_VVN from_II this_DD1 analysis_NN1 ,_, as_CSA was_VBDZ the_AT motion_NN1 condition_NN1 data_NN ,_, due_II21 to_II22 not_XX finding_VVG an_AT1 effect_NN1 at_II the_AT whole-brain-level_NN1 in_II the_AT predicted_JJ temporal_JJ or_CC parietal_JJ regions_NN2 (_( see_VV0 above_RL )_) ,_, even_RR at_II the_AT more_RGR liberal_JJ threshold_NN1 (_( see_VV0 Section_NN1 3_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Blending_VVG an_AT1 account_NN1 with_IW an_AT1 apology_NN1 diffuses_VVZ the_AT effect_NN1 of_IO the_AT apology_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Chapter_NN1 1_MC1 is_VBZ devoted_JJ to_II contextualising_VVG the_AT term_NN1 diglossia_NN1 ,_, as_CSA mentioned_VVN above_RL ._. 
</s>
<s>
Even_CS21 though_CS22 many_DA2 of_IO these_DD2 families_NN2 do_VD0 develop_VVI their_APPGE own_DA '_NULL homesign_NN1 '_NULL ,_, these_DD2 communication_NN1 strategies_NN2 do_VD0 not_XX fulfil_VVI the_AT experience_NN1 of_IO early_JJ access_NN1 to_II a_AT1 fluent_JJ language_NN1 from_II birth_NN1 (_( Janjua_NP1 ,_, Woll_NP1 &amp;_CC Kyle_NP1 2002_MC ;_; Morford_NP1 &amp;_CC Hnel-Faulhaber_NP1 2011_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
We_PPIS2 can_VM test_VVI the_AT efficacy_NN1 of_IO the_AT SNAP_JJ judgments_NN2 proposal_NN1 in_II the_AT sample_NN1 that_CST we_PPIS2 already_RR have_VH0 ._. 
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<s>
Finally_RR ,_, there_EX is_VBZ no_AT significant_JJ difference_NN1 between_II stops_NN2 and_CC fricatives_NN2 (_( p_ZZ1 =_FO 0.202_MC )_) ,_, although_CS the_AT trend_NN1 is_VBZ in_II the_AT direction_NN1 that_CST would_VM be_VBI expected_VVN on_II the_AT basis_NN1 of_IO the_AT idea_NN1 that_CST fricatives_NN2 require_VV0 more_RGR articulatory_JJ precision_NN1 than_CSN stops_NN2 and_CC therefore_RR may_VM disfavor_VVI retroflexion_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
In_RR21 addition_RR22 ,_, contrastive_JJ stress_NN1 bears_NN2 on_II the_AT question_NN1 of_IO speaker-internal_JJ versus_II listener-oriented_JJ processes_NN2 in_II production_NN1 (_( Arnold_NP1 ,_, 2008_MC ;_; Watson_NP1 ,_, 2010_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
Theoretically_RR ,_, this_DD1 opens_VVZ up_RP the_AT possibility_NN1 of_IO interpreting_VVG these_DD2 cases_NN2 as_CSA onset_NN1 rather_II21 than_II22 body_NN1 slips_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Representation_NN1 in_II scenes_NN2 and_CC acts_NN2 makes_VVZ visible_JJ the_AT dynamic_JJ nature_NN1 of_IO the_AT narrative_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Similarly_RR ,_, Hebrew_JJ awr_NN1 irwq_NN1 (_( "_" light_JJ green_NN1 "_" ?_? 
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<s>
Other_II21 than_II22 that_DD1 ,_, the_AT analysis_NN1 proceeds_VVZ in_RP exactly_RR the_AT same_DA way_NN1 ;_; the_AT superscript_NN1 on_II same_DA is_VBZ the_AT offset_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ is_VBZ the_AT size_NN1 of_IO the_AT stack_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
A_AT1 fully_RR restrictive_JJ phonologist_NN1 ,_, however_RR ,_, will_VM never_RR generalize_VVI ._. 
</s>
<s>
It_PPH1 also_RR makes_VVZ clear_JJ that_CST sign_VV0 languages_NN2 differ_VV0 in_II preference_NN1 of_IO use_NN1 of_IO different_JJ spatial_JJ devices_NN2 ,_, even_CS21 when_CS22 the_AT devices_NN2 themselves_PPX2 exhibit_VV0 a_AT1 formal_JJ similarity_NN1 between_II the_AT languages_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Finally_RR ,_, McGee_NP1 (_( 2009_MC )_) reports_VVZ on_II an_AT1 experiment_NN1 that_CST was_VBDZ designed_VVN to_TO compare_VVI BNC_NP1 data_NN and_CC English_JJ language_NN1 teacher_NN1 intuitions_NN2 (_( all_DB being_VBG native_JJ speakers_NN2 )_) about_II the_AT most_RGT frequent_JJ collocates_NN2 of_IO 20_MC common_JJ English_JJ adjectives_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Section_NN1 4_MC looks_VVZ into_II the_AT repercussions_NN2 of_IO the_AT overall_JJ findings_NN2 and_CC identifies_NN1 issues_NN2 that_CST demand_VV0 further_JJR consideration_NN1 and_CC research_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Now_RT let_VV0 us_PPIO2 turn_VVI to_II disjunctive_JJ lists_NN2 containing_VVG multiple_JJ items_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
As_CSA Diamond_NN1 further_RRR notes_VVZ ,_, "_" the_AT sole_JJ wheel_NN1 of_IO Native_JJ American_JJ societies_NN2 (_( depicted_VVN on_II Mexican_JJ ceramic_JJ vessels_NN2 )_) consisted_VVD of_IO a_AT1 single_JJ piece_NN1 ,_, suggesting_VVG a_AT1 second_MD independent_JJ invention_NN1 of_IO the_AT wheel_NN1 "_" ._. 
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<s>
Besides_II the_AT centrally_RR relevant_JJ "_" PRESENT_NN1 IS_VBZ PAST_JJ "_" conceptual_JJ metaphor_NN1 analyzed_VVD previously_RR ,_, other_JJ instances_NN2 of_IO metaphorical_JJ language_NN1 in_II the_AT extracts_NN2 suggest_VV0 other_JJ operative_JJ conceptual_JJ metaphors_NN2 as_CSA summarized_VVN in_II Table_NN1 1_MC1 ._. 
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<s>
McEnery_NP1 (_( 2006a_FO )_) uses_VVZ collocation_NN1 networks_NN2 as_CSA one_MC1 of_IO many_DA2 tools_NN2 for_IF exploring_VVG discourses_NN2 related_VVN to_II swearing_VVG in_II English_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Split-half_MF reliabilities_NN2 range_VV0 from_II .88_MC to_II .96_MC ._. 
</s>
<s>
As_CSA desired_VVN ,_, we_PPIS2 get_VV0 a_AT1 set_NN1 of_IO two_MC alternatives_NN2 :_: one_MC1 is_VBZ the_AT set_NN1 of_IO all_DB worlds_NN2 where_CS either_RR Ann_NP1 or_CC Bill_NP1 played_VVD the_AT piano_NN1 ,_, while_CS the_AT other_NN1 is_VBZ the_AT set_NN1 of_IO worlds_NN2 where_CS neither_DD1 of_IO them_PPHO2 played_VVD ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT direction_NN1 matches_VVZ the_AT ERP_NN1 component_NN1 ,_, that_REX21 is_REX22 ,_, larger_JJR information_NN1 value_NN1 corresponds_VVZ to_II more_RGR negative-going_JJ (_( E_ZZ1 )_) LAN/N400_NN1 and_CC to_II more_RGR positive-going_JJ (_( E_ZZ1 )_) PNP/P600_VV0 ._. 
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<s>
Regarding_II the_AT influence_NN1 of_IO corpus_NN1 design_NN1 ,_, we_PPIS2 noted_VVD in_II the_AT introduction_NN1 that_CST there_EX have_VH0 been_VBN major_JJ advances_NN2 in_II the_AT size_NN1 of_IO corpora_NN2 used_VVN for_IF vocabulary_NN1 studies_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Based_VVN on_II this_DD1 observation_NN1 ,_, we_PPIS2 discuss_VV0 these_DD2 two_MC parameters_NN2 together_RL ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 name-based_JJ theory_NN1 of_IO quotation_NN1 accounts_VVZ for_IF the_AT generally_RR robust_JJ pattern_NN1 in_II English_NN1 that_CST linguistic_JJ material_NN1 outside_II the_AT quotation_NN1 can_VM not_XX interact_VVI in_II a_AT1 structural_JJ relationship_NN1 with_IW the_AT material_NN1 inside_II the_AT quote_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Let_VV0 us_PPIO2 take_VVI a_AT1 look_NN1 at_II a_AT1 number_NN1 of_IO examples_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
However_RR ,_, as_CSA noted_VVN above_RL ,_, no_PN121 one_PN122 joins_VVZ in_RP with_IW Daniel_NP1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 laughter_NN1 nor_CC does_VDZ anyone_PN1 (_( including_II Daniel_NP1 )_) pursue_VV0 a_AT1 nonserious_JJ frame_NN1 in_II the_AT subsequent_JJ interaction_NN1 ;_; rather_RR ,_, they_PPHS2 get_VV0 right_RR back_RP to_II business_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
However_RR ,_, before_CS one_PN1 can_VM begin_VVI to_TO list_VVI the_AT signs_NN2 in_II a_AT1 sign_NN1 language_NN1 ,_, one_PN1 needs_VVZ to_TO develop_VVI clear_JJ criteria_NN2 defining_VVG what_DDQ are_VBR considered_VVN to_TO be_VBI variant_NN1 forms_NN2 of_IO the_AT same_DA lexeme_NN1 and_CC what_DDQ might_VM be_VBI considered_VVN separate_JJ lexemes_NN2 (_( e.g._REX Johnston_NP1 and_CC Schembri_NP1 1999_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 use_NN1 of_IO "_" okay_RR "_" also_RR functions_VVZ as_II a_AT1 pivot_NN1 to_TO tie_VVI prior_JJ talk_NN1 with_IW what_DDQ he_PPHS1 is_VBZ going_VVGK to_TO do_VDI next_MD (_( see_VV0 Beach_NN1 ,_, 1993_MC ;_; Condon_NP1 ,_, 1986_MC ;_; Merritt_NP1 ,_, 1980_MC ;_; Sinclair_NP1 and_CC Coulthard_NP1 ,_, 1975_MC ,_, on_II uses_NN2 of_IO "_" okay_RR "_" )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT remainder_NN1 of_IO this_DD1 section_NN1 outlines_NN2 these_DD2 concepts_NN2 ,_, which_DDQ form_VV0 the_AT basis_NN1 of_IO our_APPGE model_NN1 of_IO focus_NN1 selection_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II the_AT first_MD ,_, pre-test_NN1 part_NN1 of_IO the_AT experiment_NN1 ,_, the_AT subjects_NN2 were_VBDR given_VVN a_AT1 partial_JJ translation_NN1 into_II English_JJ task_NN1 likely_JJ to_TO bring_VVI about_RP typical_JJ mistakes_NN2 by_II native_JJ speakers_NN2 of_IO Portuguese_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Traditionally_RR ,_, this_DD1 is_VBZ modeled_VVN by_II saying_VVG that_CST the_AT whole_JJ phrasal_NN1 conjunction_NN1 counts_VVZ as_CSA having_VHG feature_NN1 values_NN2 summing_VVG its_APPGE parts_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT sum_NN1 total_NN1 of_IO the_AT event/conceptual_FU and_CC spatial_JJ structures_NN2 comprises_VVZ the_AT information_NN1 which_DDQ is_VBZ incorporated_VVN in_II memory_NN1 into_II a_AT1 situation_NN1 model_NN1 (_( van_NP1 Dijk_NP1 and_CC Kintsch_NP1 ,_, 1983_MC ;_; Zwaan_NP1 and_CC Radvansky_NP1 ,_, 1998_MC )_) -the_AT constructed_JJ conception_NN1 of_IO the_AT meaning_NN1 of_IO the_AT discourse_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
An_AT1 important_JJ property_NN1 of_IO Ms_NN1 is_VBZ that_CST every_AT1 edge_NN1 connects_VVZ two_MC linked_JJ pairs_NN2 that_CST share_VV0 a_AT1 boundary_NN1 in_II either_RR the_AT Chinese_JJ component_NN1 of_IO the_AT rule_NN1 (_( red_JJ edge_NN1 )_) or_CC in_II the_AT English_JJ component_NN1 (_( green_JJ edge_NN1 )_) ._. 
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<s>
Out_II21 of_II22 24_MC trials_NN2 ,_, parents_NN2 pointed_VVN on_II 7_MC of_IO the_AT Joke_NN1 trials_NN2 ,_, 9_MC of_IO the_AT Pretend_JJ trials_NN2 ,_, 14_MC of_IO the_AT Positive_JJ Literal_JJ trials_NN2 ,_, and_CC 7_MC of_IO the_AT Neutral_JJ Literal_JJ trials_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
A_AT1 good_JJ illustrative_JJ example_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 use_NN1 of_IO this_DD1 kind_NN1 is_VBZ offered_VVN by_II quite_RG frequent_JJ verbal_JJ interactions_NN2 between_II my_APPGE 8-year-old_JJ daughter_NN1 and_CC her_APPGE 15-year-old_JJ brother_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
In_II 2001_MC the_AT government_NN1 (_( the_AT Korean_JJ Institute_NN1 of_IO Curriculum_NN1 and_CC Evaluation_NN1 ,_, KICE_NP1 )_) decided_VVD to_TO standardize_VVI material_NN1 and_CC developed_VVD one_MC1 textbook_NN1 for_IF each_DD1 grade_NN1 level_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
To_TO further_RRR test_VVI this_DD1 hypothesis_NN1 ,_, we_PPIS2 also_RR examined_VVD the_AT use_NN1 of_IO another_DD1 typical_JJ existential_JJ of_IO German_NN1 in_II both_DB2 corpora_NN2 ,_, namely_REX es_FW ist_FW "_" it_PPH1 is_VBZ "_" and_CC its_APPGE syntactical_JJ variant_NN1 ist_FW es_FW "_" is_VBZ it_PPH1 "_" ._. 
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<s>
Finally_RR ,_, in_II saying_VVG that_CST "_" X_ZZ1 is_VBZ Y_ZZ1 "_" can_VM be_VBI interpreted_VVN as_CSA saying_VVG that_CST X_ZZ1 is_VBZ very_RG much_DA1 like_II Y_ZZ1 ,_, I_PPIS1 do_VD0 not_XX say_VVI that_CST there_EX is_VBZ any_DD particular_JJ point_NN1 or_CC subrange_VV0 on_II the_AT relevant_JJ likeness_NN1 scale_NN1 that_CST can_VM be_VBI identified_VVN in_II advance_NN1 ._. 
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Making_VVG a_AT1 request_NN1 is_VBZ widely_RR recognized_VVN as_CSA one_MC1 of_IO the_AT basic_JJ activities_NN2 carried_VVN out_RP in_II human_JJ interaction_NN1 ,_, and_CC requesting_VVG can_VM be_VBI achieved_VVN through_II a_AT1 variety_NN1 of_IO linguistic_JJ forms_NN2 including_II statements_NN2 ,_, imperatives_NN2 ,_, and_CC questions_NN2 (_( Clayman_NP1 &amp;_CC Heritage_NN1 ,_, 2014_MC ;_; Drew_NP1 and_CC Couper-Kuhlen_NN1 ,_, 2014_MC ;_; Curl_NN1 and_CC Drew_NP1 ,_, 2008_MC ;_; Ervin-Tripp_NP1 ,_, 1976_MC ;_; Lindstrm_NP1 ,_, 2005_MC ;_; Wootton_NP1 ,_, 1981_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 sense_NN1 of_IO '_NULL healthy(e)_NN1 '_NULL and_CC '_NULL sick(e)_VV0 '_NULL as_CSA it_PPH1 applies_VVZ to_II the_AT school_NN1 population_NN1 joins_VVZ the_AT evidence_NN1 from_II '_NULL smooth(e)_NN1 '_NULL ,_, '_NULL flat(e)_VV0 '_NULL ,_, '_NULL open_VV0 (_( e_ZZ1 )_) '_NULL ,_, '_NULL closed(e)_VV0 '_NULL ,_, '_NULL cluster(e)_JJ '_NULL and_CC '_NULL scatter(e)_NN1 '_NULL in_II31 support_II32 of_II33 neo-Davidsonian_JJ monadic_JJ concepts_NN2 of_IO events_NN2 ._. 
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Still_RR ,_, the_AT distinction_NN1 in_II (_( 3_MC )_) can_VM be_VBI useful_JJ in_II the_AT discussion_NN1 of_IO context_NN1 (_( and_CC will_NN1 ,_, indeed_RR ,_, be_VBI used_VVN later_RRR on_RP in_II the_AT present_JJ paper_NN1 )_) ._. 
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For_REX21 instance_REX22 ,_, consider_VV0 an_AT1 expression_NN1 like_II book_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ denotes_VVZ an_AT1 entity_NN1 with_IW a_AT1 spatial_JJ and_CC temporal_JJ extent_NN1 ,_, as_II31 well_II32 as_II33 an_AT1 abstract_JJ informational_JJ extent_NN1 ._. 
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Paired-samples_NN2 t_ZZ1 tests_NN2 were_VBDR also_RR performed_VVN to_TO examine_VVI whether_CSW there_EX were_VBDR any_DD significant_JJ differences_NN2 in_II the_AT relative_JJ gains_NN2 from_II pretest_NN1 to_II posttest_JJT and_CC from_II pretest_NN1 to_II delayed_JJ posttest_JJT within_II each_DD1 group_NN1 ._. 
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Figure_NN1 5_MC above_RL shows_VVZ thirty-eight_MC phonological_JJ contexts_NN2 (_( rows_NN2 )_) ,_, meaning_VVG there_EX are_VBR 342_MC cells_NN2 representing_VVG a_AT1 context_NN1 where_CS one_MC1 of_IO the_AT nine_MC speakers_NN2 with_IW categorical_JJ variation_NN1 could_VM produce_VVI at_RR21 least_RR22 some_DD retroflexion_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT best_JJT parallel_JJ phrase_NN1 is_VBZ then_RT identified_VVN using_VVG the_AT algorithm_NN1 in_II Algorithm_NN1 1_MC1 ._. 
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Semantic_JJ and_CC syntactic-violation_JJ conditions_NN2 were_VBDR included_VVN for_IF two_MC reasons_NN2 ._. 
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We_PPIS2 call_VV0 them_PPHO2 topic-based_JJ summarization_NN1 (_( TBS_NN2 )_) ._. 
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<s>
Diversity_NN1 is_VBZ an_AT1 element_NN1 of_IO human_JJ capital_NN1 ,_, whether_CSW imagined_VVN as_CSA experience_NN1 (_( Starbucks_NP1 )_) or_CC as_CSA skills_NN2 ,_, knowledge_NN1 ,_, and_CC understanding_NN1 (_( HP_NNU )_) ;_; however_RR imagined_VVN ,_, it_PPH1 provides_VVZ a_AT1 contribution_NN1 to_II a_AT1 company_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 bottom_JJ line_NN1 ._. 
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These_DD2 recordings_NN2 were_VBDR selected_VVN for_IF their_APPGE public_JJ availability_NN1 ,_, recording_VVG quality_NN1 ,_, and_CC length_NN1 (_( over_RG 11_MC hr_NNU total_NN1 )_) ,_, and_CC they_PPHS2 will_VM be_VBI used_VVN to_TO demonstrate_VVI the_AT performance_NN1 of_IO automated_JJ transcription_NN1 ._. 
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We_PPIS2 further_RRR predict_VV0 that_CST this_DD1 dissociation_NN1 will_VM be_VBI more_RGR prominent_JJ in_II the_AT group_NN1 of_IO agrammatic_JJ patients_NN2 ._. 
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In_II both_DB2 the_AT Hiroshima-Nagasaki_NP1 data_NN and_CC Mr._NNB H_NP1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 conversation_NN1 data_NN ,_, koto_NN1 was_VBDZ used_VVN as_II a_AT1 noun_NN1 about_RG 27%_NNU of_IO the_AT time_NNT1 ._. 
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We_PPIS2 may_VM note_VVI that_CST Travis_NP1 and_CC Torres_NP1 Cacoullos_NP2 (_( 2012_MC )_) also_RR failed_VVN to_TO find_VVI an_AT1 effect_NN1 in_II Spanish_JJ (_( see_VV0 also_RR Jia_NP1 and_CC Bayley_NP1 2002_MC for_IF Mandarin_NN1 )_) ._. 
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This_DD1 suggests_VVZ that_CST there_EX may_VM be_VBI a_AT1 preference_NN1 for_IF IOTA_NN1 interpretations_NN2 over_RP EX_II interpretations_NN2 in_II cases_NN2 of_IO uncertainty_NN1 about_II the_AT context_NN1 ._. 
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Rare-class_JJ adjectives_NN2 likewise_RR pattern_NN1 with_IW canonical_JJ TC_NP1 adjectives_NN2 in_II showing_VVG evidence_NN1 of_IO unbounded_JJ A-movement_NN1 within_II the_AT embedded_JJ infinitival_JJ clause_NN1 ._. 
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In_II VP1_FO ,_, the_AT focused_JJ phrase_NN1 Libai_NN1 bears_VVZ a_AT1 focus_NN1 index_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 may_VM be_VBI a_AT1 function_NN1 of_IO the_AT nurse_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 desire_NN1 to_TO maintain_VVI a_AT1 professional_JJ distance_NN1 ,_, to_TO respect_VVI the_AT privacy_NN1 of_IO the_AT patient_NN1 by_II not_XX probing_JJ or_CC encouraging_VVG the_AT emotional_JJ elements_NN2 of_IO his_APPGE disclosure_NN1 ,_, but_CCB it_PPH1 could_VM be_VBI deemed_VVN a_AT1 subtle_JJ form_NN1 of_IO troubles_NN2 resistance_NN1 ._. 
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Secondly_RR ,_, in_II many_DA2 cases_NN2 new_JJ speakers_NN2 may_VM represent_VVI an_AT1 important_JJ proportion_NN1 of_IO the_AT total_JJ speakers_NN2 of_IO the_AT language_NN1 ._. 
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Namely_REX ,_, of_IO and_CC to_II both_DB2 occur_VV0 more_DAR than_CSN 800_MC times_NNT2 in_II MnE_NP1 ,_, compared_VVN to_II 149_MC and_CC 497_MC times_NNT2 in_II OE_NP1 ,_, the_AT preposition_NN1 for_IF occurs_VVZ 264_MC times_NNT2 in_II MnE_NP1 and_CC 120_MC times_NNT2 in_II OE_NP1 ,_, and_CC from_II occurs_VVZ 188_MC times_NNT2 in_II MnE_NP1 and_CC its_APPGE counterpart_NN1 fram_NN1 in_II OE_NP1 occurs_VVZ 41_MC times_NNT2 ._. 
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The_AT final_JJ analysis_NN1 considered_VVD the_AT unaware_JJ learners_NN2 '_NULL gains_NN2 in_II controlled_JJ ,_, productive_JJ knowledge_NN1 ,_, as_CSA indicated_VVN by_II a_AT1 pretest-posttest_JJT comparison_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT term_NN1 '_NULL cross-modal_NN1 bilingualism_NN1 '_NULL is_VBZ also_RR used_VVN to_TO indicate_VVI the_AT use_NN1 of_IO two_MC different_JJ languages_NN2 and_CC two_MC different_JJ modalities_NN2 (_( Menéndez_NP1 2010_MC )_) ._. 
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One_MC1 can_VM easily_RR imagine_VVI a_AT1 German_JJ manufacturer_NN1 of_IO specialist_NN1 trousers_NN2 marketing_VVG them_PPHO2 in_II the_AT English-speaking_JJ world_NN1 as_CSA Baffnerhosen_NP1 ,_, for_REX21 instance_REX22 (_( see_VV0 the_AT bottom_JJ right-hand_JJ entry_NN1 in_II Table_NN1 6_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
They_PPHS2 also_RR do_VD0 not_XX consider_VVI the_AT role_NN1 of_IO neighbour_NN1 orthographic_JJ similarity_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ ,_, as_CSA a_AT1 reviewer_NN1 points_VVZ out_RP ,_, is_VBZ an_AT1 additional_JJ factor_NN1 that_CST could_VM be_VBI at_II play_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
In_II the_AT same_DA manner_NN1 ,_, to_TO foreshadow_VVI part_NN1 of_IO the_AT discussion_NN1 below_RL ,_, the_AT phallus_NN1 may_VM be_VBI signified_VVN on_RP by_II being_VBG figured_VVN in_II the_AT metaphors_NN2 of_IO a_AT1 black_JJ police_NN2 baton_NN1 ,_, log_NN1 or_CC pestle_NN1 (_( see_VV0 Osundare_NN1 1993_MC :_: 12_MC )_) ._. 
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Here_RL the_AT change_NN1 in_II activity_NN1 type_NN1 from_II talking_VVG about_II experiences_NN2 to_II giving_VVG performed_VVN examples_NN2 of_IO them_PPHO2 is_VBZ achieved_VVN on_II line_NN1 11_MC through_II a_AT1 combination_NN1 of_IO increased_JJ pitch_NN1 ,_, the_AT use_NN1 of_IO wah_FU (_( an_AT1 exclamation_NN1 token_NN1 often_RR found_VVN at_II the_AT start_NN1 of_IO an_AT1 utterance_NN1 )_) ,_, and_CC the_AT use_NN1 of_IO the_AT ngoko_NN1 Javanese_NN deictic_JJ iki_NN2 '_NULL this_DD1 '_NULL ._. 
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<s>
All_DB of_IO them_PPHO2 were_VBDR graduate_NN1 students_NN2 in_II the_AT Department_NN1 of_IO English_NN1 at_II a_AT1 university_NN1 in_II Montreal_NP1 ._. 
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<s>
In_II fact_NN1 ,_, one_MC1 child_NN1 stated_VVD that_CST ,_, "_" From_II the_AT video_NN1 ,_, I_PPIS1 think_VV0 she_PPHS1 (_( the_AT peer_NN1 speaker_NN1 )_) had_VHD disabilities_NN2 ._. "_" 
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<s>
Mappings_NN2 and_CC concepts_NN2 are_VBR taken_VVN as_CSA identified_VVN therein_RR (_( e.g._REX ,_, a_AT1 systematic_JJ ontology_NN1 is_VBZ not_XX used_VVN as_II a_AT1 source_NN1 for_IF concepts_NN2 ,_, and_CC concepts_NN2 are_VBR not_XX available_JJ independently_RR of_IO their_APPGE identification_NN1 in_II the_AT mappings_NN2 )_) ._. 
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In_II fact_NN1 ,_, she_PPHS1 once_RR scored_VVN as_RG high_JJ as_CSA 50_MC ,_, for_IF the_AT 103rd_MD Congress_NN1 is_VBZ 1993-94_MCMC ._. ?_? 
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<s>
Figure_NN1 3_MC shows_VVZ a_AT1 relational_JJ lexeme_NN1 from_II TD_NN1 encoding_VVG the_AT meaning_NN1 '_NULL on_II '_NULL (_( as_CSA could_VM occur_VVI ,_, for_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, for_IF a_AT1 figure-ground_JJ relationship_NN1 )_) and_CC a_AT1 relational_JJ lexeme_NN1 from_II DGS_NP1 encoding_VVG the_AT meaning_NN1 '_NULL next-to_MD '_NULL ._. 
</s>
<s>
Like_II Western_JJ Apache_NN linguistic_JJ play_NN1 ,_, the_AT prescriptive_JJ melodrama_NN1 is_VBZ also_RR a_AT1 way_NN1 of_IO establishing_VVG and_CC reinforcing_VVG social_JJ ties_NN2 within_II the_AT in-group_NN1 by_II emphasizing_VVG its_APPGE distinctiveness_NN1 from_II the_AT out-group_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Examples_NN2 (_( 16-18_MCMC )_) ,_, taken_VVN from_II Goldberg_NP1 (_( 2011_MC :_: ex._NN1 1-6_MCMC )_) ,_, show_VV0 instances_NN2 of_IO such_DA intelligible_JJ ,_, yet_RR unconventional_JJ utterances_NN2 paired_VVN to_II their_APPGE more_RGR conventional_JJ counterparts_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
EEG_VV0 data_NN were_VBDR then_RT digitally_RR band-pass_NN1 filtered_VVN (_( 0.1-30_MCMC Hz_NNU ,_, 24_MC dB/oct_NN1 )_) ,_, epoched_VVD from_II 200_MC ms_NN1 pre-stimulus_NN1 (_( visual_JJ character_NN1 )_) to_II 800_MC ms_NN1 post-stimulus_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT experimental_JJ procedure_NN1 is_VBZ outlined_VVN in_II Fig._NN1 1_MC1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
A_AT1 standard_JJ MDP_NP1 can_VM be_VBI defined_VVN formally_RR as_II a_AT1 four-tuple_JJ 〈_NULL S_ZZ1 ,_, A_ZZ1 ,_, T_ZZ1 ,_, R_ZZ1 〉_NULL ._. 
</s>
<s>
Another_DD1 study_NN1 has_VHZ demonstrated_VVN that_CST the_AT MEP_NP1 size_NN1 in_II each_DD1 effector_NN1 muscle_NN1 is_VBZ only_RR affected_VVN when_CS listening_VVG to_II sentences_NN2 containing_VVG actions_NN2 related_VVN to_II that_DD1 effector_NN1 (_( Buccino_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2005_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
Collaboration_NN1 requests_NN2 are_VBR typically_RR designed_VVN as_CSA interrogatives_NN2 and_CC through_II their_APPGE morphosyntax_NN1 as_II31 well_II32 as_II33 their_APPGE epistemics_NN2 strongly_RR solicit_VV0 granting_NN1 or_CC denial_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
However_RR ,_, while_CS deletion_NN1 and_CC epenthesis_NN1 are_VBR both_RR possible_JJ in_II principle_NN1 ,_, epenthesis_NN1 seems_VVZ the_AT more_RGR natural_JJ of_IO the_AT two_MC and_CC will_VM presumably_RR serve_VVI as_II the_AT default_NN1 analysis_NN1 for_IF all_DB the_AT cases_NN2 above_RL ._. 
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<s>
As_CSA Rob_NP1 initiates_VVZ his_APPGE pretelling_JJ assessment_NN1 of_IO the_AT story_NN1 at_II lines_NN2 18-19_MCMC ,_, he_PPHS1 simultaneously_RR reaches_VVZ for_IF his_APPGE mobile_JJ phone_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ has_VHZ been_VBN in_II his_APPGE pocket_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Analysis_NN1 of_IO variance_NN1 and_CC post_RR21 hoc_RR22 test_VV0 values_NN2 are_VBR given_VVN in_II Appendix_NN1 A._NP1 As_CSA illustrated_VVN in_II Fig._NN1 1_MC1 ,_, the_AT pattern_NN1 of_IO statistically_RR significant_JJ differences_NN2 for_IF all_DB four_MC disfluency_NN1 measures_NN2 was_VBDZ consistent_JJ with_IW three_MC minor_JJ exceptions_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Language_NN1 is_VBZ ,_, more_RRR than_CSN anything_PN1 else_RR ,_, the_AT means_NN to_TO communicate_VVI symbolic_JJ content_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Mao_NP1 provides_VVZ an_AT1 example_NN1 ,_, '_NULL These_DD2 ideas_NN2 have_VH0 been_VBN subject_II21 to_II22 widespread_JJ criticism_NN1 ,_, '_NULL in_II which_DDQ the_AT action_NN1 to_TO criticize_VVI (_( expressed_VVN as_II a_AT1 verb_NN1 )_) is_VBZ transformed_VVN into_II an_AT1 abstract_JJ entity_NN1 criticism_NN1 (_( expressed_VVN as_II a_AT1 noun_NN1 )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Thus_RR ,_, children_NN2 performed_VVD well_RR because_CS the_AT alternatives_NN2 were_VBDR explicitly_RR restricted_VVN to_II substrings_NN2 of_IO the_AT test_NN1 sentences_NN2 themselves_PPX2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Conversations_NN2 were_VBDR converted_VVN to_II CHAT-format_NN1 for_IF further_JJR analysis_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Here_RL ,_, we_PPIS2 will_VM not_XX attempt_VVI to_TO answer_VVI all_DB these_DD2 questions_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
First_MD ,_, we_PPIS2 seek_VV0 to_TO determine_VVI whether_CSW the_AT rapid_JJ adaptation_NN1 to_II an_AT1 unfamiliar_JJ structure_NN1 (_( Kaschak_NP1 &amp;_CC Glenberg_NP1 ,_, 2004_MC )_) can_VM also_RR be_VBI observed_VVN in_II a_AT1 web-based_JJ crowdsourcing_JJ paradigm_NN1 (_( which_DDQ we_PPIS2 also_RR employ_VV0 in_II Study_NN1 2_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Another_DD1 difference_NN1 between_II live_JJ subtitles_NN2 in_II the_AT US_NP1 and_CC in_II Europe_NP1 is_VBZ related_VVN to_II the_AT reduction_NN1 rate_NN1 ,_, also_RR known_VVN as_II edition_NN1 rate_NN1 (_( Romero-Fresco_NP1 and_CC Martínez_NP1 ,_, 2015_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Moreover_RR ,_, I_PPIS1 argue_VV0 that_CST contrary_II21 to_II22 common_JJ assumptions_NN2 ,_, disjunctions_NN2 of_IO imperatives_NN2 need_VM not_XX grant_VVI free_JJ choice_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Given_VVN Jane_NP1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 utterance_NN1 ,_, (_( 1a_FO )_) ,_, he_PPHS1 may_VM well_RR infer_VVI that_CST not_XX all_DB the_AT guests_NN2 have_VH0 arrived_VVN ,_, i.e._REX (_( 1b_FO )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT question_NN1 addressed_VVD was_VBDZ whether_CSW a_AT1 response_NN1 conflict_NN1 would_VM be_VBI generated_VVN if_CS the_AT target_NN1 word_NN1 was_VBDZ orthographically_RR similar_JJ to_II a_AT1 word_NN1 that_CST was_VBDZ semantically_RR related_VVN to_II the_AT reference_NN1 word_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Different_JJ studies_NN2 ,_, however_RR ,_, highlight_VV0 complementary_JJ aspects_NN2 of_IO the_AT collaborative_JJ process_NN1 or_CC the_AT text_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT interplay_NN1 of_IO various_JJ source_NN1 languages_NN2 and_CC communication_NN1 modes_NN2 is_VBZ particularly_RR interesting_JJ here_RL ,_, as_CSA MSJD_NP1 makes_VVZ several_DA2 attempts_NN2 at_II clarifying_VVG the_AT date_NN1 ,_, involving_VVG different_JJ communicative_JJ resources_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
They_PPHS2 were_VBDR referred_VVN from_II the_AT Western_NP1 Pennsylvania_NP1 Participant_NN1 Registry_NN1 ,_, a_AT1 registry_NN1 of_IO community-dwelling_JJ stroke_NN1 survivors_NN2 in_II the_AT greater_JJR Pittsburgh_NP1 area_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 antedating_NN1 was_VBDZ reported_VVN by_II Partridge_NN (_( 1970_MC :_: 1198_MC )_) ,_, on_II the_AT authority_NN1 of_IO '_NULL Colonel_NNB Albert_NP1 F._NP1 Moe_NP1 '_NULL who_PNQS supplied_VVD '_NULL entries_NN2 and_CC datings_NN2 ,_, some_DD Naval_JJ ,_, some_DD general_NN1 '_NULL for_IF the_AT 1966_MC supplement_NN1 (_( 1970_MC :_: vi_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Therefore_RR ,_, the_AT only_JJ available_JJ interpretation_NN1 of_IO each_DD1 question_NN1 is_VBZ a_AT1 trivial_JJ one_PN1 ,_, and_CC the_AT questions_NN2 are_VBR still_RR correctly_RR predicted_VVN to_TO be_VBI infelicitous_JJ ._. 
</s>
<s>
They_PPHS2 do_VD0 not_XX represent_VVI some_DD kind_NN1 of_IO austere_JJ ,_, minimal_JJ starting_NN1 point_NN1 as_CSA compared_VVN to_II dynamic_JJ approaches_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
I_PPIS1 would_VM like_VVI to_TO thank_VVI Kai_NP1 von_NP1 Fintel_NP1 ,_, Danny_NP1 Fox_NP1 ,_, Benjamin_NP1 George_NP1 and_CC Irene_NP1 Heim_NP1 for_IF helpful_JJ comments_NN2 and_CC discussion_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Furthermore_RR ,_, an_AT1 interaction_NN1 between_II self-reference_NN1 and_CC valence_NN1 was_VBDZ observed_VVN at_II 450-600_MCMC ms_NN1 over_II fronto-central_JJ electrodes_NN2 ,_, and_CC indicated_VVD less_RGR positive_JJ amplitude_NN1 for_IF positive_JJ words_NN2 rated_VVN as_CSA non-self_NN1 referential_JJ and_CC for_IF negative_JJ words_NN2 rated_VVN as_CSA self-referential_JJ ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 observation_NN1 effectively_RR rules_VVZ out_RP the_AT option_NN1 of_IO exploiting_VVG the_AT parameter_NN1 of_IO the_AT broader_JJR context_NN1 or_CC prior_JJ discourse_NN1 in_II determining_VVG the_AT implicitly_RR denied_VVN assumption_NN1 needed_VVD to_TO accommodate_VVI correction_NN1 procedurally_RR ._. 
</s>
<s>
We_PPIS2 propose_VV0 to_TO define_VVI a_AT1 catalyst_NN1 for_IF the_AT prejacent_JJ of_IO a_AT1 manage_VV0 sentence_NN1 as_II a_AT1 dynamics-relative_JJ situation_NN1 sD_NNU ,_, which_DDQ is_VBZ causally_RR necessary_JJ but_CCB causally_RR insufficient_JJ for_IF the_AT truth_NN1 of_IO the_AT prejacent_JJ ._. 
</s>
<s>
Eckert_VV0 '_NULL s_ZZ1 (_( 2012_MC )_) critique_NN1 of_IO surveys_NN2 which_DDQ replicate_VV0 the_AT methods_NN2 of_IO SSENYC_NP1 notes_VVZ that_CST SSENYC_NP1 was_VBDZ based_VVN on_II a_AT1 representative_JJ sample_NN1 of_IO the_AT Lower_RRR East_ND1 Side_NN1 community_NN1 while_CS later_JJR work_NN1 '_NULL came_VVD to_TO focus_VVI on_II filling_VVG cells_NN2 '_NULL (_( 2012_MC :_: 88_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II these_DD2 examples_NN2 ,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ very_RG hard_JJ for_IF native_JJ speakers_NN2 to_TO get_VVI the_AT reading_NN1 that_CST the_AT focus-sensitive_JJ operators_NN2 skip_VV0 the_AT wh-phrases_NN2 and_CC associate_VV0 with_IW the_AT focused_JJ phrases_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
However_RR ,_, it_PPH1 has_VHZ a_AT1 strong_JJ pragmatic_JJ effect_NN1 on_II variability_NN1 ,_, with_IW discourse-new_JJ patient_NN1 strongly_RR favoring_VVG bei_NN2 passives_NN2 over_II discourse-old_JJ patient_NN1 in_II MCC_NP1 and_CC TCC_NP1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Every_AT1 father_NN1 less_DAR child_NN1 had_VHD lost_VVN him_PPHO1 in_II the_AT war_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II a_AT1 more_RGR recent_JJ PIALP_NN1 survey_NN1 with_IW a_AT1 similar_JJ sample_NN1 profile_NN1 and_CC phone_NN1 interview_NN1 methodology_NN1 ,_, Lenhart_NP1 (_( 2012_MC )_) found_VVD that_CST 77%_NNU of_IO teens_NN2 aged_VVN 12-17_MCMC had_VHN a_AT1 cell_NN1 phone_NN1 of_IO some_DD sort_NN1 ,_, and_CC 23%_NNU of_IO teens_NN2 owned_VVD smartphones_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Instead_RR ,_, I_PPIS1 show_VV0 how_RRQ a_AT1 great_JJ deal_NN1 of_IO the_AT ideological_JJ work_NN1 of_IO this_DD1 institution_NN1 is_VBZ communicatively_RR negotiated_VVN ,_, intensely_RR collective_JJ ,_, and_CC further_RRR shaped_VVN by_II a_AT1 set_NN1 of_IO genre-related_JJ constraints_NN2 (_( constraints_NN2 that_CST I_PPIS1 do_VD0 not_XX myself_PPX1 consider_VVI to_TO necessarily_RR be_VBI '_NULL bad_JJ '_NULL nor_CC '_NULL good_JJ '_NULL )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Therefore_RR ,_, domestication_NN1 metaphors_NN2 do_VD0 not_XX only_RR serve_VVI to_TO facilitate_VVI the_AT pedagogical_JJ purpose_NN1 of_IO acquiring_VVG biological_JJ knowledge_NN1 ,_, but_CCB also_RR draw_VV0 attention_NN1 to_II particular_JJ sociocultural_JJ ideologies_NN2 ,_, which_DDQ are_VBR further_RRR reinforced_VVN in_II the_AT representation_NN1 of_IO the_AT essential_JJ ,_, yet_RR sensitive_JJ ,_, topic_NN1 of_IO sexual_JJ intercourse_NN1 through_II the_AT use_NN1 of_IO cross-experience_JJ metaphors_NN2 which_DDQ is_VBZ discussed_VVN in_II the_AT next_MD section_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
It_PPH1 is_VBZ generally_RR accepted_VVN that_CST implicit_JJ PA_NN1 (_( global_JJ sensitivity_NN1 to_II similarity_NN1 between_II speech_NN1 sounds_VVZ )_) starts_VVZ to_TO develop_VVI before_II school_NN1 age_NN1 ,_, whereas_CS explicit_JJ PA_NN1 (_( ability_NN1 to_TO consciously_RR manipulate_VVI phonemes_NN2 )_) develops_VVZ during_II the_AT early_JJ school_NN1 years_NNT2 ,_, stimulated_VVN by_II the_AT process_NN1 of_IO learning_VVG to_TO read_VVI (_( Gombert_NP1 ,_, 1992_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Both_RR test_VV0 and_CC control_NN1 items_NN2 had_VHD the_AT same_DA structure_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT weighting_NN1 scheme_NN1 shows_VVZ that_DD1 information_NN1 from_II all_DB categories_NN2 is_VBZ considered_VVN ._. 
</s>
<s>
Therefore_RR ,_, two_MC significant_JJ findings_NN2 are_VBR worth_II highlighting_VVG from_II this_DD1 data_NN :_: 1_MC1 )_) MCC_NP1 and_CC TCC_NP1 see_VV0 a_AT1 significantly_RR declined_VVN tendency_NN1 of_IO occurrences_NN2 of_IO agentive_JJ sentences_NN2 and_CC an_AT1 increasing_JJ tendency_NN1 of_IO agentless_JJ sentences_NN2 (_( 44%_NNU and_CC 64%_NNU higher_JJR respectively_RR )_) ,_, in_II31 relation_II32 to_II33 that_DD1 in_II HLMC_NP1 ;_; and_CC 2_MC )_) TCC_NP1 employs_VVZ 20%_NNU more_DAR agentless_JJ bei_NN2 passives_NN2 than_CSN MCC_NP1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Well_RR I_PPIS1 dated_VVD a_AT1 gay_JJ boy_NN1 before_II that_DD1 ._. 
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<s>
With_IW this_DD1 assumption_NN1 ,_, sentences_NN2 (_( 1a-b_FO )_) are_VBR analyzed_VVN as_CSA requiring_VVG that_CST Michael_NP1 be_VBI far_JJ from/close_FU to_II the_AT union_NN1 of_IO all_DB gas_NN1 station_NN1 regions_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Participants_NN2 included_VVD 88_MC elementary_JJ school_NN1 children_NN2 between_II 8_MC and_CC 12_MC years_NNT2 of_IO age_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
These_DD2 include_VV0 the_AT form_NN1 of_IO pronouns_NN2 ,_, possessive_JJ adjectives_NN2 ,_, and_CC demonstratives_NN2 ,_, the_AT form_NN1 of_IO certain_JJ numbers_NN2 and_CC adjectives_NN2 ,_, and_CC the_AT applicability_NN1 of_IO the_AT soft_JJ mutation_NN1 to_II feminine_JJ singular_JJ nouns_NN2 that_CST begin_VV0 with_IW appropriate_JJ consonants_NN2 ._. 
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To_II the_AT standard_JJ rules_NN2 of_IO interpretation_NN1 (_( cf._VV0 On_II the_AT other_JJ hand_NN1 ,_, the_AT most_RGT widely_RR used_JJ source_NN1 of_IO grammar_NN1 information_NN1 for_IF language_NN1 production_NN1 purposes_NN2 were_VBDR the_AT example_NN1 sentences_NN2 supplied_VVN in_II an_AT1 entry_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Second_MD ,_, we_PPIS2 wanted_VVD to_TO investigate_VVI the_AT accuracy_NN1 and_CC response_NN1 times_NNT2 on_II different_JJ types_NN2 of_IO printed_JJ morphologically_RR complex_JJ words_NN2 as_CSA compared_VVN to_II matched_JJ control_NN1 words_NN2 in_II an_AT1 oral_JJ reading_NN1 passage_NN1 and_CC a_AT1 word_NN1 naming_NN1 task_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT language_NN1 model_NN1 does_VDZ not_XX provide_VVI enough_DD evidence_NN1 to_TO counter_VVI the_AT dispreference_NN1 of_IO the_AT translation_NN1 model_NN1 against_II jumping_VVG over_II the_AT source_NN1 words_NN2 für_NN1 die_VV0 Legalisieurung_NP1 der_FU Abtreibung_VVN in_II Kanada_NP1 and_CC translating_VVG stimmen_NN2 -_- '_NULL vote_VV0 '_NULL at_II its_APPGE correct_JJ position_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 is_VBZ an_AT1 important_JJ aspect_NN1 as_II no_AT other_JJ study_NN1 (_( but_CCB Deshors_NP1 2015_MC )_) has_VHZ so_RG far_RR adopted_VVN this_DD1 type_NN1 of_IO data_NN annotation_NN1 to_TO contrast_VVI gerundial_JJ and_CC infinitival_JJ complementation_NN1 patterns_NN2 in_II ESL_NP1 ._. 
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<s>
Turning_VVG to_II GAs_NN1 ,_, traditional_JJ degree-theoretic_JJ approaches_NN2 hold_VV0 that_CST gradable_JJ adjectives_NN2 themselves_PPX2 introduce_VV0 measure_NN1 functions_NN2 into_II the_AT compositional_JJ semantics_NN1 (_( Bartsch_NP1 and_CC Vennemann_NP1 1972_MC ,_, Cresswell_NP1 1976_MC ,_, Kennedy_NP1 1999_MC ,_, among_II many_DA2 others_NN2 )_) ._. 
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<s>
DISCO2_NP1 (_( verb_NN1 ,_, noun_NN1 )_) also_RR tended_VVD to_TO be_VBI higher_JJR for_IF VNICs_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
In_II sum_NN1 ,_, we_PPIS2 found_VVD no_AT effect_NN1 of_IO the_AT question_NN1 type_NN1 on_II modals_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Since_CS apes_NN2 are_VBR incapable_JJ of_IO uttering_VVG the_AT sounds_NN2 of_IO human_JJ language_NN1 ,_, either_RR due_JJ to_II anatomical_JJ or_CC neurological_JJ constraints_NN2 (_( Lieberman_NP1 2006_MC ,_, 2007_MC )_) ,_, other_JJ modalities_NN2 of_IO communication_NN1 than_CSN speech_NN1 must_VM be_VBI used_VVN in_II ape_NN1 language_NN1 research_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Research_NN1 has_VHZ demonstrated_VVN that_CST teenagers_NN2 push_VV0 forward_RL innovating_JJ forms_NN2 (_( e.g._REX Eckert_NP1 1988_MC ;_; Tagliamonte_NP1 2008_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
Some_DD parts_NN2 of_IO the_AT CR_NP1 theory_NN1 might_VM be_VBI understandable_JJ in_II this_DD1 way_NN1 ,_, while_CS others_NN2 might_VM not_XX be_VBI ._. 
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<s>
The_AT experimental_JJ materials_NN2 consisted_VVN of_IO 90_MC monosyllabic_JJ non-words_NN2 and_CC their_APPGE disyllabic_JJ counterparts_NN2 ,_, used_VVN in_II previous_JJ research_NN1 with_IW English_NN1 (_( Berent_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2007_MC )_) and_CC Korean_JJ (_( Berent_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2008_MC )_) speakers_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
In_II31 keeping_II32 with_II33 intent-to-treat_JJ principles_NN2 ,_, participants_NN2 who_PNQS withdrew_VVD were_VBDR included_VVN in_II all_DB analyses_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT longer_JJR favors_NN2 from_II male_JJ professors_NN2 can_VM also_RR be_VBI construed_VVN as_II the_AT stronger_JJR social_JJ support_NN1 they_PPHS2 have_VH0 in_II Iran_NP1 as_CSA academic/administrative_JJ figures_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Only_RR three_MC of_IO the_AT fifteen_MC C4_FO graphs_NN2 examined_VVD do_VD0 not_XX contain_VVI some_DD sort_NN1 of_IO obvious_JJ relationship_NN1 between_II two_MC of_IO the_AT non-collocating_JJ words_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Finally_RR ,_, class_NN1 sessions_NNT2 are_VBR classified_VVN according_II21 to_II22 level_NN1 of_IO interactivity_NN1 ,_, a_AT1 measure_NN1 of_IO the_AT amount_NN1 of_IO interaction_NN1 among_II participants_NN2 in_II the_AT speech_NN1 event_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Again_RT ,_, the_AT dependent_JJ variable_NN1 were_VBDR the_AT attested_JJ ordering_NN1 ratios_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
To_TO allow_VVI further_JJR interpretation_NN1 of_IO these_DD2 findings_NN2 ,_, specifically_RR the_AT nature_NN1 of_IO approximation_NN1 as_CSA determined_VVN through_II the_AT use_NN1 of_IO the_AT Discursis_NN1 metrics_NN2 ,_, we_PPIS2 inspected_VVD the_AT visual_JJ Discursis_NN1 plots_NN2 of_IO all_DB eight_MC conversations_NN2 in_II concert_NN1 with_IW the_AT Discursis_NN1 metrics_NN2 (_( RQ2_FO )_) ._. 
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<s>
New_NP1 York_NP1 :_: Oxford_NP1 University_NN1 Press_NN1 ,_, 2013_MC ._. 
</s>
<s>
Twenty-four_MC items_NN2 with_IW versions_NN2 in_II each_DD1 of_IO the_AT four_MC conditions_NN2 were_VBDR created_VVN ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II31 relation_II32 to_II33 EXPECTATIONS_NN2 6_MC to_II 8_MC ,_, given_CS21 that_CS22 EXPECTATION_NN1 4_MC above_RL is_VBZ not_XX met_VVN in_II our_APPGE data_NN ,_, and_CC we_PPIS2 find_VV0 instead_RR that_DD1 linguistic_JJ error_NN1 repairs_NN2 are_VBR significantly_RR more_RGR likely_JJ than_CSN factual_JJ error_NN1 and_CC appropriateness_NN1 repairs_VVZ to_TO have_VHI a_AT1 completed_JJ reparandum_NN1 item_NN1 ,_, EXPECTATIONS_NN2 6_MC and_CC 7_MC could_VM plausible_JJ both_RR be_VBI met_VVN ._. 
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<s>
A_AT1 one-minute_JJ baseline_NN1 skin_NN1 conductance_NN1 measure_NN1 was_VBDZ collected_VVN at_II the_AT beginning_NN1 and_CC at_II the_AT end_NN1 of_IO the_AT task_NN1 ,_, during_II which_DDQ the_AT participant_NN1 was_VBDZ asked_VVN to_TO sit_VVI still_JJ and_CC wait_VVI for_IF the_AT examiner_NN1 "_" to_TO finish_VVI some_DD paperwork_NN1 ._. "_" 
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<s>
To_TO address_VVI the_AT potential_JJ issue_NN1 discussed_VVN above_RL ,_, we_PPIS2 decided_VVD to_TO analyze_VVI texts_NN2 from_II different_JJ historical_JJ periods_NN2 using_VVG different_JJ wordlists_NN2 derived_VVN from_II large_JJ corpora_NN2 of_IO texts_NN2 published_VVN in_II the_AT corresponding_JJ periods_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
For_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, if_CS the_AT current_JJ CS_NP2 is_VBZ the_AT set_NN1 of_IO worlds_NN2 w1_FO ,_, w2_FO ,_, w3_FO ,_, the_AT current_JJ information_NN1 state_NN1 ,_, i.e._REX ,_, the_AT set_NN1 of_IO assignments_NN2 that_CST are_VBR still_RR live_JJ options_NN2 in_II discourse_NN1 ,_, is_VBZ as_CSA represented_VVN on_II the_AT left-hand_JJ side_NN1 below_RL ._. 
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<s>
Whether_CSW dyslexia_NN1 specifically_RR compromises_NN2 the_AT phonological_JJ system_NN1 is_VBZ far_RG21 from_RG22 certain_JJ ._. 
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<s>
However_RR ,_, because_CS the_AT outsourcing_JJ company_NN1 mainly_RR dealt_VVN with_IW English-speaking_JJ customers_NN2 ,_, all_DB spoke_VVD English_JJ fluently_RR ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT concept_NN1 of_IO '_NULL news_NN1 value_NN1 '_NULL (_( Bell_NP1 ,_, 1991_MC ;_; originally_RR identified_VVN by_II Galtung_NP1 and_CC Ruge_NP1 ,_, 1965_MC )_) is_VBZ drawn_VVN upon_II to_TO analyze_VVI the_AT press_NN1 uptakes_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
As_CSA outlined_VVN in_II Table_NN1 3_MC ,_, people_NN with_IW aphasia_NN1 in_II the_AT present_JJ data_NN adopt_VV0 a_AT1 number_NN1 of_IO different_JJ practices_NN2 when_RRQ generating_JJ repair_NN1 solutions_NN2 in_II31 response_II32 to_II33 open_JJ format_NN1 other-initiations_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Therefore_RR ,_, both_DB2 numbers_NN2 of_IO correct_JJ responses_NN2 and_CC mean_VV0 subsequent-response_JJ latency_NN1 need_NN1 to_TO be_VBI considered_VVN ._. 
</s>
<s>
At_II the_AT next_MD higher_JJR level_NN1 ,_, the_AT data_NN support_VV0 the_AT assumption_NN1 of_IO verb-group_JJ specific_JJ un-participle_NN1 constructions_NN2 ,_, namely_REX depictive_JJ UPCs_NN2 completing_VVG intransitive_JJ motion_NN1 constructions_NN2 ,_, resultative_JJ UPCs_NN2 containing_VVG resulting_JJ copular_JJ verbs_NN2 and_CC attributive_JJ UPCs_NN2 containing_VVG stative_JJ copular_JJ verbs_NN2 (_( cf._VV0 This_DD1 work_NN1 was_VBDZ supported_VVN by_II the_AT following_JJ grants_NN2 from_II the_AT NIH_NN1 National_JJ Institute_NN1 of_IO Child_NN1 Health_NN1 and_CC Human_JJ Development_NN1 to_II Haskins_NP1 Laboratories_NN2 :_: HD_NP1 073288_MC (_( Julie_NP1 A._NP1 Van_NP1 Dyke_NP1 ,_, PI_NN1 )_) ,_, HD_NP1 001994_MC (_( Jay_NP1 Rueckl_NP1 ,_, PI_NN1 )_) ,_, and_CC HD_NP1 067364_MC (_( Kenneth_NP1 R._NP1 Pugh_NP1 ,_, PI_NN1 )_) ._. 
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The_AT participants_NN2 who_PNQS used_VVD the_AT application_NN1 made_VVD significant_JJ improvements_NN2 in_II word_NN1 recognition_NN1 ._. 
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Next_MD ,_, we_PPIS2 discuss_VV0 non-native_JJ grammatical_JJ error_NN1 correction-finding_NN1 and_CC modifying_VVG text_NN1 to_TO fix_VVI errors_NN2 or_CC to_TO make_VVI it_PPH1 sound_RR more_RGR fluent_JJ ._. 
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The_AT copula_NN1 is_VBZ often_RR missing_VVG in_II conversational_JJ language_NN1 but_CCB must_VM be_VBI present_JJ in_II written_JJ language_NN1 ._. 
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Thus_RR ordinary_JJ words_NN2 simply_RR have_VH0 a_AT1 name_NN1 field_NN1 that_CST is_VBZ filled_VVN by_II the_AT spelling_NN1 of_IO the_AT word_NN1 ._. 
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Crucially_RR ,_, the_AT Follower_NP1 did_VDD not_XX know_VVI which_DDQ part_NN1 of_IO the_AT NP_NP1 was_VBDZ focussed_VVN prior_II21 to_II22 hearing_VVG the_AT Director_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 utterance_NN1 for_IF any_DD given_JJ tile_NN1 in_II this_DD1 condition_NN1 ._. 
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In_RR21 particular_RR22 ,_, my_APPGE calculations_NN2 will_VM not_XX separately_RR count_VVI spoken_JJ forms_NN2 differing_VVG only_RR in_II presence_NN1 versus_II absence_NN1 of_IO postvocalic_JJ /r/_NN1 ,_, since_CS this_DD1 distinction_NN1 does_VDZ not_XX occur_VVI in_II RP_NP1 :_: a_AT1 pair_NN of_IO words_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 taught_JJ and_CC tortare_VV0 distinct_JJ for_IF most_DAT American_JJ speakers_NN2 but_CCB ,_, in_II RP_NP1 ,_, they_PPHS2 are_VBR homophones_NN2 ._. 
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In_II the_AT cases_NN2 where_RRQ health-related_JJ troubles_NN2 talk_VV0 arguably_RR emerged_VVD in_II health-care_NN1 interactions_NN2 (_( both_DB2 in_II31 response_II32 to_II33 history-taking_JJ sequences_NN2 and_CC within_II social_JJ talk_NN1 )_) ,_, the_AT nurse_NN1 tended_VVD not_XX to_TO orient_VVI explicitly_RR to_II the_AT talk_NN1 as_CSA troubles_VVZ talk_NN1 ._. 
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This_DD1 also_RR suggests_VVZ that_CST greater_JJR activation_NN1 for_IF familiar_JJ relative_II21 to_II22 novel_JJ objects_NN2 observed_VVN in_II unimodal_JJ sensory_JJ association_NN1 regions_NN2 reflects_VVZ semantic_JJ upregulation_NN1 of_IO these_DD2 regions_NN2 ._. 
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Therefore_RR ,_, we_PPIS2 conclude_VV0 that_CST ,_, in_RR21 general_RR22 ,_, the_AT models_NN2 do_VD0 not_XX sufficiently_RR distinguish_VVI good_JJ from_II bad_JJ translations_NN2 when_CS we_PPIS2 append_VV0 more_DAR than_CSN just_RR the_AT top-1_MC1 ._. 
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<s>
Disregarding_VVG the_AT issue_NN1 of_IO semantically_RR vacuous_JJ phi-features_NN2 (_( see_VV0 Heim_NP1 2008_MC ;_; Percus_NP1 2006_MC ;_; Sauerland_NP1 2003,2008a_FO ;_; Spector_NP1 2007_MC )_) ,_, the_AT features_NN2 in_II (_( 45_MC )_) can_VM be_VBI given_VVN the_AT following_JJ meanings_NN2 ._. 
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There_EX were_VBDR also_RR some_DD instances_NN2 of_IO on-screen_JJ information_NN1 being_VBG obscured_VVN by_II the_AT subtitles_NN2 ._. 
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We_PPIS2 attempted_VVD to_TO disentangle_VVI the_AT contributions_NN2 that_CST a_AT1 comorbid_JJ diagnosis_NN1 of_IO stuttering_VVG might_VM have_VHI on_II the_AT results_NN2 described_VVN by_II comparing_VVG the_AT two_MC subgroups_NN2 of_IO adults_NN2 who_PNQS clutter_VV0 and_CC stutter_NN1 and_CC those_DD2 who_PNQS clutter_VV0 but_CCB did_VDD not_XX stutter_VVI ._. 
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In_II excerpt_NN1 5.1_MC we_PPIS2 can_VM see_VVI that_CST lines_NN2 1-7_MCMC provide_VV0 narrative-like_JJ orienting_JJ information_NN1 in_II Indonesian_JJ ._. 
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That_DD1 Self_NN1 has_VHZ a_AT1 trouble_NN1 or_CC need_NN1 is_VBZ conveyed_VVN by_II the_AT request_NN1 ,_, in_CS21 that_CS22 it_PPH1 is_VBZ recognizable_JJ as_II a_AT1 solicitation_NN1 of_IO assistance_NN1 ,_, but_CCB the_AT nature_NN1 of_IO the_AT trouble_NN1 is_VBZ left_JJ implicit_JJ ._. 
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One_MC1 student_NN1 demonstrated_VVD a_AT1 lot_NN1 of_IO English-influenced_JJ phonology_NN1 (_( or_CC simply_RR unusual_JJ phonology_NN1 )_) and_CC a_AT1 tendency_NN1 to_TO regularize_VVI verbal_JJ paradigms_NN2 ,_, for_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, j_ZZ1 '_NULL m_ZZ1 '_NULL intéresser_NN1 "_" I_PPIS1 am_VBM interested_JJ in_II "_" (_( where_CS the_AT infinitive_NN1 verbal_JJ form_NN1 is_VBZ substituted_VVN for_IF the_AT expected_JJ inflected_JJ form_NN1 )_) and_CC à_AT1 liser_JJR "_" to_TO read_VVI "_" (_( where_CS a_AT1 regular_JJ verb_NN1 ending_NN1 is_VBZ substituted_VVN for_IF an_AT1 irregular_JJ verb_NN1 ending_NN1 )_) ._. 
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We_PPIS2 note_VV0 one_MC1 additional_JJ finding_NN1 from_II the_AT final_JJ model_NN1 :_: As_CSA has_VHZ been_VBN reported_VVN previously_RR in_II the_AT literature_NN1 (_( Paivio_NP1 ,_, 1971_MC )_) ,_, increasing_JJ imageability_NN1 led_VVN to_II greater_JJR phrase_NN1 discriminability_NN1 (_( β_NULL =_FO 0.18_MC ,_, Wald_NP1 Z_ZZ1 =_FO 2.62_MC ,_, p_ZZ1 <_FO .01_MC )_) ._. 
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For_IF these_DD2 reasons_NN2 ,_, we_PPIS2 used_VVD a_AT1 more_RGR specific_JJ query_NN1 to_TO find_VVI examples_NN2 of_IO this_DD1 swearword_NN1 (_( see_VV0 Appendix_NN1 )_) ._. 
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This_DD1 similarity_NN1 can_VM be_VBI measured_VVN with_IW techniques_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 latent_JJ semantic_JJ analysis_NN1 (_( LSA_NP1 )_) cosine_NN1 distance_NN1 or_CC the_AT summary-level_JJ statistics_NN that_CST are_VBR widely_RR used_VVN in_II evaluation_NN1 of_IO machine_NN1 translation_NN1 or_CC automatic_JJ summarization_NN1 ,_, such_II21 as_II22 BLEU_NP1 ,_, Meteor_NN1 ,_, or_CC ROUGE_NN1 ._. 
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As_II a_AT1 way_NN1 to_TO alleviate_VVI the_AT problems_NN2 caused_VVN by_II this_DD1 approximation_NN1 ,_, in_II line_NN1 7_MC we_PPIS2 merge_VV0 the_AT k-best_JJT lists_NN2 from_II multiple_JJ decoding_JJ iterations_NN2 ,_, finding_VVG a_AT1 larger_JJR and_CC more_RGR accurate_JJ set_NN1 C_ZZ1 of_IO derivations_NN2 ._. 
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We_PPIS2 demonstrate_VV0 the_AT methodological_JJ problems_NN2 with_IW aggregating_VVG data_NN ._. 
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For_IF this_DD1 study_NN1 ,_, we_PPIS2 need_VV0 fairly_RR robust_JJ measures_NN2 which_DDQ ,_, as_RG much_DA1 as_CSA possible_JJ ,_, retain_VV0 the_AT same_DA level_NN1 of_IO resolution_NN1 for_IF rare_JJ and_CC frequent_JJ words_NN2 ._. 
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In_II this_DD1 article_NN1 the_AT central_JJ grammaticalized_VVD versus_II nongrammaticalized_JJ evidentiality_NN1 dispute_NN1 falls_VVZ away_RL entirely_RR :_: what_DDQ evidential_JJ marking_NN1 exists_VVZ is_VBZ to_TO be_VBI found_VVN ,_, not_XX in_II the_AT grammar_NN1 but_CCB in_II the_AT sequence_NN1 itself_PPX1 ,_, and_CC in_II the_AT construction_NN1 of_IO social_JJ action_NN1 ._. 
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Low_JJ proficient_JJ bilinguals_NN2 tend_VV0 to_TO intermix_VVI and_CC overlap_NN1 phoneme_NN1 exemplars_NN2 from_II different_JJ categories_NN2 by_II not_XX correctly_RR identifying_VVG where_RRQ the_AT phonemic_JJ boundary_NN1 lies_NN2 (_( Archila-Suerte_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2011_MC )_) ._. 
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Participants_NN2 in_II Warker_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
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were_VBDR told_VVN to_TO "_" bring_VVI a_AT1 friend_NN1 "_" who_PNQS would_VM serve_VVI as_CSA their_APPGE experimental_JJ partner_NN1 ._. 
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We_PPIS2 believe_VV0 the_AT Bayesian_JJ classification_NN1 approach_NN1 (_( U-Bayes_NP1 and_CC S-Bayes_NP1 )_) works_VVZ well_RR and_CC is_VBZ a_AT1 useful_JJ tool_NN1 for_IF SMS_NP1 SPAM_NN1 detection_NN1 ._. 
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Vocabulary_NN1 learning_VVG as_II a_AT1 component_NN1 of_IO CALL_NN1 now_RT encompasses_VVZ not_XX only_RR the_AT learning_NN1 of_IO single_JJ words_NN2 but_CCB also_RR of_IO multiword_NN1 expressions_NN2 ,_, such_II21 as_II22 collocations_NN2 (_( e.g._REX Chan_NP1 &amp;_CC Liou_NP1 ,_, 2005_MC ;_; Nesselhauf_NP1 &amp;_CC Tschichold_NP1 ,_, 2002_MC ;_; Wu_NP1 ,_, Witten_NP1 ,_, &amp;_CC Franken_NNU ,_, 2010_MC )_) ._. 
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As_CSA Chemla_NP1 (_( 2010_MC )_) points_VVZ out_RP ,_, most_DAT of_IO the_AT solutions_NN2 proposed_VVN are_VBR based_VVN on_II considerations_NN2 about_II the_AT plausibility_NN1 that_CST the_AT speaker_NN1 believes_VVZ only_RR the_AT conditional_JJ inference_NN1 ,_, regardless_RR of_IO how_RRQ this_DD1 is_VBZ derived_VVN in_II the_AT first_MD place_NN1 (_( in_II fact_NN1 ,_, it_PPH1 would_VM be_VBI unnatural_JJ to_TO restrict_VVI these_DD2 accounts_NN2 to_II conditional_JJ presuppositions_NN2 )_) ._. 
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In_II another_DD1 recent_JJ study_NN1 ,_, Jun_NPM1 and_CC Bishop_NN1 (_( in_II press_NN1 )_) report_VV0 an_AT1 experiment_NN1 in_II which_DDQ the_AT goal_NN1 was_VBDZ to_TO use_VVI explicit_JJ prosody_NN1 to_II prime_JJ implicit_JJ prosody_NN1 ._. 
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First_MD ,_, '_NULL Fixed-lexicon_JJ pragmatics_NN1 '_NULL performs_VVZ the_AT least_RGT well_JJ overall_NN1 ._. 
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Loden_NN1 proposes_VVZ a_AT1 model_NN1 of_IO diversity_NN1 made_VVD up_RP of_IO primary_NN1 and_CC secondary_JJ dimensions_NN2 of_IO each_DD1 individual_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 social_JJ constitution_NN1 ,_, the_AT most_RGT recent_JJ version_NN1 listing_NN1 nine_MC primary_JJ and_CC eleven_MC secondary_JJ dimensions_NN2 ._. 
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The_AT prediction_NN1 was_VBDZ that_DD1 ,_, contrary_II21 to_II22 the_AT classroom_NN1 learners_NN2 in_II Experiment_NN1 1_MC1 ,_, the_AT Middlebury_NP1 learners_NN2 would_VM pattern_NN1 with_IW the_AT advanced_JJ Spanish_JJ speakers_NN2 in_II31 terms_II32 of_II33 their_APPGE ability_NN1 to_TO inhibit_VVI L1_FO English_NN1 ._. 
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Company_NN1 names_NN2 were_VBDR commonly_RR formed_VVN from_II owners_NN2 '_NULL surnames_NN2 or_CC place_VV0 names_NN2 or_CC consisted_VVD of_IO ordinary_JJ English_JJ words_NN2 ._. 
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To_TO address_VVI such_DA worries_NN2 ,_, the_AT experiments_NN2 reported_VVN here_RL take_VV0 a_AT1 different_JJ approach_NN1 to_II gathering_VVG systematic_JJ evidence_NN1 on_II rejecting_VVG statements_NN2 with_IW non-referring_JJ definites_NN2 ,_, by_II looking_VVG at_II the_AT time-course_NN1 of_IO responses_NN2 to_TO shed_VVI light_NN1 on_II the_AT processes_NN2 involved_JJ in_II reaching_VVG a_AT1 '_NULL false_JJ '_NULL -judgment_NN1 ._. 
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To_TO say_VVI that_CST he_PPHS1 "_" needs_VVZ "_" a_AT1 light_NN1 ,_, as_CSA one_PN1 might_VM do_VDI ,_, is_VBZ therefore_RR not_XX a_AT1 reference_NN1 to_II a_AT1 psychological_JJ disposition_NN1 (_( Childs_NP1 ,_, 2012_MC )_) ;_; it_PPH1 denotes_VVZ rather_RG a_AT1 difficulty_NN1 in_II the_AT realization_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 practical_JJ course_NN1 of_IO action_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT audio_NN1 accompanying_VVG each_DD1 trial_NN1 was_VBDZ digitally_RR recorded_VVN using_VVG an_AT1 MXL_MC condenser_NN1 microphone_NN1 and_CC Dell_NP1 laptop_NN1 computer_NN1 ._. 
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For_IF purposes_NN2 of_IO the_AT analysis_NN1 here_RL ,_, we_PPIS2 focus_VV0 only_RR on_II instrument_NN1 and_CC location_NN1 and_CC their_APPGE respective_JJ phonological_JJ schemas_NN2 ._. 
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We_PPIS2 will_VM show_VVI that_CST postulating_VVG a_AT1 superlative_JJ reading_NN1 of_IO bare_JJ most_RGT in_II subject_NN1 position_NN1 explains_VVZ the_AT pattern_NN1 of_IO results_NN2 observed_VVN in_II the_AT experiments_NN2 ,_, and_CC we_PPIS2 argue_VV0 that_CST these_DD2 results_NN2 are_VBR not_XX predicted_VVN under_II the_AT lexical_JJ view_NN1 ._. 
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In_II previous_JJ work_NN1 (_( Kainada_NP1 &amp;_CC Baltazani_NP1 ,_, 2013_MC )_) we_PPIS2 observed_VVD that_CST under_RG normal_JJ conditions_NN2 the_AT L*+H_FO pitch_NN1 accent_NN1 in_II IG_NP1 aligns_VVZ similarly_RR to_II SMG_NP1 ,_, but_CCB no_AT details_NN2 of_IO the_AT acoustic_JJ realization_NN1 of_IO the_AT pitch_NN1 accent_NN1 were_VBDR offered_VVN in_II that_DD1 paper_NN1 ._. 
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In_II the_AT canonical_JJ instance_NN1 ,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ evident_JJ why_RRQ we_PPIS2 postulate_VV0 a_AT1 morphosyntactic_JJ feature_NN1 ,_, since_CS it_PPH1 generalizes_VVZ across_II a_AT1 large_JJ number_NN1 of_IO items_NN2 ._. 
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All_DB of_IO the_AT action_NN1 lies_VVZ in_II the_AT phrase_NN1 make_VV0 his_APPGE only_JJ appearance_NN1 ,_, so_CS we_PPIS2 can_VM focus_VVI on_II that_DD1 ._. 
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Avoiding_VVG the_AT act_NN1 ,_, or_CC opting_VVG out_RP ,_, is_VBZ the_AT single_JJ most_RGT common_JJ type_NN1 of_IO advice_NN1 given_VVN in_II31 response_II32 to_II33 posts_NN2 contemplating_VVG disinvitations_NN2 ._. 
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The_AT results_NN2 presented_VVN in_II Table_NN1 10_MC demonstrate_VV0 that_CST though_CS the_AT actual_JJ values_NN2 for_IF the_AT factor_NN1 weights_NN2 are_VBR slightly_RR different_JJ ,_, there_EX is_VBZ a_AT1 parallel_NN1 between_II constraint_NN1 hierarchies_NN2 for_IF the_AT significant_JJ factor_NN1 groups_NN2 in_II the_AT two_MC modern_JJ Mandarin_NN1 Chinese_JJ varieties_NN2 ,_, and_CC these_DD2 two_MC varieties_NN2 show_VV0 a_AT1 contrast_NN1 with_IW texts_NN2 in_II early_JJ modern_JJ Mandarin_NN1 Chinese_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
All_DB children_NN2 had_VHD (_( a_ZZ1 )_) normal_JJ range_NN1 IQ_NN1 as_CSA measured_VVN by_II the_AT Leiter_NN1 International_JJ Performance_NN1 Scale-Revised_NN1 (_( Roid_NP1 &amp;_CC Miller_NP1 ,_, 1997_MC )_) ;_; (_( b_ZZ1 )_) normal_JJ range_NN1 hearing_NN1 sensitivity_NN1 (_( American_JJ National_JJ Standards_NN2 Institute_NN1 ,_, 1997_MC )_) ;_; (_( c_ZZ1 )_) normal_JJ or_CC corrected_JJ vision_NN1 ;_; and_CC (_( d_ZZ1 )_) normal_JJ language_NN1 as_CSA measured_VVN by_II the_AT Clinical_JJ Evaluation_NN1 of_IO Language_NN1 Fundamentals-4_MC (_( CELF-4_MC ;_; Semel_NP1 ,_, Wiig_NP1 ,_, &amp;_CC Secord_NP1 ,_, 2003_MC )_) linguistic_JJ concepts_NN2 and_CC following_VVG directions_NN2 subtest_JJT and_CC recalling_VVG sentences_NN2 subtest_JJT ,_, the_AT Comprehensive_JJ Receptive_JJ Expressive_JJ Vocabulary_NN1 Test_NN1 (_( CREVT_NP1 ;_; Wallace_NP1 &amp;_CC Hammill_NP1 ,_, 2000_MC )_) ,_, the_AT Comprehensive_JJ Assessment_NN1 of_IO Spoken_JJ Language_NN1 test_NN1 (_( Carrow-Woolfolk_NP1 ,_, 1999_MC )_) ,_, and_CC the_AT Test_NN1 of_IO Narrative_JJ Language_NN1 (_( Gillam_NP1 &amp;_CC Pearson_NP1 ,_, 2004_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
In_II31 terms_II32 of_II33 their_APPGE linguistic_JJ features_NN2 ,_, stylized_JJ utterances_NN2 draw_VV0 the_AT audience_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 explicit_JJ attention_NN1 to_II the_AT linguistic_JJ features_NN2 that_CST performers_NN2 use_VV0 to_TO project_VVI recognizable_JJ social_JJ personas_NN2 ._. 
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IPL_NP1 trials_NN2 with_IW no_AT visual_JJ attention_NN1 recorded_VVN during_II baseline_NN1 and/or_CC test_VV0 trials_NN2 were_VBDR eliminated_VVN from_II the_AT analyses_NN2 ._. 
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Verbs_NN2 that_CST display_VV0 endoclisis_NN1 are_VBR therefore_RR assumed_VVN to_TO contribute_VVI two_MC elements_NN2 to_II the_AT s-string_NN1 ,_, and_CC thereby_RR two_MC elements_NN2 to_II the_AT c-structure_NN1 (_( one_MC1 V_ZZ1 ?_? ,_, the_AT other_JJ V0_FO )_) ._. 
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The_AT p-value_NN1 therefore_RR appears_VVZ to_TO be_VBI indicative_JJ of_IO the_AT enhancement_NN1 in_II higher_JJR frequencies_NN2 for_IF function_NN1 words_NN2 ._. 
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In_II31 light_II32 of_II33 this_DD1 entailment_NN1 relation_NN1 that_CST is_VBZ part_NN1 of_IO the_AT semantics_NN1 of_IO the_AT canonical_JJ type_NN1 ,_, an_AT1 example_NN1 such_II21 as_II22 (_( 8_MC )_) -_- we_PPIS2 don_VV0 '_NULL t_ZZ1 have_VH0 ten_MC children_NN2 ,_, let_II21 alone_II22 one_PN1 -_- can_VM be_VBI said_VVN to_TO be_VBI illogical_JJ :_: if_CS one_MC1 does_VDZ not_XX have_VHI 10_MC children_NN2 ,_, it_PPH1 can_VM not_XX be_VBI inferred_VVN that_CST one_PN1 does_VDZ not_XX have_VHI any_DD children_NN2 ._. 
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If_CS disfluency_NN1 is_VBZ directly_RR associated_VVN with_IW objects_NN2 that_CST lack_VV0 a_AT1 name_NN1 and_CC require_VV0 a_AT1 longer_JJR description_NN1 ,_, then_RT more_DAR looks_NN2 are_VBR expected_VVN to_TO the_AT unnamed_JJ shape_NN1 of_IO the_AT mentioned_VVN color_NN1 upon_II processing_NN1 of_IO the_AT color_NN1 adjective_NN1 that_CST follows_VVZ a_AT1 disfluent_JJ determiner_NN1 ,_, for_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, Click_VV0 on_II thee_PPY uh_UH red_NN1 ._. 
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This_DD1 interactional_JJ role-taking_NN1 is_VBZ most_RGT evident_JJ when_CS Kevin_NP1 and_CC Hope_VV0 jointly_RR relate_VV0 Hope_NP1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 (_( and_CC others_NN2 '_NULL )_) reasons_NN2 for_IF wanting_VVG to_TO stay_VVI in_II the_AT United_NP1 States_NP1 (_( lines_NN2 785-798_MCMC above_RL )_) ._. 
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The_AT slowest_JJT excerpt_NN1 had_VHD a_AT1 speech_NN1 rate_NN1 of_IO 141_MC wpm_NNU ,_, a_AT1 subtitling_JJ speed_NN1 of_IO 137_MC wpm_NNU ,_, a_AT1 reduction_NN1 rate_NN1 of_IO 2.6%_FO and_CC an_AT1 accuracy_NN1 rate_NN1 of_IO 99.7%_FO ._. 
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As_CSA predicted_VVN ,_, a_AT1 significant_JJ Participant_NN1 Group_NN1 ×_II Sentence_NN1 Region_NN1 interaction_NN1 indicated_VVD that_DD1 reading_NN1 times_NNT2 were_VBDR especially_RR inflated_VVN in_II the_AT critical_JJ spillover_NN1 region_NN1 for_IF participants_NN2 familiar_JJ with_IW Dialectal_NP1 Need_VV0 relative_NN1 to_II unfamiliar_JJ participants_NN2 ,_, t_ZZ1 =_FO 1.99_MC ,_, p_ZZ1 <_FO .05_MC ._. 
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The_AT results_NN2 for_IF complement_NN1 clause_NN1 subject_NN1 length_NN1 confirm_VV0 Torres_NP1 Cacoullos_NP2 and_CC Walker_NP1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 (_( 2009_MC )_) findings_NN2 :_: it_PPH1 most_RGT strongly_RR conditions_NN2 zero_NN1 followed_VVN by_II other_JJ pronouns_NN2 ,_, short_JJ NPs_NP1 ,_, and_CC long_JJ NPs_NP1 ._. 
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The_AT fact_NN1 that_CST marriage_NN1 rights_NN2 were_VBDR not_XX extended_VVN to_II Mark_NP1 and_CC Javier_NP1 in_II their_APPGE home_NN1 state_NN1 of_IO California_NP1 at_II the_AT time_NNT1 they_PPHS2 became_VVD engaged_JJ resulted_VVN in_II limited_JJ agency_NN1 on_II their_APPGE part_NN1 in_II planning_VVG their_APPGE wedding_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT user_NN1 needs_VVZ meaningful_JJ information_NN1 ,_, for_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, that_CST a_AT1 particular_JJ GPS_NN2 coordinate_VV0 is_VBZ a_AT1 hospital_NN1 or_CC a_AT1 shopping_NN1 mall_NN1 ._. 
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Unpredictable_JJ dependencies_NN2 ,_, by_II contrast_NN1 ,_, do_VD0 not_XX require_VVI syntactic_JJ prediction_NN1 and_CC should_VM therefore_RR be_VBI considerably_RR less_DAR resource_NN1 demanding_VVG ._. 
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The_AT company_NN1 is_VBZ required_VVN to_TO fire_VVI no_AT employees_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
What_DDQ makes_VVZ the_AT interviews_NN2 in_II this_DD1 study_NN1 unique_JJ is_VBZ that_CST the_AT women_NN2 recognized_VVD the_AT interviewer_NN1 as_II a_AT1 peer_NN1 who_PNQS could_VM understand_VVI the_AT embedded_JJ connotations_NN2 in_II their_APPGE speech_NN1 and_CC other_JJ non-verbal_JJ parts_NN2 of_IO discourse_NN1 such_II21 as_II22 gestures_NN2 ,_, particularly_RR iconic_JJ gestures_NN2 (_( McNeill_NP1 ,_, 1992_MC )_) ._. 
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As_CSA we_PPIS2 show_VV0 in_II Section_NN1 2.2_MC ,_, these_DD2 are_VBR precisely_RR the_AT sort_NN1 of_IO pairs_NN2 that_CST are_VBR not_XX contained_VVN in_II existing_JJ evaluation_NN1 gold_NN1 standards_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT original_JJ counting_NN1 method_NN1 involves_VVZ "_" measuring_VVG silence_NN1 relative_II21 to_II22 speech_NN1 rhythm_NN1 "_" (_( Hepburn_NP1 &amp;_CC Bolden_NP1 ,_, 2013_MC ,_, p._NN1 60_MC )_) ;_; therefore_RR ,_, according_II21 to_II22 this_DD1 method_NN1 ,_, the_AT numbers_NN2 in_II parentheses_NN2 do_VD0 not_XX necessarily_RR represent_VVI seconds_NNT2 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT first_MD step_NN1 in_II the_AT meta-analysis_NN1 was_VBDZ a_AT1 comprehensive_JJ search_NN1 of_IO the_AT literature_NN1 to_TO identify_VVI relevant_JJ data_NN ._. 
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<s>
One_MC1 concern_NN1 ,_, however_RR ,_, is_VBZ that_CST the_AT effect_NN1 may_VM be_VBI driven_VVN by_II the_AT first_MD word_NN1 alone_RR ._. 
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<s>
The_AT observation_NN1 of_IO children_NN2 '_NULL s_ZZ1 early_JJ marking_NN1 of_IO contrastive_JJ stress_NN1 (_( discussed_VVN above_RL )_) has_VHZ also_RR been_VBN complemented_VVN by_II acoustic_JJ analyses_NN2 in_II a_AT1 few_DA2 studies_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
First_MD ,_, the_AT database_NN1 is_VBZ used_VVN by_II the_AT company_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 other_JJ sites_NN2 and_CC divisions_NN2 worldwide_RL ,_, and_CC if_CS an_AT1 agent_NN1 accidentally_RR deletes_VVZ some_DD valuable_JJ data_NN ,_, this_DD1 may_VM have_VHI an_AT1 effect_NN1 on_II other_JJ parts_NN2 of_IO its_APPGE operation_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
A_AT1 past-under-past_JJ sentence_NN1 of_IO the_AT form_NN1 '_NULL q_ZZ1 before_CS p_ZZ1 '_NULL has_VHZ the_AT properties_NN2 described_VVN in_II (_( 12_MC )_) ,_, as_CSA illustrated_VVN by_II the_AT sentences_NN2 in_II (_( 13_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
The_AT third_MD and_CC fourth_MD classes_NN2 are_VBR composed_VVN of_IO verbs_NN2 ending_VVG in_II "_" -oir_NN1 "_" and_CC "_" -re_II "_" ,_, respectively_RR ._. 
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<s>
The_AT primary_JJ difference_NN1 appears_VVZ to_II how_RGQ far_JJ generalization_NN1 is_VBZ tolerated_VVN ._. 
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<s>
The_AT subtitle_NN1 &lsqb;_( A_ZZ1 &rsqb;_) ssimilation_NN1 and_CC Shift_VV0 in_II Southeast_ND1 Asia_NP1 captures_VVZ the_AT flavor_NN1 of_IO many_DA2 chapters_NN2 which_DDQ analyze_VV0 language_NN1 policies_NN2 ,_, and_CC ,_, more_RGR generally_RR ,_, continuous_JJ language_NN1 planning_NN1 processes_NN2 ,_, in_II which_DDQ political_JJ authorities_NN2 everywhere_RL converge_VV0 on_II linguistic_JJ consolidation_NN1 and_CC active_JJ assimilation_NN1 as_CSA key_JJ aims_NN2 of_IO education_NN1 ,_, and_CC social_JJ ,_, economic_JJ and_CC religious_JJ legislation_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Here_RL ,_, I_PPIS1 follow_VV0 Trudgill_NP1 (_( 2011_MC )_) in_RP considering_CS21 that_CS22 the_AT prevalence_NN1 of_IO L1_FO or_CC L2_FO mode_NN1 of_IO transmission_NN1 is_VBZ a_AT1 better_JJR predictor_NN1 of_IO the_AT rate_NN1 of_IO linguistic_JJ change_NN1 than_CSN the_AT amount_NN1 of_IO contact_NN1 per_RR21 se_RR22 ._. 
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<s>
However_RR ,_, in_II contrast_NN1 to_II these_DD2 previous_JJ accounts_NN2 ,_, which_DDQ posit_VV0 formality_NN1 as_II a_AT1 static_JJ quality_NN1 of_IO -supnita_NN1 ,_, the_AT claim_NN1 here_RL is_VBZ that_DD1 "_" formal_JJ presentational_JJ stance_NN1 "_" ,_, as_CSA a_AT1 direct_JJ index_NN1 ,_, can_VM be_VBI modified_VVN to_TO produce_VVI a_AT1 range_NN1 of_IO different_JJ contextual_JJ meanings_NN2 ,_, which_DDQ are_VBR indirectly_RR indexed_VVN ._. 
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<s>
The_AT first_MD 2_MC s_ZZ1 of_IO the_AT digit_NN1 presentation_NN1 phase_NN1 was_VBDZ termed_VVN Presentation_NN1 1_MC1 ,_, with_IW the_AT final_NN1 2_MC s_ZZ1 of_IO the_AT presentation_NN1 phase_NN1 being_VBG Presentation_NN1 2_MC ._. 
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<s>
Moreover_RR ,_, across_II studies_NN2 there_EX were_VBDR inconsistent_JJ controls_NN2 over_II factors_NN2 that_CST are_VBR possibly_RR influential_JJ on_II phonological_JJ skill_NN1 development_NN1 ,_, such_II21 as_II22 memory_NN1 ,_, vocabulary_NN1 knowledge_NN1 ,_, and_CC the_AT types_NN2 and_CC amount_NN1 of_IO instruction_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
If_CS Maria_NP1 wears_VVZ a_AT1 strapless_JJ dress_NN1 ,_, that_DD1 will_VM make_VVI eight_MC ._. 
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<s>
We_PPIS2 evaluated_VVD the_AT approach_NN1 by_II exploiting_VVG several_DA2 distinct_JJ features_NN2 of_IO our_APPGE data_NN set_VV0 ._. 
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<s>
Through_II the_AT years_NNT2 ,_, several_DA2 definitions_NN2 have_VH0 been_VBN tried_JJ and_CC tested_JJ ._. 
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<s>
The_AT State_NN1 of_IO the_AT Union_NN1 addresses_NN2 are_VBR simply_RR written_VVN and_CC sent_VVN to_II the_AT members_NN2 of_IO the_AT Congress_NN1 who_PNQS lead_VV0 the_AT US_NP1 politics_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Level_NN1 of_IO conventionality_NN1 of_IO the_AT metaphors_NN2 accepted_VVD :_: Metaphor_NN1 is_VBZ a_AT1 productive_JJ phenomenon_NN1 ,_, that_REX21 is_REX22 ,_, its_APPGE novel_JJ examples_NN2 continue_VV0 to_TO emerge_VVI in_II language_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
If_CS so_RR ,_, a_AT1 novel_JJ vehicle_NN1 (_( a_AT1 word_NN1 that_CST has_VHZ only_RR a_AT1 literal_JJ meaning_NN1 )_) needs_VVZ to_TO be_VBI understood_VVN within_II a_AT1 simile_NN1 structure_NN1 first_MD (_( and_CC thus_RR enter_VV0 into_II analogical_JJ processing_NN1 )_) to_TO yield_VVI a_AT1 figurative_JJ meaning_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT positive_JJ and_CC negative_JJ points_NN2 of_IO these_DD2 systems_NN2 continue_VV0 to_TO be_VBI examined_VVN in_II an_AT1 active_JJ literature_NN1 in_II the_AT CR_NP1 domain_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Intentionality_NN1 here_RL is_VBZ defined_VVN by_II Searle_NP1 as_CSA "_" that_DD1 capacity_NN1 of_IO the_AT mind_NN1 by_II which_DDQ it_PPH1 is_VBZ directed_VVN at_II ,_, or_CC about_RP ,_, objects_NN2 and_CC states_NN2 of_IO affairs_NN2 in_II the_AT world_NN1 ,_, typically_RR independent_JJ of_IO itself_PPX1 "_" (_( 2010_MC ,_, p._NN1 25_MC )_) ._. 
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The_AT RUN_NN1 UPC_NN1 has_VHZ a_AT1 depictive_JJ function_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT researchers_NN2 hypothesized_VVD that_CST middle_JJ school_NN1 students_NN2 would_VM read_VVI stable_JJ words_NN2 faster_RRR and_CC more_RGR accurately_RR than_CSN shift_VV0 words_NN2 ,_, but_CCB they_PPHS2 posited_VVD that_CST this_DD1 difference_NN1 would_VM disappear_VVI by_II high_JJ school_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Furthermore_RR ,_, they_PPHS2 found_VVD that_CST artificial_JJ error_NN1 insertion_NN1 methods_NN2 trained_VVN on_II their_APPGE Wikipedia_NN1 revisions_NN2 data_NN increased_JJ system_NN1 accuracy_NN1 compared_VVN to_II training_NN1 on_II smaller_JJR corpora_NN2 ,_, and_CC even_RR generalized_VVN across_II datasets_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
I_MC1 '_NULL ll_NNU use_VV0 uppercase_JJ roman_JJ letters_NN2 (_( A_ZZ1 ,_, B_ZZ1 ,_, C_ZZ1 ,_, ..._... )_) to_TO denote_VVI sentences_NN2 and_CC uppercase_JJ italics_NN2 (_( A_ZZ1 ,_, B_ZZ1 ,_, C_ZZ1 ,_, ..._... )_) to_TO denote_VVI the_AT propositions_NN2 expressed_VVN by_II those_DD2 sentences_NN2 (_( in_II the_AT relevant_JJ contexts_NN2 )_) ._. 
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<s>
I_PPIS1 mean_VV0 I_PPIS1 ,_, I_PPIS1 don_VV0 '_NULL t_ZZ1 know_VV0 if_CSW it_PPH1 will_VM change_VVI my_APPGE personality_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT only_JJ sensible_JJ interpretation_NN1 is_VBZ that_CST any_DD sufficiently_RR higher_JJR value_NN1 was_VBDZ not_XX reached_VVN -_- period_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT authors_NN2 contrast_VV0 this_DD1 with_IW the_AT relatively_RR cosy_JJ ,_, and_CC perhaps_RR unconsciously_RR teacher-controlled_JJ (_( and_CC hence_RR only_RR superficially_RR dialogic_JJ )_) ,_, conversation_NN1 of_IO the_AT face-to-face_JJ tutorial_NN1 where_CS semantic_JJ closure_NN1 may_VM be_VBI achieved_VVN too_RG easily_RR ._. 
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<s>
While_CS all_DB the_AT sentences_NN2 were_VBDR deemed_VVN acceptable_JJ ,_, their_APPGE preferred_JJ readings_NN2 were_VBDR not_XX the_AT same_DA :_: our_APPGE consultant_NN1 obtained_VVD bound_JJ readings_NN2 for_IF (_( 64a_FO )_) and_CC (_( 64a0_FO )_) ,_, and_CC strict_JJ readings_NN2 for_IF all_DB other_JJ cases_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT answer_NN1 to_II the_AT question_NN1 about_II Wednesday_NPD1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 meeting_NN1 is_VBZ ambiguous_JJ because_CS it_PPH1 depends_VVZ on_II how_RRQ the_AT word_NN1 forward_RL is_VBZ interpreted_VVN in_II the_AT context_NN1 of_IO one_MC1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 mental_JJ representation_NN1 of_IO the_AT timeline_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 characteristic_NN1 has_VHZ huge_JJ implications_NN2 in_II practice_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT model_NN1 in_II DS_NP1 still_RR involves_VVZ tree_NN1 structures_NN2 and_CC relations_NN2 between_II nodes_NN2 but_CCB it_PPH1 extends_VVZ this_DD1 analysis_NN1 beyond_II the_AT features_NN2 of_IO the_AT generative_JJ picture_NN1 with_IW a_AT1 genuinely_RR procedural_JJ aspect_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Table_NN1 11_MC breaks_VVZ down_RP the_AT conditional_JJ entropy_NN1 calculations_NN2 of_IO the_AT Polish_JJ fragment_NN1 from_II Table_NN1 10_MC ._. 
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<s>
Moreover_RR ,_, the_AT frequencies_NN2 seem_VV0 roughly_RR to_TO follow_VVI Zipf_NP1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 power_NN1 law_NN1 distribution_NN1 (_( or_CC a_AT1 modified_JJ version_NN1 of_IO it_PPH1 )_) ._. 
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<s>
Similarly_RR ,_, the_AT low_JJ metaphoricity_NN1 utterance_NN1 in_II (_( 5B_FO )_) differs_VVZ only_RR in_II conventional_JJ expression_NN1 from_II the_AT higher_JJR metaphoricity_NN1 utterance_NN1 in_II (_( 5D_NNU )_) ._. 
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<s>
In_II other_JJ words_NN2 ,_, a_AT1 gender_NN1 system_NN1 is_VBZ not_XX fully_RR canonical_JJ as_CS31 long_CS32 as_CS33 its_APPGE agreement_NN1 system_NN1 is_VBZ not_XX fully_RR canonical_JJ ._. 
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<s>
Thus_RR the_AT existence_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 non-word_JJ reading_NN1 deficit_NN1 without_IW general_JJ phonological_JJ impairment_NN1 is_VBZ potentially_RR problematic_JJ for_IF the_AT triangle_NN1 account_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
We_PPIS2 explained_VVD the_AT differences_NN2 between_II the_AT findings_NN2 of_IO our_APPGE study_NN1 and_CC those_DD2 of_IO Lidz_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
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<s>
(_( 2011_MC )_) study_NN1 as_CSA stemming_VVG from_II differences_NN2 in_II the_AT task_NN1 demands_NN2 ,_, which_DDQ may_VM have_VHI biased_JJ participants_NN2 in_II the_AT latter_DA study_NN1 towards_II using_VVG a_AT1 verification_NN1 strategy_NN1 that_CST is_VBZ only_RR compatible_JJ with_IW proportional_JJ truth_NN1 conditions_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Conversations_NN2 were_VBDR a_AT1 continuous_JJ and_CC cyclic_JJ process_NN1 of_IO aligning_VVG and_CC distancing_VVG different_JJ sets_NN2 of_IO speakers_NN2 as_II the_AT conversation_NN1 and_CC the_AT linguistic_JJ variations_NN2 shifted_VVN across_II the_AT episode_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 record_NN1 contains_VVZ the_AT IDs_NN2 of_IO the_AT remaining_JJ constituents_NN2 ,_, thereby_RR enabling_VVG the_AT post-processor_JJ to_TO search_VVI for_IF them_PPHO2 in_II the_AT sentence_NN1 and_CC verify_VV0 that_CST they_PPHS2 satisfy_VV0 the_AT agreement_NN1 and_CC order_NN1 requirements_NN2 of_IO the_AT MWE_NP1 (_( these_DD2 are_VBR also_RR stored_VVN in_II the_AT MWE_JJ lexicon_NN1 )_) ._. 
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<s>
H_ZZ1 reasonably_RR concludes_VVZ that_DD1 antilocality_NN1 effects_NN2 are_VBR highly_RR localized_VVN ,_, reflecting_VVG the_AT fact_NN1 that_CST information_NN1 in_II the_AT preverbal_JJ relative_JJ clause_NN1 helped_VVD readers_NN2 predict_VVI the_AT upcoming_JJ verb_NN1 (_( Konieczny_NP1 2000_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
Gestures_NN2 that_CST the_AT coders_NN2 agreed_VVD were_VBDR non-manual_JJ ,_, or_CC that_CST were_VBDR mostly_RR off-camera_JJ ,_, were_VBDR eliminated_VVN ._. 
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<s>
The_AT samples_NN2 were_VBDR controlled_VVN for_IF potential_JJ text_NN1 length_NN1 effects_NN2 by_II randomly_RR selecting_VVG a_AT1 text_NN1 segment_NN1 from_II each_DD1 sample_NN1 that_CST was_VBDZ about_RG 140_MC words_NN2 (_( depending_II21 on_II22 paragraph_NN1 constraints_NN2 )_) ._. 
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In_II fact_NN1 ,_, the_AT moms_NN2 were_VBDR all_DB on_II the_AT same_DA page_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
In_II whatever_DDQV way_NN1 current_JJ Appalachian_JJ residents_NN2 orient_VV0 themselves_PPX2 as_CSA standing_VVG with_IW (_( or_CC standing_VVG apart_II21 from_II22 )_) these_DD2 stereotypes_NN2 ,_, a_AT1 cultural_JJ '_NULL Appalachian_JJ '_NULL schema_NN1 is_VBZ present_JJ and_CC contains_VVZ elements_NN2 of_IO language_NN1 use_VV0 that_CST can_VM be_VBI used_VVN in_II stance-taking_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Other_JJ components_NN2 of_IO aptitude_NN1 as_CSA measured_VVN on_II the_AT MLAT_NP1 (_( i.e._REX ,_, rote_VV0 learning_NN1 ,_, phonetic_JJ coding_NN1 ,_, and_CC grammatical_JJ sensitivity_NN1 )_) also_RR significantly_RR related_VVN to_II beginning_NN1 ,_, but_CCB not_XX advanced_VVN ,_, learners_NN2 '_NULL performance_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Because_CS this_DD1 update_NN1 is_VBZ quadratic_JJ in_II the_AT worst_JJT case_NN1 ,_, the_AT complexity_NN1 of_IO these_DD2 operations_NN2 is_VBZ O(n3)_FO ._. 
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In_II this_DD1 way_NN1 ,_, M2_FO manages_VVZ to_TO introduce_VVI possible_JJ solutions_NN2 without_IW favouring_VVG any_DD of_IO them_PPHO2 ._. 
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<s>
Since_II bunching_VVG is_VBZ observed_VVN most_RGT frequently_RR in_II environments_NN2 that_CST seem_VV0 to_TO be_VBI the_AT least_RGT articulatorily_RR compatible_JJ with_IW retroflexion_NN1 ,_, we_PPIS2 make_VV0 use_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 constraint_NN1 requiring_VVG retroflexion_NN1 (_( i.e._REX making_VVG retroflex_VVI the_AT default_NN1 )_) and_CC its_APPGE interaction_NN1 with_IW constraints_NN2 that_CST prohibit_VV0 retroflexion_NN1 in_II some_DD or_CC all_DB contexts_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
My_APPGE initial_JJ concern_NN1 was_VBDZ with_IW the_AT phraseological_JJ items_NN2 identified_VVN as_CSA idioms_NN2 in_II non-lexicographical_JJ and_CC non-academic_JJ web_NN1 resources_NN2 ;_; whether_CSW some_DD items_NN2 or_CC types_NN2 of_IO item_NN1 are_VBR more_RGR likely_JJ to_TO be_VBI so_RR identified_VVN than_CSN others_NN2 ;_; and_CC how_RGQ much_DA1 agreement_NN1 there_EX is_VBZ ._. 
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<s>
If_CS aspiration_NN1 can_VM be_VBI squeezed_VVN out_II21 of_II22 the_AT inventory_NN1 of_IO primitives_NN2 from_II which_DDQ underlying_JJ material_NN1 is_VBZ chosen_VVN ,_, each_DD1 choice_NN1 in_II the_AT lexicon_NN1 will_VM cost_VVI fewer_DAR bits_NN2 of_IO information_NN1 ._. 
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Each_DD1 of_IO the_AT twelve_MC nouns_NN2 appeared_VVD once_RR in_II each_DD1 syntactic_JJ position_NN1 (_( intransitive_JJ subject_NN1 ,_, transitive_JJ subject_NN1 ,_, transitive_JJ object_NN1 )_) in_II the_AT set_NN1 of_IO exposure_NN1 sentences_NN2 ._. 
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We_PPIS2 apply_VV0 our_APPGE own_DA model_NN1 on_II each_DD1 data_NN point_NN1 in_II the_AT small_JJ annotated_JJ test_NN1 set_NN1 ,_, where_CS we_PPIS2 always_RR treat_VV0 the_AT affected_JJ argument_NN1 ,_, regardless_RR of_IO its_APPGE actual_JJ annotation_NN1 ,_, as_CSA implicit_JJ to_TO extract_VVI unbiased_JJ feature_NN1 values_NN2 for_IF classification_NN1 ._. 
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Classification_NN1 tests_NN2 including_II features_NN2 that_CST represent_VV0 pronunciation_NN1 variation_NN1 typical_JJ for_IF casual_JJ speech_NN1 performed_VVD better_RRR than_CSN tests_NN2 based_VVN on_II lexical_JJ features_NN2 alone_RR ._. 
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Their_APPGE concern_NN1 with_IW coherence_NN1 and_CC clarity_NN1 may_VM prompt_VVI them_PPHO2 to_TO provide_VVI missing_JJ links_NN2 ,_, lay_VVD implicit_JJ meanings_NN2 bare_VV0 ,_, explain_VV0 complicated_JJ passages_NN2 and_CC elaborate_VV0 on_II the_AT source_NN1 text_NN1 (_( Kruger_NP1 2002_MC :_: 90_MC )_) so_BCL21 as_BCL22 to_TO promote_VVI the_AT target_NN1 audience_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 understanding_NN1 of_IO the_AT text_NN1 ._. 
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Given_VVN the_AT demanding_JJ nature_NN1 of_IO this_DD1 task_NN1 (_( Derwing_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2004_MC )_) ,_, especially_RR for_IF beginner-level_JJ speakers_NN2 (_( e.g._REX ,_, LOR_NP1 <_FO 1_MC1 year_NNT1 )_) ,_, the_AT task_NN1 was_VBDZ modified_VVN as_CSA follows_VVZ :_: (_( a_ZZ1 )_) instead_II21 of_II22 using_VVG a_AT1 series_NN of_IO thematically_RR linked_JJ images_NN2 ,_, speakers_NN2 described_VVD seven_MC separate_JJ pictures_NN2 ,_, with_IW three_MC keywords_NN2 printed_VVN as_CSA hints_NN2 ;_; (_( b_ZZ1 )_) to_TO control_VVI for_IF speakers_NN2 '_NULL lack_NN1 of_IO familiarity_NN1 with_IW the_AT task_NN1 ,_, the_AT first_MD four_MC pictures_NN2 were_VBDR used_VVN for_IF practice_NN1 and_CC the_AT last_MD three_MC were_VBDR targeted_VVN for_IF analyses_NN2 ;_; and_CC (_( c_ZZ1 )_) to_TO minimize_VVI the_AT amount_NN1 of_IO conscious_JJ speech_NN1 monitoring_NN1 (_( see_VV0 Ellis_NP1 ,_, 2005_MC )_) ,_, speakers_NN2 were_VBDR given_VVN a_AT1 very_RG small_JJ amount_NN1 of_IO planning_VVG time_NNT1 (_( i.e._REX ,_, only_RR 5_MC s_ZZ1 )_) before_II describing_VVG each_DD1 picture_NN1 ._. 
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Correction_NN1 :_: replace_VV0 late_RR with_IW the_AT late_JJ ._. 
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<s>
Some_DD differences_NN2 were_VBDR found_VVN between_II the_AT DISCO_NN1 scores_NN2 of_IO a_AT1 list_NN1 of_IO 3,052_MC VPs_NP2 identified_VVD as_RG possible_JJ VNICs_NN2 by_II checking_VVG against_II a_AT1 dictionary_NN1 of_IO known_JJ VNICs_NN2 (_( labelled_JJ '_NULL VNIC_NN1 '_NULL )_) and_CC a_AT1 list_NN1 of_IO about_RG 90,000_MC VPs_NP2 not_XX checked_VVN for_IF possible_JJ idiomaticity_NN1 and_CC assumed_VVN to_TO be_VBI mostly_RR literal_JJ ._. 
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Once_RR upon_II a_AT1 time_NNT1 ,_, there_EX were_VBDR three_MC goats_NN2 and_CC one_MC1 day_NNT1 the_AT little_JJ goat_NN1 ,_, one_MC1 of_IO the_AT little_JJ goats_NN2 were_VBDR ABOUT_RPK TO_TO DROWN_VVI in_II the_AT water_NN1 ._. 
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For_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, the_AT coordination_NN1 in_II (_( 2a_FO )_) involves_VVZ grouping_NN1 John_NP1 and_CC Mary_NP1 together_RL into_II a_AT1 collective_JJ individual_NN1 ._. 
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In_II31 face_II32 of_II33 the_AT negation_NN1 encoded_VVD in_II -p_JJ ,_, we_PPIS2 are_VBR still_RR left_VVN wondering_VVG as_II21 to_II22 how_RRQ He_PPHS1 is_VBZ clever_JJ is_VBZ made_VVN manifest_JJ or_CC salient_JJ and_CC what_DDQ the_AT '_NULL inferential_JJ procedure_NN1 '_NULL resulting_VVG in_II this_DD1 assumption_NN1 consists_VVZ in_RP ._. 
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In_RR21 addition_RR22 ,_, the_AT task_NN1 is_VBZ goal-oriented_JJ :_: it_PPH1 is_VBZ clearly_RR defined_VVN and_CC has_VHZ a_AT1 goal_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Although_CS this_DD1 last_MD result_NN1 ,_, as_CSA all_DB null_JJ results_NN2 ,_, should_VM be_VBI interpreted_VVN with_IW caution_NN1 ,_, these_DD2 studies_NN2 together_RL begin_VV0 to_TO provide_VVI evidence_NN1 that_CST predictability_NN1 effects_NN2 on_II at_RR21 least_RR22 morphology_NN1 and_CC phonetic_JJ detail_NN1 can_VM not_XX be_VBI solely_RR attributed_VVN to_II production_NN1 difficulty_NN1 ._. 
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But_CCB among_II all_DB three-_JJ and_CC four-syllable_JJ forms_NN2 ,_, I_PPIS1 would_VM argue_VVI that_CST those_DD2 with_IW more_DAR than_CSN one_MC1 violation_NN1 but_CCB which_DDQ are_VBR imaginable_JJ as_CSA names_NN2 are_VBR quite_RG rare_JJ ._. 
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<s>
Yule_NP1 and_CC Burnell_NP1 must_VM have_VHI been_VBN convinced_VVN that_CST the_AT term_NN1 did_VDD exist_VVI in_II the_AT form_NN1 they_PPHS2 used_VVD ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 makes_VVZ an_AT1 important_JJ prediction_NN1 :_: that_DD1 certain_JJ adverbs_NN2 might_VM generate_VVI reversal_NN1 readings_NN2 with_IW complex_JJ VPs_NP2 but_CCB not_XX with_IW lexical_JJ verbs-this_DD1 will_VM be_VBI the_AT case_NN1 if_CS the_AT adverb_NN1 in_II question_NN1 is_VBZ associated_VVN with_IW the_AT meaning_NN1 AGAINR_NN1 but_CCB not_XX AGAINV_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Another_DD1 factor_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ is_VBZ apparent_JJ in_II the_AT data_NN from_II David_NP1 ,_, is_VBZ the_AT sense_NN1 of_IO responsibility_NN1 which_DDQ appears_VVZ to_TO motivate_VVI some_DD new_JJ Gaelic_JJ users_NN2 (_( Carty_NP1 2015_MC :_: 295_MC )_) ._. 
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Second_MD ,_, and_CC equally_RR important_JJ ,_, is_VBZ the_AT compelling_JJ need_NN1 to_TO better_RRR understand_VVI clinical_JJ variants_NN2 to_TO facilitate_VVI diagnostic_JJ and_CC prognostic_JJ accuracy_NN1 ,_, as_II31 well_II32 as_II33 treatment_NN1 efficacy_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Specifically_RR ,_, Dialectal_JJ Need_NN1 might_VM be_VBI interpreting_VVG as_CSA omitting_VVG the_AT two_MC function_NN1 words_NN2 to_TO be_VBI ,_, and_CC the_AT be-drop_JJ structure_NN1 might_VM also_RR be_VBI interpreted_VVN as_CSA omitting_VVG be_VBI ._. 
</s>
<s>
Noticeably_RR ,_, PoS_NP2 obtains_VVZ results_NN2 that_CST are_VBR below_II the_AT baseline_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Notably_RR ,_, uncertainty_NN1 surrounding_VVG both_DB2 of_IO these_DD2 issues_NN2 ?_? -the_AT primeability_NN1 of_IO prosody_NN1 and_CC the_AT relation_NN1 between_II phrasing_NN1 and_CC attachment_NN1 ?_? -may_VM be_VBI due_II21 to_II22 previous_JJ studies_NN2 '_NULL reliance_NN1 on_II explicitly_RR produced_VVN prosody_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
For_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, finite_JJ complement_NN1 clauses_NN2 (_( e.g._REX I_ZZ1 think_VV0 today_RT is_VBZ Monday_NPD1 ,_, I_PPIS1 don_VV0 '_NULL t_ZZ1 know_VV0 why_RRQ I_PPIS1 did_VDD that_DD1 )_) ,_, and_CC finite_JJ adverbial_JJ clauses_NN2 (_( e.g._REX if_CS -clauses_NN2 and_CC because_CS -clauses_NN2 )_) are_VBR 2-10_MCMC times_NNT2 more_RRR common_JJ in_II conversation_NN1 than_CSN academic_JJ writing_NN1 (_( Biber_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
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<s>
2011_MC :_: 23-26_MCMC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
They_PPHS2 define_VV0 an_AT1 affordance_NN1 as_CSA "_" any_DD use_NN1 of_IO an_AT1 object_NN1 that_CST a_AT1 person_NN1 can_VM perceive_VVI "_" (_( p._NNU 2_MC )_) and_CC highlight_VV0 the_AT ways_NN2 that_CST corpora_NN2 can_VM serve_VVI as_II an_AT1 affordance_NN1 for_IF language_NN1 teaching_NN1 ,_, both_RR indirectly_RR and_CC directly_RR ._. 
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<s>
Cloze_VV0 probability_NN1 ,_, then_RT ,_, is_VBZ the_AT probability_NN1 that_CST a_AT1 word_NN1 is_VBZ the_AT first_MD to_TO come_VVI to_TO mind_VVI as_II a_AT1 continuation_NN1 ,_, given_VVN the_AT cloze_NN1 prompt_NN1 ._. 
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For_IF each_DD1 w_ZZ1 ,_, the_AT function_NN1 returns_VVZ the_AT pieces_NN2 of_IO knowledge_NN1 Ki_NN1 that_CST fall_VV0 within_II the_AT sphere_NN1 in_II that_DD1 particular_JJ w_ZZ1 ._. 
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A_AT1 necessary_JJ consequence_NN1 of_IO this_DD1 is_VBZ that_DD1 test_NN1 items_NN2 will_VM be_VBI relatively_RR low_JJ frequency_NN1 and_CC will_VM each_DD1 be_VBI relatively_RR infrequent_JJ ._. 
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Furthermore_RR ,_, specific_JJ key_JJ words_NN2 can_VM now_RT be_VBI identified_VVN ,_, which_DDQ characterize_VV0 the_AT language_NN1 use_NN1 of_IO different_JJ groups_NN2 of_IO people_NN ,_, namely_REX those_DD2 which_DDQ they_PPHS2 typically_RR employ_VV0 to_TO talk_VVI about_II religion_NN1 and_CC spirituality_NN1 ,_, and_CC those_DD2 which_DDQ they_PPHS2 typically_RR avoid_VV0 ._. 
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<s>
To_TO give_VVI an_AT1 impression_NN1 of_IO what_DDQ is_VBZ involved_VVN here_RL ,_, the_AT top_NN1 twenty_MC patterns_NN2 by_II frequency_NN1 (_( i.e._REX number_NN1 of_IO lexical_JJ entries_NN2 in_II the_AT dictionary_NN1 )_) are_VBR shown_VVN in_II Table_NN1 2_MC ._. 
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<s>
Learning-guided_JJ search_NN1 places_VVZ more_DAR challenges_NN2 on_II the_AT training_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 discriminative_JJ model_NN1 than_CSN standard_JJ structured_JJ prediction_NN1 problems_NN2 ,_, for_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, CKY_NP1 parsing_VVG for_IF CCG_NP1 (_( Clark_NP1 and_CC Curran_NP1 2007b_FO )_) ._. 
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<s>
Prior_JJ research_NN1 has_VHZ pointed_VVN to_II academic_JJ language_NN1 as_II a_AT1 key_JJ predictor_NN1 in_II reading_VVG comprehension_NN1 mostly_RR indirectly_RR by_II comparing_VVG skilled_JJ versus_II unskilled_JJ readers_NN2 ,_, or_CC English_JJ proficient_JJ versus_II ELLs_NN2 ,_, or_CC by_II narrowly_RR operationalizing_VVG academic_JJ language_NN1 as_CSA academic_JJ vocabulary_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Brown_NP1 and_CC Levinson_NP1 (_( 1987:121_MC )_) suggest_VV0 that_CST in_II contexts_NN2 where_CS both_DB2 proximal_JJ and_CC distal_JJ demonstratives_NN2 could_VM be_VBI used_VVN ,_, choosing_VVG the_AT proximal_JJ form_NN1 signals_VVZ increased_JJ empathy_NN1 ,_, while_CS choosing_VVG the_AT distal_JJ form_NN1 can_VM express_VVI the_AT speaker_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 emotional_JJ distance_NN1 ._. 
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This_DD1 is_VBZ likely_RR driven_VVN by_II the_AT lack_NN1 of_IO supra-threshold_NN1 activation_NN1 in_II the_AT auditory_JJ modality_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ again_RT may_VM reflect_VVI reduced_JJ power_NN1 due_II21 to_II22 there_RL being_NN1 fewer_DAR subjects_NN2 than_CSN in_II the_AT visual_JJ form_NN1 modality_NN1 ._. 
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We_PPIS2 focus_VV0 on_II 3-_NN1 to_II 12-year-old_JJ children_NN2 with_IW LLI_NN2 who_PNQS learn_VV0 a_AT1 single_JJ minority_NN1 home_NN1 language_NN1 from_II birth_NN1 (_( L1_FO )_) and_CC a_AT1 second_MD community_NN1 language_NN1 (_( L2_FO )_) beginning_VVG in_II early_JJ childhood_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT second_MD chapter_NN1 covers_VVZ common_JJ paths_NN2 of_IO grammaticalization_NN1 ,_, similar_JJ to_II paths_NN2 of_IO semantic_JJ change_NN1 ._. 
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Similar_JJ to_II Zhang_NP1 ,_, we_PPIS2 also_RR took_VVD the_AT step_NN1 in_II our_APPGE analysis_NN1 to_TO focus_VVI on_II how_RRQ what_DDQ occurs_VVZ in_II the_AT micro-interactions_NN2 within_II the_AT consultations_NN2 involves_VVZ a_AT1 playing_NN1 out_II21 of_II22 macro-societal_JJ structure_NN1 as_CSA made_VVN relevant_JJ by_II the_AT participants_NN2 in_II their_APPGE choice_NN1 of_IO language_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Many_DA2 supervised_VVD learning_VVG algorithms_NN2 (_( including_II the_AT algorithms_NN2 we_PPIS2 use_VV0 here_RL )_) are_VBR able_JK to_TO generate_VVI a_AT1 real-valued_JJ probability_NN1 score_NN1 (_( the_AT probability_NN1 that_CST the_AT given_JJ example_NN1 belongs_VVZ in_II class_NN1 1_MC1 )_) ._. 
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<s>
A_AT1 set_NN1 of_IO six_MC motion_NN1 parameters_NN2 for_IF each_DD1 scan_NN1 session_NNT1 ,_, which_DDQ were_VBDR estimated_VVN during_II the_AT realignment_NN1 step_NN1 ,_, were_VBDR also_RR included_VVN as_CSA nuisance_NN1 regressors_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
A_AT1 word_NN1 can_VM have_VHI more_DAR than_CSN one_MC1 syntactic_JJ feature_NN1 ,_, of_RR21 course_RR22 ,_, in_II which_DDQ case_VV0 the_AT syntactic_JJ features_NN2 are_VBR listed_VVN after_II the_AT double_JJ colon_NN1 without_IW commas_NN2 ;_; the_AT order_NN1 in_II which_DDQ they_PPHS2 come_VV0 is_VBZ significant_JJ ._. 
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The_AT proposed_JJ restriction_NN1 on_II WLM_NP1 bears_VVZ a_AT1 striking_JJ resemblance_NN1 to_II restrictions_NN2 on_II late_JJ adjunction_NN1 described_VVN by_II Sauerland_NP1 (_( 1998:sec._FO 2.2_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
She_PPHS1 examined_VVD six_MC mixed-_JJ and_CC same-gender_JJ dyads_NN2 of_IO four_MC college_NN1 students_NN2 during_II 10-minute_JJ paired_JJ discussions_NN2 about_II controversial_JJ topics_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
He_PPHS1 had_VHD been_VBN previously_RR advised_VVN about_II the_AT need_NN1 to_TO be_VBI concrete_JJ and_CC to_TO provide_VVI clear_JJ references_NN2 in_II his_APPGE answers_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Yet_RR ,_, if_CS the_AT boxers_NN2 faced_VVD the_AT viewer_NN1 ,_, they_PPHS2 would_VM imply_VVI no_AT overt_JJ positional_JJ relationship_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
It_PPH1 was_VBDZ noted_VVN above_II that_DD1 holistic_JJ storage_NN1 and_CC processing_NN1 implies_VVZ that_CST a_AT1 formulaic_JJ sequence_NN1 is_VBZ processed_VVN as_CSA one_PN1 single_JJ ,_, morpheme-like_JJ unit_NN1 ;_; that_REX21 is_REX22 ,_, without_IW access_NN1 to_II ,_, or_CC analysis_NN1 into_II ,_, its_APPGE constituent_NN1 parts_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Thus_RR as_CSA Anderson_NP1 and_CC Lepore_NP1 (_( 2013b_FO )_) have_VH0 argued_VVN ,_, this_DD1 word_NN1 is_VBZ offensive_JJ not_XX on_II31 account_II32 of_II33 the_AT offensive_JJ content_NN1 they_PPHS2 convey_VV0 ,_, but_CCB rather_RR because_II21 of_II22 '_NULL relevant_JJ edicts_NN2 surrounding_VVG their_APPGE prohibition_NN1 '_NULL (_( Anderson_NP1 and_CC Lepore_NP1 ,_, 2013b_FO :_: 1_MC1 )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
By_II contrast_NN1 ,_, the_AT test_NN1 takers_NN2 who_PNQS received_VVD a_AT1 2.5_MC or_CC below_RG question-handling_JJ score_NN1 responded_VVN to_II the_AT questioner_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 two_MC types_NN2 of_IO repair_NN1 solutions_NN2 differently_RR ,_, as_CSA shown_VVN in_II Table_NN1 4_MC ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT results_NN2 will_VM also_RR enrich_VVI our_APPGE understanding_NN1 of_IO cross-dialectal_JJ intonational_JJ variation_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
By_II ignoring_VVG the_AT structurally_RR distinguished_JJ degree_NN1 on_II a_AT1 scale_NN1 ,_, an_AT1 absolute_JJ (_( or_CC '_NULL default_VV0 telic_JJ '_NULL )_) verb_NN1 could_VM temporarily_RR be_VBI associated_VVN with_IW an_AT1 '_NULL atelic_JJ '_NULL SOC-set_NN1 like_II that_DD1 in_II (_( 39-iii_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
The_AT cross_NN1 appeared_VVD in_II each_DD1 box_NN1 randomly_RR across_II the_AT trials_NN2 and_CC an_AT1 equal_JJ number_NN1 of_IO times_NNT2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Thus_RR ,_, there_EX is_VBZ no_AT doubt_NN1 that_CST the_AT nominalizations_NN2 in_II (_( 34_MC )_) -(36)_NN1 include_VV0 a_AT1 verbal_JJ derivation_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
In_II the_AT experiments_NN2 presented_VVN in_II this_DD1 article_NN1 we_PPIS2 will_VM use_VVI the_AT representation_NN1 of_IO Schoenmackers_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
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<s>
in_II one_MC1 experiment_NN1 ,_, and_CC ignore_VV0 the_AT problem_NN1 of_IO predicate_NN1 ambiguity_NN1 in_II the_AT other_JJ ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 is_VBZ illustrated_VVN by_II the_AT existence_NN1 of_IO minimal_JJ pairs_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 spricht_NN1 (_( "_" talksInd.Pres.3sg_FO "_" )_) and_CC sprecht_NN1 (_( "_" talkInd.Pres.2pl_FO "_" or_CC "_" talkImp_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT third_MD and_CC final_JJ ingredient_NN1 is_VBZ that_CST these_DD2 domain_NN1 alternatives_NN2 must_VM be_VBI strengthened_VVN with_IW their_APPGE respective_JJ scalar_JJ implicatures_NN2 ,_, as_CSA in_II the_AT case_NN1 of_IO the_AT free_JJ choice_NN1 disjunctions_NN2 we_PPIS2 saw_VVD in_II Section_NN1 1.3_MC ._. 
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<s>
Potts_NP1 gives_VVZ the_AT example_NN1 in_II (_( 78_MC )_) ,_, where_CS the_AT expressive_JJ damn_NN1 is_VBZ repeated_VVN but_CCB does_VDZ not_XX have_VHI the_AT effect_NN1 of_IO providing_VVG redundant_JJ information_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II double_JJ accusative_JJ constructions_NN2 in_II Choctaw_NP1 ,_, the_AT accusative_JJ case_NN1 morpheme_NN1 on_II the_AT object_NN1 adjacent_II21 to_II22 the_AT verb_NN1 is_VBZ optionally_RR spelled_VVN out_RP ,_, but_CCB the_AT accusative_JJ case_NN1 morpheme_NN1 on_II the_AT first_MD object_VV0 that_DD1 is_VBZ not_XX adjacent_II21 to_II22 the_AT verb_NN1 must_VM be_VBI spelled_VVN out_RP ._. 
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<s>
Alvarez_VV0 de_NP1 Mon_NPD1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 (_( 2006_MC :_: 30_MC )_) analysis_NN1 reveals_VVZ that_DD1 Spanish_NN1 seems_VVZ to_TO prefer_VVI fuzzy_JJ encapsulating_JJ devices_NN2 ,_, such_II21 as_II22 retrospective_JJ or_CC prospective_JJ nouns_NN2 (_( e.g._REX this_DD1 behaviour_NN1 )_) and_CC pronouns_NN2 (_( e.g._REX all_DB this_DD1 )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT broad_JJ topic_NN1 of_IO nominal_JJ classification_NN1 has_VHZ long_RR fascinated_VVN linguists_NN2 across_II the_AT range_NN1 of_IO the_AT discipline_NN1 ,_, from_II psycholinguists_NN2 to_II typologists_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Mesthrie_NN1 returns_NN2 ,_, in_II Chapter_NN1 8_MC ,_, to_TO consider_VVI South_NP1 African_JJ socio-lexical_JJ development_NN1 ,_, e.g._REX instances_NN2 of_IO Indian_JJ vernacular_NN1 being_VBG taken_VVN up_RP by_II non-diasporic_JJ speakers_NN2 ,_, lexical_JJ choices_NN2 emerging_VVG as_II a_AT1 marker_NN1 of_IO social_JJ class_NN1 and_CC migration_NN1 waves_NN2 and_CC the_AT semantic_JJ development_NN1 of_IO Indian_JJ vernacular_JJ terms_NN2 in_II diasporic_JJ practices_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT choice_NN1 functional_JJ treatment_NN1 of_IO some_DD ,_, and_CC correspondingly_RR of_IO Raising_NN1 ,_, consists_VVZ of_IO two_MC components_NN2 ,_, one_MC1 that_CST introduces_VVZ a_AT1 choice_NN1 function_NN1 variable_NN1 and_CC another_DD1 one_PN1 that_CST existentially_RR binds_VVZ it_PPH1 ._. 
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<s>
Together_RL ,_, these_DD2 sonority_NN1 preferences_NN2 form_VV0 a_AT1 syllable_NN1 hierarchy_NN1 (_( e.g._REX blifbnifbdiflbif_NN1 ;_; where_RRQ ?_? indicates_VVZ preference_NN1 )_) ._. 
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<s>
One_MC1 possible_JJ factor_NN1 in_II this_DD1 result_NN1 is_VBZ the_AT social_JJ context_NN1 and_CC status_NN1 of_IO the_AT L1_FO within_II the_AT children_NN2 '_NULL s_ZZ1 family_NN1 and_CC community_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT artist_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 '_NULL I_PPIS1 understand_VV0 '_NULL -turn_NN1 (_( line_NN1 4_MC )_) is_VBZ not_XX a_AT1 response_NN1 to_II an_AT1 immediately_RR prior_JJ turn-at-talk_NN1 ,_, while_CS the_AT topic_NN1 was_VBDZ touched_VVN upon_II half_DB an_AT1 hour_NNT1 earlier_RRR ._. 
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<s>
It_PPH1 is_VBZ still_RR possible_JJ that_CST these_DD2 results_NN2 were_VBDR somehow_RR caused_VVN by_II unexpected_JJ features_NN2 of_IO the_AT trials_NN2 or_CC by_II a_AT1 mere_JJ coincidence_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT third_MD type_NN1 exploits_NN2 exocomparative_JJ adverbs_NN2 like_II similarly_RR (_( see_VV0 106_MC )_) ,_, and_CC the_AT fourth_MD uses_VVZ adverbs_NN2 that_CST describe_VV0 the_AT distribution_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 state_NN1 over_II time_NNT1 (_( see_VV0 107_MC )_) ._. 
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We_PPIS2 can_VM not_XX describe_VVI what_DDQ he_PPHS1 was_VBDZ doing_VDG thus_RR :_: Ian_NP1 was_VBDZ trying_VVG to_TO start_VVI drawing_VVG a_AT1 square_JJ circle_NN1 ;_; it_PPH1 is_VBZ not_XX the_AT case_NN1 that_CST he_PPHS1 was_VBDZ drawing_VVG one_PN1 ._. 
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<s>
However_RR ,_, in_II31 terms_II32 of_II33 the_AT type_NN1 of_IO modelling_NN1 employed_VVN by_II practitioners_NN2 within_II this_DD1 framework_NN1 ,_, I_PPIS1 think_VV0 some_DD important_JJ continuity_NN1 can_VM be_VBI found_VVN ._. 
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<s>
Let_VV0 '_NULL s_ZZ1 now_RT consider_VVI the_AT syntactic_JJ cues_NN2 more_RGR directly_RR ,_, not_XX in_II31 terms_II32 of_II33 how_RGQ frequent_JJ this_DD1 or_CC that_DD1 marker_NN1 is_VBZ ,_, but_CCB in_II31 terms_II32 of_II33 how_RGQ frequent_JJ overt_JJ unequivocal_JJ marking_NN1 is_VBZ ._. 
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Testing_NP1 took_VVD place_NN1 approximately_RR halfway_RR through_II the_AT 7-week_JJ immersion_NN1 program_NN1 ._. 
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I_PPIS1 was_VBDZ aware_JJ of_IO where_RRQ my_APPGE tongue_NN1 was_VBDZ ._. 
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<s>
Similar_JJ to_II the_AT prior_JJ categories_NN2 ,_, the_AT backstory_JJ theme_NN1 was_VBDZ very_RG frequent_JJ in_II the_AT formal_JJ context_NN1 across_II all_DB the_AT three_MC academic_JJ statuses_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Beyond_II sequential_JJ placement_NN1 ,_, research_NN1 on_II laughter_NN1 in_II interaction_NN1 has_VHZ also_RR focused_VVN on_II the_AT actions_NN2 accomplished_VVN by_II laughter_NN1 ._. 
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In_II his_APPGE study_NN1 he_PPHS1 provides_VVZ a_AT1 very_RG convincing_JJ argument_NN1 based_VVN on_II careful_JJ analyses_NN2 of_IO the_AT interactions_NN2 between_II 4-_NN1 and_CC 5-year-olds_NN2 that_CST the_AT feature_NN1 under_II analysis-the_AT question_NN1 repeat-cannot_NN1 be_VBI explained_VVN in_II developmental_JJ terms_NN2 because_CS "_" children_NN2 of_IO different_JJ ages_NN2 have_VH0 different_JJ concerns_NN2 "_" (_( Sidnell_NP1 ,_, 2010_MC ,_, p._NN1 125_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
Interviewees_NN2 said_VVD that_CST "_" leet_VV0 speak_VV0 "_" was_VBDZ appropriated_VVN by_II lesser_JJ technical_JJ groups_NN2 ,_, such_II21 as_II22 "_" warez_NN1 d00dz_FO "_" (_( pronounced_JJ "_" wares_NN2 dudes_NN2 "_" )_) ,_, AOL_VV0 users_NN2 ,_, and_CC other_JJ hacker_NN1 "_" wannabes_NN2 "_" who_PNQS used_VVD these_DD2 forms_NN2 in_II feeble_JJ attempts_NN2 to_TO signal_VVI membership_NN1 in_II hacker_NN1 communities_NN2 without_IW demonstrating_VVG the_AT commensurate_JJ technical_JJ skills_NN2 that_CST the_AT form_NN1 connoted_VVD ._. 
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It_PPH1 is_VBZ only_RR when_CS the_AT decrease_NN1 in_II probability_NN1 is_VBZ quite_RG large_JJ that_CST we_PPIS2 would_VM expect_VVI a_AT1 precipitous_JJ decline_NN1 in_II acceptability_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT RAC_NP1 officer_NN1 does_VDZ not_XX respond_VVI to_II the_AT second_MD message_NN1 in_II a_AT1 routing_NN1 sequence_NN1 unless_CS there_EX is_VBZ a_AT1 problem_NN1 with_IW the_AT sequence_NN1 that_CST needs_VVZ to_TO be_VBI repaired_VVN ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 pathway_NN1 is_VBZ flexible_JJ enough_RR to_TO engage_VVI in_II similar_JJ processing_NN1 strategies_NN2 for_IF familiar_JJ words_NN2 and_CC novel_JJ forms_NN2 ;_; the_AT effect_NN1 of_IO prior_JJ experience_NN1 with_IW word_NN1 forms_NN2 influences_VVZ the_AT processing_NN1 of_IO both_DB2 types_NN2 of_IO stimuli_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Kevin_NP1 makes_VVZ an_AT1 explicit_JJ request_NN1 for_IF information_NN1 that_CST positions_NN2 Hope_VV0 as_II an_AT1 immigrant_NN1 (_( "_" Why_RRQ do_VD0 you_PPY want_VVI to_TO stay_VVI ?_? "_" )_) ,_, then_RT interrupts_NN2 her_PPHO1 to_TO introduce_VVI reasoning_NN1 (_( "_" Is_VBZ it_PPH1 the_AT country_NN1 ?_? "_" )_) and_CC evaluation_NN1 (_( "_" It_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 still_RR the_AT land_NN1 of_IO opportunity_NN1 "_" )_) ._. 
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Thus_RR ,_, knowledge_NN1 that_CST the_AT prepositional_JJ paraphrase_NN1 is_VBZ licensed_VVN for_IF explain_VV0 should_VM not_XX in_II any_DD simple_JJ way_NN1 preempt_VV0 the_AT use_NN1 of_IO the_AT double-object_JJ construction_NN1 ._. 
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As_II the_AT "_" locus_NN1 of_IO intellectual_JJ activity_NN1 ,_, "_" it_PPH1 is_VBZ considered_VVN to_TO be_VBI the_AT "_" central_JJ faculty_NN1 of_IO cognition_NN1 "_" (_( Yu_NP1 ,_, 2008_MC ,_, p._NN1 132_MC )_) ._. 
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These_DD2 children_NN2 were_VBDR recruited_VVN primarily_RR through_II advertisement_NN1 in_II the_AT same_DA geographical_JJ area_NN1 as_CSA the_AT stuttering_JJ children_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Blutner_NN1 goes_VVZ on_RP to_TO argue_VVI that_CST a_AT1 broad_JJ construal_JJ of_IO the_AT generative_JJ programme_NN1 in_II31 terms_II32 of_II33 these_DD2 aspects_NN2 (_( or_CC similar_JJ ones_NN2 )_) should_VM encompass_VVI frameworks_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 Jackendoff_NP1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 architecture_NN1 of_IO the_AT language_NN1 faculty_NN1 ,_, Pustejovsky_NP1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 generative_JJ lexicon_NN1 and_CC the_AT optimality_NN1 theory_NN1 of_IO Prince_NN1 and_CC Smolensky_NP1 ._. 
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<s>
Since_CS the_AT wh-phrase_NN1 bears_VVZ no_AT focus_NN1 index_NN1 ,_, the_AT focus-sensitive_JJ operator_NN1 takes_VVZ its_APPGE secondary_JJ value_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ is_VBZ identical_JJ to_II its_APPGE ordinary_JJ semantic_JJ value_NN1 ,_, as_CSA the_AT quantificational_JJ domain_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT participants_NN2 had_VHD to_TO decide_VVI ,_, for_IF each_DD1 sentence_NN1 ,_, whether_CSW31 or_CSW32 not_CSW33 it_PPH1 appropriately_RR corresponded_VVN to_II the_AT situation_NN1 described_VVN in_II the_AT scenario_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Regardless_RR ,_, clinical_JJ trials_NN2 of_IO verbal_JJ response_NN1 contingent_NN1 stimulation_NN1 with_IW school-age_JJ children_NN2 show_VV0 some_DD evidence_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 treatment_NN1 effect_NN1 (_( de_NP1 Kinkelder_NP1 &amp;_CC Boelens_NP1 ,_, 1998_MC ;_; Hewat_NP1 ,_, Onslow_NP1 ,_, Packman_NP1 ,_, &amp;_CC O_ZZ1 '_NULL Brian_NP1 ,_, 2006_MC ;_; Lincoln_NP1 ,_, Onslow_NP1 ,_, Lewis_NP1 ,_, &amp;_CC Wilson_NP1 ,_, 1996_MC ;_; Ryan_NP1 &amp;_CC Van_NP1 Kirk_NP1 Ryan_NP1 ,_, 1983_MC )_) with_IW evidence_NN1 of_IO reducing_VVG treatment_NN1 effect_NN1 with_IW age_NN1 (_( Koushik_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2009_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Such_DA disruption_NN1 could_VM not_XX be_VBI explained_VVN on_II the_AT grounds_NN2 of_IO sensorimotor_NN1 processes_NN2 ,_, since_CS the_AT second_MD group_NN1 ,_, who_PNQS received_VVD neocerebellar_JJ vermal_JJ stimulation_NN1 in_II their_APPGE first_MD session_NNT1 ,_, showed_VVD a_AT1 significant_JJ reduction_NN1 of_IO their_APPGE reaction_NN1 times_NNT2 in_II that_DD1 session_NNT1 after_II stimulation_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II essence_NN1 ,_, the_AT performer_NN1 strategically_RR highlights_VVZ underlying_JJ shared_JJ cultural_JJ (_( and_CC linguistic_JJ )_) understandings_NN2 in_BCL21 order_BCL22 to_TO make_VVI their_APPGE humor_NN1 '_NULL work_NN1 '_NULL ._. 
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<s>
Muotathal_JJ Swiss_JJ German_NN1 uses_VVZ the_AT most_RGT complex_JJ path_NN1 expressions_NN2 with_IW multiple_JJ path_NN1 satellites_NN2 in_II one_MC1 clause_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
For_REX21 instance_REX22 ,_, do_VD0 definitions_NN2 of_IO expertise_NN1 require_VV0 collaboration_NN1 with_IW learners_NN2 in_BCL21 order_BCL22 to_TO be_VBI effective_JJ as_CSA desired_VVN targets_NN2 for_IF improvement_NN1 ?_? 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 finding_NN1 strongly_RR indicates_VVZ that_CST the_AT amount_NN1 of_IO displacement_NN1 of_IO the_AT H_NP1 point_NN1 under_II deletion_NN1 pressure_NN1 is_VBZ phonetic_JJ and_CC not_XX categorical_JJ in_II nature_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT full_JJ set_NN1 of_IO words_NN2 is_VBZ shown_VVN in_II Appendix_NN1 1_MC1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Since_CS (_( 62j_FO )_) is_VBZ actually_RR ill-formed_JJ ,_, a_AT1 special_JJ mechanism_NN1 is_VBZ needed_VVN to_TO exclude_VVI it_PPH1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT authors_NN2 demonstrate_VV0 convincingly_RR that_DD1 ,_, despite_II widely_RR different_JJ social_JJ and_CC cultural_JJ histories_NN2 of_IO urban_JJ multilingualism_NN1 ,_, speakers_NN2 of_IO urban_JJ vernaculars_NN2 can_VM be_VBI portrayed_VVN as_CSA unconventional_JJ '_NULL ethnic_JJ Others_NN2 '_NULL in_II similar_JJ ways_NN2 in_II both_DB2 cultures_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Our_APPGE predictions_NN2 for_IF the_AT end-of-sentence_JJ verification_NN1 statements_NN2 ,_, however_RR ,_, were_VBDR largely_RR borne_VVN out_RP ._. 
</s>
<s>
Both_DB2 cases_NN2 fall_VV0 under_II property_NN1 2_MC ,_, since_CS the_AT filler_NN1 is_VBZ salient_JJ when_CS the_AT gap_NN1 occurs_VVZ ._. 
</s>
<s>
Thus_RR ,_, changes_NN2 in_II occurrence_NN1 of_IO any_DD one_MC1 of_IO these_DD2 linguistic_JJ variables_NN2 when_RRQ other_JJ variables_NN2 are_VBR held_VVN constant_NN1 would_VM increase_VVI the_AT likelihood_NN1 a_AT1 sample_NN1 would_VM be_VBI considered_VVN more/less_RGR normal_JJ ;_; an_AT1 increase_NN1 in_II repetitions_NN2 without_IW a_AT1 simultaneous_JJ increase_NN1 in_II the_AT other_JJ variables_NN2 would_VM not_XX ._. 
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<s>
The_AT second_MD speaker_NN1 is_VBZ Betty_NP1 ,_, a_AT1 seventy-five-year-old_JJ white_JJ female_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Both_DB2 these_DD2 extracts_NN2 demonstrate_VV0 interviewees_NN2 '_NULL awareness_NN1 that_CST their_APPGE engagement_NN1 in_II particular_JJ behaviour_NN1 could_VM ,_, given_VVN the_AT cultural_JJ context_NN1 ,_, potentially_RR be_VBI construed_VVN as_CSA contributing_VVG to_II a_AT1 subsequent_JJ attack_NN1 ,_, and_CC that_DD1 particular_JJ courses_NN2 of_IO action_NN1 are_VBR therefore_RR likely_JJ to_TO lead_VVI to_II them_PPHO2 being_VBG viewed_VVN as_CSA reckless_JJ and_CC blameworthy_JJ ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT quantifier_NN1 all_DB is_VBZ sometimes_RT included_VVN with_IW pronominal_JJ that_DD1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Nevertheless_RR ,_, I_PPIS1 follow_VV0 Britain_NP1 (_( 1992_MC )_) in_II adopting_VVG the_AT methods_NN2 of_IO variationist_NN1 analysis_NN1 to_TO help_VVI me_PPIO1 identify_VVI and_CC describe_VVI the_AT different_JJ functions_NN2 HRT_NN1 can_VM fulfil_VVI in_II London_NP1 English_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Recent_JJ methodological_JJ work_NN1 has_VHZ demonstrated_VVN the_AT utility_NN1 of_IO mixed_JJ effects_NN2 models_NN2 ,_, which_DDQ can_VM correct_VVI for_IF idiosyncratic_JJ lexical_JJ variation_NN1 and_CC account_VVI for_IF variability_NN1 across_II speakers_NN2 or_CC writers_NN2 (_( Gorman_NP1 and_CC Johnson_NP1 2013_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II other_JJ words_NN2 ,_, such_DA stereotypes_NN2 become_VV0 part_NN1 of_IO what_DDQ Bourdieu_NP1 (_( 1977_MC )_) terms_VVZ the_AT habitus-a_JJ set_NN1 of_IO predispositions_NN2 for_IF acting_VVG in_II the_AT world_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT omnibus_NN1 2_MC (_( relatedness_NN1 )_) x_ZZ1 2_MC (_( word_NN1 type_NN1 )_) x_ZZ1 2_MC (_( valence_NN1 )_) interaction_NN1 was_VBDZ not_XX significant_JJ (_( p_ZZ1 =_FO 0.228_MC )_) ,_, nor_CC was_VBDZ the_AT 2_MC (_( word_NN1 type_NN1 )_) x_ZZ1 2_MC (_( valence_NN1 )_) interaction_NN1 significant_JJ (_( p_ZZ1 =_FO 0.772_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 alliance_NN1 describes_VVZ therapists_NN2 and_CC clients_NN2 working_VVG together_RL systematically_RR to_TO gather_VVI data_NN that_CST disconfirms_VVZ core_NN1 depressive_NN1 beliefs_NN2 or_CC thoughts_NN2 (_( Beck_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 1979_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Speech_NN1 reduction_NN1 phenomena_NN2 (_( like_II target_NN1 undershoot_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ can_VM explain_VVI the_AT spirantization_NN1 of_IO voiced_JJ /b_FU d_MC g/_FU or_CC voicing_VVG assimilation_NN1 )_) have_VH0 been_VBN seen_VVN to_TO occur_VVI more_RGR frequently_RR in_II casual_JJ speaking_JJ styles_NN2 or_CC at_II faster_JJR speaking_NN1 rates_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Modular_JJ pivots_NN2 are_VBR comprised_VVN of_IO items_NN2 of_IO talk_NN1 that_CST (_( a_ZZ1 )_) are_VBR linguistic_JJ adjuncts_NN2 and_CC hence_RR optional_JJ components_NN2 of_IO syntactic_JJ units_NN2 ,_, (_( b_ZZ1 )_) routinely_RR appear_VV0 in_RP both_RR turn-initial_JJ and_CC turn-final_JJ positions_NN2 ,_, and_CC (_( c_ZZ1 )_) are_VBR deployed_VVN to_TO forge_VVI a_AT1 prosodically_RR continuous_JJ overlapping_JJ or_CC pivotal_JJ transition_NN1 between_II otherwise_RR discrete_JJ TCUs_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Clearly_RR ,_, the_AT use_NN1 of_IO the_AT designated_JJ assignment_NN1 function_NN1 h_ZZ1 gives_VVZ rise_NN1 to_II a_AT1 set_NN1 of_IO sets_NN2 of_IO alternative_JJ properties_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 means_VVZ the_AT structure_NN1 of_IO (_( 75a_FO )_) can_VM not_XX be_VBI as_CSA shown_VVN in_II (_( 75b_FO )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT novelty_NN1 of_IO the_AT present_JJ investigation_NN1 is_VBZ the_AT examination_NN1 of_IO the_AT properties_NN2 of_IO FRICATIVES_NN2 in_II aspirating_VVG vs._II true_JJ voice_NN1 languages_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT adults_NN2 were_VBDR given_VVN four_MC restrictions_NN2 :_: (_( 1_MC1 )_) no_AT variants_NN2 of_IO the_AT same_DA words_NN2 ,_, (_( 2_MC )_) no_AT names_NN2 of_IO people_NN ,_, (_( 3_MC )_) no_AT names_NN2 of_IO places_NN2 and_CC (_( 4_MC )_) no_AT numbers_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
We_PPIS2 examined_VVD the_AT presence_NN1 of_IO cataphoric_JJ he_PPHS1 ,_, she_PPHS1 ,_, it_PPH1 and_CC they_PPHS2 in_II data_NN annotated_VVN with_IW nucleus-satellite_JJ labels_NN2 (_( roughly_RR corresponding_VVG to_II main_JJ and_CC subordinate_JJ clauses_NN2 )_) and_CC concluded_VVD that_CST there_EX is_VBZ no_AT correlation_NN1 between_II cataphora_NN1 and_CC backgrounding_VVG at_II the_AT discourse_NN1 level_NN1 ,_, as_CSA cataphoric_JJ pronouns_NN2 appear_VV0 in_II both_DB2 the_AT nucleus_NN1 and_CC the_AT satellite_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Contrast_VV0 this_DD1 with_IW the_AT spectrogram_NN1 from_II Excerpt_NP1 1_MC1 (_( lines_NN2 76-78_MCMC )_) in_II Figure_NN1 2_MC ._. 
</s>
<s>
Central_JJ to_II this_DD1 issue_NN1 has_VHZ been_VBN the_AT perpetual_JJ challenge_NN1 of_IO ascertaining_VVG which_DDQ side_NN1 of_IO the_AT divide_NN1 a_AT1 certain_JJ class_NN1 of_IO words_NN2 falls_VVZ on_RP ,_, specifically_RR the_AT class_NN1 of_IO discourse_NN1 markers_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Starting_VVG at_II a_AT1 peripheral_JJ stage_NN1 ,_, BTs_NP2 begin_VV0 to_TO increase_VVI their_APPGE observance_NN1 of_IO Jewish_JJ laws_NN2 and_CC customs_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 inconsistency_NN1 causes_VVZ the_AT learner_NN1 to_TO overgeneralize_VVI ._. 
</s>
<s>
Last_MD ,_, we_PPIS2 survey_VV0 some_DD other_JJ related_JJ work_NN1 in_II NLP_NP1 that_CST uses_VVZ global_JJ inference_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Therefore_RR ,_, more_RGR confirmatory_JJ studies_NN2 are_VBR still_RR needed_VVN ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II Section_NN1 2_MC we_PPIS2 discuss_VV0 the_AT related_JJ work_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
To_TO summarize_VVI ,_, we_PPIS2 take_VV0 '_NULL smallness_NN1 '_NULL to_TO be_VBI a_AT1 vague_JJ notion_NN1 and_CC what_DDQ counts_VVZ as_II a_AT1 '_NULL small_JJ '_NULL part_NN1 to_TO be_VBI constrained_VVN by_II the_AT structure_NN1 and_CC the_AT measure_NN1 of_IO the_AT axis_NN1 ,_, while_CS also_RR possibly_RR being_VBG variable_JJ from_II context_NN1 to_II context_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
I_PPIS1 annotated_VVD all_DB 210_MC advertisements_NN2 to_TO allow_VVI for_IF the_AT statistical_JJ treatment_NN1 of_IO the_AT whole_JJ corpus_NN1 and_CC the_AT qualitative_JJ analysis_NN1 of_IO the_AT most_RGT outstanding_JJ examples_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Although_CS the_AT distinction_NN1 between_II lexical_JJ and_CC acoustic-driven_JJ segmentation_NN1 has_VHZ often_RR been_VBN treated_VVN as_CSA being_VBG a_AT1 binary_JJ distinction_NN1 ,_, several_DA2 researchers_NN2 have_VH0 suggested_VVN compromise_NN1 positions_NN2 (_( Mattys_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2005_MC )_) ,_, in_II which_DDQ acoustic_JJ cues_NN2 serve_VV0 to_TO facilitate_VVI the_AT lexical_JJ activation_NN1 of_IO some_DD items_NN2 over_II others_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Moreover_RR ,_, fully_RR verbatim_JJ subtitles_NN2 for_IF presenters_NN2 speaking_VVG over_RG 180_MC wpm_NNU would_VM not_XX be_VBI desirable_JJ ,_, since_CS ,_, as_CSA shown_VVN by_II eye-tracking_JJ research_NN1 (_( Romero-Fresco_NP1 ,_, 2015_MC )_) ,_, they_PPHS2 would_VM cause_VVI the_AT viewers_NN2 to_TO spend_VVI between_II 80%_NNU and_CC 90%_NNU of_IO their_APPGE time_NNT1 on_II the_AT subtitles_NN2 and_CC only_RR 10-20%_FO on_II the_AT images_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT split_JJ interpretation_NN1 of_IO an_AT1 author_NN1 and_CC a_AT1 teacher_NN1 has_VHZ been_VBN argued_VVN to_TO result_VVI from_II a_AT1 category_NN1 shifting_NN1 principle_NN1 that_CST corresponds_VVZ to_II Raising_NN1 and_CC that_DD1 turns_VVZ predicates_NN2 into_II quantifiers_NN2 (_( Winter_NP1 2001_MC ;_; ch._NNU 4_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
In_II the_AT American_JJ sample_NN1 ,_, we_PPIS2 have_VH0 n_ZZ1 =_FO 1,045_MC free-text_JJ entries_NN2 of_IO participants_NN2 with_IW an_AT1 age_NN1 range_NN1 from_II 15_MC to_II 82_MC years_NNT2 (_( M_ZZ1 =_FO 34.7_MC ,_, SD_NP1 =_FO 14.7_MC )_) and_CC with_IW 62.9%_FO being_NN1 female_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT corpus_NN1 contains_VVZ traces_NN2 of_IO meaning_NN1 events_NN2 ;_; the_AT dictionary_NN1 contains_VVZ lists_NN2 of_IO meaning_NN1 potentials_NN2 ._. "_" 
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<s>
A_AT1 quick_JJ visual_JJ inspection_NN1 of_IO Table_NN1 1_MC1 shows_VVZ that_CST common_JJ terminology_NN1 included_VVD uptake_NN1 (_( e.g._REX ,_, Ellis_NP1 ,_, 2006_MC ;_; Lyster_NP1 ,_, 2001_MC ;_; Nuevo_NP1 ,_, 2006_MC )_) ,_, repair_VV0 versus_II needs-repair_NN1 (_( e.g._REX ,_, Ellis_NP1 ,_, Basturkmen_NP1 ,_, &amp;_CC Loewen_NP1 ,_, 2001_MC ;_; Lyster_NP1 ,_, 2001_MC ;_; Lyster_NP1 &amp;_CC Ranta_NP1 ,_, 1997_MC )_) ,_, modified_JJ output_NN1 (_( e.g._REX ,_, McDonough_NP1 ,_, 2004_MC ,_, 2005_MC ;_; Pica_NP1 ,_, 1988_MC ;_; Swain_NP1 ,_, 1995_MC )_) ,_, and_CC even_RR successful_JJ uptake_NN1 and_CC unsuccessful_JJ uptake_NN1 with_IW subcategories_NN2 recognize_VV0 ,_, apply_VV0 ,_, needs_VVZ application_NN1 (_( e.g._REX ,_, Ellis_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2001_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
That_REX21 is_REX22 ,_, in_II contrast_NN1 to_II many_DA2 other_JJ linguistic_JJ variables_NN2 ,_, whether_CSW a_AT1 person_NN1 is_VBZ bunching_VVG or_CC retroflexing_VVG is_VBZ not_XX apparent_JJ just_RR from_II listening_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Thus_RR ,_, there_EX is_VBZ a_AT1 need_NN1 for_IF theta-grids_NN2 and_CC other_JJ ways_NN2 of_IO narrowing_VVG down_RP the_AT grammatical_JJ output_NN1 of_IO the_AT grammar_NN1 in_II generative_JJ frameworks_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 Government_NN1 and_CC Binding_JJ ._. 
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<s>
The_AT study_NN1 was_VBDZ guided_VVN by_II expectations_NN2 based_VVN on_II cumulative_JJ findings_NN2 from_II research_NN1 on_II classroom_NN1 discourse_NN1 and_CC on_II class_NN1 participation_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT change_NN1 of_IO colour_NN1 was_VBDZ meant_VVN to_TO ensure_VVI the_AT students_NN2 could_VM still_RR see_VVI what_DDQ they_PPHS2 had_VHD written_VVN in_II the_AT pre-test_NN1 phase_NN1 but_CCB did_VDD not_XX feel_VVI tempted_VVN to_TO overwrite_VVI those_DD2 translations_NN2 ,_, and_CC also_RR to_II clearly_RR set_VVN off_RP any_DD modifications_NN2 made_VVN from_II the_AT pre-test_NN1 to_II the_AT post-test_JJ phase_NN1 ._. 
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In_II this_DD1 case_NN1 ,_, participants_NN2 may_VM simply_RR disregard_VVI the_AT truth_NN1 value_NN1 of_IO the_AT appositive_JJ and_CC focus_VV0 solely_RR on_II the_AT truth_NN1 value_NN1 of_IO the_AT main_JJ clause_NN1 in_BCL21 order_BCL22 to_TO assign_VVI a_AT1 truth_NN1 value_NN1 to_II the_AT entire_JJ utterance_NN1 (_( cf._VV0 This_DD1 distinction_NN1 has_VHZ important_JJ consequences_NN2 for_IF corpus_NN1 investigations_NN2 ,_, because_CS different_JJ methods_NN2 are_VBR required_VVN to_TO investigate_VVI open_JJ versus_II closed_JJ linguistic_JJ classes_NN2 ._. 
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This_DD1 intimacy_NN1 between_II speaker_NN1 and_CC audience_NN1 relates_VVZ to_II the_AT context_NN1 ._. 
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These_DD2 methods_NN2 rely_VV0 on_II concepts_NN2 and_CC employ_VV0 optimization_NN1 algorithms_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
These_DD2 affective_JJ displays_NN2 clearly_RR vary_VV0 in_II intensity_NN1 ,_, from_II the_AT dramatic_JJ display_NN1 by_II Simon_NP1 in_II (_( 2_MC )_) to_II Jane_NP1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 more_RRR fleeting_JJ laugh_NN1 in_II (_( 6_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
Thus_RR ,_, these_DD2 NCC_NP1 examples_NN2 can_VM not_XX be_VBI reduced_VVN to_II (_( underlying_VVG )_) coordination_NN1 of_IO full-fledged_JJ constituents_NN2 ._. 
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Few_DA2 evidence-based_JJ options_NN2 exist_VV0 to_TO treat_VVI the_AT cognitive_JJ and_CC affective_JJ components_NN2 of_IO stuttering_VVG ._. 
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<s>
The_AT use_NN1 of_IO these_DD2 three_MC measures_NN2 allows_VVZ us_PPIO2 to_TO assess_VVI which_DDQ models_VVZ best_RRT reproduce_VV0 quantitative_JJ correspondence_NN1 modulo_NN1 arbitrary_JJ linear_JJ transformation_NN1 (_( Pearson_NP1 correlation_NN1 )_) ,_, qualitative_JJ correspondence_NN1 (_( Spearman_NP1 correlation_NN1 )_) ,_, and_CC absolute_JJ fit_NN1 between_II models_NN2 and_CC data_NN ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 triangle_NN1 is_VBZ more_RGR triangular_JJ than_CSN that_DD1 one_PN1 is_VBZ ._. 
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<s>
The_AT methods_NN2 used_VMK to_TO establish_VVI the_AT functionality_NN1 of_IO IDK_NP1 tokens_NN2 are_VBR introduced_VVN in_II more_DAR detail_NN1 in_II Section_NN1 2.3_MC below_RL ;_; the_AT schema_NN1 developed_VVN for_IF coding_VVG medical_JJ IDK_NP1 tokens_NN2 for_IF function_NN1 is_VBZ detailed_VVN in_II Section_NN1 3_MC ,_, which_DDQ presents_VVZ the_AT results_NN2 of_IO the_AT qualitative_JJ analysis_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 is_VBZ not_XX the_AT case_NN1 here_RL ,_, so_RR ?_? can_VM go_VVI without_IW KA_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
In_II31 terms_II32 of_II33 similarities_NN2 ,_, both_DB2 the_AT stage_NN1 voice_NN1 and_CC the_AT preaching_JJ voice_NN1 have_VH0 relatively_RR high_JJ rates_NN2 of_IO features_NN2 shared_VVN with_IW a_AT1 number_NN1 of_IO nonstandard_NN1 varieties_NN2 of_IO English_NN1 including_II consonant_JJ cluster_NN1 reduction_NN1 and_CC reduction_NN1 of_IO /_FO ?_? ?_? /_FO to_II &lsqb;_( n_ZZ1 &rsqb;_) ,_, and_CC moderate_JJ rates_NN2 of_IO fricative_NN1 stopping_VVG of_IO /e/_NN1 to_II &lsqb;_( d_ZZ1 &rsqb;_) and_CC /_FO θ_NULL /_FO to_II &lsqb;_( t_ZZ1 &rsqb;_) ._. 
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Knowing_VVG this_DD1 ,_, we_PPIS2 should_VM be_VBI certain_JJ that_CST (_( 11_MC )_) is_VBZ true_JJ ._. 
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<s>
The_AT latter_DA reading_NN1 requires_VVZ us_PPIO2 to_TO combine_VVI Predicate_NP1 Distributivity_NP1 and_CC Choice_NN1 Raising_VVG to_II a_AT1 new_JJ operator_NN1 I_PPIS1 call_VV0 Distributive_JJ Choice_NN1 Raising_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
We_PPIS2 did_VDD this_DD1 because_CS our_APPGE first_MD attempt_NN1 to_TO annotate_VVI mouth_NN1 actions_NN2 using_VVG the_AT existing_JJ categories_NN2 appeared_VVD inadequate-we_PPIS2 believed_VVD finer_JJR discrimination_NN1 was_VBDZ necessary_JJ in_II order_NN1 to_TO properly_RR identify_VVI and_CC account_VVI for_IF each_DD1 type_NN1 ._. 
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Thirdly_RR ,_, he_PPHS1 said_VVD that_CST you_PPY have_VH0 to_TO treat_VVI the_AT taxpayers_NN2 like_II investors_NN2 in_II this_DD1 case_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 shows_VVZ that_CST the_AT two_MC readings_NN2 are_VBR separate_JJ and_CC that_CST each_DD1 needs_VVZ to_TO be_VBI treated_VVN in_II its_APPGE own_DA right_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Table_NN1 2_MC (_( on_II next_MD page_NN1 )_) shows_VVZ the_AT various_JJ forms_NN2 used_VVN as_CSA accusative_JJ atonic_JJ pronouns_NN2 across_II the_AT five_MC varieties_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
In_II the_AT absence_NN1 of_IO any_DD further_JJR guidance_NN1 ,_, the_AT best_JJT the_AT players_NN2 can_VM do_VDI is_VBZ choose_VVI randomly_RR ,_, and_CC fail_VV0 to_TO coordinate_VVI half_DB of_IO the_AT time_NNT1 ._. 
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<s>
I_PPIS1 do_VD0 not_XX want_VVI to_TO pursue_VVI issues_NN2 involving_VVG assertion_NN1 further_RRR here_RL ._. 
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<s>
Section_NN1 4_MC explores_VVZ the_AT notion_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 shared_JJ multilingual-multimodal_JJ space_NN1 developing_VVG between_II the_AT participants_NN2 during_II their_APPGE conversational_JJ interactions_NN2 ,_, while_CS Section_NN1 5_MC focuses_VVZ on_II the_AT interactional_JJ sequences_NN2 that_CST occur_VV0 when_RRQ participants_NN2 negotiate_VV0 the_AT use_NN1 of_IO communicative_JJ resources_NN2 available_JJ to_II them_PPHO2 ._. 
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<s>
Note_VV0 that_CST wh_NNU ;_; t_ZZ1 and_CC t_ZZ1 are_VBR identical_JJ ._. 
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<s>
These_DD2 measures_NN2 were_VBDR administered_VVN in_II kindergarten_NN1 ,_, Grade_VV0 1_MC1 ,_, and_CC Grade_VV0 2_MC ._. 
</s>
<s>
Off-line_JJ processing_NN1 was_VBDZ performed_VVN using_VVG EEGLAB_NP1 v10.2.2.4b_FO toolbox_NN1 under_II MATLAB_NP1 v7.14_FO (_( 2012_MC ,_, Mathworks_NP1 ,_, Natick_NP1 ,_, MA_NNA )_) ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 prediction_NN1 was_VBDZ supported_VVN by_II both_DB2 experiments_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT question_NN1 is_VBZ what_DDQ counts_VVZ as_CSA KA_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 host_VV0 proposition_NN1 in_II the_AT presence_NN1 of_IO an_AT1 indeterminate_JJ pronoun_NN1 and_CC a_AT1 single_JJ pertinent_JJ KA_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 paper_NN1 proposes_VVZ to_TO take_VVI seriously_RR the_AT fact_NN1 that_CST quoted_VVD items_NN2 are_VBR semantic_JJ ,_, not_XX syntactic_JJ objects_NN2 ,_, and_CC to_TO develop_VVI therefrom_RR a_AT1 semantics_NN1 for_IF pure_JJ quotation_NN1 that_CST retains_VVZ the_AT basic_JJ intuitions_NN2 and_CC at_II the_AT same_DA time_NNT1 circumvents_VVZ standard_JJ problems_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Since_CS I_PPIS1 have_VH0 been_VBN unable_JK to_TO locate_VVI a_AT1 larger_JJR text_NN1 collection_NN1 for_IF Cayuvava_NP1 (_( nor_CC does_VDZ it_PPH1 have_VHI any_DD known_JJ relatives_NN2 )_) ,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ hard_JJ to_TO know_VVI what_DDQ the_AT word-length_JJ distribution_NN1 in_II this_DD1 language_NN1 is_VBZ ._. 
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<s>
Upon_II returning_VVG to_II my_APPGE car_NN1 ,_, I_PPIS1 discovered_VVD that_CST I_PPIS1 had_VHD managed_VVN to_TO lose_VVI my_APPGE keys_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
These_DD2 binary_JJ decisions_NN2 can_VM be_VBI solved_VVN using_VVG gradient-based_JJ or_CC margin-based_JJ methods_NN2 ,_, and_CC thus_RR optimization_NN1 itself_PPX1 can_VM be_VBI solved_VVN with_IW the_AT algorithms_NN2 described_VVN in_II the_AT previous_JJ two_MC sections_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Moreover_RR ,_, the_AT complex_JJ null_JJ engages_VVZ in_II intersection_NN1 with_IW its_APPGE sister_NN1 noun_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Such_DA findings_NN2 challenge_VV0 the_AT assumptions_NN2 of_IO strong_JJ '_NULL embodied_VVD '_NULL accounts_NN2 of_IO semantic_JJ cognition_NN1 ,_, in_II which_DDQ neural_JJ connections_NN2 between_II distributed_JJ sensory_JJ and_CC motor_NN1 features_NN2 are_VBR sufficient_JJ for_IF conceptual_JJ representation_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Now_RT the_AT main_JJ goal_NN1 is_VBZ to_TO estimate_VVI the_AT two_MC parameters_NN2 :_: θ_NULL and_CC ._. 
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<s>
The_AT morphological_JJ paradigm_NN1 is_VBZ transparently_RR organized_VVN along_II the_AT same_DA principles_NN2 as_CSA the_AT morphosyntactic_JJ paradigm_NN1 ,_, but_CCB it_PPH1 appears_VVZ that_CST the_AT precise_JJ calibration_NN1 between_II the_AT two_MC in_II any_DD given_JJ instance_NN1 must_VM be_VBI arbitrarily_RR stipulated_VVN ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 contrast_NN1 can_VM be_VBI brought_VVN out_RP by_II considering_VVG the_AT continuation_NN1 ,_, "_" ..._... and_CC here_RL is_VBZ another_DD1 problem_NN1 you_PPY have_VH0 :_: ._. "_" ,_, 
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<s>
which_DDQ would_VM be_VBI felicitous_JJ after_II (_( 123a_FO )_) but_CCB not_XX (_( 123b_FO )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Detailed_JJ psycholinguistic_JJ work_NN1 has_VHZ identified_VVN several_DA2 factors_NN2 that_CST determine_VV0 complexity_NN1 in_II sentence_NN1 processing_NN1 and_CC prominent_JJ among_II these_DD2 are_VBR the_AT intertwined_JJ effects_NN2 of_IO syntactic_JJ prediction_NN1 and_CC locality_NN1 (_( see_VV0 Dependency_NN1 Locality_NN1 Theory_NN1 :_: Gibson_NP1 ,_, 1998_MC ,_, 2000_MC ;_; Grodner_NP1 &amp;_CC Gibson_NP1 ,_, 2005_MC )_) ,_, similarity-based_JJ interference_NN1 (_( see_VV0 Cue-Based_JJ Retrieval_NN1 Theory_NN1 :_: Lewis_NP1 &amp;_CC Vasishth_NP1 ,_, 2005_MC )_) and_CC frequency_NN1 (_( see_VV0 Surprisal_NN1 Theory_NN1 :_: Levy_NP1 ,_, 2008_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
The_AT prediction_NN1 can_VM be_VBI stated_VVN as_CSA follows_VVZ :_: in_II N-owner_JJ type_NN1 constructions_NN2 ,_, there_EX is_VBZ no_AT difference_NN1 between_II donkey_NN1 pronouns_NN2 with_IW a_AT1 unique_JJ antecedent_JJ and_CC donkey_NN1 pronouns_NN2 with_IW a_AT1 non-unique_JJ antecedent_JJ ,_, since_CS facilitation_NN1 is_VBZ not_XX required_VVN ;_; by_II contrast_NN1 ,_, in_II N-less_DAR type_NN1 constructions_NN2 ,_, donkey_NN1 pronouns_NN2 with_IW a_AT1 unique_JJ antecedent_JJ are_VBR more_RGR acceptable_JJ than_CSN donkey_NN1 pronouns_NN2 with_IW a_AT1 non-unique_JJ antecedent_JJ ._. 
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<s>
For_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, Moore_NP1 (_( 2015/this_FU issue_NN1 )_) discusses_VVZ the_AT use_NN1 of_IO automated_JJ searches_NN2 to_TO study_VVI the_AT discourse_NN1 marker_NN1 well_RR ._. 
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In_II this_DD1 case_NN1 there_EX is_VBZ no_AT pressure_NN1 for_IF an_AT1 explicit_JJ prejacent_JJ ,_, apart_II21 from_II22 the_AT need_NN1 to_TO disambiguate_VVI ._. 
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<s>
External_JJ arguments_NN2 do_VD0 not_XX get_VVI ergative_JJ case_NN1 in_II clauses_NN2 without_IW a_AT1 syntactic_JJ object_NN1 ;_; instead_RR ,_, they_PPHS2 take_VV0 nominative/absolutive_JJ case_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
But_CCB it_PPH1 turns_VVZ out_RP that_CST giving_VVG up_RP formal_JJ identity_NN1 means_VVZ giving_VVG up_RP SLM_NP1 as_II an_AT1 explanation_NN1 for_IF case-matching_JJ effects_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT reasoning_NN1 behind_II this_DD1 is_VBZ as_CSA follows_VVZ ._. 
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<s>
There_EX were_VBDR significant_JJ interactions_NN2 of_IO average_JJ cohort_NN1 frequency_NN1 with_IW both_DB2 A-P_NP1 position_NN1 (_( β_NULL =_FO 0.0009_MC ,_, t_ZZ1 =_FO 5.47_MC )_) and_CC D-V_JJ position_NN1 (_( β_NULL =_FO 0.0002_MC ,_, t_ZZ1 =_FO 5.55_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
As_II such_DA ,_, the_AT book_NN1 is_VBZ a_AT1 timely_JJ addition_NN1 to_II the_AT developing_JJ sentiment_NN1 among_II metaphor_NN1 researchers_NN2 that_CST metaphors_NN2 can_VM be_VBI culturally_RR and_CC historically_RR relative_JJ ,_, while_CS at_II the_AT same_DA time_NNT1 exhibiting_VVG interesting_JJ universal_JJ tendencies_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
It_PPH1 adds_VVZ fuel_NN1 to_II the_AT fire_NN1 that_CST this_DD1 was_VBDZ a_AT1 case_NN1 of_IO racial_JJ profiling_NN1 ,_, that_CST your_APPGE brother_NN1 saw_VVD a_AT1 young_JJ black_JJ boy_NN1 in_II a_AT1 hoodie_NN1 and_CC decided_VVD he_PPHS1 had_VHD to_TO deal_VVI with_IW him_PPHO1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Defined_VVN as_CSA casting_VVG suspicion_NN1 upon_II someone_PN1 as_CSA having_VHG committed_VVN an_AT1 offense_NN1 due_II21 to_II22 their_APPGE race_NN1 ,_, the_AT critical_JJ perspective_NN1 views_VVZ racial_JJ profiling_NN1 as_II part_NN1 of_IO the_AT systemic_JJ forms_NN2 of_IO racism_NN1 that_CST include_VV0 stereotyped_JJ attitudes_NN2 and_CC discriminatory_JJ habits_NN2 and_CC actions_NN2 (_( Feagin_NP1 2006:xii_FO )_) ._. 
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<s>
There_EX is_VBZ an_AT1 additional_JJ function_NN1 here_RL ,_, however_RR ,_, connecting_VVG the_AT actions_NN2 of_IO the_AT individuals_NN2 captured_VVN in_II the_AT GIF_NN1 and_CC the_AT actions_NN2 which_DDQ the_AT texter_NN1 describes_VVZ as_II a_AT1 future_JJ event_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Chapter_NN1 5_MC (_( Urzua_NP1 )_) presents_VVZ the_AT construction_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 learner_NN1 corpus_NN1 with_IW a_AT1 rare_JJ variable_NN1 -_- language_NN1 teachers_NN2 -_- in_II a_AT1 bid_NN1 to_TO bridge_VVI the_AT gap_NN1 between_II corpus_NN1 linguistics_NN1 and_CC L2_FO pedagogy_NN1 by_II fully_RR contextualising_VVG learner_NN1 corpus_NN1 data_NN through_II teacher-mediated_JJ design_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
But_CCB in_II Greek_NN1 ,_, the_AT nonactive_JJ perfective_JJ morpheme_NN1 -0-_NN1 is_VBZ overt_JJ ,_, and_CC thus_RR trying_VVG to_TO write_VVI equivalent_JJ rules_NN2 for_IF Greek_NN1 leads_VVZ to_II (_( 13_MC )_) ,_, quod_FW non_FU erat_NN1 demonstrandum_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II sentence_NN1 3_MC ,_, there_EX are_VBR parallel_JJ phrases_NN2 as_II31 well_II32 as_II33 phrases_NN2 that_CST appear_VV0 only_RR on_II one_MC1 side_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Mozart_NP1 maps_NN2 via_II metonymic_JJ transfer_NN1 to_II some_DD piece_NN1 composed_VVN by_II Mozart_NP1 ,_, say_VV0 m_ZZ1 +_FO ._. 
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<s>
The_AT results_NN2 suggest_VV0 that_CST the_AT ability_NN1 to_TO learn_VVI the_AT meanings_NN2 of_IO new_JJ words_NN2 from_II a_AT1 context_NN1 depends_VVZ on_II the_AT L2_FO lexical_JJ semantic_JJ knowledge_NN1 of_IO the_AT reader_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Hausa_NN also_RR has_VHZ a_AT1 large_JJ set_NN1 of_IO nouns_NN2 ,_, referred_VVN to_II in_II the_AT descriptive_JJ literature_NN1 as_CSA '_NULL abstract_JJ nouns_NN2 of_IO sensory_JJ quality_NN1 '_NULL (_( Parsons_NP1 1955_MC )_) ,_, that_CST express_VV0 PCs_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Participants_NN2 '_NULL responses_NN2 to_II the_AT open-ended_JJ questions_NN2 were_VBDR transcribed_VVN verbatim_RR ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II (_( 4a_FO )_) ,_, both_DB2 noun_NN1 phrases_NN2 and_CC the_AT verb_NN1 are_VBR singular_JJ ._. 
</s>
<s>
We_PPIS2 enumerate_VV0 all_DB symbols_NN2 that_CST can_VM play_VVI a_AT1 role_NN1 in_II constraint_NN1 descriptions_NN2 and_CC assign_VV0 each_DD1 symbol_NN1 a_AT1 fixed_JJ binary_JJ code_NN1 as_CSA demonstrated_VVN in_II figure_NN1 5_MC ._. 
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<s>
Specifically_RR ,_, whether_CSW the_AT position_NN1 observed_VVD was_VBDZ a_AT1 syntactically_RR licensed_JJ location_NN1 for_IF a_AT1 boundary_NN1 or_CC not_XX influenced_VVN whether_CSW a_AT1 boundary_NN1 was_VBDZ reported_VVN ,_, even_CS21 when_CS22 controlling_VVG for_IF acoustic_JJ cues_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
EMPHASIS_NN1 was_VBDZ the_AT broader_JJR default_NN1 reading_NN1 accounting_VVG for_IF 71%_NNU of_IO tokens_NN2 ,_, ACTIVITY_NN1 accounted_VVN for_IF the_AT force_NN1 of_IO the_AT remaining_JJ 29%_NNU ._. 
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In_II this_DD1 way_NN1 ,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ hearable_JJ that_CST M1_FO is_VBZ less_DAR than_CSN impartial_JJ at_II this_DD1 point_NN1 in_II the_AT mediation_NN1 :_: in_II31 response_II32 to_II33 Terry_NP1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 complaint_NN1 ,_, M1_FO provides_VVZ a_AT1 counter_NN1 to_II it_PPH1 by_II formulating_VVG Deb_NP1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 side_NN1 of_IO the_AT dispute_NN1 ,_, rather_II21 than_II22 waiting_VVG for_IF Deb_NP1 to_TO respond_VVI for_IF herself_PPX1 ._. 
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Of_IO the_AT studies_NN2 that_CST claim_VV0 to_TO do_VDI this_DD1 ,_, few_DA2 are_VBR recent_JJ or_CC from_II peer-reviewed_JJ journals_NN2 and_CC even_RR these_DD2 tend_VV0 to_TO be_VBI problematic_JJ in_II the_AT research_NN1 questions_NN2 that_CST they_PPHS2 pose_VV0 and_CC the_AT methodologies_NN2 they_PPHS2 employ_VV0 ._. 
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The_AT TRACE_NN1 definition_NN1 of_IO feedback_NN1 as_CSA connections_NN2 from_II one_MC1 level_NN1 allowing_VVG information_NN1 flow_NN1 to_II a_AT1 logically_RR prior_JJ level_NN1 excludes_VVZ ,_, for_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, very_RG general_JJ top-down_JJ effects_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 those_DD2 of_IO attention_NN1 (_( there_EX appears_VVZ to_TO be_VBI unanimous_JJ agreement_NN1 that_CST attention_NN1 can_VM control_VVI the_AT engagement_NN1 of_IO early_JJ perceptual_JJ processes_NN2 ;_; the_AT amount_NN1 of_IO processing_VVG resources_NN2 allocated_VVN to_II a_AT1 task_NN1 may_VM be_VBI altered_VVN ,_, with_IW no_AT necessary_JJ consequent_JJ alteration_NN1 of_IO the_AT way_NN1 those_DD2 computations_NN2 are_VBR performed_VVN )_) ._. 
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<s>
We_PPIS2 suggested_VVD in_II §5.2_FO an_AT1 extension_NN1 of_IO the_AT PEW_NN1 that_CST explains_VVZ why_RRQ the_AT light-first_MD order_NN1 does_VDZ not_XX hold_VVI in_II verb-final_JJ languages_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
If_CS the_AT prediction_NN1 of_IO widespread_JJ language_NN1 "_" extinction_NN1 "_" 1_MC1 -_- the_AT oft-repeated_JJ claims_NN2 that_CST up_RG21 to_RG22 90%_NNU of_IO the_AT world_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 languages_NN2 will_VM disappear_VVI within_II the_AT next_MD few_DA2 generations_NN2 (_( Krauss_NP1 ,_, 1992_MC )_) -_- evokes_VVZ a_AT1 view_NN1 of_IO one_MC1 possible_JJ future_NN1 ,_, then_RT efforts_NN2 aimed_VVN at_II fighting_VVG against_II this_DD1 prediction_NN1 involve_VV0 imagining_VVG ,_, and_CC working_VVG to_TO create_VVI ,_, an_AT1 alternative_JJ one_PN1 ._. 
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<s>
Finally_RR ,_, in_II31 line_II32 with_II33 these_DD2 aforementioned_JJ functions_NN2 ,_, conjunction_NN1 may_VM also_RR clarify_VVI sequences_NN2 that_CST would_VM otherwise_RR be_VBI more_RGR difficult_JJ to_TO understand_VVI ._. 
</s>
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In_II the_AT latter_DA condition_NN1 ,_, however_RR ,_, all_DB participants_NN2 penalised_VVD the_AT under-informative_JJ utterances_NN2 ,_, rating_VVG them_PPHO2 lower_RRR than_CSN the_AT informative_JJ but_CCB higher_JJR than_CSN the_AT false_JJ utterances_NN2 ._. 
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The_AT pastor_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 near-celebrity_JJ status_NN1 situates_VVZ the_AT church_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 prominence_NN1 within_II this_DD1 American_JJ religious_JJ subculture_NN1 ._. 
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Damerau_NP1 (_( 1964_MC )_) was_VBDZ among_II the_AT first_MD researchers_NN2 to_TO address_VVI this_DD1 issue_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
To_TO facilitate_VVI comparison_NN1 to_II other_JJ approaches_NN2 (_( including_II ours_PPGE )_) below_RL ,_, we_PPIS2 adopt_VV0 a_AT1 notation_NN1 in_II which_DDQ linguistic_JJ expressions_NN2 are_VBR written_VVN as_CSA tuples_NN2 $_NN ,_, a_AT1 ,_, K_ZZ1 )_) of_IO phonological_JJ form_NN1 (_( 0_MC )_) ,_, semantic_JJ translation_NN1 (_( a_ZZ1 )_) ,_, and_CC syntactic_JJ category_NN1 (_( k_ZZ1 )_) ._. 
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<s>
As_CSA expected_VVN ,_, higher_JJR frequency_NN1 words_NN2 were_VBDR better_RRR recalled_VVN than_CSN lower_JJR frequency_NN1 words_NN2 (_( F=_FO 57.80_MC ;_; partial_JJ 2=_FO 0.59_MC ;_; p_ZZ1 <_FO 0.0001_MC )_) ._. 
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The_AT term_NN1 β_NULL i_ZZ1 is_VBZ assumed_VVN to_TO be_VBI conditionally_RR independent_JJ and_CC Normally_RR distributed_VVN ,_, with_IW their_APPGE mean_JJ and_CC variance_NN1 being_VBG equal_JJ to_II (_( β_NULL i-1_FO +_FO β_NULL i+1_FO )_) /2_MF and_CC for_IF i_ZZ1 =_FO 2_MC ,_, ..._... ,_, n_ZZ1 ?_? 
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In_II Section_NN1 5_MC we_PPIS2 present_VV0 the_AT distribution_NN1 of_IO cataphora_NN1 with_II31 regard_II32 to_II33 backgrounding_VVG ._. 
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<s>
Thus_RR ,_, at_RR21 least_RR22 according_II21 to_II22 the_AT established_JJ wisdom_NN1 in_II NLP_NP1 evaluation_NN1 (_( Yong_NP1 and_CC Foo_NP1 1999_MC ;_; Cunningham_NP1 2005_MC ;_; Resnik_NP1 and_CC Lin_NP1 2010_MC )_) ,_, the_AT strength_NN1 of_IO the_AT conclusions_NN2 that_CST can_VM be_VBI inferred_VVN from_II improvements_NN2 on_II WS-353_MC is_VBZ limited_VVN ._. 
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We_PPIS2 show_VV0 that_CST this_DD1 problem_NN1 can_VM be_VBI addressed_VVN by_II learning_VVG operation_NN1 sequences_NN2 over_II generalized_JJ representations_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 POS_NN2 tags_VVZ ._. 
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The_AT emerging_JJ consensus_NN1 that_CST there_EX are_VBR '_NULL true_JJ voice_NN1 '_NULL versus_II '_NULL aspirating_VVG '_NULL languages_NN2 (_( Iverson_NP1 &amp;_CC Salmons_NN2 1995_MC ,_, Honeybone_NP1 2005_MC ,_, Backley_NP1 2011_MC ,_, Beckman_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
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<s>
2013_MC )_) not_XX only_RR in_II31 terms_II32 of_II33 phonetic_JJ realization_NN1 but_CCB also_RR in_II31 terms_II32 of_II33 phonological_JJ processes_NN2 has_VHZ focused_VVN more_RRR on_II stop_NN1 consonants_NN2 ,_, and_CC in_II the_AT present_JJ work_NN1 we_PPIS2 have_VH0 extended_VVN this_DD1 hypothesis_NN1 to_II fricatives_NN2 ._. 
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Humor_NN1 cues_NN2 indicate_VV0 that_CST the_AT appropriate_JJ frame_NN1 is_VBZ one_MC1 of_IO play_NN1 rather_II21 than_II22 seriousness_NN1 (_( Mulkay_NP1 1988_MC )_) ._. 
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In_BCL21 order_BCL22 to_TO see_VVI improvements_NN2 in_II the_AT long-term_JJ motor_NN1 representations_NN2 of_IO articulation_NN1 ,_, late_JJ bilinguals_NN2 must_VM remain_VVI aware_JJ of_IO their_APPGE tongue_NN1 movements_NN2 and_CC vocalizations_NN2 ._. 
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Let_VV0 '_NULL s_ZZ1 call_VVI this_DD1 the_AT no_NN1 conflict_NN1 limitation_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT most_RGT fundamental_JJ task_NN1 in_II any_DD transcription_NN1 is_VBZ word_NN1 recognition_NN1 and_CC representation_NN1 ._. 
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BOZO_NP1 got_VVD an_AT1 A_ZZ1 on_II the_AT exam_NN1 ._. 
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My_APPGE focus_NN1 on_II heteroglossia_NN1 as_II a_AT1 potential_JJ property_NN1 of_IO all_DB signs_NN2 extends_VVZ contemporary_JJ sociolinguistic_JJ work_NN1 concerned_JJ with_IW overt_JJ identity_NN1 play_NN1 or_CC highly_RR mixed_VVN discourse_NN1 ._. 
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They_PPHS2 found_VVD no_AT effect_NN1 of_IO strength_NN1 of_IO word_NN1 associations_NN2 within_II the_AT sentential_JJ primes_NN2 ,_, suggesting_VVG that_DD1 collocational_JJ association_NN1 is_VBZ orthogonal_JJ to_II the_AT sentential_JJ parse_NN1 ._. 
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These_DD2 examples_NN2 are_VBR only_RR a_AT1 small_JJ selection_NN1 of_IO the_AT knowledge_NN1 base_NN1 of_IO concept_NN1 properties_NN2 (_( which_DDQ is_VBZ available_JJ on_II the_AT author_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 website_NN1 )_) ._. 
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I_PPIS1 suspect_VV0 that_CST the_AT former_DA is_VBZ the_AT case_NN1 ._. 
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That_REX21 is_REX22 ,_, if_CS the_AT visual_JJ context_NN1 establishes_VVZ that_CST the_AT noun_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 NP_NP1 will_VM be_VBI focussed_VVN ,_, our_APPGE hypothesis_NN1 is_VBZ that_CST the_AT noun_NN1 will_VM be_VBI realised_VVN with_IW fewer_DAR or_CC weaker_JJR cues_NN2 to_TO focus_VVI than_CSN if_CS the_AT visual_JJ context_NN1 does_VDZ not_XX predict_VVI that_CST the_AT noun_NN1 will_VM be_VBI focussed_VVN ,_, i.e._REX if_CS noun_NN1 focus_NN1 is_VBZ not_XX contextually_RR predictable_JJ ._. 
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We_PPIS2 have_VH0 argued_VVN that_CST interacting_VVG with_IW the_AT QUD_NN1 is_VBZ a_AT1 property_NN1 of_IO proposals_NN2 ,_, so_RR if_CS final_JJ appositives_NN2 act_VV0 like_II separate_JJ sentences_NN2 by_II introducing_VVG their_APPGE own_DA proposal_NN1 ,_, we_PPIS2 predict_VV0 that_CST they_PPHS2 should_VM interact_VVI with_IW the_AT QUD_NN1 ._. 
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Approximation_NN1 is_VBZ negatively_RR valenced_VVN in_II this_DD1 instance_NN1 because_CS the_AT family_NN1 member_NN1 repeats_VVZ with_IW irony_NN1 what_DDQ the_AT physician_NN1 says_VVZ ._. 
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Conclusions_NN2 about_II the_AT superiority_NN1 of_IO explicit_JJ over_II implicit_JJ instruction_NN1 could_VM not_XX be_VBI drawn_VVN ,_, for_IF one_MC1 of_IO the_AT following_JJ three_MC reasons_NN2 :_: (_( a_ZZ1 )_) the_AT exposure_NN1 was_VBDZ unequal_JJ among_II the_AT groups_NN2 compared_VVD ,_, often_RR because_CS explicit_JJ instruction_NN1 was_VBDZ an_AT1 extra_JJ activity_NN1 ;_; (_( b_ZZ1 )_) studies_NN2 did_VDD not_XX include_VVI measures_NN2 of_IO explicit_JJ knowledge_NN1 ;_; or_CC (_( c_ZZ1 )_) no_AT differences_NN2 were_VBDR found_VVN between_II the_AT groups_NN2 in_II explicit_JJ knowledge_NN1 ._. 
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In_II this_DD1 section_NN1 we_PPIS2 cover_VV0 several_DA2 additional_JJ topics_NN2 in_II optimization_NN1 for_IF MT_NP1 ,_, including_II nonlinear_JJ models_NN2 (_( Section_NN1 8.1_MC )_) ,_, optimization_NN1 for_IF a_AT1 particular_JJ domain_NN1 or_CC test_VV0 set_NN1 (_( Section_NN1 8.2_MC )_) ,_, and_CC the_AT interaction_NN1 between_II evaluation_NN1 measures_NN2 (_( Section_NN1 8.3_MC )_) or_CC search_NN1 (_( Section_NN1 8.4_MC )_) and_CC optimization_NN1 ._. 
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However_RR ,_, they_PPHS2 are_VBR different_JJ each_PPX221 other_PPX222 in_II31 terms_II32 of_II33 the_AT repetitive_JJ quality_NN1 ,_, the_AT usage_NN1 in_II a_AT1 discourse_NN1 ,_, the_AT shape_NN1 of_IO gesture_NN1 ,_, type_NN1 of_IO speech_NN1 accompanied_VVN with_IW gesture_NN1 ._. 
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Reactions_NN2 to_II the_AT TAG_NN1 stimuli_NN2 were_VBDR significantly_RR slower_RRR than_CSN reactions_NN2 to_II the_AT WORD_NN1 or_CC VIOL_VV0 stimuli_NN2 ._. 
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The_AT relevant_JJ results_NN2 are_VBR readily_RR transferable_JJ to_II (_( 38_MC )_) ,_, then_RT ._. 
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We_PPIS2 provide_VV0 a_AT1 sketch_NN1 of_IO such_DA a_AT1 theory_NN1 here_RL ;_; for_IF a_AT1 full_JJ model-theoretic_JJ treatment_NN1 ,_, and_CC more_RGR detailed_JJ discussion_NN1 of_IO the_AT philosophical_JJ and_CC conceptual_JJ underpinnings_NN2 ,_, see_VV0 Copley_NP1 and_CC Harley_NP1 ,_, in_II preparation_NN1 ._. 
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Rooth_NP1 (_( 1992_MC )_) notes_VVZ that_CST EXH(A)_NP1 (_( S_ZZ1 )_) licenses_VVZ different_JJ inferences_NN2 depending_II21 on_II22 which_DDQ constituent_NN1 of_IO S_ZZ1 is_VBZ focused_VVN (_( i.e._REX F-marked_NN1 )_) ._. 
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We_PPIS2 assessed_VVD envelope_NN1 reconstruction_NN1 accuracy_NN1 in_II 5_MC frequency_NN1 bands_NN2 (_( 0-2_MCMC ,_, 2-4_MCMC ,_, 4-6_MCMC ,_, 6-8_MCMC ,_, 8-10_MCMC Hz_NNU )_) ._. 
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We_PPIS2 do_VD0 this_DD1 by_II reducing_VVG our_APPGE problem_NN1 to_II a_AT1 network_NN1 flow_NN1 problem_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT solution_NN1 is_VBZ further_JJR prescription-in_NN1 this_DD1 case_NN1 ,_, the_AT deletion_NN1 of_IO and_CC from_II the_AT latter_DA numeral_JJ phrase_NN1 and_CC others_NN2 where_RRQ and_CC would_VM occur_VVI between_II hundred_NNO or_CC thousand_NNO and_CC the_AT tens_MC2 and_CC ones_NN2 ._. 
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This_DD1 distinction_NN1 between_II subjective_JJ and_CC objective_JJ aspects_NN2 of_IO humor_NN1 is_VBZ important_JJ not_XX only_RR for_IF theoretical_JJ treatment_NN1 of_IO humor_NN1 ,_, but_CCB especially_RR for_IF computational_JJ generation_NN1 of_IO it_PPH1 ._. 
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However_RR ,_, recent_JJ research_NN1 also_RR points_VVZ to_II difficulties_NN2 experienced_VVN by_II learners_NN2 ,_, even_RR at_II near-native_JJ proficiency_NN1 levels_NN2 ,_, in_II mastering_VVG properties_NN2 involving_VVG grammar-internal_JJ modules_NN2 ,_, such_II21 as_II22 morphology_NN1 and_CC syntax_NN1 (_( e.g._REX ,_, Lardiere_NP1 ,_, 2007_MC )_) and_CC (_( morpho_NN1 )_) syntax_NN1 and_CC semantics_NN1 (_( Choi_NP1 &amp;_CC Lardiere_NP1 ,_, 2006_MC ;_; Umeda_NP1 ,_, 2008_MC ;_; Yuan_NNU ,_, 2008_MC ;_; see_VV0 White_NP1 ,_, 2011b_FO ,_, for_IF an_AT1 overview_NN1 )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Children_NN2 '_NULL s_ZZ1 interpretation_NN1 therefore_RR represents_VVZ ,_, at_RR21 least_RR22 prima_RR21 facie_RR22 ,_, a_AT1 challenge_NN1 to_II the_AT observation_NN1 of_IO isomorphism_NN1 proposed_VVN by_II Musolino_NP1 (_( 1998_MC )_) :_: children_NN2 ,_, in_II this_DD1 case_NN1 ,_, appear_VV0 to_TO access_VVI precisely_RR the_AT inverse_JJ scope_NN1 reading_NN1 ,_, and_CC this_DD1 reading_NN1 only_RR ._. 
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For_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, it_PPH1 would_VM be_VBI interesting_JJ to_TO consider_VVI what_DDQ would_VM have_VHI to_TO be_VBI the_AT case_NN1 for_IF White_JJ to_TO fail_VVI to_TO "_" see_VVI "_" the_AT solution_NN1 to_II the_AT problem_NN1 :_: could_VM someone_PN1 with_IW a_AT1 different_JJ cultural_JJ history_NN1 fail_VV0 to_TO get_VVI the_AT answer_NN1 ?_? 
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The_AT larger_JJR picture_NN1 of_IO how_RRQ the_AT ERN_NN1 might_VM reflect_VVI a_AT1 person_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 stable_JJ knowledge_NN1 states_NN2 remains_VVZ to_TO be_VBI determined_VVN ._. 
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Because_CS this_DD1 model_NN1 uses_VVZ a_AT1 parallel_JJ architecture_NN1 ,_, we_PPIS2 could_VM need_VVI only_RR a_AT1 single_JJ flat_JJ phase_NN1 structure_NN1 with_IW several_DA2 types_NN2 of_IO NS-CS_NP2 interfaces_NN2 ._. 
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Our_APPGE theory_NN1 accounts_VVZ for_IF these_DD2 generalizations_NN2 as_CSA follows_VVZ ._. 
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With_IW these_DD2 assumptions_NN2 in_II place_NN1 ,_, the_AT tableaux_NN2 in_II (_( 28_MC )_) and_CC (_( 29_MC )_) illustrate_VV0 the_AT child_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 and_CC adult_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 processing_NN1 of_IO disjunctions_NN2 A_ZZ1 or_CC B._NP1 Yet_RR ,_, again_RT ,_, this_DD1 pattern_NN1 reverses_VVZ :_: comparatives_NN2 with_IW adverbs_NN2 can_VM invoke_VVI extensive_JJ dimensions_NN2 (_( 88_MC )_) ,_, and_CC more_RRR with_IW verbs_NN2 can_VM give_VVI rise_NN1 to_II intensive_JJ (_( 89_MC )_) ._. 
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The_AT experimental_JJ design_NN1 involved_VVD presenting_VVG subjects_NN2 with_IW a_AT1 simple_JJ and_CC concrete_JJ visual_JJ context_NN1 and_CC having_VHG them_PPHO2 evaluate_VV0 sentences_NN2 with_IW definites_NN2 or_CC indefinites_NN2 that_CST varied_VVD in_II status_NN1 with_II31 respect_II32 to_II33 the_AT crucial_JJ existence_NN1 claim_NN1 ._. 
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There_EX is_VBZ also_RR a_AT1 significant_JJ effect_NN1 of_IO participant_NN1 mean_JJ word_NN1 count_NN1 in_II non-genitive_JJ completions_NN2 ,_, such_CS21 that_CS22 "_" wordier_JJR "_" participants_NN2 were_VBDR more_RGR likely_JJ to_TO produce_VVI of-genitives_NN2 ._. 
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The_AT subtlety_NN1 with_IW which_DDQ language_NN1 ideology_NN1 may_VM operate_VVI leads_VVZ me_PPIO1 to_II the_AT conclusion_NN1 ,_, at_II this_DD1 point_NN1 in_II my_APPGE pursuit_NN1 of_IO Lahu_NP1 ,_, that_DD1 correctness_NN1 as_II a_AT1 site_NN1 of_IO contest_NN1 remains_VVZ a_AT1 significant_JJ influence_NN1 on_II the_AT production_NN1 of_IO written_JJ Lahu_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT adult_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 SI_FW denies_VVZ A_ZZ1 a_AT1 B._NP1 But_CCB what_DDQ would_VM the_AT implicitly_RR denied_VVN piece_NN1 of_IO information_NN1 consist_VV0 in_RP ?_? 
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Given_VVN two_MC lemmatized_JJ predicates_NN2 p1_FO ,_, p2_FO and_CC their_APPGE sets_NN2 of_IO arguments_NN2 A1_FO =_FO args(p1)_FO ,_, A2_FO =_FO args(p2)_FO ,_, we_PPIS2 define_VV0 seven_MC measures_NN2 in_II total_NN1 ._. 
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First_MD ,_, in_BCL21 order_BCL22 to_TO account_VVI for_IF their_APPGE occurrences_NN2 with_IW depending_II21 on_II22 modifiers_NN2 ,_, disjunctions_NN2 were_VBDR treated_VVN as_CSA sets_NN2 of_IO propositional_JJ alternatives_NN2 ._. 
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In_II an_AT1 exit_NN1 interview_NN1 conducted_VVN by_II the_AT first_MD author_NN1 ,_, participants_NN2 were_VBDR asked_VVN about_II any_DD changes_NN2 experienced_VVN in_II speech_NN1 fluency_NN1 ,_, attitudes_NN2 and_CC feelings_NN2 about_II speech_NN1 ,_, and_CC viewing_VVG practices_NN2 including_II frequency_NN1 of_IO viewing_NN1 ._. 
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One_MC1 way_NN1 of_IO studying_VVG the_AT frequency-knowledge_JJ relationship_NN1 would_VM be_VBI to_TO create_VVI a_AT1 test_NN1 including_II a_AT1 set_NN1 of_IO collocations_NN2 of_IO different_JJ frequencies_NN2 and_CC to_TO determine_VVI whether_CSW the_AT number_NN1 of_IO students_NN2 knowing_VVG each_DD1 collocation_NN1 is_VBZ correlated_VVN with_IW collocation_NN1 frequency_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT relationship_NN1 turned_VVD out_RP to_TO be_VBI insignificant_JJ (_( rPearson=-0.09_FO ,_, p=0.323_FO )_) ,_, suggesting_VVG that_CST all_DB participants_NN2 have_VH0 had_VHN enough_DD relevant_JJ experience_NN1 ._. 
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This_DD1 way_NN1 we_PPIS2 can_VM test_VVI the_AT ability_NN1 of_IO our_APPGE clusterability_NN1 measures_NN2 to_TO predict_VVI partitionability_NN1 for_IF individual_JJ lemmas_NN2 ,_, while_CS the_AT rank_NN1 is_VBZ always_RR relative_II21 to_II22 other_JJ lemmas_NN2 that_CST are_VBR being_VBG analyzed_VVN at_II the_AT same_DA time_NNT1 ._. 
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First_MD we_PPIS2 have_VH0 a_AT1 stream_NN1 of_IO new_JJ types_NN2 occurring_VVG once_RR in_II the_AT corpus_NN1 (_( hapax_FW legomena_FW )_) and_CC corresponding_VVG to_II a_AT1 large_JJ number_NN1 of_IO specialized_JJ terms_NN2 (_( such_II21 as_II22 technical_JJ terms_NN2 ,_, personal_JJ ,_, geographical_JJ or_CC product_NN1 names_NN2 ,_, as_II31 well_II32 as_II33 spelling_VVG errors_NN2 )_) ._. 
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First-grade_NN1 L1_FO reading_NN1 skill_NN1 was_VBDZ selected_VVN as_II the_AT L1_FO variable_NN1 to_TO be_VBI examined_VVN because_CS not_XX all_DB the_AT children_NN2 were_VBDR exposed_VVN to_II L1_FO reading_NN1 instruction_NN1 in_II kindergarten_NN1 and_CC variability_NN1 in_II the_AT amount_NN1 of_IO L1_FO at-home_JJ literacy_NN1 experience_NN1 could_VM not_XX be_VBI perfectly_RR verified_VVN ._. 
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Those_DD2 phonemes_NN2 ,_, in_II turn_NN1 ,_, will_VM boost_VVI the_AT activation_NN1 of_IO the_AT word_NN1 even_RR more_RRR ,_, and_CC so_RR this_DD1 cycle_NN1 will_VM continue_VVI ._. 
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For_IF each_DD1 analysis_NN1 ,_, we_PPIS2 used_VVD the_AT following_JJ procedure_NN1 :_: a_AT1 control_NN1 model_NN1 was_VBDZ constructed_VVN first_MD ,_, containing_VVG all_DB of_IO the_AT control_NN1 variables_NN2 ,_, the_AT random_NN1 intercepts_VVZ ,_, but_CCB not_XX the_AT critical_JJ condition_NN1 predictor_NN1 ._. 
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If_CS the_AT context_NN1 of_IO the_AT conversation_NN1 supports_VVZ an_AT1 interpretation_NN1 where_CS agreed_VVN and_CC endorsed_JJ content_NN1 are_VBR attributed_VVN to_II two_MC different_JJ speakers_NN2 ,_, then_RT there_EX is_VBZ no_AT need_NN1 for_IF explicit_JJ marking_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT present_JJ study_NN1 with_IW L2_FO learners_NN2 is_VBZ unique_JJ in_II demonstrating_VVG that_DD1 inhibition_NN1 of_IO the_AT L1-independently_RR from_II L2_FO proficiency-is_VBZ an_AT1 important_JJ factor_NN1 modulating_VVG the_AT dynamics_NN of_IO this_DD1 system_NN1 ._. 
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In_II theoretical_JJ terms_NN2 ,_, is_VBZ the_AT frequency_NN1 information_NN1 stored_VVN in_II the_AT exemplar_JJ cluster_NN1 of_IO an_AT1 individual_JJ word_NN1 more_RGR influential_JJ than_CSN the_AT effect_NN1 that_CST the_AT frequency_NN1 information_NN1 stored_VVN with_IW other_JJ members_NN2 in_II an_AT1 inflectional_JJ paradigm_NN1 ,_, as_CSA transmitted_VVN through_II associative_JJ networks_NN2 ?_? 
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Indeed_RR ,_, while_CS only_RR 30%_NNU of_IO the_AT simile_NN1 posts_NN2 collected_VVN (_( 234_MC out_II21 of_II22 780_MC )_) were_VBDR followed_VVN by_II explanations_NN2 ,_, 82%_NNU of_IO the_AT explanations_NN2 (_( 234_MC out_II21 of_II22 287_MC )_) found_VVD were_VBDR after_II similes_NN2 ._. 
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Thirty-one_MC experimental_JJ sentences_NN2 were_VBDR strongly_RR biasing_VVG ,_, i.e._REX the_AT model_NN1 predicted_VVD a_AT1 probability_NN1 value_NN1 of_IO more_DAR than_CSN 0.50_MC for_IF one_MC1 of_IO the_AT verbs_NN2 ._. 
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Psycholinguistic_JJ research_NN1 strongly_RR suggests_VVZ that_CST speakers_NN2 store_NN1 and_CC retrieve_VV0 idioms_NN2 and_CC collocations_NN2 as_CSA meaning_VVG units_NN2 in_II their_APPGE mental_JJ lexicons_NN2 (_( Cacciari_NP1 and_CC Glucksberg_NP1 1994_MC ,_, inter_RR21 alia_RR22 )_) ._. 
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Therefore_RR ,_, EDA_NP1 was_VBDZ sampled_VVN at_II 500_MC Hz_NNU ,_, with_IW the_AT gain_NN1 set_VVN at_II 10_MC S/V_ZZ1 and_CC a_AT1 low-pass_NN1 filter_NN1 at_II 1_MC1 Hz_NNU ._. 
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This_DD1 is_VBZ compatible_JJ with_IW the_AT assumptions_NN2 in_II (_( 106_MC )_) ,_, as_CSA is_VBZ the_AT fact_NN1 that_CST the_AT embedded_JJ present_NN1 in_II Modern_JJ Greek_NN1 and_CC Spanish_JJ B_ZZ1 exhibit_VV0 p-shiftability_NN1 ,_, as_CSA evidenced_VVN by_II the_AT fact_NN1 that_CST Mary_NP1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 arrival_NN1 in_II (_( 107_MC )_) and_CC (_( 108_MC )_) need_VM not_XX precede_VVI SP_NN1 ._. 
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From_II the_AT canonical_JJ perspective_NN1 ,_, we_PPIS2 expect_VV0 inflected_JJ forms_NN2 :_: (_( i_ZZ1 )_) to_TO be_VBI built_VVN in_II the_AT same_DA way_NN1 ,_, and_CC (_( ii_MC )_) to_TO follow_VVI comparable_JJ morphosyntactic_JJ requirements_NN2 ._. 
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For_IF each_DD1 length_NN1 n_ZZ1 ?_? 1_MC1 token_JJ context_NN1 ,_, draw_VV0 a_AT1 token_JJ distribution_NN1 for_IF each_DD1 label_NN1 from_II If_CSW n_ZZ1 =_FO 1_MC1 ,_, then_RT is_VBZ ignored_VVN and_CC only_RR one_MC1 token_JJ distribution_NN1 is_VBZ drawn_VVN for_IF each_DD1 label_NN1 ._. 
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For_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, it_PPH1 could_VM happen_VVI that_CST an_AT1 agent_NN1 chooses_VVZ an_AT1 action_NN1 repeatedly_RR that_DD1 has_VHZ yielded_VVN a_AT1 positive_JJ reward_NN1 in_II the_AT past_NN1 (_( such_II21 as_II22 choosing_VVG a_AT1 surface_NN1 realisation_NN1 for_IF the_AT verb_NN1 )_) ,_, even_CS21 though_CS22 it_PPH1 does_VDZ not_XX change_VVI the_AT state_NN1 of_IO the_AT environment_NN1 anymore_RR and_CC instead_RR fails_VVZ to_TO take_VVI other_JJ relevant_JJ actions_NN2 (_( such_II21 as_II22 choosing_VVG a_AT1 surface_NN1 realisation_NN1 for_IF the_AT direction_NN1 )_) ._. 
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Many_DA2 dialects_NN2 of_IO English_NN1 have_VH0 positive_JJ and_CC negative_JJ variants_NN2 of_IO be_VBI (_( Bresnan_NP1 ,_, Deo_NP1 ,_, and_CC Sharma_NP1 2007_MC )_) ._. 
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We_PPIS2 examined_VVD how_RRQ the_AT distraction_NN1 manipulation_NN1 affected_VVN the_AT speakers_NN2 '_NULL choices_NN2 in_II both_RR (_( 1_MC1 )_) number_NN1 of_IO words_NN2 in_II the_AT target_NN1 expression_NN1 and_CC (_( 2_MC )_) the_AT acoustic_JJ prominence_NN1 of_IO their_APPGE pronunciations_NN2 ,_, as_CSA measured_VVN by_II the_AT duration_NN1 of_IO four_MC key_JJ regions_NN2 :_: (_( a_ZZ1 )_) the_AT latency_NN1 to_TO begin_VVI speaking_VVG ,_, as_CSA indexed_VVN by_II the_AT time_NNT1 between_II the_AT onset_NN1 of_IO the_AT target_NN1 visual_JJ stimulus_NN1 on_II the_AT computer_NN1 screen_NN1 and_CC the_AT onset_NN1 of_IO the_AT first_MD word_NN1 in_II the_AT response_NN1 (_( after_CS any_DD filled_JJ pauses_NN2 like_II uh_UH )_) ;_; (_( b_ZZ1 )_) the_AT determiner_NN1 the_AT ,_, when_CS produced_VVN ,_, (_( c_ZZ1 )_) the_AT target_NN1 noun_NN1 ,_, e.g._REX ,_, fox_NN1 ;_; and_CC (_( d_ZZ1 )_) the_AT colour_NN1 word_NN1 ,_, e.g._REX ,_, red_JJ ._. 
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Different_JJ from_II the_AT studies_NN2 reviewed_VVN in_II the_AT last_MD section_NN1 ,_, most_DAT studies_NN2 in_II this_DD1 section_NN1 used_VVD inferential_JJ statistics_NN to_TO reveal_VVI an_AT1 advantage_NN1 of_IO one_MC1 instructional_JJ method_NN1 over_II another_DD1 ._. 
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Despite_II these_DD2 differences_NN2 ,_, and_CC with_IW age_NN1 differences_NN2 controlled_VVD ,_, we_PPIS2 found_VVD modest_JJ ,_, significant_JJ correlations_NN2 between_II LTT_NP1 and_CC PPVT-4_MC scores_NN2 ._. 
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The_AT contribution_NN1 of_IO -uqil_NN1 is_VBZ the_AT presupposition_NN1 that_CST t_ZZ1 '_NULL ,_, the_AT reference_NN1 time_NNT1 of_IO the_AT clause_NN1 containing_VVG -uqil_NN1 ,_, be_VBI prior_II21 to_II22 the_AT utterance_NN1 time_NNT1 tc_NNU ,_, which_DDQ is_VBZ compatible_JJ with_IW the_AT proposed_JJ truth_NN1 conditions_NN2 for_IF the_AT conjunction_NN1 containing_VVG -ud_NN1 ._. 
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Action_NN1 words_NN2 (_( e.g._REX ,_, kick_NN1 )_) and_CC their_APPGE semantic_JJ associates_NN2 do_VD0 not_XX necessarily_RR activate_VVI motor_NN1 regions_NN2 when_CS presented_VVN in_II isolation_NN1 ;_; this_DD1 response_NN1 is_VBZ seen_VVN more_RGR strongly_RR for_IF literal_JJ sentences_NN2 (_( '_NULL kick_VV0 the_AT ball_NN1 '_NULL )_) in_II which_DDQ the_AT action_NN1 properties_NN2 are_VBR relevant_JJ to_II the_AT task_NN1 (_( Raposo_NP1 ,_, Moss_NP1 ,_, Stamatakis_NP1 ,_, &amp;_CC Tyler_NP1 ,_, 2009_MC ;_; Schuil_NP1 ,_, Smits_NP2 ,_, &amp;_CC Zwaan_NP1 ,_, 2013_MC ;_; van_NP1 Dam_NP1 ,_, van_NP1 Dijk_NP1 ,_, Bekkering_NP1 ,_, &amp;_CC Rueschemeyer_NP1 ,_, 2012_MC )_) ._. 
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That_CST there_EX is_VBZ such_DA a_AT1 set_NN1 of_IO words_NN2 is_VBZ a_AT1 necessary_JJ consequence_NN1 of_IO the_AT nature_NN1 of_IO Welsh_JJ gender_NN1 cues_NN2 and_CC the_AT statistical_JJ distribution_NN1 of_IO those_DD2 cues_NN2 ._. 
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After_CS a_AT1 0.9_MC second_MD pause_NN1 ,_, the_AT caller_NN1 initiates_VVZ repair_NN1 of_IO the_AT call_NN1 taker_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 absent_JJ response_NN1 by_II asking_VVG "_" what_DDQ should_VM i_ZZ1 do_VD0 hh_NNU "_" (_( line_NN1 9_MC )_) ._. 
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Their_APPGE general_JJ relevance_NN1 to_II pragmatic_JJ analysis_NN1 and_CC annotation_NN1 will_VM be_VBI discussed_VVN in_II the_AT following_JJ sub-sections_NN2 ,_, but_CCB will_VM hopefully_RR become_VVI even_RR clearer_JJR through_II the_AT discussion_NN1 of_IO the_AT annotation_NN1 process_NN1 in_II Section_NN1 2.2_MC ._. 
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There_EX is_VBZ a_AT1 strong_JJ preference_NN1 for_IF short_JJ arguments_NN2 to_TO come_VVI before_II long_RR (_( Rosenbach_NP1 2002_MC and_CC Rosenbach_NP1 2005_MC ;_; Hinrichs_NP2 and_CC Szmrecsányi_NP1 2007_MC ;_; Shih_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
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In_II Press_NN1 ,_, Grafmiller_NP1 to_TO appear_VVI )_) ._. 
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Our_APPGE discussion_NN1 so_RG far_RR has_VHZ generally_RR assumed_VVN that_CST the_AT subject_NN1 is_VBZ the_AT first_MD element_NN1 in_II the_AT clause_NN1 ._. 
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This_DD1 is_VBZ illustrated_VVN by_II the_AT systems_NN2 in_II 12_MC and_CC 13_MC ,_, both_DB2 of_IO which_DDQ have_VH0 *EXTLAPSEL_FO and_CC *EXTLAPSER_FO ranked_VVN at_II the_AT top_NN1 of_IO the_AT hierarchy_NN1 (_( as_CSA in_II 6_MC )_) ._. 
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The_AT features_NN2 ,_, which_DDQ define_VV0 natural_JJ classes_NN2 ,_, typically_RR not_XX only_RR refer_VV0 to_II articulatory_JJ primitives_NN2 (_( e.g._REX '_NULL place_NN1 of_IO articulation_NN1 '_NULL and_CC '_NULL voicing_VVG '_NULL )_) but_CCB also_RR have_VH0 acoustic_JJ interpretations_NN2 (_( Stevens_NP1 ,_, 2002_MC )_) ._. 
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Table_NN1 2_MC shows_VVZ all_DB frequencies_NN2 ,_, conditional_JJ probabilities_NN2 ,_, and_CC adjusted_JJ residuals_NN2 (_( AR_UH )_) of_IO each_DD1 Behavior_NN1 Type_NN1 (_( e.g._REX ,_, Child_NN1 Smile_NN1 )_) following_VVG each_DD1 Behavior_NN1 Type_NN1 (_( e.g._REX ,_, Parent_NN1 Smile_NN1 )_) within_II 3_MC s_ZZ1 ,_, across_II all_DB participants_NN2 and_CC conditions_NN2 ._. 
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Unlike_JJ in_II spoken_JJ languages_NN2 ,_, the_AT visual-spatial_JJ modality_NN1 of_IO sign_NN1 languages_NN2 allows_VVZ iconic_JJ representations_NN2 of_IO space_NN1 through_II a_AT1 direct_JJ mapping_NN1 of_IO entities_NN2 and_CC the_AT spatial_JJ relations_NN2 between_II them_PPHO2 onto_II the_AT hands_NN2 and_CC the_AT space_NN1 in_II31 front_II32 of_II33 the_AT body_NN1 (_( Emmorey_NP1 1996_MC ,_, 2002_MC ,_, Talmy_NP1 2003_MC )_) ._. 
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The_AT property_NN1 of_IO independence_NN1 raises_VVZ the_AT question_NN1 of_IO what_DDQ semantic_JJ contribution_NN1 the_AT discourse_NN1 -ass_NN1 construction_NN1 in_II (_( 69a_FO )_) really_RR makes_VVZ ._. 
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Thus_RR ,_, the_AT sentence_NN1 with_IW the_AT appositive_JJ in_II (_( 35_MC )_) should_VM be_VBI interpreted_VVN the_AT same_DA way_NN1 as_CSA the_AT conjunction_NN1 in_II (_( 36_MC )_) ._. 
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L2_FO learners_NN2 tend_VV0 to_TO produce_VVI more_RGR basic_JJ category_NN1 words_NN2 in_II early_JJ stages_NN2 of_IO acquisition_NN1 because_CS these_DD2 words_NN2 are_VBR more_RGR frequent_JJ in_II the_AT input_NN1 and_CC because_CS they_PPHS2 express_VV0 more_RGR general_JJ meaning_NN1 (_( Levenston_NP1 and_CC Blum_NP1 1977_MC )_) ._. 
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The_AT L1_FO groups_NN2 on_II the_AT left_NN1 marked_VVN a_AT1 higher_JJR accuracy_NN1 rank_NN1 of_IO the_AT morpheme_NN1 than_CSN those_DD2 on_II the_AT right_NN1 ._. 
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In_II fact_NN1 ,_, this_DD1 dispreference_NN1 follows_VVZ from_II our_APPGE QUD-based_JJ approach_NN1 to_II parsing_VVG preferences_NN2 (_( see_VV0 Sects_NN2 ._. 
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Although_CS Anthony_NP1 Wallace_NP1 (_( 1956_MC )_) offers_VVZ this_DD1 definition_NN1 in_II early_JJ anthropological_JJ work_NN1 on_II the_AT topic_NN1 ,_, the_AT increasing_JJ attention_NN1 to_II revitalization_NN1 within_II linguistic_JJ and_CC linguistic_JJ anthropological_JJ circles_NN2 often_RR elides_VVZ the_AT necessary_JJ component_NN1 of_IO change_NN1 in_II its_APPGE analysis_NN1 ,_, especially_RR as_CSA it_PPH1 relates_VVZ to_II factors_NN2 that_CST are_VBR given_VVN a_AT1 central_JJ place_NN1 in_II the_AT metadiscourses_NN2 of_IO language_NN1 activism_NN1 -_- such_II21 as_II22 the_AT connection_NN1 between_II language_NN1 and_CC identity_NN1 ._. 
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I_PPIS1 placed_VVD the_AT comments_NN2 in_II two_MC corpora_NN2 based_VVN on_II group-instructors_NN2 with_IW Chinese_JJ or_CC Korean_JJ last_MD names_NN2 or_CC instructors_NN2 with_IW US_NP1 last_MD names_NN2 (_( 1,096_MC instructors_NN2 in_II each_DD1 group_NN1 )_) :_: the_AT RMP-US_NP1 corpus_NN1 (_( 6,602_MC comments_NN2 ,_, totaling_VVG 294,839_MC words_NN2 )_) and_CC the_AT RMP-C_JJ &K;_NULL corpus_NN1 (_( 6,323_MC comments_NN2 ,_, totaling_VVG 281,894_MC words_NN2 )_) ._. 
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In_II (_( 35b_FO )_) ,_, &lsqb;_( not_XX even_RR John_NP1 &rsqb;_) raises_VVZ to_II Spec_NP1 FocP_NP1 ._. 
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The_AT corpus_NN1 contains_VVZ a_AT1 substantial_JJ amount_NN1 of_IO non-English_JJ text_NN1 ,_, but_CCB the_AT analyses_NN2 that_CST follow_VV0 are_VBR restricted_VVN to_II subsets_NN2 of_IO messages_NN2 that_CST include_VV0 English-language_JJ words_NN2 ._. 
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Such_DA methods_NN2 attempt_VV0 to_TO address_VVI the_AT practical_JJ and_CC theoretical_JJ questions_NN2 about_II lexical_JJ proficiency_NN1 common_JJ in_II second_MD language_NN1 acquisition_NN1 and_CC to_TO help_VVI better_RRR define_VVI the_AT construct_NN1 ._. 
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Originally_RR artifacts_NN2 of_IO real_JJ memories_NN2 ,_, they_PPHS2 are_VBR reentextualized_VVN as_CSA prompts_VVZ ._. 
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Uhrig_VV0 :_: Let_VV0 me_PPIO1 suggest_VVI something_PN1 to_II you_PPY ._. 
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Given_CS21 that_CS22 the_AT "_" study_NN1 of_IO knowledge_NN1 of_IO NL_NP1 &lsqb;_( =natural_FO language_NN1 ,_, CB_FO &rsqb;_) is_VBZ not_XX well-defined_JJ in_II the_AT absence_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 deep_JJ understanding_NN1 of_IO NL_NP1 ,_, that_DD1 is_VBZ a_AT1 deep_JJ understanding_NN1 of_IO the_AT results_NN2 of_IO the_AT formal_JJ science_NN1 "_" (_( Postal_JJ ,_, 2003_MC :_: 234_MC )_) ,_, the_AT formal_JJ science_NN1 should_VM inform_VVI the_AT empirical_JJ science_NN1 ._. 
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Pseudocode_VV0 for_IF the_AT new_JJ training_NN1 algorithm_NN1 of_IO this_DD1 article_NN1 is_VBZ shown_VVN in_II Algorithm_NN1 3_MC ,_, where_CS MaxNonGold_NP1 returns_VVZ the_AT highest-scored_JJT non-gold_NN1 edge_NN1 in_II the_AT chart_NN1 ._. 
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Often_RR ,_, as_CSA the_AT examples_NN2 in_II 100a-d_FO illustrate_VV0 ,_, a_AT1 particular_JJ context_NN1 makes_VVZ an_AT1 unlikely_JJ combination_NN1 work_NN1 well_RR ,_, if_CS not_XX evocatively_RR ._. 
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We_PPIS2 then_RT summarize_VV0 and_CC critique_NN1 Halliday_NP1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 interpretation_NN1 of_IO the_AT GM_NP1 analysis_NN1 ,_, and_CC finally_RR discuss_VV0 how_RRQ the_AT two_MC approaches_NN2 differ_VV0 and_CC how_RRQ they_PPHS2 might_VM complement_VVI each_PPX221 other_PPX222 ._. 
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Lexical_JJ access_NN1 is_VBZ known_VVN to_TO decline_VVI significantly_RR in_II aging_VVG as_RG well_RR as_CSA in_II MCI_MC ._. 
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The_AT only_JJ available_JJ interpretations_NN2 are_VBR polar-questions_NN2 ,_, which_DDQ require_VV0 the_AT disjunctive_JJ phrases_NN2 to_TO take_VVI narrow_JJ scope_NN1 ._. 
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Vaswani_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
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(_( 2011_MC )_) recently_RR showed_VVD that_CST a_AT1 Markov_NP1 model_NN1 over_II the_AT derivation_NN1 history_NN1 of_IO minimal_JJ rules_NN2 can_VM obtain_VVI the_AT same_DA translation_NN1 quality_NN1 as_CSA using_VVG grammars_NN2 formed_VVN with_IW composed_JJ rules_NN2 ,_, which_DDQ we_PPIS2 believe_VV0 is_VBZ quite_RG promising_JJ ._. 
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Now_RT ,_, the_AT problem_NN1 is_VBZ how_RRQ to_TO account_VVI for_IF the_AT entailment_NN1 fact_NN1 with_IW believe_VV0 ._. 
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The_AT graph_NN1 consists_VVZ of_IO terms_NN2 in_II the_AT texts_NN2 and_CC their_APPGE candidate_NN1 meanings_NN2 ,_, whose_DDQGE edges_NN2 are_VBR reweighted_VVN using_VVG random_JJ walks_NN2 and_CC triangles_NN2 ._. 
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Similar_JJ contrasts_NN2 are_VBR evident_JJ between_II '_NULL Every-One_PN1 '_NULL and_CC '_NULL Every-Both_RR '_NULL (_( the_AT median_JJ score_NN1 for_IF '_NULL Every-One_PN1 '_NULL was_VBDZ 2_MC and_CC the_AT median_JJ score_NN1 for_IF '_NULL Every-Both_RR '_NULL was_VBDZ 5_MC )_) ._. 
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As_CSA Rambow_NP1 and_CC Joshi_NP1 (_( 1997_MC )_) note_VV0 ,_, these_DD2 equivalences_NN2 are_VBR of_IO little_JJ consequence_NN1 to_II the_AT syntacticians_NN2 working_VVG in_II a_AT1 given_JJ syntactic_JJ framework_NN1 who_PNQS still_RR go_VV0 about_II their_APPGE daily_JJ business_NN1 in_II very_RG different_JJ ways_NN2 ._. 
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