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It_PPH1 is_VBZ observed_VVN that_DD1 refrigeration_NN1 demands_NN2 are_VBR the_AT dominant_JJ one_PN1 ,_, roughly_RR take_VV0 75%_NNU all_DB time_NNT1 ._. 
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According_II21 to_II22 the_AT displacement_NN1 vector_NN1 fields_NN2 ,_, the_AT frequency_NN1 of_IO the_AT first_MD absorption_NN1 peak_NN1 mainly_RR depends_VVZ on_II the_AT rigid_JJ body_NN1 resonance_NN1 of_IO resonators_NN2 ,_, and_CC the_AT coupling_NN1 resonance_NN1 between_II the_AT steel_NN1 plate_NN1 backing_NN1 and_CC the_AT matrix_NN1 determines_VVZ the_AT frequency_NN1 of_IO the_AT second_MD sound_NN1 absorption_NN1 peak_NN1 ._. 
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When_CS the_AT major_JJ source_NN1 is_VBZ interfered_VVN by_II the_AT perturbation_NN1 sources_NN2 propagating_VVG from_II behind_II the_AT microphone_NN1 array_NN1 ,_, application_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 double-layer_JJ microphone_NN1 array_NN1 has_VHZ advantages_NN2 of_IO separating_VVG the_AT front/back_JJ contributions_NN2 ._. 
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A_AT1 small_JJ standard_JJ deviation_NN1 in_II injection_NN1 retardation_NN1 is_VBZ not_XX sufficiently_RR indicative_JJ of_IO a_AT1 greater_JJR uniformity_NN1 of_IO the_AT jets_NN2 exiting_VVG a_AT1 multi-hole_JJ injector_NN1 ._. 
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Since_CS the_AT turbocharger_NN1 size_NN1 can_VM be_VBI selected_VVN flexibly_RR ,_, the_AT sequential_JJ turbocharging_NN1 enables_VVZ an_AT1 optimized_JJ low-load_JJ operation_NN1 ._. 
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Recent_JJ U.S._NP1 Army_NN1 Corps_NN of_IO Engineers_NN2 (_( USACE_NP1 )_) efforts_NN2 have_VH0 focused_VVN on_II prioritizing_VVG constrained_JJ maintenance_NN1 funding_NN1 (_( including_II structures_NN2 )_) at_II the_AT portfolio_NN1 level_NN1 within_II the_AT rolling_JJ annual_JJ budget_NN1 cycle_NN1 using_VVG indicators_NN2 of_IO structure_NN1 significance_NN1 (_( Mitchell_NP1 2010_MC )_) ,_, in_II31 lieu_II32 of_II33 detailed_JJ analyses_NN2 at_II the_AT level_NN1 of_IO the_AT structure_NN1 (_( Oliver_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
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1997_MC )_) or_CC local_JJ system_NN1 (_( Moritz_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
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2004_MC )_) ._. 
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SSMD_NP1 is_VBZ an_AT1 effect_NN1 size_NN1 measure_VV0 that_DD1 is_VBZ analogous_JJ to_II calculating_VVG the_AT effect_NN1 size_NN1 for_IF contrasts_NN2 in_II classical_JJ statistics_NN ._. 
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A_AT1 rudder_NN1 is_VBZ not_XX fitted_VVN to_II the_AT model_NN1 ship_NN1 ._. 
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Due_II21 to_II22 the_AT inhomogeneous_JJ characteristics_NN2 of_IO the_AT real_JJ ocean_NN1 waveguide_NN1 ,_, the_AT optimal_JJ recovery_NN1 parameters_NN2 for_IF each_DD1 mode_NN1 are_VBR different_JJ ,_, which_DDQ will_VM bring_VVI difficulties_NN2 in_II eliminating_VVG all_DB intra-mode_JJ dispersion_NN1 simultaneously_RR ._. 
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The_AT author_NN1 is_VBZ indebted_JJ to_II Prof._NNB A._NP1 Papanikolaou_NP1 for_IF his_APPGE valuable_JJ discussions_NN2 on_II the_AT subject_NN1 ._. 
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We_PPIS2 have_VH0 also_RR found_VVN that_CST the_AT finite_JJ element_NN1 method_NN1 can_VM be_VBI used_VVN in_II the_AT optimization_NN1 ,_, while_CS the_AT transfer_NN1 matrix_NN1 method_NN1 is_VBZ better_RRR used_VVN to_TO compute_VVI the_AT accurate_JJ structural-acoustic_JJ response_NN1 in_II the_AT postprocessing_NN1 of_IO the_AT selected_JJ Pareto_NP1 optimal_JJ designs_NN2 ._. 
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The_AT ISSC_NN1 wave_NN1 spectrum_NN1 is_VBZ selected_VVN as_II a_AT1 representative_NN1 for_IF illustration_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT ASCE_NP1 inundation_NN1 data_NN (_( area_NN1 of_IO inundation_NN1 and_CC run-up_NN1 data_NN along_II the_AT inundation_NN1 limit_NN1 )_) will_VM be_VBI available_JJ on_II an_AT1 ASCE_NP1 website_NN1 (_( the_AT ASCE_NP1 website_NN1 is_VBZ not_XX public_RR at_II the_AT time_NNT1 of_IO this_DD1 writing_NN1 )_) ._. 
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The_AT variation_NN1 of_IO heat_NN1 energy_NN1 released_VVN by_II exhaust_NN1 gases_NN2 in_II different_JJ engine_NN1 speeds_NN2 ._. 
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This_DD1 is_VBZ associated_VVN with_IW a_AT1 lower_JJR capacity_NN1 to_TO diffuse_VVI fuel_NN1 in_II air_NN1 ,_, and_CC the_AT momentum_NN1 is_VBZ being_VBG dissipated_VVN slower_RRR ._. 
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The_AT resultant_JJ sum_NN1 of_IO the_AT buoyancy_NN1 and_CC weight_NN1 was_VBDZ designed_VVN to_TO be_VBI as_RG small_JJ as_CSA possible_JJ and_CC the_AT location_NN1 of_IO the_AT CoM_NN1 as_RG close_JJ as_CSA possible_JJ to_II the_AT pitching_NN1 axis_NN1 ._. 
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Relative_JJ water_NN1 depth_NN1 h/L_ZZ1 varies_VVZ from_II 0.042_MC to_II 0.64_MC meaning_NN1 that_CST deep_RR ,_, transition_NN1 and_CC shallow_JJ water_NN1 conditions_NN2 were_VBDR considered_VVN (_( Table_NN1 3_MC )_) ._. 
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For_IF fL_NNU <_FO 100&lsqb;Hz&rsqb;_FO ,_, the_AT band-gap_JJ width_NN1 becomes_VVZ very_RG narrow_JJ ,_, but_CCB still_RR offers_VVZ considerable_JJ attenuation_NN1 at_II the_AT resonant_JJ frequencies_NN2 ._. 
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Viscous_JJ dissipation_NN1 on_II a_AT1 unit_NN1 wave_NN1 with_IW different_JJ dispersive_JJ properties_NN2 travelling_VVG a_AT1 unit_NN1 distance_NN1 ._. 
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Performance_NN1 of_IO the_AT system_NN1 is_VBZ improved_VVN effectively_RR since_CS the_AT approximately_RR distortion-free_JJ and_CC narrow_JJ directivity_NN1 compared_VVN with_IW the_AT conventional_JJ broadcast_NN1 underwater_RL acoustic_JJ communication_NN1 system_NN1 in_II Dalian_JJ sea_NN1 trial_NN1 ._. 
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While_CS it_PPH1 was_VBDZ assumed_VVN as_II a_AT1 constant_JJ value_NN1 in_II the_AT CAM_NN1 simulation_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT water_NN1 used_VVN for_IF scrubbing_VVG the_AT exhaust_NN1 gas_NN1 can_VM be_VBI fresh_JJ water_NN1 ,_, usually_RR used_VVN in_II ECAs_NN2 ,_, recycled_JJ and_CC cleaned_VVN on-board_JJ ,_, or_CC sea_NN1 water_NN1 ,_, used_JJ outsides_NN2 ECAs_NN2 and_CC discharged_VVN back_RP into_II the_AT sea_NN1 after_II cleaning_NN1 ._. 
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It_PPH1 is_VBZ an_AT1 effective_JJ tool_NN1 for_IF ocean_NN1 cognition_NN1 and_CC ocean_NN1 exploitation_NN1 and_CC plays_VVZ an_AT1 important_JJ role_NN1 in_II military_JJ reconnaissance_NN1 ,_, marine_JJ surveying_NN1 and_CC mapping_NN1 ,_, marine_JJ resource_NN1 exploration_NN1 ,_, and_CC other_JJ applications_NN2 &lsqb;_( 24_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, &lsqb;_( 17_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, &lsqb;_( 9_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
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To_II this_DD1 end_NN1 ,_, five_MC different_JJ sets_NN2 of_IO initial_JJ vertices_NN2 have_VH0 been_VBN considered_VVN for_IF each_DD1 of_IO the_AT two_MC techniques_NN2 and_CC the_AT source_NN1 localization_NN1 procedure_NN1 has_VHZ been_VBN repeated_VVN ._. 
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They_PPHS2 used_VVD the_AT KIVA-3V_JJ CFD_NP1 code_NN1 along_II21 with_II22 the_AT CHEMKIN_NN1 chemistry_NN1 tool_NN1 as_II31 well_II32 as_II33 the_AT NSGA_NN1 II_MC algorithm_NN1 to_TO perform_VVI optimization_NN1 for_IF a_AT1 wide_JJ range_NN1 of_IO methane-diesel_JJ RCCI_JJ engine_NN1 operating_NN1 conditions_NN2 ._. 
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The_AT structures_NN2 involved_VVD were_VBDR mainly_RR regular-shaped_JJ ,_, e.g._REX ,_, infinite_JJ plates_NN2 ,_, infinite_JJ periodically_RR stiffened_JJ plates_NN2 ,_, finite_JJ stiffened_JJ or_CC unstiffened_JJ plates_NN2 ,_, infinite_JJ cylindrical_JJ shells_NN2 and_CC finite_JJ cylindrical_JJ shells_NN2 ._. 
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Cp_NP1 is_VBZ calculated_VVN through_II porosity_NN1 and_CC internal_JJ friction_NN1 angle_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ are_VBR determined_VVN empirically_RR ._. 
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It_PPH1 is_VBZ shown_VVN that_CST SWDMPs_NP1 corresponding_VVG to_II modes_NN2 1–3_MCMC may_VM be_VBI useful_JJ in_II communications_NN2 applications_NN2 at_II ranges_NN2 up_RG21 to_RG22 500_MC km_NNU ,_, which_DDQ is_VBZ consistent_JJ with_IW the_AT results_NN2 of_IO the_AT LOAPEX_NN1 data_NN analysis_NN1 &lsqb;_( 8_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
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The_AT data_NN surface_NN1 S_ZZ1 and_CC collocation_NN1 points_VVZ surface_NN1 H_ZZ1 are_VBR the_AT stationary_JJ spherical_JJ surfaces_NN2 with_IW radii_NN2 of_IO 0.1_MC m_NNO and_CC 0.2_MC m_NNO ,_, respectively_RR ._. 
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The_AT acoustic_JJ field_NN1 is_VBZ recorded_VVN on_II a_AT1 hydrophone_NN1 which_DDQ is_VBZ moved_VVN along_II a_AT1 vertical_JJ axis_NN1 ._. 
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And_CC ,_, in_II Sec._NNU 3.2_MC ,_, we_PPIS2 will_VM make_VVI a_AT1 comparison_NN1 between_II results_NN2 by_II perforating_VVG the_AT inner_JJ wall_NN1 and_CC with_IW a_AT1 core_NN1 of_IO porous_JJ material_NN1 ._. 
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Therefore_RR ,_, as_CSA demonstrated_VVN ,_, the_AT observed_JJ differences_NN2 of_IO peak_NN1 firing_NN1 pressure_NN1 between_II cylinders_NN2 are_VBR not_XX mostly_RR attributed_VVN to_TO load_VVI variation_NN1 but_CCB mainly_RR to_II differences_NN2 in_II tuning_VVG or_CC component_NN1 condition_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT spray_NN1 plume_NN1 spreading_NN1 was_VBDZ defined_VVN with_IW the_AT spray_NN1 cone_NN1 angle_NN1 of_IO 15°_NNU ._. 
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The_AT model_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 predictive_JJ ability_NN1 was_VBDZ also_RR investigated_VVN for_IF different_JJ equivalence_NN1 ratios_NN2 ,_, from_II lean_JJ (_( =0.8_FO )_) to_II stoichiometric_JJ (_( =1.0_FO )_) ._. 
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Similar_JJ to_II rotary_JJ turbines_NN2 ,_, the_AT available_JJ power_NN1 of_IO the_AT flapping-type_JJ turbine_NN1 can_VM be_VBI extracted_VVN from_II the_AT flow_NN1 energy_NN1 through_II the_AT frontal_JJ area_NN1 of_IO the_AT turbine_NN1 ._. 
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These_DD2 cases_NN2 are_VBR not_XX simulated_VVN in_II GT-Power_NN1 ,_, so_RG only_RR gross_JJ indicated_JJ efficiencies_NN2 are_VBR provided_VVN to_TO give_VVI a_AT1 broad_JJ view_NN1 of_IO the_AT potential_NN1 of_IO hot_JJ EGR-based_JJ RCCI_NN2 for_IF low-load_JJ operation_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT frequency_NN1 resolution_NN1 was_VBDZ 780_MC mHz_NNU ._. 
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This_DD1 is_VBZ different_JJ from_II that_DD1 observed_VVD in_II the_AT quasi-steady_JJ diesel_NN1 spray_NN1 jet_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT stimuli_NN2 were_VBDR based_VVN on_II utterances_NN2 extracted_VVN from_II the_AT Hillenbrand_NP1 database_NN1 of_IO vowel_NN1 recordings_NN2 (_( Hillenbrand_NP1 ,_, 2003_MC ;_; Hillenbrand_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 1995_MC )_) ._. 
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Several_DA2 events_NN2 of_IO spray_NN1 on_II the_AT ship_NN1 were_VBDR observed_VVN and_CC the_AT results_NN2 of_IO the_AT LWC_NP1 ,_, spray_VV0 duration_NN1 ,_, droplet_NN1 size_NN1 ,_, and_CC droplet_NN1 number_NN1 concentration_NN1 were_VBDR reported_VVN ._. 
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While_CS the_AT baseline_NN1 control_NN1 strategy_NN1 uses_VVZ measured_JJ system_NN1 outputs_VVZ propeller_NN1 pitch_NN1 ratio_NN1 Pp_NN1 and_CC engine_NN1 speed_NN1 ne_FW ,_, the_AT adaptive_JJ pitch_NN1 control_NN1 strategy_NN1 additionally_RR uses_VVZ the_AT estimated_JJ hydrodynamic_JJ pitch_NN1 angle_NN1 :_: z(t)=_FO &lsqb;_( Pp_NN1 ,_, ne_FW ,_, β_NULL &rsqb;_) ._. 
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Effect_NN1 of_IO nonlinearities_NN2 seen_VVN to_TO be_VBI a_AT1 reason_NN1 for_IF discrepancy_NN1 between_II the_AT present_JJ coupling_NN1 and_CC 2-D_JJ linear_JJ ._. 
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One_MC1 hundred_NNO and_CC fifty-eight_MC hydrophones_NN2 are_VBR required_VVN to_TO achieve_VVI BERs<5%_FO at_II r≤500km_FO by_II processing_VVG mode_NN1 19_MC with_IW an_AT1 SNR_NP1 of_IO 5_MC dB_NNU (_( not_XX shown_VVN )_) ._. 
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The_AT emissions_NN2 of_IO ships_NN2 need_VV0 to_TO be_VBI reduced_VVN by_II using_VVG more_RGR sustainable_JJ and_CC cleaner_JJR solutions_NN2 in_II the_AT near_JJ future_NN1 to_TO meet_VVI these_DD2 regulations_NN2 ._. 
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In_II OFCT_NP1 ,_, the_AT magnitude_NN1 order_NN1 is_VBZ o-xylene_JJ ,_, R123_FO ,_, R245A_FO for_IF low_JJ evaporation_NN1 temperatures_NN2 and_CC R245fa_FO ,_, o-xylene_NN1 ,_, R123_FO for_IF high_JJ evaporation_NN1 temperatures_NN2 ._. 
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Seakeeping_VVG performance_NN1 tests_NN2 were_VBDR conducted_VVN under_II the_AT same_DA condition_NN1 and_CC the_AT results_NN2 were_VBDR compared_VVN with_IW those_DD2 for_IF the_AT bare_JJ hull_NN1 ._. 
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Further_RRR ,_, the_AT assembly_NN1 of_IO the_AT fluid_NN1 mobility_NN1 matrix_NN1 in_II a_AT1 piping_NN1 system_NN1 is_VBZ identical_JJ to_II assembling_VVG FEM_NN1 stiffness_NN1 and_CC mass_JJ matrix_NN1 (_( apart_II21 from_II22 the_AT simplifying_JJ fact_NN1 that_CST no_AT coordinate_NN1 element_NN1 transformations_NN2 are_VBR needed_VVN since_CS only_RR scalar_JJ quantities_NN2 are_VBR dealt_VVN with_IW )_) ._. 
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Fig._NN1 4_MC shows_VVZ some_DD samples_NN2 of_IO the_AT calibration_NN1 response_NN1 at_II 4_MC typical_JJ positions_NN2 taken_VVN among_II 333_MC sensors_NN2 ._. 
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Numerical_JJ simulations_NN2 using_VVG the_AT finite_JJ element_NN1 method_NN1 (_( FEM_NP1 )_) were_VBDR then_RT conducted_VVN to_TO validate_VVI the_AT effectiveness_NN1 of_IO the_AT theoretical_JJ model_NN1 ._. 
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For_IF the_AT purpose_NN1 of_IO the_AT current_JJ study_NN1 ,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ assumed_VVN that_CST the_AT natural_JJ seabed_NN1 noise_NN1 is_VBZ relatively_RR negligible_JJ as_CSA compared_VVN to_II the_AT other_JJ predominant_JJ sources_NN2 ._. 
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Gumus_NN1 and_CC Kasifoglu_NP1 &lsqb;_( 62_MC &rsqb;_) and_CC Rakopoulos_NN2 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
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&lsqb;_( 63_MC &rsqb;_) inferred_VVD that_DD1 engine_NN1 load_NN1 has_VHZ positive_JJ impact_NN1 on_II HC_NP1 emission_NN1 due_JJ to_TO lack_VVI of_IO oxygen_NN1 at_II the_AT time_NNT1 of_IO engine_NN1 operation_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT dependence_NN1 of_IO the_AT horizontal_JJ wave_NN1 force_NN1 ,_, normalized_VVN by_II a32_FO ,_, with_IW the_AT KC_NP1 number_NN1 is_VBZ presented_VVN in_II Fig._NN1 7_MC ,_, where_CS the_AT first_MD three_MC harmonic_JJ components_NN2 are_VBR plotted_VVN against_II the_AT KC_NP1 number_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT diameter_NN1 of_IO the_AT cylinder_NN1 is_VBZ dc=0.064_FO m_ZZ1 ,_, and_CC the_AT length_NN1 of_IO the_AT cylinder_NN1 is_VBZ hc=0.02_FO m_ZZ1 ._. 
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In_II comparison_NN1 ,_, no_AT riverine_JJ discharge_NN1 was_VBDZ added_VVN to_II the_AT numerical_JJ model_NN1 ,_, potentially_RR making_VVG up_RP for_IF the_AT background_NN1 currents_NN2 ._. 
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The_AT electronic_JJ control_NN1 device_NN1 of_IO the_AT floating_JJ raft_NN1 active_JJ vibration_NN1 isolation_NN1 test_NN1 bed_NN1 is_VBZ as_CSA shown_VVN in_II Figure_NN1 2_MC ._. 
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To_TO clarify_VVI the_AT validity_NN1 of_IO the_AT proposed_JJ manoeuvrability_NN1 prediction_NN1 system_NN1 ,_, we_PPIS2 used_VVD the_AT UMS_NP2 to_TO compare_VVI measured_JJ results_NN2 of_IO sea_NN1 trials_NN2 of_IO large_JJ container_NN1 ships_NN2 with_IW the_AT simulation_NN1 results_NN2 ._. 
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A_AT1 disturbance_NN1 observer-based_JJ feedforward_JJ scheme_NN1 is_VBZ proposed_VVN in_II You_PPY ,_, Vilathgamuwa_NP1 ,_, and_CC Ghasemi_NP1 (_( 2018_MC )_) ,_, where_CS the_AT energy_NN1 source_NN1 is_VBZ connected_VVN to_II a_AT1 cascaded_VVN power_NN1 converter_NN1 and_CC the_AT observer_NN1 is_VBZ used_VVN to_TO estimate_VVI the_AT load_NN1 current_NN1 ._. 
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According_II21 to_II22 the_AT results_NN2 of_IO case_NN1 study_NN1 ,_, the_AT length_NN1 of_IO time-window_NN1 is_VBZ suggested_VVN to_TO be_VBI set_VVN between_II 3_MC months_NNT2 to_II 1_MC1 year_NNT1 ._. 
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A_AT1 skeletal_JJ subset_NN1 for_IF the_AT sulphur_NN1 chemistry_NN1 is_VBZ developed_VVN to_TO reduce_VVI the_AT computational_JJ costs_NN2 ._. 
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The_AT methodology_NN1 reported_VVD herein_RR will_VM be_VBI applied_VVN by_II practicing_VVG engineers_NN2 ,_, and_CC a_AT1 major_JJ objective_NN1 is_VBZ to_TO illustrate_VVI its_APPGE application_NN1 ._. 
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Kerosene_NN1 from_II Fischer-Tropsch_NP1 synthesis_NN1 is_VBZ ASTM_NP1 approved_VVD up_RG21 to_RG22 50%_NNU jet_NN1 fuel_NN1 blends_NN2 ._. 
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The_AT results_NN2 of_IO this_DD1 paper_NN1 can_VM also_RR be_VBI extended_VVN to_II the_AT domain_NN1 of_IO controlling_VVG multiple_JJ autonomous_JJ ships_NN2 which_DDQ could_VM lead_VVI to_II more_RGR efficient_JJ platoons_NN2 and_CC vessel_NN1 train_NN1 formations_NN2 &lsqb;_( 7_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
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Regarding_II the_AT source-array_JJ distance_NN1 ,_, the_AT actual_JJ location_NN1 of_IO vehicle_NN1 sources_NN2 may_VM not_XX be_VBI strictly_RR confined_VVN on_II the_AT grid_NN1 plane_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT results_NN2 of_IO the_AT European_JJ Steady-state_JJ Cycle_NN1 (_( ESC_NN1 )_) show_VV0 that_CST weighted_VVD BSFC_NP1 and_CC weighted_JJ emissions_NN2 exhibit_VV0 strong_JJ correlations_NN2 with_IW fuel_NN1 density_NN1 ._. 
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In_II the_AT CA-FGSS-MP_NP1 ,_, the_AT BOG_NN1 compressors_NN2 are_VBR used_VVN to_TO transfer_VVI the_AT LNG_NP1 through_II a_AT1 top_JJ outlet_NN1 by_II depressurizing_VVG the_AT booster_NN1 tank_NN1 to_TO induce_VVI a_AT1 sufficiently_RR large_JJ pressure_NN1 head_NN1 between_II the_AT LNG_NP1 fuel_NN1 tank_NN1 and_CC the_AT booster_NN1 tank_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT reason_NN1 is_VBZ that_CST the_AT increase_NN1 of_IO diesel_NN1 injection_NN1 pressure_NN1 may_VM improve_VVI the_AT atomization_NN1 of_IO diesel_NN1 fuel_NN1 spray_NN1 and_CC raise_VV0 the_AT in-cylinder_JJ temperature_NN1 ,_, so_CS the_AT methanol_NN1 cooling_VVG effect_NN1 is_VBZ weakened_VVN ,_, combustion_NN1 is_VBZ more_RGR complete_JJ and_CC more_DAR fuel_NN1 is_VBZ burned_VVN at_II rapid_JJ combustion_NN1 phase_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT elastic_JJ response_NN1 of_IO the_AT structure_NN1 mainly_RR depends_VVZ on_II the_AT definition_NN1 of_IO the_AT elastic_JJ beam_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT ship_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 EEDI_NP1 at_II design_NN1 point_NN1 when_CS installing_VVG an_AT1 ORC_NN1 is_VBZ measured_VVN at_II an_AT1 ambient_JJ temperature_NN1 where_CS both_DB2 cooling_VVG fluids_NN2 have_VH0 a_AT1 temperature_NN1 of_IO 5.4°C_FO and_CC compared_VVN to_II the_AT base_NN1 line_NN1 value_NN1 of_IO 17.647_MC g_ZZ1 CO2/t-nm_FU with_IW no_AT ORC_NP1 WHRS_NP1 installed_VVD (_( see_VV0 Fig._NN1 15_MC )_) ._. 
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To_TO further_RRR demonstrate_VVI the_AT capability_NN1 ,_, the_AT pressure_NN1 pattern_NN1 of_IO simulation_NN1 and_CC experiment_NN1 has_VHZ been_VBN plotted_VVN in_II Fig_NN1 ._. 
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C.1_FO For_IF one_MC1 thing_NN1 ,_, it_PPH1 clearly_RR shows_VVZ the_AT bent_JJ wavefronts_NN2 ._. 
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For_IF the_AT optimal_JJ ignition_NN1 timing_NN1 at_II 15°CA_FO BTDC_NP1 ,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ close_JJ to_II that_DD1 under_RG pure_JJ hydrogen_NN1 injection_NN1 mode_NN1 ._. 
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Zhi_NN2 and_CC Wang_NP1 designed_VVD a_AT1 power_NN1 management_NN1 system_NN1 &lsqb;_( 20_MC &rsqb;_) for_IF a_AT1 solar_JJ ship_NN1 ._. 
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RT-EEOI_NN1 against_II the_AT deadweight_NN1 for_IF Chemical_NN1 Tankers_NN2 ._. 
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In_II situations_NN2 for_IF which_DDQ the_AT bathymetry_NN1 was_VBDZ not_XX conducive_JJ to_TO achieve_VVI this_DD1 speed_NN1 transition_NN1 ,_, they_PPHS2 suggested_VVD a_AT1 critical_JJ speed_NN1 step_NN1 could_VM be_VBI created_VVN ,_, in_II which_DDQ the_AT water_NN1 depth_NN1 along_II the_AT vessel_NN1 route_NN1 could_VM be_VBI deliberately_RR altered_VVN to_TO suit_VVI the_AT operations_NN2 ._. 
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The_AT convective_JJ FW-H_NP1 equation_NN1 may_VM be_VBI easily_RR obtained_VVN from_II the_AT conservation_JJ laws_NN2 of_IO mass_NN1 and_CC momentum_NN1 ,_, by_II accounting_VVG for_IF the_AT presence_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 medium_NN1 moving_VVG at_II a_AT1 constant_JJ velocity_NN1 U0_FO ;_; then_RT ,_, at_II each_DD1 point_NN1 ,_, the_AT fluid_NN1 velocity_NN1 is_VBZ U0_FO +_FO u_ZZ1 ,_, being_NN1 u_ZZ1 the_AT local_JJ perturbation_NN1 velocity_NN1 ,_, and_CC the_AT equation_NN1 reads_VVZ ._. 
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Furthermore_RR ,_, the_AT majority_NN1 of_IO ships_NN2 are_VBR not_XX provided_VVN with_IW the_AT suitable_JJ equipment_NN1 to_TO get_VVI the_AT electricity_NN1 from_II shore_NN1 ._. 
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Effect_NN1 of_IO modified_JJ piston_NN1 featuring_VVG a_AT1 shallow_JJ ,_, flat_JJ piston_NN1 bowl_NN1 with_IW nearly_RR no_AT squish_JJ land_NN1 in_II RCCI_JJ operation_NN1 with_IW gasoline/diesel_NN1 and_CC methanol/diesel_NN1 fuels_NN2 was_VBDZ studied_VVN by_II Dempsey_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
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<s>
&lsqb;_( 25_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
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<s>
T-s_ZZ2 diagrams_NN2 of_IO "_" wet_JJ "_" ,_, "_" isentropic_JJ "_" ,_, and_CC "_" dry_JJ "_" fluids_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
When_CS the_AT equivalence_NN1 ratio_NN1 is_VBZ close_JJ to_II the_AT allowable_JJ maximum_JJ value_NN1 for_IF triggering_VVG engine_NN1 knock_NN1 ,_, the_AT pressure_NN1 rise_NN1 rate_NN1 becomes_VVZ so_RG rapid_JJ that_CST it_PPH1 excites_VVZ an_AT1 acoustic_JJ resonance_NN1 and_CC severe_JJ knock_NN1 ,_, thereby_RR limiting_VVG the_AT HCCI_JJ operating_NN1 range_NN1 to_II higher_JJR loads_NN2 ._. 
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However_RR ,_, when_CS dealing_VVG with_IW WHRS_NP1 the_AT total_JJ exergy_NN1 destruction_NN1 indicates_VVZ lower_JJR utilization_NN1 of_IO previously_RR wasted_JJ heat_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
For_REX21 instance_REX22 ,_, source_NN1 directions_NN2 close_RR to_II the_AT median_JJ plane_NN1 in_II the_AT rear_JJ hemifield_NN1 may_VM be_VBI dicult_NN1 to_TO reach_VVI with_IW both_DB2 the_AT left_JJ and_CC the_AT right_JJ hand_NN1 ._. 
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In_II Fig._NN1 1_MC1 ,_, P1_FO and_CC P2_FO represent_VV0 the_AT PV_NN1 output_NN1 for_IF feeding_VVG the_AT hoteling_JJ load_NN1 and_CC charging_VVG the_AT battery_NN1 bank_NN1 ;_; P3_FO ,_, P4_FO ,_, and_CC P5_FO represent_VV0 the_AT battery_NN1 discharging_VVG power_NN1 for_IF feeding_VVG the_AT hoteling_JJ load_NN1 ,_, battery_NN1 charging_NN1 power_NN1 from_II cold-ironing_NN1 and_CC the_AT onboard_NN1 diesel_NN1 ,_, respectively_RR ;_; P6_FO and_CC P7_FO represent_VV0 the_AT output_NN1 power_NN1 of_IO onboard_NN1 diesel_NN1 and_CC the_AT cold-ironing_NN1 for_IF feeding_VVG the_AT hoteling_JJ load_NN1 ._. 
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For_IF the_AT hyperbolic_JJ function_NN1 solution_NN1 (_( 44_MC )_) ,_, we_PPIS2 select_VV0 =0.1_FO ,_, =1_FO ,_, =0.1_FO ,_, =3_FO ,_, =4_FO ,_, =0.01_FO ,_, =3.14_FO and_CC simulate_VV0 its_APPGE nonlinear_JJ vibrations_NN2 of_IO the_AT modulus_NN1 with_IW different_JJ fractional_JJ orders_NN2 =0.1_FO ,_, =0.2_FO and_CC =0.7_FO in_II Figure_NN1 12_MC ,_, respectively_RR ._. 
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Brake_VV0 specific_JJ fuel_NN1 consumption_NN1 (_( BSFC_NP1 )_) is_VBZ a_AT1 significant_JJ parameter_NN1 for_IF assessing_VVG engine_NN1 performance_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Gray_NP1 (_( 10–15_MCMC cm_NNU )_) ,_, Gray-white_JJ (_( 15–30_MCMC cm_NNU )_) ,_, Thin_JJ first-year_JJ first_MD stage_NN1 (_( 30–50_MCMC cm_NNU )_) ,_, Thin_JJ first-year_JJ second_MD stage_NN1 (_( 50–70_MCMC cm_NNU )_) ,_, Medium_JJ first_MD year_NNT1 (_( 70–120_MCMC cm_NNU )_) ,_, and_CC Thick_JJ first_MD year_NNT1 ice_NN1 (_( first-year_JJ ice_NN1 over_RG 120_MC cm_NNU )_) ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 study_NN1 presents_VVZ the_AT experimental_JJ results_NN2 using_VVG a_AT1 vector_NN1 sensor_NN1 array_NN1 for_IF Direction_NN1 of_IO Arrival_NN1 (_( DOA_NP1 )_) of_IO an_AT1 acoustic_JJ signal_NN1 from_II a_AT1 known_JJ orientation_NN1 ._. 
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Unfortunately_RR PTR_NP1 Q-function_JJ performance_NN1 can_VM not_XX be_VBI exactly_RR measured_VVN with_IW real_JJ data_NN ._. 
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By_II doing_VDG so_RR ,_, one_PN1 obtains_VVZ the_AT following_JJ equations_NN2 @_II ._. 
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<s>
For_IF the_AT common_JJ diesel_NN1 oil_NN1 used_VVN in_II ships_NN2 ,_, the_AT value_NN1 of_IO CfuelWTT_NP1 ,_, LCV_NP1 ,_, and_CC CfuelTTP_NP1 are_VBR 1.42×105g/J_FU ,_, 4.27×104_FO ;_; J/g_ZZ1 ,_, and_CC 3.17_MC ,_, respectively_RR &lsqb;_( 36_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, &lsqb;_( 37_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
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<s>
In_II a_AT1 study_NN1 by_II Vetrano_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
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<s>
&lsqb;_( 44_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, it_PPH1 was_VBDZ found_VVN that_CST flash_VV0 boiling_JJ process_NN1 is_VBZ finished_VVN within_II 20d0_FO from_II the_AT nozzle_NN1 exit_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT ocean_NN1 environment_NN1 is_VBZ constantly_RR changing_VVG and_CC has_VHZ finite_JJ energy_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT solution_NN1 approach_NN1 is_VBZ semi-analytical_JJ and_CC is_VBZ based_VVN on_II the_AT dynamic_JJ sub-structuring_JJ technique_NN1 and_CC the_AT modal_JJ decomposition_NN1 method_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 siltation_NN1 depends_VVZ on_II environmental_JJ parameters_NN2 ,_, such_II21 as_II22 the_AT local_JJ tidal_JJ range_NN1 and_CC wave_NN1 climate_NN1 ,_, meteorological_JJ conditions_NN2 ,_, and_CC river_NN1 input_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
In_II free_JJ piston_NN1 Stirling_NP1 engines_NN2 ,_, piston_NN1 and_CC displacer_NN1 are_VBR attached_VVN to_II the_AT engine_NN1 block_NN1 with_IW springs_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
When_CS the_AT battery_NN1 is_VBZ recharged_VVN from_II the_AT grid_NN1 alongside_RL ,_, this_DD1 can_VM reduce_VVI fuel_NN1 consumption_NN1 and_CC local_JJ emissions_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
On_II the_AT other_JJ hand_NN1 ,_, the_AT STD_NN1 group_NN1 in_II Figure_NN1 18_MC shows_VVZ examples_NN2 of_IO inadequate_JJ use_NN1 of_IO rudder_NN1 ,_, e.g._REX rudder_NN1 commands_VVZ the_AT wrong_JJ way_NN1 and_CC more_DAR delay_NN1 in_II making_VVG corrective_JJ rudder_NN1 commands_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT SO3_FO decomposition_NN1 is_VBZ predominantly_RR governed_VVN by_II SO3_FO +_FO H_ZZ1 (_( R3_FO )_) and_CC SO3_FO +_FO HO2_FO (_( R5b_FO )_) ._. 
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<s>
It_PPH1 is_VBZ probably_RR because_CS the_AT number_NN1 of_IO piles_NN2 affects_VVZ the_AT degree_NN1 of_IO the_AT pile_NN1 group_NN1 effect_NN1 on_II the_AT edge_NN1 piles_NN2 in_II a_AT1 group_NN1 with_IW a_AT1 side-by-side_RR arrangement_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
In_II the_AT third_MD experiment_NN1 ,_, the_AT real_JJ trajectory_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 vessel_NN1 is_VBZ considered_VVN in_II Oude_NP1 Maas_NP2 river_NN1 in_II port_NN1 of_IO Rotterdam_NP1 using_VVG AIS_NN2 data_NN received_VVN from_II the_AT Port_NN1 of_IO Rotterdam_NP1 authority_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
As_CSA E_ZZ1 ,_, Exx_NP1 and_CC Jx_NP1 are_VBR integrated_VVN on_II the_AT section_NN1 in_II both_DB2 equations_NN2 ,_, we_PPIS2 are_VBR in_II fact_NN1 only_RR considering_II the_AT mean_JJ value_NN1 of_IO these_DD2 quantities_NN2 ._. 
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The_AT phase_NN1 of_IO motion_NN1 response_NN1 also_RR shifts_VVZ as_II the_AT water_NN1 depth_NN1 becomes_VVZ shallower_JJR ._. 
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<s>
The_AT data_NN in_II Fig._NN1 4_MC demonstrate_VV0 that_CST the_AT two_MC methods_NN2 converge_VV0 to_II the_AT same_DA value_NN1 of_IO the_AT phase_NN1 velocity_NN1 of_IO the_AT guided_JJ wave_NN1 if_CS the_AT element_NN1 size_NN1 in_II the_AT FEM_NN1 calculation_NN1 at_II the_AT surface_NN1 of_IO the_AT center_NN1 region_NN1 is_VBZ sufficiently_RR small_JJ ._. 
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<s>
The_AT composition_NN1 and_CC constituents_NN2 of_IO fatty_JJ acids_NN2 present_VV0 in_II Jatropha_NP1 oil_NN1 were_VBDR determined_VVN by_II Gas_NN1 Chromatography_NP1 Mass_NP1 Spectroscopy_NP1 (_( GC/MS_NN1 ,_, Agilent_NP1 7890B_FO )_) and_CC HP-1_MC1 column_NN1 (_( )_) was_VBDZ used_VVN for_IF the_AT separation_NN1 ._. 
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AIS_NN2 contacts_NN2 received_VVN via_II radio_NN1 are_VBR also_RR reported_VVN ._. 
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<s>
The_AT resistance_NN1 coefficients_NN2 of_IO viscous_JJ and_CC pressure_NN1 forces_NN2 were_VBDR compared_VVN when_CS using_VVG realizable_JJ k-ε_FO and_CC SST_NP1 k-_JJ turbulence_NN1 models_NN2 in_II structured_JJ and_CC unstructured_JJ grids_NN2 ,_, respectively_RR ._. 
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<s>
Unless_CS otherwise_RR specified_VVN ,_, subsequent_JJ use_NN1 of_IO the_AT term_NN1 double-difference_NN1 method_NN1 below_RL refers_VVZ to_II the_AT full_JJ reformulated_JJ double-difference_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
From_II Subsection_NN1 4.3_MC ,_, we_PPIS2 know_VV0 the_AT orders_NN2 of_IO the_AT displacement_NN1 and_CC velocity_NN1 of_IO the_AT plate_NN1 are_VBR O_ZZ1 (_( 104m_NNU )_) and_CC O_ZZ1 (_( 103m/s_FU )_) ,_, respectively_RR ._. 
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<s>
Illustration_NN1 of_IO (_( conceptual_JJ )_) sensor_NN1 arrangement_NN1 on_II a_AT1 vessel_NN1 &lsqb;_( 27_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
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The_AT corresponding_JJ noise_NN1 source_NN1 maps_NN2 are_VBR shown_VVN in_II Figure_NN1 1_MC1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT produced_JJ power_NN1 by_II the_AT LT_NNB loop_NN1 is_VBZ maximized_VVN at_II a_AT1 particular_JJ value_NN1 of_IO P6_FO ._. 
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<s>
The_AT structural-acoustic_JJ FE_NP1 model_NN1 has_VHZ been_VBN solved_VVN with_IW the_AT steady_JJ state_NN1 dynamics_NN (_( direct_JJ )_) procedure_NN1 in_II abaqus_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT same_DA study_NN1 would_VM also_RR be_VBI interesting_JJ if_CS the_AT width_NN1 were_VBDR decreased_VVN either_RR independently_RR of_IO ,_, or_CC along_II21 with_II22 the_AT depth_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Because_CS the_AT deepwater_JJR channel_NN1 and_CC the_AT entrance_NN1 channel_NN1 have_VH0 different_JJ channel_NN1 depths_NN2 ,_, depths_NN2 on_II the_AT side_NN1 of_IO the_AT channel_NN1 ,_, and_CC channel_NN1 width_NN1 ,_, the_AT relevant_JJ channel_NN1 dimensions_NN2 for_IF predicting_VVG sinkage_NN1 and_CC trim_JJ need_NN1 to_TO be_VBI taken_VVN into_II account_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT object_NN1 of_IO study_NN1 is_VBZ defined_VVN as_II the_AT open_JJ system_NN1 which_DDQ is_VBZ shown_VVN in_II Fig._NN1 1_MC1 ._. 
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<s>
Here_RL ,_, the_AT shore_NN1 connection_NN1 electric_JJ energy_NN1 cost_NN1 parameter_NN1 c_ZZ1 '_NULL is_VBZ given_VVN a_AT1 value_NN1 of_IO 0.08246_MC (_( /kWh_FU )_) ,_, which_DDQ was_VBDZ the_AT average_JJ price_NN1 in_II 2018_MC ._. 
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<s>
The_AT CFD_NP1 results_NN2 of_IO seakeeping_VVG performance_NN1 of_IO the_AT case_NN1 study_NN1 vessel_NN1 for_IF the_AT wave_NN1 H=4m_FO ,_, T=6.8s_FO ._. 
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<s>
The_AT authors_NN2 thank_VV0 the_AT Port_NN1 of_IO Rotterdam_NP1 Authority_NN1 for_IF providing_VVG the_AT AIS_NN2 data_NN of_IO the_AT ship_NN1 trajectory_NN1 in_II Section_NN1 6.2_MC and_CC Daan_NP1 de_NP1 Boer_NN1 for_IF categorizing_VVG and_CC arranging_VVG the_AT data_NN ._. 
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<s>
It_PPH1 is_VBZ ,_, therefore_RR ,_, only_RR possible_JJ to_TO include_VVI the_AT other_JJ theories_NN2 in_II a_AT1 comparison_NN1 of_IO the_AT added_JJ resistance_NN1 and_CC added_VVD mass_JJ data_NN with_II31 respect_II32 to_II33 the_AT normalised_JJ distance_NN1 to_II the_AT wall_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
SOFCs_NN2 have_VH0 a_AT1 higher_JJR tolerance_NN1 for_IF fuel_NN1 impurity_NN1 ,_, allowing_VVG for_IF operation_NN1 on_II light_JJ hydrocarbons_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 natural_JJ gas_NN1 &lsqb;_( 54_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
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<s>
However_RR ,_, due_II21 to_II22 the_AT insufficient_JJ spatial_JJ resolution_NN1 and_CC lack_NN1 of_IO spurious_JJ sources_NN2 attenuation_NN1 ,_, the_AT acoustic_JJ source_NN1 identification_NN1 accuracy_NN1 is_VBZ low.11,14–17_FO To_TO overcome_VVI the_AT above_JJ disadvantages_NN2 ,_, many_DA2 deconvolution_NN1 algorithms_NN2 are_VBR developed_VVN ,_, such_II21 as_II22 deconvolution_NN1 approach_NN1 for_IF the_AT mapping_NN1 of_IO acoustic_JJ sources_NN2 (_( DAMAS_NP2 )_) ,_, 18,19_MC non-negative_JJ least_RGT square_JJ (_( NNLS_NP1 )_) ,_, 20_MC Richardson–Lucy_NP1 (_( RL_NP1 )_) ,_, 20_MC etc_RA ._. 
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<s>
The_AT test_NN1 cases_NN2 are_VBR the_AT same_DA as_CSA those_DD2 in_II Sec_NNU ._. 
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<s>
IIIC_NP1 ,_, and_CC the_AT measured_JJ MSE_NN1 losses_NN2 by_II using_VVG the_AT conventional_JJ MFP_NP1 methods_NN2 based_VVN on_II the_AT no-reflection_JJ model_NN1 and_CC the_AT image_NN1 source_NN1 model_NN1 are_VBR compared_VVN in_II Table_NN1 II_MC ._. 
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<s>
When_CS the_AT total_JJ heat_NN1 that_CST is_VBZ generated_VVN by_II an_AT1 electric_JJ boiler_NN1 exceeds_VVZ the_AT thermal_JJ load_NN1 ,_, the_AT thermal_JJ storage_NN1 absorb_VV0 heat_NN1 ,_, as_CSA follows_VVZ ._. 
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<s>
OPCON_NP1 Marine_JJ &lsqb;_( 8_MC &rsqb;_) had_VHD commissioned_VVN the_AT first_MD ORC-WHR_JJ plant_NN1 aboard_II M/V_MC Figaro_NP1 and_CC expect_VV0 fuel_NN1 savings_NN2 around_II 4–5%_FO for_IF the_AT case_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 is_VBZ accomplished_VVN by_II isolating_VVG a_AT1 propagated_JJ waveform_NN1 within_II one_MC1 of_IO the_AT signals_NN2 and_CC then_RT backward_RL propagating_VVG it_PPH1 to_II the_AT source_NN1 location_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT enthalpy_NN1 variation_NN1 of_IO exhaust_NN1 gases_NN2 can_VM be_VBI written_VVN as_II a_AT1 function_NN1 of_IO exhaust_NN1 temperature_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Furthermore_RR ,_, the_AT findings_NN2 provide_VV0 data_NN to_TO develop_VVI algorithms_NN2 using_VVG techniques_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 non-linear_JJ regression_NN1 analysis_NN1 to_TO predict_VVI interaction_NN1 effects_NN2 ,_, which_DDQ in_II turn_NN1 can_VM be_VBI programmed_VVN to_TO better_RRR represent_VVI interaction_NN1 effects_NN2 within_II ship_NN1 handling_NN1 simulators_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Consider_VV0 an_AT1 inclining_JJ cylinder_NN1 with_IW bottom_JJ width_NN1 δA_FO ,_, as_CSA shown_VVN in_II Fig._NN1 3_MC ._. 
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<s>
Another_DD1 type_NN1 of_IO dominant_JJ ambient_JJ noise_NN1 is_VBZ thermal_JJ noise_NN1 which_DDQ is_VBZ caused_VVN due_II21 to_II22 the_AT thermal_JJ agitation_NN1 of_IO water_NN1 molecules_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT alphabet_NN1 f_ZZ1 denotes_VVZ for_IF a_AT1 function_NN1 and_CC the_AT fucntional_JJ values_NN2 are_VBR determined_VVN from_II EES_NP1 software_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT low_JJ energy_NN1 density_NN1 (_( Fig._NN1 2_MC )_) of_IO hydrogen_NN1 limits_VVZ its_APPGE use_NN1 on_II work_NN1 vessels_NN2 as_CSA these_DD2 usually_RR have_VH0 no_AT fixed_JJ route_NN1 ,_, have_VH0 a_AT1 high_JJ power_NN1 density_NN1 ,_, have_VH0 limited_VVN space_NN1 for_IF fuel_NN1 storage_NN1 and_CC require_VV0 a_AT1 large_JJ autonomy_NN1 ._. 
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Similar_JJ trend_NN1 has_VHZ been_VBN reported_VVN even_RR in_II the_AT experiments_NN2 of_IO Zhao_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
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<s>
&lsqb;_( 12_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, and_CC the_AT present_JJ results_NN2 show_VV0 fair_JJ agreement_NN1 with_IW these_DD2 experiments_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
A_AT1 central_JJ issue_NN1 is_VBZ whether_CSW replica_NN1 noise_NN1 can_VM be_VBI advantageously_RR traded_VVN for_IF model_NN1 mismatch_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT ITE_NP1 measurement_NN1 error_NN1 is_VBZ affected_VVN by_II the_AT IMEP_NN1 measurement_NN1 error_NN1 and_CC the_AT error_NN1 of_IO evaluation_NN1 of_IO the_AT heat_NN1 supplied_VVN to_II the_AT engine_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT non-dimensional_JJ equations_NN2 of_IO this_DD1 model_NN1 in_II the_AT ship-fixed_JJ coordinate_NN1 system_NN1 (_( X–Z_NP1 )_) are_VBR also_RR given_VVN below_RL for_IF ready_JJ reference_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Fig._NN1 8_MC (_( a_ZZ1 )_) shows_VVZ that_CST with_IW increase_NN1 in_II diverted_JJ mass_JJ flow_NN1 rate_NN1 of_IO nitrogen_NN1 through_II HXA_NP1 ,_, the_AT rational_JJ exergy_NN1 efficiency_NN1 increases_NN2 ,_, reaches_VVZ the_AT peak_NN1 at_II 1.92_MC and_CC decreases_VVZ with_IW further_JJR increase_NN1 of_IO diversion_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Due_II21 to_II22 the_AT fact_NN1 that_CST the_AT incident_NN1 wave_NN1 fields_NN2 of_IO 2D_NNU tank_NN1 waves_NN2 and_CC 3D_NNU sea_NN1 waves_NN2 are_VBR quite_RG different_JJ ,_, the_AT ship_NN1 responses_NN2 obtained_VVN by_II different_JJ models_NN2 should_VM be_VBI evaluated_VVN and_CC compared_VVN in_II a_AT1 proper_JJ way_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
At_II low_JJ load_NN1 high_JJ CO_NP1 emissions_NN2 for_IF B100_FO is_VBZ observed_VVN perhaps_RR due_II21 to_II22 the_AT low_JJ cetane_NN1 number_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Along_II its_APPGE open_JJ boundary_NN1 ,_, the_AT model_NN1 was_VBDZ forced_VVN by_II 34_MC astronomical_JJ tidal_JJ constituents_NN2 (_( O1_FO ,_, K1_FO ,_, P1_FO ,_, Q1_FO ,_, M2_FO ,_, S2_FO ,_, N2_FO ,_, K2_NP1 ,_, 2N2_FO ,_, MU2_FO ,_, NU2_FO ,_, L2_FO ,_, T2_FO ,_, M3_FO ,_, M4_FO ,_, MN4_FO ,_, MS4_FO ,_, M6_FO ,_, M8_FO ,_, EPS2_FO ,_, MSF_NP1 ,_, MSQM_NP1 ,_, MM_UH ,_, SSA_NP1 ,_, SA_NP1 ,_, S4_FO ,_, MKS2_FO ,_, MF_NP1 ,_, LA2_FO ,_, J1_FO ,_, N4_FO ,_, MTM_NP1 ,_, R2_FO ,_, and_CC S1_FO )_) obtained_VVD by_II linear_JJ interpolation_NN1 from_II the_AT global_JJ tide_NN1 model_NN1 FES2014_FO ._. 
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<s>
The_AT mean_JJ BDFI_JJ value_NN1 now_RT exceeds_VVZ a_AT1 value_NN1 of_IO 2_MC in_II nearly_RR all_DB the_AT considered_VVN third_MD octave_NN1 bands_NN2 compared_VVN to_II when_RRQ the_AT speaker_NN1 was_VBDZ placed_VVN in_II31 front_II32 of_II33 the_AT opposite_JJ wall_NN1 ._. 
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Unburned_JJ gas_NN1 is_VBZ then_RT present_VV0 in_II a_AT1 boundary_NN1 layer_NN1 between_II the_AT burned_JJ gas_NN1 and_CC those_DD2 surfaces_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
To_II this_DD1 aim_NN1 ,_, we_PPIS2 add_VV0 to_II the_AT 2D_NNU integrals_NN2 related_VVN to_II a_AT1 permeable_JJ pyramidal_JJ surface_NN1 ,_, the_AT 3D_NNU integrals_NN2 provided_VVN by_II the_AT complementary_JJ external_JJ volume_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT implications_NN2 of_IO applying_VVG the_AT different_JJ combinations_NN2 of_IO fuels_NN2 and_CC injector_NN1 typologies_NN2 proposed_VVN in_II this_DD1 work_NN1 are_VBR analysed_VVN by_II distinguishing_VVG three_MC major_JJ aspects_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
As_CSA mentioned_VVN above_RL ,_, the_AT pitch_NN1 between_II the_AT elements_NN2 and_CC f2_FO were_VBDR selected_VVN as_II the_AT design_NN1 variables_NN2 ,_, and_CC the_AT elements_NN2 were_VBDR arranged_VVN according_II21 to_II22 array_NN1 pattern_NN1 2_MC ._. 
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<s>
However_RR ,_, if_CS this_DD1 value_NN1 is_VBZ excluded_VVN ,_, the_AT reflection_NN1 coefficient_NN1 slightly_RR increases_VVZ with_IW the_AT decrease_NN1 of_IO H/gT_FU 2_MC (_( increase_NN1 of_IO wavelength_NN1 )_) ._. 
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<s>
The_AT following_JJ topics_NN2 will_VM be_VBI discussed_VVN :_: validation_NN1 of_IO SST_NP1 version_NN1 of_IO IDDES_NP2 (_( referred_VVN to_II as_CSA SSTIDDES_NN2 in_II the_AT following_JJ )_) (_( Gritskevich_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
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<s>
2011_MC )_) for_IF ship_NN1 flow_NN1 simulation_NN1 under_II shallow_JJ water_NN1 conditions_NN2 ,_, analysis_NN1 of_IO the_AT influence_NN1 of_IO different_JJ factors_NN2 on_II the_AT characteristics_NN2 of_IO the_AT nominal_JJ wake_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 river_NN1 cruise_NN1 vessel_NN1 under_II shallow_JJ water_NN1 conditions_NN2 ,_, assessment_NN1 of_IO thrust_NN1 fluctuations_NN2 and_CC pressure_NN1 pulses_NN2 and_CC their_APPGE sensitivity_NN1 to_II various_JJ parameters_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
By_II contrast_NN1 ,_, the_AT CO_NP1 emissions_NN2 are_VBR negatively_RR impacted_VVN ,_, increasing_VVG as_II the_AT RON_NP1 is_VBZ decreased_VVN ._. 
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<s>
However_RR ,_, performance_NN1 will_VM be_VBI degraded_VVN if_CS the_AT reference_NN1 window_NN1 exceeds_VVZ a_AT1 boundary_NN1 of_IO RDM_NP1 and_CC is_VBZ thus_RR too_RG large_JJ to_TO estimate_VVI background_NN1 noise_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Specific_JJ fuel_NN1 consumption_NN1 in_II31 relation_II32 to_II33 engine_NN1 speed_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT study_NN1 by_II Leira_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
&lsqb;_( 2_MC &rsqb;_) estimated_VVD the_AT distribution_NN1 for_IF ship_NN1 speed_NN1 based_VVN on_II its_APPGE influence_NN1 on_II the_AT strain_NN1 recorded_VVN on_II a_AT1 vessel_NN1 due_II21 to_II22 ice_NN1 loading_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Therefore_RR ,_, the_AT acoustic_JJ characteristics_NN2 of_IO anechoic_JJ coating_NN1 has_VHZ a_AT1 close_JJ relationship_NN1 with_IW the_AT acoustic_JJ stealth_NN1 of_IO underwater_JJ vehicles_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT bias_NN1 ,_, calculated_VVN as_II the_AT average_JJ error_NN1 over_II all_DB buoy_NN1 positions_NN2 ,_, was_VBDZ 0.6%_FO ,_, and_CC the_AT mean_JJ absolute_JJ deviation_NN1 was_VBDZ 6.7%_FO ._. 
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<s>
The_AT rudder_NN1 seats_NN2 were_VBDR modeled_VVN as_CSA additional_JJ fixed_JJ rudders_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT utilization_NN1 of_IO ship_NN1 unloaders_NN2 and_CC barge_VV0 loaders_NN2 is_VBZ another_DD1 important_JJ indicator_NN1 of_IO the_AT operation_NN1 of_IO the_AT terminal_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Probability_NN1 distribution_NN1 for_IF true_JJ wind_NN1 speed_NN1 (_( TWS_NP1 )_) and_CC true_JJ wind_NN1 angle_NN1 (_( TWA_NP1 )_) seen_VVN from_II the_AT ship_NN1 bow_NN1 along_II the_AT route_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Table_NN1 4_MC proceeds_VVZ to_TO include_VVI more_DAR modes_NN2 till_CS M=6_FO and_CC N=4_FO ._. 
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<s>
The_AT maximum_JJ BTE_NN1 found_VVN from_II the_AT experimental_JJ results_NN2 of_IO TSME20_FO ANP60_FO blend_NN1 is_VBZ 35.74%_FO ,_, which_DDQ is_VBZ 1.56%_FO higher_RRR thermal_JJ efficiency_NN1 than_CSN diesel_NN1 at_II peak_NN1 load_NN1 conditions_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Various_JJ metamodels_NN2 have_VH0 been_VBN developed_VVN in_II the_AT literature_NN1 such_II21 as_II22 the_AT radial_JJ basis_NN1 function_NN1 &lsqb;_( 19_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, neural_JJ networks_NN2 &lsqb;_( 20_MC &rsqb;_) and_CC Gaussian_JJ process_NN1 &lsqb;_( 21,22_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
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<s>
The_AT green_JJ area_NN1 around_II pipeline_NN1 is_VBZ the_AT wave-induced_JJ liquefied_JJ zone_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT overall_JJ results_NN2 comprising_VVG data_NN from_II on-board_JJ and_CC test-bed_NN1 emission_NN1 measurements_NN2 performed_VVN by_II SINTEF_NP1 Ocean_NN1 ,_, data_NN from_II the_AT manufacturers_NN2 '_NULL own_DA test-bed_NN1 measurements_NN2 and_CC materials_NN2 from_II the_AT engine_NN1 acceptance_NN1 tests_NN2 provided_VVN basis_NN1 for_IF current_JJ study_NN1 and_CC are_VBR represented_VVN graphically_RR in_II Fig._NN1 14_MC ._. 
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<s>
Overall_RR ,_, spray_VV0 rails_NN2 (_( 24%_NNU T_ZZ1 )_) installation_NN1 produced_VVD reduced_JJ trim_NN1 and_CC hardly_RR affect_VV0 resistance_NN1 performance_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT baseline_NN1 assumptions_NN2 ,_, range_NN1 of_IO uncertainty_NN1 of_IO the_AT parameters_NN2 and_CC relative_JJ significance_NN1 of_IO the_AT parameters_NN2 to_II the_AT overall_JJ uncertainty_NN1 is_VBZ given_VVN in_II Table_NN1 6_MC ._. 
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<s>
Filled_JJ symbols_NN2 refer_VV0 to_II high_JJ wind_NN1 speed_NN1 condition_NN1 ,_, ,_, empty_JJ symbols_NN2 refer_VV0 to_II low_JJ wind_NN1 speed_NN1 condition_NN1 ,_, ._. 
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<s>
Throughout_II all_DB test_VV0 scenarios_NN2 the_AT model_NN1 of_IO the_AT own_DA ship_NN1 from_II Section_NN1 4_MC has_VHZ been_VBN used_VVN to_TO generate_VVI boundary_NN1 lines_NN2 defining_VVG ship_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 arena_NN1 (_( Davis_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 1980_MC ,_, Colley_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 1983_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
These_DD2 percentages_NN2 correspond_VV0 to_TO free_VVI 125m3_FO and_CC to_TO lighten_VVI the_AT reference_NN1 cruise_NN1 ship_NN1 of_IO 232_MC ton_NNU1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT procedure_NN1 is_VBZ given_VVN as_CSA follows_VVZ ._. 
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<s>
There_EX are_VBR two_MC ways_NN2 for_IF which_DDQ to_TO assume_VVI that_DD1 identical_JJ ships_NN2 have_VH0 different_JJ maneuvering_JJ characteristics_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
A_AT1 reinforcing_JJ bar_NN1 of_IO ?13_FO mm_NNU as_II31 well_II32 as_II33 two_MC identical_JJ ping_NN1 pong_NN1 balls_NN2 with_IW diameters_NN2 of_IO 40_MC mm_NNU were_VBDR placed_VVN into_II the_AT beam_NN1 before_II casting_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Due_II21 to_II22 these_DD2 reasons_NN2 ,_, CO_NP1 emissions_NN2 increase_VV0 for_IF binary_JJ blends_NN2 &lsqb;_( 41_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, &lsqb;_( 42_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, &lsqb;_( 45_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, &lsqb;_( 47_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, &lsqb;_( 48_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
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<s>
As_CSA presented_VVN in_II this_DD1 study_NN1 ,_, each_DD1 equipment_NN1 can_VM be_VBI simplified_VVN into_II four_MC equation_NN1 sets_VVZ :_: energy_NN1 flow_NN1 ,_, full_JJ load_NN1 performance_NN1 ,_, part_NN1 load_NN1 performance_NN1 and_CC capital_NN1 cost_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT calculated_JJ value_NN1 of_IO the_AT cycle_NN1 correction_NN1 coefficient_NN1 indicates_VVZ that_CST thermodynamic_JJ losses_NN2 including_II the_AT finite_JJ combustion_NN1 time_NNT1 loss_NN1 ,_, exhaust_VV0 blow-down_JJ loss_NN1 ,_, crevice_NN1 effects_NN2 and_CC incomplete_JJ combustion_NN1 loss_NN1 are_VBR relatively_RR small_JJ in_II a_AT1 real_JJ engine_NN1 cycle_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
As_CSA shown_VVN in_II Fig._NN1 12_MC ,_, the_AT ends_NN2 of_IO the_AT lines_NN2 are_VBR the_AT times_NNT2 (_( i.e._REX ,_, t_ZZ1 =_FO 25_MC ,_, 45_MC ,_, 70_MC h_ZZ1 )_) when_RRQ the_AT freezing_JJ front_NN1 reaches_VVZ the_AT depths_NN2 (_( i.e._REX ,_, H_ZZ1 =_FO 5_MC ,_, 12.5_MC ,_, 20_MC cm_NNU )_) where_RRQ the_AT pressure_NN1 sensors_NN2 are_VBR located_VVN ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 model_NN1 is_VBZ presented_VVN in_II actual_JJ works_NN such_II21 as_II22 a_AT1 gamma-configuration_JJ low_JJ temperature_NN1 differential_NN1 (_( LTD_JJ )_) Stirling_NP1 engine_NN1 research_NN1 by_II B._NP1 Kongtragool_NP1 and_CC S._NP1 Wongwises_NP1 &lsqb;_( 17_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
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<s>
Weather_NN1 conditions_NN2 also_RR have_VH0 an_AT1 influence_NN1 on_II manoeuvres_NN2 ,_, especially_RR during_II arrival_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
After_CS stage_NN1 6_MC ,_, the_AT crawler_NN1 cranes_NN2 connected_VVN the_AT wire_NN1 rope_NN1 again_RT ,_, and_CC they_PPHS2 were_VBDR hoisted_VVN up_RP to_TO turn_VVI over_II the_AT block_NN1 ;_; therefore_RR ,_, the_AT wire-rope_JJ tensions_NN2 of_IO the_AT crawler_NN1 cranes_NN2 were_VBDR increased_VVN ._. 
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<s>
The_AT reduced_JJ data_NN set_NN1 can_VM be_VBI expanded_VVN back_RP to_II its_APPGE original_JJ ship_NN1 performance_NN1 and_CC navigation_NN1 parameters_NN2 by_II the_AT parameter_NN1 expansion/data_FU recovery_NN1 layer_NN1 ,_, similarly_RR preserving_VVG the_AT same_DA amount_NN1 of_IO the_AT respective_JJ information_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 interaction_NN1 is_VBZ affected_VVN by_II the_AT presence_NN1 of_IO currents_NN2 :_: currents_NN2 change_VV0 the_AT effective_JJ wind_NN1 because_II21 of_II22 the_AT different_JJ relative_JJ velocity_NN1 between_II the_AT air_NN1 and_CC water_NN1 with_II31 respect_II32 to_II33 the_AT case_NN1 of_IO water_NN1 at_II rest_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Figure_NN1 9_MC similarly_RR presents_VVZ the_AT adiabatic_JJ and_CC coupled_VVD amplitudes_NN2 for_IF mode_NN1 11_MC ,_, and_CC their_APPGE relative_JJ difference_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
To_TO study_VVI the_AT effect_NN1 of_IO methanol_NN1 addition_NN1 on_II the_AT combustion_NN1 characteristics_NN2 of_IO the_AT natural_JJ gas_NN1 engine_NN1 ,_, the_AT curve_NN1 of_IO cylinder_NN1 pressure_NN1 and_CC HRR_NP1 with_IW various_JJ MSRs_NP1 under_II BMEP=0.387MPa_FO and_CC n=1600_FO r/min_FU are_VBR displayed_VVN in_II Fig._NN1 3_MC ._. 
</s>
<s>
Maximum_JJ transverse_JJ stern_JJ speed_NN1 in_II the_AT landing_NN1 for_IF a_AT1 vessel_NN1 of_IO this_DD1 size_NN1 is_VBZ about_RG 10_MC cm/s_FU ._. 
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<s>
Furthermore_RR ,_, the_AT analysis_NN1 identified_VVN indicators_NN2 which_DDQ showed_VVD that_CST the_AT DSS_NP1 group_NN1 gave_VVD better_JJR rudder_NN1 commands_NN2 ,_, with_IW a_AT1 shorter_JJR response_NN1 time_NNT1 ,_, than_CSN the_AT STD_NN1 group_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Similarly_RR ,_, Kreiman_NP1 and_CC Gerratt_NP1 (_( 2012_MC )_) found_VVD empirically_RR that_CST relatively_RR low_JJ levels_NN2 of_IO harmonic_JJ energy_NN1 at_II high_JJ frequencies_NN2 (_( stimuli_NN2 with_IW steeper_JJR slopes_NN2 )_) resulted_VVD in_II smaller_JJR aspiration_NN1 noise_NN1 DLs_NP1 ,_, likely_JJ due_II21 to_II22 smaller_JJR amounts_NN2 of_IO masking_NN1 of_IO noise_NN1 by_II high-frequency_JJ harmonics_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT one-third_MF octave_NN1 band_NN1 amplitude_NN1 is_VBZ shown_VVN in_II Figure_NN1 10(a)_FO ,_, the_AT amplitude_NN1 ratio_NN1 of_IO each_DD1 test_NN1 case_NN1 to_II the_AT Case_NN1 2_MC (_( 4s+4s_FO zeros_NN2 )_) is_VBZ shown_VVN in_II Figure_NN1 10(b)_FO ._. 
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<s>
The_AT magnitude_NN1 of_IO the_AT normal_JJ velocities_NN2 reconstructed_VVN by_II both_DB2 the_AT methods_NN2 is_VBZ close_JJ ._. 
</s>
<s>
All_DB geometric_JJ quantities_NN2 and_CC their_APPGE gradients_NN2 were_VBDR calculated_VVN analytically_RR at_II each_DD1 location_NN1 (_( x_ZZ1 ,_, y_ZZ1 )_) ,_, based_VVN on_II known_JJ realizations_NN2 of_IO the_AT random_JJ surface_NN1 (_( x_ZZ1 ,_, y_ZZ1 ,_, t_ZZ1 )_) generated_VVD with_IW the_AT procedure_NN1 that_CST will_VM be_VBI described_VVN in_II Sec_NNU ._. 
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<s>
IIIB_NP1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Good_JJ agreement_NN1 between_II results_NN2 from_II the_AT CFD_NP1 method_NN1 and_CC those_DD2 from_II the_AT sea_NN1 trials_NN2 was_VBDZ obtained_VVN ._. 
</s>
<s>
Solid_JJ curves_NN2 represent_VV0 variations_NN2 in_II K_ZZ1 t_ZZ1 measured_VVN for_IF waves_NN2 propagating_VVG without_IW a_AT1 current_JJ ,_, which_DDQ ranged_VVD from_II 0.9_MC to_II 1.0_MC ._. 
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<s>
The_AT two_MC important_JJ modes_NN2 for_IF detection_NN1 and_CC analysis_NN1 in_II the_AT modal_JJ acoustic_JJ emission_NN1 (_( MAE_NP1 )_) are_VBR symmetric_JJ mode_NN1 (_( S_ZZ1 )_) and_CC antisymmetric_JJ mode_NN1 (_( A_ZZ1 )_) ,_, respectively_RR ._. 
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<s>
Among_II all_DB ,_, manufacturing_NN1 propellers_NN2 and_CC shafts_NN2 ,_, thruster_NN1 motors_NN2 ,_, diesel_NN1 gensets_NN2 and_CC propulsion_NN1 motors_NN2 would_VM use_VVI up_RP approximately_RR 13%_NNU ,_, 16%_NNU ,_, 22%_NNU and_CC 24%_NNU of_IO the_AT energy_NN1 provided_VVN by_II furnaces_NN2 and_CC boilers_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Note_VV0 ,_, onwards_RR the_AT three_MC vessels_NN2 are_VBR referred_VVN to_II by_II their_APPGE type-specific_JJ names_NN2 ,_, i.e._REX Ro-Ro_NP1 ,_, R/V_ZZ1 ,_, and_CC FPSO_NP1 ._. 
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<s>
Smaller_JJR droplets_NN2 evaporate_VV0 faster_RRR and_CC the_AT occurrence_NN1 of_IO air/fuel_NN1 rich_JJ regions_NN2 may_VM reduce_VVI as_II a_AT1 result_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Static_JJ data_NN include_VV0 spatial_JJ information_NN1 (_( such_II21 as_II22 details_NN2 of_IO the_AT riverbed_NN1 terrain_NN1 ,_, bridges_NN2 ,_, docks_NN2 ,_, riverside_NN1 buildings_NN2 ,_, and_CC beacons_NN2 )_) ,_, ship_NN1 attributes_NN2 &lsqb;_( such_II21 as_II22 the_AT ship_NN1 identification_NN1 number_NN1 (_( IMO_NP1 )_) and_CC details_NN2 of_IO its_APPGE length_NN1 ,_, width_NN1 ,_, height_NN1 ,_, draft_VV0 ,_, deadweight_NN1 (_( DWT_NP1 )_) ,_, and_CC maximum_JJ displacement_NN1 (_( MDT_NP1 )_) &rsqb;_) ,_, and_CC the_AT artificial_JJ 2D_NNU IENC_NN1 elements_NN2 (_( such_II21 as_II22 details_NN2 regarding_II the_AT navigability_NN1 ,_, prohibited_VVD ,_, and_CC mooring_VVG areas_NN2 )_) ._. 
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<s>
The_AT analytical_JJ model_NN1 considers_VVZ a_AT1 straight_JJ closed_JJ end_NN1 tube_NN1 only_RR ,_, based_VVN in_II Eqs_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 can_VM be_VBI described_VVN by_II choosing_VVG different_JJ conditions_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
At_II a_AT1 given_JJ frequency_NN1 ,_, only_RR bound_VVN superharmonics_NN1 of_IO one_MC1 order_NN1 are_VBR assumed_VVN to_TO occur_VVI ._. 
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<s>
After_CS this_DD1 ,_, each_DD1 chimp_NN1 updates_VVZ its_APPGE f_ZZ1 coefficients_NN2 using_VVG the_AT own_DA group_NN1 strategy_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT model_NN1 ship_NN1 and_CC simulation_NN1 features_NN2 are_VBR presented_VVN in_II Table_NN1 1_MC1 ._. 
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<s>
It_PPH1 showed_VVD that_CST materials_NN2 and_CC energy_NN1 were_VBDR consumed_VVN by_II up_RG21 to_RG22 8_MC orders_NN2 of_IO magnitude_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
It_PPH1 has_VHZ an_AT1 evident_JJ influence_NN1 on_II underwater_JJ audio_JJ data_NN &lsqb;_( 7_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, &lsqb;_( 8_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
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<s>
Pinch_NN1 point_NN1 is_VBZ defined_VVN as_II the_AT point_NN1 at_II which_DDQ the_AT temperature_NN1 difference_NN1 between_II the_AT hot_JJ and_CC the_AT cold_JJ fluid_NN1 is_VBZ minimum_JJ ._. 
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<s>
The_AT combination_NN1 of_IO sea_NN1 state_NN1 and_CC operational_JJ parameters_NN2 (_( vessel_NN1 speeds_NN2 and_CC course/heading_NN1 )_) of_IO multiple_JJ ships_NN2 leads_VVZ to_II a_AT1 large_JJ number_NN1 of_IO possible_JJ operational_JJ scenarios_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
In_II January_NPM1 when_RRQ the_AT average_JJ ambient_JJ air_NN1 temperature_NN1 is_VBZ 1.7°C_FO ,_, a_AT1 volumetric_JJ flow_NN1 rate_NN1 of_IO 30.6m3/s_FU and_CC a_AT1 power_NN1 of_IO 2.8_MC kWe_NN1 is_VBZ required_VVN for_IF the_AT starboard_NN1 ORC_NN1 condenser_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
While_CS the_AT first_MD value_NN1 is_VBZ well_JJ below_II the_AT typical_JJ values_NN2 reported_VVN in_II the_AT literature_NN1 ,_, the_AT drag_VV0 coefficients_NN2 obtained_VVN with_IW grids_NN2 G2_FO and_CC G3_FO are_VBR in_II agreement_NN1 with_IW previous_JJ numerical_JJ and_CC experimental_JJ results_NN2 (_( see_VV0 Ref_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Battery_NN1 storage_NN1 parameters_NN2 used_VVN in_II the_AT simulation_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Both_DB2 models_NN2 are_VBR subjected_VVN to_II equal_JJ environmental_JJ forces_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Mechanical_JJ device_NN1 of_IO the_AT floating_JJ raft_NN1 vibration_NN1 isolation_NN1 system_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT Lamé_JJ constants_NN2 are_VBR easily_RR connected_VVN to_II the_AT elastic_JJ constants_NN2 :_: C11=+2_FO and_CC C44=_FO ._. 
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<s>
The_AT correction_NN1 angle_NN1 c_ZZ1 was_VBDZ estimated_VVN in_II the_AT simulations_NN2 from_II the_AT deviation_NN1 angle_NN1 for_IF several_DA2 obstruction_NN1 rotational_JJ speeds_NN2 o_ZZ1 ._. 
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<s>
Between_II 5_MC and_CC 10_MC min_NNU ,_, we_PPIS2 find_VV0 significant_JJ correlated_JJ error_NN1 and_CC the_AT first_MD behavior_NN1 test_NN1 fails_VVZ to_TO correctly_RR determine_VVI the_AT relative_JJ orientation_NN1 of_IO the_AT ship_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT difference_NN1 between_II the_AT wall_NN1 temperature_NN1 and_CC the_AT water_NN1 saturation_NN1 temperature_NN1 is_VBZ the_AT wall_NN1 superheat_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Furthermore_RR ,_, the_AT wave_NN1 heights_NN2 are_VBR 0.5–2m_NNU &lsqb;_( 29,30_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
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<s>
However_RR ,_, both_DB2 methods_NN2 have_VH0 some_DD drawbacks_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
However_RR ,_, FGIB_NP1 can_VM localize_VVI these_DD2 two_MC loudspeakers_NN2 accurately_RR and_CC even_RR can_VM pinpoint_VVI them_PPHO2 ._. 
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<s>
Second_MD ,_, the_AT prolonged_JJ ignition_NN1 delay_NN1 leads_VVZ to_II a_AT1 higher_JJR HRR_NP1 both_RR in_II rapid_JJ and_CC slow_JJ combustion_NN1 phase_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
At_II 20%_NNU load_NN1 ,_, the_AT equivalent_JJ BSFC_NP1 values_NN2 of_IO blend_NN1 fuels_NN2 are_VBR generally_RR much_RR higher_JJR than_CSN that_DD1 of_IO P0_FO ._. 
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<s>
Although_CS the_AT idea_NN1 to_TO use_VVI Padé_NP1 approximations_NN2 for_IF the_AT approximation_NN1 of_IO pseudo-differential_JJ operators_NN2 is_VBZ by_RR31 no_RR32 means_RR33 new_JJ ,_, it_PPH1 has_VHZ not_XX been_VBN systematically_RR discussed_VVN in_II the_AT context_NN1 of_IO MPEs_NP2 in_II the_AT literature_NN1 until_II now_RT ._. 
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<s>
The_AT analysis_NN1 method_NN1 was_VBDZ applied_VVN to_II various_JJ speeds_NN2 and_CC loading_VVG conditions_NN2 ;_; these_DD2 researchers_NN2 reported_VVD that_CST the_AT magnitude_NN1 of_IO the_AT sharp_JJ vertical_JJ acceleration_NN1 peaks_NN2 at_II the_AT resonant_JJ wave_NN1 encounter_NN1 frequency_NN1 ranged_VVN from_II 2_MC G_NNU to_II 7_MC G_ZZ1 ,_, according_II21 to_II22 the_AT ship_NN1 configuration_NN1 variations_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
A_AT1 parameter_NN1 p_ZZ1 =_FO wc/wmax_NN1 is_VBZ introduced_VVN to_TO determine_VVI the_AT cut-off_NN1 singular_NN1 value_NN1 wc_NN1 ,_, and_CC wmax_NN1 is_VBZ the_AT maximum_JJ singular_JJ value_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT baseline_NN1 vessel_NN1 design_NN1 weighs_VVZ about_RG 15,000_MC metric_JJ tons_NNU2 and_CC the_AT distribution_NN1 of_IO materials_NN2 can_VM be_VBI found_VVN in_II Table_NN1 3_MC ._. 
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<s>
Fig._NN1 1(b)_FO compares_VVZ the_AT SO3_FO mole_NN1 fraction_NN1 computed_VVD using_VVG the_AT full_JJ and_CC skeletal_JJ S-HC_NP1 mechanisms_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
In_II this_DD1 case_NN1 ,_, the_AT ORC_NN1 technology_NN1 could_VM become_VVI interesting_JJ in_BCL21 order_BCL22 to_TO recover_VVI this_DD1 ,_, otherwise_RR ,_, lost_VVD energy_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT diameters_NN2 of_IO the_AT inner_JJ hole_NN1 and_CC the_AT counter_NN1 bore_NN1 are_VBR 0.18_MC and_CC 0.46mm_NNU ,_, respectively_RR ._. 
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<s>
Details_NN2 of_IO the_AT RoRo_NN1 cargo_NN1 ship_NN1 included_VVD 183_MC m_NNO long_JJ ,_, 26_MC m_NNO wide_JJ ,_, 6.5_MC m_NNU of_IO draught_NN1 ,_, 21,171_MC tonnes_NNU2 of_IO gross_JJ tonnage_NN1 ,_, 12,350_MC tonnes_NNU2 of_IO deadweight_NN1 and_CC 3428_MC m2_FO of_IO weather_NN1 deck_NN1 area_NN1 (_( i.e._REX the_AT upper_JJ deck_NN1 of_IO the_AT ship_NN1 which_DDQ was_VBDZ open_JJ and_CC exposed_VVD to_II the_AT weather_NN1 )_) ._. 
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<s>
Wen_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
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<s>
(_( 2015_MC )_) studied_VVD safety_NN1 distances_NN2 between_II LNG_NP1 ships_NN2 during_II berthing_VVG ,_, and_CC proposed_VVD an_AT1 LNG_NP1 ships_VVZ anchorage_NN1 safety_NN1 distance_NN1 model_NN1 considering_II the_AT risks_NN2 of_IO ship_NN1 collisions_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT behavior_NN1 of_IO the_AT first_MD instants_NNT2 of_IO the_AT angle_NN1 criteria_NN2 comparison_NN1 graphics_NN can_VM be_VBI better_RRR explained_VVN by_II Fig._NN1 6_MC ._. 
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<s>
Baldi_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
&lsqb;_( 99_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, &lsqb;_( 100_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, in_II two_MC different_JJ works_NN ,_, proposed_VVD the_AT use_NN1 of_IO optimization_NN1 techniques_NN2 for_IF Diesel_NN1 engine-ORC_NN1 waste_NN1 heat_NN1 recovery_NN1 systems_NN2 based_VVN on_II the_AT analysis_NN1 of_IO typical_JJ ships_NN2 operating_VVG profiles_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Under_II the_AT same_DA IMEP_NN1 and_CC peak_NN1 combustion_NN1 pressure_NN1 ,_, the_AT maximum_JJ heat_NN1 release_NN1 rate_NN1 increases_VVZ from_II 81.9kJ/°CA_FU to_II 118.8kJ/°CA_FU ,_, and_CC peak_NN1 rate_NN1 of_IO pressure_NN1 rise_NN1 increases_VVZ from_II 1.7bar/°CA_FU to_II 2.8bar/°CA_FU ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 shortcoming_NN1 can_VM be_VBI overcome_VVN via_II increasing_VVG the_AT substrate_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 Young_JJ '_NULL s_ZZ1 modulus_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
In_II a_AT1 conventional_JJ thermostat_NN1 system_NN1 ,_, for_IF an_AT1 increasing_JJ temperature_NN1 process_NN1 ,_, the_AT initial_JJ thermostat_NN1 opening_NN1 temperature_NN1 occurs_VVZ at_II 88_MC °C_NNU ,_, and_CC thermostat_NN1 becomes_VVZ fully_RR opened_VVN at_II 94_MC °C_NNU ._. 
</s>
<s>
Along_II piston_NN1 boundary_NN1 shows_VVZ high_JJ heat_NN1 transfer_NN1 function_NN1 at_II 36_MC degree_NN1 ,_, the_AT reason_NN1 is_VBZ the_AT gas_NN1 coming_VVG from_II expansion_NN1 space_NN1 and_CC it_PPH1 is_VBZ the_AT start_NN1 of_IO injecting_VVG face_NN1 as_CSA seen_VVN in_II velocity_NN1 vector_NN1 diagram_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Traveling_VVG waves_NN2 have_VH0 also_RR been_VBN utilized_VVN in_II other_JJ applications_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 skin_NN1 friction_NN1 drag_VV0 reduction_NN1 through_II interaction_NN1 with_IW the_AT turbulent_JJ boundary_NN1 layer_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
A_AT1 flat_NN1 plate_NN1 illustrating_VVG the_AT interceptor_NN1 blade_NN1 was_VBDZ mounted_VVN on_II the_AT stern_NN1 of_IO the_AT hull_NN1 located_VVD exactly_RR near_II the_AT keel_NN1 ,_, in_II the_AT middle_NN1 of_IO the_AT transom_NN1 ,_, near_II the_AT chine_NN1 and_CC fully_RR covering_VVG the_AT transom_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT buoyancy_NN1 model_NN1 and_CC damping_VVG model_NN1 are_VBR incorporated_VVN into_II the_AT LS-DYNA_JJ solver_NN1 by_II a_AT1 user-defined_JJ subroutine_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
A_AT1 numerical_JJ simulation_NN1 framework_NN1 that_CST allows_VVZ efficient_JJ prediction_NN1 of_IO electric_JJ and_CC thermal_JJ performance_NN1 of_IO TEG_NN1 at_II steady_JJ state_NN1 condition_NN1 was_VBDZ developed_VVN by_II H?gblom_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
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<s>
&lsqb;_( 18_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, the_AT results_NN2 were_VBDR experimentally_RR validated_VVN using_VVG Bismuth_NN1 –_- Telluride_NP1 TEM_NP1 ._. 
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<s>
In_II the_AT past_JJ few_DA2 decades_NNT2 ,_, transport_NN1 noise_NN1 has_VHZ received_VVN increasing_JJ attention_NN1 ,_, especially_RR aerodynamically_RR noise_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT scrubbing_JJ system_NN1 needs_VVZ a_AT1 Water_NN1 Treatment_NN1 System_NN1 (_( WTS_NN2 )_) to_TO comply_VVI with_IW IMO_NN1 criteria_NN2 for_IF washed_JJ water_NN1 discharge_NN1 &lsqb;_( 16_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
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<s>
First_MD ,_, independent_JJ and_CC dependent_JJ variables_NN2 are_VBR defined_VVN for_IF the_AT algorithm_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
On_II the_AT other_JJ hand_NN1 ,_, the_AT alternative_NN1 No_AT 1a_FO exhibits_VVZ 72%_NNU lower_JJR NOx_NN1 emissions_NN2 ,_, compared_VVN to_II the_AT baseline_NN1 ones_NN2 due_II21 to_II22 the_AT SCR_NP1 technology_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
For_IF these_DD2 numerical_JJ studies_NN2 ,_, the_AT fuel_NN1 oxidation_NN1 model_NN1 is_VBZ different_JJ from_II the_AT typical_JJ pure_JJ hydrocarbon_NN1 oxidation_NN1 model_NN1 used_VVN in_II gasoline_NN1 or_CC diesel_NN1 engine_NN1 simulations_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
However_RR ,_, this_DD1 conclusion_NN1 about_II the_AT total_JJ sliding_JJ is_VBZ not_XX always_RR true_JJ for_IF the_AT wave_NN1 periods_NN2 due_II21 to_II22 the_AT fact_NN1 that_CST a_AT1 caisson_NN1 may_VM experience_VVI less_DAR number_NN1 of_IO waves_NN2 with_IW large_JJ periods_NN2 than_CSN small_JJ periods_NN2 during_II a_AT1 storm_NN1 with_IW a_AT1 constant_JJ duration_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Although_CS this_DD1 strategy_NN1 significantly_RR reduces_VVZ dynamic_JJ engine_NN1 loading_NN1 and_CC increases_VVZ manoeuvrability_NN1 ,_, its_APPGE performance_NN1 is_VBZ optimised_VVN for_IF minimising_VVG speed_NN1 fluctuation_NN1 as_II31 opposed_II32 to_II33 minimising_VVG engine_NN1 load_NN1 fluctuation_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ does_VDZ more_RRR damage_VVI to_II the_AT engine_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT former_DA is_VBZ mainly_RR used_VVN for_IF big_JJ container_NN1 ships_NN2 with_IW 2-stroke_JJ engines_NN2 capable_JJ of_IO speed_NN1 reduction_NN1 while_CS the_AT latter_DA used_JJ for_IF ferries_NN2 and_CC cruise_VV0 ships_NN2 operates_VVZ at_II nominal_JJ speed_NN1 and_CC varying_JJ engine_NN1 load_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
By_II finite_JJ element_NN1 analysis_NN1 ,_, the_AT numerical_JJ model_NN1 of_IO AUV_NN1 is_VBZ established_VVN ._. 
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<s>
The_AT exact_JJ reasons_NN2 were_VBDR not_XX investigated_VVN ,_, but_CCB possibly_RR this_DD1 could_VM be_VBI due_II21 to_II22 asymmetry_NN1 in_II the_AT geometrical_JJ dimensions_NN2 of_IO the_AT sensing_NN1 element_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Thus_RR ,_, the_AT Michell_NP1 and_CC Hogner_NN1 theories_NN2 predict_VV0 nearly_RR identical_JJ transverse_JJ waves_NN2 ,_, but_CCB predict_VV0 divergent_JJ waves_NN2 that_CST differ_VV0 significantly_RR ._. 
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<s>
Firstly_RR ,_, model_NN1 scale_NN1 simulations_NN2 with_IW body-force_JJ actuator_NN1 disc_NN1 self-propulsion_NN1 for_IF the_AT said_JJ case_NN1 at_II h/T_ZZ1 =_FO 1.23_MC were_VBDR conducted_VVN ,_, verified_VVN and_CC validated_VVN against_II the_AT benchmark_NN1 EFD_NN1 data_NN ._. 
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<s>
The_AT questionnaires_NN2 used_VVD Likert_NP1 scales_NN2 ,_, which_DDQ are_VBR psychometric_JJ scales_NN2 commonly_RR used_VMK to_TO identify_VVI user_NN1 experience_NN1 (_( Converse_NN1 and_CC Presser_NP1 ,_, 1986_MC )_) ._. 
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The_AT rigid_JJ body_NN1 motions_NN2 of_IO the_AT hull_NN1 are_VBR omitted_VVN ._. 
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Ship_NN1 density_NN1 in_II a_AT1 small_JJ sector_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT simulation_NN1 and_CC the_AT experiment_NN1 results_NN2 verify_VV0 the_AT effectiveness_NN1 of_IO the_AT algorithm_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 study_NN1 was_VBDZ supported_VVN by_II the_AT National_JJ Key_JJ Research_NN1 and_CC Development_NN1 Program_NN1 of_IO China_NP1 (_( No._NN1 2016YFB0501700_FO ,_, No._NN1 2016YFB0501705_FO )_) ,_, General_JJ Program_NN1 of_IO National_JJ Natural_JJ Science_NN1 Foundation_NN1 of_IO China_NP1 (_( No._NN1 41374008_MC ,_, No._NN1 41406115_MC )_) ,_, Qingdao_NP1 National_JJ Laboratory_NN1 for_IF Marine_JJ Science_NN1 and_CC Technology_NN1 Foundation_NN1 (_( No_UH ._. 
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<s>
QNLM2016ORP0401_FO )_) ,_, Qingdao_NP1 Shinan_NP1 District_NN1 Science_NN1 and_CC Technology_NN1 Project_NN1 (_( 2016-3-015-ZH_NP1 )_) ,_, Fundamental_JJ Research_NN1 Funds_NN2 for_IF the_AT Central_JJ Universities_NN2 (_( No._NN1 18CX06029A_FO ,_, No._NN1 18CX02054A_FO )_) ._. 
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<s>
The_AT lattice_NN1 constant_NN1 lc=0.15m_FO ,_, and_CC the_AT width_NN1 and_CC thickness_NN1 of_IO the_AT beam_NN1 are_VBR b=0.01mandhc=0.005m_FO ,_, respectively_RR ._. 
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<s>
As_II a_AT1 result_NN1 ,_, their_APPGE use_NN1 should_VM be_VBI limited_VVN to_II locations_NN2 where_RRQ they_PPHS2 are_VBR most_RGT effective_JJ ,_, as_CSA determined_VVN through_II predictive_JJ and/or_CC diagnostic_JJ engineering_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Other_JJ parameters_NN2 required_VVN for_IF the_AT numerical_JJ simulation_NN1 are_VBR also_RR listed_VVN here_RL ,_, e.g._REX ,_, the_AT density_NN1 of_IO ice_NN1 =879.0kg/m3_FU and_CC the_AT cohesion_NN1 c=12.5kPa_FO for_IF ice_NN1 thickness_NN1 H=0.04m_FO ,_, while_CS the_AT density_NN1 =864.0kg/m3_FU and_CC the_AT cohesion_NN1 c=_FO 17.0kPa_FO for_IF ice_NN1 thickness_NN1 H=0.06m_FO ,_, which_DDQ are_VBR the_AT same_DA with_IW those_DD2 in_II the_AT model_NN1 test_NN1 (_( Lau_NP1 and_CC Akinturk_NP1 ,_, 2011_MC )_) ._. 
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The_AT initial_JJ backbone_NN1 curve_NN1 coincides_VVZ with_IW the_AT initial_JJ monotonic_JJ stress-strain_JJ curve_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
However_RR ,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ predicted_VVN that_CST the_AT exhaust_NN1 gas_NN1 properties_NN2 will_VM not_XX be_VBI changed_VVN significantly_RR by_II the_AT sequential_JJ arrangement_NN1 connecting_VVG the_AT SCR_NP1 catalyst_NN1 system_NN1 to_II the_AT rear_JJ side_NN1 of_IO the_AT oxidation_NN1 catalyst_NN1 ,_, and_CC it_PPH1 is_VBZ expected_VVN that_CST useful_JJ information_NN1 obtained_VVN here_RL will_VM be_VBI relevant_JJ for_IF studies_NN2 using_VVG after-treatment_JJ equipment_NN1 of_IO similar_JJ structures_NN2 ._. 
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Figure_NN1 3_MC shows_VVZ the_AT STL_NP1 spectrum_NN1 of_IO various_JJ double-wall_JJ sandwich_NN1 panels_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Fig._NN1 1_MC1 shows_VVZ the_AT profile_NN1 of_IO the_AT ship_NN1 model_NN1 and_CC Table_NN1 I_PPIS1 presents_VVZ the_AT principal_JJ particulars_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT optimal_JJ order_NN1 FRFT_NP1 domain_NN1 of_IO Chirp_NP1 signal_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
However_RR ,_, as_CSA in_II Fig._NN1 5(b)_FO ,_, the_AT peak-to-side-lobe_JJ ratio_NN1 is_VBZ low_JJ ,_, just_RR 0.21dB_FO ._. 
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<s>
Thus_RR ,_, the_AT reliability_NN1 or_CC consistency_NN1 (_( i.e._REX ,_, robustness_NN1 )_) of_IO FDSL_NP1 must_VM be_VBI assessed_VVN by_II considering_VVG many_DA2 independent_JJ signal_NN1 transmissions_NN2 ,_, and_CC multiple_JJ ranges_NN2 ._. 
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Also_RR ,_, increase_VV0 in_II engine_NN1 load_NN1 or_CC speed_NN1 cause_NN1 increase_NN1 in_II combustion_NN1 temperature_NN1 resulting_VVG in_II more_DAR vaporization_NN1 and_CC oxidation_NN1 of_IO lubricating_VVG oil_NN1 &lsqb;_( 71_MC &rsqb;_) and_CC wear_VV0 down_RP of_IO some_DD metallic_JJ components_NN2 of_IO engine_NN1 (_( e.g._REX cylinder_NN1 wall_NN1 ,_, pistons_NN2 ,_, rings_NN2 ,_, valve_NN1 seats_NN2 or_CC etc._RA )_) which_DDQ are_VBR the_AT sources_NN2 of_IO emitted_JJ metals_NN2 and_CC elements_NN2 in_II the_AT engine_NN1 exhaust_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT top_JJ part_NN1 shows_VVZ the_AT complete_JJ domain_NN1 in_II OceanWave3D_FO ._. 
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<s>
The_AT process_NN1 of_IO Lee_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
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<s>
&lsqb;_( 22_MC &rsqb;_) transfers_VVZ cold_JJ energy_NN1 of_IO BOG_NN1 feed_NN1 gas_NN1 to_II the_AT discharged_JJ stream_NN1 of_IO the_AT last_MD BOG_NN1 compressor_NN1 (_( Fig._NN1 1d_NNU )_) while_CS ,_, for_IF Mark_NP1 III_MC ,_, exit_VV0 stream_NN1 from_II the_AT last_MD BOG_NN1 compressor_NN1 is_VBZ sent_VVN to_II the_AT main_JJ exchanger_NN1 of_IO N2_FO cycle_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Hydrodynamic_JJ influence_NN1 might_VM not_XX be_VBI very_RG important_JJ in_II predicting_VVG ship_NN1 resistance_NN1 in_II continuous_JJ sheet_NN1 ice_NN1 ,_, but_CCB must_VM be_VBI influential_JJ in_II predicting_VVG ship_NN1 resistance_NN1 in_II broken_JJ ice_NN1 (_( Tsarau_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2014_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
The_AT above_JJ results_NN2 also_RR indicate_VV0 that_CST the_AT effects_NN2 of_IO the_AT diffusional-thermal_JJ instability_NN1 on_II the_AT flame_NN1 destabilization_NN1 are_VBR also_RR limited_VVN with_IW increasing_JJ initial_JJ pressure_NN1 ,_, but_CCB the_AT hydrodynamic_JJ instability_NN1 is_VBZ enhanced_VVN due_II21 to_II22 decreasing_JJ flame_NN1 thickness_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
It_PPH1 is_VBZ demonstrated_VVN that_CST ,_, despite_II very_RG strong_JJ sound_NN1 speed_NN1 variations_NN2 caused_VVN by_II nonlinear_JJ internal_JJ waves_NN2 ,_, noise_NN1 interferometry_NN1 can_VM be_VBI successfully_RR used_VVN to_TO acoustically_RR characterize_VVI the_AT seafloor_NN1 on_II a_AT1 continental_JJ shelf_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Fig._NN1 8_MC c_ZZ1 shows_VVZ that_CST a_AT1 higher_JJR external_JJ pressure_NN1 implies_VVZ an_AT1 increased_JJ entering_VVG flow_NN1 resulting_VVG in_II a_AT1 quicker_JJR liquid_JJ volume_NN1 growth_NN1 and_CC an_AT1 earlier_JJR appearance_NN1 of_IO the_AT blocking_JJ point_NN1 (_( the_AT inflection_NN1 of_IO the_AT liquid_JJ volume_NN1 rise_NN1 )_) ._. 
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However_RR ,_, neither_DD1 injury_NN1 relates_VVZ simply_RR to_II the_AT range_NN1 from_II the_AT source_NN1 ,_, nor_CC to_II the_AT signal_NN1 level_NN1 as_CSA expressed_VVN by_II peak_NN1 pressure_NN1 (_( Fig._NN1 5_MC )_) ._. 
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The_AT initial_JJ condition_NN1 of_IO the_AT computation_NN1 model_NN1 is_VBZ illustrated_VVN in_II Fig._NN1 13_MC ,_, where_CS the_AT level_JJ ice_NN1 is_VBZ L=12.0m_FO in_II length_NN1 ,_, B=9.0m_FO in_II width_NN1 and_CC two_MC thicknesses_NN2 H=0.04m_FO and_CC 0.06m_NNU are_VBR considered_VVN ._. 
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The_AT BMEP_NN1 ,_, injection_NN1 timing_NN1 ,_, injection_NN1 pressure_NN1 ,_, and_CC intake_NN1 pressure_NN1 were_VBDR fixed_VVN at_II ?0.7_FO MPa_NP1 (_( 40%_NNU load_NN1 )_) ,_, 6°_NNU CA_NP1 ATDC_NP1 (_( after_CS top_JJ dead_JJ center_NN1 )_) ,_, 120_MC MPa_NP1 ,_, and_CC 0.15_MC MPa_NP1 ,_, respectively_RR ._. 
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<s>
Whereas_CS MSA-PSF_NP1 is_VBZ not_XX very_RG sensitive_JJ to_II SNR_NP1 (_( Fig._NN1 6a_FO )_) ,_, CLEANT_JJ quantification_NN1 performance_NN1 depends_VVZ on_II the_AT presence_NN1 of_IO an_AT1 additive_JJ noise_NN1 (_( Fig._NN1 6b_FO )_) with_IW a_AT1 degradation_NN1 of_IO the_AT mean_JJ source_NN1 level_NN1 (_( biased_JJ estimate_NN1 )_) when_RRQ SNR_NP1 decreases_VVZ ,_, mostly_RR at_II high_JJ frequency_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT investigations_NN2 conducted_VVN in_II this_DD1 paper_NN1 only_RR deal_VV0 with_IW the_AT vertical_JJ responses_NN2 of_IO a_AT1 flexible_JJ barge_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
However_RR ,_, the_AT maximum_JJ value_NN1 is_VBZ almost_RR 10_MC in_II BF10_FO for_IF both_DB2 MCR10_FO and_CC MCR13_FO ,_, and_CC there_EX is_VBZ a_AT1 safety_NN1 margin_NN1 for_IF maximum_JJ rudder_NN1 angle_NN1 35._MC β_NULL 0_MC is_VBZ over_RG 15_MC in_II BF10_FO with_IW the_AT region_NN1 of_IO 15–60_MCMC of_IO θ_NULL W_ZZ1 for_IF both_DB2 MCR10_FO and_CC MCR13_FO ._. 
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<s>
The_AT paper_NN1 describes_VVZ the_AT experimental_JJ activity_NN1 and_CC emphasizes_VVZ the_AT key-role_NN1 of_IO back_NN1 pressure_NN1 in_II spray_NN1 development_NN1 uniformity_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT results_NN2 showed_VVD that_CST both_RR HCCI_JJ and_CC RCCI_NP1 had_VHD a_AT1 very_RG pronounced_JJ ability_NN1 to_TO target_VVI a_AT1 given_JJ CA50_FO through_II slight_JJ changes_NN2 of_IO the_AT global_JJ fuel_NN1 reactivity_NN1 in_II the_AT combustion_NN1 chamber_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
To_TO maximize_VVI the_AT reduction_NN1 of_IO sound_NN1 transmission_NN1 ,_, extra_JJ efforts_NN2 have_VH0 been_VBN devoted_JJ to_TO design_VVI such_DA composite_JJ multilayer_NN1 panels_NN2 of_IO infinite_JJ extent_NN1 ._. 
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Considering_CS light_JJ fluid_NN1 loading_NN1 ,_, a_AT1 closed-form_JJ determinant_NN1 is_VBZ derived_VVN from_II this_DD1 form_NN1 ._. 
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Lastly_RR ,_, the_AT fast_JJ computation_NN1 of_IO the_AT inversion_NN1 algorithm_NN1 shows_VVZ strong_JJ potential_NN1 for_IF real-time_JJ monitoring_NN1 applications_NN2 ._. 
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Fig._NN1 10_MC shows_VVZ the_AT ignition_NN1 delay_NN1 period_NN1 of_IO fuels_NN2 at_II different_JJ injection_NN1 pressures_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
These_DD2 experimental_JJ results_NN2 are_VBR similar_JJ to_II that_DD1 in_II &lsqb;_( 3_MC &rsqb;_) where_RRQ Santos_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
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have_VH0 demonstrated_VVN a_AT1 experimental_JJ result_NN1 that_CST class_NN1 E_ZZ1 is_VBZ always_RR truly_RR predicted_VVN ._. 
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<s>
Under_II such_DA conditions_NN2 ,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ not_XX possible_JJ to_TO achieve_VVI higher_JJR efficiencies_NN2 or_CC lower_JJR emissions_NN2 compared_VVN to_II the_AT non-EGR_JJ strategy_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT same_DA idea_NN1 of_IO using_VVG high-order_JJ schemes_NN2 for_IF the_AT well-conditioned_JJ matrix_NN1 and_CC SPH_NP1 schemes_NN2 for_IF the_AT ill-conditioned_JJ matrix_NN1 was_VBDZ adopted_VVN by_II Huang_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
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(_( 2018_MC )_) ._. 
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According_II21 to_II22 the_AT legislation_NN1 ,_, the_AT NOx_NN1 target_NN1 emissions_NN2 for_IF weighted_JJ WHTC_NP1 consist_VV0 of_IO 16%_NNU the_AT NOx_NN1 from_II a_AT1 cold-start_JJ WHTC_NP1 and_CC 84%_NNU the_AT NOx_NN1 from_II a_AT1 hot-start_JJ WHTC_NP1 ,_, respectively_RR ._. 
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<s>
Figure_NN1 3_MC illustrates_VVZ the_AT wave-making_JJ resistance_NN1 ,_, i.e._REX Rw_NP1 (_( =_FO Fx_NN1 )_) ,_, and_CC its_APPGE coefficient_NN1 ,_, i.e._REX Cw_NP1 defined_VVD as_CSA Rw/_NN1 (_( 1/2_MF )_) 1LdU2_FO ,_, which_DDQ were_VBDR calculated_VVN by_II each_DD1 method_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
System_NN1 parameters_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 the_AT maximum_JJ force_NN1 Fmax_NN1 ,_, maximum_JJ indentation_NN1 δz_FO ,_, max_NN1 ,_, contact_VV0 duration_NN1 Tc_NP1 and_CC dominant_JJ frequency_NN1 fdom_NN1 for_IF impact_NN1 of_IO steel_NN1 balls_NN2 of_IO varying_JJ radii_NN2 R1_FO are_VBR calculated_VVN with_IW Hertz_NNU theory_NN1 to_TO compare_VVI how_RRQ these_DD2 are_VBR influenced_VVN by_II the_AT materials_NN2 concrete_NN1 and_CC aluminum_NN1 ._. 
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It_PPH1 is_VBZ research_NN1 on_II local_JJ aspects_NN2 of_IO ice-structure_JJ interaction_NN1 ,_, such_II21 as_II22 area_NN1 ,_, roughness_NN1 ,_, friction_NN1 ,_, melting_VVG and_CC recrystallization_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ will_VM hopefully_RR allow_VVI to_TO define_VVI relationships_NN2 between_II physical_JJ ice_NN1 properties_NN2 and_CC phenomenological_JJ model_NN1 parameters_NN2 as_CSA defined_VVN in_II Fig._NN1 6_MC in_II the_AT future_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT proportion_NN1 of_IO burst_JJ capillaries_NN2 &lsqb;_( Fig._NN1 4(a)_FO &rsqb;_) was_VBDZ significantly_RR higher_JJR within_II approximately_RR 20m_NNU from_II the_AT explosion_NN1 than_CSN in_II the_AT controls_NN2 (_( closest_JJT cage_NN1 vs_II controls_NN2 p=0.01_FO )_) ._. 
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Furthermore_RR ,_, the_AT addition_NN1 of_IO floating_JJ structures_NN2 reduces_VVZ the_AT development_NN1 of_IO eddies_NN2 at_II the_AT scale_NN1 of_IO each_DD1 subbasin_NN1 &lsqb;_( Figs._NN2 7_VV0 (_( a_AT1 and_CC b_ZZ1 )_) &rsqb;_) ._. 
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In_BCL21 order_BCL22 for_IF the_AT investigated_JJ engine_NN1 to_TO accommodate_VVI the_AT combustion_NN1 of_IO the_AT gas_NN1 fuel_NN1 (_( in_II the_AT DF_NN1 mode_NN1 )_) ,_, the_AT engine_NN1 was_VBDZ derated_VVN to_TO avoid_VVI knocking_VVG issues_NN2 (_( by_II using_VVG a_AT1 lower_JJR compression_NN1 ratio_NN1 and_CC by_II the_AT opening_NN1 of_IO the_AT exhaust_NN1 gas_NN1 waste_NN1 gate_NN1 valve_NN1 )_) ._. 
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<s>
The_AT first_MD methodology_NN1 which_DDQ is_VBZ purely_RR computational_JJ and_CC requires_VVZ no_AT additional_JJ effort_NN1 and_CC hardware_NN1 manages_VVZ to_TO account_VVI for_IF the_AT effect_NN1 of_IO load_NN1 variation_NN1 on_II individual_JJ cylinder_NN1 loading_NN1 and_CC compression_NN1 condition_NN1 even_CS21 though_CS22 the_AT results_NN2 obtained_VVN are_VBR less_RGR accurate_JJ compared_VVN to_II the_AT other_JJ two_MC methods_NN2 ._. 
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Naturally_RR ,_, the_AT power_NN1 consumption_NN1 of_IO the_AT thrusters_NN2 increases_VVZ significantly_RR during_II roll_NN1 reduction_NN1 mode_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT geometry_NN1 and_CC material_NN1 of_IO the_AT square_JJ shaped_JJ membrane_NN1 are_VBR chosen_VVN to_TO be_VBI the_AT same_DA as_CSA the_AT experimental_JJ test_NN1 sample_NN1 that_CST was_VBDZ investigated_VVN in_II an_AT1 impedance_NN1 tube_NN1 (_( see_VV0 Section_NN1 3_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
The_AT water_NN1 depth_NN1 was_VBDZ approximately_RR 38m_NNU at_II the_AT source_NN1 and_CC 98m_NNU at_II the_AT receiver_NN1 array_NN1 location_NN1 ,_, so_CS the_AT transmission_NN1 channel_NN1 was_VBDZ strongly_RR range_VV0 dependent_JJ downward_JJ propagating_NN1 from_II source_NN1 to_II receiver_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Block_NN1 diagram_NN1 of_IO the_AT proposed_JJ Case_NN1 (_( 2,1,1_MC )_) ANC_NP1 system_NN1 combined_VVN with_IW noise_NN1 source_NN1 separation_NN1 by_II microphone_NN1 arrays_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Based_VVN on_II the_AT real-time_JJ flow_NN1 conditions_NN2 of_IO the_AT ship_NN1 ,_, the_AT threshold_NN1 of_IO the_AT flow_NN1 velocity_NN1 and_CC minimum_JJ waterway_NN1 dimensions_NN2 are_VBR calculated_VVN ._. 
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The_AT results_NN2 were_VBDR close_JJ to_II the_AT nominal_JJ values_NN2 ._. 
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Therefore_RR ,_, we_PPIS2 must_VM look_VVI for_IF a_AT1 design_NN1 space_NN1 dimensionality_NN1 reduction_NN1 method_NN1 to_TO effectively_RR reduce_VVI the_AT number_NN1 of_IO dimensions_NN2 under_II consideration_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 method_NN1 can_VM handle_VVI the_AT complicated_JJ free_JJ surface_NN1 geometry_NN1 in_II extreme_JJ deformation_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
As_CSA results_NN2 ,_, in_II31 addition_II32 to_II33 the_AT main_JJ dimensions_NN2 ,_, speed_NN1 and_CC propulsion_NN1 indicators_NN2 of_IO each_DD1 ships_VVZ ,_, a_AT1 fleet_NN1 is_VBZ identified_VVN by_II a_AT1 percentage_NN1 of_IO success_NN1 in_II gas_NN1 delivery_NN1 (_( 100%_NNU means_VVZ that_CST all_DB the_AT target_NN1 capacity_NN1 corresponding_VVG to_II the_AT field_NN1 production_NN1 over_RG a_AT1 year_NNT1 has_VHZ been_VBN successfully_RR delivered_VVN )_) and_CC a_AT1 global_JJ minimum_JJ fleet_NN1 cost_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT magnitudes_NN2 and_CC locations_NN2 of_IO the_AT resonant_JJ peaks_NN2 in_II the_AT radiated_JJ sound_NN1 power_NN1 responses_NN2 due_II21 to_II22 the_AT transversal_NN1 and_CC vertical_JJ propeller_NN1 forces_NN2 are_VBR almost_RR identical_JJ ._. 
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<s>
._. 
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<s>
The_AT whole_JJ experiment_NN1 device_NN1 consists_VVZ of_IO a_AT1 water_NN1 tank_NN1 ,_, two_MC high-speed_JJ cameras_NN2 ,_, a_AT1 ship_NN1 model_NN1 with_IW three_MC cabins_NN2 and_CC its_APPGE balance_NN1 installation_NN1 ,_, etc_RA ._. 
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<s>
Here_RL ,_, the_AT working_JJ fluid_NN1 in_II the_AT HTORC_NN1 plays_VVZ a_AT1 major_JJ role_NN1 in_II the_AT DORC_NN1 system_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
By_II following_VVG this_DD1 approach_NN1 ,_, the_AT moored_VVN ship_NN1 equations_NN2 of_IO motions_NN2 may_VM be_VBI written_VVN as_CSA described_VVN in_II (_( 18_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
The_AT knock_NN1 intensity_NN1 is_VBZ defined_VVN as_II the_AT difference_NN1 between_II the_AT maximum_NN1 and_CC the_AT minimum_NN1 of_IO the_AT knock_NN1 signal_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT frequency_NN1 of_IO the_AT former_DA was_VBDZ linked_VVN to_II the_AT thickness_NN1 of_IO the_AT sample_NN1 ,_, whereas_CS the_AT second_MD wasafunction_NN1 of_IO both_DB2 the_AT width_NN1 and_CC the_AT thickness_NN1 of_IO the_AT sample_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
III_MC ,_, we_PPIS2 discuss_VV0 the_AT data_NN acquisition_NN1 and_CC processing_NN1 of_IO ocean_NN1 noise_NN1 in_II the_AT South_ND1 China_NP1 Sea_NNL1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT flat_JJ platform_NN1 is_VBZ followed_VVN by_II a_AT1 1:20_MC slope_NN1 with_IW absorbers_NN2 made_VVN from_II filtration_NN1 media_NN ._. 
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<s>
Changes_NN2 in_II the_AT content_NN1 of_IO oxygen_NN1 in_II the_AT mixtures_NN2 analyzed_VVD in_II the_AT study_NN1 are_VBR presented_VVN in_II Fig._NN1 4_MC ._. 
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<s>
Side_NN1 branch_NN1 resonators_NN2 can_VM act_VVI as_II low-pass_NN1 ,_, high-pass_NN1 ,_, or_CC band-stop_NN1 filters_NN2 ,_, depending_II21 on_II22 their_APPGE impedance_NN1 characteristics_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
In_II Table_NN1 4_MC ,_, the_AT Average_NN1 (_( Ave_NP1 )_) and_CC Standard_JJ deviation_NN1 (_( Std_NN1 )_) of_IO the_AT final_JJ MSE_NN1 were_VBDR represented_VVN ._. 
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<s>
In_II our_APPGE case_NN1 ,_, including_II the_AT vehicle_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 attitude_NN1 as_II an_AT1 estimation_NN1 state_NN1 makes_VVZ the_AT remaining_JJ states_NN2 nonlinear_JJ due_JJ to_TO coordinate_VVI transformations_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
A_AT1 quasi-steady_JJ state_NN1 simulation_NN1 was_VBDZ carried_VVN out_RP on_II an_AT1 off-design_JJ model_NN1 ,_, based_VVN on_II optimized_JJ design_NN1 conditions_NN2 ,_, to_TO estimate_VVI the_AT average_JJ net_JJ power_NN1 production_NN1 of_IO the_AT ship_NN1 over_II a_AT1 round_JJ trip_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
We_PPIS2 observe_VV0 ,_, however_RR ,_, that_DD1 even_RR at_II r=_FO 1_MC1 km_NNU ,_, unlike_II the_AT first_MD three_MC propagating_NN1 modes_NN2 ,_, mode_NN1 4_MC deviates_VVZ remarkably_RR from_II its_APPGE 2-D_JJ dispersion_NN1 curve_NN1 ,_, indicating_VVG that_CST the_AT 3-D_JJ effects_NN2 experienced_VVN by_II mode_NN1 4_MC can_VM not_XX be_VBI neglected_VVN at_II r=_FO 1_MC1 km_NNU ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 work_NN1 is_VBZ also_RR supported_VVN by_II the_AT Research_NN1 Council_NN1 of_IO Norway_NP1 through_II the_AT Centers_NN2 of_IO Excellence_NN1 funding_NN1 scheme_NN1 ,_, project_NN1 number_NN1 223254_MC AMOS_NP2 ._. 
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<s>
It_PPH1 was_VBDZ shown_VVN that_CST the_AT closed-loop_JJ control_NN1 system_NN1 is_VBZ asymptotically_RR stable_JJ ._. 
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<s>
The_AT detailed_JJ main_JJ framework_NN1 of_IO this_DD1 method_NN1 can_VM refer_VVI to_II the_AT published_JJ papers_NN2 (_( Benson_NP1 ,_, 1992a_FO ,_, Benson_NP1 ,_, 1992b_FO ,_, Benson_NP1 ,_, 2008_MC ,_, Benson_NP1 and_CC Okazawa_NP1 ,_, 2004_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
It_PPH1 is_VBZ also_RR noted_VVN that_CST ,_, because_II21 of_II22 the_AT waste_NN1 heat_NN1 recovery_NN1 from_II the_AT jacket_NN1 water_NN1 and_CC the_AT charge_NN1 air_NN1 ,_, it_PPH1 was_VBDZ not_XX considered_VVN practical_JJ to_TO design_VVI and_CC operate_VVI HRSGs_NP1 that_CST receive_VV0 exhaust_NN1 gas_NN1 from_II more_DAR than_CSN one_MC1 engine_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT second_MD subsection_NN1 describes_VVZ experimental_JJ modal_JJ analysis_NN1 of_IO the_AT acoustic_JJ cavity_NN1 to_TO obtain_VVI acoustic_JJ mode_NN1 shapes_NN2 which_DDQ are_VBR required_VVN for_IF estimation_NN1 of_IO modal_JJ amplitudes_NN2 of_IO acoustic_JJ modes_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT CO2_FO emission_NN1 significantly_RR increases_VVZ for_IF the_AT higher_JJR sea_NN1 states_NN2 ,_, so_RR for_IF the_AT head_NN1 sea_NN1 states_NN2 specified_VVN by_II significant_JJ wave_NN1 height_NN1 of_IO 7_MC m_ZZ1 are_VBR more_DAR than_CSN double_RR the_AT value_NN1 for_IF calm_JJ sea_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT electroosmotic_JJ process_NN1 allows_VVZ for_IF the_AT movement_NN1 of_IO another_DD1 contaminant_NN1 within_II the_AT soil_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ depends_VVZ on_II the_AT conductivity_NN1 of_IO the_AT soil_NN1 and_CC pore_NN1 water_NN1 (_( Virkutyte_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
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<s>
2002_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
There_EX were_VBDR 73_MC sensors_NN2 in_II total_NN1 ,_, as_CSA shown_VVN in_II Fig._NN1 3(b)_FO and_CC (_( c_ZZ1 )_) ._. 
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<s>
The_AT deviation_NN1 of_IO CP_NP1 depending_II21 on_II22 the_AT crank_NN1 angle_NN1 degree_NN1 is_VBZ an_AT1 essential_JJ aspect_NN1 in_II deciding_VVG the_AT combustion_NN1 phenomena_NN2 ;_; In-cylinder_JJ pressure_NN1 is_VBZ mainly_RR dominated_VVN by_II the_AT action_NN1 of_IO atomization_NN1 ,_, evaporation_NN1 ,_, and_CC penetration_NN1 of_IO test_NN1 fuels&lsqb;26&rsqb;_FO ._. 
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<s>
At_II different_JJ speeds_NN2 ,_, the_AT gain_NN1 Kp_NP1 will_VM be_VBI adjusted_VVN accordingly_RR as_CSA tabulated_VVN in_II the_AT last_MD column_NN1 of_IO Table_NN1 V._II Hence_RR ,_, the_AT composite_JJ replica_NN1 should_VM be_VBI preferred_VVN for_IF autoproduct_NN1 matching_VVG in_II a_AT1 deep_JJ ocean_NN1 environment_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
It_PPH1 includes_VVZ an_AT1 AE_FO sensor_NN1 which_DDQ connected_VVD to_II the_AT preamplifier_NN1 to_TO obtain_VVI the_AT signal_NN1 ,_, and_CC the_AT data_NN acquisition_NN1 instrument_NN1 which_DDQ connected_VVD to_II the_AT PC_NN1 to_TO analyze_VVI and_CC process_VVI the_AT signal_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT cycle_NN1 achieves_VVZ its_APPGE maximum_JJ net_JJ power_NN1 at_II angles_NN2 less_DAR than_CSN 90_MC due_II21 to_II22 pressure_NN1 ,_, heat_NN1 losses_NN2 ,_, and_CC the_AT ratio_NN1 between_II mass_JJ flow_NN1 rates_NN2 and_CC swept_JJ volume_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Recently_RR ,_, Bao_NP1 and_CC Zhao_NP1 &lsqb;_( 9_MC &rsqb;_) reviewed_VVD the_AT selections_NN2 of_IO working_VVG fluids_NN2 and_CC expanders_NN2 for_IF ORC_NP1 ,_, including_II an_AT1 analysis_NN1 of_IO the_AT influence_NN1 of_IO working_VVG fluids_NN2 '_NULL category_NN1 and_CC their_APPGE thermodynamic_JJ and_CC physical_JJ properties_NN2 on_II the_AT ORC_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 performance_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Stress_VV0 PSD_NP1 from_II 1st_MD of_IO April_NPM1 2008_MC 06:00–06:30_MCMC of_IO deck_NN1 stress_NN1 mid_JJ ship_NN1 port_NN1 (_( DMP_NP1 )_) ,_, cf._VV0 Satisfactory_JJ results_NN2 are_VBR also_RR obtained_VVN from_II methodology_NN1 &lsqb;_( c_ZZ1 &rsqb;_) ._. 
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<s>
The_AT wind_NN1 direction_NN1 is_VBZ assumed_VVN to_TO be_VBI the_AT same_DA as_CSA wave_NN1 direction_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT OSA_NN1 of_IO Step3_FO was_VBDZ larger_JJR than_CSN that_DD1 of_IO Step0_FO ,_, and_CC the_AT course_NN1 stability_NN1 evidently_RR worsened_VVN ._. 
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<s>
A_AT1 deep_JJ insight_NN1 into_II the_AT vibration_NN1 and_CC acoustic_JJ responses_NN2 of_IO the_AT coupled_JJ shafting_NN1 and_CC pressure_NN1 hull_NN1 system_NN1 is_VBZ of_IO great_JJ importance_NN1 to_II the_AT practical_JJ design_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 stealth_NN1 submarine_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Fig._NN1 15_MC plots_NN2 time_VV0 histories_NN2 of_IO the_AT amount_NN1 of_IO flooding_NN1 ,_, M_ZZ1 ,_, for_IF the_AT models_NN2 with_IW horizontal_JJ baffles_NN2 and_CC ,_, for_IF comparison_NN1 ,_, also_RR for_IF the_AT model_NN1 A1_FO without_IW baffles_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
With_II31 respect_II32 to_II33 the_AT installation_NN1 space_NN1 consideration_NN1 ,_, the_AT number_NN1 nser_NN1 of_IO the_AT battery_NN1 modules_NN2 should_VM be_VBI less_DAR than_CSN the_AT limitation_NN1 nummax_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Waves_NN2 can_VM cause_VVI serious_JJ disturbances_NN2 on_II the_AT loading_NN1 of_IO diesel_NN1 engines_NN2 when_RRQ a_AT1 ship_NN1 sails_NN2 in_II high_JJ sea_NN1 states_NN2 ,_, particularly_RR when_CS the_AT engine_NN1 runs_VVZ in_II speed_NN1 control_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
When_CS the_AT mechanical_JJ drive_NN1 engine_NN1 is_VBZ running_VVG ,_, this_DD1 system_NN1 allows_VVZ generating_JJ capacity_NN1 either_RR from_II the_AT electric_JJ generator_NN1 or_CC from_II the_AT generating_JJ sets_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
It_PPH1 is_VBZ assumed_VVN that_CST other_JJ on-board_JJ loads_NN2 are_VBR consuming_VVG 800_MC kW_NNU of_IO power_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Fig._NN1 17(a)_FO shows_VVZ the_AT variation_NN1 of_IO brake_NN1 power_NN1 with_IW different_JJ SOI_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
As_CSA one_MC1 of_IO the_AT numerically_RR implemented_VVN methods_NN2 of_IO cohesive_JJ zone_NN1 model_NN1 ,_, cohesive_JJ element_NN1 method_NN1 (_( CEM_NP1 )_) has_VHZ been_VBN widely_RR applied_VVN to_II fracture_NN1 simulation_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
In_RR21 addition_RR22 ,_, the_AT boundary_NN1 conditions_NN2 are_VBR modified_VVN ;_; that_REX21 is_REX22 ,_, both_DB2 the_AT flexural_NN1 and_CC in-plane_NN1 displacements_NN2 on_II each_DD1 plate_NN1 are_VBR now_RT clamped_VVN at_II y=b_FO ,_, and_CC all_DB other_JJ edges_NN2 are_VBR completely_RR free_JJ ._. 
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<s>
The_AT oxygen_NN1 content_NN1 of_IO B85P15_FO is_VBZ around_RG 15%_NNU ._. 
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<s>
There_EX is_VBZ limited_JJ published_JJ data_NN for_IF shallow_JJ underwater_JJ explosions_NN2 that_CST can_VM be_VBI compared_VVN to_II the_AT current_JJ results_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Moreover_RR ,_, the_AT Dijkstra_NP1 algorithm_NN1 has_VHZ to_TO be_VBI performed_VVN only_RR once_RR for_IF each_DD1 sensor_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
However_RR ,_, in_II practice_NN1 ,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ dicult_NN1 to_TO separate_VVI the_AT incident_NN1 and_CC reflected_JJ contribution_NN1 of_IO the_AT total_JJ sound_NN1 pressure_NN1 measured_VVN above_II the_AT porous_JJ material_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT measurements_NN2 of_IO commercial_JJ ships_NN2 have_VH0 naturally_RR focused_VVN on_II the_AT most_RGT common_JJ forms_NN2 of_IO large_JJ marine_JJ vessels_NN2 (_( Matveev_NP1 ,_, 2002_MC ;_; McKenna_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2012_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
The_AT values_NN2 of_IO the_AT spatial_JJ distribution_NN1 of_IO Hs_NP2 show_VV0 that_CST the_AT nonlinear_JJ simulations_NN2 gave_VVD less_RRR Hs_NP2 at_II the_AT leeward_RL side_NN1 of_IO the_AT channel_NN1 compared_VVN with_IW the_AT linear_JJ simulations_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Dispersion_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ relates_VVZ the_AT phase_NN1 velocity_NN1 (_( or_CC wavenumber_NN1 )_) of_IO a_AT1 wave_NN1 to_II its_APPGE frequency_NN1 ,_, is_VBZ a_AT1 fundamental_JJ topic_NN1 for_IF wave_NN1 propagations_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Although_CS the_AT standard_JJ multiresonant_JJ pillared-plate_JJ model_NN1 without_IW a_AT1 hole_NN1 can_VM also_RR induce_VVI wide-_JJ and_CC lower-frequency_JJ bandgap_NN1 but_CCB introducing_VVG periodic_JJ array_NN1 of_IO holes_NN2 will_VM help_VVI intensify_VVI the_AT plate_NN1 vibration_NN1 as_II a_AT1 lesser_JJ net_JJ area_NN1 confines_NN2 the_AT multiresonant_JJ structure_NN1 that_CST subsequently_RR results_VVZ in_II the_AT amplified_JJ bandgaps_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Photo_NN1 of_IO line_NN1 heating_NN1 for_IF drop_NN1 test_NN1 model_NN1 and_CC temperature_NN1 history_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Despite_II thermal_JJ insulation_NN1 ,_, heat_VV0 continuously_RR leaks_VVZ into_II the_AT tank_NN1 ,_, vaporising_VVG the_AT LNG_NP1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT learning_NN1 speed_NN1 and_CC procedure_NN1 may_VM differ_VVI depending_II21 on_II22 how_RRQ Q_ZZ1 (_( s_ZZ1 ,_, a_ZZ1 )_) is_VBZ computed_VVN to_TO select_VVI the_AT action_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT framework_NN1 was_VBDZ demonstrated_VVN by_II characterising_VVG the_AT response_NN1 of_IO the_AT reference_NN1 double-hull_NN1 tanker_NN1 in_II collision_NN1 with_IW a_AT1 spherical_JJ iceberg_NN1 ._. 
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Two_MC significant_JJ characteristics_NN2 are_VBR then_RT derived_VVN based_VVN on_II this_DD1 comparison_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Arteconi_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
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<s>
&lsqb;_( 110_MC &rsqb;_) compare_VV0 the_AT emissions_NN2 of_IO diesel_NN1 blends_VVZ with_IW OME1_FO and_CC ten_MC other_JJ ethers_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT effect_NN1 of_IO diesel_NN1 injection_NN1 pressure_NN1 on_II the_AT rapid_JJ combustion_NN1 characteristics_NN2 in_II DMDF_NP1 mode_NN1 at_II 60%_NNU engine_NN1 load_NN1 is_VBZ shown_VVN in_II Fig._NN1 2_MC ._. 
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<s>
Typical_JJ approaches_NN2 to_II localization_NN1 include_VV0 long_RR baseline7_FO (_( based_VVN on_II trilateration_NN1 ,_, and_CC thus_RR requiring_VVG the_AT interaction_NN1 between_II the_AT device_NN1 to_TO be_VBI localized_JJ and_CC the_AT anchors_NN2 )_) ,_, short_JJ baseline_NN1 (_( usually_RR operated_VVN from_II a_AT1 single_JJ vessel_NN1 )_) ,_, and_CC ultra-short_JJ baseline_NN1 systems_NN2 ,_, 8_MC that_CST estimate_VV0 the_AT location_NN1 of_IO the_AT device_NN1 via_II time_NNT1 of_IO arrival_NN1 (_( ToA_NP1 )_) and_CC angle_NN1 of_IO arrival_NN1 measurements_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Aiming_VVG at_II the_AT issue_NN1 that_CST the_AT weak_JJ AE_FO source_NN1 is_VBZ easy_JJ to_TO be_VBI lost_VVN when_CS localizing_VVG simultaneous_JJ two_MC acoustic_JJ emission_NN1 (_( AE_FO )_) sources_NN2 by_II the_AT beamforming_JJ method_NN1 (_( BFM_NP1 )_) ,_, a_AT1 novel_JJ method_NN1 is_VBZ developed_VVN based_VVN on_II beamforming_VVG and_CC singular_JJ value_NN1 decomposition_NN1 (_( SVD_NP1 )_) ._. 
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<s>
In_II the_AT coupled_JJ method_NN1 ,_, both_DB2 the_AT external_JJ dynamics_NN and_CC the_AT internal_JJ mechanics_NN2 are_VBR evaluated_VVN directly_RR by_II numerical_JJ simulations_NN2 that_CST follow_VV0 the_AT model_NN1 of_IO Pill_NN1 and_CC Tabri_NP1 (_( 2011_MC )_) ._. 
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National_JJ Science_NN1 Foundation_NN1 (_( Grant_VV0 No_UH ._. 
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CMMI_NP1 1536834_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
The_AT effect_NN1 of_IO introducing_VVG initial_JJ deformations_NN2 on_II the_AT load-plastic_JJ displacement_NN1 curve_NN1 for_IF a_AT1 load_NN1 located_VVN in_II way_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 lower_JJR manhole_NN1 of_IO the_AT web_NN1 frame_NN1 of_IO the_AT PC_NN1 4_MC example_NN1 vessel_NN1 is_VBZ shown_VVN in_II Fig._NN1 16_MC ._. 
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Fig._NN1 9_MC shows_VVZ the_AT in-cylinder_JJ pressure_NN1 ,_, HRR_NP1 and_CC temperature_NN1 histories_NN2 for_IF different_JJ piston_NN1 bowl_NN1 depths_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
To_TO mathematically_RR model_VVI the_AT feature_NN1 ,_, the_AT initial_JJ lateral_JJ position_NN1 of_IO the_AT ship_NN1 is_VBZ set_VVN as_CSA =_FO 0_MC ,_, and_CC the_AT ship–bank_NN1 interaction_NN1 forces_NN2 increasing_VVG with_IW are_VBR defined_VVN as_CSA Y_ZZ1 '_NULL '_NULL +Y_FO '_NULL '_NULL 3_MC and_CC N_ZZ1 '_NULL '_NULL +N_FO '_NULL '_NULL 3_MC ._. 
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<s>
Number_NN1 of_IO simulated_JJ voyages_NN2 that_CST had_VHD to_TO be_VBI aborted_VVN in_BCL21 order_BCL22 to_TO complete_VVI 1000_MC voyages_NN2 containing_VVG only_JJ sea_NN1 states_VVZ in_II the_AT simulated_JJ HS_NP2 range_NN1 (_( 0–8m_NN1 )_) and_CC Tp_NP1 range_NN1 (_( 3–22s_VVZ )_) ._. 
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<s>
After_CS shuffling_NN1 ,_, the_AT ice_NN1 floes_NN2 that_CST have_VH0 already_RR passed_VVN the_AT ship_NN1 after_II colliding_VVG ,_, disappear_VV0 and_CC are_VBR arranged_VVN and_CC attached_VVN to_II the_AT end_NN1 of_IO the_AT last_MD block_NN1 for_IF the_AT next_MD turn_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
In_RR21 addition_RR22 ,_, due_II21 to_II22 combustion_NN1 characteristic_NN1 parameters_NN2 can_VM reflect_VVI the_AT reasons_NN2 of_IO energy_NN1 and_CC exergy_NN1 change_NN1 in_II working_VVG process_NN1 ,_, in-cylinder_JJ average_JJ temperature_NN1 ,_, pressure_NN1 ,_, HRR_NP1 and_CC mean_VV0 effective_JJ pressure_NN1 are_VBR selected_VVN as_CSA combustion_NN1 characteristic_NN1 parameters_NN2 in_II this_DD1 study_NN1 ,_, the_AT variation_NN1 of_IO combustion_NN1 parameters_NN2 are_VBR demonstrated_VVN in_II Fig._NN1 5_MC ._. 
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<s>
We_PPIS2 also_RR studied_VVD the_AT relation_NN1 between_II P(G)_NP1 and_CC parameters_NN2 other_II21 than_II22 D_ZZ1 and_CC h_ZZ1 ._. 
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<s>
An_AT1 inline_NN1 eight-cylinder_NN1 ,_, four-stroke_NN1 ,_, intercooled_VVD exhaust_NN1 turbocharged_VVD high-powered_NN1 ,_, medium-speed_JJ marine_JJ diesel_NN1 engine_NN1 is_VBZ used_VVN to_TO demonstrate_VVI the_AT process_NN1 proposed_VVD ._. 
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<s>
In_II two_MC cases_NN2 of_IO Wigley_NP1 III_MC ,_, however_RR ,_, there_EX is_VBZ a_AT1 slight_JJ distinction_NN1 between_II our_APPGE results_NN2 and_CC experiment_NN1 data_NN (_( Journée_NP1 ,_, 1992_MC )_) in_II the_AT prediction_NN1 of_IO pitch_NN1 movement_NN1 ,_, especially_RR for_IF its_APPGE peak_NN1 value_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ might_VM result_VVI from_II the_AT large_JJ motions_NN2 near_II the_AT response_NN1 amplitude_NN1 for_IF ignoring_VVG other_JJ nonlinear_JJ components_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
We_PPIS2 therefore_RR present_VV0 an_AT1 optimization_NN1 model_NN1 that_CST involves_VVZ both_RR design_VV0 and_CC operation_NN1 decisions_NN2 related_VVN to_II modules_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Meanwhile_RR ,_, a_AT1 deep_JJ denoising_JJ autoencoder_NN1 model_NN1 was_VBDZ introduced_VVN to_TO learn_VVI the_AT statistical_JJ difference_NN1 between_II pure_JJ speech_NN1 and_CC noisy_JJ speech_NN1 ,_, it_PPH1 can_VM effectively_RR improve_VVI speech_NN1 clarity_NN1 &lsqb;_( 26_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
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<s>
Even_CS21 if_CS22 these_DD2 values_NN2 are_VBR higher_JJR than_CSN those_DD2 suggested_VVN by_II FEMA55_FO (_( 2000_MC )_) ,_, and_CC ASCE_NP1 7–6_MCMC (_( 2016_MC )_) ,_, as_RG well_RR as_CSA by_II Blevins_NP2 (_( 1984_MC )_) for_IF pronounced_JJ subcritical_JJ flows_NN2 ,_, these_DD2 are_VBR in_II agreement_NN1 with_IW those_DD2 obtained_VVN by_II Qi_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
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<s>
(_( 2014_MC )_) for_IF similar_JJ choked_JJ flows_NN2 and_CC blockage_NN1 ratios_NN2 (_( Fig._NN1 8_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
Firstly_RR ,_, different_JJ PV_NN1 configurations_NN2 (_( that_REX21 is_REX22 ,_, the_AT connections_NN2 between_II each_DD1 PV_NN1 module_NN1 )_) are_VBR tested_VVN and_CC compared_VVN under_II typical_JJ shading_NN1 cases_NN2 on_II a_AT1 ship_NN1 ,_, and_CC the_AT optimal_JJ configuration_NN1 to_TO connect_VVI all_DB the_AT PV_NN1 modules_NN2 on_II a_AT1 ship_NN1 is_VBZ studied_VVN ._. 
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<s>
It_PPH1 is_VBZ noticed_VVN that_CST CO_NP1 emissions_NN2 is_VBZ higher_JJR at_II lower_JJR loading_NN1 condition_NN1 and_CC gradually_RR reduces_VVZ for_IF the_AT increment_NN1 in_II BMEP_NP1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT flow_NN1 rates_NN2 have_VH0 been_VBN estimated_VVN by_II integrating_VVG the_AT velocity_NN1 measured_VVN at_II the_AT outlet_NN1 plug_NN1 with_IW a_AT1 Pitot_NN1 tube_NN1 ._. 
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Compared_VVN with_IW the_AT compression-ignition_JJ diesel_NN1 engines_NN2 ,_, two_MC effective_JJ methods_NN2 are_VBR often_RR adopted_VVN to_TO improve_VVI the_AT performance_NN1 of_IO spark-ignition_JJ engines_NN2 :_: increasing_VVG the_AT compression_NN1 ratio_NN1 (_( CR_NP1 )_) and_CC using_VVG charge_NN1 dilution_NN1 combustion_NN1 ._. 
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Scaling_NN1 of_IO the_AT spectrum_NN1 resulting_VVG from_II the_AT model_NN1 is_VBZ discussed_VVN and_CC comparison_NN1 with_IW measured_JJ spectra_NN2 is_VBZ performed_VVN to_TO estimate_VVI the_AT model_NN1 constants_NN2 ._. 
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The_AT global_JJ comparison_NN1 between_II the_AT experiment_NN1 and_CC P3DCOM_FO is_VBZ quite_RG satisfying_JJ but_CCB some_DD differences_NN2 appear_VV0 ._. 
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The_AT local_JJ coordinate_NN1 system_NN1 (_( X_ZZ1 ,_, Y_ZZ1 ,_, Z_ZZ1 )_) is_VBZ selected_VVN so_CS21 that_CS22 its_APPGE Z-axis_NN1 is_VBZ the_AT symmetry_NN1 axis_NN1 of_IO the_AT carrier_NN1 and_CC XY-plane_NN1 is_VBZ the_AT voltage_NN1 divisor_NN1 plane_NN1 ._. 
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IC_JJ engine_NN1 paradigms_NN2 have_VH0 extensively_RR exploited_VVN such_DA inherent_JJ advantages_NN2 of_IO ANN_NP1 strategies_NN2 to_TO characterize_VVI both_RR SI_FW and_CC CI_NP1 engine_NN1 responses_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 may_VM not_XX always_RR be_VBI the_AT case_NN1 and_CC it_PPH1 may_VM be_VBI of_IO interest_NN1 to_TO study_VVI the_AT differences_NN2 in_II the_AT derived_JJ slosh_NN1 loads_NN2 considering_II several_DA2 physical_JJ and_CC operational_JJ conditions_NN2 of_IO filling_NN1 and_CC heading_NN1 etc_RA ._. 
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Such_DA a_AT1 strategy_NN1 is_VBZ sometimes_RT referred_VVN to_II as_CSA Integrated_JJ Emission_NN1 Management_NN1 (_( IEM_NP1 )_) ._. 
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<s>
The_AT first_MD laboratory_NN1 and_CC field_NN1 experiments_NN2 of_IO the_AT BAW_NN1 on_II ship–waterway_NN1 interaction_NN1 date_NN1 back_RP to_II the_AT 1990s_MC2 showing_VVG that_DD1 ship-induced_JJ flows_NN2 and_CC pressure_NN1 changes_NN2 lead_VV0 to_II resuspension_NN1 and_CC transport_NN1 of_IO bed_NN1 sediments_NN2 (_( Flügge_NP1 Uliczka_NP1 1996_MC )_) ._. 
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So_RR the_AT dynamic_JJ response_NN1 of_IO ship_NN1 structures_NN2 under_II slamming_VVG loads_NN2 is_VBZ conservative_JJ when_CS the_AT slamming_NN1 load_NN1 is_VBZ simplified_VVN as_II a_AT1 load_NN1 which_DDQ has_VHZ a_AT1 sinusoidal_JJ shape_NN1 ._. 
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As_CSA expected_VVN ,_, the_AT in-cylinder_JJ maximum_JJ pressure_NN1 is_VBZ higher_JJR with_IW lower_JJR EGR_NN1 rate_NN1 due_II21 to_II22 higher_JJR oxygen_NN1 quantity_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT clog_NN1 is_VBZ getting_VVG worse_JJR and_CC even_RR completely_RR blocked_VVN along_II21 with_II22 time_NNT1 if_CS no_AT measures_NN2 are_VBR taken_VVN ._. 
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Appendix_NN1 A.2_FO describes_VVZ the_AT detailed_JJ weighting_NN1 matrices_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
LNG_NP1 bunkering_VVG ,_, an_AT1 essential_JJ process_NN1 for_IF LFSs_NP1 ,_, can_VM be_VBI technically_RR categorised_VVN by_II the_AT following_JJ three_MC methods_NN2 :_: truck_NN1 to_TO ship_VVI (_( TTS_NP1 )_) ,_, ship_VV0 to_TO ship_VVI (_( STS_NP2 )_) and_CC pipeline_NN1 to_TO ship_VVI (_( PTS_NN2 )_) ._. 
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This_DD1 can_VM be_VBI explained_VVN by_II the_AT effective_JJ density_NN1 as_CSA shown_VVN in_II Figure_NN1 5a_FO ._. 
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<s>
Fig._NN1 10_MC also_RR schematically_RR shows_VVZ the_AT liquefaction_NN1 process_NN1 of_IO the_AT pipeline-seabed_JJ system_NN1 under_II continuous_JJ wave_NN1 loadings_NN2 ._. 
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The_AT crevice_NN1 wall_NN1 temperature_NN1 is_VBZ considered_VVN constant_JJ throughout_II the_AT engine_NN1 cycle_NN1 ._. 
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In_II Fig._NN1 4_MC ,_, at_II t=3.75s_FO ,_, the_AT wave_NN1 crest_NN1 impinges_VVZ on_II the_AT block_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ results_VVZ in_II a_AT1 maximum_JJ runup_NN1 elevation_NN1 of_IO max=0.2m_FO ._. 
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The_AT increased_JJ water_NN1 level_NN1 due_II21 to_II22 the_AT presence_NN1 of_IO the_AT block_NN1 is_VBZ evident_JJ up_RG21 to_RG22 0.5m_NNU (_( i.e._REX a_AT1 distance_NN1 equal_JJ to_II the_AT block_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 horizontal_JJ dimension_NN1 )_) away_II21 from_II22 the_AT block_NN1 sidewall_NN1 ._. 
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Details_NN2 of_IO uncertainty_NN1 analysis_NN1 of_IO various_JJ instruments_NN2 and_CC dynamic_JJ parameters_NN2 &lsqb;_( 8_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
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A_ZZ1 CFD_NP1 &DEM;_NULL approach_NN1 has_VHZ been_VBN introduced_VVN simulate_VV0 a_AT1 ship_NN1 advancing_VVG in_II floating_JJ ice_NN1 floes_NN2 ,_, since_CS such_DA a_AT1 condition_NN1 has_VHZ been_VBN predicted_VVN to_TO be_VBI the_AT main_JJ navigation_NN1 environment_NN1 of_IO future_JJ Arctic_JJ shipping_NN1 ._. 
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In_II this_DD1 section_NN1 ,_, six_MC single_JJ source_NN1 sound_NN1 clips_NN2 were_VBDR presented_VVN consecutively_RR to_II participants_NN2 while_CS they_PPHS2 were_VBDR exposed_VVN to_II the_AT baseline_NN1 neighborhood_NN1 view_NN1 ._. 
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Assessment_NN1 of_IO added_JJ resistance_NN1 in_II waves_NN2 based_VVN on_II Computational_JJ Fluid_NN1 Dynamics_NN and_CC physical_JJ tests_NN2 for_IF different_JJ ship_NN1 types_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
When_CS evaluating_VVG the_AT structural_JJ strength_NN1 of_IO monohull_NN1 ships_NN2 ,_, scholars_NN2 mainly_RR pay_VV0 attention_NN1 to_II the_AT influence_NN1 of_IO Vertical_JJ Bending_NN1 Moments_NN2 (_( VBM_NP1 )_) (_( Senjanovi_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2012a_FO ;_; Im_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2017_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 is_VBZ in_II31 line_II32 with_II33 the_AT 1%_NNU change_NN1 in_II fuel_NN1 consumption_NN1 reported_VVN by_II previous_JJ studies_NN2 &lsqb;_( 1_MC1 &rsqb;_) ,_, &lsqb;_( 13_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, &lsqb;_( 27_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, &lsqb;_( 35_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
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This_DD1 figure_NN1 shows_VVZ the_AT spray_NN1 contours_NN2 obtained_VVN for_IF certain_JJ conditions_NN2 (_( rail_NN1 pressure_NN1 16_MC MPa_NP1 and_CC gas_NN1 temperature_NN1 880_MC K_ZZ1 )_) at_II 1000_MC s_ZZ1 ASOI_NP1 ,_, the_AT liquid_JJ contour_NN1 can_VM be_VBI broad_JJ in_II the_AT first_MD milimiters_NN2 of_IO the_AT spray_NN1 which_DDQ would_VM explain_VVI why_RRQ the_AT angle_NN1 definitions_NN2 that_CST force_VV0 the_AT origin_NN1 would_VM yield_VVI a_AT1 very_RG big_JJ angle_NN1 when_CS the_AT length_NN1 of_IO the_AT contour_NN1 is_VBZ very_RG small_JJ ._. 
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The_AT schematic_JJ diagram_NN1 of_IO the_AT liquid/gaseous_JJ dual_JJ fuel_NN1 injection_NN1 model_NN1 ._. 
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In_II principle_NN1 ,_, a_AT1 common_JJ ,_, intermediate_JJ frequency_NN1 can_VM be_VBI chosen_VVN ,_, which_DDQ allows_VVZ the_AT excitation_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 2DsSAW_FO with_IW the_AT same_DA frequency_NN1 but_CCB slightly_RR different_JJ wavelengths_NN2 of_IO both_DB2 1DsSAWs_FO ._. 
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<s>
We_PPIS2 found_VVD that_CST DP_NP1 suffers_VVZ from_II interpolation_NN1 errors_NN2 ,_, but_CCB by_II using_VVG Extended_JJ Level-Set_JJ Dynamic_JJ Programming_NN1 (_( ELSDP_NP1 )_) and_CC Boundary-Surface_NP1 Dynamic_JJ Programming_NN1 (_( BSDP_NP1 )_) proposed_VVD in_II this_DD1 paper_NN1 ,_, we_PPIS2 can_VM increase_VVI accuracy_NN1 of_IO the_AT solution_NN1 and_CC obtain_VVI information_NN1 about_II the_AT forward_NN1 and_CC backward_JJ reachable_JJ sets_NN2 of_IO the_AT system_NN1 ,_, at_II the_AT cost_NN1 of_IO only_RR a_AT1 small_JJ increase_NN1 of_IO computational_JJ time_NNT1 ._. 
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Figure_NN1 11(a)_FO is_VBZ a_AT1 scatter_NN1 plot_NN1 of_IO the_AT actual_JJ position_NN1 error_NN1 with_IW the_AT corresponding_JJ o_ZZ1 ._. 
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IIIA_NP1 ,_, the_AT observation_NN1 range_NN1 errors_NN2 ,_, the_AT CSA_NP1 range_NN1 errors_NN2 ,_, and_CC the_AT least_RGT square_JJ fit_JJ range_NN1 errors_NN2 ,_, also_RR known_VVN as_II the_AT residuals_NN2 ,_, are_VBR analyzed_VVN to_TO determine_VVI their_APPGE statistics_NN and_CC relationship_NN1 to_II the_AT position_NN1 accuracy_NN1 using_VVG the_AT ground_NN1 truth_NN1 ._. 
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Then_RT ,_, a_AT1 mixed_JJ H∞LQR_FO controller_NN1 is_VBZ designed_VVN to_TO realize_VVI good_JJ speed_NN1 tracking_NN1 performance_NN1 for_IF the_AT marine_JJ electric_JJ propulsion_NN1 system_NN1 with_IW CAN-induced_JJ time-varying_JJ delays_NN2 and_CC propeller_NN1 load_NN1 characteristics_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
A_AT1 recent_JJ study_NN1 undertaken_VVN under_II the_AT DOE_NP1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 CoalFIRST_NP1 initiative_NN1 by_II Bechtel_NP1 and_CC Nexant7_FO ,_, it_PPH1 was_VBDZ found_VVN that_CST such_DA a_AT1 fuel_NN1 beneficiation_NN1 block_NN1 could_VM consume_VVI about_RG 4_MC to_II 5_MC MWe_NN1 of_IO power_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
High-quality_JJ data_NN for_IF vertical_JJ ship_NN1 motions_NN2 in_II port_NN1 approach_NN1 channels_NN2 have_VH0 been_VBN obtained_VVN from_II the_AT set_NN1 of_IO recent_JJ full-scale_JJ trials_NN2 of_IO container_NN1 ships_NN2 using_VVG high-accuracy_JJ GNSS_NP1 receivers_NN2 and_CC a_AT1 fixed_JJ reference_NN1 station_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT overset_JJ mesh_NN1 was_VBDZ selected_VVN because_CS significant_JJ translations_NN2 and_CC rotations_NN2 of_IO the_AT ship_NN1 due_II21 to_II22 waves_NN2 were_VBDR expected_VVN ._. 
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The_AT results_NN2 of_IO this_DD1 section_NN1 are_VBR used_VVN as_II the_AT input_NN1 for_IF the_AT modeling_NN1 in_II the_AT following_JJ section_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Moreover_RR ,_, the_AT ship_NN1 type_NN1 and_CC dimensions_NN2 must_VM be_VBI within_II the_AT range_NN1 of_IO tested_JJ conditions_NN2 ,_, making_VVG difficult_JJ to_TO predict_VVI the_AT forces_NN2 for_IF scenarios_NN2 involving_VVG new_JJ classes_NN2 of_IO ships_NN2 that_CST probably_RR were_VBDR not_XX experimentally_RR tested_VVN yet_RR ._. 
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<s>
In_II31 addition_II32 to_II33 the_AT above_JJ methods_NN2 ,_, the_AT nonlinear_JJ effects_NN2 of_IO SAW_NN1 generated_VVN by_II piezoelectric_JJ transducers_NN2 ,_, reflection_NN1 and_CC transmission_NN1 coefficient_NN1 of_IO SAW_NN1 and_CC changes_NN2 in_II amplitude_NN1 and_CC frequency_NN1 of_IO LSAW_NP1 are_VBR also_RR good_JJ applications_NN2 for_IF SAW_NN1 in_II NDT_NP1 ._. 
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Thus_RR ,_, the_AT attenuation_NN1 due_JJ to_TO travel_VVI path_NN1 change_NN1 is_VBZ neglected_VVN ._. 
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<s>
The_AT presence_NN1 of_IO counter-current_NN1 triggers_VVZ modulational_JJ instabilities_NN2 (_( Onorato_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2011_MC )_) ,_, in_RR21 particular_RR22 in_II the_AT presence_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 non-homogeneous_JJ counter-current_NN1 field_NN1 (_( Toffoli_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2013_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
The_AT oscillations_NN2 on_II yaw_NN1 motion_NN1 create_VV0 fluctuations_NN2 in_II rudder_NN1 angle_NN1 as_CSA it_PPH1 is_VBZ defined_VVN by_II a_AT1 PID_JJ controller_NN1 on_II the_AT heading_NN1 ._. 
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Due_II21 to_II22 the_AT fact_NN1 that_CST the_AT growth_NN1 rate_NN1 of_IO unstable_JJ wavelength_NN1 is_VBZ proportional_JJ to_II density_NN1 jump_NN1 across_II the_AT flame_NN1 ,_, the_AT destabilizing_JJ propensity_NN1 would_VM become_VVI stronger_JJR with_IW decreasing_JJ flame_NN1 thickness_NN1 &lsqb;_( 36_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, thus_RR the_AT flame_NN1 destabilization_NN1 of_IO various_JJ hydrogen_NN1 additions_NN2 and_CC initial_JJ pressure_NN1 could_VM be_VBI attributed_VVN to_II the_AT joint_JJ effect_NN1 of_IO diffusional-thermal_JJ and_CC hydrodynamic_JJ instability_NN1 based_VVN on_II the_AT above_JJ flame_NN1 parameters_NN2 ._. 
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In_II this_DD1 regard_NN1 ,_, the_AT device_NN1 can_VM be_VBI very_RG inefficient_JJ for_IF the_AT wave_NN1 periods_NN2 shorter_JJR than_CSN 7.14_MC s_ZZ1 ._. 
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For_IF a_AT1 given_JJ external_JJ heat_NN1 source_NN1 ,_, the_AT preliminary_JJ design_NN1 of_IO the_AT ORC_NN1 systems_NN2 is_VBZ performed_VVN by_II optimization_NN1 of_IO the_AT thermodynamic_JJ cycle_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ is_VBZ typically_RR hampered_VVN by_II technical_JJ and_CC practical_JJ constraints_NN2 ._. 
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A_AT1 narrower_JJR dwell_VV0 angle_NN1 shifts_VVZ the_AT combustion_NN1 phase_NN1 toward_II the_AT expansion_NN1 stroke_NN1 ,_, improving_VVG the_AT engine_NN1 economy_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT Inverse_JJ Method_NN1 was_VBDZ applied_VVN to_TO adapt_VVI the_AT material_NN1 parameters_NN2 of_IO a_AT1 finite_JJ element_NN1 model_NN1 of_IO the_AT setup_NN1 to_II the_AT measurement_NN1 data_NN ._. 
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Dominant_JJ factors_NN2 ,_, such_II21 as_II22 permeability_NN1 ,_, saturation_NN1 of_IO seabed_NN1 ,_, and_CC wave_NN1 height_NN1 ,_, were_VBDR important_JJ for_IF evaluating_VVG the_AT wave-induced_JJ liquefactions_NN2 around_II seabed_NN1 foundation_NN1 ._. 
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Different_JJ production_NN1 costs_NN2 are_VBR the_AT result_NN1 ._. 
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For_IF intermediate_JJ sprints_NN2 ,_, the_AT virtual_JJ shaft_NN1 speed_NN1 setting_NN1 is_VBZ increased_VVN from_II the_AT setting_NN1 that_CST provides_VVZ the_AT starting_NN1 ship_NN1 speed_NN1 to_II the_AT setting_NN1 that_CST achieves_VVZ the_AT speed_NN1 at_II the_AT end_NN1 of_IO the_AT manoeuvre_NN1 ._. 
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A_AT1 schematic_JJ diagram_NN1 of_IO the_AT engine_NN1 is_VBZ shown_VVN in_II Fig._NN1 1_MC1 ._. 
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<s>
Based_VVN on_II the_AT studies_NN2 of_IO optimum_JJ working_JJ fluids_NN2 for_IF specific_JJ heat_NN1 source_NN1 conditions_NN2 ,_, the_AT six_MC candidate_NN1 working_VVG fluids_NN2 for_IF the_AT HT-ORC_NN1 are_VBR selected_VVN and_CC are_VBR shown_VVN in_II Table1_FO ._. 
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<s>
Compared_VVN with_IW other_JJ super_JJ pixel_NN1 methods_NN2 ,_, SLIC_NP1 obtains_VVZ better_JJR boundary_NN1 fast_RR and_CC effectively_RR &lsqb;_( 16_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
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Moreover_RR ,_, a_AT1 sensitivity_NN1 analysis_NN1 was_VBDZ performed_VVN for_IF different_JJ contract_NN1 scenarios_NN2 ._. 
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Results_NN2 of_IO grid_NN1 convergence_NN1 study_NN1 are_VBR presented_VVN in_II Section_NN1 4.7_MC ._. 
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This_DD1 shows_VVZ that_DD1 RD_NN1 could_VM account_VVI for_IF some_DD scale_NN1 effects_NN2 that_CST result_VV0 in_II smaller_JJR nondimensional_JJ scour_NN1 depths_NN2 for_IF larger-scale_JJ structures_NN2 ._. 
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They_PPHS2 are_VBR made_VVN up_RP of_IO fundamental_JJ computing_NN1 units_NN2 and_CC perceptrons_NN2 ,_, which_DDQ are_VBR assembled_VVN to_TO form_VVI a_AT1 network_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT purpose_NN1 of_IO that_DD1 study_NN1 was_VBDZ to_TO simulate_VVI the_AT condensation_NN1 of_IO sulfuric_JJ acid_NN1 and_CC water_NN1 on_II heat_NN1 exchanger_NN1 surfaces_NN2 ._. 
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However_RR ,_, the_AT jets_NN2 exiting_VVG D_ZZ1 and_CC E_ZZ1 holes_NN2 exhibit_VV0 higher_JJR penetration_NN1 lengths_NN2 in_II31 comparison_II32 with_II33 the_AT previous_JJ injection_NN1 managed_VVN at_II 1000_MC bar_NN1 of_IO injection_NN1 pressure_NN1 ._. 
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Unlike_II NAH_UH ,_, beamforming_VVG can_VM provide_VVI high-resolution_JJ source_NN1 maps_NN2 at_II high_JJ frequency_NN1 ._. 
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Second_MD ,_, a_AT1 novel_JJ approach_NN1 is_VBZ proposed_VVN for_IF the_AT on-line_JJ solution_NN1 of_IO the_AT charge_NN1 depleting_VVG ECMS_NN2 control_VV0 problem_NN1 with_IW discrete_JJ variables_NN2 for_IF the_AT various_JJ engines_NN2 and_CC operating_VVG modes_NN2 ,_, by_II splitting_VVG the_AT problem_NN1 formulation_NN1 in_II convex_JJ sub-problems_NN2 ,_, and_CC combining_VVG branch_NN1 and_CC bound_VVN with_IW convex_JJ optimisation_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT errors_NN2 for_IF other_JJ outputs_NN2 were_VBDR added_VVN in_II Table_NN1 3_MC ._. 
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Nevertheless_RR ,_, the_AT practical_JJ relevance_NN1 of_IO this_DD1 subject_NN1 motivated_VVN systematic_JJ investigations_NN2 in_II the_AT use_NN1 of_IO advanced_JJ numerical_JJ methods_NN2 to_TO analyze_VVI added_JJ resistance_NN1 of_IO ships_NN2 in_II waves_NN2 ._. 
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Higher_JJR density_NN1 of_IO biodiesel_NN1 fuel_NN1 increases_VVZ the_AT amount_NN1 of_IO injected_JJ fuel_NN1 ._. 
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Automatic_JJ time_NNT1 stepping_VVG and_CC no_AT time_NNT1 functions_NN2 are_VBR set-up_NN1 for_IF the_AT structural_JJ computation_NN1 having_VHG no_AT loads_NN2 involved_JJ in_II the_AT foil_NN1 beside_II the_AT hydrodynamic_JJ pressure_NN1 deriving_VVG from_II the_AT interaction_NN1 with_IW the_AT flow_NN1 ._. 
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Also_RR ,_, there_EX is_VBZ the_AT almost_RR same_DA trend_NN1 for_IF HC_NP1 emission_NN1 as_CSA CO_NP1 emission_NN1 ._. 
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Ganjun_VV0 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
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(_( 2013_MC )_) used_VVD the_AT VOF_NN1 model_NN1 coupled_VVN with_IW the_AT turbulence_NN1 model_NN1 for_IF modeling_VVG the_AT tank_NN1 numerically_RR to_TO increase_VVI the_AT accuracy_NN1 ._. 
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Finally_RR ,_, from_II the_AT statistical_JJ analysis_NN1 of_IO all_DB the_AT free_JJ decay_NN1 tests_NN2 at_II each_DD1 advance_NN1 speed_NN1 ,_, it_PPH1 was_VBDZ found_VVN that_CST a_AT1 first_MD order_NN1 polynomial_NN1 equation_NN1 can_VM also_RR be_VBI adopted_VVN to_TO determine_VVI the_AT quadratic_JJ and_CC linear_JJ roll-damping_JJ coefficients_NN2 as_CSA function_NN1 of_IO maximum_JJ amplitude_NN1 of_IO roll_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT fuel_NN1 lean_JJ and_CC fuel_NN1 rich_JJ extinction_NN1 points_NN2 result_VV0 in_II the_AT curves_NN2 of_IO Fig._NN1 2_MC for_IF three_MC different_JJ fuel_NN1 combinations_NN2 ._. 
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Exergy_NN1 destruction_NN1 rate_NN1 of_IO one_MC1 TG_NP1 steam_NN1 turbine_NN1 in_II observed_JJ operating_NN1 range_NN1 ._. 
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Besides_RR ,_, the_AT free_JJ surface_NN1 water_NN1 oscillation_NN1 at_II the_AT pumping_NN1 chamber_NN1 measures_VVZ maximum_JJ when_CS the_AT H/L_NP1 is_VBZ minimum_JJ irrespective_II21 of_II22 the_AT curtain_NN1 wall_NN1 and_CC the_AT d/L_MC values_NN2 ._. 
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Fig._NN1 3_MC demonstrates_VVZ the_AT mass_JJ change_NN1 of_IO some_DD key_JJ species_NN for_IF the_AT medium_JJ load_NN1 case_NN1 ._. 
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In_II LS-DYNA_NP1 ,_, the_AT keyword_NN1 of_IO CONTACT_NN1 is_VBZ used_VVN to_TO define_VVI different_JJ contact_NN1 patterns_NN2 and_CC their_APPGE algorithms_NN2 ._. 
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Based_VVN on_II these_DD2 ,_, in_II the_AT following_JJ the_AT numerical_JJ results_NN2 will_VM be_VBI discussed_VVN referring_VVG to_II these_DD2 two_MC reference_NN1 points_NN2 ._. 
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As_CSA mentioned_VVN before_RT ,_, in_II this_DD1 study_NN1 the_AT availability_NN1 of_IO an_AT1 extensive_JJ series_NN of_IO free-decay_NN1 and_CC forced_JJ rolling_JJ experimental_JJ results_NN2 on_II a_AT1 scaled_JJ model_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 containership_NN1 ,_, allowed_VVD the_AT measurement_NN1 of_IO several_DA2 roll_VV0 time_NNT1 traces_NN2 and_CC maximum_JJ amplitudes_NN2 of_IO roll_NN1 at_II different_JJ advance_NN1 speeds_NN2 ._. 
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The_AT impedance_NN1 tube_NN1 method_NN1 is_VBZ mainly_RR intended_VVN for_IF measurements_NN2 under_II an_AT1 acoustic_JJ plane_NN1 wave_NN1 at_II normal_JJ incidence_NN1 ._. 
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A_AT1 conventional_JJ beamformer_NN1 ,_, or_CC any_DD matched_JJ field_NN1 technique_NN1 ,_, bases_VVZ its_APPGE multi-source_JJ localizer_NN1 from_II a_AT1 threshold_NN1 which_DDQ is_VBZ applied_VVN to_II the_AT spectrum_NN1 output_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
In_II the_AT case_NN1 of_IO offshore_JJ platforms_NN2 ,_, in_RR21 particular_RR22 ,_, most_DAT of_IO the_AT outfitting_JJ processes_NN2 relate_VV0 to_II spools_NN2 ,_, but_CCB problems_NN2 occur_VV0 due_II21 to_II22 delivery_NN1 delays_NN2 because_CS proper_JJ procurement_NN1 management_NN1 for_IF spools_NN2 is_VBZ difficult_JJ ._. 
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In_II this_DD1 research_NN1 ,_, both_RR s_ZZ1 and_CC m_ZZ1 have_VH0 a_AT1 value_NN1 equal_JJ to_II 2_MC ,_, because_II21 of_II22 the_AT type_NN1 of_IO studied_JJ engine_NN1 is_VBZ auxiliary_JJ and_CC the_AT mode_NN1 analyzed_VVN is_VBZ at_II port_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT optimal_JJ value_NN1 of_IO PN6_FO is_VBZ kept_VVN at_II 4000kPa_FO for_IF the_AT whole_JJ range_NN1 ,_, while_CS PN9_FO ,_, TN8_FO and_CC mN2_FO are_VBR heavily_RR influenced_VVN by_II the_AT composition_NN1 of_IO nitrogen_NN1 ,_, except_CS the_AT region_NN1 being_VBG close_JJ to_II pure_JJ methane_NN1 composition_NN1 ._. 
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We_PPIS2 present_VV0 results_NN2 in_II two_MC and_CC three-space_JJ dimensions_NN2 ._. 
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In_II summary_NN1 ,_, the_AT static_JJ thermal_JJ permeability_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 random_JJ fibrous_JJ medium_NN1 can_VM be_VBI related_VVN to_II the_AT fiber_NN1 radius_NN1 rf_NNU ,_, the_AT porosity_NN1 ,_, and_CC the_AT angular_JJ orientation_NN1 zz_UH ._. 
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In_II Fig._NN1 9_MC ,_, the_AT frost_NN1 heave_NN1 values_NN2 at_II the_AT four_MC measurement_NN1 points_NN2 are_VBR different_JJ ,_, and_CC follow_VV0 the_AT order_NN1 of_IO :_: δl=0_FO <_FO δl=5_FO <_FO δl=10_FO <_FO δl=15_FO ._. 
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There_EX are_VBR some_DD studies_NN2 on_II the_AT ice-structure_JJ interaction_NN1 process_NN1 ._. 
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Second_MD evaluation_NN1 is_VBZ related_VVN to_II the_AT impact_NN1 of_IO the_AT margin_NN1 from_II the_AT user_NN1 location_NN1 ,_, Mc_NNU ._. 
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However_RR ,_, the_AT hull_NN1 is_VBZ already_RR optimized_VVN to_II a_AT1 great_JJ extent_NN1 so_RG only_RR small_JJ improvements_NN2 are_VBR expected_VVN ._. 
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This_DD1 is_VBZ due_II21 to_II22 the_AT fact_NN1 that_CST no_AT experimental_JJ tool_NN1 or_CC numerical_JJ method_NN1 has_VHZ such_DA high_JJ sampling_NN1 frequency_NN1 to_TO capture_VVI the_AT entire_JJ spectrum_NN1 ._. 
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HPDF_NP1 engines_NN2 are_VBR more_RGR flexible_JJ to_II changes_NN2 in_II fuel_NN1 properties_NN2 compared_VVN with_IW other_JJ concepts_NN2 ,_, bringing_VVG additional_JJ ease_NN1 of_IO operation_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT third_MD key_JJ component_NN1 is_VBZ the_AT combination_NN1 of_IO the_AT first_MD two_MC ,_, using_VVG (_( i_ZZ1 )_) the_AT measured_JJ high_JJ temporal_JJ resolution_NN1 EOC_NN1 travel_NN1 times_NNT2 from_II each_DD1 source_NN1 and_CC (_( ii_MC )_) the_AT inclusion_NN1 of_IO c_ZZ1 as_II an_AT1 unknown_JJ to_TO be_VBI solved_VVN for_IF in_II the_AT least_DAT squares_NN2 solution_NN1 ._. 
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From_II the_AT preceding_JJ discussion_NN1 ,_, it_PPH1 can_VM be_VBI inferred_VVN that_CST the_AT turbocharger_NN1 performance_NN1 characteristics_NN2 will_VM differ_VVI as_II the_AT turbocharger_NN1 speed_NN1 ,_, pressure_NN1 ratio_NN1 and_CC flow_NN1 rate_NN1 are_VBR considerably_RR reduced_VVN in_II the_AT DF_NN1 mode_NN1 throughout_II the_AT entire_JJ operating_NN1 region_NN1 due_II21 to_II22 the_AT waste_NN1 gate_NN1 valve_NN1 opening_NN1 ._. 
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A_AT1 relatively_RR low_JJ impact_NN1 speed_NN1 will_VM result_VVI in_II a_AT1 poor_JJ clearing_JJ ability_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT recovery_NN1 of_IO information_NN1 carried_VVN by_II the_AT signal_NN1 is_VBZ difficult_JJ to_TO conduct_VVI with_IW a_AT1 minimum_JJ error_NN1 if_CS the_AT signal_NN1 of_IO interest_NN1 is_VBZ corrupted_VVN with_IW noise_NN1 ._. 
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Visually_RR ,_, the_AT other_JJ arrivals_NN2 appear_VV0 to_TO have_VHI similar_JJ statistical_JJ properties_NN2 ._. 
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It_PPH1 was_VBDZ developed_VVN at_II CMRE_NN1 with_IW the_AT collaboration_NN1 of_IO academia_NN1 ,_, industry_NN1 ,_, and_CC government_NN1 ._. 
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Therefore_RR ,_, the_AT impact_NN1 of_IO fuel_NN1 properties_NN2 of_IO the_AT diesel/butanol_NN1 blended_JJ fuel_NN1 on_II the_AT combustion_NN1 stability_NN1 through_II wavelet_NN1 power_NN1 spectrum_NN1 methodology_NN1 is_VBZ the_AT novelty_NN1 of_IO the_AT study_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT cross-correlation_JJ function_NN1 was_VBDZ theoretically_RR found_VVN to_TO follow_VVI a_AT1 sinc_NN1 function_NN1 behavior_NN1 for_IF a_AT1 perfect_JJ diffuse_JJ acoustic_JJ field_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ writes_VVZ sin(k0x)/k0x_NN1 where_CS k0_FO is_VBZ the_AT acoustic_JJ wavenumber_NN1 and_CC x_ZZ1 is_VBZ the_AT vector_NN1 distance_NN1 between_II two_MC points_NN2 (_( statistical_JJ properties_NN2 of_IO such_DA a_AT1 reverberant_JJ sound_NN1 field_NN1 are_VBR for_REX21 example_REX22 given_JJ in_II &lsqb;_( 38_MC ,_, 39_MC &rsqb;_) )_) ._. 
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An_AT1 integration_NN1 of_IO Equation_NN1 (_( 31_MC )_) and_CC repatriation_NN1 via_II the_AT energy-based_JJ approach_NN1 lead_NN1 to_II cA=0.814_FO at_II h/R=1_FU ._. 
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Henceforth_RT ,_, the_AT subscripts_NN2 i_ZZ1 and_CC s_ZZ1 will_VM be_VBI used_VVN to_TO denote_VVI the_AT initial_JJ condition_NN1 ,_, and_CC the_AT condition_NN1 past_II the_AT step_NN1 ,_, respectively_RR ._. 
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The_AT empirical_JJ drag_VV0 coefficient_NN1 CD_NN1 is_VBZ commonly_RR defined_VVN for_IF low_JJ upstream_JJ Froude_NP1 numbers_NN2 (_( Fr1_FO →_NULL 0_MC )_) and_CC is_VBZ a_AT1 function_NN1 of_IO the_AT blockage_NN1 ratio_NN1 β_NULL ._. 
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In_II this_DD1 case_NN1 ,_, initial_JJ conditions_NN2 and_CC transient_JJ effects_NN2 can_VM enhance_VVI rather_CS21 than_CS22 degrade_VVI the_AT accuracy_NN1 of_IO the_AT estimated_JJ model_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT manoeuvring_NN1 text_NN1 includes_VVZ ships_NN2 names_NN2 ,_, visibility_NN1 conditions_NN2 ,_, close-quarters_NN2 situation_NN1 and_CC the_AT COLREGs_NP2 rule_VV0 to_TO apply_VVI ._. 
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The_AT time_NNT1 step_NN1 size_NN1 roughly_RR corresponds_VVZ to_II the_AT transient_JJ time_NNT1 of_IO an_AT1 acoustic_JJ wave_NN1 through_II an_AT1 element_NN1 using_VVG the_AT shortest_JJT characteristic_JJ distance_NN1 ._. 
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Figure_VV0 1_MC1 highlights_VVZ two_MC possible_JJ CO2_FO emission_NN1 pathways_NN2 up_RG21 to_RG22 2100_MC and_CC their_APPGE effect_NN1 on_II the_AT average_JJ temperature_NN1 on_II Earth_NN1 compared_VVN to_II the_AT pre-industrial_JJ era_NN1 ._. 
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This_DD1 study_NN1 focused_VVN on_II path_NN1 optimization_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 marine_JJ vehicle_NN1 by_II considering_VVG the_AT dynamic_JJ characteristics_NN2 of_IO the_AT vehicle_NN1 and_CC disturbance_NN1 effects_NN2 due_II21 to_II22 ocean_NN1 currents_NN2 ._. 
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By_II introducing_VVG only_RR the_AT R2_FO correction_NN1 ,_, trivially_RR Fujii_JJ and_CC Takahashi_NP1 (_( 1975_MC )_) took_VVD into_II account_NN1 the_AT first_MD phenomenon_NN1 but_CCB not_XX the_AT second_NNT1 ._. 
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For_IF each_DD1 test_NN1 case_NN1 ,_, the_AT 3_MC m_NNO long_JJ studs_NN2 are_VBR sym_NN1 metrically_RR placed_VVN around_II the_AT middle_NN1 of_IO the_AT floor_NN1 ._. 
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In_II the_AT simulations_NN2 of_IO this_DD1 paper_NN1 ,_, two_MC vertical_JJ layers_NN2 were_VBDR used_VVN as_RR21 well_RR22 ._. 
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The_AT main_JJ determining_JJ factor_NN1 of_IO safety_NN1 distances_NN2 and_CC speeds_NN2 is_VBZ the_AT ice_NN1 concentration_NN1 ._. 
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As_CSA can_VM be_VBI seen_VVN ,_, the_AT advanced_JJ fuel_NN1 injection_NN1 timing_NN1 is_VBZ helpful_JJ for_IF reducing_VVG the_AT peak_NN1 HC_NP1 emissions_NN2 ._. 
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The_AT basic_JJ idea_NN1 behind_II those_DD2 applications_NN2 is_VBZ that_CST an_AT1 encounter_NN1 of_IO two_MC or_CC more_DAR ships_NN2 can_VM be_VBI considered_VVN safe_JJ if_CS neither_DD1 of_IO ship_NN1 domains_NN2 is_VBZ intruded_VVN by_II other_JJ ships_NN2 ._. 
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This_DD1 is_VBZ because_CS the_AT corresponding_JJ data_NN error_NN1 variances_NN2 are_VBR smaller_JJR ._. 
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The_AT high_JJ pressure_NN1 fuel_NN1 system_NN1 is_VBZ composed_VVN of_IO a_AT1 Resato_NN1 high_JJ pressure_NN1 pump_NN1 and_CC a_AT1 pressure_NN1 regulator_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT present_JJ simulation_NN1 result_NN1 is_VBZ slightly_RR high_JJ ._. 
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More_DAR emphasis_NN1 is_VBZ placed_VVN on_II reducing_VVG wetted_JJ surface_NN1 as_CSA viscous_JJ resistance_NN1 is_VBZ a_AT1 major_JJ contributor_NN1 to_II overall_JJ resistance_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT localization_NN1 method_NN1 that_CST has_VHZ been_VBN applied_VVN consistently_RR in_II the_AT modeling_NN1 of_IO the_AT Hamiltonian_JJ has_VHZ overcome_VVN problems_NN2 related_VVN to_II the_AT Gibbs_NP1 phenomenon_NN1 that_CST may_VM occur_VVI when_CS dealing_VVG with_IW nonsmooth_NN1 problems_NN2 ._. 
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Temperature_NN1 contour_NN1 plots_NN2 of_IO the_AT cylinder_NN1 cross-section_NN1 located_VVN at_II the_AT center_NN1 of_IO mass_NN1 of_IO the_AT SO3_FO cloud_NN1 for_IF pinit-20%_FO at_II (_( a_ZZ1 )_) 10_MC ,_, (_( c_ZZ1 )_) 15_MC ,_, (_( e_ZZ1 )_) 25_MC ,_, (_( g_ZZ1 )_) 40_MC CAD_NN1 ATDC_NN1 and_CC pinit+20%_FO at_II (_( b_ZZ1 )_) 10_MC ,_, (_( d_ZZ1 )_) 15_MC ,_, (_( f_ZZ1 )_) 25_MC ,_, (_( h_ZZ1 )_) 40_MC CAD_NN1 ATDC_NN1 ._. 
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In_II 2010_MC ,_, Ciresan_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
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&lsqb;_( 22_MC &rsqb;_) applied_VVD the_AT simple_JJ CNN_NP1 in_II the_AT classification_NN1 of_IO handwritten_JJ digits_NN2 and_CC obtained_VVD high_JJ classification_NN1 accuracy_NN1 ._. 
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Li_NP1 et_NP1 al.17_FO proposed_VVD a_AT1 scheme_NN1 of_IO realizing_VVG a_AT1 standing_NN1 wave_NN1 tube_NN1 by_II acoustic_JJ impedance_NN1 control_NN1 ._. 
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So_RR the_AT calculation_NN1 efficiency_NN1 of_IO RKPM_NP1 is_VBZ lower_JJR than_CSN that_DD1 of_IO FEM_NN1 ._. 
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These_DD2 works_NN are_VBR mainly_RR focused_VVN on_II the_AT experimental_JJ validation_NN1 of_IO the_AT mentioned_VVN features_NN2 ,_, and_CC lack_VV0 a_AT1 theoretical_JJ analysis_NN1 of_IO wave_NN1 behavior_NN1 in_II a_AT1 tortuous_JJ channel_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT segmented_JJ elastic_JJ model_NN1 simplifies_VVZ the_AT floating_JJ structure_NN1 as_II a_AT1 continuous_JJ elastic_JJ beam_NN1 and_CC some_DD of_IO segmented_JJ hulls_NN2 ._. 
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It_PPH1 could_VM be_VBI achieved_VVN by_II various_JJ concepts_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 improvement_NN1 of_IO the_AT ship_NN1 hull_NN1 form_NN1 taking_VVG into_II account_NN1 the_AT resistance_NN1 both_RR in_II the_AT calm_JJ water_NN1 and_CC under_II the_AT real_JJ environmental_JJ conditions_NN2 ,_, selection_NN1 of_IO ship_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 engine/propulsion_NN1 system_NN1 ,_, deployment_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 novel_JJ approach_NN1 to_II dynamic_JJ and_CC adaptive_JJ weather_NN1 route_NN1 planning_NN1 ,_, etc_RA ._. 
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The_AT DAI_NP1 strategy_NN1 using_VVG DB_NP1 to_II weight_NN1 feature_NN1 matrices_NN2 can_VM highlight_VVI the_AT features_NN2 with_IW better_JJR discriminative_JJ ability_NN1 ._. 
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Twenty-seven_MC hydrophones_NN2 were_VBDR arranged_VVN around_II the_AT periphery_NN1 of_IO the_AT sea_NN1 pen_NN1 ;_; these_DD2 consisted_VVN of_IO eight_MC TC-4034_MC hydrophones_NN2 (_( Teledyne_NP1 RESON_NP1 A/S_ZZ1 ,_, Slangerup_NP1 ,_, Denmark_NP1 )_) ,_, 12_MC high-frequency_JJ ,_, autonomous_JJ digital_JJ sound_NN1 recorders_NN2 (_( SoundTraps_NP1 ,_, Ocean_NN1 Instruments_NN2 NZ_NP1 ,_, Auckland_NP1 ,_, New_NP1 Zealand_NP1 )_) ,_, and_CC seven_MC TC-4013_MC hydrophones_NN2 (_( Teledyne_NP1 RESON_NP1 A/S_ZZ1 ,_, Slangerup_NP1 ,_, Denmark_NP1 )_) ,_, which_DDQ were_VBDR arranged_VVN in_II a_AT1 star-array_NN1 (_( as_CSA used_VVN in_II Ladegaard_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2017_MC )_) and_CC placed_VVN near_II one_MC1 corner_NN1 of_IO the_AT sea_NN1 pen_NN1 (_( Fig._NN1 1_MC1 )_) ._. 
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All_DB IDTs_NN2 are_VBR excited_VVN with_IW the_AT same_DA power_NN1 at_II equal_JJ frequency_NN1 (_( 23.69_MC MHz_NNU )_) ._. 
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These_DD2 results_NN2 mean_VV0 that_CST the_AT boundaries_NN2 of_IO the_AT wall_NN1 do_VD0 not_XX vibrate_VVI (_( the_AT transverse_JJ displacement_NN1 is_VBZ equal_JJ to_TO zero_VVI on_II the_AT edges_NN2 of_IO the_AT walls_NN2 )_) ;_; this_DD1 is_VBZ a_AT1 realistic_JJ boundary_NN1 condition_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT combustion_NN1 parameters_NN2 of_IO the_AT function_NN1 as_CSA combustion_NN1 duration_NN1 ,_, premixed_VVD and_CC diffusive_JJ combustion_NN1 shape_NN1 parameters_NN2 ,_, are_VBR varied_VVN at_II different_JJ loads_NN2 of_IO ME_NN1 as_II a_AT1 function_NN1 of_IO engine_NN1 speed_NN1 ,_, ignition_NN1 delay_NN1 ,_, air–fuel_VV0 ratio_NN1 ,_, in-cylinder_JJ pressure_NN1 and_CC temperature_NN1 at_II the_AT ignition_NN1 time_NNT1 &lsqb;_( 73_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
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The_AT in-cylinder_JJ pressure_NN1 sensors_NN2 and_CC the_AT CA_NP1 encoder_VVI are_VBR indicated_VVN in_II Fig._NN1 1_MC1 ,_, so_RR are_VBR the_AT engine_NN1 block_NN1 ,_, the_AT air-path_NN1 ,_, the_AT fuel-path_NN1 ,_, and_CC additional_JJ (_( production_NN1 type_NN1 )_) sensors_NN2 ._. 
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A_AT1 comparison_NN1 of_IO the_AT FE_NP1 analysis_NN1 and_CC the_AT experimental_JJ results_NN2 are_VBR presented_VVN in_II Fig._NN1 69_MC ._. 
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To_TO maintain_VVI a_AT1 balance_NN1 between_II the_AT degree_NN1 of_IO evolution_NN1 (_( exploration_NN1 )_) and_CC individual_JJ improvement_NN1 (_( exploitation_NN1 )_) ,_, only_RR a_AT1 portion_NN1 of_IO the_AT population_NN1 individuals_NN2 undergo_VV0 the_AT learning_NN1 ._. 
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These_DD2 vortex_VV0 structures_NN2 might_VM help_VVI promote_VVI the_AT fuel_NN1 and_CC ambient_JJ air_NN1 mixing_NN1 ._. 
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In_II last_MD decade_NNT1 the_AT use_NN1 of_IO new_JJ and_CC advanced_JJ combustion_NN1 strategies_NN2 along_II21 with_II22 alternative_JJ fuels_NN2 in_II internal_JJ combustion_NN1 engines_NN2 is_VBZ of_IO global_JJ interest_NN1 to_TO achieve_VVI higher_JJR fuel_NN1 economy_NN1 and_CC lower_JJR pollutant_NN1 emissions_NN2 ._. 
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The_AT main_JJ contribution_NN1 of_IO this_DD1 study_NN1 lies_VVZ in_II a_AT1 complete_JJ procedure_NN1 from_II raw_JJ data_NN analysis_NN1 to_II NN_NP1 modelling_NN1 to_II short-/long-term_JJ prediction_NN1 of_IO different_JJ aspects_NN2 of_IO ship_NN1 motion_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT similar_JJ phenomenon_NN1 can_VM be_VBI observed_VVN in_II Fig._NN1 19(d)_FO around_II defect_NN1 3–5_MCMC ._. 
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Energy_NN1 flow_NN1 analysis_NN1 has_VHZ been_VBN developed_VVN and_CC studied_VVN by_II many_DA2 researchers_NN2 to_TO analyze_VVI acoustic_JJ energy_NN1 in_II the_AT medium_NN1 to_II high_JJ frequency_NN1 ranges_NN2 ._. 
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Furthermore_RR ,_, the_AT error_NN1 is_VBZ substantially_RR constant_JJ for_IF every_AT1 considered_JJ test_NN1 function_NN1 ,_, and_CC this_DD1 is_VBZ surely_RR a_AT1 remarkable_JJ feature_NN1 ._. 
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As_CSA illustrated_VVN in_II Fig._NN1 4_MC ,_, for_IF a_AT1 given_JJ mode_NN1 m_ZZ1 and_CC a_AT1 fixed_JJ source–receiver_NN1 range_NN1 ,_, 0,2_MC now_RT increases_VVZ as_CSA frequency_NN1 increases_NN2 ._. 
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After_CS the_AT geometry_NN1 is_VBZ incorporated_VVN ,_, a_AT1 modal_JJ analysis_NN1 is_VBZ performed_VVN for_IF the_AT solution_NN1 of_IO the_AT whole_JJ system_NN1 using_VVG the_AT unsymmetric_JJ algorithm_NN1 ._. 
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If_CS the_AT model_NN1 is_VBZ terminated_VVN at_II the_AT inner_JJ skin_NN1 ,_, there_EX is_VBZ a_AT1 risk_NN1 that_CST buckling_NN1 of_IO the_AT inner_JJ decks_NN2 ,_, especially_RR for_IF ships_NN2 with_IW high_JJ polar_JJ class_NN1 ,_, goes_VVZ unchecked_JJ ._. 
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The_AT supercritical_JJ configuration_NN1 reaches_VVZ the_AT best_JJT performance_NN1 among_II the_AT two-stage_JJ ORC_NN1 systems_NN2 ,_, achieving_VVG a_AT1 work_NN1 production_NN1 of_IO 2306.6_MC MW_NNU h_ZZ1 and_CC a_AT1 thermal_JJ efficiency_NN1 of_IO 12.6%_FO at_II 15.5_MC knots_NN2 ._. 
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The_AT uncertainty_NN1 analysis_NN1 using_VVG the_AT Monte_NP1 Carlo_NP1 method_NN1 &lsqb;_( 90_MC &rsqb;_) was_VBDZ carried_VVN out_RP on_II the_AT assumed_JJ parameters_NN2 in_BCL21 order_BCL22 to_TO evaluate_VVI the_AT effect_NN1 of_IO their_APPGE uncertainty_NN1 on_II the_AT results_NN2 ._. 
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This_DD1 combustion_NN1 process_NN1 is_VBZ characteristic_JJ of_IO the_AT Otto_NP1 cycle_NN1 as_II31 opposed_II32 to_II33 the_AT Diesel_NN1 cycle_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT fresh_JJ air_NN1 is_VBZ compressed_VVN by_II the_AT compressor_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT force_NN1 magnitude_NN1 was_VBDZ 884_MC ,_, 1,569_MC ,_, and_CC 3,032_MC kN_NNU ,_, respectively_RR ._. 
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Therefore_RR ,_, using_VVG the_AT specific_JJ fuel_NN1 consumption_NN1 rate_NN1 ,_, CjME_NN1 of_IO 190g/kWh_NNU ,_, PME_NN1 of_IO 12800kW_NNU ,_, Carbon_NN1 Conversion_NN1 factor_NN1 of_IO 3.206_MC for_IF Diesel/Gas_NN1 Oil_NN1 and_CC engine_NN1 load_NN1 factor_NN1 of_IO 0.2_MC ,_, a_AT1 CO2_FO emission_NN1 rate_NN1 of_IO 1559.4kg/h_FU is_VBZ obtained_VVN ._. 
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Additionally_RR ,_, limited_JJ research_NN1 work_NN1 suggests_VVZ a_AT1 practical_JJ solution_NN1 to_TO avoid_VVI the_AT endothermic_JJ effect_NN1 of_IO water_NN1 and_CC ethanol_NN1 when_CS added_VVN to_II diesel_NN1 engines_NN2 ._. 
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This_DD1 is_VBZ understandable_JJ since_CS an_AT1 abrupt_JJ thickness_NN1 variation_NN1 generates_VVZ more_RGR significant_JJ impedance_NN1 mismatch_NN1 at_II interfaces_NN2 ,_, thus_RR creating_VVG more_RGR complex_JJ wave_NN1 reflections_NN2 and_CC interactions_NN2 ._. 
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The_AT vertical_JJ boundaries_NN2 of_IO the_AT soil_NN1 surface_NN1 were_VBDR set_VVN to_TO allow_VVI for_IF displacement_NN1 in_II the_AT vertical_JJ direction_NN1 only_RR ,_, whereas_CS the_AT bottom_JJ surface_NN1 was_VBDZ fixed_VVN ._. 
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The_AT display_NN1 '_NULL look_VV0 ahead_RL '_NULL view_VV0 for_IF scenario_NN1 1_MC1 ;_; 25min_NNU from_II turning_NN1 to_II port_NN1 by_II 15°_NNU ._. 
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To_TO better_RRR understand_VVI potential_JJ physical_JJ effects_NN2 on_II fishes_NN2 ,_, Pacific_NP1 sardines_NN2 (_( Sardinops_NP1 sagax_NN1 )_) were_VBDR placed_VVN in_II cages_NN2 at_II mid-depth_NN1 at_II distances_NN2 of_IO 18_MC to_II 246_MC m_NNO from_II a_AT1 single_JJ mid-depth_NN1 detonation_NN1 of_IO C4_FO explosive_JJ (_( 4.66_MC kg_NNU net_JJ explosive_JJ weight_NN1 )_) ._. 
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Although_CS the_AT best_JJT point_NN1 scheme_NN1 provides_VVZ a_AT1 good_JJ estimation_NN1 of_IO the_AT bearing_NN1 in_II these_DD2 simulations_NN2 ,_, its_APPGE distance_NN1 error_NN1 is_VBZ still_RR very_RG significant_JJ ,_, with_IW 80%_NNU of_IO the_AT errors_NN2 being_VBG greater_JJR than_CSN 100m_NNU ._. 
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Moreover_RR ,_, while_CS the_AT tail_NN1 of_IO the_AT error_NN1 distribution_NN1 for_IF the_AT best_JJT point_NN1 scheme_NN1 is_VBZ better_JJR than_CSN for_IF the_AT algorithms_NN2 in_II Ref_NN1 ._. 
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In_RR21 addition_RR22 the_AT oxygen_NN1 content_NN1 of_IO oxygenated_JJ fuels_NN2 cause_VV0 increase_NN1 in_II the_AT water_NN1 solubility_NN1 of_IO OC_NP1 ,_, resulting_VVG in_II higher_JJR formation_NN1 of_IO polar_JJ organic_JJ compound_NN1 and_CC WSOC_NP1 &lsqb;_( 47_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
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These_DD2 enable_VV0 estimation_NN1 of_IO ship_NN1 attainable_JJ speed_NN1 to_II a_AT1 useful_JJ level_NN1 and_CC have_VH0 contributed_VVN significantly_RR to_II the_AT practical_JJ ship_NN1 design_NN1 and_CC operation_NN1 planning_NN1 ._. 
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This_DD1 is_VBZ because_CS the_AT oxygen_NN1 content_NN1 of_IO DMC_NP1 makes_VVZ the_AT combustion_NN1 sufficient_JJ ,_, and_CC the_AT fuel_NN1 is_VBZ sufficiently_RR mixed_VVN with_IW the_AT oxygen_NN1 ,_, so_CS the_AT number_NN1 and_CC mass_JJ concentration_NN1 of_IO PM_NP1 are_VBR lowered_VVN ._. 
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Synthetic_JJ fuels_NN2 ,_, as_CSA an_AT1 indirect_JJ electrification_NN1 option_NN1 ,_, are_VBR a_AT1 viable_JJ solution_NN1 to_TO achieve_VVI emission_NN1 reduction_NN1 goals_NN2 ._. 
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The_AT propagation_NN1 path_NN1 of_IO the_AT generated_JJ wave_NN1 is_VBZ a_AT1 function_NN1 of_IO the_AT pump_NN1 wave_NN1 frequencies_NN2 ._. 
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The_AT maximum_JJ differences_NN2 in_II BTE_NP1 at_II each_DD1 load_NN1 are_VBR less_DAR than_CSN 1%_NNU for_IF fuels_NN2 with_IW different_JJ fuel_NN1 properties_NN2 in_II the_AT current_JJ study_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ means_VVZ the_AT difference_NN1 in_II BTE_NP1 is_VBZ very_RG small_JJ ._. 
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The_AT negative_JJ MCE_NN1 value_NN1 indicates_VVZ that_CST one_MC1 strategy_NN1 has_VHZ larger_JJR energy_NN1 saving_NN1 and_CC also_RR smaller_JJR negative_JJ cost_NN1 (_( i.e._REX larger_JJR benefit_NN1 )_) ,_, which_DDQ dominates_VVZ the_AT other_JJ strategy_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT diesel_NN1 engine_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 speed_NN1 governor_NN1 typically_RR fulfils_VVZ this_DD1 task_NN1 with_IW a_AT1 PID_JJ controller_NN1 ._. 
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A2_FO zz_UH +_FO Bzz_NP1 +_FO C._ZZ1 Hence_RR the_AT power_NN1 requirement_NN1 to_TO move_VVI a_AT1 cubic_JJ metre_NNU1 of_IO air_NN1 in_II January_NPM1 is_VBZ 0.09_MC kWe/_NN1 (_( m3/s_FU )_) while_CS in_II September_NPM1 it_PPH1 is_VBZ 0.22_MC kWe/_NN1 (_( m3/s_FU )_) ._. 
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<s>
The_AT central_JJ stiffener_NN1 was_VBDZ still_RR upright_RL and_CC both_DB2 side_NN1 stiffeners_NN2 were_VBDR slightly_RR inclined_JJ towards_II the_AT outside_JJ (_( about_II 6.5–7.6°_FO )_) ._. 
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They_PPHS2 have_VH0 used_VVN Zernike_NP1 moments_NN2 to_TO represent_VVI the_AT shape-dependent_JJ features_NN2 and_CC a_AT1 back-propagation_JJ neural_JJ network_NN1 (_( BPNN_NP1 )_) as_CSA target_NN1 classifier_NN1 ._. 
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Strip_NN1 methods_NN2 have_VH0 been_VBN widely_RR applied_VVN in_II practice_NN1 &lsqb;_( 13_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
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Figure_NN1 4_MC gives_VVZ a_AT1 diagram_NN1 to_TO illustrate_VVI the_AT comparison_NN1 between_II the_AT ESM_NN1 and_CC the_AT MTRM_NP1 ._. 
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The_AT method_NN1 maintains_VVZ a_AT1 sharp_JJ and_CC stable_JJ air-water_JJ interface_NN1 ,_, and_CC shows_VVZ that_CST the_AT method_NN1 is_VBZ accurate_JJ for_IF large_JJ scale_NN1 and_CC complex_JJ free_JJ surface_NN1 problems_NN2 ._. 
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In_II summary_NN1 ,_, the_AT maximum_JJ percentage_NN1 errors_NN2 between_II the_AT reference_NN1 values_NN2 ,_, which_DDQ can_VM be_VBI measured_VVN results_NN2 or_CC CFD_NP1 results_NN2 ,_, and_CC estimated_VVD responses_NN2 of_IO the_AT system_NN1 for_IF all_DB cases_NN2 which_DDQ can_VM be_VBI obtained_VVN with_IW Eq_NN1 ._. 
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20_MC are_VBR less_DAR than_CSN 15_MC %_NNU ._. 
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We_PPIS2 simplify_VV0 the_AT process_NN1 for_IF possible_JJ theoretical_JJ treatment_NN1 ._. 
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Especially_RR this_DD1 year_NNT1 (_( 2018_MC )_) ,_, there_EX have_VH0 been_VBN many_DA2 problems_NN2 caused_VVN by_II the_AT heat_NN1 wave_NN1 around_II the_AT world_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT received_JJ noise_NN1 level_NN1 increases_VVZ slightly_RR as_CSA the_AT vessel_NN1 opens_VVZ in_II range_NN1 after_II CPA_NP1 ,_, presumably_RR owing_II21 to_II22 greater_JJR stern-aspect_JJ noise_NN1 radiation_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT spatial_JJ and_CC temporal_JJ ice_NN1 pressure_NN1 distributions_NN2 of_IO test_NN1 7_MC :_: (_( a_ZZ1 )_) mean_VV0 ice_NN1 pressure_NN1 ;_; (_( b_ZZ1 )_) peak_NN1 ice_NN1 pressure_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT manoeuvring_NN1 derivatives_NN2 of_IO the_AT sway_NN1 and_CC yaw_VV0 motions_NN2 can_VM be_VBI estimated_VVN using_VVG empirical_JJ formulae_NN2 (_( Inoue_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 1981_MC )_) ._. 
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Nevertheless_RR ,_, in_II the_AT following_JJ numerical_JJ examples_NN2 ,_, the_AT initial_JJ impacts_NN2 are_VBR assumed_VVN to_TO be_VBI elastic_JJ ._. 
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The_AT steering_NN1 timing_NN1 of_IO Step3_FO was_VBDZ slower_RRR than_CSN that_DD1 of_IO Step0_FO ,_, and_CC this_DD1 implied_VVD that_CST the_AT response_NN1 of_IO Step3_FO had_VHD worsened_VVN ._. 
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The_AT end-caps_NN2 also_RR serve_VV0 as_II the_AT counterweights_NN2 ._. 
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Only_RR the_AT area_NN1 of_IO most_DAT stable_JJ operation_NN1 was_VBDZ considered_VVN for_IF computation_NN1 of_IO mean_JJ values_NN2 ._. 
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In_II31 addition_II32 to_II33 demonstrating_VVG the_AT procedures_NN2 for_IF practicing_VVG engineers_NN2 ,_, a_AT1 modification_NN1 of_IO the_AT EGL_NN1 method_NN1 is_VBZ proposed_VVN for_IF when_RRQ the_AT ASCE-provided_JJ inundation_NN1 depth_NN1 at_II the_AT inundation_NN1 limit_NN1 is_VBZ not_XX 0_MC ._. 
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In_II this_DD1 paper_NN1 ,_, multi-grade_JJ waste_NN1 heat_NN1 distributions_NN2 of_IO the_AT diesel_NN1 engine_NN1 were_VBDR initially_RR studied_VVN to_TO reveal_VVI waste_NN1 energy_NN1 characteristics_NN2 ._. 
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Whereas_CS the_AT minimum_JJ value_NN1 is_VBZ found_VVN to_TO be_VBI 4.88%_FO at_II 50%_NNU load_NN1 with_IW 400bar_FO of_IO FIP_NN1 for_IF 4ms_FO methanol_NN1 injection_NN1 duration_NN1 at_II a_AT1 rate_NN1 of_IO 0.274564kg/hr_NNU ._. 
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The_AT results_NN2 show_VV0 improvement_NN1 in_II fuel_NN1 consumption_NN1 by_II about_II 23.9%_FO for_IF dual_JJ fuel_NN1 model_NN1 (_( BDFM24.5_FO )_) as_CSA compared_VVN to_II Karanja_NP1 methyl_NN1 ester_JJR biodiesel_NN1 ._. 
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According_II21 to_II22 "_" Total_JJ Cost_NN1 "_" ,_, the_AT performance_NN1 from_II the_AT best_RRT to_II the_AT worst_JJT are_VBR Case_NN1 1_MC1 (_( "_" Ideal_JJ "_" )_) ,_, Case_NN1 6_MC (_( "_" AMPC_NP1 "_" )_) ,_, Case_NN1 3_MC (_( "_" LP-Only_JJ "_" )_) ,_, Case_NN1 2_MC (_( "_" Frozen_JJ prediction_NN1 "_" )_) ,_, Case_NN1 5_MC (_( "_" IO-LP_NN1 "_" )_) ,_, and_CC Case_NN1 4_MC (_( "_" IO-Only_JJ "_" )_) at_II both_DB2 sea_NN1 states_VVZ 4_MC and_CC 6_MC ._. 
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The_AT authors_NN2 would_VM like_VVI to_TO thank_VVI Frank_JJ Kupper_NN1 of_IO TNO_NP1 Automotive_NP1 for_IF fruitful_JJ discussions_NN2 on_II topic_NN1 of_IO this_DD1 paper_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT nonlinear_JJ deformation_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 pressurized_JJ membrane_NN1 leads_VVZ to_II a_AT1 somewhat_RR complex_JJ nonlinear_JJ stress_NN1 state_NN1 ,_, where_CS the_AT in-plane_NN1 stress_NN1 resultant_JJ T_ZZ1 is_VBZ no_RR21 longer_RR22 homogeneous_JJ across_II the_AT membrane_NN1 surface_NN1 ._. 
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In_RR21 addition_RR22 ,_, another_DD1 optimal_JJ objective_NN1 ,_, the_AT CO_NP1 emissions_NN2 ,_, has_VHZ a_AT1 reduction_NN1 of_IO about_II 33.55%_FO ._. 
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Additional_JJ control_NN1 authority_NN1 can_VM be_VBI added_VVN through_II the_AT feedforward_JJ terms_NN2 in_II the_AT heat_NN1 exchangers_NN2 allowing_VVG selective_JJ cooling_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT angle_NN1 space_NN1 can_VM be_VBI divided_VVN into_II a_AT1 larger_JJR number_NN1 of_IO intervals_NN2 to_TO improve_VVI the_AT results_NN2 in_II31 common_II32 with_II33 the_AT position_NN1 space_NN1 ,_, but_CCB the_AT computational_JJ demand_NN1 increases_VVZ with_IW the_AT number_NN1 of_IO intervals_NN2 ._. 
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This_DD1 stand-on_NN1 behaviour_NN1 means_VVZ that_CST it_PPH1 takes_VVZ the_AT OS_NP2 far_RR away_II21 from_II22 the_AT planned_JJ trajectory_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
As_CSA expected_VVN it_PPH1 was_VBDZ observed_VVN that_CST the_AT data_NN logged_VVN during_II the_AT considered_JJ period_NN1 showed_VVD a_AT1 periodical_NN1 pattern_NN1 with_IW time_NNT1 ,_, which_DDQ means_VVZ that_CST the_AT operational_JJ conditions_NN2 on_II each_DD1 trip_NN1 were_VBDR similar_JJ ._. 
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The_AT relation_NN1 between_II the_AT variation_NN1 of_IO the_AT inhomogeneous_JJ thickness_NN1 and_CC the_AT position_NN1 is_VBZ ._. 
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However_RR ,_, there_RL exist_VV0 cases_NN2 in_II which_DDQ the_AT MV_NNU is_VBZ bound_VVNK to_TO control_VVI the_AT specific_JJ CV_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ includes_VVZ ,_, (_( 1_MC1 )_) the_AT valve_NN1 for_IF a_AT1 BOG_NN1 feed_NN1 stream_NN1 utilized_VVN for_IF controlling_VVG BOG_NN1 flow_NN1 rate_NN1 being_VBG fed_VVN to_II the_AT liquefaction_NN1 unit_NN1 (_( 1MV-CV_JJ pairing_NN1 for_IF Case_NN1 1_MC1 and_CC 1MV-CV_JJ pairing_NN1 for_IF Case_NN1 2_MC )_) ,_, (_( 2_MC )_) valve_NN1 of_IO vapor_NN1 outlet_NN1 stream_NN1 from_II a_AT1 flash_JJ separator_NN1 to_TO control_VVI the_AT pressure_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 flash_JJ separator_NN1 (_( 1MV-CV_JJ pairing_NN1 for_IF Case_NN1 1_MC1 and_CC 1MV-CV_JJ pairing_NN1 for_IF Case_NN1 2_MC )_) ,_, (_( 3_MC )_) the_AT duty_NN1 of_IO an_AT1 intercooler_NN1 to_TO regulate_VVI the_AT intercooler_NN1 outlet_NN1 temperature_NN1 (_( 2MV-CV_JJ pairings_NN2 for_IF Case_NN1 1_MC1 and_CC 4_MC for_IF Case_NN1 2_MC )_) ,_, (_( 4_MC )_) duty_NN1 of_IO preheater_NN1 to_TO adjust_VVI outlet_NN1 temperature_NN1 (_( 1MV-CV_JJ pairing_NN1 for_IF Case_NN1 2_MC )_) and_CC (_( 5_MC )_) the_AT speed_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 pump_NN1 for_IF controlling_VVG pump_NN1 outlet_NN1 pressure_NN1 (_( 1MV-CV_JJ pairing_NN1 for_IF Case_NN1 1_MC1 and_CC 1MV-CV_JJ pairing_NN1 for_IF Case_NN1 2_MC )_) ._. 
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In_II this_DD1 section_NN1 ,_, phenomena_NN2 relevant_JJ to_II the_AT wave-vessel_NN1 or_CC wave-offshore_JJ structure_NN1 interaction_NN1 are_VBR presented_VVN and_CC work_VV0 to_TO simulate_VVI these_DD2 subjects_NN2 is_VBZ reviewed_VVN ._. 
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During_II the_AT voyage_NN1 ,_, the_AT battery_NN1 charging_NN1 mode_NN1 works_VVZ when_RRQ the_AT following_JJ two_MC conditions_NN2 are_VBR satisfied_JJ :_: (_( 1_MC1 )_) the_AT rated_JJ power_NN1 Pgen_NN1 of_IO the_AT genset_NN1 exceeds_VVZ the_AT power_NN1 demand_NN1 Preq_NP1 ;_; (_( 2_MC )_) the_AT battery_NN1 SOC_NN1 is_VBZ less_DAR than_CSN Bup_NP1 ._. 
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Hydrocarbon_NN1 emissions_NN2 (_( HC_NP1 )_) with_IW engine_NN1 loads_NN2 for_IF various_JJ EGR_NN1 percentages_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT increasing_JJ number_NN1 of_IO contract_NN1 options_NN2 that_CST may_VM be_VBI available_JJ for_IF a_AT1 ship_NN1 owner_NN1 once_RR reconfiguration_NN1 is_VBZ an_AT1 opportunity_NN1 explains_VVZ this_DD1 ._. 
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<s>
In_RR21 addition_RR22 ,_, neither_RR the_AT pseudo_JJ input_NN1 nor_CC the_AT pseudo_JJ output_NN1 signals_NN2 (_( irrespective_II21 of_II22 the_AT noise_NN1 )_) can_VM be_VBI expected_VVN to_TO be_VBI white_JJ ,_, thus_RR complicating_VVG the_AT consistency_NN1 analysis_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 effect_NN1 influences_VVZ the_AT flow_NN1 all_DB along_II the_AT rudder_NN1 surface_NN1 inside_II the_AT slipstream_NN1 ,_, as_CSA shown_VVN in_II Fig._NN1 13(b)_FO ,_, (_( c_ZZ1 )_) ,_, and_CC (_( d_ZZ1 )_) ._. 
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<s>
In_II the_AT present_JJ work_NN1 ,_, the_AT rod_NN1 response_NN1 due_II21 to_II22 the_AT impact_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 ball_NN1 is_VBZ studied_VVN in_BCL21 order_BCL22 to_TO analyze_VVI the_AT longitudinal_JJ wave_NN1 propagation_NN1 during_II the_AT impact_NN1 and_CC evaluate_VV0 the_AT velocity_NN1 of_IO points_NN2 over_II the_AT rod_NN1 length_NN1 at_II the_AT end_NN1 of_IO impact_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT main_JJ form_NN1 of_IO water–water_JJR transshipment_NN1 is_VBZ transportation_NN1 from_II seagoing_JJ ships_NN2 to_II inland_JJ river_NN1 barges_NN2 ._. 
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The_AT coupled_JJ FPM_NP1 is_VBZ proposed_VVN to_TO model_VVI wave_NN1 and_CC structure_NN1 interaction_NN1 ._. 
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This_DD1 can_VM also_RR be_VBI observed_VVN from_II Figs_NN2 ._. 
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In_RR21 addition_RR22 ,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ well_RR recognised_VVN that_CST the_AT global_JJ warming_NN1 causes_VVZ the_AT reducing_JJ land–ice_NN1 cover_NN1 in_II the_AT Arctic_JJ region_NN1 ._. 
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Model_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 vessel_NN1 after_II rendering_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT method_NN1 proposed_VVN in_II &lsqb;_( 13_MC &rsqb;_) used_VVD the_AT order_NN1 statistic–constant_JJ false_JJ alarm_NN1 rate_NN1 (_( OS-CFAR_NP1 )_) 2-D_JJ to_II segment_NN1 SSS_NP1 images_NN2 ._. 
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To_TO meet_VVI the_AT requirements_NN2 of_IO long_JJ time_NNT1 acquisition_NN1 ,_, fixed-point_JJ measurement_NN1 platform_NN1 emerged_VVD ._. 
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<s>
Compression_NN1 ratio_NN1 is_VBZ another_DD1 important_JJ engine_NN1 parameter_NN1 which_DDQ also_RR has_VHZ a_AT1 significant_JJ effect_NN1 on_II combustion_NN1 and_CC performance_NN1 characteristics_NN2 of_IO HCCI_JJ engines_NN2 &lsqb;_( 30_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
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The_AT technologically-simplest_JJT of_IO these_DD2 is_VBZ water_NN1 electrolysis_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ produces_VVZ hydrogen_NN1 from_II water_NN1 using_VVG electricity_NN1 &lsqb;_( 10_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, &lsqb;_( 33_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, &lsqb;_( 38_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, &lsqb;_( 39_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, &lsqb;_( 40_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, &lsqb;_( 41_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
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Alternatively_RR ,_, by_II increasing_VVG the_AT pinch_NN1 point_NN1 temperature_NN1 difference_NN1 between_II the_AT working_JJ and_CC cooling_VVG fluids_NN2 while_CS keeping_VVG the_AT working_JJ fluid_NN1 condensation_NN1 pressure_NN1 ,_, the_AT temperature_NN1 rise_NN1 of_IO the_AT cooling_JJ fluid_NN1 may_VM be_VBI increased_VVN and_CC the_AT hence_RR mass_JJ flow_NN1 rate_NN1 of_IO the_AT cooling_JJ fluid_NN1 may_VM be_VBI reduced_VVN ,_, causing_VVG a_AT1 reduction_NN1 in_II pump/fan_NN1 power_NN1 consumption_NN1 ._. 
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On_II the_AT other_JJ hand_NN1 ,_, the_AT operation_NN1 range_NN1 is_VBZ relatively_RR narrow_JJ ._. 
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Also_RR ,_, hydrogen_NN1 direct_JJ injection_NN1 can_VM result_VVI in_II the_AT increase_NN1 of_IO the_AT volumetric_JJ efficiency_NN1 ,_, and_CC restrain_VV0 the_AT knock_NN1 risk_NN1 and_CC reduce_VV0 backfire_VV0 &lsqb;_( 28_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, &lsqb;_( 29_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
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Consequently_RR ,_, when_CS considering_VVG the_AT application_NN1 of_IO this_DD1 approach_NN1 to_II other_JJ ship-ice_JJ data_NN sets_NN2 ,_, additional_JJ considerations_NN2 are_VBR needed_VVN ._. 
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Sabra_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
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&lsqb;_( 15_MC &rsqb;_) used_VVD TFD_NP1 for_IF the_AT numerical_JJ study_NN1 of_IO the_AT MFE_NN1 of_IO elastic_JJ spherical_JJ shells_NN2 in_II both_DB2 monostatic_JJ and_CC bistatic_JJ detection_NN1 ._. 
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So_RR the_AT quaywall_NN1 affects_VVZ the_AT hydrodynamic_JJ force_NN1 greatly_RR ._. 
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Underwater_JJ hydrophone_NN1 was_VBDZ set_VVN on_II the_AT seabed_NN1 in_II water_NN1 areas_NN2 with_IW the_AT 500m_NNU depth_NN1 ._. 
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Through_II a_AT1 comparison_NN1 of_IO the_AT TEG_NN1 power_NN1 between_II the_AT model_NN1 results_NN2 and_CC experimental_JJ results_NN2 ,_, the_AT highest_JJT error_NN1 of_IO 4.6%_FO occurs_VVZ when_RRQ the_AT temperature_NN1 difference_NN1 is_VBZ lower_JJR than_CSN 100°C_NNU ._. 
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When_CS τ_NULL kiiTs≥Ts_FO ,_, the_AT control_NN1 signal_NN1 u(ki)_NN2 will_VM act_VVI on_II the_AT bottom_JJ actuator_NN1 after_II the_AT time_NNT1 of_IO kTs_NNU ,_, and_CC the_AT action_NN1 signal_NN1 u(ki)_NN2 will_VM all_DB be_VBI updated_VVN by_II the_AT control_NN1 signal_NN1 u(ki1)_FO ,_, whose_DDQGE interval_NN1 size_NN1 is_VBZ Ts_ZZ2 (_( Liu_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2018_MC )_) ._. 
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In_II the_AT case_NN1 of_IO rich_JJ fuel_NN1 condition_NN1 (_( =_FO 0.8_MC )_) ,_, the_AT advantage_NN1 of_IO pre-chamber_JJ TJI_NN1 is_VBZ not_XX obvious_JJ especially_RR at_II higher_JJR pressure_NN1 ,_, and_CC the_AT flame_NN1 propagation_NN1 rate_NN1 can_VM only_RR be_VBI increased_VVN by_II 1.1_MC times_NNT2 at_II Pinitial_NP1 =_FO 1.5_MC MPa_NP1 ._. 
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An_AT1 overall_JJ agreement_NN1 among_II the_AT results_NN2 is_VBZ confirmed_VVN ._. 
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Following_VVG the_AT mistakes_NN2 ,_, the_AT residual_JJ parameter_NN1 estimations_NN2 become_VV0 suspect_NN1 ._. 
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Fig._NN1 26_MC gives_VVZ some_DD examples_NN2 of_IO 2-parameter_JJ Weibull_NN1 plots_NN2 ._. 
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A_AT1 comprehensive_JJ statistical_JJ analysis_NN1 of_IO ice-induced_JJ hull_NN1 loads_NN2 and_CC use_NN1 of_IO equivalent_JJ ice_NN1 thickness_NN1 in_II this_DD1 context_NN1 can_VM be_VBI found_VVN in_II Kujala_NP1 (_( 1996_MC )_) and_CC Kujala_NP1 (_( 1994_MC )_) ._. 
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Ice_NN1 season_NNT1 is_VBZ from_II December_NPM1 to_II March_NPM1 in_II this_DD1 region_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT simulation_NN1 is_VBZ divided_VVN in_II 4_MC timings_NN2 :_: Initialisation_NN1 ,_, OceanWave3D_FO ,_, DualSPHysics_NP1 and_CC Overhead_JJ time_NNT1 ._. 
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In_II this_DD1 case_NN1 ,_, the_AT piston_NN1 can_VM not_XX be_VBI expected_VVN to_TO generate_VVI useful_JJ work_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
To_TO avoid_VVI a_AT1 high_JJ pressure_NN1 ratio_NN1 of_IO compressor_NN1 K-5_FO due_II21 to_II22 low_JJ discharge_NN1 pressure_NN1 of_IO the_AT fourth_MD compressor_NN1 (_( K-4_FO )_) ,_, the_AT ratio_NN1 was_VBDZ constrained_VVN to_TO be_VBI below_RG 4_MC ._. 
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<s>
It_PPH1 is_VBZ hard_JJ to_TO define_VVI a_AT1 proper_JJ range_NN1 for_IF the_AT bearing_NN1 capacity_NN1 since_CS it_PPH1 is_VBZ not_XX modelled_VVN in_II a_AT1 unified_JJ manner_NN1 (_( see_VV0 Table_NN1 1_MC1 )_) ._. 
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However_RR ,_, the_AT soot_NN1 emissions_NN2 of_IO P40_FO and_CC P50_FO were_VBDR maintained_VVN at_II a_AT1 lower_JJR level_NN1 throughout_II the_AT entire_JJ experimental_JJ range_NN1 of_IO EGR_NN1 rates_NN2 ._. 
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In_RR21 general_RR22 ,_, the_AT wave_NN1 crest_NN1 is_VBZ better_RRR reproduced_VVN than_CSN the_AT wave_NN1 trough_NN1 ,_, with_IW the_AT wave_NN1 trough_NN1 being_VBG more_RGR frequently_RR underestimated_VVN than_CSN overestimated_VVN ._. 
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Hence_RR all_DB such_DA stimuli_NN2 are_VBR referred_VVN to_II here_RL as_CSA spectral_JJ ripple_NN1 noise_NN1 (_( SRn_NN1 )_) ._. 
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Fourth_MD industrial_JJ revolution_NN1 ,_, i.e._REX ,_, categorized_VVD as_CSA Industry_NN1 4.0_MC ,_, that_DD1 is_VBZ facilitated_VVN by_II large-scale_JJ data_NN (_( i.e._REX ,_, so-called_JJ big_JJ data_NN )_) with_IW machine_NN1 learning_NN1 and_CC artificial_JJ intelligence_NN1 technologies_NN2 will_VM have_VHI the_AT greatest_JJT impact_NN1 on_II humanity_NN1 ._. 
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This_DD1 is_VBZ discussed_VVN in_II the_AT future_NN1 ._. 
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It_PPH1 should_VM be_VBI noted_VVN that_CST the_AT appropriateness_NN1 of_IO this_DD1 technique_NN1 was_VBDZ approved_VVN outside_RL but_CCB not_XX inside_II the_AT porous_JJ medium_NN1 ._. 
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Comparison_NN1 of_IO the_AT computed_JJ added_JJ mass_JJ coefficients_NN2 for_IF different_JJ advance_NN1 ratios_NN2 :_: (_( a_ZZ1 )_) @_II ;_; (_( b_ZZ1 )_) @_II ;_; (_( c_ZZ1 )_) @_II ._. 
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The_AT working_JJ schedules_NN2 of_IO the_AT diesel_NN1 engines_NN2 are_VBR provided_VVN in_II Fig._NN1 11_MC for_IF the_AT four_MC designs_NN2 ._. 
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If_CS the_AT value_NN1 in_II Table_NN1 3_MC is_VBZ normalized_VVN by_II maximal_JJ value_NN1 in_II each_DD1 column_NN1 ,_, the_AT normalized_JJ scatter_NN1 spots_NN2 can_VM be_VBI plotted_VVN in_II Fig._NN1 10_MC ._. 
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Another_DD1 representative_JJ approach_NN1 is_VBZ the_AT model_NN1 by_II Lubbad_NP1 and_CC L?set_NP1 &lsqb;_( 17_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, which_DDQ adopts_VVZ closed-form_JJ solutions_NN2 for_IF ice_NN1 breaking_VVG modelling_NN1 and_CC simulates_VVZ the_AT motion_NN1 of_IO broken_JJ ice_NN1 pieces_NN2 numerically_RR ._. 
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The_AT problem_NN1 was_VBDZ solved_VVN using_VVG MATLAB_NP1 GA_NP1 toolbox_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT two_MC layers_NN2 are_VBR distributed_VVN on_II the_AT both_DB2 sides_NN2 of_IO the_AT steel_NN1 plate_NN1 in_II the_AT combination_NN1 I_ZZ1 ,_, while_CS the_AT two_MC layers_NN2 connected_VVN to_II each_PPX221 other_PPX222 are_VBR distributed_VVN on_II the_AT one_MC1 side_NN1 of_IO the_AT steel_NN1 plate_NN1 in_II the_AT combination_NN1 II_MC ._. 
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<s>
With_IW the_AT continuous_JJ rise_NN1 in_II world_NN1 oil_NN1 prices_NN2 and_CC increasing_JJ environmental_JJ awareness_NN1 ,_, how_RRQ to_TO improve_VVI ship_NN1 energy_NN1 efficiency_NN1 and_CC reduce_VVI ship_NN1 pollution_NN1 emissions_NN2 has_VHZ become_VVN a_AT1 common_JJ concern_NN1 of_IO the_AT shipping_NN1 industry_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
These_DD2 emissions_NN2 are_VBR due_II21 to_II22 fuel_NN1 passing_VVG through_II the_AT engine_NN1 without_IW being_VBG burned_VVN ._. 
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<s>
How_RGQ much_DA1 do_VD0 cyclic_JJ load_NN1 variations_NN2 affect_VV0 the_AT fuel_NN1 consumption_NN1 and_CC NOx_NN1 emissions_NN2 compared_VVN to_II the_AT estimation_NN1 provided_VVN by_II a_AT1 quasi-steady_JJ mapping_NN1 method_NN1 ?_? 
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<s>
The_AT proposed_JJ method_NN1 provides_VVZ the_AT best_JJT results_NN2 over_II the_AT whole_JJ frequency_NN1 range_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT color_NN1 of_IO the_AT lemongrass_NN1 varies_VVZ from_II dark_JJ yellow_NN1 to_II amber_NN1 including_II reddishness_NN1 and_CC it_PPH1 has_VHZ odour_NN1 that_DD1 of_IO similar_JJ to_II the_AT odour_NN1 of_IO lemon_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 is_VBZ demonstrated_VVN experimentally_RR on_II a_AT1 sample_NN1 made_VVN of_IO melamine_NN1 foam_NN1 lamellas_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
All_DB tested_JJ scenarios_NN2 were_VBDR analyzed_VVN in_II31 terms_II32 of_II33 horizontal_JJ force_NN1 ,_, cantilever_VV0 arm_NN1 ,_, and_CC impulse_NN1 acting_VVG on_II the_AT building_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
For_IF emissions_NN2 ,_, it_PPH1 can_VM improve_VVI NOx_NP1 ,_, CO_NP1 and_CC HC_NP1 emissions_NN2 simultaneously_RR for_IF most_DAT of_IO EGR_NN1 conditions_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Then_RT ,_, the_AT fuel_NN1 inside_II the_AT bowl_NN1 was_VBDZ combusted_VVN almost_RR completely_RR at_II SOC+25_FO CAD_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
In_RR21 addition_RR22 ,_, another_DD1 optical_JJ backscatter_NN1 probe_NN1 was_VBDZ regularly_RR lowered_VVN to_II the_AT canal_NN1 bed_NN1 during_II the_AT vessel-based_JJ measurements_NN2 to_TO record_VVI vertical_JJ turbidity_NN1 profiles_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Wind_VV0 driven_JJ currents_NN2 are_VBR also_RR generated_VVN and_CC their_APPGE effects_NN2 will_VM be_VBI discussed_VVN in_II §5_FO ._. 
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<s>
Therefore_RR ,_, under_II different_JJ load_NN1 conditions_NN2 where_RRQ the_AT increment_NN1 ratio_NN1 of_IO cycle_NN1 fuel_NN1 injection_NN1 is_VBZ set_VVN as_CSA 1.28%_FO ,_, the_AT effect_NN1 of_IO the_AT ER_NP1 on_II the_AT power_NN1 generation_NN1 of_IO the_AT PT_NN1 is_VBZ studied_VVN ._. 
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<s>
The_AT results_NN2 for_IF the_AT given_JJ model_NN1 show_VV0 that_CST the_AT received_JJ acoustic_JJ field_NN1 has_VHZ little_DA1 sensitivity_NN1 to_TO EOF_VVI coefficients_NN2 ,_, indicating_VVG that_CST the_AT little_JJ variation_NN1 of_IO SSP_NP1 does_VDZ not_XX make_VVI a_AT1 significant_JJ change_NN1 to_II the_AT received_JJ acoustic_JJ field_NN1 at_II such_DA a_AT1 short_JJ range_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Hence_RR ,_, the_AT NOx_NN1 emission_NN1 is_VBZ lower_JJR ._. 
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<s>
Fig._NN1 7_MC gives_VVZ the_AT obtained_VVN optimal_JJ power_NN1 flows_NN2 ,_, in_II which_DDQ P5_FO and_CC P6_FO are_VBR all_DB 0_MC during_II the_AT entire_JJ hoteling_JJ period_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Theoretically_RR ,_, the_AT oblique_JJ wave_NN1 is_VBZ apt_JJ to_TO excite_VVI the_AT prominently_RR torsion_NN1 vibration_NN1 of_IO the_AT structure_NN1 ,_, the_AT stresses_NN2 of_IO the_AT results_NN2 should_VM contain_VVI the_AT component_NN1 of_IO the_AT effect_NN1 of_IO the_AT torsion_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
A_AT1 complication_NN1 associated_VVN with_IW observation_NN1 of_IO near_JJ surface_NN1 phenomena_NN2 is_VBZ the_AT presence_NN1 of_IO the_AT water_NN1 surface_NN1 in_II the_AT field_NN1 of_IO view_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ gives_VVZ rise_NN1 to_II internal_JJ surface_NN1 reflections_NN2 towards_II the_AT camera_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
A_AT1 1/3_MF power_NN1 law_NN1 with_IW the_AT Weber_NP1 number_NN1 was_VBDZ confirmed_VVN for_IF the_AT breakup_NN1 distance_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Then_RT ,_, they_PPHS2 migrate_VV0 in_II upwave_NN1 direction_NN1 and_CC ,_, soon_RR after_CS ,_, dissipate_VV0 ._. 
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The_AT time_NNT1 curves_NN2 of_IO spray_NN1 penetration_NN1 distance_NN1 at_II different_JJ ambient_JJ pressure_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Within_II components_NN2 of_IO HAGGIS_NN1 ,_, each_DD1 one_PN1 has_VHZ its_APPGE functionality_NN1 and_CC works_VVZ interactively_RR ._. 
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<s>
Then_RT measurements_NN2 of_IO the_AT BDFI_NN1 in_II two_MC reverberant_JJ chambers_NN2 are_VBR presented_VVN in_II steady_JJ state_NN1 conditions_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT model_NN1 of_IO the_AT hybrid_JJ propulsion_NN1 and_CC power_NN1 generation_NN1 plant_NN1 and_CC its_APPGE control_NN1 is_VBZ illustrated_VVN in_II Fig._NN1 4_MC and_CC uses_VVZ the_AT modular_JJ ,_, hierarchical_JJ and_CC causal_JJ modelling_NN1 approach_NN1 ,_, as_CSA discussed_VVN in_II Colonna_NP1 and_CC Van_NP1 Putten_NP1 (_( 2007_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
The_AT ST300HF_FO recorder_NN1 consists_VVZ of_IO a_AT1 calibrated_JJ omnidirectional_JJ hydrophone_NN1 (_( sensitivity_NN1 203dB_FO re_II V/Pa_NNU ,_, range_NN1 0.02_MC to_II 150kHz_FO )_) ,_, pre-amplifier_JJ and_CC digital_JJ recorder_NN1 (_( set_VV0 at_II high_JJ gain_NN1 ,_, 16-bit_NN1 ,_, 288kHz_FO sampling_NN1 rate_NN1 )_) ._. 
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<s>
In_RR21 addition_RR22 ,_, the_AT cycle_NN1 correction_NN1 coefficient_NN1 was_VBDZ adjusted_VVN to_TO calibrate_VVI the_AT BMEP_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Mode_NN1 8_MC ,_, illustrated_VVN in_II Fig._NN1 8_MC over_II a_AT1 more_RGR restricted_JJ 9km×9km_FO region_NN1 ,_, is_VBZ the_AT first_MD mode_NN1 that_CST very_RG clearly_RR displays_VVZ refraction/reflection_NN1 from_II the_AT canyon_NN1 wall_NN1 opposite_II the_AT source_NN1 location_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Some_DD complete_JJ band_NN1 gaps_NN2 caused_VVN by_II the_AT thickness_NN1 changes_NN2 appear_VV0 in_II different_JJ cases_NN2 ,_, which_DDQ can_VM be_VBI seen_VVN in_II Fig._NN1 3_MC ._. 
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<s>
However_RR ,_, the_AT secondary_JJ path_NN1 is_VBZ usually_RR time_NNT1 varying_VVG or_CC nonlinear_JJ ,_, implying_VVG that_CST online_RR secondary_JJ path_NN1 modeling_NN1 (_( OSPM_NP1 )_) is_VBZ required_VVN to_TO track_VVI such_DA changes_NN2 and_CC ensure_VVI the_AT convergence_NN1 ,_, stability_NN1 ,_, and_CC accuracy_NN1 of_IO AANC_NP1 system_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Fig._NN1 40_MC shows_VVZ the_AT force_NN1 and_CC elevation_NN1 time_NNT1 trace_NN1 for_IF wave_NN1 steepness_NN1 8%_NNU for_IF the_AT set-up_NN1 with_IW riser_NN1 balcony_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Nonetheless_RR it_PPH1 excites_VVZ all_DB the_AT duct_NN1 resonances_NN2 adequately_RR ._. 
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<s>
The_AT average_JJ deviation_NN1 between_II the_AT projected_JJ and_CC estimated_JJ route_NN1 was_VBDZ 1.60_MC m_NNU (_( standard_JJ deviation_NN1 :_: 0.95_MC m_NNU )_) ._. 
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<s>
Moreover_RR ,_, the_AT Hogner_NN1 theory_NN1 is_VBZ more_RGR sensitive_JJ to_II changes_NN2 in_II hull_NN1 form_NN1 ,_, and_CC consequently_RR better_RRR suited_VVN for_IF hull-form_JJ optimization_NN1 ,_, than_CSN the_AT Michell_NP1 theory_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
There_EX is_VBZ no_AT set_NN1 rule_NN1 to_TO decide_VVI upon_II the_AT number_NN1 of_IO generations_NN2 for_IF any_DD given_JJ GA_NP1 problem_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 confirms_VVZ with_IW the_AT fact_NN1 that_CST for_IF all_DB the_AT three_MC cases_NN2 of_IO disturbances_NN2 ,_, the_AT acoustic_JJ pressures_NN2 are_VBR comparatively_RR higher_JJR at_II 3rd_MD and_CC 4th_MD microphones_NN2 which_DDQ are_VBR more_RGR sensitive_JJ to_II the_AT 2nd_MD acoustic_JJ mode_NN1 and_CC since_RR ,_, the_AT acoustic_JJ pressure_NN1 at_II other_JJ microphones_NN2 ,_, which_DDQ are_VBR sensitive_JJ to_II other_JJ modes_NN2 ,_, is_VBZ much_DA1 less_DAR ,_, this_DD1 indicates_VVZ that_CST the_AT proposed_JJ estimation_NN1 scheme_NN1 is_VBZ correctly_RR predicting_VVG a_AT1 higher_JJR amplitude_NN1 for_IF the_AT 2nd_MD acoustic_JJ mode_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Under_II similar_JJ injection_NN1 retardation_NN1 ,_, the_AT peak_NN1 HRR_NP1 also_RR experiences_VVZ a_AT1 drop_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Spring-type_JJ acoustic_JJ coating_NN1 is_VBZ used_VVN and_CC the_AT stiffness_NN1 per_II unit_NN1 area_NN1 is_VBZ 1X106(1+0.1i)Nm-3_FO ._. 
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<s>
For_IF the_AT porous_JJ structure_NN1 composed_VVD a_AT1 high–permeability_NN1 medium_NN1 ,_, such_II21 as_II22 coarse_JJ sand_NN1 ,_, gravel_NN1 ,_, rock_NN1 ,_, wave_NN1 block_NN1 ,_, etc._RA ,_, the_AT turbulent_JJ frictional_JJ resistance_NN1 can_VM not_XX be_VBI ignored_VVN ,_, meaning_VVG that_CST Forchheimer_NP1 flow_NN1 is_VBZ to_TO be_VBI considered_VVN ._. 
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<s>
So_RR ,_, the_AT deployment_NN1 height_NN1 of_IO the_AT interceptors_NN2 needed_VVN to_TO be_VBI increased_VVN when_CS percentage_NN1 of_IO x/B_ZZ1 increase_NN1 ,_, depending_II21 on_II22 the_AT speed_NN1 of_IO the_AT hull_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
It_PPH1 shows_VVZ that_CST the_AT changes_NN2 in_II the_AT level_NN1 of_IO factors_NN2 on_II the_AT test_NN1 results_NN2 are_VBR not_XX the_AT same_DA ._. 
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<s>
Heavy_JJ Duty_NN1 Diesel_NN1 Engines_NN2 are_VBR widely_RR used_VVN in_II several_DA2 applications_NN2 ,_, such_II21 as_II22 power_NN1 generation_NN1 ,_, commercial_JJ vehicles_NN2 and_CC ship_NN1 propulsion_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
It_PPH1 follows_VVZ from_II the_AT asymptotic_JJ quantization_NN1 condition_NN1 (_( see_VV0 ,_, for_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, Eq_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
(_( 3_MC )_) in_II &lsqb;_( 6_MC &rsqb;_) )_) that_CST the_AT ray_NN1 action_NN1 grows_VVZ linearly_RR with_IW the_AT mode_NN1 number_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Furthermore_RR ,_, fuel_NN1 cells_NN2 are_VBR considered_VVN as_CSA solutions_NN2 for_IF producing_VVG part_NN1 of_IO the_AT ship_NN1 electric_JJ energy_NN1 since_CS they_PPHS2 exhibit_VV0 great_JJ potential_NN1 as_CSA components_NN2 of_IO complex_JJ energy_NN1 systems_NN2 &lsqb;_( 25_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
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<s>
The_AT steepening_JJ term_NN1 of_IO the_AT force_NN1 curve_NN1 ,_, Xforce_NP1 ,_, with_IW error_NN1 bars_NN2 of_IO two_MC standard_JJ errors_NN2 ,_, as_CSA a_AT1 function_NN1 of_IO the_AT normalised_JJ source_NN1 velocity_NN1 amplitude_NN1 (_( Mach_NNU number_NN1 )_) for_IF different_JJ frequencies_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Hence_RR ,_, there_EX is_VBZ a_AT1 potential_JJ to_TO increase_VVI the_AT fuel-efficiency_NN1 of_IO the_AT considered_JJ engine_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT prediction_NN1 error_NN1 between_II the_AT actual_JJ and_CC the_AT estimated_JJ source_NN1 location_NN1 remains_VVZ stable_JJ on_II a_AT1 low_JJ level_NN1 (_( approximately_RR errs_VVZ )_) for_IF all_DB six_MC sources_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT ice_NN1 sheet_NN1 fails_VVZ into_II ice_NN1 rubble_NN1 and_CC the_AT blocks_NN2 within_II the_AT rubble_NN1 pile_NN1 interact_VV0 with_IW each_PPX221 other_PPX222 ,_, the_AT unbroken_JJ part_NN1 of_IO the_AT ice_NN1 sheet_NN1 ,_, the_AT structure_NN1 ,_, and_CC the_AT seabed_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Kees_NP2 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
(_( 2011_MC )_) introduced_VVD a_AT1 new_JJ conservative_JJ level_JJ set_NN1 method_NN1 for_IF modeling_VVG wave_NN1 breaking_VVG ._. 
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<s>
At_II this_DD1 point_NN1 ,_, it_PPH1 should_VM be_VBI noted_VVN that_CST the_AT 90°_NNU phase_NN1 shift_NN1 induced_VVN by_II propagation_NN1 through_II a_AT1 caustic_JJ is_VBZ carried_VVN by_II the_AT amplitude_NN1 An_AT1 in_II Eqs_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT decision_NN1 variables_NN2 used_VVN for_IF this_DD1 research_NN1 are_VBR divided_VVN into_II three_MC groups_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 simulator_NN1 was_VBDZ officially_RR opened_VVN in_II 2012_MC and_CC is_VBZ a_AT1 result_NN1 of_IO several_DA2 research_NN1 projects_VVZ that_CST have_VH0 been_VBN conducted_VVN during_II more_DAR than_CSN ten_MC years_NNT2 in_II close_JJ cooperation_NN1 with_IW Petrobras_NP2 ,_, research_NN1 institutes_NN2 and_CC universities_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Figure_NN1 9_MC shows_VVZ calculation_NN1 results_NN2 of_IO propeller_NN1 torque_NN1 in_II adverse_JJ weather_NN1 conditions_NN2 at_II TP=10s_FO ._. 
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<s>
The_AT raft_NN1 holding_VVG both_DB2 hydrophones_NN2 was_VBDZ placed_VVN approximately_RR 3m_NNU (_( 10ft_NNU )_) from_II the_AT bank_NN1 of_IO the_AT pond_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Only_RR the_AT dynamic_JJ pressure_NN1 fluctuations_NN2 are_VBR obtained_VVN through_II ITP_NP1 measurement_NN1 ,_, however_RR ,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ accurate_JJ to_TO represent_VVI the_AT operation_NN1 frequency_NN1 of_IO RDE_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
For_IF this_DD1 fleet_NN1 ,_, the_AT capacity_NN1 increment_NN1 is_VBZ equal_JJ to_II 10%_NNU ._. 
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<s>
Resulting_JJ relation_NN1 between_II optimization_NN1 index_NN1 J_ZZ1 ,_, margin_NN1 Mc_NN1 ,_, and_CC number_NN1 of_IO nodes_NN2 Nn_NP1 is_VBZ presented_VVN in_II Fig._NN1 14_MC ._. 
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<s>
Hydraulic_JJ model_NN1 tests_NN2 (_( see_VV0 for_REX21 example_REX22 Johnson_NP1 ,_, 1957_MC )_) can_VM be_VBI reproduced_VVN quite_RG well_RR by_II depth-averaged_NN1 ,_, phase-resolving_JJ wave_NN1 models_NN2 (_( see_VV0 Liu_NP1 and_CC Wu_NP1 ,_, 2004_MC ,_, Dam_VV0 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2006_MC ,_, Bayraktar_NP1 and_CC Beji_NP1 ,_, 2013_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Indeed_RR it_PPH1 is_VBZ sufficient_JJ to_TO gain_VVI 5%_NNU of_IO extra_JJ capacity_NN1 to_TO see_VVI some_DD points_NN2 ,_, hence_RR fleets_NN2 ,_, crossing_VVG the_AT limit_NN1 of_IO 100%_NNU in_II success_NN1 of_IO gas_NN1 delivery_NN1 (_( see_VV0 for_REX21 instance_REX22 the_AT orange_JJ line_NN1 curve_NN1 corresponding_VVG to_II CM=5%_FO )_) ._. 
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<s>
The_AT elementary_JJ reaction_NN1 and_CC the_AT corresponding_JJ step_NN1 numbers_NN2 are_VBR listed_VVN in_II Table_NN1 2_MC ._. 
</s>
<s>
Finally_RR ,_, EEOI_NP1 measures_VVZ the_AT energy_NN1 efficiency_NN1 of_IO the_AT vessel_NN1 operation_NN1 over_II a_AT1 specific_JJ period_NN1 of_IO time_NNT1 in_II31 terms_II32 of_II33 tone_NN1 CO2/transport_FU work_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Additionally_RR ,_, attention_NN1 should_VM be_VBI paid_VVN to_TO ship–bank_VVI collision_NN1 avoidance_NN1 under_II strong_JJ winds_NN2 in_II designing_VVG the_AT stacking_NN1 configuration_NN1 ,_, although_CS energy_NN1 savings_NN2 are_VBR still_RR the_AT chief_JJ consideration_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Then_RT the_AT IC_NN1 in_II the_AT sample_NN1 is_VBZ converted_VVN to_II CO2_FO which_DDQ can_VM be_VBI detected_VVN by_II the_AT NDIR_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Ideally_RR ,_, pipeline_NN1 displacement_NN1 at_II this_DD1 point_NN1 is_VBZ not_XX permitted_VVN ;_; hence_RR ,_, the_AT EK_NN1 process_NN1 may_VM be_VBI applied_VVN ._. 
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<s>
Subsequently_RR ,_, the_AT BL_FO mode_NN1 was_VBDZ used_VVN to_TO create_VVI the_AT reference_NN1 velocity_NN1 estimation_NN1 for_IF the_AT WL_NP1 and_CC the_AT DPSS_NP1 ._. 
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<s>
By_II maintaining_VVG the_AT system_NN1 cost_NN1 as_II a_AT1 linear_JJ function_NN1 of_IO system_NN1 state_NN1 variables_NN2 ,_, and_CC enforcing_VVG the_AT supply-demand_JJ balance_NN1 also_RR as_II a_AT1 linear_JJ function_NN1 of_IO the_AT state_NN1 variables_NN2 ,_, a_AT1 minimum_JJ cost_NN1 operation_NN1 of_IO the_AT energy_NN1 system_NN1 can_VM be_VBI determined_VVN using_VVG a_AT1 mixed_JJ integer_NN1 linear_JJ programming_NN1 approach_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT investigation_NN1 covers_VVZ fundamental_JJ modelling_NN1 aspects_NN2 from_II modelling_VVG purposes_NN2 ,_, model_NN1 elements_NN2 ,_, modelling_VVG strategy_NN1 and_CC methods_NN2 ,_, as_II31 well_II32 as_II33 validation_NN1 methodology_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Considerable_JJ literature_NN1 on_II the_AT scattering_NN1 by_II circular_JJ cylinders_NN2 exists_VVZ ,_, with_IW further_JJR extension_NN1 to_II the_AT non-circular_NN1 (_( 2D_NNU elliptical_JJ )_) geometries_NN2 based_VVN on_II series_NN expansions_NN2 in_II Mathieu_NP1 functions_NN2 ,_, the_AT (_( null-field_NN1 )_) T-matrix_NN1 ,_, the_AT Green_JJ '_NULL s_ZZ1 function_NN1 approach_NN1 ,_, the_AT Finite_JJ Element_NN1 Method_NN1 ,_, the_AT finite_JJ difference_NN1 time-domain_NN1 approach_NN1 ,_, the_AT Fourier_NP1 Matching_JJ Method_NN1 based_VVN on_II conformal_JJ mapping_NN1 ,_, and_CC the_AT boundary_NN1 integral_JJ equations_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Distance_NN1 of_IO domain_NN1 boundaries_NN2 from_II the_AT hull_NN1 (_( Fig._NN1 4_MC )_) was_VBDZ set_VVN according_II21 to_II22 ITTC_NP1 &lsqb;_( 35_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
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<s>
Averaged_JJ error_NN1 on_II the_AT quantification_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 moving_JJ source_NN1 with_IW a_AT1 wrong_JJ source-to-array_JJ distance_NN1 –_- (_( a_ZZ1 )_) MSA-PSF_JJ quantification_NN1 error_NN1 ;_; (_( b_ZZ1 )_) CLEANT_JJ quantification_NN1 error_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT detail_NN1 specifications_NN2 of_IO the_AT engines_NN2 are_VBR shown_VVN in_II Table_NN1 1_MC1 ._. 
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<s>
In_BCL21 order_BCL22 to_TO clean_VVI the_AT noise_NN1 in_II data_NN from_II small_JJ movements_NN2 ,_, a_AT1 rolling_JJ average_JJ speed_NN1 is_VBZ calculated_VVN for_IF a_AT1 time_NNT1 window_NN1 of_IO 30_MC min_NNU for_IF each_DD1 point_NN1 in_II the_AT dataset_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Generally_RR ,_, the_AT ice_NN1 begins_VVZ to_TO break_VVI by_II forming_VVG circumferential_JJ and_CC radial_JJ cracks_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
New_JJ crank_NN1 bearing_VVG –_- needed_VVN to_TO account_VVI for_IF possible_JJ ash_NN1 carryover_NN1 into_II oil_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Classic_JJ schemes_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 Lax-Wendroff_NP1 (_( LW_NN1 )_) ,_, QUICK_JJ and_CC others_NN2 are_VBR not_XX sufficient_JJ to_TO treat_VVI the_AT hyperbolic_JJ character_NN1 of_IO the_AT mass_JJ transfer_NN1 equation_NN1 and_CC the_AT advection_NN1 of_IO shocks_NN2 (_( Hirsch_NP1 ,_, 1990_MC and_CC LeVeque_NP1 ,_, 1992_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
The_AT length_NN1 of_IO rectangular_JJ domain_NN1 was_VBDZ L1=3L_FO ,_, and_CC the_AT distance_NN1 from_II the_AT trailing_JJ end_NN1 of_IO the_AT AUV_NN1 to_II the_AT downstream_JJ boundary_NN1 was_VBDZ L2=2L_FO ._. 
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<s>
The_AT numerical_JJ simulation_NN1 was_VBDZ done_VDN for_IF infinite_JJ water_NN1 deep_JJ condition_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
One_MC1 of_IO the_AT largest_JJT recreational_JJ ports_NN2 of_IO Europe_NP1 ,_, La_NP1 Rochelle_NP1 Marina_NP1 (_( southwestern_JJ France_NP1 )_) ,_, is_VBZ not_XX spared_VVN by_II siltation_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ requires_VVZ serious_JJ dredging_NN1 operations_NN2 during_II a_AT1 major_JJ part_NN1 of_IO the_AT year_NNT1 ._. 
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<s>
For_IF a_AT1 constant_JJ refinement_NN1 case_NN1 ,_, the_AT function_NN1 q(p)=0_FO ._. 
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<s>
The_AT calculated_JJ tube_NN1 length_NN1 (_( Ltube_NP1 )_) of_IO the_AT heat_NN1 exchangers_NN2 is_VBZ in_RL21 between_RL22 2.2_MC and_CC 3.8_MC m_NNO ,_, except_II21 for_II22 the_AT high-pressure_JJ preheater-evaporator_NN1 (_( HP-PH/EVA_NP1 )_) of_IO the_AT two-stage_JJ subcritical_JJ ORC_NN1 system_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ is_VBZ higher_JJR than_CSN 8.5_MC m_NNO ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 is_VBZ because_II21 of_II22 the_AT very_JJ low_JJ values_NN2 of_IO the_AT global_JJ heat_NN1 transfer_NN1 coefficients_NN2 between_II organic_JJ fluid_NN1 and_CC hot_JJ charge_NN1 air_NN1 which_DDQ are_VBR one/two_FU orders_NN2 of_IO magnitude_NN1 lower_JJR than_CSN those_DD2 between_II organic_JJ fluid_NN1 and_CC water_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
A_AT1 zero–crossing_JJ analysis_NN1 was_VBDZ performed_VVN for_IF the_AT WGW_NP1 (_( i_ZZ1 )_) considering_II the_AT whole_JJ sample_NN1 ,_, and_CC (_( ii_MC )_) applying_VVG a_AT1 phase-conditional_JJ analysis_NN1 to_TO separate_VVI the_AT WGW_NP1 according_II21 to_II22 their_APPGE position_NN1 with_II31 respect_II32 to_II33 the_AT phase_NN1 of_IO the_AT MGW_NP1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT puzzle_NN1 pieces_NN2 and_CC the_AT gaps_NN2 are_VBR examined_VVN to_TO help_VVI design_NN1 a_AT1 new_JJ research_NN1 strategy_NN1 in_II this_DD1 field_NN1 ._. 
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Indicated_VVN specific_JJ CO_NP1 emissions_NN2 are_VBR slightly_RR reduced_VVN compared_VVN to_II the_AT base_NN1 case_NN1 but_CCB this_DD1 mainly_RR results_VVZ from_II higher_JJR efficiency_NN1 and_CC not_XX from_II reduced_JJ CO_NP1 concentrations_NN2 in_II the_AT exhaust_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Fig._NN1 3_MC (_( a_ZZ1 )_) and_CC Fig.4_FO (_( a_ZZ1 )_) are_VBR the_AT T-S_ZZ2 diagram_VV0 of_IO the_AT nitrogen_NN1 expansion_NN1 refrigeration_NN1 cycles_NN2 ,_, and_CC Fig._NN1 3_MC (_( b_ZZ1 )_) and_CC Fig.4_FO (_( b_ZZ1 )_) are_VBR the_AT T-S_ZZ2 diagram_VV0 of_IO the_AT two_MC BOG_NN1 re-liquefaction_NN1 processes_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT DMDF_NP1 mode_NN1 can_VM effectively_RR reduce_VVI NOx_NP1 and_CC smoke_VVI emissions_NN2 ,_, but_CCB CO_NP1 and_CC HC_NP1 emissions_NN2 may_VM increase_VVI significantly_RR ._. 
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<s>
The_AT reduction_NN1 in_II energy_NN1 consumption_NN1 for_IF the_AT case_NN1 of_IO Feed_NN1 2_MC is_VBZ similar_JJ to_II that_DD1 of_IO Feed_NN1 1_MC1 ._. 
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The_AT annotated_JJ time_NNT1 history_NN1 of_IO the_AT analyzed_JJ ship_NN1 journey_NN1 under_II icebreaker_NN1 assistance_NN1 ._. 
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Fig._NN1 11b_FO represents_VVZ the_AT space_NN1 &lsqb;_( ln(h/L)_FU ,_, ln(HI/L&rsqb;_FU of_IO the_AT experimental_JJ values_NN2 with_IW slope_NN1 angle_NN1 1:2_MC obtained_VVN in_II the_AT numerical_JJ model_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT normal_JJ incidence_NN1 sound_NN1 transmission_NN1 factor_NN1 of_IO the_AT AMAM_NN1 test_NN1 sample_NN1 has_VHZ been_VBN measured_VVN inside_II an_AT1 impedance_NN1 tube_NN1 for_IF different_JJ pressurizations_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
They_PPHS2 are_VBR :_: i_ZZ1 )_) the_AT space-fixed_JJ system_NN1 O-XYZ_FO is_VBZ an_AT1 inertia_NN1 system_NN1 with_IW the_AT plane_NN1 OXY_NN1 lying_VVG on_II the_AT undisturbed_JJ free_JJ surface_NN1 and_CC the_AT OZ_NP1 pointing_VVG vertically_RR upward_JJ ._. 
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<s>
ii_MC )_) the_AT plane_NN1 movement_NN1 system_NN1 o-xyz_FO is_VBZ a_AT1 movement_NN1 coordinate_VV0 system_NN1 with_IW the_AT same_DA moving_JJ speed_NN1 and_CC direction_NN1 as_CSA the_AT ship_NN1 forward_RL speed_VV0 U_ZZ1 and_CC wave_NN1 heading_NN1 angle_NN1 β_NULL ._. 
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<s>
The_AT predicted_JJ values_NN2 in_II Zone_NN1 I_ZZ1 by_II the_AT formula_NN1 of_IO Liu_NP1 &;_NULL Papanikolaou_NP1 are_VBR in_RR21 general_RR22 higher_JJR than_CSN that_DD1 by_II STA2_FO ._. 
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<s>
Joint_JJ detection_NN1 and_CC localization_NN1 performance_NN1 is_VBZ evaluated_VVN with_IW Localization-ROC_JJ curves_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Applying_VVG PRF80_FO and_CC PRF70_FO under_II the_AT conditions_NN2 of_IO 4bar_FO and_CC 6bar_FO with_IW the_AT EGR_NN1 rate_NN1 30%_NNU can_VM obtain_VVI the_AT indicated_JJ thermal_JJ efficiency_NN1 of_IO above_JJ 46%_NNU ._. 
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The_AT safety_NN1 distance_NN1 decreases_VVZ in_II more_RGR severe_JJ ice_NN1 conditions_NN2 and_CC when_CS the_AT simulation_NN1 period_NN1 is_VBZ short_JJ ._. 
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<s>
In_II the_AT case_NN1 of_IO an_AT1 elliptical_JJ cylinder_NN1 ,_, however_RR ,_, the_AT angular_JJ dependency_NN1 should_VM be_VBI eliminated_VVN in_BCL21 order_BCL22 to_TO solve_VVI the_AT system_NN1 of_IO linear_JJ equations_NN2 for_IF each_DD1 partial-wave_NN1 n_ZZ1 mode_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
In_II the_AT PMM_NP1 tests_NN2 ,_, the_AT amplitude_NN1 of_IO the_AT lateral_JJ displacement_NN1 was_VBDZ 2.5_MC m_NNO and_CC the_AT ice_NN1 loads_NN2 in_II surge_NN1 ,_, sway_NN1 and_CC yaw_NN1 were_VBDR measured_VVN ._. 
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<s>
Therefore_RR ,_, studies_NN2 were_VBDR conducted_VVN to_TO optimize_VVI the_AT combustion_NN1 chamber_NN1 &lsqb;_( 25_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, &lsqb;_( 26_MC &rsqb;_) and_CC use_VV0 multi_JJ diesel_NN1 injection_NN1 &lsqb;_( 27_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, &lsqb;_( 28_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, &lsqb;_( 29_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, &lsqb;_( 30_MC &rsqb;_) to_TO decrease_VVI CH4_FO emissions_NN2 ,_, and_CC Hydrogen_NN1 is_VBZ added_VVN to_TO promote_VVI the_AT combustion_NN1 process_NN1 as_CSA additive_JJ fuel_NN1 in_II dual-fuel_JJ engine_NN1 &lsqb;_( 31_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, &lsqb;_( 32_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
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Test_NN1 cases_NN2 of_IO flooding_NN1 of_IO frigate_NN1 DTMB-5415_MC ._. 
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A_AT1 high_JJ velocity_NN1 water_NN1 sheet_NN1 results_NN2 in_II instability_NN1 and_CC sheet_NN1 breakup_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
In_II this_DD1 case_NN1 ,_, any_DD combustion_NN1 efficiency_NN1 gain_NN1 caused_VVN by_II higher_JJR CR_NP1 is_VBZ hindered_VVN by_II lowering_VVG the_AT temperature_NN1 ._. 
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Numerical_JJ method_NN1 coupled_VVN with_IW an_AT1 ANN_NP1 is_VBZ used_VVN to_TO calculate_VVI collision_NN1 damage_NN1 ._. 
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Adopting_VVG the_AT overset_JJ domain_NN1 allows_VVZ the_AT efficient_JJ modelling_NN1 of_IO the_AT problem_NN1 at_II hand_NN1 ._. 
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Fig._NN1 20_MC shows_VVZ that_CST the_AT drag_VV0 and_CC sway_VV0 forces_NN2 and_CC the_AT yaw_NN1 moment_NN1 acting_VVG on_II the_AT rudders_NN2 increased_VVN with_IW an_AT1 increase_NN1 in_II the_AT rudders_NN2 '_NULL deflection_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT identification_NN1 results_NN2 are_VBR available_JJ immediately_RR after_CS each_DD1 experimental_JJ run_NN1 ,_, and_CC hence_RR can_VM be_VBI utilized_VVN in_II the_AT design_NN1 of_IO the_AT controller_NN1 and_CC guidance_NN1 law_NN1 without_IW human_JJ intervention_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Since_CS this_DD1 noise_NN1 could_VM not_XX be_VBI controlled_VVN with_IW a_AT1 static_JJ obstruction_NN1 ,_, the_AT radiation_NN1 at_II the_AT BPF_NP1 has_VHZ been_VBN strongly_RR enhanced_VVN by_II adding_VVG a_AT1 stator_NN1 downstream_RL of_IO the_AT rotor_NN1 made_VVN of_IO thick_JJ 12mm_NNU cylindrical_JJ rods_NN2 aligned_VVN with_IW the_AT rotor_NN1 wake_NN1 (_( Fig._NN1 1_MC1 (_( a_ZZ1 )_) )_) ._. 
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<s>
Specifically_RR ,_, to_TO simulate_VVI the_AT source_NN1 generated_VVD waves_NN2 in_II the_AT acoustic-elastic_JJ structures_NN2 considered_VVN ,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ sufficient_JJ to_TO distribute_VVI the_AT laminate_JJ elements_NN2 only_RR along_II the_AT emitter_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT conclusions_NN2 and_CC possible_JJ future_JJ extensions_NN2 of_IO this_DD1 research_NN1 are_VBR discussed_VVN in_II Section_NN1 5_MC ._. 
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<s>
As_II a_AT1 result_NN1 ,_, all_DB ship_NN1 types_NN2 will_VM be_VBI aggregated_VVN into_II L_ZZ1 categories_NN2 ,_, coded_VVN from_II 1_MC1 to_II L._NP1 A_ZZ1 life-cycle_NN1 risk_NN1 analysis_NN1 framework_NN1 is_VBZ developed_VVN considering_II reliability_NN1 ,_, cost_NN1 ,_, and_CC availability_NN1 of_IO aging_JJ ship_NN1 structures_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 was_VBDZ in_II agreement_NN1 with_IW previous_JJ analysis_NN1 which_DDQ showed_VVD that_DD1 operating_NN1 diesel_NN1 gensets_NN2 was_VBDZ an_AT1 insignificant_JJ cause_NN1 to_II these_DD2 impact_NN1 categories_NN2 ._. 
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The_AT difference_NN1 in_II pressure_NN1 at_II around_RP amidships_RL for_IF all_DB the_AT three_MC grids_NN2 is_VBZ relatively_RR small_JJ ;_; consequently_RR the_AT differences_NN2 calculated_VVN in_II the_AT bending_NN1 moment_NN1 are_VBR small_JJ ._. 
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Measurements_NN2 (_( identification_NN1 :_: crosses_NN2 ,_, validation_NN1 :_: dots_NN2 )_) and_CC static_JJ response_NN1 models_NN2 for_IF the_AT operating_NN1 point_NN1 1800_MC rpm_NNU and_CC 400_MC Nm_FU ._. 
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The_AT pressure_NN1 cloud_NN1 diagram_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 Remus_NP1 100_MC colliding_VVG with_IW the_AT captured-rod_NN1 at_II 0.35m/s_FU ._. 
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<s>
Secondly_RR ,_, the_AT focus_NN1 is_VBZ put_VVN on_II flame_NN1 spreading_VVG during_II the_AT early_JJ stage_NN1 of_IO the_AT expansion_NN1 stroke_NN1 and_CC finally_RR ,_, the_AT combustion_NN1 process_NN1 for_IF a_AT1 specific_JJ CA_VM position_VVI is_VBZ described_VVN ._. 
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Nevertheless_RR ,_, the_AT surrounding_JJ fluid_NN1 moves_VVZ at_II a_AT1 constant_JJ speed_NN1 (_( along_II the_AT x-axis_NN1 )_) and_CC the_AT solving_NN1 formulation_NN1 has_VHZ to_TO be_VBI derived_VVN from_II the_AT convective_JJ form_NN1 of_IO the_AT FW-H_NP1 equation_NN1 ._. 
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In_II our_APPGE numerical_JJ calculations_NN2 ,_, a_AT1 typical_JJ maximal_JJ number_NN1 of_IO Laguerre_NN1 functions_NN2 and_CC Legendre_NN1 polynomials_NN2 was_VBDZ 30_MC ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 is_VBZ the_AT behavior_NN1 reported_VVN by_II numerous_JJ authors_NN2 ,_, such_II21 as_II22 Ettema_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
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<s>
(_( 2006_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
When_CS compared_VVN with_IW Design_NN1 G_ZZ1 ,_, which_DDQ aimed_VVD at_II minimum_JJ GHG_NP1 emissions_NN2 ,_, Design_NN1 M_ZZ1 decreases_VVZ fuel_NN1 consumption_NN1 by_II 37.9%_FO ._. 
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Here_RL we_PPIS2 adopt_VV0 two_MC different_JJ value_NN1 sets_NN2 of_IO the_AT time_NNT1 duration_NN1 T_ZZ1 and_CC the_AT frequency_NN1 range_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Each_DD1 of_IO them_PPHO2 would_VM contribute_VVI to_II the_AT effective_JJ compressibility_NN1 of_IO the_AT material_NN1 in_II an_AT1 additive_JJ manner_NN1 ,_, as_CSA shown_VVN by_II Eq_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
(_( 45_MC )_) where_RRQ i_ZZ1 would_VM run_VVI from_II 1_MC1 to_II N._NP1 The_AT SPWV_NP1 representation_NN1 ,_, allows_VVZ ease_NN1 of_IO implementation_NN1 and_CC a_AT1 good_JJ time–frequency_NN1 resolution_NN1 ;_; it_PPH1 occupies_VVZ a_AT1 major_JJ place_NN1 in_II the_AT class_NN1 of_IO Cohen_NP1 ._. 
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The_AT velocity_NN1 field_NN1 shows_VVZ a_AT1 reattachment_NN1 point_NN1 at_II the_AT flat_JJ plate_NN1 ,_, but_CCB the_AT smeared_JJ air-water_JJ interface_NN1 can_VM not_XX be_VBI captured_VVN within_II single_JJ cells_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT out-waterway_NN1 modeling_NN1 is_VBZ used_VVN mainly_RR to_TO create_VVI the_AT virtual_JJ environment_NN1 around_II the_AT waterway_NN1 as_II an_AT1 effective_JJ supplement_NN1 to_II the_AT waterway_NN1 modeling_NN1 ._. 
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Besides_RR good_JJ environmental_JJ effects_NN2 ,_, LNG_NP1 as_II a_AT1 ship_NN1 fuel_NN1 also_RR shows_VVZ attractiveness_NN1 in_II31 terms_II32 of_II33 cost_NN1 effectiveness_NN1 &lsqb;_( 97_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, &lsqb;_( 101_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
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<s>
Fig._NN1 2_MC shows_VVZ the_AT time_NNT1 representations_NN2 and_CC the_AT autocorrelation_NN1 functions_NN2 at_II depths_NN2 of_IO 5_MC m_NNO and_CC 9_MC m_NNO ,_, respectively_RR ._. 
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<s>
The_AT design_NN1 of_IO EGR_NP1 control_NN1 for_IF large_JJ two-stroke_JJ engines_NN2 differ_VV0 from_II the_AT automotive_JJ engine_NN1 especially_RR in_II the_AT differences_NN2 between_II scavenging_VVG of_IO 2-stroke_NN1 and_CC 4-stroke_JJ engines_NN2 ,_, lack_NN1 of_IO engine_NN1 test_NN1 bed_NN1 availability_NN1 (_( as_CSA explained_VVN in_II Xiros_NP2 ,_, (_( 2002_MC )_) )_) ,_, system_NN1 time_NNT1 constants_NN2 ,_, sensor_NN1 availability_NN1 and_CC the_AT general_JJ maturity_NN1 of_IO the_AT field_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Although_CS accurate_JJ solar_JJ energy_NN1 forecasting_VVG has_VHZ repeatedly_RR been_VBN proved_VVN to_TO improve_VVI the_AT penetration_NN1 of_IO photovoltaic_JJ power_NN1 ,_, and_CC to_TO reduce_VVI system_NN1 operating_NN1 risks_NN2 and_CC costs_NN2 &lsqb;_( 23_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, &lsqb;_( 24_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, no_AT solar_NN1 forecasting_VVG method_NN1 for_IF hybrid_JJ ships_NN2 yet_RR exists_VVZ ._. 
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Calculations_NN2 are_VBR carried_VVN out_RP for_IF both_DB2 rigid_JJ body_NN1 and_CC flexible_JJ structural_JJ idealisations_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT latter_DA condition_NN1 was_VBDZ faced_VVN when_CS we_PPIS2 deployed_VVD a_AT1 WASS_NN1 onboard_NN1 the_AT Research_NN1 Vessel_NN1 R/V_ZZ1 "_" Urania_NP1 "_" (_( managed_VVN by_II the_AT Italian_JJ National_JJ Research_NN1 Council_NN1 ,_, CNR_NP1 )_) during_II a_AT1 cruise_NN1 conducted_VVN in_II April_NPM1 2013_MC in_II the_AT southern_JJ Adriatic_NP1 Sea_NNL1 region_NN1 (_( Fig._NN1 6_MC )_) ._. 
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In_II this_DD1 context_NN1 ,_, the_AT aforementioned_JJ theoretical_JJ tools_NN2 appear_VV0 inadequate_JJ for_IF considering_VVG the_AT reflected_JJ wave_NN1 field_NN1 in_II31 front_II32 of_II33 the_AT structure_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
On_II the_AT other_JJ hand_NN1 ,_, PB20P5E1_FO ,_, PB20P5E2_FO ,_, PB10P10E1_FO ,_, and_CC PB10P10E2_FO shows_VVZ still_RR 25.75%_FO ,_, 22.74%_FO ,_, 14.6%_FO ,_, and_CC 10.73%_FO lower_VV0 HC_NP1 than_CSN that_DD1 of_IO diesel_NN1 respectively_RR ._. 
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<s>
An_AT1 analysis_NN1 of_IO the_AT scattering_NN1 phenomenon_NN1 in_II realistic_JJ conditions_NN2 ,_, accompanied_VVN by_II a_AT1 simultaneous_JJ characterization_NN1 of_IO the_AT water_NN1 surface_NN1 statistics_NN ,_, is_VBZ required_VVN in_BCL21 order_BCL22 to_TO establish_VVI the_AT potential_NN1 of_IO rigorous_JJ non-contact_JJ flow_NN1 monitoring_NN1 techniques_NN2 based_VVN on_II ultrasound_NN1 ._. 
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CW_NP1 values_NN2 of_IO the_AT full_JJ scale_NN1 KCS_NP1 for_IF different_JJ surface_NN1 conditions_NN2 at_II ship_NN1 speeds_NN2 of_IO 19_MC (_( Re_II =_FO 2.29_MC ×_II 109_MC )_) and_CC 24_MC knots_NN2 (_( Re_II =_FO 2.89_MC ×_II 109_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
The_AT input_NN1 uncertainties_NN2 are_VBR calculated_VVN based_VVN on_II a_AT1 2_MC range_NN1 ,_, covering_VVG a_AT1 95%_NNU confidence_NN1 interval_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ is_VBZ indicated_VVN by_II the_AT dash-dotted_JJ lines_NN2 in_II Fig._NN1 7_MC ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 scenario_NN1 presents_VVZ an_AT1 analysis_NN1 of_IO the_AT relation_NN1 between_II mass_NN1 ,_, speed_NN1 ,_, and_CC the_AT rotational_JJ capacity_NN1 of_IO ships_NN2 for_IF downstream_JJ navigation_NN1 ._. 
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A_AT1 schematic_JJ of_IO the_AT model_NN1 is_VBZ given_VVN in_II Fig._NN1 2_MC ._. 
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<s>
Compared_VVN with_IW PID-RB_NP1 ,_, both_RR NMPC_NP1 and_CC DP-RF_NP1 have_VH0 the_AT lower_JJR vapor_NN1 temperature_NN1 and_CC produce_VV0 the_AT higher_JJR net_JJ power_NN1 most_DAT of_IO the_AT time_NNT1 ._. 
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So_RG far_RR ,_, on_II one_MC1 hand_NN1 ,_, the_AT analytical_JJ modeling_NN1 of_IO the_AT acoustic_JJ field_NN1 (_( pressure_NN1 and_CC particle_NN1 velocity_NN1 )_) inside_II the_AT tank_NN1 assumes_VVZ that_CST thank_VV0 behaves_VVZ approximately_RR as_II a_AT1 waveguide_NN1 or_CC assumes_VVZ that_CST the_AT damping_NN1 due_II21 to_II22 the_AT reflections_NN2 from_II the_AT six_MC surfaces_NN2 of_IO the_AT rectangular_JJ "_" brick_NN1 "_" of_IO water_NN1 is_VBZ negligible_JJ ._. 
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We_PPIS2 have_VH0 shown_VVN that_CST the_AT tone_NN1 is_VBZ not_XX driven_VVN by_II pipe_NN1 resonance_NN1 (_( pipe_NN1 tone_NN1 )_) ._. 
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Four_MC numerical_JJ wave_NN1 gauges_NN2 are_VBR arranged_VVN at_II x_ZZ1 =_FO 5.2_MC m_NNO ,_, 12.5_MC m_NNO ,_, 14.5_MC m_NNO and_CC 17.3_MC m_NNO ,_, respectively_RR ._. 
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Top_JJ right_NN1 :_: Vertical_JJ wall_NN1 ,_, subjected_VVN to_II breaking_VVG waves_NN2 impacts_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Carlo_NP1 Coratella_NP1 :_: Conceptualization_NN1 ,_, Methodology_NN1 ,_, Writing_VVG -_- original_JJ draft_NN1 ,_, Investigation_NN1 ,_, Writing_VVG -_- review_VV0 &;_NULL editing_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
However_RRQV the_AT previous_JJ studies_NN2 did_VDD not_XX systematically_RR report_VVI the_AT influence_NN1 of_IO the_AT grid_NN1 system_NN1 and_CC near-wall_JJ treatment_NN1 on_II ship_NN1 resistance_NN1 although_CS the_AT wall_NN1 shear_VV0 stress_NN1 of_IO OpenFOAM_NP1 was_VBDZ found_VVN to_TO be_VBI very_RG sensitive_JJ to_II the_AT height_NN1 of_IO cells_NN2 adjacent_II21 to_II22 the_AT wall_NN1 as_II31 well_II32 as_II33 the_AT boundary_NN1 condition_NN1 of_IO turbulent_JJ viscosity_NN1 at_II the_AT wall_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Fluckiger_VV0 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
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presented_VVN a_AT1 novel_JJ algorithm_NN1 to_TO accurately_RR determine_VVI the_AT location_NN1 of_IO an_AT1 ultrasounic_JJ source_NN1 inside_II a_AT1 heterogeneous_JJ medium_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT disadvantage_NN1 is_VBZ that_CST the_AT maximum_JJ output_NN1 power_NN1 may_VM not_XX be_VBI realized_VVN due_II21 to_II22 a_AT1 few_DA2 design_NN1 constraints_NN2 ._. 
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It_PPH1 should_VM be_VBI noted_VVN that_CST LPG_NP1 ship_NN1 is_VBZ a_AT1 single_JJ hull_NN1 ship_NN1 and_CC ,_, aside_II21 from_II22 the_AT webs_NN2 ,_, HP_NN1 160×8_FO and_CC HP_NN1 120×8_FO profiles_NN2 are_VBR used_VVN to_TO strengthen_VVI the_AT shell_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT cascade_NN1 of_IO blind_JJ deconvolution_NN1 and_CC array_NN1 invariant_JJ has_VHZ been_VBN successful_JJ for_IF localizing_VVG a_AT1 single_JJ source_NN1 ,_, either_RR a_AT1 surface_NN1 ship_NN1 or_CC a_AT1 submerged_JJ source_NN1 ,_, using_VVG a_AT1 vertical_JJ array_NN1 without_IW knowledge_NN1 of_IO the_AT environment_NN1 or_CC source_NN1 waveform_NN1 in_II shallow_JJ water_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Shang_VV0 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
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<s>
&lsqb;_( 10_MC &rsqb;_) presented_VVD a_AT1 joint_JJ generation_NN1 and_CC voyage_NN1 scheduling_NN1 solution_NN1 for_IF an_AT1 AES_NP2 to_TO reduce_VVI both_RR cost_VV0 and_CC GHG_NP1 emissions_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Step_NN1 2_MC Determine_VV0 the_AT required_JJ time-equal_JJ lines_NN2 :_: After_II getting_VVG the_AT position_NN1 of_IO the_AT optimal_JJ point_NN1 of_IO each_DD1 mode_NN1 ,_, we_PPIS2 can_VM get_VVI the_AT power_NN1 maximum_NN1 timescale_NN1 t1_FO ,_, t2_FO ,_, ,_, tm_NNU of_IO each_DD1 mode_NN1 by_II Eq_NN1 ._. 
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(_( 9_MC )_) ._. 
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Qu_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
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(_( 2017_MC )_) proposed_VVD unified_JJ empirical_JJ formulae_NN2 for_IF determining_VVG the_AT total_JJ inline_NN1 force_NN1 on_II pile-supported_JJ structures_NN2 under_II regular_JJ and_CC irregular_JJ waves_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Stachiw_NP1 conducted_VVD a_AT1 series_NN of_IO four_MC experiments_NN2 at_II the_AT following_JJ locations_NN2 :_: Crater_NP1 Lake_NNL1 ,_, OR_CC ,_, USA_NP1 ;_; San_NP1 Diego_NP1 ,_, CA_NP1 ,_, USA_NP1 ;_; Coos_NP1 Bay_NN1 ,_, OR_CC ,_, USA_NP1 ;_; and_CC San_NP1 Francisco_NP1 ,_, CA_NP1 ,_, USA_NP1 ._. 
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<s>
In_II those_DD2 equations_NN2 it_PPH1 is_VBZ assumed_VVN that_CST 0=1=2=_FO which_DDQ describes_VVZ the_AT completeness_NN1 of_IO fuel_NN1 vapor_NN1 combustion_NN1 in_II the_AT zones_NN2 ._. 
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IDT_NP1 in_II the_AT 18.6_MC bar_NN1 case_NN1 calculated_VVD using_VVG the_AT 29_MC species_NN mechanism_NN1 is_VBZ more_DAR than_CSN twofold_RR greater_JJR as_CSA compared_VVN to_II the_AT measurement_NN1 ._. 
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Raw_JJ data_NN from_II the_AT trials_NN2 have_VH0 been_VBN published_VVN as_II a_AT1 Centre_NN1 for_IF Marine_JJ Science_NN1 and_CC Technology_NN1 (_( CMST_NP1 )_) report_NN1 (_( Ha_UH and_CC Gourlay_VV0 2016_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
With_II31 respect_II32 to_II33 environmental_JJ protection_NN1 ,_, multi-objective_JJ optimization_NN1 is_VBZ of_IO importance_NN1 in_II the_AT design_NN1 of_IO HEPSs_NP1 ,_, especially_RR in_II those_DD2 areas_NN2 where_RRQ electricity_NN1 is_VBZ mainly_RR produced_VVN using_VVG coal_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT displacement_NN1 vector_NN1 fields_NN2 of_IO a_AT1 unit_NN1 cell_NN1 for_IF the_AT LRSMs_NP1 with_IW three_MC resonators_NN2 at_II (_( a_ZZ1 )_) the_AT first_MD and_CC (_( b_ZZ1 )_) the_AT second_MD absorption_NN1 peaks_NN2 ._. 
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The_AT resulting_JJ directional_JJ wave_NN1 spectra_NN2 showed_VVD a_AT1 clear_JJ distinction_NN1 between_II the_AT sea_NN1 and_CC swell_JJ parts_NN2 in_II the_AT Port_NN1 of_IO Fremantle_NP1 approach_NN1 channels_NN2 ._. 
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The_AT authors_NN2 would_VM like_VVI to_TO thank_VVI José_NP1 Enrique_NP1 del_FW Rey_NP1 for_IF his_APPGE collaboration_NN1 in_II the_AT experimental_JJ measurements_NN2 ._. 
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Therefore_RR ,_, they_PPHS2 chaotically_RR try_VV0 to_TO seize_VVI hunting_NN1 meat_NN1 for_IF social_JJ flavors_NN2 ._. 
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The_AT variation_NN1 of_IO the_AT direction_NN1 of_IO the_AT amplitude_NN1 front_NN1 (_( or_CC its_APPGE sensitivity_NN1 in_II the_AT direction_NN1 to_TO waveguide_VVI parameter_NN1 variations_NN2 )_) is_VBZ essentially_RR higher_JJR than_CSN that_DD1 for_IF the_AT phase_NN1 front_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT symbols_NN2 A_ZZ1 ,_, B_ZZ1 ,_, Cn_NP1 and_CC Dn_NN1 are_VBR coefficients_NN2 need_VV0 to_TO be_VBI determined_VVN ._. 
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Based_VVN on_II the_AT nonlinear_JJ frequency_NN1 mixing_NN1 and_CC amplitude-dependent_JJ resonance_NN1 frequency_NN1 shift_VV0 ,_, the_AT Nonlinear_JJ Elastic_JJ Wave_NN1 Spectroscopy_NN1 (_( NEWS_NN1 )_) technique_NN1 has_VHZ been_VBN presented_VVN for_IF the_AT detection_NN1 of_IO micro-cracks_NN2 ._. 
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Based_VVN on_II the_AT above_JJ analysis_NN1 ,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ evident_JJ that_CST the_AT traditional_JJ approach_NN1 of_IO assigning_VVG 15%_NNU service_NN1 margin_NN1 and_CC 5%_NNU light_JJ running_JJ margin_NN1 ,_, when_CS selecting_VVG main_JJ engine_NN1 to_TO ensure_VVI that_CST the_AT ship_NN1 disposes_VVZ a_AT1 satisfactory_JJ power_NN1 supply_NN1 for_IF most_DAT of_IO its_APPGE life_NN1 ,_, is_VBZ rather_RG simplistic_JJ ,_, even_RR for_IF the_AT very_RG large_JJ tankers_NN2 ._. 
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Operation_NN1 characteristics_NN2 for_IF each_DD1 model_NN1 at_II the_AT optimum_JJ operating_NN1 pressure_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT meshless_JJ character_NN1 of_IO SPH_NP1 makes_VVZ this_DD1 method_NN1 very_RG flexible_JJ for_IF simulating_VVG complex_JJ physical_JJ problems_NN2 that_CST are_VBR difficult_JJ to_TO simulate_VVI with_IW grid_NN1 based_VVN techniques_NN2 ._. 
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Cylinder_NN1 arrangements_NN2 are_VBR V_ZZ1 type_NN1 and_CC there_EX is_VBZ total_JJ number_NN1 of_IO four_MC cylinders_NN2 ._. 
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Variance_NN1 ,_, 2_MC ,_, of_IO the_AT transverse_JJ stern_JJ speed_NN1 ,_, ,_, during_II the_AT landing_NN1 phase_NN1 ._. 
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Currently_RR ,_, biodiesels_NN2 are_VBR receiving_VVG much_DA1 interest_NN1 for_IF their_APPGE potential_NN1 to_TO reduce_VVI greenhouse_NN1 gas_NN1 emissions_NN2 from_II compression_NN1 ignition_NN1 engines_NN2 ._. 
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And_CC thus_RR ,_, many_DA2 hull_NN1 shape_NN1 decision_NN1 and_CC numerical_JJ simulating_JJ works_NN were_VBDR carried_VVN out_RP with_IW using_VVG Lindqvist_JJ method_NN1 in_II predicting_VVG ice_NN1 resistance_NN1 (_( e.g._REX Su_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2010_MC ;_; Tan_NN1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2014_MC ;_; Myland_NP1 and_CC Ehlers_NP1 ,_, 2014_MC ,_, Myland_NP1 and_CC Ehlers_NP1 ,_, 2016_MC )_) ._. 
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Key_JJ physical_JJ and_CC chemical_JJ properties_NN2 of_IO n-heptane_NN1 and_CC iso-octane_NN1 ._. 
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Monitored_VVN performance_NN1 data_NN and_CC encounter_VV0 weather_NN1 condition_NN1 during_II voyage_NN1 1_MC1 ._. 
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Various_JJ types_NN2 of_IO fatiguing_VVG signals_NN2 were_VBDR employed_VVN (_( Table_NN1 III_MC )_) ._. 
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When_CS b_ZZ1 <_FO 0_MC ,_, the_AT radiation_NN1 reactance_NN1 of_IO the_AT air_NN1 column_NN1 at_II z_ZZ1 =_FO w_ZZ1 should_VM behave_VVI as_RG elastic_JJ one_PN1 ,_, i.e._REX Zrb_NP1 =_FO i/Cr_FU then_JJ Cr_NP1 =_FO S22Zcb/_NN1 ._. 
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When_CS the_AT boundary_NN1 layer_NN1 thickness_NN1 is_VBZ increasing_JJ ,_, the_AT interceptor_NN1 blade_NN1 deployment_NN1 height_NN1 over_II boundary_NN1 layer_NN1 thickness_NN1 (_( h/δ_FU )_) is_VBZ decreasing_VVG from_II keel_NN1 to_II chine_NN1 ._. 
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It_PPH1 should_VM be_VBI mentioned_VVN that_CST 6DOF_FO simulations_NN2 can_VM be_VBI considered_VVN a_AT1 good_JJ approximation_NN1 for_IF analyses_NN2 of_IO ships_NN2 colliding_VVG with_IW sloping_JJ structures_NN2 ,_, such_II21 as_II22 a_AT1 rigid_JJ skew-angle_JJ plate_NN1 and/or_CC a_AT1 ring_NN1 pontoon_NN1 in_II four-legged_JJ semisubmersible_JJ platforms_NN2 (_( Yu_NP1 and_CC Amdahl_NP1 ,_, 2016_MC ,_, Yu_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2016_MC )_) ._. 
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The_AT in-house-code_JJ processes_NN2 fully_RR unstructured_JJ and_CC locally_RR refined_JJ grids_NN2 ,_, while_CS the_AT variable_JJ arrangement_NN1 refers_VVZ to_II a_AT1 cell-centred_NN1 ,_, collocated_VVD storage_NN1 within_II arbitrary_JJ polyhedral_JJ cells_NN2 ._. 
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For_REX21 instance_REX22 ,_, 10.8_MC m/s_ZZ1 to_II 13.9_MC m/s_ZZ1 for_IF BF6_FO ._. 
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Figures_NN2 4(A)_FO and_CC 4(B)_FO show_VV0 that_CST the_AT narrowband_NN1 click_NN1 spectrum_NN1 breaks_VVZ down_RP at_II around_RG 20°_NNU off_II the_AT peak_NN1 of_IO the_AT beam_NN1 and_CC is_VBZ replaced_VVN by_II spectra_NN2 with_IW less_RGR predictable_JJ and_CC more_RGR broadband_JJ components_NN2 ._. 
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Prove_VV0 :_: Since_CS (_( )_) ==1&lsqb;_FO (_( )_) (_( +_FO )_) &rsqb;_) =1&lsqb;2_FO (_( )_) &rsqb;_) is_VBZ absolutely_RR summable_JJ ,_, the_AT order_NN1 of_IO lim_NN1 and_CC can_VM be_VBI exchanged_VVN ._. 
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The_AT system_NN1 comprises_VVZ one_MC1 or_CC two_MC DC_NP1 switchboards_NN2 ._. 
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Furthermore_RR ,_, the_AT model_NN1 captured_VVD the_AT irregularity_NN1 of_IO the_AT wave_NN1 spectra_NN2 ,_, which_DDQ is_VBZ indicative_JJ for_IF the_AT occurrence_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 (_( partially_RR )_) standing_VVG wave_NN1 field_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT voltage_NN1 signal_NN1 v(t)_NNU and_CC the_AT displacement_NN1 u3(t)_FO are_VBR transformed_VVN from_II the_AT time_NNT1 into_II the_AT frequency_NN1 domain_NN1 by_II discrete_JJ Fourier_NP1 transform_VV0 (_( DFT_NP1 )_) :_: v(t)_NNU →_NULL V()_ZZ1 and_CC u3(t)_FO →_NULL U3()_FO ._. 
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In_II the_AT study_NN1 of_IO Verschaeren_NP1 &lsqb;_( 21_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, the_AT Miller_NP1 cycle_NN1 and_CC EGR_NP1 were_VBDR tested_VVN in_II a_AT1 large-bore_JJ engine_NN1 ,_, achieving_VVG 80%_NNU NOx_NN1 reduction_NN1 ._. 
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Wei_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
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(_( 2015_MC )_) applied_VVD an_AT1 SPH_NP1 model_NN1 using_VVG a_AT1 GPU_NP1 to_TO understand_VVI dynamic_JJ interaction_NN1 between_II a_AT1 tsunami_NN2 bore_VV0 and_CC a_AT1 bridge_NN1 pier_NN1 ._. 
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Total_JJ ship_NN1 model_NN1 validation_NN1 with_IW SAT_VVD results_NN2 for_IF propellor_NN1 pitch_NN1 and_CC propeller_NN1 pitch_NN1 setpoints_NN2 ._. 
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Considering_CS various_JJ factors_NN2 of_IO the_AT recuperator_NN1 ,_, preheater_NN1 ,_, and_CC exhaust_VV0 gas_NN1 for_IF the_AT LT-ORC_NN1 ,_, LNG_NP1 ,_, and_CC BOG_NN1 sinks_NN2 ,_, eleven_MC system_NN1 configurations_NN2 were_VBDR designed_VVN and_CC evaluated_VVN ,_, as_CSA shown_VVN in_II Table7_FO ._. 
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The_AT damaged_JJ compartment_NN1 was_VBDZ designed_VVN with_IW simple_JJ geometry_NN1 to_TO prevent_VVI too_RG many_DA2 ambiguous_JJ factors_NN2 from_II being_VBG jumbled_VVN with_IW the_AT uncertainty_NN1 in_II the_AT experimental_JJ results_NN2 ._. 
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Damping_NN1 can_VM be_VBI introduced_VVN by_II considering_VVG a_AT1 complex_JJ modulus_NN1 E*=Es(1+j)_FO with_IW a_AT1 structural_JJ damping_NN1 factor_NN1 =0.01_FO ,_, consistent_JJ with_IW the_AT studies_NN2 in_II Refs_NN2 ._. 
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Just_RR a_AT1 minor_JJ increase_NN1 in_II soot_NN1 is_VBZ noticed_VVN when_CS moving_VVG from_II the_AT 21_MC to_II the_AT 18%_NNU O2_FO at_II intake_NN1 condition_NN1 probably_RR because_II21 of_II22 the_AT effect_NN1 of_IO higher_JJR temperatures_NN2 favorable_JJ for_IF soot_NN1 oxidation_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT Royal_JJ Netherlands_NP1 Navy_NN1 supplied_VVD Fig._NN1 2_MC ._. 
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A_AT1 dual-spark_JJ plug_NN1 inductive_JJ ignition_NN1 system_NN1 is_VBZ applied_VVN in_II this_DD1 paper_NN1 ._. 
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Fig._NN1 9(a)_FO shows_VVZ an_AT1 array_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ consists_VVZ of_IO 1_MC1 (_( row_NN1 )_) ×3_FO (_( column_NN1 )_) unit_NN1 cells_NN2 of_IO the_AT third_MD order_NN1 MRMM_NP1 with_IW random_JJ rotational_JJ angles_NN2 ._. 
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The_AT radial_JJ dimension_NN1 of_IO the_AT gasbag_NN1 is_VBZ 1.525_MC m_NNO ,_, and_CC δL_FO is_VBZ defined_VVN as_CSA radial_JJ deformation_NN1 as_CSA shown_VVN in_II Fig._NN1 19_MC ._. 
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The_AT deterioration_NN1 of_IO system_NN1 performance_NN1 in_II presence_NN1 of_IO pressure_NN1 drop_NN1 in_II heat_NN1 exchanger_NN1 is_VBZ determined_VVN ._. 
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Figure_NN1 2(a)_FO presents_VVZ estimated_JJ values_NN2 (_( circles_NN2 )_) of_IO the_AT phase_NN1 magnitude_NN1 of_IO the_AT cross-spectrum_NN1 between_II pressure_NN1 and_CC vertical_JJ particle_NN1 velocity_NN1 at_II CPA_NN1 compared_VVN with_IW a_AT1 model_NN1 (_( Sec._NNU 3.1_MC )_) based_VVN on_II the_AT maximum_JJ a_JJ21 posteriori_JJ22 (_( MAP_NN1 )_) estimates20_FO for_IF Hsed_NP1 (_( 9.4m_NNU )_) ,_, csed_VVN (_( 1499m/s_FU )_) ,_, and_CC cbase_NN1 (_( 1825m/s_FU )_) ._. 
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Frederking_NP1 (_( 1999_MC )_) has_VHZ presented_VVN measured_JJ ice_NN1 load_NN1 profile_NN1 with_IW estimated_JJ ice_NN1 thicknesses_NN2 and_CC ship_NN1 speed_NN1 by_II using_VVG strain_NN1 gauges_NN2 on_II a_AT1 Canadian_JJ icebreaker_NN1 ,_, the_AT Louis_NP1 S._NP1 St._NNL1 Laurent_NP1 ._. 
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The_AT collision_NN1 angle_NN1 changes_NN2 in_II an_AT1 oblique_JJ collision_NN1 due_II21 to_II22 the_AT sliding_JJ and_CC rotation_NN1 of_IO the_AT striking_JJ and_CC struck_VVD ships_NN2 ._. 
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Unlike_JJ diesel_NN1 ,_, MF_NP1 has_VHZ no_AT hydrocarbon_NN1 species_NN with_IW large_JJ fraction_NN1 of_IO olefin_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ reduces_VVZ the_AT 1,3-butadiene_FO emissions_NN2 at_II the_AT source_NN1 for_IF MF-diesel_JJ blends_NN2 ._. 
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Nonetheless_RR ,_, in_II this_DD1 work_NN1 ,_, octave_NN1 analysis_NN1 reaches_VVZ an_AT1 overall_JJ positive_JJ performance_NN1 on_II its_APPGE own_DA ._. 
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The_AT motion_NN1 of_IO the_AT ship_NN1 was_VBDZ modeled_VVN by_II using_VVG a_AT1 module_NN1 called_VVN DFBI_NP1 (_( Dynamic_JJ Fluid_NN1 Body_NN1 Interaction_NN1 )_) for_IF simulating_VVG the_AT interactions_NN2 between_II fluid_NN1 and_CC rigid_JJ hull_NN1 and_CC a_AT1 6-DOF_JJ solver_NN1 ._. 
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Comparisons_NN2 between_II the_AT measured_JJ data_NN and_CC the_AT simula_JJ tions_NN2 are_VBR provided_VVN ,_, first_MD of_IO all_DB in_II31 terms_II32 of_II33 second-order_JJ moment_NN1 of_IO the_AT pressure_NN1 field_NN1 ,_, or_CC mutual_JJ coherence_NN1 function(MCF)_NN1 ._. 
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From_II a_AT1 cognitive_JJ perspective_NN1 ,_, the_AT decision-making_JJ process_NN1 in_II navigation_NN1 must_VM be_VBI regarded_VVN as_II a_AT1 continuous_JJ process_NN1 integral_JJ to_TO ,_, and_CC interacting_VVG with_IW ,_, the_AT environment_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT ambient_JJ pressure_NN1 is_VBZ at_II standard_JJ atmospheric_JJ pressure_NN1 ,_, and_CC the_AT temperature_NN1 is_VBZ considered_VVN to_TO be_VBI 27_MC °C_NNU ._. 
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Due_II21 to_II22 the_AT coincidence_NN1 between_II the_AT dispersion_NN1 contours_NN2 for_IF the_AT two_MC designed_VVD hierarchical_JJ honeycombs_NN2 ,_, the_AT shear_VV0 phase_NN1 velocity_NN1 and_CC longitudinal_JJ phase_NN1 velocity_NN1 in_II Figs._NN2 6(a)_FO and_CC 6(c)_FO are_VBR equal_JJ to_II the_AT phase_NN1 velocities_NN2 in_II Figs_NN2 ._. 
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It_PPH1 should_VM be_VBI noted_VVN that_CST ,_, regarding_VVG this_DD1 last_MD feature_NN1 ,_, the_AT training_NN1 point_NN1 distributions_NN2 plays_VVZ an_AT1 important_JJ role_NN1 ,_, so_CS21 that_CS22 ,_, in_RR21 general_RR22 ,_, a_AT1 great_JJ attention_NN1 should_VM be_VBI paid_VVN at_II the_AT way_NN1 in_II which_DDQ the_AT training_NN1 points_NN2 are_VBR selected_VVN :_: adaptive_JJ refinements_NN2 should_VM be_VBI applied_VVN when_CS the_AT production_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 training_NN1 point_NN1 is_VBZ particularly_RR onerous_JJ (_( Peri_NP1 2009_MC )_) ._. 
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Roll_VV0 decay_NN1 tests_NN2 at_II 0_MC ,_, 7_MC ,_, 12_MC and_CC 16_MC knots_NN2 with_IW initial_JJ heeling_JJ angles_NN2 of_IO 5°_NNU ,_, 10°_NNU and_CC 15°_NNU each_DD1 were_VBDR conducted_VVN with_IW free-running_JJ self-propelled_JJ model_NN1 of_IO the_AT container_NN1 vessel_NN1 (_( Schumacher_NP1 ,_, 2010_MC )_) ._. 
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Last_MD but_CCB not_XX least_RRT ,_, by_II comprehensively_RR considering_II the_AT discriminative_JJ ability_NN1 of_IO each_DD1 single_JJ feature_NN1 in_II the_AT feature_NN1 matrices_NN2 ,_, the_AT proposed_JJ DAI_NP1 strategy_NN1 can_VM further_RRR improve_VVI the_AT accuracy_NN1 of_IO ship-radiated_JJ noise_NN1 recognition_NN1 ._. 
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A_AT1 nominal_JJ engine_NN1 compression_NN1 ratio_NN1 (_( CR_NP1 )_) of_IO 18.5:1_MC was_VBDZ used_VVN ._. 
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As_II the_AT figure_NN1 shows_NN2 ,_, the_AT gasbag_NN1 is_VBZ mainly_RR subject_II21 to_II22 the_AT stretching_JJ stress_NN1 ,_, and_CC the_AT stress_NN1 of_IO the_AT middle_NN1 is_VBZ higher_JJR than_CSN those_DD2 at_II the_AT two_MC ends_NN2 ._. 
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These_DD2 data_NN are_VBR originally_RR from_II Fremantle_NP1 Ports_NN2 '_NULL annual_JJ hydrographic_JJ survey_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ was_VBDZ performed_VVN in_II September_NPM1 and_CC October_NPM1 2015_MC ,_, and_CC composed_VVD of_IO 144,150_MC survey_NN1 points_NN2 for_IF the_AT entrance_NN1 channel_NN1 and_CC inner_JJ harbor_NN1 ,_, and_CC 90,566_MC survey_NN1 points_NN2 for_IF the_AT deepwater_JJR channel_NN1 ._. 
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Detail_NN1 of_IO the_AT 1st_MD bubble_NN1 pulse_NN1 wave_NN1 is_VBZ shown_VVN in_II Fig._NN1 5c_FO ._. 
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Thus_RR ,_, Step0_FO indicated_VVD better_JJR maneuverability_NN1 than_CSN Step3_FO ._. 
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Some_DD researchers_NN2 reported_VVD an_AT1 spatial_JJ aliasing_JJ issue_NN1 in_II their_APPGE analysis_NN1 ,_, and_CC preformed_VVN a_AT1 set_NN1 of_IO sensitivity_NN1 study_NN1 on_II the_AT appearance_NN1 of_IO fictitious_JJ modes_NN2 by_II changing_VVG the_AT aspect_NN1 ratio_NN1 of_IO their_APPGE WFE_NN1 unit_NN1 cell_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT collision_NN1 analysis_NN1 software_NN1 ,_, DAMAGE_VV0 ,_, developed_VVN by_II Simonsen_NP1 (_( 1999_MC )_) at_II MIT_NP1 is_VBZ suitable_JJ for_IF non-central_JJ collisions_NN2 and_CC considers_VVZ the_AT sway_NN1 of_IO the_AT striking_JJ ship_NN1 ._. 
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These_DD2 equations_NN2 are_VBR used_VVN as_II the_AT base_NN1 equations_NN2 to_TO be_VBI solved_VVN ._. 
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In_II this_DD1 analysis_NN1 ,_, the_AT wave-induced_JJ stress_NN1 w(t)_NN1 and_CC the_AT slamming-induced_JJ stress_NN1 sla(t)_NN1 are_VBR treated_VVN as_CSA stochastic_JJ processes_NN2 ._. 
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To_II second_MD order_NN1 in_II the_AT Mach_NNU number_NN1 @_II ,_, r0_FO cancels_VVZ out_RP on_II the_AT circle_NN1 @_II centered_JJ at_II wave_NN1 number_NN1 @_II ,_, corresponding_VVG to_II the_AT positions_NN2 of_IO the_AT radiative_JJ peak_NN1 in_II the_AT wall_NN1 system_NN1 ,_, with_IW Doppler_NP1 shifts_NN2 caused_VVN by_II the_AT motion_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT above_JJ anti-aliasing_JJ condition_NN1 is_VBZ valid_JJ regardless_RR of_IO the_AT number_NN1 of_IO layers_NN2 per_II unit_NN1 cell_NN1 of_IO infinitely_RR periodic_JJ layered_JJ composites_NN2 ._. 
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Employing_VVG a_AT1 similar_JJ truncation_NN1 non-linearity_NN1 as_CSA given_VVN in_II equation_NN1 (_( 10_MC )_) to_II the_AT error_NN1 signal_NN1 e(n)_FW will_VM effectively_RR freeze_VVI the_AT adaptation_NN1 when_CS a_AT1 large_JJ value_NN1 beyond_II &lsqb;_( 1_MC1 ,_, 2_MC &rsqb;_) appears_VVZ in_II the_AT error_NN1 signal_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT combustion_NN1 and_CC emission_NN1 model_NN1 parameters_NN2 are_VBR usually_RR determined_VVN based_VVN on_II user_NN1 experience_NN1 ._. 
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In_II NMPC_NP1 ,_, moving_VVG boundary_NN1 (_( MB_NNU )_) heat_NN1 exchanger_NN1 modeling_NN1 method_NN1 is_VBZ chosen_VVN for_IF its_APPGE low_JJ state-dimension_NN1 and_CC satisfactory_JJ accuracy_NN1 &lsqb;_( 34_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
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These_DD2 coefficients_NN2 were_VBDR represented_VVN as_CSA functions_NN2 of_IO the_AT KC_NP1 number_NN1 ,_, as_CSA suggested_VVN by_II Keulegan_NP1 (_( 1958_MC )_) ._. 
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There_EX is_VBZ a_AT1 6.5%_FO difference_NN1 between_II the_AT natural_JJ frequency_NN1 of_IO the_AT experimental_JJ model_NN1 (_( see_VV0 Table_NN1 2_MC )_) and_CC that_DD1 of_IO the_AT FE_NP1 model_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT TL_NP1 at_II the_AT distance_NN1 of_IO 48.88km_NNU was_VBDZ calculated_VVN as_CSA shown_VVN in_II Fig._NN1 12(b)_FO ._. 
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Moreover_RR ,_, the_AT results_NN2 of_IO docking_VVG experiments_NN2 in_II a_AT1 current_JJ generating_JJ pool_NN1 are_VBR presented_VVN in_II Section_NN1 V._II Section_NN1 VI_MC summarizes_VVZ the_AT main_JJ contributions_NN2 and_CC describes_VVZ some_DD additional_JJ avenues_NN2 for_IF continuing_JJ research_NN1 ._. 
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In_II 2012_MC ,_, the_AT number_NN1 of_IO trucks_NN2 driven_VVN by_II natural_JJ gas_NN1 or_CC LPG_NP1 was_VBDZ around_RG 25,600_MC in_II Germany_NP1 &lsqb;_( 29_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
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Optimisation_NN1 independent_JJ variables_NN2 and_CC their_APPGE ranges_NN2 explored_VVN for_IF the_AT design_NN1 definition_NN1 of_IO the_AT ORC_NN1 and_CC air_NN1 condenser_NN1 units_NN2 ._. 
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For_IF USL_NP1 =1.59_FO m/s_ZZ1 ,_, the_AT corresponding_JJ is_VBZ close_JJ to_II 2.5_MC ,_, and_CC for_IF USL=_FO 0.35_MC m/s_ZZ1 ,_, close_RR to_II 2_MC ._. 
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It_PPH1 can_VM be_VBI implemented_VVN in_II two_MC different_JJ ways_NN2 :_: the_AT deformation_NN1 can_VM be_VBI obtained_VVN by_II shifting_VVG each_DD1 single_JJ point_NN1 of_IO the_AT computational_JJ mesh_NN1 ,_, otherwise_RR a_AT1 deformation_NN1 patch_NN1 is_VBZ applied_VVN to_II the_AT entire_JJ grid_NN1 or_CC to_II a_AT1 part_NN1 of_IO it_PPH1 ._. 
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Then_RT ,_, the_AT improvements_NN2 and_CC its_APPGE feasibility_NN1 about_II the_AT calculation_NN1 of_IO in-cylinder_JJ pressure_NN1 are_VBR introduced_VVN and_CC in_II detail_NN1 described_VVN in_II Section_NN1 3_MC ._. 
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The_AT courant_JJ number_NN1 is_VBZ a_AT1 dimensionless_JJ number_NN1 to_TO estimate_VVI whether_CSW the_AT partial_JJ differential_JJ equations_NN2 is_VBZ convergent_JJ ,_, and_CC it_PPH1 should_VM be_VBI less_DAR than_CSN 0.5_MC when_RRQ only_RR the_AT wave_NN1 was_VBDZ generated_VVN and_CC it_PPH1 should_VM less_RRR than_CSN 1_MC1 during_II the_AT whole_JJ simulative_JJ progression_NN1 ._. 
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Since_CS the_AT sound_NN1 pulse_NN1 has_VHZ a_AT1 certain_JJ width_NN1 ,_, associated_VVN scattering_VVG bands_NN2 appear_VV0 ._. 
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<s>
On_II the_AT other_JJ hand_NN1 ,_, Fig._NN1 12_MC indicates_VVZ that_CST the_AT combustion_NN1 ended_VVN at_II the_AT engine_NN1 full_JJ load_NN1 condition_NN1 for_IF the_AT fuels_NN2 D100_FO ,_, D90_FO ,_, and_CC D85_FO at_II 403_MC ,_, 402_MC ,_, and_CC 400_MC degrees_NN2 ;_; respectively_RR ._. 
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In_II contrast_NN1 ,_, the_AT DDP_NP1 strategy_NN1 (_( Fig._NN1 14a_FO )_) ramps_NN2 the_AT PEMFC_NN1 output_NN1 immediately_RR at_II departure_NN1 in_II31 response_II32 to_II33 such_DA a_AT1 high_JJ load_NN1 profile_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Thus_RR ,_, the_AT BSFC_NP1 value_NN1 of_IO B5W4_FO increased_VVN by_RP about_II 3%_NNU compared_VVN with_IW that_DD1 of_IO B5W4c_FO at_II 1000rpm_NNU ._. 
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At_II low_JJ load_NN1 ,_, the_AT SFC_NP1 is_VBZ low_JJ ._. 
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Convergence_NN1 test_NN1 for_IF Monte_NP1 Carlo_NP1 simulation_NN1 –_- Hull_NP1 girder_NN1 capacities_NN2 up_II21 to_II22 7.5y(s)_FO lifetime_NNT1 ._. 
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<s>
They_PPHS2 conducted_VVD investigations_NN2 for_IF different_JJ engines_NN2 ,_, in_II different_JJ conditions_NN2 and_CC for_IF different_JJ loads_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT time_NNT1 percentage_NN1 of_IO ship_NN1 operation_NN1 in_II each_DD1 zone_NN1 is_VBZ estimated_VVN according_II21 to_II22 the_AT fraction_NN1 of_IO route_NN1 distance_NN1 in_II each_DD1 zone_NN1 &lsqb;_( 45_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
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<s>
Berg_NP1 and_CC V?lkner_NP1 (_( 2016_MC )_) have_VH0 performed_VVN sway_NN1 motion_NN1 analysis_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 struck_JJ vessel_NN1 for_IF the_AT LPG_NP1 ship_NN1 from_II collision_NN1 scenario_NN1 described_VVN in_II this_DD1 paper_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Vertical_JJ displacement_NN1 of_IO the_AT middle_JJ module_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT pitch_NN1 of_IO the_AT glider_NN1 is_VBZ controlled_VVN by_II an_AT1 internal_JJ moving_JJ sliding_JJ mass_NN1 along_II a_AT1 linear_JJ guide_NN1 way_NN1 of_IO 20_MC cm_NNU in_II length_NN1 and_CC 825_MC cm3_FO Dive_NN1 system_NN1 Tmax_NN1 ballast_NN1 tank_NN1 with_IW 12_MC V_ZZ1 DC_NP1 motor_NN1 driver_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT calculation_NN1 of_IO RoHR_NP1 was_VBDZ based_VVN on_II the_AT in-cylinder_JJ gas_NN1 pressure_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Apart_II21 from_II22 theoretical_JJ analyses_NN2 ,_, finite_JJ element_NN1 method_NN1 (_( FEM_NP1 )_) has_VHZ been_VBN employed_VVN to_TO study_VVI various_JJ kinds_NN2 of_IO anechoic_JJ layers_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT height_NN1 and_CC period_NN1 of_IO the_AT maximum_JJ wave_NN1 created_VVN while_CS either_RR accelerating_JJ or_CC decelerating_VVG through_II the_AT transcritical_JJ depth_NN1 Froude_NP1 regime_NN1 (_( in_II water_NN1 of_IO constant_JJ depth_NN1 and_CC infinite_JJ width_NN1 )_) were_VBDR compared_VVN against_II those_DD2 for_IF the_AT same_DA vessel_NN1 operating_NN1 at_II a_AT1 constant_JJ supercritical_JJ speed_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT variation_NN1 of_IO BSEC_NP1 (_( Panel_NN1 d_ZZ1 )_) has_VHZ similar_JJ trends_NN2 to_II that_DD1 of_IO BSFC_NP1 (_( Panel_NN1 c_ZZ1 )_) ._. 
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<s>
In_II order_NN1 to_II value_NN1 solar_JJ resource_NN1 ,_, a_AT1 panel_NN1 with_IW standard_JJ characteristics_NN2 (_( www.kyocerasolar.com_NNU )_) is_VBZ selected_VVN to_TO estimate_VVI the_AT energy_NN1 recovered_VVN (_( no_AT tracking_JJ system_NN1 is_VBZ considered_VVN )_) ._. 
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<s>
Given_VVN the_AT lack_NN1 of_IO quantified_JJ guidelines_NN2 for_IF establishing_VVG the_AT safety_NN1 zone_NN1 in_II industry_NN1 practice_NN1 ,_, this_DD1 paper_NN1 delivers_VVZ a_AT1 remarkable_JJ research_NN1 work_NN1 providing_VVG ship_NN1 designers_NN2 ,_, owners_NN2 and_CC rule-makers_NN2 with_IW an_AT1 insight_NN1 into_II the_AT potential_JJ extent_NN1 of_IO flammable_JJ gas_NN1 dispersion_NN1 through_II the_AT case_NN1 studies_NN2 with_IW two_MC representative_JJ ship_NN1 types_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
As_CSA shown_VVN in_II Fig._NN1 7_MC ,_, the_AT daily_JJ repeating_JJ events_NN2 that_CST were_VBDR produced_VVN during_II weekdays_NNT2 by_II shipping_VVG activity_NN1 were_VBDR clearly_RR identified_VVN ._. 
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<s>
Figure_NN1 15_MC shows_VVZ that_CST the_AT probability_NN1 of_IO high_JJ THC_NP1 emission_NN1 is_VBZ higher_JJR for_IF rich_JJ gas_NN1 blends_NN2 than_CSN it_PPH1 is_VBZ for_IF leaner_JJR mixtures_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT exhaust_NN1 gas_NN1 temperature_NN1 reflects_VVZ the_AT heat_NN1 released_VVN inside_II the_AT combustion_NN1 chamber_NN1 and_CC has_VHZ significant_JJ effect_NN1 on_II the_AT formation_NN1 of_IO air_NN1 pollutants_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Increasing_VVG the_AT loss_NN1 factor_NN1 will_VM therefore_RR directly_RR increase_VVI the_AT energy_NN1 dissipation_NN1 capacity_NN1 of_IO the_AT rubber_JJ material_NN1 itself_PPX1 ._. 
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<s>
Therefore_RR ,_, finding_VVG a_AT1 new_JJ method_NN1 is_VBZ necessary_JJ to_TO ensure_VVI the_AT accuracy_NN1 of_IO the_AT damage_NN1 assessment_NN1 and_CC to_TO reduce_VVI computation_NN1 time_NNT1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT aim_NN1 of_IO the_AT project_NN1 is_VBZ to_TO develop_VVI cylinders_NN2 that_CST ,_, potentially_RR ,_, could_VM contain_VVI compressed_JJ hydrogen_NN1 with_IW an_AT1 energy_NN1 density_NN1 ,_, both_RR in_II31 terms_II32 of_II33 mass_NN1 and_CC weight_NN1 ,_, of_IO about_II the_AT half_DB that_DD1 of_IO LH2_FO ._. 
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<s>
Meantime_NNT1 ,_, more_DAR diesel_NN1 can_VM provide_VVI more_DAR ignition_NN1 energy_NN1 to_II the_AT premixed_JJ methanol-air_JJ mixture_NN1 and_CC this_DD1 may_VM improve_VVI the_AT ignitability_NN1 of_IO fuel_NN1 mixture_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT KC1/3_FU number_NN1 is_VBZ a_AT1 dimensionless_JJ quantity_NN1 that_CST describes_VVZ the_AT relative_JJ importance_NN1 of_IO the_AT drag_VV0 forces_NN2 compared_VVN with_IW inertia_NN1 forces_NN2 for_IF bluff_NN1 objects_NN2 in_II an_AT1 oscillatory_JJ fluid_NN1 flow_NN1 ._. 
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Without_IW damping_NN1 ,_, ABHs_NP2 do_VD0 not_XX offer_VVI any_DD benefit_NN1 of_IO vibration_NN1 reduction_NN1 ._. 
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Distribution_NN1 of_IO the_AT ice_NN1 pressure_NN1 was_VBDZ extremely_RR in_II homogeneous_JJ in_II the_AT figure_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
During_II the_AT initial_JJ stage_NN1 ,_, only_RR a_AT1 small_JJ amount_NN1 of_IO water_NN1 floods_VVZ into_II the_AT compartment_NN1 and_CC has_VHZ little_DA1 effect_NN1 on_II ship_NN1 motion_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Not_XX only_RR does_VDZ ICE_NN1 restart/shutdown_NN1 impact_NN1 business_NN1 and_CC engineering_NN1 decisions_NN2 in_II31 relation_II32 to_II33 stop–start_NN1 features_NN2 ,_, it_PPH1 also_RR affects_VVZ consumer_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 perception_NN1 of_IO the_AT vehicles_NN2 equipped_VVN with_IW such_DA features_NN2 resulting_VVG in_II harsh_JJ criticisms_NN2 of_IO some_DD modern_JJ powertrains_NN2 (_( Hellwig_NP1 ,_, 2015_MC ,_, Kuang_NP1 ,_, 2006_MC ,_, Rechtin_NP1 ,_, 2013_MC ,_, Vettraino_NP1 ,_, 2016_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
The_AT investigation_NN1 and_CC comparison_NN1 made_VVN on_II resonance_NN1 trajectories_NN2 ,_, showa_NN1 shape_NN1 change_NN1 ,_, a_AT1 gradual_JJ deviation_NN1 ,_, or_CC both_RR ,_, appear_VV0 on_II the_AT resonance_NN1 trajectories_NN2 of_IO different_JJ guided_JJ waves_NN2 ,_, for_IF the_AT reduced_JJ cutoff_NN1 frequencies_NN2 of_IO guided_JJ waves_NN2 a_AT1 sliding_JJ to_II higher_JJR and_CC lower_JJR value_NN1 are_VBR noticed_VVN ._. 
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<s>
In_II fact_NN1 ,_, the_AT percentage_NN1 of_IO speed_NN1 loss_NN1 could_VM be_VBI doubled_VVN or_CC tripled_VVD for_IF lower_JJR speed_NN1 values_NN2 as_CSA showed_VVN for_IF the_AT case_NN1 of_IO 12_MC and_CC 24_MC kn_NNU at_II ship_NN1 draft_NN1 of_IO 9.5_MC m_NNO ._. 
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<s>
Second_MD ,_, the_AT present_JJ study_NN1 is_VBZ one_MC1 of_IO the_AT few_DA2 studies_NN2 that_CST provides_VVZ valuable_JJ information_NN1 regarding_II the_AT relationships_NN2 between_II acoustic_JJ perception_NN1 ,_, SNR_NP1 and_CC visual_JJ landscapes_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT duration_NN1 of_IO the_AT dam-break_JJ wave_NN1 is_VBZ a_AT1 function_NN1 of_IO the_AT reservoir_NN1 length_NN1 (_( Lauber_NP1 and_CC Hager_VV0 1998_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
At_II higher_JJR backpressures_NN2 ,_, propensity_NN1 to_TO spray_VVI uniformity_NN1 is_VBZ further_RRR proven_VVN by_II the_AT average_NN1 of_IO reduction_NN1 in_II standard_JJ deviation_NN1 achieved_VVN by_II increase_NN1 in_II injection_NN1 pressures_NN2 (_( Table_NN1 11_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
A_AT1 discrete_JJ Fourier_NP1 transform_VV0 (_( DFT_NP1 )_) process_NN1 is_VBZ adopted_VVN to_TO spectrally_RR analyze_VVI each_DD1 segment_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
As_CSA mentioned_VVN earlier_RRR ,_, fluid_NN1 interaction_NN1 with_IW the_AT rigid_JJ body_NN1 as_II31 well_II32 as_II33 friction_NN1 force_NN1 between_II two_MC surfaces_NN2 is_VBZ of_IO great_JJ importance_NN1 in_II the_AT simulation_NN1 of_IO composite_JJ breakwater_NN1 stability_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Relative_JJ error_NN1 between_II data_NN predicted_VVN by_II 0D_NNU model_NN1 ,_, steady_RR MG_NNU model_NN1 ,_, and_CC dynamic_JJ MG_NP1 model_NN1 and_CC shop_NN1 test_NN1 data_NN ._. 
</s>
<s>
Xu_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
&lsqb;_( 8_MC &rsqb;_) conducted_VVD an_AT1 energy_NN1 flow_NN1 analysis_NN1 in_II stiffened_JJ plates_NN2 of_IO marine_JJ structures_NN2 under_II point_NN1 force_NN1 and_CC pressure_NN1 excitations_NN2 ,_, and_CC the_AT vibration_NN1 power_NN1 flow_NN1 propagation_NN1 characteristics_NN2 of_IO the_AT stiffener_NN1 were_VBDR studied_VVN ._. 
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<s>
Filled_JJ symbols_NN2 refer_VV0 to_II HWS_NP1 condition_NN1 ,_, empty_JJ symbols_NN2 refer_VV0 to_II LWS_NN2 condition_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
It_PPH1 is_VBZ important_JJ to_TO highlight_VVI that_CST this_DD1 list_NN1 can_VM be_VBI adapted_VVN and_CC updated_VVN according_II21 to_II22 the_AT particular_JJ needs_NN2 and_CC general_JJ boundaries_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
In_II the_AT present_JJ work_NN1 five_MC kinds_NN2 of_IO pollutant_JJ emissions_NN2 are_VBR considered_VVN :_: NOx_NP1 ,_, SOx_NN2 ,_, CO_NP1 ,_, PM_NP1 and_CC HC_NP1 ._. 
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<s>
As_CSA not_XX all_DB the_AT points_NN2 are_VBR covered_VVN by_II the_AT eight_MC measured_JJ operating_NN1 points_NN2 ,_, the_AT global_JJ weight_NN1 of_IO each_DD1 point_NN1 is_VBZ normalized_VVN by_II the_AT total_JJ number_NN1 of_IO represented_VVN points_NN2 in_BCL21 order_BCL22 to_TO have_VHI a_AT1 coherent_JJ average_JJ value_NN1 of_IO fuel_NN1 consumption_NN1 and_CC emissions_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Also_RR a_AT1 peak_NN1 in_II the_AT sway_NN1 and_CC roll_VV0 RAO_NP1 is_VBZ observed_VVN at_II a_AT1 frequency_NN1 near_II =1.0rad/s_FU when_RRQ coupling_NN1 is_VBZ considered_VVN ._. 
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<s>
The_AT bigger_JJR bowl_NN1 radius_NN1 (_( R1_FO )_) makes_VVZ higher_JJR swirl_NN1 ratio_NN1 and_CC this_DD1 eventually_RR leads_VVZ to_TO lower_VVI soot_NN1 emission_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT detailed_JJ list_NN1 of_IO the_AT EPC_NP1 and_CC maximum_JJ effect_NN1 on_II HEP_NP1 is_VBZ provided_VVN in_II Table_NN1 1_MC1 ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 implies_VVZ the_AT presence_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 plane_NN1 incident_NN1 wave_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
However_RR ,_, the_AT two_MC sources_NN2 are_VBR located_VVN by_II CLEANT_NN1 with_IW a_AT1 slightly_RR insufficient_JJ gap_NN1 ,_, being_VBG 125mm_NNU apart_RL instead_II21 of_II22 128mm_NNU expected_VVN ._. 
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<s>
Evaluations_NN2 based_VVN on_II the_AT 1st_MD law_NN1 of_IO thermodynamics_NN1 aimed_VVD to_TO investigate_VVI the_AT C-ORC_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 energy_NN1 distributions_NN2 and_CC conversions_NN2 in_II quantity_NN1 level_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Table_NN1 10_MC gives_VVZ a_AT1 summary_NN1 of_IO the_AT results_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT main_JJ considerations_NN2 concerning_II the_AT application_NN1 of_IO the_AT framework_NN1 are_VBR discussed_VVN in_II section_NN1 2_MC ,_, while_CS section_NN1 5_MC concludes_VVZ the_AT paper_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
They_PPHS2 are_VBR assumed_VVN as_CSA constant_JJ during_II an_AT1 injection_NN1 cycle_NN1 and_CC therefore_RR initialized_VVD with_IW the_AT nominal_JJ rail_NN1 pressure_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT ORC_NN1 saves_VVZ 25,500_MC L_NNU of_IO diesel_NN1 fuel_NN1 (_( US$24,870_FO )_) and_CC reduces_VVZ 67.2_MC tons_NNU2 of_IO CO_FO kW_NNU diesel_NN1 generator_NN1 on_II a_AT1 naval_JJ ship_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT collision_NN1 simulation_NN1 was_VBDZ conducted_VVN using_VVG the_AT dynamic-explicit_JJ solver_NN1 in_II Abaqus_NP1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT frequency_NN1 spectra_NN2 for_IF the_AT two_MC ships_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT set-up_NN1 of_IO simulation_NN1 refers_VVZ to_II full-scale_JJ values_NN2 ,_, except_CS the_AT size_NN1 of_IO ice_NN1 sheet_NN1 is_VBZ 55m_NNU (_( width_NN1 )_) ×55m_FO (_( length_NN1 )_) ×0.33m_FO (_( thickness_NN1 )_) ._. 
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<s>
They_PPHS2 also_RR reviewed_VVD the_AT most_RGT important_JJ research_NN1 works_VVZ in_II the_AT area_NN1 of_IO indirect_JJ maneuvering_JJ simulation_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Evolution_NN1 of_IO the_AT acceleration_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 cylinder_NN1 with_IW an_AT1 initial_JJ distance_NN1 to_II the_AT wall_NN1 of_IO (_( h/R_ZZ1 )_) init=2_FO over_II the_AT distance_NN1 to_II the_AT wall_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Hamstad_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
used_VVD the_AT wavelet_NN1 transform_VV0 method_NN1 to_TO determine_VVI the_AT arrival_NN1 time_NNT1 of_IO the_AT AE_FO wave_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Based_VVN on_II this_DD1 study_NN1 ,_, we_PPIS2 have_VH0 presented_VVN an_AT1 algorithm_NN1 to_TO reduce_VVI the_AT volume_NN1 of_IO data_NN in_BCL21 order_BCL22 to_TO adapt_VVI it_PPH1 to_II the_AT resolution_NN1 of_IO conventional_JJ displays_NN2 and_CC an_AT1 algorithm_NN1 to_TO detect_VVI seasonal_JJ structures_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Thus_RR ,_, the_AT speed_NN1 of_IO control_NN1 directly_RR influences_VVZ the_AT loading_NN1 of_IO the_AT diesel_NN1 generator_NN1 and_CC as_CSA such_DA the_AT diesel_NN1 generator_NN1 imposes_VVZ restraints_NN2 on_II the_AT control_NN1 of_IO the_AT electric_JJ motor_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT hot_JJ exhaust_NN1 gas_NN1 discharged_VVN from_II the_AT cylinder_NN1 is_VBZ cooled_VVN down_RP first_MD and_CC a_AT1 part_NN1 of_IO the_AT flue_NN1 gas_NN1 enters_VVZ the_AT turbocharger_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
In_BCL21 order_BCL22 to_TO assess_VVI the_AT performance_NN1 of_IO acoustic_JJ models_NN2 at_II various_JJ frequencies_NN2 ,_, we_PPIS2 study_VV0 two_MC cases_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Numerical_JJ diffusion_NN1 does_VDZ not_XX appear_VVI in_II this_DD1 method_NN1 because_II21 of_II22 the_AT convection_NN1 calculation_NN1 procedure_NN1 ,_, in_II which_DDQ convection_NN1 is_VBZ directly_RR calculated_VVN by_II the_AT motion_NN1 of_IO the_AT particles_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Good_JJ agreement_NN1 between_II the_AT CFD_NP1 and_CC experimental_JJ results_NN2 is_VBZ found_VVN ,_, showing_VVG how_RRQ this_DD1 tool_NN1 can_VM be_VBI used_VVN in_II engineering_NN1 design_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
However_RR ,_, it_PPH1 still_RR faces_VVZ two_MC outstanding_JJ problems_NN2 &lsqb;_( 13_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, &lsqb;_( 14_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, &lsqb;_( 15_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
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<s>
A_AT1 "_" comb_NN1 form_NN1 "_" such_II21 as_II22 A5_FO displays_VVZ the_AT highest_JJT values_NN2 of_IO ARC_NP1 and_CC ARC/AOD_NP1 ._. 
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<s>
From_II extensive_JJ evidence_NN1 of_IO laboratory_NN1 and_CC field_NN1 tests_NN2 ,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ recognized_VVN that_CST sandy_JJ soils_NN2 behave_VV0 highly_RR nonlinear_JJ (_( even_RR at_II very_RG small_JJ strain_NN1 )_) ,_, hysteretic_JJ (_( absorbing_JJ energy_NN1 solely_RR as_II a_AT1 function_NN1 of_IO cyclic_JJ strain_NN1 )_) and_CC nearly_RR always_RR contraction_NN1 or_CC densification_NN1 ,_, subjecting_VVG to_II cyclic_JJ shearing_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Fortunately_RR ,_, in_II the_AT analysis_NN1 of_IO the_AT present_JJ submarine_NN1 scattering_VVG problem_NN1 ,_, the_AT solution_NN1 can_VM converge_VVI well_RR ,_, without_IW using_VVG the_AT time_NNT1 averaging_VVG schema_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
It_PPH1 is_VBZ important_JJ to_TO keep_VVI in_II mind_NN1 what_DDQ the_AT goal_NN1 of_IO the_AT results_NN2 is_VBZ ;_; estimating_VVG the_AT energy_NN1 absorption_NN1 or_CC analysing_VVG the_AT strain_NN1 field_NN1 require_VV0 two_MC different_JJ degrees_NN2 of_IO precision_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Cycle-by-cycle_JJ variations_NN2 of_IO indicated_JJ mean_JJ effective_JJ pressure_NN1 at_II different_JJ excess_JJ air_NN1 ratios_NN2 and_CC 10%_NNU hydrogen_NN1 fraction_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Figure_NN1 11_MC shows_VVZ the_AT norm_NN1 of_IO the_AT residual_JJ for_IF the_AT identified_JJ transmissibility_NN1 operator_NN1 whose_DDQGE pseudo_JJ input_NN1 is_VBZ Yi_NP1 for_IF i=1_FO ,_, ,_, 5_MC ,_, and_CC whose_DDQGE pseudo_JJ output_NN1 is_VBZ y6_FO obtained_VVN using_VVG LS_NP2 ,_, PEM_NP1 ,_, IV_MC ,_, and_CC subspace_VV0 methods_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT parameters_NN2 of_IO the_AT ANC_NP1 system_NN1 and_CC the_AT shaping_JJ method_NN1 are_VBR given_VVN ._. 
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<s>
Submersion_NN1 resistance_NN1 occurs_VVZ because_II21 of_II22 the_AT buoyancy_NN1 of_IO ice_NN1 floes_NN2 that_CST press_VV0 against_II a_AT1 ship_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 bottom_JJ and_CC the_AT friction_NN1 between_II the_AT ship_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 surface_NN1 and_CC the_AT submerged_JJ ice_NN1 floes_NN2 independent_JJ of_IO the_AT ship_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 velocity_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT density_NN1 of_IO hydrocarbons_NN2 increases_VVZ with_IW rising_VVG proportions_NN2 of_IO C_NP1 ,_, i.e._REX ,_, with_IW rising_VVG numbers_NN2 of_IO double_JJ bonds_NN2 &lsqb;_( 58_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
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<s>
The_AT results_NN2 for_IF the_AT motion_NN1 response_NN1 are_VBR compared_VVN in_II Figure_NN1 10_MC and_CC 11_MC ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 technique_NN1 provides_VVZ quantitative_JJ and_CC qualitative_JJ information_NN1 about_II physical_JJ and_CC chemical_JJ changes_NN2 that_CST involve_VV0 endothermic_JJ or_CC exothermic_JJ processes_NN2 ,_, or_CC changes_NN2 in_II heat_NN1 capacity_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT evaluations_NN2 of_IO this_DD1 paper_NN1 refer_VV0 to_II the_AT case_NN1 study_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 water-bus_JJ operating_NN1 in_II the_AT Venice_NP1 lagoon_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT same_DA conclusion_NN1 can_VM be_VBI drawn_VVN for_IF sound_NN1 velocity_NN1 from_II Table_NN1 3_MC ,_, Table_NN1 5_MC ._. 
</s>
<s>
Compared_VVN with_IW the_AT rectangular_JJ cavity_NN1 ,_, the_AT variation_NN1 of_IO coupling_NN1 coefficient_NN1 and_CC the_AT resonance_NN1 frequencies_NN2 of_IO panel-_NN1 and_CC cavity-controlled_JJ modes_NN2 of_IO coupled_JJ system_NN1 are_VBR analyzed_VVN in_II detail_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 feature_NN1 also_RR indicated_VVN that_CST enlarging_VVG the_AT fender_NN1 pitch_NN1 can_VM lead_VVI to_II a_AT1 situation_NN1 in_II which_DDQ the_AT bearing_NN1 capacity_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 certain_JJ fender_NN1 ,_, defined_VVN for_IF a_AT1 smaller_JJR fender_NN1 pitch_NN1 and_CC a_AT1 larger_JJR ship_NN1 ,_, can_VM be_VBI insufficient_JJ with_II31 respect_II32 to_II33 the_AT bearing_NN1 capacity_NN1 of_IO the_AT fender_NN1 ,_, designed_VVN for_IF a_AT1 larger_JJR fender_NN1 pitch_NN1 and_CC a_AT1 smaller_JJR ship_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Fig._NN1 12_MC shows_VVZ a_AT1 trend_NN1 plot_NN1 of_IO THC_NP1 emissions_NN2 from_II different_JJ fuels_NN2 with_IW different_JJ loads_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Coal-produced_JJ methanol_NN1 is_VBZ particularly_RR important_JJ to_II China_NP1 ,_, which_DDQ is_VBZ abundant_JJ in_II coal_NN1 but_CCB lack_NN1 in_II fossil_NN1 fuel_NN1 and_CC natural_JJ gas_NN1 &lsqb;_( 8_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Location_NN1 (_( UR_FO in_II the_AT left_JJ panel_NN1 )_) of_IO the_AT R/V_ZZ1 "_" Urania_NP1 "_" during_II WASS_NP1 acquisition_NN1 in_II the_AT southern_JJ Adriatic_NP1 Sea_NNL1 (_( Italy_NP1 )_) ,_, and_CC (_( right_JJ panel_NN1 )_) installation_NN1 of_IO the_AT stereo_NN1 cameras_NN2 on_II the_AT handrail_NN1 of_IO the_AT captain_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 deck_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Vibration_NN1 amplitude_NN1 reduction_NN1 comparison_NN1 between_II EI_NP1 input_NN1 shaping_VVG for_IF vibration_NN1 mode_NN1 2_MC and_CC convolved_VVD EI_NP1 input_NN1 shaping_VVG for_IF vibration_NN1 modes_NN2 2_MC and_CC 3_MC of_IO the_AT experimental_JJ apparatus_NN1 ._. 
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It_PPH1 also_RR contributes_VVZ to_II a_AT1 better_JJR oxidation_NN1 process_NN1 within_II the_AT combustion_NN1 chamber_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ reduces_VVZ the_AT CO_NP1 emission_NN1 formation_NN1 rate_NN1 ._. 
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Failure_NN1 probability_NN1 and_CC standard_JJ error_NN1 distribution_NN1 vs._II time_NNT1 ,_, including_II annual_JJ probability_NN1 of_IO collision_NN1 –_- GOALDS_VVZ database_NN1 statistics_NN ._. 
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<s>
The_AT floating_JJ structure_NN1 with_IW legs_NN2 in_II the_AT research_NN1 is_VBZ simplified_VVN as_II a_AT1 combination_NN1 of_IO an_AT1 elastic_JJ shell_NN1 and_CC 6_MC rigid_JJ beams_NN2 ,_, as_CSA Fig._NN1 8_MC shows_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Considering_CS the_AT water–water_JJR transshipment_NN1 coal_NN1 terminal_NN1 as_II an_AT1 example_NN1 ,_, a_AT1 simulation_NN1 model_NN1 was_VBDZ established_VVN considering_II certain_JJ factors_NN2 ._. 
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At_II the_AT same_DA time_NNT1 ,_, it_PPH1 was_VBDZ seen_VVN that_CST average_JJ start_NN1 of_IO main_JJ injection_NN1 timing_NN1 was_VBDZ advanced_VVN by_II 0.2–0.5°_FO ._. 
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The_AT simulation_NN1 results_NN2 are_VBR shown_VVN in_II Fig._NN1 14_MC ._. 
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It_PPH1 is_VBZ demonstrated_VVN by_II several_DA2 authors_NN2 &lsqb;_( 13,16,30,36_MC &rsqb;_) that_CST this_DD1 method_NN1 leads_VVZ to_II spurious_JJ velocities_NN2 around_II the_AT free_JJ surface_NN1 ._. 
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Fig._NN1 8_MC ._. 
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ANNs_NP2 :_: (_( a_ZZ1 )_) N1_FO for_IF general_JJ class_NN1 Delphinidae_NP1 ,_, species_NN P._NP1 macrocephalus_NN1 and_CC T._NP1 manatus_NN1 ,_, and_CC other_JJ classes_NN2 ,_, (_( b_ZZ1 )_) N2_FO for_IF species_NN O._NP1 orca_NN1 ,_, P._NP1 crassidens_NN2 ,_, S._NP1 frontalis_NN1 and_CC T._NP1 truncatus_NN1 ,_, (_( c_ZZ1 )_) N3_FO for_IF species_NN B._NP1 acutorostrata_NN1 ,_, M._NN1 novaeangliae_NN2 and_CC other_JJ classes_NN2 and_CC (_( d_ZZ1 )_) N4_FO for_IF general_JJ classes_NN2 Vessel_NN1 ,_, Marine_JJ mammal_NN1 ,_, Natural_JJ and_CC Unknown_JJ ._. 
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<s>
Indeed_RR ,_, as_CSA previously_RR shown_VVN in_II Fig._NN1 18_MC ,_, waves_NN2 with_IW lower_JJR periods_NN2 (_( and_CC heights_NN2 )_) again_RT lead_VV0 to_II larger_JJR variations_NN2 and_CC poorer_JJR agreement_NN1 between_II CFD_NP1 simulations_NN2 and_CC experiments_NN2 ._. 
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The_AT mean_JJ dynamic_JJ deformation_NN1 per_II unit_NN1 wave_NN1 amplitude_NN1 decreases_VVZ with_IW the_AT growth_NN1 of_IO wave_NN1 amplitude_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT thrust_NN1 model_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ will_VM be_VBI illustrated_VVN in_II Section_NN1 III_MC ,_, was_VBDZ programmed_VVN and_CC implemented_VVN in_II the_AT FLUENT_JJ code_NN1 using_VVG UDF_NP1 ._. 
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The_AT paper_NN1 is_VBZ structured_VVN as_CSA follows_VVZ :_: Chapter_NN1 2_MC outlines_NN2 the_AT computational_JJ framework_NN1 and_CC describes_VVZ the_AT numerical_JJ models_NN2 with_IW emphases_NN2 being_VBG given_VVN to_II the_AT motion_NN1 model_NN1 and_CC the_AT treatment_NN1 of_IO mechanically_RR coupled_VVN multi-body_JJ systems_NN2 ._. 
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Example_NN1 of_IO results_NN2 for_IF three_MC water_NN1 depths_NN2 ._. 
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Table_NN1 3_MC shows_VVZ the_AT parameters_NN2 of_IO the_AT proposed_JJ SCSDA_NN1 model_NN1 in_II simulated_JJ underwater_JJ audio_JJ data_NN and_CC real_JJ underwater_JJ audio_JJ data_NN ._. 
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An_AT1 experiment_NN1 was_VBDZ performed_VVN in_II a_AT1 towing_JJ tank_NN1 with_IW the_AT Wigley_NP1 ship_NN1 model_NN1 ._. 
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Such_DA a_AT1 curve_NN1 can_VM be_VBI obtained_VVN by_II multiplying_VVG a_AT1 BSFC_NP1 curve_NN1 by_II the_AT corresponding_JJ power_NN1 ._. 
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In_II contrast_NN1 ,_, passive_JJ fault_NN1 detection_NN1 detects_VVZ faults_NN2 by_II analyzing_VVG the_AT sensor_NN1 signals_VVZ alone_JJ and_CC searching_VVG for_IF anomalies_NN2 ._. 
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A_AT1 numerical_JJ study_NN1 has_VHZ been_VBN conducted_VVN to_TO illustrate_VVI the_AT effectiveness_NN1 of_IO the_AT proposed_JJ techniques_NN2 ._. 
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Section_NN1 4.1_MC describes_VVZ the_AT mathematical_JJ model_NN1 for_IF the_AT LPP_NP1 ._. 
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Therefore_RR ,_, the_AT initial_JJ values_NN2 and_CC range_NN1 of_IO parameters_NN2 are_VBR selected_VVN in_II such_DA a_AT1 way_NN1 that_CST it_PPH1 is_VBZ likely_JJ to_TO generate_VVI a_AT1 local_JJ optimum_JJ in_II that_DD1 range_NN1 which_DDQ would_VM be_VBI a_AT1 global_JJ optimum_JJ at_II the_AT same_DA time_NNT1 ._. 
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The_AT decrease_NN1 in_II formation_NN1 rate_NN1 can_VM also_RR be_VBI seen_VVN for_IF the_AT results_NN2 of_IO CO_NP1 emissions_NN2 ._. 
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The_AT method_NN1 is_VBZ applied_VVN to_II the_AT sensitivity_NN1 analysis_NN1 of_IO the_AT local_JJ parameters_NN2 at_II the_AT bow_NN1 on_II wave_NN1 resistance_NN1 for_IF a_AT1 class_NN1 of_IO large-scale_JJ container_NN1 ship_NN1 ,_, thereby_RR excluding_VVG a_AT1 small_JJ number_NN1 of_IO local_JJ parameters_NN2 ,_, which_DDQ have_VH0 small_JJ impact_NN1 on_II the_AT resistance_NN1 performance_NN1 ,_, providing_VVG a_AT1 reference_NN1 for_IF the_AT optimization_NN1 afterward_RL ._. 
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<s>
The_AT mean_JJ annoyance_NN1 ratings_NN2 were_VBDR computed_VVN for_IF different_JJ video_NN1 scenes_NN2 (_( i.e._REX ,_, Scene_NN1 A_ZZ1 to_II Scene_NN1 K_ZZ1 )_) perceived_VVD by_II the_AT participants_NN2 at_II different_JJ SPLs_NP1 ._. 
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Because_CS the_AT proposed_JJ SCSDA_NN1 model_NN1 contains_VVZ SSDA_NP1 stacked_VVD by_II three_MC SDAs_NP2 ,_, the_AT average_JJ denoising_JJ time_NNT1 of_IO image_NN1 data_NN and_CC audio_JJ data_NN is_VBZ slightly_RR longer_RRR than_CSN that_DD1 of_IO SSDA_NN1 ._. 
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As_II a_AT1 result_NN1 ,_, for_IF a_AT1 damaged_JJ ship_NN1 in_II waves_NN2 without_IW water_NN1 accumulation_NN1 on_II deck_NN1 ,_, the_AT opening_NN1 exposed_VVN to_II the_AT incident_NN1 wave_NN1 direction_NN1 may_VM be_VBI preferred_VVN regarding_II the_AT 6-DOF_JJ motions_NN2 ._. 
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The_AT configuration_NN1 of_IO propeller–hull_NN1 system_NN1 is_VBZ shown_VVN in_II Fig._NN1 11_MC ._. 
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<s>
As_II21 for_II22 the_AT cyclic_JJ variations_NN2 of_IO IMEP_NP1 illustrated_VVD in_II Fig._NN1 10_MC ,_, the_AT cyclic_JJ variations_NN2 of_IO IMEP_NN1 of_IO G/P0_NP1 and_CC G/P30_NP1 RCCI_NP1 nearly_RR monotonically_RR decrease_VV0 with_IW the_AT increase_NN1 of_IO the_AT premixed_JJ ratio_NN1 from_II 70%_NNU to_II 90%_NNU at_II the_AT same_DA CA50_FO ,_, especially_RR for_IF the_AT case_NN1 with_IW the_AT CA50_FO after_CS TDC_NP1 ._. 
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However_RR ,_, more_RGR quantitative_JJ analyses_NN2 are_VBR necessary_JJ to_TO yield_VVI practical_JJ approaches_NN2 to_TO mitigate_VVI spray_NN1 collapse_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT resulting_JJ value_NN1 is_VBZ "_" defined_VVN "_" as_II the_AT wave_NN1 direction_NN1 k_ZZ1 ._. 
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Double_JJ Q_ZZ1 and_CC DDP_NP1 strategy_NN1 voyage_NN1 cost_NN1 and_CC GWP_NP1 emission_NN1 breakdown_NN1 of_IO training_NN1 sample_NN1 voyage_NN1 1_MC1 ._. 
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The_AT authors_NN2 reported_VVD an_AT1 improvement_NN1 in_II BSFC_NP1 and_CC BTE_NN1 at_II 15%_NNU and_CC 14.7%_FO ,_, respectively_RR ._. 
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The_AT beamformer_NN1 output_NN1 at_II 3_MC kHz_NNU for_IF different_JJ known_JJ azimuthal_JJ positions_NN2 (_( 90°_NNU ,_, 150°_NNU ,_, 210°_NNU and_CC 330°_NNU )_) are_VBR shown_VVN in_II Fig._NN1 6_MC ._. 
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In_II the_AT case_NN1 of_IO OFCT_NN1 with_IW R123_FO ,_, the_AT exergy_NN1 efficiency_NN1 exhibits_VVZ a_AT1 local_JJ minimum_JJ value_NN1 so_RR there_RL exist_VV0 two_MC peaks_NN2 ._. 
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For_IF the_AT sake_NN1 of_IO improving_JJ efficiency_NN1 ,_, we_PPIS2 choose_VV0 10,000_MC samples_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT main_JJ purpose_NN1 of_IO this_DD1 paper_NN1 is_VBZ to_TO propose_VVI an_AT1 approach_NN1 for_IF modeling_VVG ice_NN1 sheet_NN1 with_IW initial_JJ defects_NN2 and_CC to_TO study_VVI the_AT effects_NN2 of_IO the_AT initial_JJ defects_NN2 in_II ice_NN1 sheet_NN1 on_II the_AT interaction_NN1 between_II ice_NN1 sheet_NN1 and_CC marine_JJ structures_NN2 ._. 
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In_II the_AT calculation_NN1 process_NN1 ,_, water_NN1 is_VBZ used_VVN as_II the_AT working_JJ fluid_NN1 ,_, the_AT experimental_JJ data_NN and_CC simulation_NN1 results_NN2 of_IO the_AT output_NN1 powers_NN2 of_IO the_AT PT_NN1 and_CC ST_NP1 and_NP1 the_AT thermal_JJ efficiency_NN1 under_II off-design_JJ conditions_NN2 are_VBR compared_VVN ,_, shown_VVN in_II Fig._NN1 4_MC ._. 
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Instead_II21 of_II22 taking_VVG all_DB related_JJ nonlinearities_NN2 into_II consideration_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ may_VM require_VVI complex_JJ simulation_NN1 and_CC render_VVI it_PPH1 barely_RR affordable_JJ ,_, we_PPIS2 think_VV0 it_PPH1 rational_JJ to_TO evaluate_VVI the_AT F–K_NN1 and_CC restoring_JJ forces_NN2 by_II pressure_NN1 integral_JJ over_II instantaneous_JJ hull_NN1 wetted_VVD surface_NN1 while_CS keeping_VVG diffraction_NN1 and_CC radiation_NN1 forces_NN2 linear_JJ ._. 
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He_PPHS1 ,_, too_RR ,_, neglected_VVD the_AT free_JJ surface_NN1 and_CC vertical_JJ motions_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
However_RR ,_, when_CS high_JJ frequencies_NN2 and_CC wavenumbers_NN2 are_VBR involved_VVN ,_, the_AT traditional_JJ FE_NP1 analysis_NN1 methods_NN2 require_VV0 very_RG fine_JJ spatial_JJ and_CC temporal_JJ discretization_NN1 to_TO satisfy_VVI the_AT Nyquist_NP1 sampling_NN1 criterion_NN1 ,_, and_CC to_TO ensure_VVI numerical_JJ stability_NN1 and_CC valid_JJ analysis_NN1 results_NN2 which_DDQ results_VVZ in_II very_RG large_JJ problem_NN1 sizes_NN2 and_CC excessive_JJ computational_JJ time_NNT1 ._. 
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To_TO further_RRR verify_VVI the_AT above-mentioned_JJ inference_NN1 ,_, the_AT six_MC time-series_NN of_IO the_AT free-surface_JJ elevations_NN2 inside_II the_AT two_MC harbors_NN2 shown_VVN in_II Fig._NN1 11_MC are_VBR analyzed_VVN by_II using_VVG the_AT MWT_NP1 technique_NN1 ,_, and_CC their_APPGE wavelet_NN1 spectra_NN2 are_VBR presented_VVN in_II Fig._NN1 12_MC ._. 
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Fig._NN1 8_MC also_RR shows_VVZ that_CST higher_JJR values_NN2 of_IO the_AT rate_NN1 of_IO pressure_NN1 rise_NN1 (_( mainly_RR for_IF high_JJ alcohol_NN1 contents_NN2 )_) are_VBR observed_VVN for_IF combustion_NN1 of_IO the_AT DE_NP1 blend_NN1 ._. 
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In_II a_AT1 CI_NN1 engine_NN1 ,_, the_AT maximum_JJ cylinder_NN1 gas_NN1 pressure_NN1 depends_VVZ on_II the_AT rate_NN1 of_IO burned_JJ fuel_NN1 during_II the_AT sudden_JJ combustion_NN1 period_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT hybrid_JJ system_NN1 assessed_VVN in_II this_DD1 article_NN1 ,_, as_CSA illustrated_VVN in_II Fig._NN1 2_MC ,_, was_VBDZ theoretically_RR designed_VVN to_TO supply_VVI electrical_JJ power_NN1 required_VVN for_IF ship_NN1 propulsion_NN1 and_CC hotel_NN1 services_NN2 when_RRQ a_AT1 RoRo_NN1 cargo_NN1 ship_NN1 was_VBDZ transiting_VVG at_II sea_NN1 ,_, manoeuvring_VVG ,_, mooring_VVG and_CC waiting_VVG in_II port_NN1 ._. 
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In_II this_DD1 paper_NN1 we_PPIS2 systematically_RR quantify_VV0 the_AT sound_NN1 of_IO suc_NN1 tion_NN1 by_II sucking_VVG air_NN1 through_II a_AT1 duct_NN1 with_IW an_AT1 orifice_NN1 plate_NN1 on_II the_AT front_NN1 as_CSA shown_VVN in_II Figure_NN1 1_MC1 ._. 
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Geometry_NN1 (_( a_ZZ1 )_) and_CC elementary_JJ cell_NN1 (_( b_ZZ1 )_) of_IO a_AT1 perforated_JJ porous_JJ matrix_NN1 5_MC with_IW concentric_JJ porous_JJ annular_JJ 3_MC and_CC cylin_NN1 drical_JJ 1_MC1 inclusions_NN2 co-axially_RR inserted_VVN in_II the_AT perforations_NN2 ._. 
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Horizontal_JJ line_NN1 connections_NN2 are_VBR not_XX considered_VVN in_II this_DD1 section_NN1 but_CCB can_VM be_VBI taken_VVN into_II account_NN1 in_II a_AT1 similar_JJ way_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT vibrations_NN2 are_VBR characterized_VVN by_II periodic_JJ oscillation_NN1 of_IO the_AT structure_NN1 at_II a_AT1 frequency_NN1 equal_JJ or_CC slightly_RR below_RG one_MC1 of_IO the_AT natural_JJ frequencies_NN2 of_IO the_AT structure_NN1 ._. 
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After_II completing_VVG the_AT measurements_NN2 ,_, point-by-point_JJ models_NN2 are_VBR created_VVN using_VVG Matlab_NP1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 MBC_NP1 toolbox_NN1 (_( MathWorks_NP1 ,_, 2017b_FO )_) ._. 
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The_AT relatively_RR smaller_JJR medians_NN2 of_IO the_AT SDs_NP1 of_IO the_AT listener-specific_JJ slopes_NN2 for_IF aspiration_NN1 noise_NN1 level_NN1 and_CC vowel_NN1 (_( ,_, 0.42_MC &rsqb;_) and_CC ,_, 0.44_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, respectively_RR )_) suggested_VVD that_CST listeners_NN2 had_VHD somewhat_RR similar_JJ sensitivity_NN1 differences_NN2 when_CS comparing_VVG one_MC1 aspiration_NN1 noise_NN1 level_NN1 to_II the_AT other_JJ ,_, and_CC when_CS comparing_VVG one_MC1 vowel_NN1 to_II another_DD1 ._. 
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<s>
Secondary_JJ heuristic_JJ control_NN1 strategies_NN2 can_VM achieve_VVI fuel_NN1 consumption_NN1 and_CC emission_NN1 reductions_NN2 and_CC a_AT1 zero-emission_JJ operating_NN1 mode_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT three-dimensional_JJ LES_NP1 method_NN1 and_CC the_AT DNS_NP2 method_NN1 were_VBDR used_VVN to_TO simulate_VVI breaking_VVG waves_NN2 by_II Christensen_NP1 and_CC Deigaard_NP1 (_( 2001_MC )_) and_CC Wijayaratna_NP1 and_CC Okayasu_NP1 (_( 2000_MC )_) ,_, respectively_RR ._. 
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<s>
Therefore_RR ,_, as_CSA shown_VVN in_II Fig._NN1 2_MC and_CC Table_NN1 5_MC ,_, cases_NN2 with_IW and_CC without_IW reactivity_NN1 stratification_NN1 were_VBDR compared_VVN at_II the_AT same_DA overall_JJ reactivity_NN1 and_CC the_AT same_DA concentration_NN1 stratification_NN1 in_II the_AT cylinder_NN1 to_TO roughly_RR separate_VVI the_AT impact_NN1 of_IO reactivity_NN1 stratification_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
A_AT1 different_JJ realization_NN1 of_IO an_AT1 AMAM_NN1 was_VBDZ recently_RR proposed_VVN by_II Xiao_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
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<s>
who_PNQS used_VVD a_AT1 setup_NN1 similar_JJ to_II that_DD1 of_IO a_AT1 condenser_NN1 microphone_NN1 with_IW an_AT1 acoustically_RR transparent_JJ fishnet_NN1 electrode_NN1 and_CC the_AT added_JJ mass_NN1 on_II the_AT MAM_NN1 acting_VVG as_II the_AT counter_NN1 electrode_NN1 ._. 
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A_AT1 degree_NN1 of_IO transverse_JJ isotropy_NN1 of_IO 10_MC was_VBDZ chosen_VVN ,_, while_CS a_AT1 material_NN1 with_IW a_AT1 factor_NN1 of_IO 1000_MC was_VBDZ used_VVN as_II a_AT1 reference_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT dimensions_NN2 of_IO the_AT drums_NN2 are_VBR verified_VVN in_II Section_NN1 4_MC by_II31 means_II32 of_II33 a_AT1 set_NN1 of_IO transient_JJ simulations_NN2 to_TO avoid_VVI a_AT1 possible_JJ complete_JJ filling_NN1 or_CC empting_VVG during_II system_NN1 operation_NN1 ._. 
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However_RR ,_, Prandtl_NP1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 lift_VV0 expression_NN1 for_IF an_AT1 elliptical_JJ wing_NN1 was_VBDZ used_VVN when_CS specifying_VVG the_AT lift_NN1 coefficient_NN1 used_VVN in_II the_AT VERES_NP2 calculations_NN2 ._. 
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Besides_RR ,_, as_CSA the_AT fuel_NN1 reactivity_NN1 gradient_NN1 produced_VVN by_II fuel_NN1 stratification_NN1 is_VBZ the_AT dominant_JJ factor_NN1 extending_VVG the_AT combustion_NN1 duration_NN1 ,_, the_AT fuel_NN1 reactivity_NN1 of_IO port_NN1 injected_VVN and_CC direct_JJ injected_JJ fuels_NN2 could_VM also_RR affect_VVI the_AT combustion_NN1 process_NN1 ._. 
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Froude_VV0 scaling_VVG law_NN1 is_VBZ selected_VVN for_IF the_AT model_NN1 description_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT CFD_NP1 simulation_NN1 parameter_NN1 settings_NN2 and_CC results_NN2 ._. 
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All_DB nonlinear_JJ characteristics_NN2 ,_, such_II21 as_II22 asymmetry_NN1 of_IO waveform_NN1 and_CC occurrence_NN1 of_IO secondary_JJ crests_NN2 ,_, are_VBR captured_VVN accurately_RR by_II the_AT FUNWAVE_NN1 2.0_MC model_NN1 ._. 
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In_II cryogenic_JJ liquefaction_NN1 cycles_NN2 like_II Linde_NP1 ,_, Claude_NP1 and_CC their_APPGE variants_NN2 ,_, the_AT incoming_JJ stream_NN1 (_( working_VVG fluid_NN1 )_) is_VBZ cooled_VVN by_II returning_VVG vapour_NN1 and_CC expands_VVZ in_II a_AT1 Joule-Thomson_NP1 (_( JT_NP1 )_) valve_NN1 to_TO get_VVI a_AT1 part_NN1 of_IO it_PPH1 liquefied_VVD &lsqb;_( 17_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
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The_AT proposed_JJ convex_JJ optimisation_NN1 approach_NN1 was_VBDZ experimentally_RR validated_VVN on_II the_AT engine_NN1 test-bench_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
If_CS a_AT1 linearly_RR increasing_JJ axial_JJ load_NN1 is_VBZ used_VVN ,_, then_RT it_PPH1 is_VBZ increased_VVN along_II21 with_II22 the_AT transverse_JJ deformation_NN1 ,_, i.e._REX ,_, both_DB2 the_AT axial_JJ force_NN1 and_CC the_AT deformation_NN1 increase_NN1 simultaneously_RR from_II zero_MC to_II the_AT maximum_JJ prescribed_JJ value_NN1 (_( 53kN_FO and_CC 200mm_NNU ,_, respectively_RR )_) during_II the_AT same_DA time_NNT1 interval_NN1 (_( approximately_RR 480s_MC2 )_) ._. 
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The_AT potential_JJ advantage_NN1 of_IO using_VVG the_AT PWAS_NP2 transducer_NN1 would_VM be_VBI that_CST it_PPH1 could_VM measure_VVI both_RR symmetric_JJ (_( in-plane_NN1 )_) and_CC antisymmetric_JJ (_( out-of-plane_NN1 )_) guided_JJ wave_NN1 motion_NN1 through_II the_AT in-plane_NN1 strain_NN1 sensing_NN1 mechanism_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 model_NN1 predicts_VVZ system_NN1 performance_NN1 within_II 5%_NNU of_IO actual_JJ measurements_NN2 during_II Factory_NN1 Acceptance_NN1 Tests_NN2 (_( FAT_NN1 )_) of_IO the_AT diesel_NN1 engines_NN2 and_CC Sea_NN1 Acceptance_NN1 Tests_NN2 (_( SAT_VVN )_) of_IO a_AT1 case_NN1 study_NN1 navy_NN1 ship_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Fig._NN1 10_MC illustrates_VVZ the_AT comparison_NN1 of_IO combustion_NN1 efficiency_NN1 and_CC indicated_VVD thermal_JJ efficiency_NN1 between_II no-Pr70_NN1 and_CC iso/n-Pr70_NN1 at_II different_JJ EGR_NN1 rates_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
However_RR ,_, the_AT ship-loader_JJ utilization_NN1 rate_NN1 of_IO the_AT first_MD layout_NN1 was_VBDZ the_AT largest_JJT rate_NN1 (_( 46.24%_FO )_) ,_, whereas_CS the_AT ship-loader_JJ utilization_NN1 rate_NN1 of_IO the_AT second_MD layout_NN1 was_VBDZ the_AT smallest_JJT rate_NN1 (_( 41.36%_FO )_) ._. 
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In_RR21 addition_RR22 ,_, how_RRQ various_JJ factors_NN2 affect_VV0 the_AT acoustics_NN2 characteristics_NN2 of_IO the_AT proposed_JJ combinations_NN2 is_VBZ investigated_VVN systematically_RR ,_, including_II the_AT number_NN1 of_IO resonators_NN2 ,_, the_AT damping_NN1 characteristics_NN2 of_IO viscoelastic_JJ materials_NN2 ,_, the_AT thickness_NN1 of_IO steel_NN1 plate_NN1 ,_, and_CC the_AT porosity_NN1 of_IO the_AT sound_NN1 insulation_NN1 layer_NN1 ._. 
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It_PPH1 is_VBZ remarkable_JJ that_CST the_AT output_NN1 work_NN1 of_IO the_AT SOR_NN1 cycle_NN1 increases_VVZ continuously_RR with_IW the_AT engine_NN1 load_NN1 at_RR21 first_RR22 ,_, then_RT decreases_VVZ rapidly_RR in_II the_AT engine_NN1 load_NN1 range_NN1 of_IO about_II 75%-80%_FO ,_, and_CC finally_RR increases_VVZ slowly_RR ._. 
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Characteristics_NN2 of_IO the_AT engine_NN1 under_II investigation_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
At_II injection_NN1 pressure_NN1 of_IO 400_MC bar_NN1 ,_, increase_VV0 in_II backpressure_NN1 leads_VVZ to_II greater_JJR variability_NN1 in_II retards_NN2 of_IO injection_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT analysis_NN1 of_IO the_AT physical_JJ and_CC chemical_JJ properties_NN2 revealed_VVD that_CST none_PN of_IO the_AT proposed_JJ electrofuels_NN2 fulfils_VVZ the_AT requirements_NN2 for_IF diesel_NN1 fuels_NN2 set_VVN out_RP by_II DIN_NN1 EN_FW 590_MC ._. 
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<s>
To_II the_AT authors_NN2 '_NULL knowledge_NN1 ,_, experimental_JJ measured_JJ data_NN for_IF a_AT1 similar_JJ honeycomb_NN1 core_NN1 sandwich_NN1 panel_NN1 have_VH0 not_XX been_VBN reported_VVN in_II the_AT open_JJ literature_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Further_JJR investigations_NN2 of_IO the_AT coupled_JJ pipeline_NN1 vibration_NN1 with_IW local_JJ scour_NN1 in_II nonlinear_JJ waves_NN2 will_VM be_VBI paid_VVN special_JJ attentions_NN2 in_II the_AT near_JJ future_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
There_EX have_VH0 also_RR been_VBN several_DA2 proof-of-concept_JJ studies_NN2 for_IF hybrid_JJ systems_NN2 driven_VVN by_II companies_NN2 seeking_VVG commercial_JJ developments_NN2 &lsqb;_( 19_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, &lsqb;_( 20_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, &lsqb;_( 21_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
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<s>
Steps_NN2 2._MC c_ZZ1 to_II 2._MC e_ZZ1 are_VBR to_TO compare_VVI the_AT subsequent_JJ measure_NN1 to_II the_AT middle_JJ element_NN1 when_CS there_EX are_VBR more_DAR than_CSN 2_MC candidate_NN1 ranked_VVN measures_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Eventually_RR LBSI_JJ engines_NN2 can_VM provide_VVI overall_JJ reduction_NN1 of_IO GHG_NP1 emission_NN1 including_II methane_NN1 ._. 
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Calculation_NN1 of_IO rising_VVG and_CC half-decaying_JJ times_NNT2 ._. 
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<s>
Major_JJ steps_NN2 to_TO produce_VVI CME_NN1 biodiesel_NN1 using_VVG ultrasonicator_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Values_NN2 are_VBR shown_VVN with_IW p/ga_NN1 and_CC a=0.0240_FO m_ZZ1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT drift_NN1 of_IO the_AT array_NN1 during_II the_AT entire_JJ deployment_NN1 of_IO the_AT acoustic_JJ source_NN1 was_VBDZ about_RG 1.5km_NNU ._. 
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The_AT percentage_NN1 fuel_NN1 savings_NN2 were_VBDR shown_VVN to_TO decrease_VVI with_IW increasing_JJ brake_NN1 power_NN1 but_CCB were_VBDR still_RR significant_JJ at_II full_JJ power_NN1 ._. 
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Effect_NN1 of_IO variation_NN1 of_IO UA_NP1 of_IO HX1_FO at_II different_JJ mass_JJ flow_NN1 rates_NN2 of_IO nitrogen_NN1 and_CC pressure_NN1 ratio_NN1 of_IO RBC_NP1 on_II rational_JJ exergy_NN1 efficiency_NN1 and_CC minimum_JJ temperature_NN1 approach_NN1 in_II HX2_FO of_IO system_NN1 with_IW Configuration_NN1 2_MC ._. 
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<s>
The_AT basin_NN1 is_VBZ ._. 
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<s>
On_II one_MC1 end_NN1 of_IO the_AT basin_NN1 ,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ equipped_VVN with_IW a_AT1 single-flap_JJ wave_NN1 maker_NN1 capable_JJ of_IO generating_JJ regular_JJ and_CC irregular_JJ wave_NN1 patterns_NN2 ,_, and_CC on_II the_AT other_JJ ,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ equipped_VVN with_IW a_AT1 wave_NN1 dissipation_NN1 device_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Among_II those_DD2 assorted_JJ approaches_NN2 ,_, the_AT weakly_RR nonlinear_JJ method_NN1 has_VHZ gained_VVN a_AT1 lot_NN1 of_IO popularities_NN2 for_IF it_PPH1 could_VM provide_VVI satisfactory_JJ results_NN2 for_IF practical_JJ use_NN1 with_IW much_DA1 less_DAR computational_JJ time_NNT1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT input_NN1 of_IO the_AT wave-maker_JJ signals_NN2 would_VM have_VHI eliminated_VVN this_DD1 unknown_JJ error_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT lower_JJR edge_NN1 of_IO the_AT working_JJ domain_NN1 is_VBZ assumed_VVN to_TO reflect_VVI the_AT acoustic_JJ waves_NN2 ,_, while_CS for_IF the_AT rest_NN1 of_IO its_APPGE boundaries_NN2 the_AT same_DA absorbing_JJ condition_NN1 as_CSA in_II the_AT example_NN1 6.3_MC has_VHZ been_VBN considered_VVN ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT general_JJ features_NN2 of_IO an_AT1 underwater_JJ explosion_NN1 are_VBR well_RR known_VVN ,_, and_CC have_VH0 been_VBN discussed_VVN extensively_RR in_II the_AT literature_NN1 (_( Cole_NP1 &lsqb;_( 1_MC1 &rsqb;_) ,_, Accordingly_RR ,_, the_AT effects_NN2 of_IO alcohol_NN1 addition_NN1 to_II diesel_NN1 on_II different_JJ performance_NN1 indices_NN2 ,_, combustion_NN1 characteristics_NN2 and_CC environmental_JJ parameters_NN2 have_VH0 been_VBN investigated_VVN and_CC discussed_VVN in_II this_DD1 section_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT net_JJ effect_NN1 of_IO these_DD2 complex_JJ competitive_JJ parameters_NN2 affects_VVZ the_AT net_JJ emitted_JJ soot_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
High-load_JJ bypass_NN1 exhaust_NN1 gas_NN1 is_VBZ an_AT1 effective_JJ method_NN1 to_TO optimize_VVI the_AT low_JJ load_NN1 performance_NN1 of_IO the_AT ship_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 main_JJ engine_NN1 and_CC reduce_VV0 the_AT energy_NN1 consumption_NN1 of_IO the_AT ship_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Source_NN1 depth_NN1 estimation_NN1 is_VBZ performed_VVN as_CSA shown_VVN in_II the_AT flowchart_NN1 of_IO Fig._NN1 6_MC ._. 
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<s>
The_AT open_JJ water_NN1 tests_NN2 were_VBDR carried_VVN out_RP by_II varying_JJ ship_NN1 model_NN1 speed_NN1 and_CC heading_VVG angle_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Under_II the_AT assumption_NN1 that_CST we_PPIS2 have_VH0 known_VVN the_AT probability_NN1 density_NN1 distribution_NN1 and_CC support_NN1 of_IO uncertain_JJ parameters_NN2 ,_, we_PPIS2 can_VM set_VVI a_AT1 much_RR lower_JJR threshold_NN1 than_CSN the_AT norm-based_JJ one_PN1 ._. 
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<s>
Coulomb_VV0 friction_NN1 model_NN1 for_IF lateral_JJ pipe–seabed_JJ interaction_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Sensor_NN1 output_NN1 signals_VVZ Ua_NP1 for_IF three_MC cases_NN2 :_: synthetic_JJ vocal_JJ fold_NN1 is_VBZ not_XX yet_RR oscillating_VVG (_( "_" air_NN1 flow_NN1 "_" )_) ;_; vocal_JJ fold_NN1 model_NN1 is_VBZ oscillating_VVG without_IW contacting_VVG the_AT sensor_NN1 array_NN1 (_( "_" oscillation_NN1 "_" )_) ;_; and_CC synthetic_JJ vocal_JJ fold_NN1 contacts_NN2 the_AT sensor_NN1 (_( "_" contact_NN1 "_" )_) ._. 
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<s>
Symmetry_NN1 support_NN1 conditions_NN2 (_( Fig._NN1 5(a)_FO )_) were_VBDR applied_VVN to_II quarter-models_NN2 of_IO the_AT unidirectional_JJ and_CC cross-ply_JJ plates_NN2 with_IW dimensions_NN2 m3_FO ;_; while_CS the_AT full_JJ quasi_JJ isotropic_JJ plate_NN1 was_VBDZ modeled_VVN because_CS the_AT presence_NN1 of_IO 45/45_MF plies_NN2 abolished_VVN the_AT symmetry_NN1 along_II the_AT x_ZZ1 and_CC the_AT y_ZZ1 axis_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT theoretical_JJ background_NN1 is_VBZ described_VVN in_II Sec._NNU 2_MC ._. 
</s>
<s>
However_RR despite_II these_DD2 advantages_NN2 ,_, recent_JJ research_NN1 shows_VVZ this_DD1 concept_NN1 tends_VVZ to_TO emit_VVI ultra-fine_JJ particles_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
A_AT1 modified_JJ Artificial_JJ Potential_JJ Field_NN1 (_( APF_NP1 )_) ,_, which_DDQ contains_VVZ a_AT1 new_JJ modified_JJ repulsion_NN1 potential_NN1 field_NN1 function_NN1 and_CC the_AT corresponding_JJ virtual_JJ forces_NN2 ,_, is_VBZ developed_VVN to_TO address_VVI the_AT issue_NN1 of_IO Collision_NN1 Avoidance_NN1 (_( CA_NP1 )_) with_IW dynamic_JJ targets_NN2 and_CC static_JJ obstacles_NN2 ,_, including_II emergency_NN1 situations_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
In_II Fig._NN1 12(a)_FO ,_, a_AT1 configuration_NN1 with_IW exhaust_NN1 gas_NN1 evaporation_NN1 and_CC HT_NN1 coolant_NN1 preheating_NN1 has_VHZ been_VBN reported_VVN ._. 
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<s>
None_PN of_IO the_AT known_JJ nonlinear_JJ surface_NN1 models_NN2 of_IO practical_JJ use_NN1 apply_VV0 to_II capillary_JJ waves_NN2 over_II a_AT1 turbulent_JJ shallow_JJ flow_NN1 with_IW a_AT1 roughened_JJ bed_NN1 ,_, when_CS the_AT surface_NN1 velocity_NN1 is_VBZ larger_JJR than_CSN the_AT minimum_JJ phase_NN1 velocity_NN1 of_IO the_AT gravity-capillary_JJ waves_NN2 and_CC it_PPH1 is_VBZ subject_II21 to_II22 turbulent_JJ fluctuations_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT reason_NN1 for_IF choosing_VVG this_DD1 type_NN1 of_IO operation_NN1 mode_NN1 was_VBDZ to_TO measure_VVI in-plane_NN1 strains_NN2 ,_, S1_FO ,_, S3_FO by_II generating_VVG a_AT1 transverse_JJ electric_JJ voltage_NN1 signal_NN1 (_( E3_FO )_) ._. 
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<s>
As_CSA previously_RR mentioned_VVN ,_, the_AT average_JJ shipload_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 seagoing_JJ ship_NN1 is_VBZ 21.3_MC thousand_NNO tons_NNU2 ._. 
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<s>
A_AT1 new_JJ type_NN1 of_IO fuel_NN1 named_VVD hydrogenated_JJ catalytic_JJ biodiesel_NN1 blended_VVN with_IW gasoline_NN1 is_VBZ proposed_VVN to_TO apply_VVI in_II a_AT1 gasoline_NN1 compression_NN1 ignition_NN1 engine_NN1 for_IF low-temperature_JJ combustion_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Therefore_RR ,_, the_AT accuracy_NN1 of_IO the_AT calculation_NN1 will_VM not_XX be_VBI affected_VVN &lsqb;_( 48_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, &lsqb;_( 49_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, and_CC it_PPH1 is_VBZ feasible_JJ to_TO investigate_VVI the_AT acoustics_NN2 behaviors_NN2 of_IO the_AT proposed_JJ combinations_NN2 by_II FEM_NP1 ._. 
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<s>
Spectral_JJ domain_NN1 analysis_NN1 is_VBZ further_RRR conducted_VVN and_CC the_AT corresponding_JJ spectrograms_NN2 for_IF the_AT first_MD element_NN1 at_II 6_MC kHz_NNU are_VBR shown_VVN in_II Fig._NN1 4_MC ._. 
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<s>
The_AT pitch_NN1 hydrodynamic_JJ moment_NN1 fluctuated_VVD around_RG 0.005_MC ,_, which_DDQ was_VBDZ comparable_JJ with_IW the_AT restoring_JJ moment_NN1 (_( 0.004–0.006_MCMC )_) from_II the_AT gravity_NN1 and_CC the_AT buoyancy_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT user_NN1 parameter_NN1 of_IO SC-DAMAS_NN2 is_VBZ provided_VVN by_II Equation_NN1 (_( 20_MC )_) of_IO reference_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT NOx_NN1 emissions_NN2 also_RR decreased_VVN due_II21 to_II22 ethanol_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 high_JJ latent_JJ heat_NN1 of_IO vaporization_NN1 which_DDQ reduces_VVZ the_AT flame_NN1 temperature_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT failure_NN1 of_IO sea_NN1 ice_NN1 cover_NN1 against_II a_AT1 conical_JJ structure_NN1 is_VBZ a_AT1 fragmentation_NN1 process_NN1 where_CS a_AT1 continuous_JJ ice_NN1 sheet_NN1 is_VBZ broken_VVN into_II discrete_JJ blocks_NN2 mainly_RR under_II the_AT bending_NN1 failure_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT effect_NN1 of_IO the_AT finite_JJ size_NN1 of_IO the_AT material_NN1 to_II the_AT measured_JJ results_NN2 is_VBZ usually_RR called_VVN the_AT size_NN1 effect_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Increasing_JJ amounts_NN2 of_IO methane_NN1 were_VBDR added_VVN to_II the_AT swirling_JJ oxidiser_NN1 stream_NN1 while_CS decreasing_VVG the_AT flow_NN1 rate_NN1 of_IO biodiesel_NN1 across_II the_AT spray_NN1 nozzle_NN1 so_CS21 that_CS22 ,_, for_IF all_DB emissions_NN2 test_NN1 cases_NN2 ,_, a_AT1 15_MC kW_NNU power_NN1 output_NN1 is_VBZ maintained_VVN at_II an_AT1 equivalence_NN1 ratio_NN1 ,_, global_JJ ,_, of_IO 0.7_MC ._. 
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<s>
It_PPH1 can_VM be_VBI observed_VVN that_CST the_AT nodal_JJ and_CC antinodal_JJ structure_NN1 changes_NN2 with_IW the_AT distance_NN1 from_II the_AT plate_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Paul_NP1 and_CC coworkers_NN2 &lsqb;_( 15_MC &rsqb;_) studied_VVD the_AT effect_NN1 of_IO blending_VVG the_AT DEE_FU with_IW the_AT diesel_NN1 fuel_NN1 in_II two_MC different_JJ proportions_NN2 on_II diesel_NN1 engine_NN1 performance_NN1 and_CC emissions_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
A_AT1 supercritical_JJ carbon_NN1 dioxide_NN1 Brayton-Kalina_NP1 combined_JJ cycle_NN1 system_NN1 is_VBZ presented_VVN ._. 
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<s>
For_IF similar_JJ reasons_NN2 ,_, the_AT results_NN2 from_II Gilkey_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
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<s>
were_VBDR used_VVN for_IF comparisons_NN2 ,_, although_CS they_PPHS2 used_VVD an_AT1 exocentric_JJ reporting_NN1 method_NN1 (_( GELP_NP1 )_) in_II their_APPGE study_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
It_PPH1 might_VM be_VBI due_II21 to_II22 the_AT improved_JJ combustion_NN1 caused_VVN by_II the_AT oxygen_NN1 content_NN1 in_II biodiesel_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT SNR_NP1 of_IO the_AT lake_NN1 test_NN1 environment_NN1 is_VBZ about_II 5dB_FO ,_, and_CC the_AT lake_NN1 test_NN1 environment_NN1 is_VBZ relatively_RR complex_JJ ._. 
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<s>
In_II the_AT seagoing_JJ ship-unloading_JJ section_NN1 ,_, the_AT average_JJ terminal_JJ times_NNT2 of_IO ships_NN2 in_II the_AT second_MD layout_NN1 and_CC the_AT third_MD layout_NN1 were_VBDR 367.6_MC and_CC 369.17_MC h_ZZ1 ,_, respectively_RR ,_, which_DDQ was_VBDZ less_RRR than_CSN the_AT 402.77_MC h_ZZ1 of_IO the_AT first_MD layout_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Shop_NN1 test_NN1 of_IO steady-state_JJ performances_NN2 at_II 100%_NNU ,_, 75%_NNU ,_, 50%_NNU and_CC 25%_NNU loads_NN2 were_VBDR carried_VVN out_RP using_VVG experimental_JJ devices_NN2 with_IW high_JJ accuracy_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Firstly_RR ,_, the_AT test_NN1 data_NN of_IO propeller_NN1 and_CC the_AT experimental_JJ data_NN of_IO the_AT submarine_NN1 can_VM validate_VVI numerical_JJ results_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Furthermore_RR ,_, the_AT geometric_JJ parameters_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 diameter_NN1 and_CC height_NN1 of_IO the_AT pillar_NN1 greatly_RR influence_VV0 the_AT eigenmodes_NN2 and_CC the_AT wave_NN1 modes_NN2 coupling_NN1 affect_VV0 the_AT position_NN1 and_CC width_NN1 of_IO bandgaps_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 differs_VVZ from_II proper_JJ orthogonal_JJ decomposition_NN1 in_II that_DD1 non-standing_JJ wave_NN1 behavior_NN1 is_VBZ captured_VVN ._. 
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<s>
Moreover_RR ,_, the_AT map_NN1 was_VBDZ segmented_VVN into_II 32_MC regions_NN2 and_CC time_NNT1 duration_NN1 was_VBDZ partitioned_VVN into_II 72_MC slices_NN2 ,_, meaning_VVG each_DD1 lasted_VVD for_IF 2_MC hours_NNT2 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT generalized_JJ equations_NN2 presented_VVN in_II Sec._NNU 2_MC provide_VV0 the_AT foundation_NN1 for_IF developing_VVG a_AT1 multinode_NN1 plate_NN1 FE_NP1 with_IW C0_FO Lagrange_NN1 shape_NN1 functions_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Meanwhile_RR the_AT added_JJ attachment_NN1 improves_VVZ the_AT sound_NN1 insulation_NN1 performance_NN1 of_IO the_AT STL_NP1 dip_VV0 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT maximum_JJ in-cylinder_JJ pressure_NN1 value_NN1 at_II 100%_NNU load_NN1 was_VBDZ assumed_VVN to_TO be_VBI the_AT permissible_JJ limit_NN1 herein_RR ,_, as_CSA no_AT information_NN1 was_VBDZ provided_VVN with_II31 respect_II32 to_II33 the_AT engine_NN1 capability_NN1 of_IO withstanding_VVG higher_JJR pressure_NN1 values_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT force_NN1 at_II the_AT first_MD "_" peak_NN1 "_" ,_, occurring_VVG just_RR before_II 50mm_NNU displacement_NN1 in_II Fig._NN1 4_MC ,_, is_VBZ also_RR listed_VVN in_II the_AT table_NN1 for_IF each_DD1 pipe_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT safety_NN1 function_NN1 shall_VM use_VVI as_II input_NN1 devices_NN2 the_AT AIS_NN2 systems_NN2 installed_VVN on_RL21 board_RL22 ,_, which_DDQ shall_VM provide_VVI static_JJ and_CC dynamic_JJ information_NN1 on_II own-ship_NN1 and_CC targets_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
In_II the_AT case_NN1 study_NN1 ,_, the_AT smallest_JJT 940kWh_NNU capacity_NN1 battery_NN1 is_VBZ comprised_VVN of_IO eight_MC packs_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT apparent_JJ batter_NN1 is_VBZ 1:4_MC according_II21 to_II22 Table_NN1 3_MC ._. 
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<s>
Therefore_RR ,_, based_VVN on_II the_AT above_JJ analysis_NN1 ,_, experimental_JJ errors_NN2 exist_VV0 ,_, but_CCB it_PPH1 can_VM still_RR be_VBI explained_VVN that_CST an_AT1 underwater_JJ superstructure_NN1 can_VM enhance_VVI the_AT effect_NN1 of_IO acoustic_JJ absorption_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Each_DD1 plot_NN1 was_VBDZ normalized_VVN to_II the_AT beginning_NN1 of_IO the_AT respective_JJ measurement_NN1 data_NN set_VV0 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT OQ-NLP_JJ algorithm_NN1 is_VBZ a_AT1 multistart_NN1 heuristic_JJ algorithm_NN1 for_IF determining_VVG the_AT global_JJ minimum_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 constrained_JJ nonlinear_JJ problem_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Subsequently_RR ,_, we_PPIS2 investigated_VVD how_RRQ to_TO use_VVI the_AT -domain_JJ to_TO assess_VVI ship_NN1 collision_NN1 risk_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Previous_JJ research_NN1 on_II sulphur_NN1 kinetics_NN1 in_II flames_NN2 has_VHZ provided_VVN an_AT1 overall_JJ understanding_NN1 of_IO the_AT general_JJ aspects_NN2 of_IO the_AT associated_JJ high_JJ temperature_NN1 chemistry_NN1 &lsqb;_( 13_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, &lsqb;_( 14_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, &lsqb;_( 15_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, &lsqb;_( 16_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, &lsqb;_( 17_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
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<s>
These_DD2 curves_NN2 represent_VV0 the_AT relationship_NN1 between_II the_AT cost-effectiveness_NN1 (_( CE_NP1 )_) and_CC the_AT amount_NN1 of_IO emission_NN1 reduction_NN1 for_IF various_JJ abatement_NN1 options_NN2 ,_, and_CC the_AT cost-effectiveness_JJ criterion_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ considers_VVZ the_AT trade-off_NN1 between_II the_AT two_MC objectives_NN2 ,_, is_VBZ typically_RR used_VVN with_IW it_PPH1 to_TO rank_VVI the_AT emission_NN1 reduction_NN1 measures_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
First_MD ,_, alternative_JJ manoeuvres_NN2 without_IW tug_NN1 assistance_NN1 are_VBR proposed_VVN ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 makes_VVZ the_AT unusual_JJ p-p_NN1 SPL_NP1 patterns_NN2 observed_VVN in_II the_AT dolphin_NN1 OLY_RR noteworthy_JJ ._. 
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<s>
Meanwhile_RR ,_, because_CS the_AT center_NN1 of_IO gravity_NN1 of_IO the_AT offshore_JJ module_NN1 is_VBZ not_XX located_VVN at_II the_AT center_NN1 ,_, the_AT hoisting_JJ speed_NN1 needs_VVZ to_TO be_VBI controlled_VVN by_II the_AT crane_NN1 operators_NN2 ,_, otherwise_RR the_AT offshore_JJ module_NN1 will_VM be_VBI lifted_VVN in_II a_AT1 tilted_JJ state_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT DEM_FW data_NN are_VBR shown_VVN as_CSA discrete_JJ points_NN2 on_II the_AT ground_NN1 profile_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Hence_RR ,_, the_AT sensitivity_NN1 analysis_NN1 is_VBZ performed_VVN to_TO understand_VVI the_AT impact_NN1 of_IO such_DA variation_NN1 of_IO BOG_NN1 stream_NN1 on_II the_AT energy_NN1 efficiency_NN1 of_IO BOG_NN1 re-liquefaction_NN1 processes_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Looking_VVG for_IF a_AT1 mathematical_JJ apparatus_NN1 ,_, we_PPIS2 decided_VVD that_CST the_AT main_JJ goal_NN1 must_VM be_VBI the_AT ability_NN1 to_TO apply_VVI a_AT1 reference_NN1 value_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ will_VM be_VBI the_AT result_NN1 of_IO manoeuvring_VVG tests_NN2 carried_VVN out_RP on_II a_AT1 real_JJ ship_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Considering_VVG @_II is_VBZ the_AT time_NNT1 series_NN to_TO be_VBI observed_VVN (_( or_CC the_AT input_NN1 of_IO the_AT model_NN1 )_) and_CC the_AT corresponding_JJ predictive_JJ output_NN1 of_IO the_AT model_NN1 is_VBZ @_II ,_, the_AT prediction_NN1 error_NN1 is_VBZ @_II ._. 
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<s>
Building_NN1 on_II the_AT presented_JJ results_NN2 ,_, there_EX are_VBR a_AT1 host_NN1 of_IO additional_JJ sensitivity_NN1 factors_NN2 will_VM influence_VVI both_DB2 the_AT physical_JJ and_CC economic_JJ metrics_NN2 used_VMK to_TO quantify_VVI system_NN1 performance_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Conventional_JJ spark_NN1 ignition_NN1 (_( SI_FW )_) engines_NN2 can_VM be_VBI easily_RR retrofitted_VVN to_II NG_NP1 operation_NN1 &lsqb;_( 4_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
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<s>
Fig._NN1 1_MC1 ._. 
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<s>
Wave_NN1 energy_NN1 converter_NN1 with_IW two_MC WABs_NP2 (_( PTO_NP1 is_VBZ not_XX shown_VVN in_II the_AT plot_NN1 )_) ._. 
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<s>
Finally_RR ,_, we_PPIS2 validate_VV0 the_AT VeSim_NN1 manoeuvring_VVG model_NN1 of_IO Gunnerus_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
It_PPH1 can_VM be_VBI concluded_VVN that_CST when_CS the_AT slamming_NN1 pressure_NN1 amplitude_NN1 occurs_VVZ the_AT upper-left_NN1 of_IO slamming_VVG region_NN1 ,_, the_AT slamming_NN1 pressure_NN1 will_VM lead_VVI to_II the_AT largest_JJT stress_NN1 response_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Also_RR ,_, the_AT intelligent_JJ cooling_NN1 system_NN1 is_VBZ able_JK to_TO achieve_VVI this_DD1 fuel_NN1 savings_NN2 while_CS simultaneously_RR decreasing_VVG HC_NP1 and_CC CO_NP1 emissions_NN2 by_II approximately_RR 5.3%_FO and_CC 6.1%_FO compared_VVN to_II the_AT conventional_JJ system_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Taking_VVG Eq_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
(_( 10_MC )_) into_II consideration_NN1 ,_, the_AT in-plane_NN1 displacement_NN1 can_VM be_VBI written_VVN as_CSA ,_, The_AT turbine_NN1 flow_NN1 rate_NN1 and_CC efficiency_NN1 are_VBR also_RR investigated_VVN by_II changing_VVG the_AT rotor_NN1 deviation_NN1 angle_NN1 by_II ±2°_FO ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_BCL21 order_BCL22 to_TO detect_VVI the_AT asymmetries_NN2 ,_, we_PPIS2 performed_VVD a_AT1 phase_NN1 conditional_NN1 analysis_NN1 by_II classifying_VVG the_AT WGW_NP1 statistics_NN on_II the_AT basis_NN1 of_IO their_APPGE position_NN1 with_II31 respect_II32 to_II33 the_AT MGW_NP1 phase_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Collision_NN1 and_CC grounding_VVG accidents_NN2 can_VM be_VBI categorized_VVN into_II the_AT internal_JJ and_CC the_AT external_JJ mechanics_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Further_RRR ,_, obvious_JJ changes_NN2 in_II the_AT absorption_NN1 coefficients_NN2 can_VM also_RR be_VBI observed_VVN when_CS v_ZZ1 has_VHZ different_JJ values_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Therefore_RR ,_, the_AT upward_JJ motion_NN1 is_VBZ promoted_VVN in_II31 comparison_II32 with_II33 the_AT radial_JJ displacement_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
By_II comparing_VVG tests_NN2 608_MC and_CC 609_MC ,_, the_AT speed_NN1 effect_NN1 on_II ice_NN1 loads_NN2 is_VBZ distinct_JJ ._. 
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<s>
Typically_RR the_AT STL_NP1 response_NN1 consists_VVZ of_IO stiffness_NN1 controlled_VVD ,_, resonance_NN1 controlled_VVD ,_, and_CC mass_JJ controlled_JJ regions_NN2 with_IW increasing_JJ frequency_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT schematic_JJ of_IO the_AT engine_NN1 bench_NN1 test_NN1 is_VBZ shown_VVN in_II Fig._NN1 1_MC1 ,_, and_CC the_AT specifications_NN2 of_IO the_AT single_JJ cylinder_NN1 MPII_NN2 natural_JJ gas_NN1 engine_NN1 for_IF the_AT present_JJ study_NN1 are_VBR listed_VVN in_II Table_NN1 1_MC1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_RR21 addition_RR22 ,_, the_AT parameters_NN2 of_IO icebreaker_NN1 Araon_NN1 in_II full-scale_JJ and_CC model-scale_JJ are_VBR shown_VVN in_II Table_NN1 2_MC ._. 
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<s>
The_AT advantage_NN1 of_IO this_DD1 method_NN1 over_II the_AT stochastic_JJ model_NN1 is_VBZ that_CST attributions_NN2 of_IO the_AT specific_JJ physical_JJ process_NN1 are_VBR taken_VVN into_II account_NN1 in_II the_AT signal_NN1 detection_NN1 problem_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
For_IF this_DD1 work_NN1 ,_, the_AT covers_NN2 of_IO the_AT payload_NN1 area_NN1 were_VBDR changed_VVN to_TO create_VVI a_AT1 spherical_JJ head_NN1 (_( see_VV0 Figs._NN2 5_MC and_CC 7_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
The_AT finite_JJ element_NN1 model_NN1 consists_VVZ of_IO 30,460_MC shells_NN2 elements_NN2 ,_, 7200_MC beam_NN1 elements_NN2 ,_, 18_MC COMBIN14_FO elements_NN2 and_CC a_AT1 lumped_JJ mass_JJ element_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Therefore_RR ,_, the_AT received_JJ signal_NN1 is_VBZ seriously_RR distorted_VVN ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT main_JJ engine_NN1 parameters_NN2 are_VBR reported_VVN in_II Table_NN1 2_MC ._. 
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<s>
The_AT financial_JJ perspective_NN1 was_VBDZ found_VVN to_TO have_VHI the_AT highest_JJT weightings_NN2 on_II the_AT scorecard_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
However_RR ,_, the_AT resistance_NN1 values_NN2 of_IO Test_NN1 1–3_MCMC are_VBR similar_JJ ,_, as_CSA reported_VVN in_II Table_NN1 2_MC ._. 
</s>
<s>
If_CS the_AT external_JJ excitation_NN1 does_VDZ not_XX exist_VVI in_II the_AT coupled_JJ system_NN1 in_II equation_NN1 (_( 24_MC )_) or_CC (_( 25_MC )_) ,_, equation_NN1 (_( 25_MC )_) will_VM be_VBI a_AT1 standard_JJ eigenvalue_NN1 matrix_NN1 equation_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
In_II the_AT midstiffness_NN1 (_( around_RG 109_MC )_) region_NN1 of_IO the_AT plots_NN2 ,_, there_EX are_VBR designs_NN2 with_IW lower_JJR ASTL_NN1 values_NN2 ;_; however_RR around_II stiffness_NN1 values_NN2 of_IO 107_MC the_AT ASTL_NN1 values_NN2 of_IO the_AT designs_NN2 are_VBR consistently_RR high_JJ in_II both_DB2 the_AT frequency_NN1 ranges_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
A_AT1 simplified_JJ sketch_NN1 of_IO the_AT system_NN1 is_VBZ shown_VVN in_II Fig._NN1 3_MC ._. 
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<s>
There_EX is_VBZ always_RR a_AT1 solution_NN1 with_IW coefficient_NN1 equal_JJ to_TO zero_VVI and_CC another_DD1 one_PN1 with_IW coefficient_NN1 equal_JJ to_II one_PN1 ._. 
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<s>
For_IF wave_NN1 height_NN1 H=4m_FO ,_, Ra1_FO ≈_NULL Ra_NP1 and_CC Rcp_NP1 ≈_NULL 0_MC ._. 
</s>
<s>
As_CSA shown_VVN in_II the_AT figure_NN1 ,_, the_AT upper_JJ part_NN1 is_VBZ a_AT1 steam_NN1 drum_NN1 and_CC the_AT long_JJ tubes_NN2 on_II both_DB2 sides_NN2 are_VBR the_AT downcomer_NN1 pipes_NN2 while_CS the_AT riser_NN1 pipes_NN2 are_VBR located_VVN at_II the_AT top_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Photographical_JJ view_NN1 of_IO lemon_NN1 peel_NN1 oil_NN1 blends_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT size_NN1 distribution_NN1 of_IO DF_NN1 was_VBDZ larger_JJR and_CC broader_JJR than_CSN HFO_NP1 ._. 
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<s>
In_II31 terms_II32 of_II33 its_APPGE unique_JJ combustion_NN1 properties_NN2 ,_, the_AT diffusion_NN1 coefficient_NN1 of_IO hydrogen_NN1 is_VBZ about_RG four_MC times_NNT2 larger_JJR than_CSN that_DD1 of_IO gasoline_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ can_VM improve_VVI the_AT air–fuel_NN1 mixing_NN1 process_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT ratio_NN1 a/p_FU is_VBZ computed_VVN to_TO be_VBI 0.08_MC ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT shipping_NN1 industry_NN1 has_VHZ been_VBN facing_VVG increasing_JJ challenges_NN2 due_II21 to_II22 the_AT stringent_JJ regulations_NN2 for_IF anthropogenic_JJ emissions_NN2 limits_VVZ ,_, the_AT new_JJ targets_NN2 for_IF carbon_NN1 emissions_NN2 reduction_NN1 and_CC the_AT potential_JJ carbon_NN1 pricing_NN1 introduction_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
As_CSA is_VBZ shown_VVN in_II Fig._NN1 7(d)–_NN1 (_( f_ZZ1 )_) ,_, IMEP_NP1 ,_, IT_NN1 and_CC IP_NP1 increases_VVZ with_IW increasing_JJ compression_NN1 ratio_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT difference_NN1 in_II the_AT trend_NN1 between_II the_AT full_JJ loading_NN1 condition_NN1 and_CC ballast_NN1 condition_NN1 was_VBDZ observed_VVN to_TO affect_VVI the_AT ship_NN1 draft_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Note_VV0 that_CST the_AT correlation_NN1 is_VBZ achieved_VVN over_II a_AT1 wide_JJ range_NN1 of_IO conditions_NN2 in_II31 terms_II32 of_II33 injection_NN1 temperature_NN1 and_CC ambient_JJ pressure_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT location_NN1 labelled_VVN as_CSA '_NULL Step_NN1 '_NULL represents_VVZ where_RRQ the_AT water_NN1 depth_NN1 transition_NN1 is_VBZ located_VVN ._. 
</s>
<s>
With_IW the_AT increase_NN1 of_IO equivalence_NN1 ratio_NN1 ,_, higher_JJR thermal_JJ efficiency_NN1 of_IO the_AT engine_NN1 can_VM be_VBI achieved_VVN ._. 
</s>
<s>
These_DD2 results_NN2 demonstrate_VV0 the_AT first_MD step_NN1 in_II tailoring_VVG SBTWs_NP1 for_IF applications_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 propulsion_NN1 and_CC drag_VV0 reduction_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT velocity_NN1 amplitude_NN1 in_II the_AT case_NN1 of_IO scattering_VVG from_II a_AT1 single_JJ cylinder_NN1 is_VBZ also_RR shown_VVN for_IF comparison_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Such_DA off-design_JJ operation_NN1 constraints_NN2 are_VBR also_RR considered_VVN as_CSA constraints_NN2 of_IO the_AT SDO_NN1 optimization_NN1 problem_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT optimization_NN1 is_VBZ done_VDN with_II31 respect_II32 to_II33 either_DD1 zk_NNU ,_, k=1_FO ,_, ,_, K_ZZ1 for_IF a_AT1 fixed_JJ k_ZZ1 ,_, p_ZZ1 ,_, or_CC with_II31 respect_II32 to_II33 p_ZZ1 without_IW considering_VVG zk_NNU ,_, k=1_FO ,_, ,_, K._NP1 Because_CS Equations_NN2 (_( 4_MC )_) and_CC (_( 6_MC )_) are_VBR satisfied_VVN by_II considering_VVG the_AT mirror_NN1 image_NN1 of_IO sources_NN2 with_II31 respect_II32 to_II33 the_AT still_JJ free_JJ surface_NN1 and_CC bottom_JJ surface_NN1 ,_, respectively_RR ,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ necessary_JJ to_TO solve_VVI 0H_FO on_II each_DD1 panel_NN1 of_IO the_AT hull_NN1 surface_NN1 and_CC 0I_FO on_II the_AT interface_NN1 in_BCL21 order_BCL22 to_TO satisfy_VVI Equations_NN2 (_( 3_MC )_) and_CC (_( 5_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
However_RR ,_, when_CS the_AT ice_NN1 is_VBZ thick_JJ and_CC the_AT water_NN1 is_VBZ shallow_JJ ,_, the_AT loads_NN2 are_VBR often_RR transmitted_VVN well_RR below_II the_AT waterline_NN1 (_( Fig._NN1 11_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Measurement_NN1 of_IO pressure_NN1 signals_NN2 at_II respective_JJ crank_NN1 angle_NN1 position_NN1 was_VBDZ achieved_VVN by_II placing_VVG a_AT1 crank_NN1 angle_NN1 encoder_NN1 at_II the_AT output_NN1 shaft_NN1 of_IO the_AT engine_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
However_RR ,_, the_AT total_JJ uncertainty_NN1 associated_VVN with_IW model_NN1 prediction_NN1 is_VBZ the_AT consequence_NN1 of_IO two_MC different_JJ aspects_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT conduction_NN1 of_IO the_AT collaborative_JJ simulation_NN1 for_IF the_AT offshore_JJ module_NN1 installation_NN1 is_VBZ successful_JJ ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II all_DB cases_NN2 ,_, the_AT environmental_JJ impact_NN1 of_IO the_AT hybrid_JJ power_NN1 system_NN1 presented_VVN in_II this_DD1 study_NN1 could_VM be_VBI used_VVN as_II a_AT1 reference_NN1 for_IF comparison_NN1 to_TO verify_VVI the_AT environment_NN1 benefits_NN2 of_IO alternative_JJ hybrid_JJ power_NN1 systems_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT symbols_NN2 L_ZZ1 ,_, H_ZZ1 ,_, d_ZZ1 and_CC t_ZZ1 denote_VV0 inner_JJ wall_NN1 width_NN1 ,_, inner_JJ wall_NN1 height_NN1 ,_, thickness_NN1 of_IO vertical_JJ wall_NN1 and_CC thickness_NN1 of_IO horizontal_JJ wall_NN1 of_IO the_AT tubular_JJ beam_NN1 cross-section_NN1 ,_, respectively_RR ._. 
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<s>
However_RR ,_, the_AT cetane_NN1 number_NN1 of_IO B80P20_FO is_VBZ slightly_RR under_II the_AT standard_JJ limit_NN1 (_( ≥40_FO )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Burning_VVG an_AT1 ash-bearing_JJ solid_JJ fuel_NN1 such_II21 as_II22 coal_NN1 in_II gas_NN1 turbines_NN2 of_IO an_AT1 "_" open_JJ cycle_NN1 "_" design_NN1 is_VBZ problematic_JJ ._. 
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<s>
Unburned_JJ hydrocarbons_NN2 (_( UHC_NP1 )_) from_II lean-burn_JJ gas_NN1 engines_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Moreover_RR ,_, it_PPH1 can_VM be_VBI observed_VVN from_II Table_NN1 1_MC1 and_CC Fig._NN1 9_MC that_CST the_AT global_JJ natural_JJ frequencies_NN2 ,_, i.e._REX ,_, the_AT natural_JJ frequencies_NN2 with_IW a_AT1 global_JJ vibrating_JJ mode_NN1 shape_NN1 ,_, with_IW a_AT1 larger_JJR cell_NN1 angle_NN1 θ_NULL are_VBR larger_JJR than_CSN the_AT global_JJ natural_JJ frequencies_NN2 of_IO the_AT same_DA order_NN1 with_IW a_AT1 smaller_JJR cell_NN1 angle_NN1 in_II31 terms_II32 of_II33 the_AT conventional_JJ models_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Therefore_RR ,_, the_AT key_JJ factors_NN2 for_IF a_AT1 robust_JJ validation_NN1 are_VBR the_AT accuracy_NN1 in_II the_AT determination_NN1 of_IO ice_NN1 conditions_NN2 and_CC propeller_NN1 thrust_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Also_RR ,_, in_II Fig._NN1 10(b)_FO ,_, at_II the_AT frequency_NN1 of_IO 9_MC kHz_NNU ,_, the_AT deformation_NN1 gradient_NN1 has_VHZ the_AT relationship_NN1 :_: the_AT 40_MC mm_NNU case_NN1 is_VBZ larger_JJR than_CSN the_AT 30_MC mm_NNU case_NN1 and_CC larger_JJR than_CSN the_AT 20_MC mm_NNU case_NN1 ;_; correspondingly_RR ,_, the_AT sound_NN1 absorption_NN1 performance_NN1 has_VHZ the_AT same_DA trends_NN2 in_II Fig._NN1 8(b)_FO ._. 
</s>
<s>
Based_VVN on_II the_AT estimated_JJ TKE_NN1 terms_NN2 ,_, the_AT dissipation_NN1 time_NNT1 series_NN is_VBZ analyzed_VVN in_II this_DD1 paper_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
There_EX are_VBR four_MC main_JJ components_NN2 and_CC ideal_JJ processes_NN2 of_IO this_DD1 system_NN1 :_: An_AT1 evaporator_NN1 for_IF recovering_VVG waste_NN1 heat_NN1 from_II exhaust_NN1 gases_NN2 ,_, a_AT1 turbine_NN1 for_IF expansion_NN1 of_IO the_AT working_JJ fluid_NN1 and_CC producing_VVG work_NN1 ,_, a_AT1 condenser_NN1 for_IF transferring_VVG heat_NN1 to_II the_AT environment_NN1 ,_, and_CC a_AT1 pump_NN1 for_IF increasing_VVG the_AT pressure_NN1 of_IO the_AT working_JJ fluid_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
It_PPH1 can_VM be_VBI observed_VVN that_CST once_CS fluid_NN1 enters_VVZ porous_JJ medium_NN1 ,_, fluid_NN1 pressure_NN1 variations_NN2 happen_VV0 particularly_RR in_II the_AT boundary_NN1 of_IO pure_JJ fluid_NN1 and_CC porous_JJ medium_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Thus_RR ,_, the_AT propulsive_JJ efficiency_NN1 is_VBZ reduced_VVN ._. 
</s>
<s>
For_IF cases_NN2 b_ZZ1 ,_, e_ZZ1 ,_, and_CC h_ZZ1 ,_, the_AT low_JJ cold-ironing_JJ price_NN1 is_VBZ employed_VVN ,_, and_CC for_IF cases_NN2 c_ZZ1 ,_, f_ZZ1 ,_, and_CC i_ZZ1 ,_, the_AT time-of-use_JJ cold-ironing_JJ price_NN1 is_VBZ employed_VVN ._. 
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<s>
Organic_JJ Rankine_NN1 cycle_NN1 (_( ORC_NP1 )_) applies_VVZ the_AT principles_NN2 of_IO Rankine_NP1 cycle_NN1 using_VVG an_AT1 organic_JJ fluid_NN1 that_CST has_VHZ a_AT1 low_JJ boiling_JJ point_NN1 to_TO recover_VVI heat_NN1 from_II low_JJ temperature_NN1 heat_NN1 sources_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
As_CSA shown_VVN in_II Figure_NN1 7_MC ,_, a_AT1 power_NN1 oscillator_NN1 (_( Syscon_NP1 Instruments_NN2 ,_, SI_FW 28_MC )_) is_VBZ used_VVN to_TO excite_VVI and_CC an_AT1 oscilloscope_NN1 (_( ScienTECH_NP1 201_MC )_) is_VBZ used_VVN to_TO monitor_VVI the_AT input_NN1 to_II the_AT synthetic_JJ jet_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
As_CSA another_DD1 advantage_NN1 ,_, the_AT application_NN1 only_RR requires_VVZ openly_RR available_JJ data_NN ._. 
</s>
<s>
Combining_VVG the_AT effects_NN2 of_IO four_MC aspects_NN2 ,_, it_PPH1 can_VM be_VBI found_VVN that_CST the_AT effects_NN2 of_IO cetane_NN1 number_NN1 and_CC volumetric_JJ heat_NN1 value_NN1 play_VV0 the_AT dominant_JJ role_NN1 and_CC make_VV0 the_AT combustion_NN1 duration_NN1 show_VV0 a_AT1 decreasing_JJ trend_NN1 when_CS the_AT fuel_NN1 density_NN1 increases_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Compared_VVN to_II pure_JJ hydrogen_NN1 injection_NN1 ,_, the_AT CO_NP1 and_CC HC_NP1 emissions_NN2 at_II hydrogen/gasoline_NN1 combined_JJ injection_NN1 mode_NN1 are_VBR increased_VVN in_II some_DD degree_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Interaction_NN1 between_II ice_NN1 cover_NN1 and_CC conical_JJ structure_NN1 simulated_VVN with_IW DEM_FW ,_, here_RL the_AT magnitude_NN1 of_IO the_AT velocity_NN1 of_IO each_DD1 particle_NN1 is_VBZ presented_VVN in_II different_JJ colors_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Smoothed_JJ Particle_NN1 Hydrodynamics_NN2 (_( SPH_NP1 )_) is_VBZ a_AT1 typical_JJ method_NN1 in_II recent_JJ decades_NNT2 which_DDQ solves_VVZ governing_JJ equations_NN2 for_IF particles_NN2 using_VVG computational_JJ domain_NN1 discretization_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Turbine_NN1 speed_NN1 is_VBZ real-time_JJ optimized_JJ given_JJ working_JJ fluid_NN1 inlet_NN1 temperature_NN1 and_CC inlet/outlet_NN1 pressure_NN1 as_II the_AT inputs_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Although_CS the_AT SO2_FO to_II SO3_FO conversion_NN1 is_VBZ higher_JJR with_IW the_AT use_NN1 of_IO the_AT realizable_JJ k-ε_FO model_NN1 ,_, the_AT percentage_NN1 point_NN1 of_IO the_AT conversion_NN1 remains_VVZ within_II 0.6%_FO in_II both_DB2 the_AT high_JJ and_CC low_JJ load_NN1 cases_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Water_NN1 entry_NN1 of_IO an_AT1 elastic_JJ plate_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Fig._NN1 28_MC ,_, Fig._NN1 29_MC provide_VV0 the_AT wavelet_NN1 transform_NN1 of_IO the_AT crankshaft_NN1 response_NN1 to_II unshaped_JJ ,_, post-T1_NN1 ,_, and_CC TSCS_NP1 inputs_NN2 in_II the_AT region_NN1 where_CS the_AT frequency_NN1 content_NN1 is_VBZ largest_JJT and_CC focused_VVD around_RG 10_MC Hz_NNU ._. 
</s>
<s>
Five_MC methods_NN2 are_VBR compared_VVN ,_, among_II which_DDQ three_MC are_VBR quasi-statical_JJ estimations_NN2 of_IO squat_NN1 from_II computational_JJ fluid_NN1 dynamics_NN (_( CFD_NP1 )_) -computed_JJ hydrodynamic_JJ forces_NN2 and_CC moment_NN1 (_( QS_FO )_) ,_, and_CC two_MC are_VBR based_VVN on_II directly_RR computed_VVN squat_NN1 utilizing_VVG dynamic_JJ overset_JJ meshing_NN1 (_( OV_NP1 )_) technique_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT quantified_JJ results_NN2 are_VBR locational_JJ ,_, technology_NN1 and_CC assumption_NN1 specific_JJ (_( e.g._REX ability_NN1 for_IF diesel_NN1 generators_NN2 to_II ramp_NN1 to_II 100%_NNU generation_NN1 within_II an_AT1 hour_NNT1 )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 is_VBZ evidenced_VVN by_II a_RR21 little_RR22 larger_JJR tortuosity_NN1 (_( 1.09_MC &lsqb;_( &rsqb;_) )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Comparison_NN1 of_IO measured_JJ and_CC calculated_VVD BDFIs_NP1 with_IW the_AT classical_JJ modal_JJ expansion_NN1 for_IF room_NN1 configurations_NN2 E1_FO (_( Calculated_JJ BDFI_NN2 Measured_VVD BDFI_NP1 )_) –_- Comparison_NN1 of_IO mea_NN1 sured_VVD BDFIs_NP1 for_IF several_DA2 room_NN1 configurations_NN2 ,_, E1_FO E2_FO E3_FO E4_FO ._. 
</s>
<s>
Coincident_JJ meshes_NN2 on_II each_DD1 opposite_JJ lateral_JJ boundary_NN1 of_IO the_AT periodic_JJ cell_NN1 are_VBR used_VVN to_TO facilitate_VVI the_AT use_NN1 of_IO the_AT periodicity_NN1 condition_NN1 recalled_VVN in_II equation_NN1 (_( 2_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II31 terms_II32 of_II33 escort_NN1 operations_NN2 in_II ice-covered_JJ waters_NN2 ,_, there_EX are_VBR safety_NN1 problems_NN2 between_II an_AT1 escorting_JJ icebreaker_NN1 and_CC a_AT1 corresponding_JJ escorted_JJ ship_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT LES_NP1 method_NN1 attempts_NN2 to_TO resolve_VVI motions_NN2 accounting_VVG for_IF bulk_NN1 of_IO the_AT turbulent_JJ kinetic_JJ energy_NN1 and_CC can_VM be_VBI applied_VVN at_II relatively_RR high_JJ Reynold_NN1 number_NN1 in_II even_RR complex_JJ flows_NN2 ,_, which_DDQ cots_NN2 significantly_RR less_DAR than_CSN the_AT DNS_NP2 method_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Fairly_RR well_JJ agreements_NN2 between_II predictions_NN2 and_CC experiments_NN2 have_VH0 been_VBN found_VVN in_II Fig._NN1 5_MC ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II this_DD1 section_NN1 of_IO the_AT paper_NN1 ,_, an_AT1 overview_NN1 of_IO the_AT literature_NN1 regarding_VVG mostly_RR two-stroke_JJ marine_JJ engine_NN1 waste_NN1 heat_NN1 recovery_NN1 is_VBZ proposed_VVN ._. 
</s>
<s>
If_CS p_ZZ1 represents_VVZ (_( N1_FO )_) vector_NN1 of_IO measured_JJ nodal_JJ acoustic_JJ pressures_NN2 ,_, pm_RA represents_VVZ (_( M1_FO )_) vector_NN1 of_IO modal_JJ acoustic_JJ pressures_NN2 and_CC Fa_NP1 represents_VVZ (_( NM_FU )_) modal_JJ matrix_NN1 of_IO rigid_JJ walled_JJ acoustic_JJ modes_NN2 ,_, then_RT following_VVG equation_NN1 can_VM be_VBI approximated_VVN on_II the_AT basis_NN1 of_IO Eq_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
(_( 5_MC )_) ,_, Otherwise_RR ,_, either_RR the_AT EITs_NP2 are_VBR not_XX higher_JJR than_CSN critical_JJ temperatures_NN2 ,_, or_CC the_AT expansion_NN1 process_NN1 will_VM end_VVI at_II the_AT two_MC phase_NN1 region_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
CFD_NP1 predicted_VVD forces_NN2 and_CC moment_NN1 coefficients_NN2 for_IF a_AT1 tug_NN1 operating_NN1 at_II the_AT non-dimensionalised_JJ lateral_JJ separation_NN1 (_( δ_FO y_ZZ1 )_) of_IO 0·50_FO and_CC 1·00_FO from_II a_AT1 tanker_NN1 ,_, at_II tug_NN1 drift_NN1 angles_NN2 (_( θ_NULL )_) of_IO 60°_NNU ,_, 75°_NNU ,_, and_CC 90°_NNU in_II comparison_NN1 to_II an_AT1 open-water_JJ tug_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Panigrahi_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
investigated_VVN acoustic_JJ coatings_NN2 with_IW different_JJ sizes_NN2 of_IO air_NN1 channel_NN1 adhered_VVN on_II the_AT same_DA side_NN1 or_CC different_JJ sides_NN2 of_IO a_AT1 steel_NN1 wall_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II31 comparison_II32 with_II33 some_DD multilayer_NN1 feed_VV0 forward_RL neural_JJ network_NN1 controller_NN1 ,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ indicated_VVN that_CST the_AT RBFNN_NP1 controller_NN1 has_VHZ the_AT advantages_NN2 of_IO good_JJ generalization_NN1 capability_NN1 and_CC simple_JJ architecture_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ are_VBR beneficial_JJ to_TO avoid_VVI unnecessary_JJ and_CC lengthy_JJ calculations_NN2 &lsqb;_( 16_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, therefore_RR it_PPH1 is_VBZ applied_VVN to_TO design_VVI the_AT rudder_NN1 roll_NN1 stabilization_NN1 system_NN1 in_II this_DD1 study_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Therefore_RR ,_, the_AT m.s.e._NNU and_CC c.o.r._NNU coefficients_NN2 are_VBR listed_VVN to_TO verify_VVI whether_CSW the_AT numerical_JJ results_NN2 are_VBR close_JJ to_II the_AT experimental_JJ ones_NN2 and_CC the_AT trend_NN1 of_IO the_AT two_MC curves_NN2 is_VBZ also_RR consistent_JJ ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT rudder_NN1 angle_NN1 repeats_VVZ a_AT1 similar_JJ motion_NN1 ,_, and_CC the_AT zig-zag_JJ motion_NN1 is_VBZ obtained_VVN ._. 
</s>
<s>
At_II that_DD1 distance_NN1 ,_, the_AT computed_JJ criterion_NN1 J_ZZ1 exhibits_VVZ two_MC ambiguity_NN1 sidelobes_NN2 corresponding_VVG to_TO slope_VVI values_NN2 of_IO 3°_NNU and_CC 6°_NNU (_( see_VV0 Fig._NN1 6_MC ,_, r=_FO 3.5_MC km_NNU )_) ._. 
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<s>
It_PPH1 was_VBDZ also_RR pointed_VVN that_CST RGF_NP1 caused_VVD to_TO deteriorate_VVI the_AT auto-ignition_NN1 reactions_NN2 and_CC lower_JJR imep_NN1 was_VBDZ obtained_VVN ._. 
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<s>
Hence_RR ,_, the_AT maximum_JJ brake_NN1 torque_NN1 and_CC volumetric_JJ efficiency_NN1 show_VV0 similar_JJ trends_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Measured_VVN dynamic_JJ trim_NN1 for_IF the_AT three_MC example_NN1 transits_NN2 is_VBZ shown_VVN in_II Fig._NN1 11_MC ._. 
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<s>
For_IF Hilo_NP1 ,_, the_AT topographic_JJ data_NN in_II the_AT Hilo_NP1 DEM_FW used_VVD for_IF the_AT ASCE_NP1 inundation_NN1 simulations_NN2 were_VBDR obtained_VVN from_II the_AT National_JJ Geospatial-Intelligence_NP1 Agency_NN1 (_( NGA_NP1 )_) Hawaii_NP1 Interferometric_NP1 Synthetic_JJ Aperture_NN1 Radar_NN1 (_( IfSAR_NP1 )_) ._. 
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<s>
As_II a_AT1 secondary_JJ but_CCB contributing_VVG effect_NN1 is_VBZ the_AT short_JJ quenching_JJ distance_NN1 and_CC high_JJ LFS_NP1 of_IO methanol_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Initially_RR ,_, these_DD2 simulations_NN2 were_VBDR performed_VVN with_IW simple_JJ cylindrical_JJ floaters_NN2 to_TO investigate_VVI the_AT usage_NN1 of_IO these_DD2 more_DAR expensive_JJ but_CCB also_RR more_RGR sophisticated_JJ solvers_NN2 ,_, see_VV0 e.g._REX Beyer_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
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<s>
(_( 2013_MC )_) ,_, Quallen_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
(_( 2014_MC )_) ,_, Bozonnet_NP1 and_CC Emery_NN1 (_( 2015_MC )_) and_CC Benitz_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
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<s>
(_( 2015_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT ability_NN1 of_IO the_AT proposed_JJ tool_NN1 to_TO obtain_VVI the_AT desired_JJ shape_NN1 is_VBZ tested_VVN ._. 
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<s>
Level_JJ ice_NN1 resistance_NN1 could_VM be_VBI taken_VVN as_II the_AT summation_NN1 of_IO the_AT force_NN1 occurred_VVD during_II ice_NN1 breaking_VVG process_NN1 at_II the_AT initial_JJ ice-hull_JJ interaction_NN1 and_CC the_AT force_NN1 due_II21 to_II22 submersion_NN1 and_CC sliding_JJ of_IO broken_JJ ice_NN1 from_II intact_JJ ice_NN1 sheet_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT sound_NN1 absorption_NN1 coefficients_NN2 for_IF the_AT combination_NN1 II_MC with_IW the_AT different_JJ number_NN1 of_IO resonators_NN2 are_VBR presented_VVN in_II Fig._NN1 13_MC ._. 
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<s>
Therefore_RR ,_, in_II the_AT present_JJ paper_NN1 ,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ assumed_VVN that_CST the_AT vertical_JJ impact_NN1 velocity_NN1 which_DDQ was_VBDZ used_VVN in_II each_DD1 calculation_NN1 is_VBZ constant_JJ ._. 
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<s>
In_II the_AT present_JJ study_NN1 ,_, the_AT effects_NN2 of_IO RGF_NP1 were_VBDR investigated_VVN on_II performance_NN1 and_CC combustion_NN1 characteristics_NN2 in_II an_AT1 HCCI_JJ engine_NN1 equipped_VVN with_IW reduced_JJ valve_NN1 lift_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
In_II the_AT case_NN1 where_CS a_AT1 two-lane_JJ road_NN1 was_VBDZ placed_VVN between_II viewers_NN2 and_CC mountain_NN1 greenery_NN1 ,_, a_AT1 net_JJ positive_JJ annoyance_NN1 moderation_NN1 effect_NN1 would_VM be_VBI produced_VVN ._. 
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<s>
The_AT UHC_NN1 emission_NN1 level_NN1 is_VBZ 33_MC ,_, 19_MC ,_, 22_MC and_CC 25ppm_NNU for_IF neat_JJ diesel_NN1 ,_, neat_JJ biodiesel_NN1 ,_, BD5W_FO and_CC BD10W_FO ,_, respectively_RR at_II full_JJ load_NN1 conditions_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT main_JJ impact_NN1 is_VBZ the_AT drastic_JJ reduction_NN1 of_IO microscale_NN1 eddy_NN1 structures_NN2 in_II the_AT inner_JJ part_NN1 of_IO the_AT marina_NN1 &lsqb;_( Fig._NN1 7(b)_FO &rsqb;_) ._. 
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<s>
Comparisons_NN2 to_II the_AT experimental_JJ data_NN show_VV0 that_CST the_AT simulated_JJ pressure_NN1 rise_NN1 starts_VVZ 1.0_MC crank_NN1 angle_NN1 degree_NN1 in_II advance_NN1 and_CC the_AT calculated_JJ peak_NN1 pressure_NN1 is_VBZ 1.7%_FO lower_RRR ._. 
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<s>
However_RR ,_, validation_NN1 of_IO the_AT model_NN1 for_IF transient_JJ cycles_NN2 is_VBZ not_XX presented_VVN ._. 
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<s>
As_CSA shown_VVN in_II Fig._NN1 9_MC (_( b_ZZ1 ,_, d_ZZ1 ,_, f_ZZ1 ,_, h_ZZ1 )_) ,_, P5_FO in_II all_DB the_AT methods_NN2 keeps_VVZ 0_MC during_II the_AT entire_JJ hoteling_JJ period_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 last_MD e-fuel_NN1 is_VBZ specially_RR capable_JJ of_IO soot_NN1 and_CC NOx_NP1 reduction_NN1 as_CSA reported_VVN in_II the_AT existent_JJ investigations_NN2 &lsqb;_( 30_MC &rsqb;_) with_IW a_AT1 formulation_NN1 of_IO high_JJ oxygen_NN1 and_CC low_JJ carbon_NN1 composition_NN1 ,_, and_CC it_PPH1 is_VBZ possible_JJ to_TO synthesize_VVI it_PPH1 using_VVG CO2_FO capture_VV0 from_II the_AT atmosphere_NN1 and_CC some_DD conversion_NN1 steps_NN2 &lsqb;_( 31_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, Eventually_RR ,_, all_DB the_AT velocity_NN1 potentials_NN2 can_VM be_VBI fixed_VVN ._. 
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<s>
Different_JJ symbols_NN2 represent_VV0 different_JJ values_NN2 of_IO lv/h_FU ._. 
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<s>
The_AT cost_NN1 increased_VVN by_II 10.9%_FO compare_VV0 with_IW B5_FO ._. 
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<s>
In_II contrast_NN1 ,_, phase_NN1 substitution_NN1 and_CC phase_NN1 correction_NN1 approaches_VVZ also_RR make_VV0 the_AT reflections_NN2 coherent_JJ and_CC visible_JJ &lsqb;_( Fig._NN1 2(c)–2(d)_NN1 &rsqb;_) but_CCB preserve_VV0 higher_JJR frequencies_NN2 ,_, avoid_VV0 oversmoothing_VVG ,_, and_CC keep_VV0 local_JJ details_NN2 of_IO the_AT reflections_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT connection_NN1 state_NN1 of_IO the_AT inverter_NN1 output_NN1 side_NN1 contactor_NN1 is_VBZ read_VVN via_II the_AT digital_JJ input_NN1 module_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT expected_JJ fuel_NN1 oil_NN1 saving_NN1 benefits_NN2 were_VBDR assumed_VVN to_TO emerge_VVI from_II the_AT minimization_NN1 of_IO transient_JJ loads_NN2 and_CC load_VV0 leveling_VVG ._. 
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<s>
The_AT final_JJ mass_JJ distribution_NN1 of_IO the_AT FE_NP1 model_NN1 is_VBZ also_RR plotted_VVN in_II Fig._NN1 3_MC ._. 
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<s>
Holes_NN2 have_VH0 strong_JJ ability_NN1 to_TO acquire_VVI electrons_NN2 ,_, and_CC can_VM be_VBI oxidized_VVN by_II capturing_VVG electrons_NN2 in_II SOX_NN2 and_CC NOX_NP1 ._. 
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<s>
Also_RR ,_, assuming_VVG a_AT1 constant_JJ value_NN1 of_IO γ_NULL for_IF the_AT all_DB the_AT engine_NN1 operation_NN1 conditions_NN2 and_CC tested_VVD fuels_NN2 can_VM lead_VVI to_II inaccurate_JJ results_NN2 when_RRQ the_AT engine_NN1 combustion_NN1 characteristics_NN2 are_VBR analyzed_VVN &lsqb;_( 18_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, &lsqb;_( 19_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT successful_JJ designs_NN2 of_IO hulls_NN2 for_IF ships_NN2 employing_VVG drag_VV0 reduction_NN1 by_II air_NN1 bottom_NN1 cavitation_NN1 have_VH0 been_VBN based_VVN on_II solutions_NN2 of_IO inverse_JJ problems_NN2 of_IO the_AT theory_NN1 of_IO ideal_JJ incompressible_JJ fluid_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Without_IW surface_NN1 tension_NN1 (_( simulation_NN1 1_MC1 )_) ,_, the_AT rising_JJ velocity_NN1 after_II the_AT penetration_NN1 of_IO the_AT jet_NN1 is_VBZ lower_JJR than_CSN with_IW surface_NN1 tension_NN1 ,_, because_CS the_AT bubble_NN1 becomes_VVZ wider_JJR as_CSA it_PPH1 rises_VVZ ._. 
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<s>
The_AT exceptions_NN2 were_VBDR model_JJ components_NN2 expressed_VVN as_CSA rational_JJ polynomials_NN2 :_: the_AT compressor_NN1 flow_NN1 and_CC both_RR compressor_NN1 and_CC turbine_NN1 efficiency_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT yaw_NN1 angle_NN1 space_NN1 was_VBDZ discretized_VVN at_II 10°_NNU into_II 36_MC intervals_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 method_NN1 reduces_VVZ the_AT complex_JJ interaction_NN1 effects_NN2 between_II the_AT different_JJ sensorial_JJ modalities_NN2 (_( i.e._REX ,_, vestibular_JJ ,_, visual_JJ ,_, and_CC auditory_JJ )_) ,_, but_CCB is_VBZ restricted_VVN to_II the_AT field_NN1 of_IO vision_NN1 (_( i.e._REX frontal_JJ targets_NN2 )_) ._. 
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<s>
The_AT gas_NN1 chromatograph_NN1 column_NN1 used_VVD was_VBDZ DB-225_MC (_( 30_MC m_NNO long_JJ ,_, 0.25_MC mm_NNU diameter_NN1 and_CC 0.2_MC ?m_FO film_NN1 thickness_NN1 )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
To_TO further_RRR verify_VVI the_AT PIM-Volterra_JJ predictor_NN1 ,_, fifteen_MC received_JJ signals_NN2 collected_VVN at_II different_JJ points_NN2 in_II the_AT simulated_JJ seafloor_NN1 mining_NN1 experiment_NN1 were_VBDR applied_VVN to_TO detect_VVI the_AT target_NN1 echo_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT propeller_NN1 load_NN1 disturbances_NN2 induce_VV0 significant_JJ effect_NN1 of_IO the_AT speed_NN1 tracking_NN1 control_NN1 of_IO the_AT ship_NN1 in_II the_AT marine_JJ electric_JJ propulsion_NN1 system_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Generally_RR ,_, the_AT motion_NN1 of_IO an_AT1 AUV_NN1 can_VM be_VBI described_VVN using_VVG six_MC degrees_NN2 of_IO freedom_NN1 differential_NN1 equations_NN2 of_IO motion_NN1 &lsqb;_( 19_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
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<s>
A_AT1 series_NN of_IO scaled_JJ segmented_JJ trimaran_NN1 models_NN2 based_VVN on_II the_AT vibration_NN1 characteristics_NN2 of_IO the_AT prototype_NN1 were_VBDR designed_VVN and_CC tested_VVN in_II the_AT tank_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Cell-by-cell_JJ processing_NN1 with_IW a_AT1 mean_JJ filter_NN1 ,_, a_AT1 maximum_JJ filter_NN1 ,_, and_CC principle_NN1 component_NN1 analysis_NN1 (_( PCA_NP1 )_) were_VBDR investigated_VVN as_CSA temporal_JJ detection_NN1 reinforcement_NN1 approaches_VVZ to_TO generate_VVI a_AT1 temporally_RR enhanced_VVD RDM_NP1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT depths_NN2 of_IO mode_NN1 rays_NN2 at_II the_AT discrete_JJ ranges_NN2 of_IO interest_NN1 are_VBR shown_VVN by_II black_JJ dots_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT results_NN2 of_IO numerical_JJ seakeeping_JJ analysis_NN1 can_VM be_VBI widely_RR used_VVN at_II the_AT design_NN1 stage_NN1 of_IO the_AT ship_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
For_IF maximizing_VVG the_AT value_NN1 of_IO the_AT multipath_NN1 model_NN1 ,_, ES_FW ,_, R_ZZ1 ,_, and_CC T_ZZ1 need_VV0 to_TO be_VBI collinear_JJ and_CC the_AT line_NN1 connecting_VVG these_DD2 three_MC points_NN2 should_VM be_VBI perpendicular_JJ to_II the_AT axis_NN1 of_IO the_AT stiffener_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Table_NN1 5_MC quantifiably_RR validates_VVZ the_AT assumption_NN1 of_IO different_JJ loading_NN1 conditions_NN2 during_II vessel_NN1 operation_NN1 and_CC threshold_NN1 failure_NN1 resistance_NN1 states_NN2 for_IF the_AT selected_JJ structures_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
External_JJ hydrostatic_JJ pressure_NN1 tests_NN2 were_VBDR conducted_VVN on_II one_MC1 intact_JJ and_CC two_MC damaged_JJ ring-stiffened_JJ cylinder_NN1 models_NN2 using_VVG a_AT1 pressure_NN1 chamber_NN1 ,_, as_CSA shown_VVN in_II Fig._NN1 4_MC ._. 
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<s>
There_EX is_VBZ yet_RR another_DD1 option_NN1 to_TO modify_VVI the_AT configuration_NN1 ,_, as_CSA shown_VVN in_II Fig._NN1 14_MC ,_, in_II which_DDQ expansion_NN1 in_II turbine_NN1 takes_VVZ place_NN1 from_II BOG_NN1 compressor_NN1 exit_NN1 pressure_NN1 to_II an_AT1 intermediate_JJ pressure_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
In_II this_DD1 section_NN1 ,_, we_PPIS2 validate_VV0 the_AT proposed_JJ numerical_JJ model_NN1 based_VVN on_II tsunami_NN2 pressure_NN1 acting_VVG on_II a_AT1 tsunami_NN2 shelter_VV0 model_NN1 in_II fixed_JJ and_CC moored_VVN cases_NN2 and_CC impact_NN1 pressures_NN2 caused_VVN by_II floating_JJ debris_NN1 such_II21 as_II22 house_NN1 and_CC ship_NN1 models_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
However_RR ,_, the_AT firing_NN1 (_( maximum_NN1 )_) pressure_NN1 in_II the_AT diesel_NN1 mode_NN1 is_VBZ much_RR lower_JJR (_( compared_VVN to_II maximum_JJ pressure_NN1 obtained_VVN in_II the_AT DF_NN1 mode_NN1 )_) as_II a_AT1 result_NN1 of_IO the_AT retarded_JJ start_NN1 of_IO combustion_NN1 and_CC the_AT longer_JJR combustion_NN1 duration_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Following_VVG the_AT proposed_JJ framework_NN1 ,_, a_AT1 numerical_JJ model_NN1 is_VBZ proposed_VVN as_II a_AT1 prototype_NN1 model_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ simulates_VVZ ship_NN1 performance_NN1 in_II level_JJ ice_NN1 ,_, and_CC can_VM be_VBI developed_VVN further_RRR in_II future_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Furthermore_RR ,_, the_AT filtering_NN1 for_IF fictitious_JJ eigenfrequencies_NN2 usually_RR can_VM be_VBI carried_VVN out_RP in_II two_MC ways_NN2 :_: shifting_VVG the_AT fictitious_JJ real_JJ results_NN2 off_II the_AT real_JJ axis_NN1 or_CC adapting_VVG a_AT1 complex_JJ contour_NN1 integral_JJ path_NN1 to_TO filter_VVI out_RP the_AT real_JJ results_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT simulation_NN1 process_NN1 is_VBZ as_CSA described_VVN in_II Sec_NNU ._. 
</s>
<s>
II_MC ,_, where_CS K_ZZ1 selects_VVZ 5_MC ._. 
</s>
<s>
It_PPH1 is_VBZ seen_VVN that_CST bottom_JJ reflection_NN1 at_II this_DD1 range_NN1 ,_, by_II itself_PPX1 ,_, produces_VVZ a_AT1 distorted_JJ pulse_NN1 with_IW sharper_JJR peak_NN1 ,_, a_AT1 faster_JJR decay_NN1 towards_II negative_JJ pressure_NN1 ,_, and_CC substantial_JJ negative_JJ pressure_NN1 to_II which_DDQ additional_JJ negative_JJ pressure_NN1 originating_VVG from_II the_AT sea_NN1 surface_NN1 will_VM be_VBI added_VVN ._. 
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<s>
Fig._NN1 9_MC showed_VVD the_AT mass_JJ fraction_NN1 field_NN1 of_IO O2_FO after_II knocking_VVG at_II different_JJ EGR_NN1 rates_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Fig._NN1 15_MC represents_VVZ the_AT variation_NN1 of_IO HRR_NP1 Vs_II .._... crank_NN1 angle_NN1 degree_NN1 for_IF diesel_NN1 and_CC citronella_NN1 oil_NN1 blends_VVZ at_II the_AT top_JJ load_NN1 state_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Finally_RR ,_, the_AT results_NN2 and_CC a_AT1 discussion_NN1 are_VBR contained_VVN in_II Sections_NN2 6_MC Results_NN2 ,_, 7_MC Discussion_NN1 ,_, while_CS the_AT principal_JJ conclusions_NN2 are_VBR drawn_VVN in_II Section_NN1 8_MC ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT average_JJ sailing_NN1 speed_NN1 of_IO these_DD2 ships_NN2 is_VBZ 7.41_MC knots_NN2 and_CC the_AT average_JJ length_NN1 is_VBZ 155.56m_NNU ._. 
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<s>
Here_RL Cx_MC ,_, Cy_NP1 ,_, C_ZZ1 and_CC C_ZZ1 are_VBR functions_NN2 of_IO various_JJ parameters_NN2 including_II e.g._REX the_AT ship_NN1 flare_NN1 angle_NN1 and_CC its_APPGE time_NNT1 derivatives_NN2 ;_; ship_NN1 speed_NN1 and_CC acceleration_NN1 relative_II21 to_II22 the_AT ice_NN1 piece_NN1 ;_; the_AT position_NN1 and_CC motion_NN1 of_IO ice_NN1 piece_NN1 ,_, denoted_VVN by_II x_ZZ1 ,_, y_ZZ1 ,_, θ_NULL and_CC their_APPGE first_MD time_NNT1 derivatives_NN2 ;_; and_CC dimension_NN1 of_IO the_AT ice_NN1 piece_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Fig._NN1 9_MC illustrates_VVZ how_RRQ the_AT forward_JJ movement_NN1 influences_VVZ the_AT available_JJ data_NN number_NN1 and_CC the_AT corresponding_JJ measurement_NN1 error_NN1 of_IO the_AT radial_JJ current_JJ ._. 
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<s>
Knowledge_NN1 of_IO forces_NN2 and_CC yaw_VV0 moments_NN2 which_DDQ exist_VV0 between_II a_AT1 pair_NN of_IO vessels_NN2 moving_VVG parallel_RR to_II each_PPX221 other_PPX222 is_VBZ crucial_JJ to_II the_AT design_NN1 of_IO their_APPGE automatic_JJ motion_NN1 control_NN1 system_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Sampling_VVG noise_NN1 of_IO these_DD2 sensors_NN2 is_VBZ propagated_VVN and_CC amplified_VVN during_II the_AT integration_NN1 steps_NN2 of_IO dead_JJ reckoning_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
For_IF AVS_NN2 APMF_VV0 ,_, the_AT largest_JJT difference_NN1 in_II gain_NN1 is_VBZ 5.2dB_FO when_RRQ SNR_NP1 is_VBZ 7_MC dB_NNU and=0.45_FO as_CSA shown_VVN in_II Fig._NN1 12(d)_FO ._. 
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<s>
The_AT critical_JJ depth_NN1 is_VBZ about_RG 4900m_NNU and_CC the_AT water_NN1 depth_NN1 is_VBZ about_RG 5300m_NNU ._. 
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The_AT water-air_JJ boundary_NN1 condition_NN1 is_VBZ considered_VVN ._. 
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<s>
The_AT Helmholtz_NP1 number_NN1 is_VBZ set_VVN to_II He_PPHS1 =_FO 4_MC ._. 
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<s>
For_IF each_DD1 mode_NN1 ,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ reflected_VVN by_II the_AT sea_NN1 surface_NN1 at_II the_AT low_JJ frequency_NN1 and_CC becomes_VVZ refracted_VVN with_IW increasing_JJ frequency_NN1 when_CS its_APPGE phase_NN1 speed_NN1 is_VBZ larger_JJR than_CSN 1545m/s_FU ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT pressure_NN1 head_NN1 can_VM be_VBI induced_VVN by_II depressurizing_VVG the_AT booster_NN1 tank_NN1 using_VVG the_AT BOG_NN1 compressor_NN1 ._. 
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Pressure_NN1 distributions_NN2 on_II the_AT hulls_NN2 against_II β_NULL (_( bottom_JJ view_NN1 )_) ._. 
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<s>
The_AT formation_NN1 of_IO higher_JJR HC_NP1 emission_NN1 from_II the_AT engine_NN1 is_VBZ due_II21 to_II22 the_AT flame_NN1 quenching_VVG near_II the_AT cylinder_NN1 walls_NN2 &lsqb;_( 50_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, &lsqb;_( 55_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
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<s>
The_AT WBM_NP1 without_IW structural_JJ connections_NN2 agrees_VVZ well_RR with_IW the_AT measurement_NN1 results_NN2 between_II 125_MC Hz_NNU and_CC 250_MC Hz_NNU ,_, indicating_VVG that_CST the_AT airborne_JJ transmission_NN1 is_VBZ dominant_JJ ._. 
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<s>
PV_NN1 modules_NN2 charge_VV0 the_AT battery_NN1 through_II the_AT PV_NN1 controller_NN1 ._. 
</s>
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Finally_RR ,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ seen_VVN that_CST stat._NNU ,_, unsafe_JJ converged_VVN to_TO stat_VVI ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT present_JJ eddy-viscosity_NN1 provides_VVZ additional_JJ stiffness_NN1 for_IF the_AT cavity_NN1 interface_NN1 ,_, but_CCB it_PPH1 is_VBZ not_XX sufficient_JJ to_TO only_RR reduce_VVI the_AT eddy-viscosity_NN1 around_II the_AT interface_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
In_II this_DD1 case_NN1 ,_, expansion_NN1 can_VM not_XX take_VVI place_NN1 at_II a_AT1 constant_JJ temperature_NN1 and_CC cyclic_JJ work_NN1 generation_NN1 decreases_VVZ ._. 
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<s>
If_CS a_AT1 constant_JJ axial_JJ force_NN1 is_VBZ used_VVN ,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ applied_VVN before_II the_AT transverse_JJ deformation_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Cold_JJ start_NN1 engine_NN1 speed_NN1 and_CC cylinder_NN1 pressure_NN1 with_IW different_JJ amounts_NN2 of_IO fuel_NN1 injected_VVD ._. 
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<s>
Thus_RR ,_, the_AT primary_JJ aim_NN1 of_IO the_AT collision_NN1 analysis_NN1 step_NN1 is_VBZ to_TO obtain_VVI a_AT1 distorted_JJ geometry_NN1 together_RL with_IW the_AT initial_JJ residual_JJ stresses_NN2 of_IO elements_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Static_JJ normal_JJ and_CC chordwise_JJ force_NN1 coefficient_NN1 against_II angle_NN1 of_IO attack_NN1 for_IF Reynolds_NP1 number_NN1 10,000,000_MC ,_, based_VVN on_II data_NN from_II &lsqb;_( 23_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
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<s>
The_AT slamming_NN1 impact_NN1 load_NN1 is_VBZ added_VVN to_II the_AT equation_NN1 of_IO motion_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT elastic_JJ modulus_NN1 of_IO ice_NN1 is_VBZ influenced_VVN by_II temperature_NN1 and_CC brine_NN1 volume_NN1 (_( Timco_NP1 and_CC Weeks_NNT2 ,_, 2010_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT "_" Total_JJ Cost_NN1 "_" performance_NN1 degradation_NN1 of_IO Cases_NN2 2_MC (_( "_" Frozen_JJ prediction_NN1 "_" )_) and_CC 3_MC (_( "_" LP-Only_JJ "_" )_) compared_VVN to_II Case_NN1 1_MC1 (_( "_" Ideal_JJ "_" )_) is_VBZ shown_VVN in_II Fig._NN1 8_MC ._. 
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<s>
G_ZZ1 and_CC A_ZZ1 denote_VV0 the_AT shear_VV0 modulus_NN1 and_CC the_AT first_MD Lamé_JJ constant_NN1 of_IO the_AT solid_JJ phase_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 method_NN1 has_VHZ a_AT1 special_JJ capability_NN1 to_TO numerically_RR model_VVI flow_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ has_VHZ large_JJ distortion_NN1 and_CC compressions_NN2 in_II several_DA2 spatial_JJ dimensions_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
For_IF material_NN1 data_NN see_VV0 Table_NN1 1_MC1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Chosen_JJ scenarios_NN2 cover_VV0 :_: head-on_RR ,_, crossing_VVG and_CC overtaking_VVG situations_NN2 ;_; manoeuvres_NN2 limited_VVN to_II course_NN1 alteration_NN1 and_CC those_DD2 combining_VVG turns_NN2 with_IW speed_NN1 reduction_NN1 ;_; open_VV0 or_CC confined_JJ waters_NN2 and_CC finally_RR –_- good_JJ and_CC restricted_JJ visibility_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II Fig._NN1 11_MC ,_, -area_JJ curves_NN2 calculated_VVN for_IF the_AT bow_NN1 area_NN1 of_IO MV_NNB S.A._NP1 Agulhas_NN2 II_MC and_CC MV_NNB Uikku_NP1 ,_, are_VBR compared_VVN with_IW -area_JJ curves_NN2 presented_VVN by_II Taylor_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
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<s>
&lsqb;_( 5_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
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A_AT1 dynamic_JJ draught_NN1 increase_NN1 of_IO the_AT point_NN1 on_II the_AT ship_NN1 with_IW the_AT maximum_JJ dynamic_JJ draught_NN1 ranged_VVN from_II 7.62_MC to_II 7.96%_FO of_IO the_AT static_JJ draught_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT 10%_NNU duty_NN1 cycle_NN1 sonar_NN1 pulses_NN2 simulated_VVN in_II Kastelein_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
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(_( 2015_MC )_) that_CST had_VHD a_AT1 1-min_JJ kurtosis_NN1 of_IO 15_MC (_( Table_NN1 V_ZZ1 )_) ._. 
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The_AT analysis_NN1 of_IO spatial_JJ spillover_NN1 has_VHZ implications_NN2 for_IF controller_NN1 synthesis_NN1 ,_, and_CC this_DD1 will_VM be_VBI considered_VVN in_II future_JJ work_NN1 ._. 
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Performance_NN1 comparison_NN1 of_IO algorithms_NN2 (_( Experiment_NN1 II_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
Very_RG few_DA2 papers_NN2 study_VV0 the_AT dynamic_JJ response_NN1 of_IO large_JJ containership_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 bow_VV0 structures_NN2 subjected_VVN to_II slamming_VVG loads_NN2 ,_, which_DDQ is_VBZ the_AT basis_NN1 of_IO evaluation_NN1 of_IO failure_NN1 characteristics_NN2 ._. 
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Fig._NN1 3_MC (_( A_ZZ1 )_) T-S-diagram_NP1 for_IF the_AT ORC_NN1 unit_NN1 ._. 
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Addition_NN1 of_IO alcohol_NN1 to_II diesel_NN1 decreased_VVD NOx_NP1 emissions_NN2 but_CCB increased_VVD HC_NP1 and_CC CO_NP1 emissions_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Lines_NN2 with_IW markers_NN2 in_II this_DD1 figure_NN1 (_( a_ZZ1 )_) are_VBR results_NN2 calculated_VVD using_VVG the_AT 68_MC species_NN mechanism_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT target_NN1 of_IO radius_NN1 a_AT1 may_VM be_VBI embedded_VVN at_II any_DD location_NN1 relative_II21 to_II22 the_AT seabed_NN1 ._. 
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It_PPH1 was_VBDZ developed_VVN to_TO provide_VVI statistically_RR conservative_JJ results_NN2 ,_, at_RR21 least_RR22 for_IF the_AT maximum_JJ momentum_NN1 flux_NN1 that_CST is_VBZ used_VVN for_IF the_AT hydraulic_JJ loading_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Table_NN1 1_MC1 lists_VVZ its_APPGE principal_JJ particulars_NN2 ,_, and_CC Zhang_NP1 and_CC el_VV0 Moctar_NP1 (_( Zhang_NP1 and_CC el_VV0 Moctar_NP1 ,_, 2019_MC )_) documented_VVD its_APPGE lines_NN2 plan_VV0 ._. 
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Experimental_JJ uncertainty_NN1 did_VDD not_XX exceed_VVI 2.5%_FO for_IF the_AT lowest_JJT speed_NN1 case_NN1 ._. 
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Methods_NN2 in_II group_NN1 (_( 1_MC1 )_) are_VBR computationally_RR relatively_RR economical_JJ ,_, which_DDQ comes_VVZ at_II the_AT expense_NN1 of_IO the_AT accuracy_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT test_NN1 programme_NN1 is_VBZ designed_VVN to_TO generate_VVI a_AT1 comprehensive_JJ data_NN set_VV0 covering_VVG a_AT1 broader_JJR range_NN1 of_IO wave_NN1 conditions_NN2 including_II not_XX only_RR deep_JJ and_CC intermediate_JJ water_NN1 conditions_NN2 but_CCB also_RR nearly_RR shallow_JJ and_CC shallow_JJ water_NN1 conditions_NN2 ,_, which_DDQ are_VBR missing_VVG in_II the_AT available_JJ laboratory_NN1 studies_NN2 on_II wave_NN1 run-up_NN1 on_II piles_NN2 ._. 
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PIVC_NP1 was_VBDZ obtained_VVN from_II the_AT experimental_JJ pressure_NN1 data_NN ._. 
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The_AT sound_NN1 speed_NN1 is_VBZ given_VVN by_II a_AT1 single_JJ profile_NN1 for_IF the_AT water_NN1 which_DDQ is_VBZ truncated_VVN at_II the_AT water/bottom_NN1 interface_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT statistical_JJ and_CC geometrical_JJ parameters_NN2 of_IO the_AT experiment_NN1 are_VBR chosen_VVN in_BCL21 order_BCL22 that_CST the_AT perturbations_NN2 induced_VVN in_II the_AT medium_NN1 can_VM be_VBI similar_JJ to_II perturbations_NN2 in_II a_AT1 fluctuating_JJ ocean_NN1 ,_, provided_CS correspondence_NN1 rules_NN2 involving_VVG statistics_NN of_IO the_AT roughness_NN1 ,_, frequency_NN1 and_CC range_NN1 of_IO propagation_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
In_II their_APPGE study_NN1 ,_, simple_JJ icebreaking_JJ ship_NN1 structures_NN2 (_( panels_NN2 )_) were_VBDR used_VVN to_TO investigate_VVI the_AT post-yield_JJ region_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT ship_NN1 specifics_NN2 are_VBR shown_VVN in_II Table_NN1 3_MC ._. 
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Toyoda_NN1 and_CC Takahashi_NP1 increased_VVD the_AT sound_NN1 insulation_NN1 performance_NN1 of_IO the_AT same_DA structure_NN1 at_II midfrequencies_NN2 by_II an_AT1 air-cavity_JJ subdivision_NN1 technique_NN1 ._. 
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On_II the_AT other_JJ hand_NN1 ,_, our_APPGE aim_NN1 here_RL is_VBZ not_XX to_TO deal_VVI with_IW the_AT mentioned_VVN end-cap_JJ problem_NN1 ,_, as_CSA rather_RR to_TO assess_VVI the_AT reliability_NN1 and_CC accuracy_NN1 of_IO different_JJ FW-H-based_NP1 numerical_JJ approaches_NN2 ._. 
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Onboard_NN1 reliquefaction_NN1 of_IO boil-off_JJ gas_NN1 (_( BOG_NN1 )_) generated_VVD due_JJ to_TO heat_VVI in-leak_NN1 in_II LNG_NP1 carrier_NN1 ships_NN2 saves_VVZ its_APPGE calorific_JJ value_NN1 and_CC protects_VVZ environment_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT above_JJ equation_NN1 corresponds_VVZ to_II the_AT linear_JJ Bernoulli_JJ equation_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ can_VM be_VBI used_VVN to_TO determine_VVI the_AT pressure_NN1 of_IO the_AT fluid_NN1 for_IF propellers_NN2 with_IW small_JJ deformations_NN2 ._. 
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For_IF small_JJ waves_NN2 ,_, grouping_NN1 is_VBZ relevant_JJ since_CS long_JJ wave-groups_NN2 can_VM easily_RR be_VBI reflected_VVN raising_VVG the_AT level_NN1 of_IO vertical_JJ mixing_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Pipelines_NN2 and_CC cables_NN2 are_VBR mostly_RR installed_VVN in_II a_AT1 trench_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ will_VM be_VBI backfilled_VVN after_II laying_VVG the_AT pipeline_NN1 or_CC cable_NN1 (_( Grabe_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
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<s>
2015_MC ;_; Grabe_NP1 and_CC Wu_NP1 2016_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
Where_CS L_ZZ1 is_VBZ the_AT metacentric_JJ height_NN1 ,_, the_AT wave_NN1 frequency_NN1 ,_, n3_FO and_CC n5_FO the_AT heave_NN1 and_CC pitch_NN1 resonance_NN1 frequencies_NN2 in_II static_JJ equilibrium_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
An_AT1 ultrasound_NN1 device_NN1 was_VBDZ used_JJ to_II measure_NN1 the_AT thickness_NN1 of_IO each_DD1 pipe_NN1 across_II a_AT1 grid_NN1 which_DDQ spanned_VVD over_II the_AT 1000mm_NNU long_JJ lathed_JJ test_NN1 section_NN1 of_IO the_AT pipe_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
So_RR ,_, as_II a_AT1 rule_NN1 of_IO thumb_NN1 ,_, one_PN1 could_VM repeat_VVI the_AT identification_NN1 for_IF that_DD1 particular_JJ speed_NN1 when_CS the_AT R2_FO obtained_VVN from_II validation_NN1 step_NN1 is_VBZ less_DAR than_CSN 0.60_MC ._. 
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<s>
Some_DD numerical_JJ methods_NN2 ,_, such_II21 as_II22 the_AT one_PN1 proposed_VVN by_II Valanto_NP1 (_( 2001_MC )_) ,_, model_VV0 the_AT ice-hull-water_JJ interaction_NN1 in_II a_AT1 more_RGR complete_JJ way_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Manoeuver_VV0 :_: outbound_VV0 ,_, current_JJ :_: 0.8kts_FO (_( ebb_NN1 )_) and_CC wind_NN1 :_: 17kts_FO (_( NW_ND1 )_) ._. 
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<s>
Fig._NN1 10_MC illustrates_VVZ the_AT simulated_JJ ship_NN1 trajectory_NN1 together_RL with_IW the_AT measured_JJ trajectory_NN1 ,_, and_CC Fig._NN1 11_MC presents_VVZ time_NNT1 histories_NN2 from_II simulation_NN1 and_CC measurement_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Note_VV0 that_CST non-linear_JJ classification_NN1 becomes_VVZ feasible_JJ without_IW complicated_JJ parameter_NN1 tuning_VVG while_CS classification_NN1 results_NN2 tend_VV0 to_TO be_VBI influenced_VVN by_II noisy_JJ data_NN ._. 
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<s>
In_II the_AT operating_NN1 point_NN1 21_MC ,_, Fig._NN1 15_MC ,_, the_AT highest_JJT turbo-generator_JJ energy_NN1 efficiency_NN1 is_VBZ 68.62%_FO and_CC the_AT highest_JJT exergy_NN1 efficiency_NN1 amounts_NN2 69.31%_FO at_II a_AT1 standard_JJ ambient_JJ temperature_NN1 of_IO 25_MC °C_NNU while_CS at_II the_AT ambient_JJ temperature_NN1 of_IO 10_MC °C_NNU maximum_JJ exergy_NN1 efficiency_NN1 grow_VV0 up_II21 to_II22 the_AT value_NN1 of_IO 70.4%_FO ._. 
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<s>
The_AT results_NN2 in_II Figure_NN1 4_MC also_RR point_VV0 towards_II the_AT possibility_NN1 to_TO minimise_VVI the_AT total_NN1 drag_VV0 by_II small_JJ variations_NN2 in_II the_AT ship_NN1 speed_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT pipe_NN1 parameters_NN2 and_CC seabed_NN1 soil_NN1 characteristics_NN2 all_DB keep_VV0 the_AT default_NN1 values_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
On_II the_AT contrary_NN1 ,_, for_IF smaller_JJR piles_NN2 in_II which_DDQ the_AT bulk_NN1 of_IO the_AT acoustic_JJ energy_NN1 is_VBZ concentrated_VVN at_II frequencies_NN2 close_RR to_II ,_, or_CC higher_JJR than_CSN ,_, the_AT first_MD omnidirectional_JJ breathing_NN1 frequency_NN1 of_IO the_AT air_NN1 bubbles_NN2 ,_, the_AT sound_NN1 absorption_NN1 within_II the_AT bubbly_JJ layer_NN1 becomes_VVZ critical_JJ ._. 
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<s>
As_CSA most_DAT current_JJ ice-going_JJ ships_NN2 have_VH0 their_APPGE web_NN1 frames_NN2 arranged_VVN as_CSA plate_NN1 structures_NN2 through_II the_AT double_JJ side_NN1 ,_, a_AT1 clear_JJ stability_NN1 criterion_NN1 for_IF plate_NN1 structures_NN2 is_VBZ needed_VVN for_IF design_NN1 of_IO primary_JJ structures_NN2 ._. 
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Their_APPGE results_NN2 suggest_VV0 that_CST updating_VVG the_AT EMS_NP1 over_II time_NNT1 may_VM further_RRR reduce_VVI fuel_NN1 consumption_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Accurate_JJ navigation_NN1 is_VBZ a_AT1 prerequisite_NN1 for_IF mobile_JJ robots_NN2 to_TO accomplish_VVI basic_JJ autonomous_JJ tasks_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 trajectory_NN1 tracking_NN1 and_CC path_NN1 planning_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Therefore_RR ,_, the_AT flat_JJ wall_NN1 was_VBDZ made_VVN of_IO quartz_NN1 glass_NN1 (_( Sigma_NN1 Koki_NN1 ,_, DFSQ1-50CO2_FO )_) with_IW a_AT1 surface_NN1 roughness_NN1 Ra7.0m_FO ,_, measured_VVN by_II a_AT1 portable_JJ high-performance_JJ surface_NN1 roughness_NN1 and_CC waviness_NN1 measuring_VVG instrument_NN1 (_( Kosaka_NP1 Laboratory_NN1 Ltd._JJ ,_, SE300_FO )_) with_IW a_AT1 resolution_NN1 of_IO 0.0064m_NNU to_TO represent_VVI the_AT rough_JJ surface_NN1 of_IO the_AT piston_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT tonal_JJ behaviour_NN1 is_VBZ independent_JJ of_IO the_AT thickness_NN1 of_IO the_AT orifice_NN1 plate_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Meanwhile_RR ,_, unregulated_JJ engine_NN1 emissions_NN2 from_II diesel_NN1 engine_NN1 would_VM lead_VVI to_II severe_JJ health_NN1 effects_NN2 on_II humans_NN2 ,_, such_II21 as_II22 cough_NN1 ,_, dizziness_NN1 ,_, irregular_JJ heartbeat_NN1 ,_, drowsiness_NN1 ,_, headache_NN1 ,_, sore_JJ throat_NN1 ,_, and_CC breath_NN1 shortage_NN1 &lsqb;_( 27_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
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<s>
With_IW the_AT incidence_NN1 angle_NN1 increasing_VVG ,_, the_AT horizontal_JJ component_NN1 becomes_VVZ larger_JJR ,_, which_DDQ can_VM be_VBI demonstrated_VVN by_II the_AT deformation_NN1 and_CC velocity_NN1 distributions_NN2 presented_VVN in_II Fig._NN1 18_MC ,_, Fig._NN1 19_MC ,_, Fig._NN1 20_MC ,_, Fig._NN1 21_MC ._. 
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This_DD1 is_VBZ due_II21 to_II22 the_AT combined_JJ effects_NN2 of_IO relative_JJ velocities_NN2 in_II Y_ZZ1 and_CC in_II X_ZZ1 between_II the_AT two_MC ships_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
In_II Section_NN1 4_MC ,_, we_PPIS2 show_VV0 that_CST the_AT two_MC dissipative_JJ terms_NN2 are_VBR compatible_JJ thanks_NN2 to_II the_AT experimental_JJ evidence_NN1 of_IO the_AT phenomenologically_RR introduced_VVN term_NN1 ._. 
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Fig._NN1 12(a)_FO illustrates_VVZ that_CST the_AT total_JJ mass_NN1 of_IO sulfuric_JJ acid_NN1 vapor_NN1 slightly_RR decreases_VVZ while_CS the_AT water_NN1 total_JJ vapor_NN1 mass_NN1 is_VBZ almost_RR unaffected_JJ ._. 
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Changes_NN2 to_II cavitation_NN1 inception_NN1 speed_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ come_VV0 about_RP through_II changes_NN2 in_II the_AT design_NN1 of_IO the_AT propeller_NN1 ,_, hull_NN1 ,_, or_CC both_RR ,_, can_VM yield_VVI changes_NN2 to_II underwater_JJ radiated_JJ noise_NN1 ._. 
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After_II experiencing_VVG rotating_NN1 ,_, large_JJ fragments_NN2 slide_VV0 backwards_RL along_II the_AT surface_NN1 of_IO cone_NN1 and_CC ultimately_RR come_VV0 to_II the_AT vicinity_NN1 of_IO waterline_NN1 under_II the_AT action_NN1 of_IO buoyancy_NN1 ._. 
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For_IF the_AT rigid_JJ striking_JJ ship_NN1 ,_, any_DD node_NN1 can_VM be_VBI selected_VVN since_CS all_DB nodes_NN2 experience_VV0 the_AT same_DA displacement_NN1 ._. 
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A_AT1 fully_RR evolved_JJ wave_NN1 field_NN1 requires_VVZ a_AT1 couple_NN1 of_IO seconds_NNT2 ramping_VVG time_NNT1 after_II the_AT pressure_NN1 term_NN1 departs_VVZ ,_, meaning_VVG that_CST the_AT gauges_NN2 should_VM not_XX be_VBI positioned_VVN too_RG close_RR to_II the_AT starting_NN1 point_NN1 ._. 
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However_RR ,_, as_CSA seen_VVN in_II Fig._NN1 1_MC1 combining_JJ experimental_JJ data_NN of_IO Arndt_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
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&lsqb;_( 13_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, Amromin_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
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&lsqb;_( 2_MC &rsqb;_) and_CC M?kiharju_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
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&lsqb;_( 9_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, the_AT common_JJ trend_NN1 of_IO the_AT air_NN1 demand_NN1 as_II a_AT1 function_NN1 of_IO Fr_NPD1 for_IF various_JJ tests_NN2 does_VDZ not_XX exist_VVI even_RR for_IF Fr_NPD1 <_FO 1_MC1 (_( the_AT shapes_NN2 of_IO models_NN2 the_AT tested_JJ in_II &lsqb;_( 2_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, &lsqb;_( 9_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, &lsqb;_( 13_MC &rsqb;_) are_VBR shown_VVN in_II Fig._NN1 2_MC ,_, Fig._NN1 3_MC ,_, Fig._NN1 4_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
V._NNU M._NNO García-Chocano_NP1 designed_VVD a_AT1 hyperbolic_JJ material_NN1 using_VVG a_AT1 stack_NN1 of_IO holy_JJ plates_NN2 with_IW the_AT capabilities_NN2 of_IO negative_JJ refraction_NN1 and_CC energy_NN1 funneling_NN1 of_IO sound_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
In_CS21 case_CS22 fuel_NN1 cells_NN2 are_VBR adopted_VVN for_IF propulsion_NN1 purposes_NN2 ,_, they_PPHS2 could_VM be_VBI implemented_VVN in_II Hybrid_JJ Power_NN1 Systems_NN2 (_( HPS_NN2 )_) ,_, in_II combination_NN1 with_IW batteries_NN2 that_CST serve_VV0 for_IF peak_NN1 shaving_VVG ._. 
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The_AT decreasing_JJ of_IO equivalence_NN1 ratio_NN1 in_II the_AT combustor_NN1 of_IO 40mm_NNU results_NN2 in_II the_AT mode_NN1 transition_NN1 to_II multi_JJ wave_NN1 collision_NN1 ,_, while_CS the_AT operation_NN1 mode_NN1 in_II combustor_NN1 of_IO 75mm_NNU transits_NN2 to_II longitudinal_JJ pulsed_JJ detonation_NN1 ._. 
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To_TO ensure_VVI all_DB the_AT sound_NN1 waves_NN2 can_VM be_VBI absorbed_VVN ,_, the_AT inner_JJ and_CC outer_JJ radii_NN2 of_IO the_AT PML_NP1 are_VBR set_VVN as_CSA 0.8_MC and_CC 2.5_MC m_NNO ,_, respectively_RR ._. 
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The_AT turbine_NN1 generates_VVZ 703_MC kW_NNU at_II 7500_MC rpm_NNU ,_, has_VHZ a_AT1 total-to-static_JJ pressure_NN1 ratio_NN1 of_IO approximately_RR 2.6_MC and_CC a_AT1 calculated_JJ total-to-total_JJ efficiency_NN1 of_IO 91.3%_FO with_IW an_AT1 estimated_JJ accuracy_NN1 of_IO 0.8%_FO &lsqb;_( 77_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, &lsqb;_( 79_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
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<s>
Note_VV0 for_IF Fig._NN1 1(b)_FO :_: Solid_JJ lines_NN2 represent_VV0 the_AT skeletal_JJ model_NN1 results_NN2 while_CS dotted_JJ lines_NN2 denote_VV0 the_AT full_JJ model_NN1 results_NN2 ._. 
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As_CSA expected_VVN from_II &lsqb;_( 7_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, the_AT widest_JJT stop_NN1 band_NN1 is_VBZ achieved_VVN with_IW a_AT1 high_JJ bending_NN1 stiffness_NN1 ._. 
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On_II the_AT other_JJ hand_NN1 ,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ clear_JJ that_CST they_PPHS2 are_VBR not_XX sufficient_JJ for_IF a_AT1 full_JJ comprehension_NN1 of_IO the_AT problem_NN1 ,_, since_CS they_PPHS2 do_VD0 not_XX guarantee_VVI that_CST the_AT ship_NN1 can_VM be_VBI manoeuvered_VVN under_II the_AT limits_NN2 established_VVD ,_, which_DDQ can_VM only_RR be_VBI evaluated_VVN by_II conducting_VVG real-time_JJ simulations_NN2 commanded_VVN by_II experienced_JJ local_JJ pilots_NN2 ._. 
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Comparing_VVG the_AT results_NN2 for_IF concrete_NN1 and_CC aluminum_NN1 ,_, it_PPH1 can_VM be_VBI seen_VVN that_CST the_AT waveforms_NN2 are_VBR distorted_VVN ._. 
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The_AT wave_NN1 patterns_NN2 created_VVN at_II different_JJ positions_NN2 during_II the_AT turning_NN1 maneuver_NN1 are_VBR depicted_VVN in_II Fig._NN1 20_MC ._. 
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<s>
The_AT total_JJ energy_NN1 flux_NN1 through_II any_DD cross-section_NN1 of_IO the_AT vortex_NN1 area_NN1 is_VBZ equal_JJ to_TO zero_VVI ;_; therefore_RR ,_, they_PPHS2 can_VM not_XX violate_VVI the_AT energy_NN1 balance_NN1 ._. 
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At_II this_DD1 moment_NN1 ,_, there_EX are_VBR many_DA2 combinations_NN2 for_IF the_AT minimum_JJ relative_JJ distances_NN2 along_II each_DD1 of_IO the_AT avoidance_NN1 paths_NN2 ._. 
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The_AT sea_NN1 ice_NN1 conditions_NN2 varied_VVD significantly_RR throughout_II the_AT test_NN1 area_NN1 (_( Fig._NN1 2_MC )_) ._. 
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As_II an_AT1 alternative_NN1 ,_, the_AT CHE_NN1 outlet_NN1 stream_NN1 of_IO the_AT recycled_JJ BOG_NN1 (_( R9_FO )_) can_VM be_VBI mixed_VVN with_IW the_AT slightly_RR pressurized_JJ BOG_NN1 stream_NN1 (_( B6_FO )_) (_( see_VV0 Fig._NN1 4_MC )_) ._. 
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Similar_JJ to_II the_AT model_NN1 displayed_VVN in_II Fig._NN1 3_MC ,_, a_AT1 square_JJ porous_JJ material_NN1 with_IW the_AT size_NN1 of_IO 0.2×0.2m2_FO and_CC centered_VVD at_II (_( 0_MC ,_, 0_MC ,_, 0_MC )_) is_VBZ flush-mounted_JJ on_II a_AT1 rigid_JJ infinite_JJ baffle_NN1 and_CC the_AT sound_NN1 source_NN1 and_CC the_AT receiving_JJ point_NN1 are_VBR positioned_VVN above_II the_AT center_NN1 of_IO the_AT material_NN1 with_IW the_AT coordinates_NN2 (_( 0_MC ,_, 0_MC ,_, 0.31_MC )_) m_ZZ1 and_CC (_( 0_MC ,_, 0_MC ,_, 0.04_MC )_) m_ZZ1 ,_, respectively_RR ._. 
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Variations_NN2 in_II the_AT pile_NN1 group_NN1 coefficient_NN1 of_IO the_AT transverse_JJ force_NN1 with_IW the_AT KCLD1/3_FU number_NN1 under_II the_AT action_NN1 of_IO multi-directional_JJ irregular_JJ waves._NNU (_( a_ZZ1 )_) S/D=1.5_NP1 (_( b_ZZ1 )_) S/D=2.5_NP1 ._. 
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Cross-correlation_JJ results_NN2 :_: comparison_NN1 between_II the_AT predicted_JJ value_NN1 obtained_VVN by_II producing_VVG a_AT1 spline_NN1 interpolation_NN1 eliminating_VVG a_AT1 single_JJ sample_NN1 point_NN1 and_CC the_AT true_JJ value_NN1 at_II the_AT known_JJ location_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT fuel_NN1 injection_NN1 rate_NN1 significantly_RR influences_VVZ the_AT spray_NN1 mixture_NN1 formation_NN1 and_CC combustion_NN1 processes_NN2 and_CC it_PPH1 should_VM be_VBI scaled_VVN for_IF the_AT scaled_JJ model_NN1 experiments_NN2 ._. 
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The_AT measured_JJ ckg_NNU ,_, while_CS slower_RRR than_CSN the_AT cCSAg_NN1 ,_, are_VBR still_RR faster_RRR than_CSN the_AT computed_JJ group_NN1 speeds_VVZ from_II the_AT ocean_NN1 model_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Zhao_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
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<s>
(_( 2004_MC )_) used_VVD the_AT VOF_NN1 method_NN1 to_TO track_VVI the_AT interface_NN1 and_CC applied_VVD a_AT1 log-law_NN1 profile_NN1 for_IF the_AT mean_JJ velocity_NN1 ._. 
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During_II the_AT voyage_NN1 ,_, the_AT mode_NN1 switching_NN1 strategy_NN1 is_VBZ shown_VVN in_II Fig._NN1 2_MC where_RRQ Pbat_NP1 denotes_VVZ the_AT maximum_JJ output_NN1 power_NN1 of_IO the_AT battery_NN1 ,_, Preq_NP1 denotes_VVZ the_AT total_JJ power_NN1 demand_NN1 of_IO the_AT HEPS_NP2 containing_VVG the_AT propulsive_JJ and_CC non-propulsive_JJ load_NN1 ,_, ngen_NN1 denotes_VVZ the_AT number_NN1 of_IO working_VVG gensets_NN2 ,_, and_CC Bup_NP1 and_CC Blow_VV0 denote_VV0 the_AT upper_JJ and_CC lower_JJR bounds_NN2 of_IO SOC_NP1 ,_, respectively_RR ._. 
</s>
<s>
These_DD2 results_NN2 confirm_VV0 the_AT relatively_RR small_JJ influence_NN1 of_IO the_AT obstruction_NN1 on_II the_AT fan_NN1 performance_NN1 and_CC are_VBR coherent_JJ with_IW the_AT previously_RR reported_VVN predictions_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT data_NN acquisition_NN1 modules_NN2 used_VVD were_VBDR NI-9234_MC ,_, NI-9269_MC ,_, NI-9467_MC ,_, and_CC NI-9344_MC ._. 
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<s>
The_AT effective_JJ stiffness_NN1 model_NN1 includes_VVZ the_AT approximated_JJ structural_JJ properties_NN2 of_IO the_AT impacted_JJ obstacle_NN1 without_IW the_AT complexity_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 fully_RR two-degrees-of-freedom_JJ (_( 2DOF_FO )_) model_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
MGO_NP1 ,_, Methanol_NP1 ,_, Ethanol_NP1 ,_, Formic_JJ Acid_NN1 and_CC LOHC_NP1 are_VBR liquid_JJ fuels_NN2 under_II ambient_JJ conditions_NN2 and_CC can_VM be_VBI stored_VVN in_II approximately_RR the_AT same_DA kind_NN1 of_IO tanks_NN2 as_CSA used_VVN for_IF diesel_NN1 ,_, while_CS all_DB other_JJ fuels_NN2 need_VV0 a_AT1 special_JJ storage_NN1 system_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
By_II considering_VVG the_AT flow_NN1 rate_NN1 of_IO the_AT HTFW_NP1 almost_RR the_AT same_DA rate_NN1 ,_, the_AT first_MD law_NN1 of_IO thermodynamics_NN1 is_VBZ utilized_VVN for_IF control_NN1 volume_NN1 around_II the_AT engine_NN1 to_TO calculate_VVI the_AT output_NN1 power_NN1 ,_, transferred_JJ energy_NN1 to_II the_AT cooling_JJ fluid_NN1 and_CC exhaust_VV0 gases_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 mainly_RR pertains_VVZ to_II the_AT ice_NN1 properties_NN2 vector_NN1 P_ZZ1 ice_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ is_VBZ therein_RR described_VVN only_RR by_II the_AT ice_NN1 volume_NN1 ._. 
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Nevertheless_RR ,_, only_RR by_II integrating_VVG these_DD2 characteristics_NN2 with_IW the_AT ship_NN1 motion_NN1 can_VM a_AT1 complete_JJ assessment_NN1 of_IO rivers_NN2 be_VBI carried_VVN out_RP ._. 
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<s>
Francisco_NP1 Payri_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
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<s>
&lsqb;_( 9_MC &rsqb;_) researched_VVN the_AT exergy_NN1 balance_NN1 of_IO diesel_NN1 engine_NN1 at_II global_JJ working_JJ conditions_NN2 by_II test_NN1 means_VVZ ,_, the_AT results_NN2 showed_VVD that_DD1 exergy_NN1 efficiency_NN1 was_VBDZ between_II 30%_NNU and_CC 38%_NNU ,_, the_AT proportion_NN1 of_IO heat_NN1 transfer_NN1 exergy_NN1 was_VBDZ about_RG 20%_NNU and_CC almost_RR unchanged_JJ with_IW working_VVG condition_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
In_BCL21 order_BCL22 to_TO produce_VVI the_AT same_DA power_NN1 output_NN1 of_IO the_AT engine_NN1 ,_, a_AT1 higher_JJR mass_JJ flow_NN1 injection_NN1 is_VBZ necessary_JJ in_II the_AT combustion_NN1 chamber_NN1 to_TO compensate_VVI the_AT energy_NN1 loss_NN1 due_II21 to_II22 the_AT lower_JJR calorific_JJ value_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT most_RGT important_JJ feature_NN1 is_VBZ that_CST the_AT model_NN1 evaluates_VVZ the_AT river_NN1 navigability_NN1 condition_NN1 for_IF any_DD vessel_NN1 ,_, river_NN1 flow_NN1 ,_, and_CC fairway_NN1 project_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
In_II Pedersen_NP1 (_( 1995_MC )_) and_CC Otto_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
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<s>
(_( 2002_MC )_) ,_, the_AT route_NN1 distribution_NN1 of_IO one-way_JJ traffic_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ is_VBZ defined_VVN as_II the_AT probability_NN1 density_NN1 distribution_NN1 of_IO ships_NN2 '_NULL off-centerline_JJ distances_NN2 ,_, is_VBZ assumed_VVN to_TO follow_VVI a_AT1 normal_JJ distribution_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Comparison_NN1 of_IO decay_NN1 test_NN1 results_NN2 for_IF FLNG_NP1 and_CC LNGC_NP1 :_: (_( a_ZZ1 )_) roll-free_JJ decay_NN1 of_IO FLNG_NP1 ;_; (_( b_ZZ1 )_) roll-free_JJ decay_NN1 of_IO LNGC_NP1 ;_; (_( c_ZZ1 )_) pitch-free_JJ decay_NN1 of_IO FLNG_NP1 ;_; (_( d_ZZ1 )_) pitch-free_JJ decay_NN1 of_IO LNGC_NP1 ._. 
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<s>
Moreover_RR ,_, retarded_JJ ignition_NN1 timing_NN1 is_VBZ helpful_JJ for_IF decreasing_VVG the_AT residence_NN1 time_NNT1 of_IO the_AT mixture_NN1 at_II high_JJ ambient_JJ temperatures_NN2 and_CC consequently_RR inhibits_VVZ NOx_NN1 formation_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT curves_NN2 were_VBDR obtained_VVN at_II 3_MC bar_NN1 charge_NN1 pressure_NN1 and_CC 1500K_FO hot_JJ end_NN1 temperature_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
As_CSA shown_VVN in_II Fig._NN1 13(a)–_NN1 (_( c_ZZ1 )_) ,_, the_AT overall_JJ trends_NN2 of_IO surge_NN1 velocity_NN1 ,_, sway_VV0 velocity_NN1 ,_, and_CC yaw_VV0 rate_NN1 are_VBR reasonably_RR matched_VVN by_II both_DB2 simulations_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT second_MD method_NN1 is_VBZ the_AT MSR_NP1 (_( miniature_JJ slant_NN1 range_NN1 )_) effective_JJ area_NN1 retention_NN1 method_NN1 ,_, by_II which_DDQ only_RR the_AT water_NN1 data_NN within_II MSR_NP1 are_VBR reserved_VVN while_CS the_AT other_JJ data_NN are_VBR not_XX used_VVN ._. 
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Table_NN1 1_MC1 summarizes_VVZ the_AT capex_NN1 data_NN used_VVN in_II 2030_MC and_CC 2040_MC ._. 
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<s>
The_AT aim_NN1 of_IO ZCA_NP1 whitening_NN1 is_VBZ to_TO approximate_VVI the_AT covariance_NN1 matrix_NN1 C=T_FO to_II the_AT identify_VV0 matrix_NN1 I∈Dt×Dt_FO ._. 
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<s>
If_CS a_AT1 multi-layer_JJ network_NN1 structure_NN1 wants_VVZ to_TO get_VVI a_AT1 better_JJR recognition_NN1 result_NN1 ,_, it_PPH1 may_VM take_VVI a_AT1 long_JJ training_NN1 time_NNT1 ,_, but_CCB the_AT more_DAR network_NN1 layers_NN2 ,_, the_AT longer_JJR the_AT training_NN1 time_NNT1 will_VM be_VBI ._. 
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This_DD1 would_VM generate_VVI coupling_NN1 algorithm_NN1 problems_NN2 again_RT ,_, but_CCB now_RT in_II the_AT inverse_JJ region_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
According_II21 to_II22 the_AT plate-cell_JJ model_NN1 ,_, a_AT1 numerical_JJ model_NN1 is_VBZ constructed_VVN to_TO simulate_VVI the_AT hydroelastic_JJ responses_NN2 of_IO the_AT 2_MC cases_NN2 based_VVN on_II the_AT theory_NN1 of_IO the_AT three-dimensional_JJ (_( 3-D_JJ )_) linear_JJ hydroelasticity_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
It_PPH1 should_VM be_VBI noted_VVN that_CST the_AT total_NN1 installed_VVD size_NN1 of_IO the_AT different_JJ prime_JJ movers_NN2 varies_VVZ remarkably_RR between_II the_AT two_MC cases_NN2 ._. 
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A_AT1 simple_JJ schematic_JJ of_IO such_DA system_NN1 is_VBZ shown_VVN in_II Fig._NN1 2_MC ._. 
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<s>
Thus_RR ,_, all_DB ships_NN2 that_CST arrived_VVD at_II the_AT terminal_NN1 were_VBDR assumed_VVN to_TO be_VBI less_DAR than_CSN 15,000_MC DWT_NP1 ._. 
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<s>
Subsequently_RR ,_, the_AT motion_NN1 responses_NN2 under_II different_JJ wave_NN1 directions_NN2 were_VBDR compared_VVN and_CC analyzed_VVN to_TO reveal_VVI the_AT influence_NN1 of_IO wave_NN1 directions_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Sound_NN1 directivity_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 point_NN1 source_NN1 scattered_VVN by_II a_AT1 cube_NN1 with_IW coarse_JJ mesh_NN1 and_CC refined_JJ mesh_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 section_NN1 demonstrates_VVZ that_CST the_AT skeletal_JJ S-HC_NP1 model_NN1 is_VBZ capable_JJ of_IO replicating_VVG the_AT important_JJ characteristics_NN2 in_II SOx_NN2 formation_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
SPH_NP1 has_VHZ been_VBN widely_RR used_VVN in_II the_AT field_NN1 of_IO coastal_JJ engineering_NN1 ,_, such_II21 as_II22 wave_NN1 breaking_VVG and_CC overtopping_VVG (_( Akbari_NP1 ,_, 2017_MC ,_, Dalrymple_NP1 and_CC Rogers_NP1 ,_, 2006_MC ,_, Gotoh_NP1 and_CC Sakai_NP1 ,_, 2006_MC ,_, Khayyer_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2008_MC ,_, Liu_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2015_MC ,_, Xu_NP1 and_CC Lin_NP1 ,_, 2017_MC ,_, Zheng_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2017_MC )_) ,_, wave_NN1 interaction_NN1 with_IW solid_JJ structure_NN1 (_( Liu_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2016_MC ,_, Meringolo_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2015_MC ,_, Yang_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2016_MC )_) ,_, and_CC wave_NN1 interaction_NN1 with_IW porous_JJ media_NN (_( Akbari_NP1 ,_, 2014_MC ,_, Akbari_NP1 and_CC Namin_NP1 ,_, 2013_MC ,_, Gui_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2015_MC ,_, Shao_NP1 ,_, 2010_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
The_AT vibration_NN1 displacement_NN1 responses_NN2 for_IF the_AT representative_JJ nodes_NN2 (_( 5th_MD node_NN1 and_CC 7th_MD node_NN1 )_) in_II the_AT middle_JJ section_NN1 are_VBR shown_VVN in_II Fig._NN1 5_MC ._. 
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<s>
For_IF most_DAT cases_NN2 ,_, even_CS21 when_CS22 the_AT mean_JJ Pe_NN1 was_VBDZ high_JJ ,_, the_AT shape_NN1 of_IO the_AT drift_NN1 watch_NN1 circle_NN1 was_VBDZ accurately_RR tracked_VVN (_( low_JJ standard_JJ deviation_NN1 )_) ,_, but_CCB was_VBDZ shifted_VVN as_CSA shown_VVN in_II Fig._NN1 14(a)_FO ._. 
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<s>
They_PPHS2 are_VBR offset_VVN by_II a_AT1 maximum_NN1 δSt=0.15_FO and_CC the_AT amplitude_NN1 is_VBZ underpredicted_JJ by_II 1dB_FO at_II θ_NULL =70°_FO when_CS compared_VVN to_II the_AT experimental_JJ results_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
It_PPH1 commonly_RR has_VHZ a_AT1 simple_JJ one-dimensional_JJ (_( 1D_NNU )_) linear_JJ channel_NN1 or_CC two-dimensional_JJ (_( 2D_NNU )_) rectangular_JJ channel_NN1 structure_NN1 combined_VVN with_IW lead_NN1 zirconate_NN1 titanate_NN1 (_( PZT_NP1 )_) or_CC interdigital_JJ transducer_NN1 (_( IDT_NP1 )_) sources_NN2 to_TO generate_VVI a_AT1 bulk_NN1 standing_NN1 wave_NN1 in_II a_AT1 channel_NN1 or_CC a_AT1 surface_NN1 standing_NN1 wave_NN1 on_II the_AT surface_NN1 of_IO the_AT channel_NN1 ._. 
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However_RR ,_, this_DD1 is_VBZ very_RG time_NNT1 consuming_VVG ._. 
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<s>
Thus_RR ,_, the_AT upper_JJ limit_NN1 of_IO this_DD1 lowest-order_JJ model_NN1 remains_VVZ unknown_JJ ._. 
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Cold_JJ start_NN1 HC_NP1 emissions_NN2 using_VVG different_JJ ignition_NN1 energy_NN1 values_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
For_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, it_PPH1 was_VBDZ shown_VVN that_CST the_AT optimal_JJ HRES_NN2 resulted_VVN in_II a_AT1 70%_NNU cost_NN1 reduction_NN1 in_II the_AT government_NN1 subsidy_NN1 budget_NN1 for_IF the_AT community_NN1 of_IO Sachs_NP1 Harbour_NN1 ._. 
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On_II the_AT one_MC1 hand_NN1 ,_, the_AT result_NN1 shows_VVZ the_AT validity_NN1 of_IO the_AT inhomogeneous_JJ medium_NN1 model_NN1 to_TO replace_VVI the_AT real_JJ structure_NN1 ._. 
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A_AT1 plot_NN1 of_IO threshold_NN1 vs_II sound_NN1 frequency_NN1 (_( the_AT audiogram_NN1 )_) was_VBDZ examined_VVN to_TO identify_VVI the_AT UFL_NN1 at_II which_DDQ hearing_NN1 thresholds_NN2 rapidly_RR increased_VVN and_CC reached_VVN a_AT1 value_NN1 of_IO 120dB_FO re_II 1_MC1 Pa_NN1 ._. 
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Distribution_NN1 of_IO bilge_NN1 keel_NN1 induced_VVD pressure_NN1 coefficient_NN1 on_II cylinder_NN1 surface_NN1 for_IF maximum_JJ roll_NN1 velocity_NN1 in_II negative_JJ direction_NN1 ._. 
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Planning_VVG safe_JJ and_CC efficient_JJ routes_NN2 reduces_VVZ the_AT risk_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 ship_NN1 besetting_VVG in_II ice_NN1 ,_, the_AT risk_NN1 of_IO ship_NN1 grounding_NN1 ,_, but_CCB also_RR unnecessary_JJ delays_NN2 ._. 
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Figure_NN1 11_MC illustrates_VVZ the_AT change_NN1 in_II ship-sailing_JJ attitude_NN1 after_II installation_NN1 of_IO an_AT1 interceptor_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
During_II the_AT tests_NN2 ,_, visual_JJ observations_NN2 were_VBDR continuously_RR made_VVN and_CC still_JJ photos_NN2 were_VBDR taken_VVN when_CS appropriate_JJ ._. 
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<s>
Although_CS the_AT 42_MC tests_NN2 in_II Table_NN1 2_MC were_VBDR reproduced_VVN and_CC analysed_VVN on_II the_AT bridge_NN1 simulator_NN1 ,_, this_DD1 section_NN1 presents_VVZ only_RR the_AT scenarios_NN2 with_IW potentially_RR the_AT most_RGT harmful_JJ wind_NN1 direction_NN1 :_: (_( i_ZZ1 )_) SW_ND1 winds_NN2 (_( calm_VV0 ,_, 2Bf_FO and_CC 4Bf_FO )_) for_IF departure_NN1 manoeuvres_NN2 since_CS during_II the_AT first_MD minutes_NNT2 it_PPH1 is_VBZ necessary_JJ to_TO use_VVI the_AT port_NN1 propeller_NN1 in_II the_AT ahead_RL regime_NN1 with_IW more_DAR intensity_NN1 ,_, and_CC (_( ii_MC )_) NW_ND1 winds_NN2 (_( calm_VV0 ,_, 2Bf_FO and_CC 4Bf_FO )_) for_IF arrival_NN1 manoeuvres_NN2 since_CS this_DD1 wind_NN1 direction_NN1 is_VBZ perpendicular_JJ to_II the_AT quay_NN1 and_CC creates_VVZ difficult_JJ approach_NN1 conditions_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Furthermore_RR ,_, the_AT magnitude_NN1 order_NN1 of_IO the_AT net_JJ power_NN1 due_II21 to_II22 cycle_NN1 or_CC working_VVG fluid_NN1 differs_VVZ depending_II21 on_II22 the_AT source_NN1 temperature_NN1 ._. 
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Like_II PM_NP1 emissions_NN2 there_EX are_VBR substantial_JJ PN_NP1 reductions_NN2 are_VBR observed_VVN with_IW B1_FO and_CC B2_FO blends_VVZ ._. 
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<s>
Therefore_RR ,_, to_TO obtain_VVI the_AT radiated_JJ sound_NN1 power_NN1 from_II a_AT1 complex_JJ underwater_JJ sound_NN1 source_NN1 ,_, it_PPH1 was_VBDZ necessary_JJ to_TO use_VVI the_AT spatial_JJ average_JJ technique_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Even_RR with_IW this_DD1 difference_NN1 in_II the_AT place_NN1 of_IO fracture_NN1 initiation_NN1 ,_, the_AT model_NN1 represented_VVD satisfactorily_RR the_AT maximum_JJ load_NN1 and_CC the_AT respective_JJ indenter_NN1 displacement_NN1 in_II the_AT panel_NN1 fracture_NN1 initiation_NN1 ._. 
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According_II21 to_II22 Marston_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
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<s>
(_( 2016_MC )_) ,_, the_AT collapse_NN1 of_IO the_AT splash_NN1 is_VBZ mainly_RR driven_VVN by_II surface_NN1 tension_NN1 and_CC the_AT buckling_NN1 occurs_VVZ when_RRQ collapse_NN1 rate_NN1 is_VBZ faster_JJR than_CSN the_AT vertical_JJ velocity_NN1 of_IO the_AT splash_NN1 crown_NN1 ._. 
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With_IW slower_JJR turbocharger_NN1 dynamics_NN ,_, faster_JJR sensor_NN1 dynamics_NN and_CC combined_VVN with_IW the_AT PI_NN1 EGR_NN1 controller_NN1 ,_, the_AT YLOS_NP2 limiter_NN1 causes_VVZ slight_JJ LLO_NN1 and_CC violates_VVZ the_AT oxygen/fuel_NN1 limit_NN1 ._. 
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As_II21 for_II22 the_AT future_JJ research_NN1 ,_, a_AT1 group_NN1 of_IO experiments_NN2 with_IW large_JJ thickness_NN1 value_NN1 of_IO dimethicone_NN1 layer_NN1 would_VM beneficial_JJ to_TO expand_VVI some_DD conclusions_NN2 in_II this_DD1 paper_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Note_VV0 that_CST the_AT time_NNT1 axis_NN1 for_IF the_AT source_NN1 is_VBZ the_AT same_DA as_CSA that_DD1 for_IF the_AT receiver_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT curves_NN2 connect_VV0 the_AT data_NN for_IF the_AT same_DA fetch_VV0 ._. 
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Thus_RR ,_, additional_JJ measures_NN2 ,_, i.e._REX ,_, accompanying_VVG the_AT injection_NN1 of_IO pressurized_JJ N2_FO at_II the_AT 1st_MD compressor_NN1 is_VBZ required_VVN ._. 
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<s>
In_RR21 addition_RR22 ,_, the_AT vertical_JJ bending_NN1 stiffness_NN1 distribution_NN1 of_IO backbones_NN2 is_VBZ also_RR similar_JJ with_IW the_AT prototype_NN1 along_II ship_NN1 length_NN1 ._. 
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Other_JJ variables_NN2 like_II EGR_NP1 and_CC boost_VV0 pressure_NN1 are_VBR also_RR varied_VVN ._. 
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<s>
The_AT input_NN1 variables_NN2 are_VBR coupled_VVN to_II the_AT requirements/targets_NN2 of_IO the_AT project_NN1 and_CC are_VBR therefore_RR influenced_VVN by_II the_AT user_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 assessment_NN1 ._. 
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Nevertheless_RR ,_, when_CS CA50_FO is_VBZ earlier_JJR than_CSN 0°CA_FO ATDC_NP1 ,_, the_AT cyclic_JJ variations_NN2 of_IO IMEP_NN1 at_II the_AT premixed_JJ ratio_NN1 of_IO 90%_NNU are_VBR usually_RR higher_JJR than_CSN those_DD2 with_IW the_AT premixed_JJ ratio_NN1 of_IO 80%_NNU ._. 
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In_II the_AT tests_NN2 performed_VVN for_IF this_DD1 study_NN1 ,_, the_AT spray_NN1 was_VBDZ illuminated_VVN by_II the_AT lateral_JJ windows_NN2 with_IW two_MC continuous_JJ Xe-arc_JJ lamps_NN2 ,_, and_CC the_AT backwards-scattered_JJ light_NN1 collected_VVN by_II a_AT1 CMOS_NP1 high_JJ speed_NN1 camera_NN1 (_( Photron_NP1 SA5_FO )_) aligned_VVD with_IW the_AT injector_NN1 axis_NN1 ._. 
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In_II this_DD1 study_NN1 the_AT annual_JJ cost_NN1 of_IO operating_VVG a_AT1 hydrogen_NN1 and_CC fuel_NN1 cell_NN1 powered_VVD HSC_NP1 was_VBDZ compared_VVN to_II a_AT1 biodiesel_NN1 and_CC conventional_JJ fossil_NN1 diesel_NN1 powered_JJ solution_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT same_DA plot_NN1 as_CSA in_II Fig._NN1 10_MC except_CS Fr=1.375_FO and_CC 1.55_MC ._. 
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<s>
Using_VVG the_AT results_NN2 from_II the_AT experiments_NN2 for_IF a_AT1 conventional_JJ cooling_NN1 system_NN1 consisting_VVG of_IO a_AT1 conventional_JJ thermostat_NN1 ,_, a_AT1 fixed_JJ speed_NN1 water_NN1 pump_NN1 ,_, and_CC a_AT1 fan_NN1 that_CST simply_RR toggles_VVZ between_II on_II and_CC off_RP ,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ possible_JJ to_TO perform_VVI a_AT1 validation_NN1 of_IO the_AT model_NN1 used_VVN in_II the_AT simulation_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT disadvantage_NN1 of_IO the_AT far-field_JJ method_NN1 is_VBZ the_AT dependency_NN1 of_IO the_AT added_JJ resistance_NN1 on_II the_AT wave_NN1 damping_NN1 which_DDQ cause_VV0 inaccurate_JJ radiation_NN1 forces_NN2 at_II low_JJ frequencies_NN2 when_CS using_VVG the_AT strip_NN1 theory_NN1 method_NN1 ._. 
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Concerning_II ship_NN1 manoeuvring_VVG ,_, in_II many_DA2 circumstances_NN2 it_PPH1 is_VBZ not_XX possible_JJ to_TO follow_VVI a_AT1 desired_JJ path_NN1 on_II the_AT navigation_NN1 channel_NN1 or_CC restrict_VV0 the_AT ship_NN1 forward_RL speed_VV0 to_II the_AT maximum_JJ velocity_NN1 established_VVN by_II the_AT passing_JJ ship_NN1 analysis_NN1 ,_, either_RR for_IF keeping_VVG the_AT ship_NN1 rudder_NN1 efficiency_NN1 or_CC by_II the_AT simple_JJ fact_NN1 that_CST even_RR the_AT ship_NN1 dead_RG slow_JJ speed_NN1 may_VM be_VBI higher_JJR than_CSN the_AT safe_JJ limit_NN1 value_NN1 ._. 
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Flame_NN1 temperature_NN1 was_VBDZ measured_VVN by_II the_AT two-color_JJ method_NN1 based_VVN on_II thermal_JJ radiation_NN1 of_IO soot_NN1 particle_NN1 on_II two_MC different_JJ wavelengths_NN2 following_VVG the_AT procedure_NN1 described_VVN by_II Matsui_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
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&lsqb;_( 24_MC &rsqb;_) and_CC Zhao_NP1 and_CC Ladommatos_NP1 &lsqb;_( 25_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
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<s>
The_AT Merriam_NP1 Z50MC2-4F_RA air_NN1 flow_NN1 meter_NN1 was_VBDZ also_RR used_VVN measuring_VVG the_AT intake_NN1 air_NN1 mass_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Moreover_RR ,_, while_CS it_PPH1 is_VBZ suggested_VVN that_CST swim_VV0 bladder_NN1 rupture_NN1 and_CC kidney_NN1 rupture_NN1 are_VBR mortal_JJ injuries_NN2 ,_, this_DD1 is_VBZ still_RR conjecture_VV0 since_CS animals_NN2 were_VBDR euthanized_VVN on_II return_NN1 to_II the_AT surface_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
For_REX21 instance_REX22 ,_, et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
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<s>
&lsqb;_( 8_MC &rsqb;_) added_VVD bio-oil_JJ to_TO biodiesel_VVI and_CC observed_VVD an_AT1 increase_NN1 in_II the_AT oxidation_NN1 induction_NN1 temperature_NN1 from_II 155_MC to_II 225°C_NNU ,_, attributed_VVN to_II the_AT presence_NN1 of_IO antioxidant_JJ compounds_NN2 in_II the_AT bio-oil_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT smaller_JJR engines_NN2 reduce_VV0 the_AT possible_JJ vessel_NN1 acceleration_NN1 ,_, and_CC to_TO counteract_VVI this_DD1 ,_, the_AT engine_NN1 controller_NN1 must_VM be_VBI improved_VVN to_TO fully_RR utilize_VVI the_AT physical_JJ potential_NN1 of_IO the_AT engine_NN1 ._. 
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Figure_NN1 7(b)_FO shows_VVZ the_AT estimated_JJ mixing_NN1 coefficients_NN2 ._. 
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A_AT1 new_JJ type_NN1 of_IO bow_NN1 appendage_NN1 is_VBZ proposed_VVN to_TO reduce_VVI the_AT resistance_NN1 of_IO high-speed_JJ ship_NN1 by_II restraining_VVG the_AT wave_NN1 at_II the_AT bow_NN1 ._. 
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Higher_JJR flexibility_NN1 in_II the_AT positioning_NN1 of_IO the_AT turbocharger_NN1 is_VBZ also_RR possible_JJ ._. 
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Despite_II of_IO the_AT constant_JJ claims_NN2 affirming_VVG that_DD1 transportation_NN1 powered_VVN by_II internal_JJ combustion_NN1 engines_NN2 should_VM be_VBI replaced_VVN by_II alternative_JJ forms_NN2 as_CSA electrification_NN1 ,_, no_AT effective_JJ changes_NN2 are_VBR seen_VVN in_II the_AT current_JJ transport_NN1 scenario_NN1 &lsqb;_( 1_MC1 &rsqb;_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT SAFMARINE_JJ MAKUTU_NN1 transit_NN1 traveled_VVD in_II an_AT1 erratic_JJ swell_JJ condition_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ has_VHZ a_AT1 relatively_RR wide-band_JJ spectrum_NN1 with_IW multiple_JJ peaks_NN2 &lsqb;_( see_VV0 Figs_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
In_II Section_NN1 3_MC ,_, the_AT key_JJ components_NN2 of_IO the_AT B/FW_NP1 and_CC B/UC_NP1 HESS_NP1 are_VBR sized_VVN according_II21 to_II22 the_AT frequency_NN1 components_NN2 of_IO the_AT load_NN1 fluctuations_NN2 at_II nominal_JJ sea_NN1 state_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT different_JJ maneuvering_JJ characteristics_NN2 of_IO the_AT own_DA ship_NN1 can_VM be_VBI considered_VVN in_II this_DD1 manner_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
All_DB zones_NN2 at_II each_DD1 time_NNT1 instance_NN1 have_VH0 individual_JJ temperature_NN1 and_CC composition_NN1 while_CS sharing_VVG the_AT same_DA pressure_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
In_II this_DD1 section_NN1 ,_, a_AT1 comparison_NN1 between_II the_AT results_NN2 of_IO artificial_JJ neural_JJ network_NN1 and_CC laboratory_NN1 data_NN is_VBZ made_VVN ._. 
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<s>
The_AT proposed_JJ model_NN1 agreed_VVN with_IW experimental_JJ data_NN for_IF melamine_NN1 foam_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Deep_JJ learning_NN1 based_VVD UWA_NP1 OFDM_NP1 communication_NN1 system_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
For_IF the_AT wavenumber_NN1 =0.3rad/m_NNU ,_, there_EX are_VBR four_MC P-SV_NP1 Stoneley_NP1 waves_NN2 ;_; the_AT corresponding_JJ eigenfrequencies_NN2 are_VBR 21=6.7458×103_FO ,_, 22=1.3795×104_FO ,_, 23=1.5283×104_FO and_CC 24=1.9081×104_FO ,_, and_CC the_AT corresponding_JJ eigenfunctions_NN2 are_VBR shown_VVN in_II Fig._NN1 10_MC ._. 
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<s>
Finally_RR ,_, exergy_NN1 destruction_NN1 in_II each_DD1 thermodynamic_JJ process_NN1 is_VBZ calculated_VVN under_II design_NN1 and_CC off-design_JJ conditions_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
But_CCB significant_JJ challenges_NN2 need_VV0 to_TO be_VBI addressed_VVN towards_II its_APPGE onboard_NN1 application_NN1 because_II21 of_II22 the_AT natures_NN2 of_IO marine_JJ vessels_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 off-shore_RL ,_, constant_JJ move_NN1 and_CC space_NN1 constraints_NN2 ._. 
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Lpp_NP1 is_VBZ the_AT length_NN1 between_II perpendiculars_NN2 of_IO the_AT cruise_NN1 ship_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Tests_NN2 also_RR revealed_VVN that_CST ,_, at_II equal_JJ injection_NN1 pressure_NN1 ,_, 80_MC bar_NN1 is_VBZ the_AT backpressure_NN1 value_NN1 showing_VVG the_AT largest_JJT spray_NN1 uniformity_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
NO_UH is_VBZ formed_VVN via_II the_AT Zeldovich_NP1 reactions_NN2 much_RR more_RGR rapidly_RR than_CSN it_PPH1 is_VBZ when_RRQ O_ZZ1 atoms_NN2 are_VBR in_II equilibrium_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT intake_NN1 heater_NN1 was_VBDZ employed_VVN to_TO adjust_VVI the_AT intake_NN1 temperature_NN1 combined_VVN with_IW an_AT1 intercooler_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT presence_NN1 of_IO harmonics_NN2 and_CC subharmonics_NN2 in_II frequency_NN1 spectrum_NN1 signifies_VVZ damage_NN1 in_II the_AT structure_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT crushing_JJ force_NN1 will_VM keep_VVI growing_VVG as_II the_AT contact_NN1 area_NN1 increases_VVZ until_CS its_APPGE vertical_JJ component_NN1 is_VBZ large_JJ enough_RR to_TO cause_VVI a_AT1 bending_NN1 failure_NN1 of_IO ice_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
In_II Geertsma_NP1 ,_, Visser_NP1 ,_, and_CC Negenborn_NP1 (_( 2018_MC )_) ,_, an_AT1 adaptive_JJ scheme_NN1 is_VBZ proposed_VVN for_IF pitch_NN1 control_NN1 of_IO propellers_NN2 to_TO reduce_VVI fuel_NN1 consumption_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
For_IF multi-domains_NN2 problems_NN2 ,_, a_AT1 direct_JJ EFBEM_NN1 was_VBDZ considered_VVN by_II Hong_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
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<s>
and_CC in_II this_DD1 case_NN1 ,_, the_AT integral_JJ equation_NN1 is_VBZ derived_VVN using_VVG the_AT divergence_NN1 theorem_NN1 ,_, thus_RR is_VBZ available_JJ only_RR for_IF closed_JJ domains_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Fuel_NN1 additive_NN1 is_VBZ used_VVN to_TO improve_VVI the_AT combustion_NN1 and_CC decrease_VVI the_AT emissions_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
It_PPH1 is_VBZ noted_VVN that_CST all_DB conclusions_NN2 are_VBR made_VVN based_VVN on_II measurements_NN2 from_II the_AT model_NN1 tests_NN2 of_IO icebreaking_VVG tanker_NN1 under_II certain_JJ conditions_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Finally_RR ,_, 36_MC composite_JJ visual_JJ and_CC audio_JJ scenarios_NN2 were_VBDR generated_VVN for_IF the_AT experiments_NN2 with_IW a_AT1 D-efficiency_NN1 of_IO 0.9421_MC ._. 
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The_AT time_NNT1 curves_NN2 of_IO Sauter_NP1 mean_JJ diameter_NN1 at_II different_JJ ambient_JJ pressure_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Li_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
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<s>
&lsqb;_( 10_MC &rsqb;_) studied_VVD the_AT vibration_NN1 characteristics_NN2 of_IO a_AT1 finite_JJ plate_NN1 under_II uniform_JJ force_NN1 excitation_NN1 by_II PFM_NP1 using_VVG finite_JJ element_NN1 analysis_NN1 ,_, and_CC the_AT surface_NN1 mobility_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 finite_JJ plate_NN1 was_VBDZ predicted_VVN ._. 
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<s>
Moreover_RR ,_, smooth_JJ thin_JJ plates_NN2 were_VBDR connected_VVN to_II the_AT composite_JJ surfaces_NN2 to_TO prevent_VVI any_DD instability_NN1 in_II the_AT results_NN2 (_( see_VV0 Fig._NN1 8b_FO )_) ._. 
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Based_VVN on_II the_AT findings_NN2 of_IO this_DD1 study_NN1 ,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ prudent_JJ to_TO maintain_VVI a_AT1 gap_NN1 of_IO at_RR21 least_RR22 2·00_FO times_NNT2 the_AT larger_JJR ship_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 breadth_NN1 between_II the_AT vessels_NN2 ,_, thus_RR requiring_VVG a_AT1 sufficiently_RR long_JJ tow_NN1 line_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
In_RR21 particular_RR22 ,_, the_AT three_MC pressure_NN1 points_NN2 ,_, selected_VVN by_II the_AT optimisation_NN1 algorithm_NN1 were_VBDR used_VVN to_TO produce_VVI a_AT1 spline_NN1 interpolation_NN1 curve_NN1 that_CST governed_VVD the_AT ORC_NN1 off-design_NN1 evaporation_NN1 pressures_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
In_II the_AT deepwater_JJR channel_NN1 (_( DWC_NP1 )_) ,_, vertical_JJ lines_NN2 are_VBR shown_VVN at_II the_AT starting_NN1 point_NN1 ,_, G1_FO ,_, Green_JJ No._NN1 2_MC Buoy_NP1 (_( G2_FO )_) ,_, Green_JJ No._NN1 3_MC Buoy_NP1 (_( G3_FO )_) ,_, and_CC the_AT end_NN1 point_NN1 (_( Figs._NN2 3_MC and_CC 6_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
As_II a_AT1 consequence_NN1 ,_, we_PPIS2 have_VH0 not_XX the_AT guarantee_NN1 that_CST the_AT Spline_NP1 is_VBZ passing_VVG through_II the_AT point_NN1 where_RRQ the_AT fitting_JJ function_NN1 is_VBZ known_VVN ._. 
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<s>
In_II such_DA a_AT1 system_NN1 ,_, electric_JJ power_NN1 is_VBZ produced_VVN by_II the_AT SOFC_NN1 ,_, a_AT1 gas_NN1 turbine_NN1 ,_, and_CC a_AT1 steam_NN1 turbine_NN1 at_II the_AT same_DA time_NNT1 ._. 
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<s>
In_II diesel_NN1 engine_NN1 ,_, the_AT proper_JJ mixing_NN1 of_IO air-fuel_NN1 was_VBDZ determined_VVN by_II formation_NN1 of_IO in-cylinder_JJ pressure_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Recently_RR ,_, Lylloff_NP1 et_NP1 al.24_FO proposed_VVD a_AT1 Fourier-based_JJ fast_JJ iterative_JJ shrinkage_NN1 thresholding_VVG algorithm_NN1 (_( FFT-FISTA_NP1 )_) ._. 
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<s>
We_PPIS2 consider_VV0 three_MC microphone_NN1 locations_NN2 m1_FO ,_, m2_FO ,_, and_CC m3_FO ,_, and_CC three_MC speaker_NN1 locations_NN2 s1_FO ,_, s2_FO ,_, and_CC s3_FO ._. 
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A_AT1 conceptual_JJ drawing_NN1 of_IO the_AT ridge_NN1 field_NN1 model_NN1 is_VBZ shown_VVN in_II Fig._NN1 3_MC ._. 
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<s>
NMF_NP1 also_RR has_VHZ noisy_JJ results_NN2 ,_, and_CC its_APPGE decomposition_NN1 is_VBZ non-unique_JJ ._. 
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<s>
The_AT annual_JJ average_JJ temperatures_NN2 in_II the_AT Arctic_JJ is_VBZ much_RR lower_JJR than_CSN those_DD2 in_II other_JJ oceans_NN2 ;_; from_II a_AT1 thermodynamic_JJ cycle_NN1 point_NN1 of_IO view_NN1 this_DD1 is_VBZ an_AT1 area_NN1 of_IO opportunity_NN1 since_CS the_AT WHRS_NP1 thermal_JJ efficiency_NN1 increases_VVZ due_II21 to_II22 a_AT1 lower_JJR average_JJ temperature_NN1 of_IO heat_NN1 rejection_NN1 (_( see_VV0 the_AT Carnot_NN1 efficiency_NN1 &lsqb;_( 17_MC &rsqb;_) )_) ._. 
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<s>
The_AT SVM_NP1 was_VBDZ chosen_VVN to_II compared_VVN with_IW bi-LSTM_JJ and_CC LSTM_NP1 ,_, and_CC the_AT experimental_JJ results_NN2 shows_VVZ the_AT accuracy_NN1 of_IO both_RR bi-LSTM_JJ and_CC LSTM_NP1 are_VBR higher_JJR and_CC the_AT running_JJ time_NNT1 for_IF testing_VVG set_NN1 are_VBR shorter_JJR than_CSN SVM_NP1 ,_, which_DDQ proves_VVZ the_AT bi-LSTM_NN1 and_CC LSTM_NP1 have_VH0 real-time_JJ performance_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
More_DAR details_NN2 about_II the_AT dispersion_NN1 analysis_NN1 can_VM be_VBI found_VVN in_II &lsqb;_( 14_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
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<s>
The_AT boiling_JJ range_NN1 plays_VVZ a_AT1 particularly_RR important_JJ role_NN1 with_IW fossil_NN1 fuels_NN2 :_: in_II contrast_NN1 to_II synthetic_JJ fuels_NN2 ,_, these_DD2 mixtures_NN2 have_VH0 no_AT defined_JJ boiling_JJ point_NN1 ,_, but_CCB rather_RG a_AT1 boiling_JJ range_NN1 &lsqb;_( 72_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, &lsqb;_( 74_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
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<s>
In_II 2012_MC ,_, a_AT1 solar_JJ energy_NN1 system_NN1 with_IW 768_MC panels_NN2 (_( about_RG 160kW_NNU )_) was_VBDZ installed_VVN on_II the_AT Emerald_NN1 Ace_NN1 ship_NN1 in_II Japan_NP1 ._. 
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<s>
Thus_RR ,_, evaluating_VVG the_AT ship_NN1 collision_NN1 risk_NN1 with_IW quantitative_JJ analysis_NN1 of_IO damage_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ is_VBZ characterised_VVN by_II uncertainties_NN2 ,_, is_VBZ necessary_JJ ._. 
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<s>
Such_DA system_NN1 level_NN1 information_NN1 can_VM be_VBI used_VVN towards_II industrial_JJ digitalization_NN1 to_TO improve_VVI both_RR efficiency_NN1 and_CC reliability_NN1 considerations_NN2 of_IO the_AT respective_JJ industries_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
However_RR ,_, blending_VVG of_IO EHN_NP1 with_IW alcohol_NN1 treated_VVN ternary_JJ blends_NN2 decreased_VVD the_AT density_NN1 very_RG slightly_RR for_IF PB20P5E1_FO and_CC PB20P5E1_FO ,_, while_CS ,_, for_IF PB10P10E1_FO and_CC PB10P10E2_FO density_NN1 was_VBDZ decreased_VVN by_II 0.676%_FO and_CC 0.965%_FO respectively_RR compared_VVN to_II that_DD1 of_IO diesel_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT coefficient_NN1 @_II represents_VVZ the_AT contribution_NN1 of_IO snapshot_NN1 '_NULL i_ZZ1 '_NULL to_II the_AT basis_NN1 vector_NN1 k_ZZ1 and_CC @_II denotes_VVZ the_AT scattered_JJ acoustic_JJ pressure_NN1 recorded_VVN at_II the_AT receiver_NN1 for_IF snapshot_NN1 '_NULL i_ZZ1 '_NULL ._. 
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<s>
Optimal_JJ power_NN1 flows_VVZ in_II different_JJ control_NN1 methods_NN2 for_IF case_NN1 2_MC :_: (_( a_ZZ1 )_) P1_FO to_II P4_FO of_IO optimal_JJ control_NN1 method_NN1 ;_; (_( b_ZZ1 )_) P5_FO to_II P7_FO of_IO optimal_JJ control_NN1 method_NN1 ;_; (_( c_ZZ1 )_) P1_FO to_II P4_FO of_IO MPC-1_MC1 ;_; (_( d_ZZ1 )_) P5_FO to_II P7_FO of_IO MPC-1_MC1 ;_; (_( e_ZZ1 )_) P1_FO to_II P4_FO of_IO MPC-2_MC ;_; (_( f_ZZ1 )_) P5_FO to_II P7_FO of_IO MPC-2_MC ;_; (_( g_ZZ1 )_) P1_FO to_II P4_FO of_IO OMPC_NP1 ;_; (_( h_ZZ1 )_) P5_FO to_II P7_FO of_IO OMPC_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 increase_NN1 has_VHZ already_RR been_VBN reported_VVN in_II literature_NN1 &lsqb;_( 38_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
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<s>
Note_VV0 that_CST the_AT straight_JJ segment_NN1 between_II the_AT final_JJ measurement_NN1 of_IO the_AT first_MD leg_NN1 and_CC the_AT start_NN1 of_IO the_AT turn_NN1 shown_VVN in_II Fig._NN1 10(c)_FO is_VBZ due_II21 to_II22 a_AT1 delay_NN1 in_II processing_VVG the_AT sonar_NN1 measurements_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Comparisons_NN2 of_IO the_AT exhaust_NN1 gas_NN1 emission_NN1 characteristics_NN2 between_II optimum_JJ and_CC baseline_NN1 cases_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Aiming_VVG at_II this_DD1 issue_NN1 ,_, we_PPIS2 propose_VV0 an_AT1 improved_JJ MDC_MC (_( IMDC_NP1 )_) receiver_NN1 structure_NN1 for_IF real_JJ data_NN in_II this_DD1 paper_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
To_TO populate_VVI set_NN1 (_( 2_MC )_) (_( n_ZZ1 )_) ,_, we_PPIS2 set_VV0 R(2)=70_FO ._. 
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<s>
Pulse_NN1 Load_NN1 Model_NN1 ,_, Reprinted_VVN with_IW permission_NN1 from_II Ref_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
On_II the_AT contrary_NN1 ,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ instead_RR necessary_JJ to_TO diversify_VVI fuel_NN1 alternatives_NN2 so_CS21 that_CS22 a_AT1 broad_JJ base_NN1 can_VM be_VBI created_VVN for_IF the_AT energy_NN1 and_CC propulsion_NN1 variants_NN2 of_IO the_AT transport_NN1 sector_NN1 &lsqb;_( 22_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, &lsqb;_( 29_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, &lsqb;_( 32_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, &lsqb;_( 57_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
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<s>
Good_JJ agreement_NN1 with_IW experimental_JJ data_NN for_IF thrust_NN1 fluctuations_NN2 was_VBDZ attained_VVN ._. 
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<s>
The_AT logbook_NN1 contains_VVZ a_AT1 record_NN1 of_IO the_AT voyage_NN1 track_NN1 ,_, engine_NN1 operating_NN1 condition_NN1 ,_, and_CC weather_NN1 condition_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
After_CS the_AT third_MD period_NN1 ,_, the_AT area_NN1 of_IO the_AT air_NN1 cavity_NN1 is_VBZ inflating_VVG while_CS the_AT damped_JJ pressure_NN1 amplitude_NN1 is_VBZ decreasing_VVG ._. 
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<s>
Regarding_II the_AT sinkage_NN1 and_CC trim_NN1 (_( as_CSA shown_VVN in_II Fig._NN1 4_MC ,_, Fig._NN1 5_MC )_) ,_, the_AT agreement_NN1 between_II the_AT present_JJ calculations_NN2 and_CC the_AT experimental_JJ results_NN2 are_VBR very_RG well_JJ ._. 
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<s>
Hence_RR ,_, this_DD1 data_NN point_NN1 can_VM be_VBI classified_VVN as_II an_AT1 outlier_JJR ,_, which_DDQ is_VBZ not_XX comparable_JJ with_IW the_AT aggregated_JJ global_JJ data_NN from_II Ref_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
If_CS the_AT sound_NN1 propagation_NN1 distance_NN1 is_VBZ far_RG longer_RRR than_CSN the_AT baseline_NN1 ,_, the_AT source_NN1 and_CC receiver_NN1 can_VM be_VBI regarded_VVN as_II approximately_RR overlapped_VVN and_CC thereby_RR a_AT1 2D_NNU simplification_NN1 will_VM be_VBI applicable_JJ ._. 
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<s>
The_AT current-aided_JJ navigation_NN1 approach_NN1 respects_VVZ the_AT accuracy_NN1 issue_NN1 of_IO ocean_NN1 models_NN2 and_CC tracks_VVZ the_AT error_NN1 in_II current_JJ velocity_NN1 estimation_NN1 online_RR along_II21 with_II22 the_AT other_JJ system_NN1 states_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 study_NN1 is_VBZ a_AT1 foundation_NN1 for_IF the_AT experimental_JJ one_PN1 that_CST will_VM be_VBI done_VDN in_II a_AT1 close_JJ future_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT test_NN1 fuels_NN2 were_VBDR examined_VVN on_II a_AT1 mono-cylinder_NN1 conventional_JJ diesel_NN1 engine_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT predicted_JJ acoustic_JJ source_NN1 locations_NN2 for_IF various_JJ source_NN1 position_NN1 in_II top_NN1 and_CC middle_JJ layers_NN2 are_VBR shown_VVN in_II Fig._NN1 7_MC ._. 
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<s>
Renewable_JJ bioethanol_NN1 is_VBZ selected_VVN as_CSA raw_JJ material_NN1 of_IO zeotropic_JJ mixture_NN1 ,_, and_CC the_AT output_NN1 power_NN1 reaches_VVZ 1326.05kW_NNU ._. 
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<s>
At_II low_JJ frequency_NN1 experiments_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 this_DD1 study_NN1 ,_, Lamb_NP1 waves_NN2 have_VH0 the_AT same_DA wave_NN1 speed_NN1 curves_NN2 as_CSA vibration_NN1 waves_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
It_PPH1 was_VBDZ shown_VVN that_DD1 core_NN1 stiffness_NN1 and_CC damping_NN1 are_VBR primary_JJ factors_NN2 in_II the_AT control_NN1 of_IO resonant_JJ vibration_NN1 response_NN1 and_CC sound_NN1 radiation_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Also_RR ,_, spalls_NN2 cause_VV0 a_AT1 wedge-shaped_JJ front_NN1 of_IO the_AT ice_NN1 when_CS looking_VVG from_II the_AT side_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
More_DAR details_NN2 related_VVN to_II the_AT similarity_NN1 criteria_NN2 can_VM be_VBI found_VVN in_II Han_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
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<s>
(_( 2018_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
The_AT remaining_JJ top_NN1 ,_, bottom_JJ and_CC side_NN1 boundary_NN1 distances_NN2 from_II the_AT hull_NN1 were_VBDR 1_MC1 Lpp_NP1 ,_, 1.8_MC Lpp_NP1 and_CC 1.6_MC Lpp_NP1 respectively_RR and_CC a_AT1 velocity_NN1 inlet_NN1 condition_NN1 was_VBDZ used_VVN for_IF all_DB faces_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT corresponding_JJ results_NN2 of_IO the_AT multi-piled_JJ structure_NN1 are_VBR listed_VVN in_II Table_NN1 5_MC ._. 
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<s>
LDO_NP1 is_VBZ a_AT1 blend_NN1 of_IO distillate_NN1 fuel_NN1 with_IW a_AT1 small_JJ proportion_NN1 of_IO residual_JJ fuel_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT developed_JJ gas_NN1 fuel_NN1 injection_NN1 model_NN1 is_VBZ capable_JJ to_TO predict_VVI the_AT injection_NN1 process_NN1 of_IO the_AT directed_JJ injected_JJ natural_JJ gas_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Fig._NN1 5_MC indicates_VVZ that_CST when_CS θ_NULL (_( t_ZZ1 )_) is_VBZ very_RG small_JJ ,_, as_CSA shown_VVN in_II Fig._NN1 4_MC ,_, the_AT same_DA numerical_JJ analysis_NN1 results_NN2 are_VBR obtained_VVN regardless_RR of_IO the_AT approximation_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
CO_NP1 and_CC UHC_NP1 emission_NN1 is_VBZ high_JJ for_IF the_AT water_NN1 emulsified_VVD biodiesels_NN2 because_II21 of_II22 the_AT adverse_JJ impact_NN1 of_IO water_NN1 addition_NN1 and_CC which_DDQ further_RRR leads_VVZ to_II the_AT accumulation_NN1 of_IO more_DAR fuel_NN1 due_II21 to_II22 prolonged_JJ ignition_NN1 delay_NN1 &lsqb;_( 33_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
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<s>
As_CSA mentioned_VVN in_II the_AT previous_JJ section_NN1 ,_, the_AT sampling_NN1 time_NNT1 of_IO the_AT DC_NP1 voltage_NN1 controller_NN1 and_CC diesel-generator_JJ shaft_NN1 speed_NN1 controller_NN1 can_VM be_VBI different_JJ ,_, which_DDQ is_VBZ reflected_VVN in_II the_AT algorithm_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT CPN_NP1 source_NN1 element_NN1 for_IF the_AT LGUS_NN1 source_NN1 was_VBDZ designed_VVN around_II a_AT1 fused_JJ silica_NN1 parallel_NN1 disc_NN1 of_IO 5_MC ±_FO 0.1_MC mm_NNU thickness_NN1 and_CC 50_MC mm_NNU diameter_NN1 (_( FSW18_FO ,_, Newport_NP1 Corporation_NN1 ,_, U.K._NP1 )_) on_II which_DDQ the_AT CPN_NP1 layer_NN1 was_VBDZ coated_VVN ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 method_NN1 involves_VVZ modeling_VVG the_AT local_JJ velocity_NN1 and_CC the_AT flow_NN1 field_NN1 interaction_NN1 of_IO the_AT hull-propeller_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
In_RR21 addition_RR22 ,_, a_AT1 smoother_JJR path_NN1 is_VBZ achieved_VVN by_II considering_VVG the_AT dynamics_NN of_IO the_AT OS_NP2 ._. 
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<s>
As_CSA discussed_VVN above_RL ,_, when_CS it_PPH1 is_VBZ at_II /B=2.1_FU ,_, the_AT transverse_JJ loads_NN2 of_IO cross-decks_NN2 would_VM usually_RR reach_VVI the_AT peak_NN1 value_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Sensitivity_NN1 analysis_NN1 for_IF variable_NN1 cooling_VVG loads_NN2 in_II the_AT cold_JJ room_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
In_II fact_NN1 ,_, while_CS the_AT coefficient_NN1 of_IO variation_NN1 COV1_FO is_VBZ much_RR higher_JJR than_CSN COV2_FO for_IF sagging_VVG condition_NN1 ,_, the_AT opposite_NN1 holds_VVZ true_JJ for_IF the_AT hogging_JJ one_PN1 ,_, independently_RR of_IO ship_NN1 lifetime_NNT1 ._. 
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<s>
In_II an_AT1 attempt_NN1 to_TO get_VVI a_AT1 more_RGR specific_JJ understanding_NN1 of_IO how_RRQ methanol_NN1 fumigation_NN1 affected_VVN the_AT brake_NN1 thermal_JJ efficiency_NN1 ,_, a_AT1 recently_RR quantitative_JJ analysis_NN1 was_VBDZ conducted_VVN by_II Han_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
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<s>
&lsqb;_( 89_MC &rsqb;_) based_VVN on_II thermal_JJ balance_NN1 analysis_NN1 and_CC experimental_JJ data_NN on_II a_AT1 four_MC cylinder_NN1 turbocharged_VVD EUP_NP1 dual_JJ fuel_NN1 engine_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
In_II source_NN1 localization_NN1 and_CC detection_NN1 problems_NN2 ,_, sound_NN1 is_VBZ typically_RR measured_VVN at_II a_AT1 number_NN1 of_IO frequencies_NN2 ._. 
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Multicomponent_JJ fluid_NN1 films_NN2 with_IW complex_JJ properties_NN2 are_VBR then_RT formed_VVN ._. 
</s>
<s>
Topics_NN2 related_VVD to_TO spray_VVI cloud_NN1 such_II21 as_II22 splash_NN1 plate_NN1 and_CC sprinkle_VV0 atomizer_NN1 were_VBDR recalled_VVN ._. 
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<s>
The_AT magnitudes_NN2 of_IO the_AT motion_NN1 response_NN1 and_CC added_JJ resistance_NN1 are_VBR represented_VVN as_CSA contours_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
If_CS the_AT value_NN1 of_IO xg_NNU is_VBZ the_AT largest_JJT in_II the_AT images_NN2 ,_, the_AT component_NN1 of_IO the_AT map_NN1 approximates_VVZ 1_MC1 ,_, and_CC the_AT other_NN1 approximates_VVZ 0_MC ._. 
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<s>
Following_VVG this_DD1 ,_, the_AT Pareto_NP1 solution_NN1 sets_NN2 calculated_VVN from_II the_AT NSGA-II_MC algorithm_NN1 and_CC MOPSO_NP1 algorithm_NN1 are_VBR compared_VVN ._. 
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<s>
Figure_NN1 8_MC shows_VVZ that_CST the_AT system_NN1 amplitude_NN1 increases_VVZ with_IW the_AT external_JJ excitation_NN1 coefficient_NN1 0_MC due_II21 to_II22 the_AT effect_NN1 of_IO the_AT piecewise_JJ nonlinear_JJ constraints_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Methanol_NN1 ,_, controlled_VVN by_II the_AT injection_NN1 pulse_NN1 width_NN1 ,_, is_VBZ injected_VVN into_II the_AT mixer_NN1 with_IW a_AT1 pressure_NN1 of_IO 0.45_MC MPa_NP1 to_TO form_VVI a_AT1 homogeneous_JJ methanol-air_JJ mixture_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
In_II each_DD1 square_NN1 ,_, no_AT more_DAR than_CSN 10%_NNU of_IO its_APPGE land_NN1 area_NN1 could_VM be_VBI utilized_VVN by_II a_AT1 PV_NN1 plant_NN1 and_CC no_AT more_DAR than_CSN 10%_NNU of_IO its_APPGE land_NN1 area_NN1 could_VM be_VBI covered_VVN in_II a_AT1 wind_NN1 farm_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Due_II21 to_II22 confidentiality_NN1 of_IO the_AT system_NN1 data_NN ,_, some_DD simulation_NN1 parameters_NN2 have_VH0 been_VBN slightly_RR modified_VVN from_II the_AT given_JJ ship_NN1 data_NN ._. 
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<s>
As_II a_AT1 result_NN1 ,_, the_AT reconstruction_NN1 process_NN1 in_II the_AT IDTBEM_NN1 can_VM not_XX be_VBI started_VVN if_CS the_AT same_DA time_NNT1 axes_NN2 as_CSA the_AT DTBEM_NN1 are_VBR used_VVN ._. 
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The_AT size_NN1 of_IO each_DD1 region_NN1 is_VBZ listed_VVN in_II Table_NN1 3_MC ._. 
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<s>
Measured_JJ sinkage_NN1 ,_, together_RL with_IW ship_NN1 speed_NN1 and_CC channel_NN1 bathymetry_NN1 ,_, are_VBR shown_VVN in_II Fig._NN1 10_MC ._. 
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<s>
At_II full_JJ engine_NN1 load_NN1 ,_, CO_NP1 emissions_NN2 re-increase_VV0 to_TO be_VBI very_RG high_JJ as_II a_AT1 result_NN1 of_IO burning_VVG larger_JJR amount_NN1 of_IO fuel_NN1 ._. 
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Most_DAT of_IO data_NN are_VBR retrieved_VVN from_II shipping_VVG companies_NN2 ,_, but_CCB other_JJ are_VBR obtained_VVN from_II MarineTraffic_NN1 (_( www.marinetraffic.com_NNU )_) or_CC Vesselfinder_NP1 (_( www.vesselfinder.com_NNU )_) ._. 
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Before_II starting_VVG the_AT tests_NN2 ,_, calibrations_NN2 of_IO the_AT equipment_NN1 were_VBDR done_VDN ._. 
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The_AT quadratic_JJ form_NN1 of_IO the_AT phase_NN1 structure_NN1 function_NN1 is_VBZ used_VVN ._. 
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<s>
It_PPH1 can_VM be_VBI observed_VVN that_CST the_AT scattered_JJ pressure_NN1 profiles_NN2 corresponding_VVG to_II 500_MC Hz_NNU and_CC 3000_MC Hz_NNU (_( low_JJ frequencies_NN2 )_) contain_VV0 less_DAR fluctuation_NN1 as_CSA compared_VVN to_II the_AT models_NN2 at_II 9000_MC Hz_NNU (_( high_JJ frequency_NN1 )_) ._. 
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The_AT rig_NN1 could_VM be_VBI operated_VVN in_II either_RR blowing_VVG or_CC suction_NN1 mode_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Comparison_NN1 of_IO free_JJ surface_NN1 of_IO dam-break_JJ flow_NN1 through_II porous_JJ medium_NN1 at_II t=0.2s_FO ,_, 0.6s_NNU ,_, 1s_MC2 ,_, 1.6s_NNU ,_, 2s_MC2 ;_; the_AT current_JJ study_NN1 (_( )_) ,_, Liu_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
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<s>
(_( 1999_MC )_) (_( )_) ,_, Akbari_NP1 (_( 2014_MC )_) (_( )_) ._. 
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<s>
The_AT normal_JJ and_CC axial_JJ drag_VV0 coefficients_NN2 are_VBR specified_VVN to_TO be_VBI 1.2_MC and_CC 0.024_MC ,_, respectively_RR ,_, and_CC the_AT added_JJ mass_JJ coefficient_NN1 is_VBZ assumed_VVN to_TO be_VBI 1.0_MC in_II the_AT following_JJ analysis_NN1 (_( Wilson_NP1 1960_MC ;_; Berteaux_NP1 1976_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
Figure_NN1 4_MC shows_VVZ the_AT measured_JJ depth_NN1 and_CC range_NN1 of_IO the_AT towed_JJ acoustic_JJ source_NN1 with_II31 respect_II32 to_II33 the_AT array_NN1 ,_, throughout_II the_AT deployment_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 is_VBZ confirmed_VVN by_II the_AT mean_JJ residuals_NN2 that_CST show_VV0 differences_NN2 in_II the_AT magnitude_NN1 of_IO 14_MC to_II 25_MC cm_NNU except_CS of_IO the_AT regression_NN1 approach_NN1 of_IO Schoellhamer_NP1 (_( 1996_MC )_) ._. 
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Properties_NN2 of_IO the_AT alcohols_NN2 compared_VVN to_II other_JJ fuel_NN1 properties_NN2 &lsqb;_( 2_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
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<s>
These_DD2 are_VBR the_AT saturation_NN1 regions_NN2 where_RRQ the_AT gradient/derivative_NN1 is_VBZ too_RG small_JJ which_DDQ slows_VVZ down_RP the_AT learning_NN1 process_NN1 by_II increasing_VVG the_AT weight_NN1 up_II gradation_NN1 time_NNT1 of_IO the_AT network_NN1 at_II each_DD1 iteration_NN1 ._. 
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It_PPH1 can_VM be_VBI seen_VVN from_II Fig._NN1 30_MC that_CST the_AT trends_NN2 of_IO both_DB2 simulations_NN2 agree_VV0 well_RR and_CC the_AT maximum_NN1 mooring_VVG forces_NN2 are_VBR close_JJ to_II each_PPX221 other_PPX222 ._. 
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Actually_RR ,_, clear_JJ radial_JJ cracks_NN2 were_VBDR seldom_RR observed_VVN during_II all_DB of_IO the_AT snow_NN1 covered_VVD tests_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
At_RR21 first_RR22 ,_, the_AT group_NN1 A_ZZ1 and_CC group_NN1 B_ZZ1 frequency_NN1 spectra_NN2 of_IO the_AT PWAS_NP2 waveforms_NN2 can_VM be_VBI compared_VVN by_II using_VVG Figs._NN2 10a_FO and_CC 12a_FO ._. 
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The_AT nominal_JJ thermal_JJ efficiency_NN1 at_II design_NN1 condition_NN1 is_VBZ 16.21%_FO ._. 
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The_AT result_NN1 is_VBZ illustrated_VVN as_II a_AT1 solid_JJ line_NN1 in_II Figure_NN1 16_MC ._. 
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<s>
For_IF an_AT1 example_NN1 ,_, we_PPIS2 can_VM find_VVI amplitude_NN1 peak_NN1 j_ZZ1 ,_, which_DDQ is_VBZ the_AT first_MD longitudinal_JJ mode_NN1 of_IO the_AT shaft_NN1 ,_, in_II the_AT transverse_JJ response_NN1 of_IO the_AT stern_NN1 bearing_VVG under_II lateral_JJ excitation_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Meanwhile_RR ,_, with_IW the_AT application_NN1 of_IO the_AT function_NN1 of_IO identification_NN1 method_NN1 ,_, the_AT parameters_NN2 involved_JJ in_II the_AT model_NN1 are_VBR estimated_VVN ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 deviation_NN1 decreases_VVZ as_CSA time_NNT1 increases_NN2 ,_, and_CC 1000_MC s_ZZ1 into_II the_AT simulation_NN1 (_( corresponding_VVG to_II 350_MC s_ZZ1 after_II the_AT experimentally_RR observed_VVN decrease_NN1 in_II temperature_NN1 )_) the_AT deviation_NN1 between_II simulation_NN1 and_CC experiment_NN1 is_VBZ only_RR 4_MC °C_NNU ._. 
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<s>
In_RR21 general_RR22 ,_, an_AT1 increase_NN1 in_II the_AT air-volume_JJ fraction_NN1 yields_VVZ a_AT1 reduced_JJ amplitude_NN1 of_IO the_AT transmitted_JJ waves_NN2 through_II the_AT bubble_NN1 curtain_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Overall_RR ,_, the_AT modeling_NN1 framework_NN1 can_VM help_VVI decision_NN1 makers_NN2 in_II identifying_VVG trade-offs_NN2 in_II energy_NN1 policy_NN1 to_II transition_NN1 the_AT Canadian_JJ Arctic_JJ and_CC other_JJ remote_JJ communities_NN2 towards_II more_RGR sustainable_JJ and_CC clean_JJ sources_NN2 of_IO energy_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT effect_NN1 is_VBZ more_RGR significant_JJ during_II spring_NN1 tides_NN2 when_RRQ currents_NN2 are_VBR stronger_JJR ._. 
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<s>
Kp_NP1 and_CC @_II ,_, with_IW Ci_FO and_CC Fi_NP1 being_VBG calculated_VVN using_VVG Equations_NN2 (_( 28_MC )_) (_( with_IW p_ZZ1 →_NULL i_ZZ1 )_) and_CC (_( 30_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
The_AT scattering_NN1 amplitude_NN1 was_VBDZ analytically_RR solved_VVN for_IF the_AT longitudinal_JJ plus_NN1 shear_VV0 interaction_NN1 process_NN1 ._. 
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Generally_RR ,_, the_AT directional_JJ function_NN1 has_VHZ the_AT most_RGT obvious_JJ influence_NN1 on_II roll_NN1 motion_NN1 ._. 
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Simulation_NN1 of_IO underwater_JJ acoustic_JJ data_NN and_CC the_AT resulting_JJ FrFT_NP1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT proposed_JJ joint_JJ optimization_NN1 method_NN1 provides_VVZ more_RGR promising_JJ results_NN2 with_IW suppressing_VVG the_AT power_NN1 fluctuation_NN1 and_CC energy_NN1 savings_NN2 improvements_NN2 of_IO up_II21 to_II22 44.2%_FO and_CC 5.4%_FO ,_, respectively_RR ,_, than_CSN the_AT original_JJ ship_NN1 ._. 
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Theoretical_JJ and_CC measured_VVD Doppler_NP1 shift_VV0 δf_FO plotted_VVN against_II the_AT target_NN1 speed_NN1 vt_NNU ._. 
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<s>
The_AT latter_DA is_VBZ assumed_VVN to_TO be_VBI the_AT same_DA for_IF all_DB 31_MC hydrophone_NN1 pairs_NN2 and_CC is_VBZ intended_VVN to_TO capture_VVI the_AT effect_NN1 of_IO deviations_NN2 of_IO the_AT SHRU_NN1 and_CC HLA_NP1 hydrophones_VVZ from_II their_APPGE nominal12_FO positions_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Table_NN1 8_MC shows_VVZ the_AT percentage_NN1 of_IO sailing_VVG time_NNT1 where_RRQ at_RR21 least_RR22 one_MC1 part_NN1 of_IO one_MC1 foil_NN1 comes_VVZ out_RP water_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Using_VVG the_AT methodology_NN1 of_IO the_AT expansion_NN1 process_NN1 described_VVD ,_, the_AT structure_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 response_NN1 was_VBDZ measured_VVN due_II21 to_II22 the_AT force_NN1 pulse_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 approach_NN1 is_VBZ currently_RR the_AT most_RGT widely_RR used_JJ assessment_NN1 method_NN1 although_CS non-linear_JJ analysis_NN1 would_VM provide_VVI better_JJR insight_NN1 into_II the_AT behavior_NN1 of_IO the_AT structure_NN1 ,_, giving_VVG designers_NN2 tools_NN2 to_TO reduce_VVI weight_NN1 and/or_CC improve_VV0 safety_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT partial_JJ bandgaps_NN2 mean_VV0 that_CST the_AT acoustic_JJ waves_NN2 within_II these_DD2 three_MC frequency_NN1 ranges_NN2 are_VBR not_XX allowed_VVN to_TO propagate_VVI along_II the_AT -_- direction_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT former_DA supplies_NN2 also_RR the_AT maximum_JJ annual_JJ electricity_NN1 production_NN1 (_( 1665.8_MC MW_NNU h_ZZ1 )_) because_II21 of_II22 the_AT better_JJR off-design_JJ behaviour_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT last_MD two_MC terms_NN2 belong_VV0 to_II the_AT viscous_JJ stress_NN1 tensor_NN1 while_CS is_VBZ the_AT kinematic_JJ viscosity_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
With_IW the_AT depletion_NN1 of_IO fossil_NN1 energy_NN1 and_CC severe_JJ environmental_JJ pollution_NN1 ,_, renewable_JJ energy_NN1 generation_NN1 technologies_NN2 have_VH0 been_VBN developed_VVN rapidly_RR in_II recent_JJ years_NNT2 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT damaged_JJ ship_NN1 behavior_NN1 having_VHG an_AT1 empty_JJ ER_NP1 compartment_NN1 is_VBZ compared_VVN with_IW the_AT damaged_JJ ship_NN1 behavior_NN1 in_II presence_NN1 of_IO obstructions_NN2 in_II the_AT ER_NP1 compartment_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT damping_NN1 coefficients_NN2 for_IF roll_NN1 decay_NN1 in_II calm_JJ water_NN1 and_CC harmonics_NN2 for_IF forced_JJ roll_NN1 in_II calm_JJ water_NN1 and_CC wave_NN1 cases_NN2 are_VBR compared_VVN with_IW EFD_NP1 data_NN and_CC the_AT comparison_NN1 error_NN1 E_ZZ1 between_II the_AT data_NN D_ZZ1 and_CC the_AT simulation_NN1 value_NN1 S_ZZ1 is_VBZ reported_VVN as_CSA E%D=100(D-S)/D_NP1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT best_RRT performing_VVG single-stage_JJ ORC_NN1 systems_NN2 (_( W_ZZ1 net_JJ ,_, tot=387.4kWe_FO )_) are_VBR those_DD2 designed_VVN for_IF 17.5_MC and_CC 16.5_MC knots_NN2 loaded_VVN ._. 
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<s>
The_AT whole_JJ envelope_NN1 of_IO the_AT solutions_NN2 along_II21 with_II22 the_AT Pareto_NP1 fronts_NN2 derived_VVN from_II the_AT bi-objective_JJ optimisation_NN1 for_IF the_AT first_MD operating_NN1 profile_NN1 and_CC the_AT selected_JJ fuels_NN2 and_CC fuels_NN2 combinations_NN2 (_( denoted_VVN with_IW 1a_FO ,_, 2a_FO ,_, 3a_FO and_CC 4a_FO )_) are_VBR presented_VVN in_II Fig._NN1 10_MC ._. 
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<s>
Initially_RR ,_, negative_JJ values_NN2 were_VBDR noticed_VVN which_DDQ represents_VVZ the_AT evaporation_NN1 period_NN1 of_IO fuel_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Therefore_RR ,_, many_DA2 dynamic_JJ simulations_NN2 have_VH0 been_VBN designed_VVN to_TO predict_VVI the_AT risks_NN2 and_CC to_TO reduce_VVI the_AT possibility_NN1 of_IO accidents_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Results_NN2 of_IO the_AT resistance_NN1 tests_NN2 in_II calm_JJ water_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT calibration_NN1 tests_NN2 were_VBDR performed_VVN through_II infinite_JJ plate_NN1 method_NN1 ,_, and_CC the_AT calibrated_JJ strain_NN1 modulus_NN1 was_VBDZ about_RG 2300_MC times_NNT2 the_AT flexural_JJ strength_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Finally_RR ,_, the_AT dispersion_NN1 curve_NN1 is_VBZ calculated_VVN through_II the_AT SST_NP1 time-frequency_JJ spectrum_NN1 ,_, and_CC a_AT1 fast_JJ algorithm_NN1 for_IF retrieving_VVG the_AT film_NN1 thickness_NN1 from_II the_AT dispersion_NN1 curve_NN1 is_VBZ introduced_VVN ._. 
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<s>
Figure_VV0 1_MC1 shows_VVZ the_AT fin_NN1 in_II the_AT open_JJ water_NN1 condition_NN1 and_CC Figure_NN1 2_MC in_II the_AT behind_NN1 ship_NN1 condition_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Ships_NN2 usually_RR operate_VV0 during_II cruising_VVG at_II intermediate_JJ engine_NN1 loads_NN2 ,_, typically_RR between_II 50_MC and_CC 75%_NNU load_NN1 ,_, and_CC at_II low_JJ loads_NN2 ,_, typically_RR between_II 10%_NNU and_CC 30%_NNU when_CS idling_VVG or_CC docking_VVG at_II harbors_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 motion_NN1 planning_NN1 pipeline_NN1 is_VBZ composed_VVN of_IO three_MC main_JJ modules_NN2 :_: a_AT1 mapping_NN1 module_NN1 that_CST incrementally_RR builds_VVZ an_AT1 occupancy_NN1 map_NN1 using_VVG Octomaps_NP1 &lsqb;_( 13_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, a_AT1 planning_NN1 module_NN1 that_CST generates_VVZ online_RR collision-free_JJ motions_NN2 ,_, and_CC a_AT1 mission_NN1 handler_NN1 module_NN1 that_CST works_VVZ as_II a_AT1 high-level_JJ coordinator_NN1 of_IO the_AT planner_NN1 and_CC the_AT AUV_NN1 controllers_NN2 (_( see_VV0 Fig._NN1 8_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
The_AT highest_JJT number_NN1 of_IO detections_NN2 at_II this_DD1 northernmost_JJ PAM_NP1 site_NN1 led_VVN to_II the_AT extension_NN1 of_IO the_AT survey_NN1 area_NN1 ,_, and_CC new_JJ platforms_NN2 were_VBDR installed_VVN north_ND1 of_IO this_DD1 location_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Before_CS the_AT start_NN1 of_IO measure_NN1 ,_, standard_JJ gas_NN1 and_CC zero_NN1 gas_NN1 are_VBR used_VVN to_TO calibrate_VVI the_AT two_MC meters_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
As_CSA can_VM be_VBI seen_VVN in_II Figures_NN2 13_MC and_CC 14_MC ,_, scour_VV0 caused_VVN by_II the_AT main_JJ propellers_NN2 is_VBZ reduced_VVN or_CC ,_, in_II some_DD cases_NN2 ,_, even_RR eliminated_VVN when_CS using_VVG the_AT proposed_JJ alternative_JJ manoeuvres_NN2 ._. 
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The_AT specific_JJ investment_NN1 cost_NN1 is_VBZ determined_VVN to_TO be_VBI 4361_MC $/kW_FU ,_, for_IF this_DD1 case_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT strategy_NN1 lists_VVZ "_" ship_NN1 intelligence_NN1 "_" as_CSA one_MC1 of_IO the_AT main_JJ areas_NN2 through_II which_DDQ to_TO achieve_VVI growth_NN1 ._. 
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Middle_NN1 :_: Indexing_NN1 of_IO the_AT point_NN1 masses_NN2 and_CC truss_VV0 elements_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT unique_JJ changes_NN2 in_II wave-making_JJ resistance_NN1 ,_, sinkage_NN1 and_CC trim_VV0 according_II21 to_II22 the_AT ship_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 speed_NN1 and_CC two-layer_JJ fluid_NN1 conditions_NN2 were_VBDR evaluated_VVN ._. 
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<s>
Injector_NN1 fouling_NN1 is_VBZ usually_RR quantified_VVN by_II a_AT1 reduction_NN1 in_II fuel_NN1 flow_NN1 or_CC in_II engine_NN1 peak_NN1 power_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT retrofit_NN1 installation_NN1 factor_NN1 is_VBZ set_VVN to_II 1.25_MC ,_, indicating_VVG a_AT1 25%_NNU added_JJ cost_NN1 for_IF equipment_NN1 installed_VVN as_II a_AT1 retrofit_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 study_NN1 indicates_VVZ that_CST as_II the_AT ship_NN1 reference_NN1 or_CC operating_NN1 speed_NN1 is_VBZ decreased_VVN ,_, total_JJ speed_NN1 loss_NN1 due_II21 to_II22 both_RR wind_VV0 and_CC waves_NN2 increases_VVZ ,_, especially_RR due_II21 to_II22 waves_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Several_DA2 acoustic_JJ source_NN1 localization_NN1 techniques_NN2 have_VH0 been_VBN proposed_VVN by_II various_JJ investigators_NN2 over_II the_AT last_MD few_DA2 decades_NNT2 ._. 
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<s>
High_JJ power_NN1 density_NN1 makes_VVZ them_PPHO2 the_AT most_RGT cost-effective_JJ choice_NN1 for_IF power_NN1 generation_NN1 with_IW fossil_NN1 fuels_NN2 (_( around_RG $1000/kW_NNU installed_VVN )_) ._. 
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Under_II the_AT same_DA initial_JJ pressure_NN1 ,_, no_RGQV31 matter_RGQV32 how_RGQV33 excess_JJ air_NN1 ratio_NN1 changes_NN2 ,_, the_AT flame_NN1 propagation_NN1 speed_NN1 of_IO the_AT pre-chamber_JJ TJI_JJ mode_NN1 is_VBZ always_RR greater_JJR than_CSN that_DD1 of_IO open_JJ chamber_NN1 ignition_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ is_VBZ not_XX that_DD1 obvious_JJ in_II lower_JJR excess_JJ air_NN1 ratio_NN1 case_NN1 (_( rich_JJ fuel_NN1 case_NN1 )_) ,_, but_CCB the_AT pre-chamber_JJ TJI_NN1 promotes_VVZ a_AT1 lot_NN1 in_II lean_JJ combustion_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
In_RR21 addition_RR22 ,_, models_NN2 were_VBDR also_RR developed_VVN to_TO evaluate_VVI engine_NN1 performance_NN1 at_II slow_JJ steaming_JJ conditions_NN2 &lsqb;_( 15_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, various_JJ sailing_NN1 scenarios_NN2 &lsqb;_( 16_MC &rsqb;_) and_CC based_VVN on_II a_AT1 zero-dimensional_JJ approach_NN1 &lsqb;_( 17_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
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Corresponding_JJ maximum_JJ exergy_NN1 efficiency_NN1 of_IO cold_JJ box_NN1 is_VBZ 51.1%_FO ._. 
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<s>
The_AT second_MD verification_NN1 test_NN1 was_VBDZ performed_VVN only_RR for_IF the_AT mesh_NN1 around_II the_AT propellers_NN2 to_TO test_VVI the_AT local_JJ mesh_NN1 sensitivity_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
In_II this_DD1 paper_NN1 we_PPIS2 shall_VM use_VVI a_AT1 modified_JJ version_NN1 that_CST fits_VVZ the_AT purpose_NN1 here_RL ,_, viz._REX Exhaust_NN1 gas_NN1 temperature_NN1 increased_VVN with_II31 respect_II32 to_II33 the_AT load_NN1 for_IF all_DB the_AT fuels_NN2 ._. 
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A_AT1 larger_JJR Ursell_NN1 number_NN1 defines_VVZ long_RR high_JJ waves_NN2 where_RRQ the_AT cnoidal_JJ theory_NN1 can_VM be_VBI applied_VVN ._. 
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<s>
At_II all_DB loads_NN2 ,_, diesel_NN1 exhibited_VVD higher_JJR BSCO_NN1 than_CSN other_JJ fuel_NN1 samples_NN2 due_II21 to_II22 absence_NN1 of_IO oxygen_NN1 in_II the_AT fuel_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT results_NN2 presented_VVN in_II Table_NN1 14_MC and_CC Fig._NN1 19_MC indicate_VV0 that_CST the_AT increase_NN1 in_II the_AT CT_NN1 and_CC PE_NN1 of_IO the_AT KCS_NP1 due_II21 to_II22 a_AT1 typical_JJ ,_, as_CSA applied_JJ antifouling_NN1 (_( AF_FO )_) coating_NN1 were_VBDR predicted_VVN to_TO be_VBI 7.1%_FO and_CC 5.9%_FO whereas_CS those_DD2 due_II21 to_II22 a_AT1 deteriorated_JJ coating_NN1 or_CC light_JJ slime_NN1 may_VM increase_VVI to_II 18.1%_FO and_CC 21.2%_FO at_II ship_NN1 speeds_NN2 of_IO 24_MC knots_NN2 and_CC 19_MC knots_NN2 ,_, respectively_RR ._. 
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<s>
The_AT comparison_NN1 with_IW the_AT published_JJ experimental_JJ data_NN from_II Beji_NP1 and_CC Battjes_NP1 &lsqb;_( 33_MC &rsqb;_) and_CC the_AT extended_JJ Boussinesq_JJ model_NN1 of_IO Fang_NN1 and_CC Zou_NP1 &lsqb;_( 35_MC &rsqb;_) is_VBZ also_RR presented_VVN ._. 
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<s>
Minimum_JJ eddy_NN1 length_NN1 scale_NN1 ranges_VVZ between_II 1.821_MC ×_II 105_MC <_FO l_ZZ1 <_FO 1.975_MC ×_II 105_MC that_CST the_AT lowest_JJT value_NN1 corresponds_VVZ to_II D6_FO denoting_VVG stronger_JJR turbulence_NN1 intensity_NN1 and_CC more_DAR flow_NN1 instability_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Economic_JJ performance_NN1 changes_NN2 with_IW engine_NN1 load_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Fig._NN1 13a_FO and_CC b_ZZ1 ,_, interestingly_RR ,_, show_VV0 that_CST the_AT values_NN2 of_IO VE/h2_NN1 and_CC LE/h_FU are_VBR on_II the_AT same_DA level_NN1 for_IF both_DB2 ice_NN1 thicknesses_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Ice_NN1 resistance_NN1 test_NN1 results_NN2 of_IO series_NN hull_NN1 forms_NN2 for_IF CB_NN1 variations_NN2 (_( B/T=3.0_NP1 ,_, L/T=6.0_NP1 ,_, =25°_FO )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT rest_NN1 of_IO the_AT collision_NN1 energy_NN1 is_VBZ ,_, naturally_RR ,_, used_VVN for_IF elastic_NN1 and_CC plastic_NN1 deformation_NN1 of_IO both_DB2 ships_NN2 ,_, contact_VV0 friction_NN1 ,_, etc_RA ._. 
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<s>
The_AT Chinese_JJ government_NN1 has_VHZ promoted_VVN methanol_NN1 fuels_NN2 since_II 1990s_MC2 &lsqb;_( 118_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Different_JJ from_II the_AT traditional_JJ resistance_NN1 test_NN1 procedure_NN1 ,_, full_JJ scale_NN1 resistance_NN1 of_IO series_NN hull_NN1 forms_NN2 was_VBDZ extended_VVN from_II the_AT model_NN1 test_NN1 results_NN2 following_VVG the_AT recommendations_NN2 of_IO Spencer_NP1 and_CC Jones_NP1 (_( 2001_MC )_) and_CC Riska_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
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<s>
(_( 1994_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Thereby_RR ,_, the_AT position_NN1 of_IO the_AT source_NN1 near_II the_AT side_NN1 mirror_NN1 is_VBZ well_RR identified_VVN (_( see_VV0 Figure_NN1 3c_FO )_) ,_, whereas_CS the_AT position_NN1 of_IO the_AT source_NN1 near_II the_AT wheel_NN1 housing_NN1 does_VDZ not_XX match_VVI the_AT correct_JJ one_PN1 (_( see_VV0 Figure_NN1 3d_NNU )_) ._. 
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<s>
Wind_NN1 is_VBZ also_RR a_AT1 cause_NN1 of_IO marine_JJ accidents_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 dredging_NN1 anchors_NN2 and_CC running_VVG aground_RL (_( Kaneko_NP1 2012_MC )_) that_CST could_VM damage_VVI ocean_NN1 environment_NN1 on_II a_AT1 global_JJ scale_NN1 ,_, where_RRQ not_XX only_RR a_AT1 longitudinal_JJ force_NN1 of_IO wind_NN1 but_CCB also_RR lateral_JJ force_NN1 ,_, yaw_NN1 and_CC heel_NN1 moments_NN2 could_VM play_VVI a_AT1 crucial_JJ role_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT red_JJ areas_NN2 are_VBR indicating_VVG a_AT1 region_NN1 where_CS the_AT M-Splines_NN2 error_NN1 is_VBZ higher_JJR than_CSN the_AT A-Splines_NP2 error_NN1 ,_, while_CS the_AT blue_JJ area_NN1 is_VBZ indicating_VVG the_AT opposite_JJ ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 data-set_NN1 is_VBZ described_VVN in_II Section_NN1 3.2_MC ._. 
</s>
<s>
Therefore_RR ,_, the_AT configuration_NN1 of_IO the_AT parameters_NN2 of_IO maxturn_NN1 and_CC the_AT time_NNT1 step_NN1 are_VBR used_VVN to_TO reflect_VVI the_AT dynamic_JJ properties_NN2 of_IO the_AT OS_NP2 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT temperature_NN1 of_IO liquid_JJ spray_NN1 into_II cargo_NN1 tanks_NN2 can_VM be_VBI maintained_VVN higher_RRR than_CSN the_AT design_NN1 temperature_NN1 of_IO cargo_NN1 tanks_NN2 by_II controlling_VVG recycling_NN1 flowrate_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Based_VVN on_II the_AT previously_RR mentioned_VVN parameters_NN2 ,_, the_AT predicted_JJ anchor_NN1 motion_NN1 history_NN1 using_VVG the_AT analytical_JJ model_NN1 &lsqb;_( i.e._REX ,_, Eq_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
(_( 6_MC )_) &rsqb;_) is_VBZ also_RR plotted_VVN in_II Fig._NN1 8(a)_FO ._. 
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<s>
Quantification_NN1 of_IO the_AT scorecard_NN1 element_NN1 weights_NN2 can_VM be_VBI achieved_VVN by_II31 means_II32 of_II33 AHP_NP1 (_( Vinodh_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2012_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
Then_RT ,_, the_AT spatio-temporal_JJ monitoring_NN1 of_IO theses_NN2 descriptors_NN2 facilitates_VVZ assessment_NN1 of_IO the_AT spatial_JJ and_CC seasonal_JJ variability_NN1 due_II21 to_II22 biological_JJ activity_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT error_NN1 between_II OceanWave3D_FO and_CC the_AT theoretical_JJ solution_NN1 is_VBZ denoted_VVN with_IW RMSETO_NP1 ,_, while_CS the_AT error_NN1 between_II the_AT coupled_JJ model_NN1 and_CC the_AT theoretical_JJ solution_NN1 is_VBZ denoted_VVN with_IW RMSETS_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT experiments_NN2 were_VBDR carried_VVN out_RP on_II a_AT1 single_JJ cylinder_NN1 research_NN1 engine_NN1 (_( SCRE_NP1 )_) ,_, which_DDQ was_VBDZ modified_VVN from_II a_AT1 6-cylinders_NN2 Cummins_NP1 ISX_NP1 engine_NN1 so_CS21 that_CS22 only_RR the_AT first_MD cylinder_NN1 fires_NN2 &lsqb;_( 23_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
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<s>
Additional_JJ restrictions_NN2 are_VBR often_RR imposed_VVN on_II the_AT design_NN1 of_IO BOG_NN1 re-liquefaction_NN1 system_NN1 in_II LNG-fueled_JJ ship_NN1 because_CS its_APPGE size_NN1 is_VBZ usually_RR smaller_JJR than_CSN LNG_NP1 carriers_NN2 ;_; typically_RR ,_, by_II one_MC1 fifteenth_MD ._. 
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<s>
In_II a_AT1 study_NN1 conducted_VVN by_II Agora_NP1 Energiewende_NP1 &lsqb;_( 60_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, fuels_NN2 produced_VVN from_II electricity_NN1 are_VBR termed_VVN "_" Stromkraftstoff_NP1 "_" (_( "_" electricity_NN1 fuel_NN1 "_" )_) ._. 
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<s>
Thus_RR ,_, fuel_NN1 savings_NN2 of_IO more_DAR than_CSN 10%_NNU were_VBDR achieved_VVN ._. 
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The_AT effect_NN1 of_IO heptanol/diesel_NN1 blends_VVZ on_II diesel_NN1 engine_NN1 combustion_NN1 is_VBZ tested_VVN ._. 
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<s>
To_TO do_VDI so_RR ,_, the_AT Candidate_NN1 Positioning_NN1 block_NN1 performs_VVZ three_MC steps_NN2 :_: distance_NN1 estimation_NN1 ,_, bearing_VVG estimation_NN1 ,_, and_CC coordinate_VV0 transformation_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT tests_NN2 allowed_VVN for_IF an_AT1 evaluation_NN1 of_IO highly_RR non-linear_JJ structural_JJ behavior_NN1 and_CC overload_VV0 capacity_NN1 considering_II the_AT simultaneous_JJ failure_NN1 of_IO ice_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Solving_VVG Eq_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
(_( 15_MC )_) for_IF only_RR one_MC1 interaction_NN1 angle_NN1 does_VDZ not_XX account_VVI for_IF beam_NN1 divergence_NN1 nor_CC for_IF the_AT beam_NN1 width_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT others_NN2 show_VV0 remarkable_JJ larger_JJR PT_NN1 ,_, indicating_VVG that_CST the_AT solution_NN1 for_IF them_PPHO2 is_VBZ far_RR from_II the_AT asymptotic_JJ range_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Moreover_RR ,_, the_AT study_NN1 focuses_VVZ on_II two_MC different_JJ technologies_NN2 :_: ammonia-water_JJ absorption_NN1 and_CC ethanol-activated_JJ carbon_NN1 adsorption_NN1 ._. 
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First_MD old_JJ ice_NN1 floes_NN2 during_II the_AT field_NN1 test_NN1 (_( August_NPM1 11_MC ,_, 2011_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
Work_VV0 vessels_NN2 usually_RR operate_VV0 close_RR to_II the_AT coast_NN1 and_CC enter_VV0 harbours_NN2 frequently_RR ,_, thus_RR its_APPGE application_NN1 is_VBZ not_XX expected_VVN for_IF these_DD2 vessels_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Therefore_RR ,_, the_AT external_JJ influences_NN2 ,_, i.e._REX ,_, weather_NN1 and_CC environmental_JJ conditions_NN2 ,_, should_VM be_VBI introduced_VVN into_II the_AT data_NN sets_VVZ in_II a_AT1 particular_JJ manner_NN1 that_CST should_VM have_VHI a_AT1 good_JJ correlation_NN1 with_IW other_JJ parameters_NN2 ._. 
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A_AT1 real_JJ cruise_NN1 ship_NN1 operation_NN1 profile_NN1 has_VHZ been_VBN used_VVN as_II the_AT case_NN1 study_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
At_RR21 present_RR22 ,_, there_EX are_VBR no_AT commonly_RR accepted_JJ suggestions_NN2 for_IF the_AT mesh_NN1 size_NN1 applied_VVN in_II the_AT simulation_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Co-cluster_VV0 7_MC :_: active_JJ areas_NN2 of_IO cargo_NN1 ships_NN2 and_CC tankers_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT Young_NP1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 modulus_NN1 ,_, Poisson_NP1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 ratio_NN1 ,_, and_CC density_NN1 of_IO the_AT plate_NN1 are_VBR presented_VVN as_CSA ,_, ,_, and_CC ._. 
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<s>
In_BCL21 order_BCL22 for_IF these_DD2 approaches_NN2 and_CC treatments_NN2 to_TO be_VBI acoustically_RR effective_JJ ,_, noise_NN1 control_NN1 solutions_NN2 must_VM be_VBI designed_VVN and_CC implemented_VVN on_II a_AT1 case-by-case_JJ basis_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT bilge_NN1 keel_NN1 induced_VVD pressure_NN1 at_II the_AT cylinder_NN1 is_VBZ represented_VVN through_II pressure_NN1 coefficient_NN1 (_( CP_NP1 )_) defined_VVD in_II Eq_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
(_( 9_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Both_RR static_JJ temperatures_NN2 are_VBR principally_RR around_II the_AT ambient_JJ temperature_NN1 ,_, 22C–23C_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Three_MC consecutive_JJ images_NN2 of_IO Mie_NP1 scattering_NN1 (_( left_JJ )_) and_CC Schlieren_NP1 (_( right_RR )_) at_II the_AT same_DA conditions_NN2 and_CC approximately_RR the_AT same_DA times_NNT2 ._. 
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<s>
No_AT potential_JJ conflict_NN1 of_IO interest_NN1 was_VBDZ reported_VVN by_II the_AT authors_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II the_AT Reference_NN1 Case_NN1 ,_, the_AT electric_JJ power_NN1 generated_VVN by_II WHR_NP1 is_VBZ 1.32_MC MWe_NP1 ,_, which_DDQ could_VM be_VBI a_AT1 significant_JJ supplement_NN1 to_II the_AT ship_NN1 electric_JJ power_NN1 network_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
However_RR ,_, the_AT below-band_JJ technique_NN1 was_VBDZ much_RR more_RGR successful_JJ ._. 
</s>
<s>
With_IW longer_RRR dwell_VV0 and_CC Mil100_FO ,_, both_DB2 fuel_NN1 consumption_NN1 and_CC NOx_NN1 emissions_NN2 increase_VV0 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Fig._NN1 10_MC ,_, Fig._NN1 11_MC show_VV0 the_AT performances_NN2 of_IO the_AT detectors_NN2 over_II an_AT1 ENR_NN1 range_NN1 of_IO 6_MC dB_NNU to_II +_FO 15_MC dB_NNU for_IF the_AT single-tone_JJ signals_NN2 with_IW 400_MC Hz_NNU and_CC 1500_MC Hz_NNU frequencies_NN2 with_IW false_JJ alarm_NN1 probabilities_NN2 of_IO 10-1_MCMC and_CC 10-2_MCMC &lsqb;_( 10_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, &lsqb;_( 26_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II recent_JJ years_NNT2 ,_, alcohol-based_JJ fuels_NN2 containing_VVG methanol_NN1 or_CC ethanol_NN1 are_VBR preferred_VVN as_CSA alternative_JJ energy_NN1 sources_NN2 for_IF internal_JJ combustion_NN1 engines_NN2 &lsqb;_( 1_MC1 &rsqb;_) ,_, &lsqb;_( 2_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
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<s>
At_II a_AT1 certain_JJ distance_NN1 ,_, the_AT acoustic_JJ intensity_NN1 values_NN2 obtained_VVN at_II each_DD1 depth_NN1 were_VBDR different_JJ ._. 
</s>
<s>
Schemes_NN2 have_VH0 been_VBN proposed_VVN in_II the_AT literature_NN1 for_IF the_AT propagation_NN1 equation_NN1 by_II Booteldorren_NP1 and_CC Kowalczyk_NP1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_RR21 addition_RR22 ,_, SBTWs_NP1 operate_VV0 across_II a_AT1 wide_JJ frequency_NN1 bandwidth_NN1 have_VH0 minimal_JJ restriction_NN1 on_II actuator_NN1 placement_NN1 ,_, and_CC are_VBR open-loop_JJ controlled_JJ ._. 
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<s>
In_II this_DD1 regard_NN1 ,_, the_AT competence_NN1 of_IO responsible_JJ officers_NN2 is_VBZ important_JJ as_CSA overhaul_NN1 steps_NN2 of_IO purifier_NN1 should_VM be_VBI executed_VVN conveniently_RR ._. 
</s>
<s>
After_II that_DD1 ,_, compressed_JJ N2_FO is_VBZ cooled_VVN in_II a_AT1 MCHE_NN1 (_( i.e._REX from_II N7_FO to_II N8_FO in_II Fig._NN1 3_MC )_) and_CC expanded_VVN through_II the_AT expander_NN1 to_TO make_VVI low_JJ temperature_NN1 N2_FO (_( i.e._REX from_II N8_FO to_II N9_FO in_II Fig._NN1 3_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT red_JJ blocks_NN2 denote_VV0 the_AT submodels_NN2 which_DDQ the_AT ship_NN1 performance_NN1 model_NN1 includes_VVZ ._. 
</s>
<s>
It_PPH1 shows_VVZ that_CST as_CSA X_ZZ1 increases_VVZ the_AT droplets_NN2 are_VBR more_RRR split_VVN up_RP ,_, and_CC therefore_RR the_AT majority_NN1 of_IO droplets_NN2 are_VBR finer_JJR ._. 
</s>
<s>
However_RR ,_, discrepancies_NN2 exist_VV0 between_II the_AT simulated_JJ and_CC measured_JJ surface_NN1 elevation_NN1 time_NNT1 histories_NN2 in_II31 terms_II32 of_II33 a_AT1 phase_NN1 lag_VV0 that_CST firstly_RR has_VHZ the_AT numerical_JJ results_NN2 lag_VV0 behind_II the_AT in-situ_JJ measurements_NN2 for_IF the_AT first_MD few_DA2 wave_NN1 cycles_NN2 ;_; once_RR the_AT peak_NN1 surface_NN1 elevation_NN1 has_VHZ passed_VVN ,_, the_AT numerical_JJ model_NN1 shows_VVZ faster_JJR wave_NN1 propagation_NN1 as_CSA compared_VVN to_II the_AT measurements_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
If_CS the_AT distance_NN1 between_II ships_NN2 gets_VVZ shorter_JJR than_CSN 3_MC NM_FU ,_, than_CSN a_AT1 truly_RR huge_JJ turn_NN1 is_VBZ necessary_JJ (_( 120–150°_FO as_CSA shown_VVN in_II Fig._NN1 16_MC )_) or_CC a_AT1 combination_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 large_JJ turn_NN1 (_( e.g._REX by_II 75°_NNU )_) and_CC speed_NN1 reduction_NN1 (_( by_II about_RG 6_MC knots_NN2 in_II Fig._NN1 17_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
The_AT idea_NN1 is_VBZ to_TO include_VVI an_AT1 overapproximation_NN1 of_IO the_AT forward_JJ reachable_JJ sets_NN2 in_II the_AT LSDP_NP1 approach_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ will_VM make_VVI the_AT set_NN1 X&lsqb;k&rsqb;Rn_NP1 time-varying_NN1 and_CC prevent_VVI X&lsqb;k&rsqb;_NP1 from_II being_VBG unnecessary_JJ large_JJ for_IF k∈0,1_FO ,_, ,_, N._NP1 Then_RT ,_, the_AT test_NN1 soil_NN1 was_VBDZ placed_VVN from_II bottom_NN1 to_II top_NN1 layer_NN1 by_II layer_NN1 ,_, and_CC various_JJ sensors_NN2 were_VBDR embedded_VVN in_II different_JJ layers_NN2 (_( i.e._REX ,_, H_ZZ1 =_FO 0_MC ,_, 5_MC ,_, 12.5_MC ,_, 20_MC and_CC 27.5_MC cm_NNU )_) according_II21 to_II22 the_AT locations_NN2 of_IO the_AT measurement_NN1 points_NN2 shown_VVN in_II Figs_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Section_NN1 4_MC demonstrates_VVZ experiments_NN2 and_CC discusses_VVZ experimental_JJ results_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Pilot_NN1 fuel_NN1 combustion_NN1 products_NN2 are_VBR not_XX considered_VVN in_II the_AT model_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT data_NN reported_VVN in_II the_AT table_NN1 can_VM also_RR be_VBI extracted_VVN from_II some_DD interesting_JJ reviews_NN2 reported_VVN in_II references_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 &lsqb;_( 22_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, &lsqb;_( 23_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, &lsqb;_( 25_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, &lsqb;_( 28_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, &lsqb;_( 30_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, &lsqb;_( 31_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
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<s>
Simultaneously_RR ,_, the_AT 1-fender_JJ contact_NN1 mode_NN1 is_VBZ responsible_JJ for_IF a_AT1 92%_NNU (_( the_AT smallest_JJT ship_NN1 )_) to_II 67%_NNU (_( the_AT largest_JJT ship_NN1 )_) increase_VV0 in_II the_AT extreme_JJ shift_NN1 of_IO the_AT ship_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 hull_NN1 &lsqb;_( Fig._NN1 9(b)_FO &rsqb;_) and_CC 78–60%_FO increase_NN1 ,_, respectively_RR ,_, in_II the_AT maximum_JJ fender_NN1 pitch_NN1 &lsqb;_( Fig._NN1 9(c)_FO &rsqb;_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II this_DD1 part_NN1 ,_, the_AT proposed_JJ adaptive_JJ control_NN1 strategy_NN1 is_VBZ presented_VVN for_IF control_NN1 of_IO ASVs_NP2 with_IW uncertainty_NN1 in_II the_AT maneuvering_JJ model_NN1 and_CC unknown_JJ propellers_NN2 dynamics_NN ._. 
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<s>
The_AT engine_NN1 specifications_NN2 are_VBR shown_VVN in_II Table_NN1 3_MC ._. 
</s>
<s>
Principal_JJ parameters_NN2 concerning_II the_AT ship_NN1 ,_, waterjet_VV0 model_NN1 ,_, and_CC interceptors_NN2 are_VBR listed_VVN in_II Table_NN1 1_MC1 ._. 
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<s>
In_II this_DD1 experiment_NN1 ,_, the_AT loudspeaker_NN1 array_NN1 only_RR has_VHZ a_AT1 length_NN1 of_IO 1.5_MC m_NNO ,_, and_CC is_VBZ approximately_RR located_VVN above_II the_AT measurement_NN1 array_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Due_II21 to_II22 the_AT small_JJ chamber_NN1 depth_NN1 (_( 5_MC mm_NNU )_) compare_VV0 to_II the_AT mean_JJ diameter_NN1 (_( 75mm_NNU )_) of_IO the_AT chamber_NN1 ,_, the_AT two-dimensional_JJ simulation_NN1 is_VBZ conducted_VVN ._. 
</s>
<s>
It_PPH1 has_VHZ been_VBN known_VVN for_IF centuries_NNT2 that_CST humans_NN2 suffer_VV0 noise-induced_JJ hearing_NN1 loss_NN1 when_CS exposed_VVN to_II intense_JJ sound_NN1 (_( Akay_NP1 ,_, 1978_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
The_AT Fundamental_JJ Research_NN1 Funds_NN2 for_IF the_AT Central_JJ Universities_NN2 (_( Grant_VV0 No_UH ._. 
</s>
<s>
PA2017GDQT0020_FO )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT boundary_NN1 conditions_NN2 of_IO the_AT both_DB2 ends_NN2 are_VBR supposed_JJ to_TO be_VBI clamped_VVN ._. 
</s>
<s>
Comparison_NN1 of_IO horizontal_JJ load_NN1 in_II simulations_NN2 with_IW different_JJ constitutive_JJ models_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Drop_VV0 size_NN1 distribution_NN1 for_IF the_AT Weber_NP1 number_NN1 49096_MC (_( Ren_NP1 and_CC Marshall_NP1 ,_, 2014_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
Note_VV0 that_CST numerical_JJ instabilities_NN2 can_VM strongly_RR influence_VVI the_AT theoretical_JJ intensity_NN1 curves_NN2 at_II earlier_JJR times_NNT2 (_( t≤21s_FO )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Model_NN1 during_II ice_NN1 drift_NN1 reversal_NN1 (_( left_JJ )_) and_CC sub-surface_NN1 ice_NN1 transport_NN1 (_( right_RR )_) (_( Bruun_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2015_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT proposed_JJ solution_NN1 ,_, FastWay_NP1 ,_, a_AT1 novel_JJ method_NN1 for_IF the_AT estimation_NN1 of_IO AE_FO source_NN1 locations_NN2 is_VBZ presented_VVN and_CC discussed_VVN ._. 
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<s>
The_AT model_NN1 is_VBZ built_VVN in_II 4-DoF_NN1 with_IW uncoupled_JJ roll_NN1 motion_NN1 added_VVN to_II planar_JJ motion_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
In_RR21 addition_RR22 ,_, there_EX was_VBDZ also_RR a_AT1 relatively_RR small_JJ amount_NN1 of_IO unburned_JJ mixture_NN1 near_II the_AT combustion_NN1 chamber_NN1 wall_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
In_II this_DD1 section_NN1 ,_, the_AT presented_JJ model_NN1 will_VM be_VBI first_MD verified_VVN and_CC then_RT some_DD numerical_JJ results_NN2 will_VM be_VBI given_VVN to_TO have_VHI a_AT1 deeper_JJR insight_NN1 of_IO the_AT effect_NN1 of_IO microperforating_VVG the_AT inner_JJ shell_NN1 on_II the_AT vibro-acoustic_JJ response_NN1 of_IO the_AT double-walled_JJ cylindrical_JJ shell_NN1 system_NN1 subjected_VVN to_II the_AT external_JJ turbulent_JJ flow_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
For_IF θ_NULL =120°_FO and_CC θ_NULL =130°_FO ,_, the_AT current_JJ prediction_NN1 as_II31 well_II32 as_II33 the_AT Morris_NP1 and_CC Miller13_FO prediction_NN1 over-predicts_VVZ the_AT multiple_JJ harmonics_NN2 of_IO BBSAN_NN1 by_II about_II 1_MC1 and_CC 2dB_FO ,_, respectively_RR ._. 
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<s>
The_AT high_JJ EGT_NN1 reading_NN1 of_IO CNT_NP1 blends_NN2 were_VBDR contributed_VVN by_II the_AT fuel_NN1 blends_NN2 having_VHG the_AT highest_JJT calorific_JJ value_NN1 to_TO produce_VVI more_DAR heat_NN1 per_II unit_NN1 mass_NN1 compared_VVN to_II Al2O3_FO and_CC SiO2_FO blends_VVZ ._. 
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<s>
A_AT1 graph_NN1 representative_NN1 of_IO the_AT SPS_NN2 ._. 
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Regardless_RR of_IO technology_NN1 ,_, the_AT availability_NN1 of_IO the_AT natural_JJ resource_NN1 is_VBZ a_AT1 major_JJ driver_NN1 in_II optimizing_VVG a_AT1 HRES_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Based_VVN on_II the_AT above_JJ assumptions_NN2 and_CC thermodynamic_JJ analysis_NN1 in_II Section_NN1 2_MC ,_, the_AT cycle-solved_JJ thermodynamic_JJ model_NN1 for_IF the_AT two-stroke_JJ engine_NN1 was_VBDZ built_VVN in_II MATLAB_NN1 with_IW the_AT computational_JJ algorithm_NN1 shown_VVN in_II Fig._NN1 4_MC ._. 
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The_AT penetration_NN1 force_NN1 showed_VVD a_AT1 gradual_JJ increase_NN1 with_IW depth_NN1 for_IF all_DB the_AT processes_NN2 ._. 
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In_II the_AT process_NN1 of_IO the_AT spraying_NN1 of_IO the_AT LNG_NP1 ,_, the_AT research_NN1 is_VBZ focused_VVN on_II the_AT developing_JJ process_NN1 of_IO the_AT spray_NN1 without_IW considering_VVG the_AT wall_NN1 interaction_NN1 ,_, so_CS there_EX is_VBZ no_AT need_NN1 to_TO establish_VVI the_AT complex_JJ entity_NN1 grid_NN1 model_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT true_JJ and_CC fictitious_JJ solutions_NN2 of_IO the_AT eigenfrequencies_NN2 by_II BEM_NP1 and_CC Burton–Miller_NP1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 method_NN1 are_VBR presented_VVN in_II Figure_NN1 13_MC ,_, where_CS the_AT fictitious_JJ real_JJ eigenfrequencies_NN2 are_VBR shifted_VVN by_II Burton–Miller_NP1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 method_NN1 by_II adding_VVG positive_JJ components_NN2 with_IW large_JJ imaginary_JJ parts_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Yu_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
&lsqb;_( 20_MC &rsqb;_) constructed_VVD a_AT1 cascaded_VVN system_NN1 that_CST comprises_VVZ a_AT1 steam_NN1 Rankine_NP1 cycle_NN1 (_( RC_NP1 )_) as_II the_AT high-temperature_JJ loop_NN1 (_( HT-RC_NP1 )_) and_CC an_AT1 organic_JJ Rankine_NN1 cycle_NN1 as_II the_AT low-temperature_JJ loop_NN1 (_( LT-ORC_NP1 )_) for_IF waste_NN1 heat_NN1 recovery_NN1 from_II an_AT1 in-line_NN1 ,_, six_MC cylinders_NN2 diesel_NN1 engine_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT selected_JJ combustion_NN1 model_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 parameters_NN2 presented_VVD design_NN1 variables_NN2 during_II the_AT optimization_NN1 process_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_RR21 general_RR22 ,_, a_AT1 combination_NN1 of_RR21 course_RR22 change_VV0 and_CC speed_NN1 reduction_NN1 should_VM always_RR be_VBI carefully_RR planned_VVN ,_, as_CSA simultaneous_JJ turn_NN1 and_CC speed_NN1 reduction_NN1 may_VM sometimes_RT cancel_VVI each_PPX221 other_PPX222 '_NULL s_ZZ1 effects_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II the_AT two-layer_JJ approach_NN1 ,_, the_AT effect_NN1 of_IO the_AT free_JJ surface_NN1 is_VBZ captured_VVN though_CS the_AT VOF_NN1 approach_NN1 ,_, by_II solving_VVG an_AT1 added_JJ transport_NN1 equation_NN1 for_IF the_AT volume_NN1 fraction_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Under_II Maneuver_NP1 ,_, At_II Anchor_NN1 or_CC Moored_VVN states_NN2 ,_, respective_JJ engine_NN1 load_NN1 factors_NN2 (_( ME_NN1 ,_, AE_FO )_) under_II different_JJ states_NN2 are_VBR applied_VVN ,_, which_DDQ are_VBR specified_VVN in_II Table_NN1 6_MC ._. 
</s>
<s>
Moreover_RR ,_, the_AT start_NN1 of_IO injection_NN1 is_VBZ at_II 19.4°CA_FO before_CS the_AT top_JJ dead_JJ center_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
True_JJ stress–strain_NN1 curves_NN2 used_VVN for_IF to_II finite_JJ element_NN1 analysis_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II low_JJ source_NN1 Mach_NNU number_NN1 conditions_NN2 ,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ reasonable_JJ to_TO assume_VVI that_CST the_AT perturbation_NN1 of_IO the_AT force_NN1 acting_VVG on_II a_AT1 moving_JJ wall_NN1 is_VBZ proportional_JJ to_II the_AT velocity_NN1 of_IO the_AT wall_NN1 ,_, based_VVN on_II the_AT classical_JJ acoustics_NN2 relationship_NN1 between_II pressure_NN1 perturbation_NN1 and_CC velocity_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT formation_NN1 mechanism_NN1 of_IO NOx_NN1 can_VM be_VBI explained_VVN based_VVN on_II the_AT Zeldovich_NP1 mechanism_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
From_II the_AT design_NN1 point_NN1 of_IO view_NN1 ,_, the_AT optimized_JJ system_NN1 configuration_NN1 ,_, as_II31 well_II32 as_II33 component_NN1 capacities_NN2 need_VV0 to_TO be_VBI determined_VVN ._. 
</s>
<s>
CO_NP1 emissions_NN2 increases_VVZ remarkably_RR when_CS equivalence_NN1 ratio_NN1 is_VBZ larger_JJR than_CSN 0.95_MC due_II21 to_II22 the_AT significantly_RR increase_NN1 of_IO the_AT exhaust_NN1 gas_NN1 temperature_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Two_MC different_JJ ships_NN2 were_VBDR designed_VVN with_IW identical_JJ stern_JJ shape_NN1 but_CCB different_JJ bow_NN1 shapes_NN2 ,_, based_VVN on_II a_AT1 full_JJ hull_NN1 ship_NN1 with_IW a_AT1 normal_JJ bow_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II total_NN1 ,_, 346_MC recordings_NN2 were_VBDR automatically_RR selected_VVN for_IF the_AT presence_NN1 of_IO short-broadband_JJ pulses_NN2 classified_VVN as_CSA IPHD_NP1 clicks_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
All_DB other_JJ degrees_NN2 of_IO freedom_NN1 were_VBDR suppressed_VVN ._. 
</s>
<s>
Therefore_RR ,_, to_TO compensate_VVI this_DD1 difficulty_NN1 the_AT minimum_JJ initial_JJ main_JJ injection_NN1 duration_NN1 was_VBDZ set_VVN to_II 4ms_FO in_II this_DD1 study_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT model_NN1 remained_VVD stable_JJ for_IF lower_JJR values_NN2 of_IO absolute_JJ (_( in_II31 relation_II32 to_II33 the_AT ground_NN1 )_) and_CC relative_NN1 (_( in_II31 relation_II32 to_II33 the_AT flow_NN1 )_) velocity_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT cetane_NN1 number_NN1 of_IO the_AT methyl_NN1 ester_JJR is_VBZ such_DA an_AT1 important_JJ parameter_NN1 which_DDQ is_VBZ responsible_JJ for_IF the_AT delay_NN1 period_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Furthermore_RR ,_, since_CS the_AT aperture_NN1 of_IO the_AT receiving_JJ array_NN1 becomes_VVZ smaller_JJR ,_, the_AT broadened_JJ main_JJ lobe_NN1 of_IO the_AT array_NN1 pattern_NN1 may_VM decrease_VVI the_AT azimuth_NN1 resolution_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Auxiliary_JJ load_NN1 would_VM be_VBI (_( i_ZZ1 )_) partially_RR supplied_VVN by_II shaft_NN1 generators_NN2 in_II PTO_NP1 mode_NN1 when_CS connected_VVN to_II diesel_NN1 engines_NN2 ;_; or_CC (_( ii_MC )_) fully_RR supplied_VVN by_II auxiliary_JJ generators_NN2 while_CS shaft_NN1 generators_NN2 work_VV0 in_II PTI_JJ mode_NN1 to_TO drive_VVI propellers_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Despite_II the_AT plethora_NN1 of_IO the_AT available_JJ solutions_NN2 ,_, the_AT air-bubble_JJ curtain_NN1 is_VBZ usually_RR preferred_VVN due_II21 to_II22 the_AT simplicity_NN1 in_II its_APPGE application_NN1 and_CC the_AT efficacy_NN1 in_II the_AT noise_NN1 reduction_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Furthermore_RR ,_, a_AT1 recent_JJ risk_NN1 analysis_NN1 of_IO winter_NNT1 navigation_NN1 in_II Baltic_NP1 Sea_NNL1 ice_NN1 conditions_NN2 shows_VVZ in_RR21 particular_RR22 that_DD1 independent_JJ navigation_NN1 and_CC convoy_NN1 operations_NN2 involve_VV0 a_AT1 high_JJ risk_NN1 of_IO collision_NN1 and_CC subsequent_JJ economic_JJ losses_NN2 (_( e.g._REX ship_NN1 damage_NN1 ,_, delays_NN2 )_) and_CC environmental_JJ damages_NN2 (_( Valdez_NP1 Banda_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2016_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Therefore_RR ,_, these_DD2 loading_VVG vectors_NN2 express_VV0 how_RGQ much_RR a_AT1 certain_JJ principal_JJ component_NN1 has_VHZ in_II31 common_II32 with_II33 each_DD1 variable_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Its_APPGE concentration_NN1 gradually_RR decreases_VVZ due_II21 to_II22 oxidation_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Dispersion_NN1 curves_NN2 of_IO the_AT A1_FO pseudo-wave_NN1 ,_, using_VVG SPWV_NP1 and_CC CSP_NP1 representations_NN2 ,_, are_VBR in_II good_JJ concordance_NN1 with_IW the_AT theory_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
It_PPH1 is_VBZ assumed_VVN that_CST the_AT maximum_JJ number_NN1 of_IO operating_VVG HRSGs_NP1 in_II mode_NN1 y_ZZ1 can_VM not_XX exceed_VVI nME_NN1 ,_, y_ZZ1 and_CC that_CST the_AT exhaust_NN1 gas_NN1 from_II a_AT1 main_JJ engine_NN1 is_VBZ directed_VVN to_II one_MC1 HSRG_NP1 only_RR ,_, in_BCL21 order_BCL22 to_TO avoid_VVI excess_JJ complexity_NN1 of_IO the_AT system_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
It_PPH1 could_VM be_VBI observed_VVN that_CST the_AT flame_NN1 contour_NN1 could_VM be_VBI extracted_VVN accurately_RR using_VVG Canny_JJ edge_NN1 detection_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
However_RR ,_, as_CSA the_AT pipe_NN1 restrains_VVZ the_AT frost_NN1 heaving_NN1 of_IO soil_NN1 ,_, the_AT frost_NN1 heave_NN1 below_II the_AT pipe_NN1 is_VBZ not_XX as_RG large_JJ as_CSA the_AT natural_JJ frost_NN1 heave_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT fuel_NN1 system_NN1 is_VBZ considered_VVN to_TO be_VBI composed_VVN of_IO two_MC horizontal_JJ cylindrical_JJ tanks_NN2 of_IO different_JJ size_NN1 and_CC pressure_NN1 ,_, connected_VVN by_II a_AT1 duct_NN1 with_IW a_AT1 regulation_NN1 valve_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 definition_NN1 coincides_VVZ with_IW the_AT narrow_JJ band_NN1 convective_JJ velocity_NN1 defined_VVD by_RP @_II if_CSW Pj_NP1 (_( w_ZZ1 ,_, K_ZZ1 )_) is_VBZ symmetric_JJ in_II K_ZZ1 ,_, which_DDQ is_VBZ not_XX exactly_RR the_AT case_NN1 due_II21 to_II22 the_AT presence_NN1 of_IO the_AT exponential_NN1 functions_NN2 in_II Eq_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
(_( 66_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT dissipation_NN1 rate_NN1 of_IO raw_JJ data_NN and_CC correction_NN1 data_NN decreases_VVZ from_II 2.36×107wkg1_FO to_II 8.24×108wkg1_FO ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT test_NN1 engine_NN1 has_VHZ also_RR the_AT ability_NN1 to_TO operate_VVI on_II spark_NN1 ignition_NN1 (_( SI_FW )_) and_CC compression_NN1 ignition_NN1 (_( CI_FO )_) modes_NN2 via_II changing_JJ piston_NN1 ,_, crank_NN1 and_CC cylinder_NN1 head_NN1 mechanism_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
If_CS Sy5≤Syr<S(y6)_FO ,_, perform_VV0 an_AT1 outside_JJ contraction_NN1 by_II calculating_VVG yc_NN1 as_CSA shown_VVN in_II Eq_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
(_( B.3_FO )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT evaluated_VVN sensitivity_NN1 index_NN1 of_IO the_AT random_JJ variables_NN2 are_VBR presented_VVN in_II Table_NN1 7_MC ._. 
</s>
<s>
Starting_VVG from_II the_AT premise_NN1 that_CST shipping_NN1 will_VM need_VVI to_TO further_RRR reduce_VVI its_APPGE impact_NN1 on_II the_AT environment_NN1 in_II the_AT future_NN1 ,_, in_II the_AT maritime_JJ business_NN1 ,_, as_CSA in_II many_DA2 other_JJ industries_NN2 ,_, investment_NN1 decisions_NN2 are_VBR always_RR taken_VVN with_IW the_AT cost_NN1 dimension_NN1 in_II mind_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 observation_NN1 phenomenologically_RR illustrates_VVZ the_AT mechanism_NN1 of_IO the_AT formation_NN1 of_IO pseudo-gap_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Section_NN1 3.1_MC gives_VVZ the_AT main_JJ notation_NN1 and_CC definitions_NN2 used_VVN in_II the_AT discussion_NN1 ,_, followed_VVN by_II the_AT outline_NN1 of_IO the_AT proposed_JJ architecture_NN1 in_II section_NN1 3.2_MC ,_, while_CS section_NN1 3.3_MC will_VM elaborate_VVI on_II the_AT procedure_NN1 for_IF the_AT computation_NN1 of_IO the_AT index_NN1 in_II (_( 4_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Note_VV0 that_CST the_AT sensitivity_NN1 of_IO array_NN1 shape_NN1 parameters_NN2 (_( za_NN1 ,_, Ba_NP1 ,_, a_ZZ1 )_) at_II relative_JJ high_JJ frequency_NN1 is_VBZ greater_JJR than_CSN that_DD1 at_II low_JJ frequency_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Each_DD1 battery_NN1 module_NN1 consists_VVZ of_IO 40_MC battery_NN1 cells_NN2 that_CST are_VBR connected_VVN in_II parallel_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
To_TO improve_VVI the_AT STL_NP1 at_II low_JJ frequencies_NN2 ,_, this_DD1 subsection_NN1 takes_VVZ UU_NP1 configuration_NN1 as_II an_AT1 example_NN1 to_TO present_VVI the_AT theoretical_JJ derivation_NN1 for_IF predicting_VVG the_AT STL_NP1 of_IO metamaterial-based_JJ double-panel_JJ sandwich_NN1 plates_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Such_DA discrepancies_NN2 often_RR lead_VV0 to_II sub-optimal_JJ system_NN1 performance_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
There_RL also_RR appeared_VVD to_TO be_VBI little_RR practical_JJ means_NN of_IO avoiding_VVG this_DD1 outcome_NN1 ;_; however_RR ,_, the_AT level_NN1 of_IO increase_NN1 could_VM be_VBI limited_VVN somewhat_RR ,_, generally_RR by_II minimizing_VVG the_AT distance_NN1 over_II which_DDQ the_AT vessel_NN1 is_VBZ accelerated_JJ ,_, as_CSA recommended_VVN by_II PIANC_NP1 (_( 2003_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
All_DB the_AT liquefaction_NN1 schemes_NN2 show_VV0 some_DD increase_NN1 in_II their_APPGE TAC_NN1 from_II 2_MC to_II 4_MC USD/MMBtu_NP1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 can_VM also_RR be_VBI concluded_VVN from_II Table_NN1 2_MC ._. 
</s>
<s>
For_IF continuous_JJ variables_NN2 ,_, a_AT1 positive_JJ coefficient_NN1 indicates_VVZ that_CST the_AT probability_NN1 of_IO evoking_VVG a_AT1 high_JJ annoyance_NN1 response_NN1 increases_VVZ with_IW the_AT value_NN1 of_IO the_AT variable_NN1 ,_, given_VVN all_DB the_AT other_JJ variables_NN2 in_II the_AT model_NN1 being_VBG held_VVN constant_JJ ._. 
</s>
<s>
Generally_RR ,_, a_AT1 complex_JJ cooling_NN1 system_NN1 should_VM be_VBI equipped_VVN to_II each_DD1 engine_NN1 so_BCL21 as_BCL22 to_TO release_VVI the_AT heat_NN1 contained_VVN in_II the_AT JW_NP1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT calculation_NN1 time_NNT1 of_IO the_AT numerical_JJ solution_NN1 is_VBZ 400_MC times_NNT2 that_DD1 of_IO the_AT current_JJ excitation_NN1 period_NN1 2/_FO ._. 
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<s>
We_PPIS2 determined_VVD that_CST the_AT DSSS_NP1 signal_NN1 yields_VVZ the_AT most_RGT accurate_JJ delay_NN1 difference_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
High_JJ self-ignition_JJ temperature_NN1 ,_, and_CC the_AT relatively_RR low_JJ cetane_NN1 number_NN1 are_VBR the_AT main_JJ reasons_NN2 of_IO the_AT long_JJ ignition_NN1 delay_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT accurate_JJ temperature_NN1 field_NN1 of_IO bearing_VVG body_NN1 can_VM be_VBI obtained_VVN directly_RR with_IW experimental_JJ method_NN1 ,_, but_CCB a_AT1 series_NN of_IO temperature_NN1 sensors_NN2 must_VM be_VBI arranged_VVN on_II the_AT corresponding_JJ position_NN1 so_CS21 that_CS22 the_AT cost_NN1 was_VBDZ very_RG high_JJ and_CC the_AT obtained_VVN data_NN were_VBDR limited_VVN ._. 
</s>
<s>
It_PPH1 is_VBZ thus_RR natural_JJ that_CST the_AT methods_NN2 in_II &lsqb;_( 8_MC &rsqb;_) –_- &lsqb;_( 9_MC &rsqb;_) &lsqb;_( 10_MC &rsqb;_) are_VBR more_RGR sensitive_JJ to_II small_JJ modifications_NN2 of_IO the_AT modal_JJ TF_NN1 pattern_NN1 (_( such_II21 as_II22 those_DD2 created_VVN by_II small_JJ variations_NN2 of_IO the_AT seabed_NN1 sound_NN1 speed_NN1 or_CC density_NN1 )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Due_II21 to_II22 data_NN limits_NN2 ,_, the_AT effect_NN1 of_IO visibility_NN1 on_II the_AT waterway_NN1 traffic_NN1 capacity_NN1 has_VHZ not_XX been_VBN taken_VVN into_II account_NN1 though_CS time_NNT1 of_IO the_AT day_NNT1 has_VHZ partially_RR captured_VVN the_AT effect_NN1 of_IO this_DD1 factor_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_RR21 addition_RR22 ,_, as_CSA discussed_VVN for_IF the_AT 8_MC bar_NN1 BMEP_NN1 load_NN1 ,_, still_RR no_AT significant_JJ difference_NN1 in_II smoke_NN1 emissions_NN2 is_VBZ detected_VVN ,_, for_IF the_AT 21%_NNU O2_FO at_II intake_NN1 condition_NN1 ,_, along_II the_AT different_JJ starts_NN2 of_IO injection_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
It_PPH1 was_VBDZ observed_VVN in_II this_DD1 experiment_NN1 that_CST up_II21 to_II22 a_AT1 certain_JJ vertical_JJ free_JJ surface_NN1 velocity_NN1 no_AT impact_NN1 occurred_VVD between_II the_AT wave_NN1 and_CC bow_NN1 ,_, but_CCB after_CS this_DD1 level_NN1 ,_, the_AT probability_NN1 of_IO impact_NN1 increases_VVZ linearly_RR up_II21 to_II22 a_AT1 probability_NN1 of_IO 100%_NNU (_( Guedes_NP2 Soares_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2004_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
A_AT1 simulation_NN1 of_IO the_AT ship_NN1 collision_NN1 is_VBZ performed_VVN to_TO verify_VVI the_AT accuracy_NN1 of_IO the_AT model_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
It_PPH1 is_VBZ based_VVN on_II a_AT1 NASA_NP1 cryogenic_JJ bunkering_JJ model_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT mass_JJ flow_NN1 rate_NN1 min_NNU and_CC density_NN1 in_II vary_VV0 with_IW crank_NN1 angle_NN1 and_CC makes_VVZ the_AT determination_NN1 of_IO tFAC_NN1 an_AT1 iterative_JJ process_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Increasing_VVG the_AT percentage_NN1 of_IO biodiesel_NN1 fuel_NN1 has_VHZ an_AT1 influence_NN1 on_II the_AT brake-specific_JJ fuel_NN1 consumption_NN1 increase_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Equation_NN1 (_( 58_MC )_) is_VBZ the_AT second_MD main_JJ result_NN1 of_IO this_DD1 paper_NN1 as_II an_AT1 extension_NN1 of_IO Eq_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
(_( 41_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
As_II a_AT1 result_NN1 ,_, Northern_JJ governments_NN2 are_VBR burdened_VVN by_II rising_VVG fuel_NN1 prices_NN2 and_CC increased_JJ supply_NN1 volatility_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Such_DA an_AT1 assumption_NN1 is_VBZ not_XX uncommon_JJ in_II robust_JJ control_NN1 ,_, since_CS if_CS Wd_FU is_VBZ too_RG large_JJ ,_, there_EX is_VBZ no_AT possibility_NN1 for_IF satisfying_VVG the_AT constraints_NN2 and_CC ,_, as_II a_AT1 result_NN1 ,_, controlling_VVG the_AT shaft_NN1 speed_NN1 is_VBZ impossible_JJ ._. 
</s>
<s>
However_RR ,_, further_JJR studies_NN2 are_VBR required_VVN to_TO overcome_VVI the_AT limitations_NN2 of_IO actual_JJ operating_NN1 conditions_NN2 to_TO increase_VVI the_AT removal_NN1 efficiency_NN1 of_IO CO2_FO and_CC HC_NP1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Hence_RR ,_, filtered-reference_JJ signal_NN1 (_( )_) is_VBZ used_VVN ,_, as_CSA in_II other_JJ algorithms_NN2 discussed_VVN in_II IANC_NP1 using_VVG FxLMS_NP1 and_CC previous_JJ algorithms_NN2 section_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Solving_VVG the_AT optimal_JJ control_NN1 problem_NN1 (_( 2_MC )_) for_IF a_AT1 given_JJ test_NN1 cycle_NN1 and_CC cumulated_VVD NOx_NP1 limit_NN1 yields_NN2 u(k)_VV0 ,_, whereby_RRQ the_AT star_NN1 denotes_VVZ optimality_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 work_NN1 proposes_VVZ a_AT1 new_JJ combined_JJ method_NN1 ,_, EEMD-SOM-BP_NP1 ,_, for_IF solving_VVG the_AT marine_JJ renewable_JJ energy_NN1 forecasting_VVG problem_NN1 (_( Fig._NN1 5_MC ,_, Fig._NN1 6_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT ORC-WHR_JJ plant_NN1 model_NN1 is_VBZ the_AT same_DA as_CSA PID-RB_JJ method_NN1 and_CC NMPC_NP1 optimization_NN1 method_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
From_II the_AT official_JJ files_NN2 of_IO the_AT 10,000_MC TEU_NP1 Container_NN1 Ship_NN1 Vessel_NN1 Trim_NN1 and_CC Stability_NN1 Booklet_NN1 ,_, this_DD1 paper_NN1 chose_VVD a_AT1 typical_JJ nonfull_NN1 loaded_JJ condition_NN1 marked_VVD 10T/TEU_FU DEP_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
For_IF the_AT analysed_JJ scenarios_NN2 ,_, the_AT savings_NN2 –in_NN1 terms_NN2 of_IO fuel_NN1 and_CC GHG_NP1 emissions_NN2 –_- are_VBR still_RR present_JJ and_CC ,_, especially_RR for_IF the_AT higher_JJR cooling_NN1 loads_NN2 ,_, consistent_JJ ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT damage_NN1 can_VM be_VBI described_VVN as_CSA local_JJ denting_NN1 at_II the_AT impact_NN1 region_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Pile-group_JJ effects_NN2 were_VBDR thoroughly_RR discussed_VVN ,_, including_II interference_NN1 effect_NN1 ,_, sheltering_VVG effect_NN1 ,_, non-simultaneous_JJ failing_JJ effect_NN1 and_CC combining_VVG influence_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Overview_NN1 of_IO possible_JJ production_NN1 routes_NN2 for_IF syngas_NN2 and_CC liquid_JJ hydrocarbons_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 nitrogen_NN1 is_VBZ then_RT used_JJ to_II cool-down_NN1 and_CC liquefy_VV0 the_AT BOG_NN1 in_II a_AT1 cryogenic_JJ heat_NN1 exchanger_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
These_DD2 issues_NN2 can_VM be_VBI partly_RR avoided_VVN when_CS the_AT hybrid_JJ RANS/LES_FU models_NN2 are_VBR used_VVN ._. 
</s>
<s>
At_RR21 first_RR22 ,_, the_AT splines_NN2 representing_VVG main_JJ hull_NN1 form_NN1 sections_NN2 were_VBDR modelled_VVN and_CC constrained_VVN with_IW parameters_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
LO_FW with_IW Pyrogallol_NP1 exhibited_VVD lower_JJR NOx_NN1 emission_NN1 than_CSN LO_UH because_CS pyrogallol_NN1 acts_VVZ as_II a_AT1 reducing_JJ agent_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 can_VM be_VBI explained_VVN by_II three_MC reasons_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
It_PPH1 also_RR found_VVD a_AT1 strong_JJ effect_NN1 of_IO deck_NN1 clearance_NN1 on_II the_AT loads_NN2 over_II the_AT bottom_JJ wall_NN1 of_IO the_AT deck_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT various_JJ parameters_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 brake_NN1 thermal_JJ efficiency_NN1 ,_, brake_VV0 specific_JJ fuel_NN1 consumption_NN1 ,_, in-cylinder_JJ gas_NN1 pressure_NN1 ,_, heat_NN1 release_NN1 rate_NN1 ,_, ignition_NN1 delay_NN1 period_NN1 and_CC peak_NN1 pressure_NN1 for_IF all_DB tested_JJ fuels_NN2 are_VBR estimated_VVN in_BCL21 order_BCL22 to_TO study_VVI the_AT suitability_NN1 of_IO novel_JJ renewable_JJ biofuel_NN1 for_IF diesel_NN1 engine_NN1 applications_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT variations_NN2 of_IO wave_NN1 period_NN1 T_ZZ1 (_( right_JJ axis_NN1 )_) are_VBR also_RR plotted_VVN in_II the_AT figure_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
For_IF the_AT blends_NN2 of_IO tamarind_NN1 methyl_NN1 ester_JJR ,_, the_AT CO_NP1 emission_NN1 is_VBZ found_VVN to_TO be_VBI lesser_JJ across_II all_DB the_AT engine_NN1 loads_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_BCL21 order_BCL22 to_TO satisfy_VVI the_AT increasingly_RR competitive_JJ demands_NN2 of_IO the_AT shipping_NN1 industry_NN1 ,_, shipping_VVG operators_NN2 have_VH0 turned_VVN to_II the_AT use_NN1 of_IO larger_JJR ships_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Furthermore_RR ,_, thermal_JJ efficiency_NN1 raised_VVN from_II 37%_NNU to_II 39%_NNU with_IW application_NN1 of_IO D6_FO design_NN1 instead_II21 of_II22 experimental_JJ prototype_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II this_DD1 example_NN1 ,_, TLc_NP1 is_VBZ chosen_VVN to_II twice_RR the_AT value_NN1 of_IO max(TLE)_NN1 (_( seeEquation_NN1 10_MC )_) ,_, yielding_VVG SB_NP1 =_FO 2.3_MC ._. 
</s>
<s>
As_CSA shown_VVN in_II Table_NN1 11_MC ,_, 1st_MD and_CC 2nd_MD overshoot_NN1 angles_NN2 are_VBR underestimated_VVN by_II SB-Araki_NN1 with_IW 32.00%D_FO and_CC 30.17%D_FO ,_, respectively_RR ._. 
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<s>
Fig._NN1 8_MC shows_VVZ the_AT time_NNT1 histories_NN2 of_IO the_AT horizontal_JJ forces_NN2 in_II cases_NN2 M1_FO ,_, M2_FO and_CC M3_FO ._. 
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Therefore_RR ,_, the_AT procedure_NN1 proposed_VVN by_II Qu_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
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(_( 2011_MC )_) was_VBDZ adopted_VVN to_TO clean_VVI the_AT errors_NN2 of_IO the_AT AIS_NN2 data_NN ._. 
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This_DD1 analytical_JJ expression_NN1 for_IF the_AT height_NN1 of_IO an_AT1 overturning_NN1 bow_NN1 wave_NN1 was_VBDZ compared_VVN with_IW experimental_JJ data_NN from_II measurements_NN2 of_IO Noblesse_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
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(_( 2006_MC )_) ,_, and_CC good_JJ agreement_NN1 was_VBDZ achieved_VVN ._. 
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In_II the_AT permeable_JJ FW-H_NP1 equation_NN1 ,_, the_AT monopole_NN1 and_CC dipole_NN1 terms_NN2 are_VBR still_RR equivalent_JJ sources_NN2 ,_, but_CCB they_PPHS2 represent_VV0 the_AT contribution_NN1 from_II all_DB sound_JJ sources_NN2 ,_, including_II the_AT quadrupole_NN1 source_NN1 ,_, inside_II the_AT data_NN surface_NN1 f=0_FO ._. 
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In_II the_AT model_NN1 tests_NN2 ,_, the_AT ice_NN1 failure_NN1 mode_NN1 alternated_VVN between_II bending_VVG and_CC crushing_JJ ._. 
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The_AT simple_JJ schematics_NN2 are_VBR shown_VVN in_II Fig_NN1 ._. 
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In_II (_( d_ZZ1 )_) ,_, the_AT magnitude_NN1 and_CC phase_NN1 of_IO Gss_NP1 significantly_RR shifts_VVZ due_II21 to_II22 the_AT obstruction_NN1 ._. 
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However_RR ,_, the_AT low_JJ temperature_NN1 oxidation_NN1 reaction_NN1 of_IO diesel_NN1 fuel_NN1 at_II the_AT end_NN1 of_IO injection_NN1 firstly_RR produces_VVZ an_AT1 amount_NN1 of_IO CO_NP1 emissions_NN2 ._. 
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For_IF this_DD1 case_NN1 ,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ necessary_JJ to_TO increase_VVI the_AT intake_NN1 pressure_NN1 accordingly_RR to_TO scale_VVI the_AT trapped_JJ air_NN1 mass_NN1 and_CC keep_VVI the_AT global_JJ equivalence_NN1 ratio_NN1 constant_NN1 ._. 
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However_RR ,_, it_PPH1 was_VBDZ obvious_JJ that_CST the_AT experimental_JJ values_NN2 were_VBDR closer_JJR to_II the_AT simulation_NN1 values_NN2 when_CS considering_VVG the_AT boiling_JJ heat_NN1 transfer_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT NRMSE_NN1 range_NN1 is_VBZ 3.2–9.3%_FO which_DDQ shows_VVZ that_CST the_AT model_NN1 can_VM predict_VVI the_AT free_JJ water_NN1 level_NN1 variation_NN1 around_II the_AT block_NN1 with_IW less_DAR than_CSN 10%_NNU error_NN1 ,_, for_IF both_DB2 cases_NN2 ._. 
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The_AT research_NN1 of_IO Servetto_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
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&lsqb;_( 100_MC &rsqb;_) showed_VVD that_CST some_DD cylinders_NN2 could_VM be_VBI exposed_VVN to_II more_RGR favorable_JJ boundary_NN1 conditions_NN2 for_IF knocking_NN1 than_CSN others_NN2 due_II21 to_II22 pressure_NN1 oscillations_NN2 in_II the_AT air_NN1 manifold_NN1 ._. 
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This_DD1 study_NN1 was_VBDZ supported_VVN by_II the_AT 12th_MD Five-Year_JJ National_JJ Key_JJ Technology_NN1 R_ZZ1 &D;_NULL Program_NN1 (_( 2012BAB05B05_FO )_) and_CC the_AT National_JJ Natural_JJ Science_NN1 Foundation_NN1 of_IO China_NP1 (_( 51379076_MC )_) ._. 
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This_DD1 phenomenon_NN1 is_VBZ called_VVN shipping_VVG water_NN1 or_CC green_JJ water_NN1 and_CC endangers_VVZ ships_NN2 ._. 
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It_PPH1 is_VBZ noteworthy_JJ that_CST this_DD1 can_VM be_VBI avoided_VVN by_II tuning_VVG the_AT resistivity_NN1 ,_, as_CSA in_II &lsqb;_( 5_MC ,_, 39_MC &rsqb;_) to_TO obtain_VVI the_AT DP_NP1 pressure_NN1 diffusion_NN1 effect_NN1 ._. 
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However_RR ,_, most_RGT aforementioned_JJ data-driven_JJ acoustic_JJ source_NN1 localization_NN1 methods_NN2 focus_VV0 on_II range-depth_JJ estimation_NN1 of_IO large-scale_JJ sources_NN2 ,_, e.g._REX ,_, a_AT1 ship_NN1 or_CC a_AT1 vessel_NN1 ._. 
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Various_JJ efforts_NN2 have_VH0 been_VBN devoted_VVN to_II establishing_VVG a_AT1 model_NN1 to_TO obtain_VVI or_CC depict_VVI dynamic_JJ ice_NN1 loads_NN2 on_II conical_JJ structure_NN1 in_II level_JJ ice_NN1 region_NN1 ._. 
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Other_JJ meteorological_JJ variables_NN2 in_II Sachs_NP1 Harbour_NN1 :_: (_( a_ZZ1 )_) Average_JJ hourly_JJ Global_JJ Horizontal_JJ Irradiance_NN1 ;_; (_( b_ZZ1 )_) Hourly_JJ temperature_NN1 profile_NN1 for_IF one_MC1 year_NNT1 ._. 
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One_MC1 trend_NN1 is_VBZ obviousthe_NN1 loading_NN1 case_NN1 with_IW draft_NN1 value_NN1 of_IO 8.5_MC m_ZZ1 is_VBZ the_AT most_RGT favorable_JJ from_II the_AT fuel_NN1 consumption/CO2_FU emission_NN1 point_NN1 of_IO view_NN1 ._. 
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Therefore_RR ,_, the_AT main_JJ mismatch_NN1 between_II the_AT ORC_NN1 power_NN1 production_NN1 and_CC the_AT on-board_JJ power_NN1 demand_NN1 could_VM occur_VVI while_CS the_AT ship_NN1 is_VBZ in_II the_AT ports_NN2 ._. 
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In_II a_AT1 second_MD step_NN1 ,_, we_PPIS2 apply_VV0 simple_JJ ,_, yet_RR rational_JJ ,_, filtering_VVG criteria_NN2 to_TO filter_VVI out_RP the_AT data_NN points_NN2 polluted_VVN by_II ship_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 accelerations_NN2 ,_, the_AT rate_NN1 of_IO change_NN1 of_RR21 course_RR22 ,_, as_II31 well_II32 as_II33 wave_NN1 conditions_NN2 ._. 
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It_PPH1 is_VBZ worth_II noting_VVG that_RG much_DA1 smaller_JJR turns_NN2 are_VBR sufficient_JJ in_II31 case_II32 of_II33 a_AT1 target_NN1 ship_NN1 in_II front_NN1 ,_, even_CS21 though_CS22 the_AT same_DA true_JJ speed_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 target_NN1 ship_NN1 (_( 18_MC knots_NN2 )_) results_NN2 in_II larger_JJR relative_JJ speed_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT important_JJ drawback_NN1 of_IO vegetable_NN1 oils_NN2 is_VBZ their_APPGE high_JJ viscosity_NN1 which_DDQ produces_VVZ choking_VVG ,_, glazing_VVG and_CC trumpet_VV0 formation_NN1 on_II the_AT injectors_NN2 that_CST consequences_NN2 in_II poor_JJ atomization_NN1 and_CC leads_VVZ to_II difficulties_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 engine_NN1 deposits_NN2 &lsqb;_( 4_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
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Three_MC years_NNT2 later_RRR numerically_RR computed_VVN results_NN2 of_IO the_AT scattered_JJ wave_NN1 radiation_NN1 patterns_NN2 were_VBDR reported_VVN only_RR for_IF a_AT1 particular_JJ case_NN1 of_IO sound_NN1 speed_NN1 ratio_NN1 ,_, c0/c1_VV0 =1_FO ,_, being_NN1 c0_FO and_CC c1_FO are_VBR the_AT sound_NN1 speed_NN1 in_II the_AT medium_NN1 and_CC the_AT fluid_NN1 prolate_NN1 spheroid_NN1 ,_, respectively_RR ._. 
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In_II the_AT current_JJ study_NN1 ,_, wind_NN1 spectrums_NN2 were_VBDR not_XX applied_VVN in_II the_AT estimation_NN1 of_IO total_JJ wind_NN1 forces_NN2 for_IF the_AT sake_NN1 of_IO simplicity_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT highest_JJT BSFC_NP1 was_VBDZ obtained_VVN for_IF MOB60_FO ,_, which_DDQ may_VM be_VBI due_II21 to_II22 the_AT viscosity_NN1 ,_, density_NN1 and_CC calorific_JJ value_NN1 of_IO tested_JJ fuel_NN1 ._. 
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Overview_NN1 of_IO CFD_NP1 meshing_NN1 of_IO the_AT ship_NN1 ._. 
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Fig._NN1 3_MC shows_VVZ the_AT coordinate_NN1 systems_NN2 as_II31 well_II32 as_II33 the_AT variables_NN2 used_VVN in_II the_AT equations_NN2 of_IO ship_NN1 motion_NN1 ._. 
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Variation_NN1 of_IO CTM_NP1 with_IW Froude_NP1 number_NN1 of_IO the_AT model_NN1 with_IW interceptor_NN1 at_II different_JJ mounting_JJ locations_NN2 for_IF interceptor_NN1 height_NN1 of_IO h/Lwl=0.41%_FU and_CC bare_JJ hull_NN1 ._. 
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Ship_NN1 density_NN1 can_VM indicate_VVI the_AT degree_NN1 of_IO crowding_VVG and_CC the_AT risk_NN1 of_IO collision_NN1 (_( Wen_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2015_MC )_) ._. 
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Iwashita_NP1 (_( 2001_MC )_) used_VVD a_AT1 3D_NNU Rankine_NP1 panel_NN1 method_NN1 to_TO investigate_VVI the_AT unsteady_JJ waves_NN2 in_II low_JJ frequency_NN1 range_NN1 ._. 
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Solar_JJ ship_NN1 swinging_JJ platform_NN1 with_IW six_MC DOF_NP1 ._. 
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A_AT1 temporal_JJ evolution_NN1 of_IO the_AT dam_NN1 formation_NN1 for_IF Test_NN1 3_MC is_VBZ detailed_VVN in_II Fig._NN1 4_MC ._. 
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The_AT authors_NN2 also_RR want_VV0 to_TO thank_VVI the_AT two_MC anonymous_JJ reviewers_NN2 for_IF their_APPGE constructive_JJ comments_NN2 ._. 
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If_CS an_AT1 acoustic_JJ absorption_NN1 coefficient_NN1 of_IO 0.5_MC is_VBZ taken_VVN as_II the_AT reference_NN1 value_NN1 (_( the_AT green_JJ line_NN1 in_II Fig._NN1 4_MC )_) ,_, the_AT underwater_JJ metamaterial_JJ designed_VVN in_II this_DD1 study_NN1 has_VHZ a_AT1 broadband_JJ acoustic_JJ absorption_NN1 effect_NN1 of_IO 9640_MC Hz_NNU ._. 
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When_CS these_DD2 values_NN2 are_VBR compared_VVN with_IW some_DD ECN_NN1 reference_NN1 cases_NN2 as_II the_AT spray_NN1 A_ZZ1 and_CC B_ZZ1 (_( 90_MC m_NNO nozzle_NN1 diameters_NN2 )_) ,_, in_II which_DDQ LL_NP1 is_VBZ around_RG 11_MC mm_NNU ,_, the_AT scaling_NN1 of_IO the_AT LL_NP1 with_IW the_AT nozzle_NN1 diameter_NN1 can_VM be_VBI easily_RR appreciated_VVN ._. 
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In_II this_DD1 case_NN1 ,_, only_RR the_AT forces_NN2 were_VBDR analyzed_VVN as_CSA it_PPH1 is_VBZ considered_VVN a_AT1 simple_JJ way_NN1 to_TO study_VVI the_AT hydrodynamic_JJ performance_NN1 ._. 
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However_RR ,_, proper_JJ measures_NN2 should_VM be_VBI taken_VVN to_TO avoid_VVI the_AT accidental_JJ drunk_JJ of_IO methanol_NN1 fuel_NN1 ._. 
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Real-time_JJ simulations_NN2 of_IO a_AT1 large_JJ container_NN1 ship_NN1 entering_VVG Kaohsiung_NP1 second_MD harbour_NN1 with_IW and_CC without_IW Nomoto_NP1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 second-order_JJ model_NN1 have_VH0 been_VBN carried_VVN out_RP by_II four_MC navigation_NN1 mates_NN2 (_( Fang_NN1 and_CC Tsai_FW ,_, 2014_MC )_) ._. 
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Despite_II the_AT specific_JJ application_NN1 example_NN1 proposed_VVD ,_, the_AT presented_JJ approach_NN1 ,_, at_II its_APPGE higher_JJR level_NN1 of_IO SBD_NP1 framework_NN1 ,_, is_VBZ in_II principle_NN1 valid_JJ for_IF any_DD other_JJ modular_JJ cargo_NN1 fleet_NN1 of_IO ships_NN2 ._. 
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Frequency_NN1 dependent_JJ added_JJ mass_NN1 and_CC damping_VVG coefficients_NN2 are_VBR evaluated_VVN ._. 
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As_CSA similar_JJ to_II previous_JJ figure_NN1 ,_, this_DD1 ratio_NN1 raises_VVZ with_IW raising_VVG IδS_FO and_CC diminishing_JJ τ_NULL ._. 
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UWA_NP1 channel_NN1 characteristics_NN2 :_: (_( a_ZZ1 )_) channel_NN1 impulse_NN1 response_NN1 ,_, (_( b_ZZ1 )_) channel_VV0 amplitude-frequency_JJ response_NN1 ._. 
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Even_CS21 though_CS22 solar_JJ energy_NN1 is_VBZ utilized_VVN in_II many_DA2 areas_NN2 ,_, the_AT hybrid_JJ PV/diesel_NN1 ship_NN1 power_NN1 system_NN1 has_VHZ not_XX been_VBN extensively_RR studied_VVN &lsqb;_( 16_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, &lsqb;_( 17_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, &lsqb;_( 18_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, &lsqb;_( 19_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, &lsqb;_( 20_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
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The_AT simulated_JJ steady_JJ turning_NN1 rate_NN1 is_VBZ 0.637°/sec_NNU ,_, whereas_CS the_AT measured_JJ one_PN1 is_VBZ 0.690°/sec_NNU ._. 
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Analytical_JJ calculation_NN1 estimated_VVD collision_NN1 energy_NN1 to_TO be_VBI 111.73MJ_FO ._. 
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Fig._NN1 9_MC presents_VVZ the_AT simulated_JJ configurations_NN2 of_IO DFP_NP1 lines_NN2 ._. 
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At_II the_AT same_DA time_NNT1 ,_, with_II31 regard_II32 to_II33 the_AT MSR_NP1 area_NN1 where_CS the_AT co-range_NN1 noise_NN1 is_VBZ substantial_JJ ,_, the_AT single_JJ threshold_NN1 method_NN1 can_VM not_XX handle_VVI it_PPH1 well_RR ,_, leaving_VVG a_AT1 lot_NN1 of_IO noise_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT fin_NN1 is_VBZ allowed_VVN to_TO oscillate_VVI in_II the_AT combined_JJ motion_NN1 of_IO heave_NN1 and_CC pitch_NN1 with_IW an_AT1 amplitude_NN1 of_IO 85mm_NNU ._. 
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Equation_NN1 A_ZZ1 refers_VVZ to_II the_AT apparent_JJ heat_NN1 release_NN1 ._. 
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These_DD2 measurements_NN2 confirmed_VVD that_CST no_AT overfitting_NN1 occurred_VVD for_IF the_AT selected_JJ models_NN2 ._. 
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Efficiency_NN1 as_RG high_JJ as_CSA 60%_NNU is_VBZ possible_JJ with_IW a_AT1 10-kW_JJ SOFC_NN1 &lsqb;_( 9_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
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Example_NN1 of_IO such_DA metrics_NN2 could_VM be_VBI the_AT structural_JJ damaged_JJ volume_NN1 and_CC iceberg_NN1 penetration_NN1 ._. 
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A_AT1 validation_NN1 study_NN1 of_IO the_AT CFD_NP1 seakeeping_VVG model_NN1 was_VBDZ performed_VVN by_II towing_VVG tank_NN1 experiments_NN2 ._. 
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As_CSA discussed_VVN before_RT ,_, hyperelastic_JJ model_NN1 represents_VVZ the_AT nonlinear_JJ elastic_JJ response_NN1 with_IW no_AT time_NNT1 dependence_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT anode_NN1 recirculation_NN1 blower_NN1 power_NN1 and_CC the_AT fuel_NN1 compression_NN1 power_NN1 accounted_VVN for_IF the_AT auxiliary_JJ power_NN1 consumption_NN1 ._. 
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De-rating_NN1 is_VBZ a_AT1 traditional_JJ method_NN1 of_IO reducing_VVG fuel_NN1 oil_NN1 consumption_NN1 &lsqb;_( 6_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, &lsqb;_( 12_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, selecting_VVG an_AT1 engine_NN1 with_IW higher_JJR Maximum_JJ Continuous_JJ Rating_NN1 (_( MCR_NP1 )_) than_CSN required_JJ and_CC de-rating_VVG it_PPH1 to_II a_AT1 lower_JJR MCR_NP1 power_NN1 that_CST meets_VVZ the_AT designed_JJ performance_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 ship_NN1 ._. 
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In_II this_DD1 study_NN1 ,_, the_AT benchmark_NN1 studies_NN2 described_VVN after_II are_VBR done_VDN by_II setting_VVG time_NNT1 step_NN1 size_NN1 to_II 0.001s_NNU or_CC 0.002s_NNU and_CC the_AT number_NN1 of_IO meshes_NN2 to_II 0.52_MC million_NNO to_TO reduce_VVI the_AT calculation_NN1 time_NNT1 while_CS keeping_VVG the_AT accuracy_NN1 of_IO the_AT solution_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT effective_JJ stress_NN1 ranges_VVZ δ_FO Fig._NN1 10_MC ._. 
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A_AT1 method_NN1 for_IF estimating_VVG ship_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 resistance_NN1 caused_VVN by_II sea_NN1 ice_NN1 ridge_NN1 keels_NN2 is_VBZ revised_VVN and_CC used_VVN as_II a_AT1 part_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 method_NN1 for_IF predicting_VVG performance_NN1 of_IO ships_NN2 in_II ridged_JJ ice_NN1 conditions_NN2 ._. 
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SSDA_NP1 can_VM be_VBI used_VVN to_TO complete_VVI the_AT denoising_JJ task_NN1 with_IW high_JJ processing_NN1 speed_NN1 ._. 
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We_PPIS2 recall_VV0 that_CST first-order_JJ wave_NN1 forces_NN2 and_CC moments_NN2 are_VBR disregarded_VVN during_II the_AT manoeuvring_NN1 prediction_NN1 and_CC that_CST just_RR the_AT mean_JJ effect_NN1 of_IO them_PPHO2 is_VBZ considered_VVN ._. 
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Noise_NN1 measurement_NN1 technique_NN1 adopted_VVN by_II us_PPIO2 is_VBZ nondestructive_JJ noise_NN1 analysis_NN1 method_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ is_VBZ to_TO filter_VVI the_AT voltage_NN1 signals_NN2 through_II ultra-low_JJ noise_NN1 amplifier_NN1 ,_, and_CC then_RT the_AT weak_JJ noise_NN1 is_VBZ amplified_VVN and_CC input_NN1 into_II data_NN acquisition_NN1 card_NN1 (_( DAQ_NP1 )_) ._. 
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Additionally_RR ,_, the_AT elastic_NN1 perfectly_RR plastic_NN1 material_NN1 is_VBZ considered_VVN as_II the_AT material_NN1 of_IO construction_NN1 members_NN2 ,_, of_IO which_DDQ yield_VV0 stress_NN1 is_VBZ 355MPa_FO for_CS AH_UH material_NN1 and_CC 390MPa_FO for_CS EH_UH material_NN1 ,_, and_CC the_AT Young_NP1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 modulus_NN1 is_VBZ 2.06×105MPa_FO ,_, Poisson_NP1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 ratio_NN1 is_VBZ 0.3_MC ,_, while_CS the_AT density_NN1 is_VBZ 7.85×109t/mm3_FU ._. 
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Fig._NN1 11_MC ,_, Fig._NN1 12_MC show_VV0 that_CST the_AT velocity_NN1 wave_NN1 width_NN1 term_NN1 depends_VVZ linearly_RR on_II the_AT source_NN1 Mach_NNU number_NN1 but_CCB not_XX on_II frequency_NN1 ._. 
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Since_CS the_AT source_NN1 is_VBZ being_VBG towed_VVN ?200m_FO behind_II the_AT vessel_NN1 ,_, this_DD1 assumption_NN1 would_VM yield_VVI an_AT1 absolute_JJ offset_NN1 between_II 200m_NNU and_CC +200_MC m_NNO from_II the_AT true_JJ position_NN1 ,_, depending_II21 on_II22 the_AT vessel_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 heading_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT thermal_JJ efficiency_NN1 and_CC net_JJ power_NN1 output_NN1 under_II condition_NN1 5_MC and_CC 6_MC are_VBR far_RG lower_JJR than_CSN nominal_JJ value_NN1 ._. 
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These_DD2 types_NN2 of_IO fiber_NN1 like_II structures_NN2 were_VBDR commonly_RR absorbed_VVN in_II the_AT analysis_NN1 of_IO filter_NN1 paper_NN1 with_IW diesel_NN1 samples_NN2 &lsqb;_( 41_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
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In_II this_DD1 case_NN1 ,_, the_AT fuel_NN1 saving_NN1 is_VBZ solely_RR caused_VVN by_II the_AT reduction_NN1 in_II added_JJ resistance_NN1 in_II waves_NN2 due_II21 to_II22 reduced_JJ ship_NN1 motions_NN2 ._. 
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Comparisons_NN2 of_IO BSFC_NP1 for_IF the_AT test_NN1 fuels_NN2 under_II different_JJ engine_NN1 loads_NN2 ._. 
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Hence_RR ,_, a_AT1 solution_NN1 based_VVN on_II updating_VVG the_AT parameters_NN2 of_IO a_AT1 dynamic_JJ model_NN1 for_IF the_AT AUV_NN1 through_II filtering_NN1 is_VBZ not_XX an_AT1 option_NN1 in_II our_APPGE scenario_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT alternative_NN1 combining_VVG dual_JJ fuel_NN1 generator_NN1 sets_NN2 operating_VVG with_IW natural_JJ gas_NN1 and_CC diesel_NN1 generator_NN1 sets_NN2 running_VVG with_IW LSHFO_NP1 achieved_VVD a_AT1 performance_NN1 similar_JJ to_II the_AT one_PN1 of_IO the_AT dual_JJ fuel_NN1 generator_NN1 sets_VVZ alternative_JJ with_IW a_AT1 slightly_RR improved_VVN economic_JJ metric_JJ ._. 
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We_PPIS2 train_VV0 a_AT1 DBN_NP1 with_IW 4_MC layers_NN2 of_IO size_NN1 1536-512-128-32_MCMC to_TO code_VVI the_AT spectrum_NN1 and_CC reconstruct_VVI the_AT spectrum_NN1 of_IO the_AT raw_JJ samples_NN2 ._. 
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Second_MD ,_, oxygen_NN1 and_CC OH_UH radical_NN1 in_II the_AT fuel_NN1 relatively_RR decreases_VVZ because_CS the_AT premixed_JJ methanol_NN1 decreases_VVZ and_CC this_DD1 may_VM slow_VVI down_RP the_AT oxidation_NN1 of_IO smoke_NN1 ._. 
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This_DD1 implies_VVZ that_CST the_AT decrease_NN1 in_II the_AT added_JJ resistance_NN1 is_VBZ related_VVN to_II the_AT decrease_NN1 in_II the_AT motion_NN1 response_NN1 when_CS the_AT water_NN1 depth_NN1 becomes_VVZ shallower_JJR ._. 
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A_AT1 comparative_JJ study_NN1 with_IW existing_JJ algorithms_NN2 and_CC a_AT1 study_NN1 on_II the_AT transient_JJ response_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 real-life_JJ system_NN1 demonstrate_VV0 the_AT effectiveness_NN1 ,_, superiority_NN1 ,_, and_CC competitiveness_NN1 of_IO the_AT proposed_JJ approach_NN1 ._. 
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In_II Fig._NN1 1_MC1 ,_, the_AT kth_NNU layer_NN1 (_( k=1_FO ,_, 2_MC ,_, ,_, l_ZZ1 )_) is_VBZ bounded_VVN by_II the_AT horizontal_JJ planes_NN2 z=zk1_FO and_CC z=zk_FO ,_, and_CC the_AT 0th_FO and_CC (_( l+1_FO )_) th_NNU layers_NN2 are_VBR the_AT semi-infinite_JJ spaces_NN2 ._. 
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Consequently_RR ,_, at_II low_JJ loads_NN2 and_CC port_NN1 conditions_NN2 ,_, where_CS the_AT engine_NN1 gas_NN1 consumption_NN1 is_VBZ low_JJ and_CC thus_RR the_AT overall_JJ mixture_NN1 of_IO excess_JJ BOG_NN1 and_CC recirculation_NN1 is_VBZ high_JJ ,_, JT1_FO can_VM not_XX handle_VVI the_AT whole_JJ BOG_NN1 amount_NN1 ,_, sending_VVG a_AT1 BOG_NN1 portion_NN1 to_II the_AT GCU_NN1 ._. 
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Similar_JJ work_NN1 was_VBDZ presented_VVN by_II Sajith_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
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<s>
&lsqb;_( 12_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, who_PNQS conducted_VVD experiments_NN2 using_VVG cerium_NN1 oxide_NN1 (_( 20–80ppm_NN1 )_) nanoparticles_NN2 as_CSA additive_JJ in_II Jatropha_NP1 biodiesel_NN1 in_II a_AT1 compression_NN1 ignition_NN1 engine_NN1 for_IF an_AT1 operating_NN1 speed_NN1 of_IO 1500rpm_NNU and_CC reported_VVD that_CST the_AT BSFC_NP1 was_VBDZ decreased_VVN and_CC BTE_NP1 was_VBDZ increased_VVN by_II the_AT addition_NN1 of_IO cerium_NN1 oxide_NN1 nanoparticles_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 yields_VVZ multiple_JJ likely_JJ AUV_NN1 locations_NN2 ,_, which_DDQ are_VBR filtered_VVN via_II a_AT1 path_NN1 tracking_NN1 method_NN1 similar_JJ to_II the_AT Viterbi_JJ algorithm_NN1 ,_, in_BCL21 order_BCL22 to_TO estimate_VVI the_AT trajectory_NN1 of_IO the_AT AUV_NN1 ._. 
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Noise_NN1 source_NN1 identification_NN1 by_II source_NN1 map_NN1 imaging_NN1 using_VVG microphone_NN1 arrays_NN2 has_VHZ much_DA1 attention_NN1 in_II the_AT recent_JJ years_NNT2 ._. 
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Despite_II a_AT1 significant_JJ relationship_NN1 between_II UFL_NP1 and_CC center_NN1 frequency_NN1 ,_, the_AT amount_NN1 of_IO the_AT variability_NN1 explained_VVN by_II the_AT regressions_NN2 was_VBDZ relatively_RR low_JJ (_( r2=0.431_FO )_) ,_, and_CC thus_RR the_AT ability_NN1 to_TO predict_VVI click_NN1 properties_NN2 for_IF individual_JJ animals_NN2 based_VVN on_II their_APPGE UFL_NN1 is_VBZ limited_VVN ._. 
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<s>
The_AT market_NN1 implications_NN2 of_IO the_AT implementation_NN1 strategy_NN1 will_VM not_XX be_VBI further_RRR discussed_VVN in_II the_AT following_JJ ,_, since_CS the_AT focus_NN1 is_VBZ on_II electrofuels_NN2 and_CC their_APPGE production_NN1 technology_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Faced_VVN with_IW the_AT complicated_JJ expression_NN1 structure_NN1 in_II equation_NN1 (_( 4_MC )_) ,_, we_PPIS2 have_VH0 to_TO select_VVI the_AT most_RGT suitable_JJ expression_NN1 from_II all_DB the_AT expressions_NN2 searched_VVN by_II GP_NN1 ,_, as_CSA shown_VVN in_II equation_NN1 (_( 8_MC )_) ._. 
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As_CSA seen_VVN ,_, the_AT proposed_JJ formula_NN1 can_VM accurately_RR predict_VVI wave_NN1 run-up_NN1 levels_NN2 for_IF H/h_ZZ1 ≤_FO 0.41_MC ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 mesh_NN1 strategy_NN1 has_VHZ demonstrated_VVN favourable_JJ efficiency_NN1 and_CC accuracy_NN1 in_II handling_VVG the_AT mesh_NN1 update_NN1 following_VVG arbitrary_JJ motion_NN1 of_IO body_NN1 in_II the_AT 2-D_JJ body-wave_JJ interaction_NN1 problem_NN1 ._. 
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For_IF these_DD2 reasons_NN2 ,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ important_JJ to_TO test_VVI the_AT sensitivity_NN1 of_IO the_AT model_NN1 to_II variations_NN2 in_II the_AT parameter_NN1 values_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT success_NN1 of_IO applying_VVG metaheuristic_JJ optimization_NN1 techniques_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 genetic_JJ algorithms_NN2 and/or_CC particle_NN1 swarm_NN1 optimization_NN1 in_II SDO_NP1 optimization_NN1 problems_NN2 has_VHZ been_VBN demonstrated_VVN in_II publications_NN2 as_II21 for_II22 example_NN1 in_II &lsqb;_( 43_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, &lsqb;_( 44_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
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<s>
However_RR ,_, most_DAT cases_NN2 used_VVD a_AT1 steel_NN1 plate_NN1 or_CC rigid_JJ indenter_NN1 rather_II21 than_II22 real_JJ ice_NN1 to_TO simulate_VVI ice_NN1 loads_NN2 during_II experiments_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 phenomenon_NN1 is_VBZ in_II some_DD degree_NN1 like_II perforating_VVG holes_NN2 in_II high_JJ resistivity_NN1 homogenous_JJ porous_JJ materials_NN2 to_TO form_VVI double_JJ porosity_NN1 materials_NN2 ,_, which_DDQ are_VBR both_RR contributed_VVN to_II the_AT improvement_NN1 of_IO the_AT acoustic_JJ impedance_NN1 matching_VVG between_II the_AT absorbing_JJ material_NN1 and_CC the_AT surrounding_JJ media_NN ._. 
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In_II order_NN1 to_TO clearly_RR illustrate_VVI the_AT distribution_NN1 of_IO the_AT wave_NN1 forces_NN2 over_II the_AT positions_NN2 of_IO the_AT piles_NN2 ,_, the_AT relationships_NN2 between_II the_AT pile_NN1 group_NN1 coefficient_NN1 and_CC the_AT positions_NN2 of_IO the_AT piles_NN2 are_VBR shown_VVN in_II Fig._NN1 28_MC for_IF different_JJ cases_NN2 ._. 
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The_AT Ikeda_NP1 method_NN1 was_VBDZ developed_VVN and_CC validated_VVN using_VVG small_JJ model-scale_JJ tests_NN2 (_( Ikeda_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
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<s>
1978_MC ;_; Himeno_NP1 1981_MC )_) ,_, and_CC publications_NN2 on_II its_APPGE validations_NN2 with_IW full-scale_JJ measurement_NN1 data_NN scarcely_RR exist_VV0 or_CC have_VH0 not_XX been_VBN published_VVN in_II the_AT open_JJ literature_NN1 ._. 
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Over_II time_NNT1 ,_, using_VVG a_AT1 shorter_JJR record_NN1 of_IO AIS_NN2 data_NN and_CC environmental_JJ conditions_NN2 ,_, every_AT1 structure_NN1 will_VM develop_VVI a_AT1 series_NN of_IO functionality_NN1 measures_VVZ that_CST would_VM be_VBI expected_VVN to_TO decay_VVI with_IW structure_NN1 condition_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT COG_NN1 ,_, in_II Figure_NN1 13_MC ,_, was_VBDZ changed_VVN to_II HDT_NP1 before_II the_AT initial_JJ performance_NN1 test_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Case_NN1 2_MC shows_VVZ quite_RG different_JJ thermodynamic_JJ behavior_NN1 from_II Case_NN1 1_MC1 ,_, due_II21 to_II22 the_AT existence_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 BOG_NN1 compressor_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT diesel_NN1 fuel_NN1 was_VBDZ directly_RR injected_VVN into_II the_AT combustion_NN1 chamber_NN1 by_II using_VVG the_AT common-rail_JJ fuel_NN1 system_NN1 and_CC the_AT solenoid_NN1 injector_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Due_II21 to_II22 the_AT empirical_JJ nature_NN1 of_IO the_AT present_JJ approach_NN1 ,_, its_APPGE ability_NN1 to_TO consider_VVI specific_JJ ice_NN1 loading_NN1 factors_NN2 is_VBZ limited_VVN by_II the_AT availability_NN1 of_IO related_JJ data_NN ._. 
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The_AT main_JJ difference_NN1 between_II the_AT three_MC columns_NN2 in_II Fig._NN1 7_MC relates_VVZ to_II the_AT spark_NN1 timing_NN1 ,_, while_CS each_DD1 row_NN1 shows_VVZ the_AT turbulent_JJ flame_NN1 speed_NN1 at_II the_AT flame_NN1 front_NN1 location_NN1 after_II the_AT same_DA number_NN1 of_IO CAD_NN1 after_II SOC_NP1 ._. 
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The_AT loading_NN1 processes_NN2 for_IF both_DB2 tests_NN2 are_VBR detailed_VVN in_II Fig._NN1 3(a)_FO ._. 
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Hence_RR ,_, the_AT saturation_NN1 pressure_NN1 of_IO water_NN1 switches_VVZ regime_NN1 and_CC is_VBZ evaluated_VVN based_VVN on_II a_AT1 function_NN1 of_IO temperature_NN1 and_CC sulfuric_JJ acid_NN1 concentration_NN1 in_II the_AT film_NN1 (_( i.e._REX Regime_NN1 1_MC1 )_) ._. 
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<s>
Comparisons_NN2 of_IO the_AT results_NN2 of_IO the_AT proposed_JJ model_NN1 ,_, Hsu_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. '_NULL s_ZZ1 (_( 2008_MC )_) MSE_VV0 model_NN1 ,_, and_CC experiments_NN2 for_IF the_AT two_MC cases_NN2 are_VBR shown_VVN in_II Fig._NN1 4_MC ._. 
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The_AT results_NN2 show_VV0 a_AT1 higher_JJR the_AT rate_NN1 of_IO pressure_NN1 rise_NN1 ,_, and_CC ignition_NN1 delay_NN1 but_CCB lower_VV0 the_AT mass_JJ fraction_NN1 and_CC cylinder_NN1 heat_NN1 rate_NN1 at_II full_JJ load_NN1 condition_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT resulting_JJ 12-point_JJ duty_NN1 cycle_NN1 points_NN2 are_VBR listed_VVN in_II table_NN1 3_MC and_CC compared_VVN to_II the_AT standard_JJ CEC_NN1 F98-08_MC cycle_NN1 &lsqb;_( 18_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
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In_II a_AT1 study_NN1 ,_, the_AT effect_NN1 of_IO different_JJ ratios_NN2 of_IO biodiesel-diesel_JJ fuel_NN1 blends_VVZ on_II the_AT vibration_NN1 of_IO an_AT1 agricultural_JJ machine_NN1 engine_NN1 was_VBDZ investigated_VVN by_II Heidary_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 &lsqb;_( 9_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
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The_AT need_NN1 to_TO set_VVI additional_JJ requirements_NN2 may_VM arise_VVI when_RRQ experience_NN1 of_IO non-linear_JJ analysis_NN1 is_VBZ gained_VVN and_CC the_AT requirements_NN2 are_VBR adjusted_VVN to_TO result_VVI in_II reasonable_JJ structural_JJ configurations_NN2 and_CC to_TO forbid_VVI unsafe_JJ solutions_NN2 ._. 
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In_II the_AT experimental_JJ setup_NN1 ,_, due_II21 to_II22 limitations_NN2 ,_, they_PPHS2 used_VVD a_AT1 brushless_JJ DC_NN1 motor_NN1 as_II a_AT1 prime_JJ mover_NN1 engine_NN1 to_TO simulate_VVI FPSE_NP1 and_CC convert_VVI rotary_JJ motion_NN1 to_II linear_JJ one_PN1 by_II using_VVG a_AT1 crankshaft_NN1 mechanism_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT time_NNT1 simulation_NN1 of_IO force_NN1 equilibrium_NN1 within_II one_MC1 wave_NN1 period_NN1 has_VHZ been_VBN done_VDN using_VVG the_AT fourth_MD order_NN1 Runge–Kutta_NP1 method_NN1 starting_VVG with_IW the_AT mean_JJ values_NN2 form_VV0 the_AT previous_JJ wave_NN1 period_NN1 ._. 
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Amplitude_NN1 masks_NN2 are_VBR further_RRR designed_VVN to_TO tackle_VVI the_AT remnants_NN2 of_IO multiple_NN1 scattering_VVG on_II amplitude_NN1 spectra_NN2 ,_, which_DDQ could_VM be_VBI beneficial_JJ for_IF imaging_NN1 ._. 
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In_BCL21 order_BCL22 to_TO compare_VVI several_DA2 deconvolution_NN1 algorithms_NN2 ,_, the_AT performances_NN2 of_IO CBF_NP1 ,_, DAMAS_NN2 ,_, NNLS_NP1 and_CC Ex-RL_JJ are_VBR simulated_VVN and_CC compared_VVN ._. 
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<s>
With_IW increasing_JJ load_NN1 ,_, the_AT indicated_JJ work_NN1 in_II the_AT proportion_NN1 of_IO the_AT total_JJ heat_NN1 only_JJ changes_NN2 by_II a_AT1 small_JJ percentage_NN1 (_( remaining_VVG close_RR to_II 48%_NNU )_) ._. 
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The_AT experimental_JJ condition_NN1 is_VBZ the_AT same_DA as_CSA that_DD1 of_IO Fig._NN1 10_MC herein_RR ._. 
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Similar_JJ to_II that_DD1 shown_VVN in_II Fig._NN1 19_MC ,_, the_AT resonant_JJ intensity_NN1 excited_VVN by_II the_AT normally-incident_JJ focused_JJ wave_NN1 groups_NN2 are_VBR always_RR significantly_RR larger_JJR than_CSN those_DD2 induced_VVN by_II the_AT corresponding_JJ parallel-incident_NN1 focused_VVD wave_NN1 groups_NN2 ._. 
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In_II the_AT barge-loading_JJ section_NN1 ,_, the_AT average_JJ service_NN1 time_NNT1 of_IO barges_NN2 was_VBDZ 1.83_MC h_ZZ1 because_CS the_AT barge_NN1 was_VBDZ waiting_VVG on_II the_AT berth_NN1 for_IF a_AT1 specific_JJ length_NN1 of_IO time_NNT1 ._. 
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Similarly_RR ,_, the_AT temporal_JJ dependence_NN1 study_NN1 was_VBDZ carried_VVN out_RP on_II the_AT finest_JJT mesh_NN1 only_RR ._. 
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The_AT absence_NN1 of_IO structural_JJ damping_NN1 in_II the_AT numerical_JJ models_NN2 could_VM also_RR have_VHI an_AT1 effect_NN1 in_II the_AT predictions_NN2 ,_, especially_RR in_II the_AT vicinity_NN1 of_IO the_AT natural_JJ frequency_NN1 &lsqb;_( 24_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
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Trajectory_NN1 and_CC heading_VVG from_II virtual_JJ course_NN1 keeping_VVG test_NN1 at_II stable_JJ equilibrium_NN1 with_IW rudder_NN1 5.6_MC to_II starboard_NN1 (_( solid_JJ )_) compared_VVN to_II same_DA situation_NN1 in_II calm_JJ water_NN1 (_( dashed_JJ )_) ._. 
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The_AT identified_JJ optimum_JJ resistance_NN1 is_VBZ 10_MC k_ZZ1 ,_, and_CC the_AT harvest_NN1 power_NN1 is_VBZ achieved_VVN at_II the_AT maximum_JJ value_NN1 under_II this_DD1 condition_NN1 ._. 
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They_PPHS2 assumed_VVD that_CST the_AT water_NN1 is_VBZ lifted_VVN vertically_RR and_CC dispersed_VVN by_II the_AT wind_NN1 and_CC therefore_RR ,_, the_AT final_JJ droplet_NN1 distribution_NN1 arises_VVZ from_II impact_NN1 and_CC wind_NN1 effects_NN2 ._. 
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Therefore_RR ,_, a_AT1 7.47_MC L_ZZ1 displacement_NN1 turbocharged_VVD diesel_NN1 engine_NN1 has_VHZ been_VBN modified_VVN to_TO work_VVI with_IW all_DB six_MC cylinders_NN2 in_II HCII_JJ mode_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT reflected_JJ waves_NN2 propagate_VV0 to_TO point_VVI P2_FO ,_, which_DDQ is_VBZ far_RR away_II21 from_II22 the_AT ship_NN1 model_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT acoustic_JJ cavity_NN1 is_VBZ discretized_VVN using_VVG 3D_NNU eight_MC node_NN1 acoustic_JJ finite_JJ elements_NN2 with_IW the_AT acoustic_JJ pressure_NN1 as_CSA nodal_JJ degree_NN1 of_IO freedom_NN1 ._. 
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Comparison_NN1 of_IO the_AT flooded_JJ compartment_NN1 with_IW deck_NN1 (_( current_JJ campaign_NN1 )_) and_CC without_IW deck_NN1 (_( previous_JJ campaign_NN1 )_) ._. 
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Both_DB2 methods_NN2 shown_VVN in_II Fig._NN1 6_MC make_VV0 physical_JJ and_CC numerical_JJ approximations_NN2 ,_, and_CC they_PPHS2 do_VD0 propagate_VVI comparable_JJ levels_NN2 of_IO acoustic_JJ energy_NN1 especially_RR along_II the_AT x_ZZ1 coordinate_NN1 direction_NN1 which_DDQ is_VBZ the_AT propagation_NN1 direction_NN1 of_IO the_AT more_RGR computationally_RR efficient_JJ PE_NN1 ._. 
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As_CSA stated_VVN in_II the_AT Mobility_NN1 and_CC Fuels_NN2 Strategy_NN1 ,_, the_AT most_RGT promising_JJ long_JJ term_NN1 fuel_NN1 and_CC drivetrain_VV0 alternatives_NN2 for_IF passenger_NN1 road_NN1 transport_NN1 and_CC motorized_VVD individual_JJ traffic_NN1 (_( passenger_NN1 cars_NN2 )_) are_VBR fuel_NN1 cells_NN2 and_CC electric_JJ vehicles_NN2 &lsqb;_( 22_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
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In_II the_AT case_NN1 of_IO rock_NN1 angle_NN1 (_( p4_FO )_) ,_, 15–150_MCMC degree_NN1 of_IO the_AT range_NN1 was_VBDZ assumed_VVN by_II Paik_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
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(_( 2012_MC )_) ,_, as_CSA presented_VVN in_II Figure_NN1 A2(d)_FO ._. 
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As_II the_AT three-node_JJ line_NN1 elements_NN2 are_VBR used_VVN to_TO approximate_VVI the_AT entire_JJ curved_JJ boundary_NN1 ,_, M1_FO =_FO 2_MC is_VBZ chosen_VVN for_IF the_AT number_NN1 of_IO all_DB sub-elements_NN2 ._. 
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But_CCB the_AT maximum_JJ value_NN1 of_IO the_AT relative_JJ error_NN1 between_II the_AT simulation_NN1 values_NN2 and_CC the_AT measured_JJ value_NN1 was_VBDZ only_RR 0.70%_FO with_IW considering_VVG the_AT boiling_JJ heat_NN1 transfer_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT 10%_NNU improvement_NN1 of_IO energy_NN1 recovery_NN1 by_II NMPC_NP1 over_II PID_NP1 is_VBZ in_II the_AT range_NN1 of_IO 7–15%_FO from_II reference_NN1 &lsqb;_( 32_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
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In_II the_AT view_NN1 of_IO the_AT experimental_JJ results_NN2 ,_, when_CS the_AT structure_NN1 has_VHZ situated_VVN on_II the_AT beam_NN1 wave_NN1 (_( β_NULL =90°_FO )_) condition_NN1 ,_, as_CSA Fig._NN1 17(a)_FO shows_VVZ ,_, the_AT maximum_JJ response_NN1 of_IO case_NN1 1_MC1 is_VBZ 23.2°/m_NNU ,_, and_CC the_AT corresponding_JJ wave_NN1 frequency_NN1 is_VBZ 0.59rad/s_FU ;_; those_DD2 values_NN2 of_IO case_NN1 2_MC are_VBR 16.7°/m_NNU and_CC 0.68rad/s_FU respectively_RR ._. 
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Furthermore_RR ,_, low-temperature_NN1 (_( low-grade_NN1 )_) waste_VV0 heat_NN1 sources_NN2 pose_VV0 additional_JJ challenges_NN2 to_TO make_VVI the_AT recovery_NN1 technically_RR and_CC economically_RR feasible_JJ &lsqb;_( 4_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, &lsqb;_( 5_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, &lsqb;_( 6_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
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Then_RT ,_, a_AT1 good_JJ estimate_NN1 of_IO the_AT sources_NN2 can_VM be_VBI obtained_VVN by_II use_NN1 of_IO Eq_NN1 ._. 
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(_( 18_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 method_NN1 allows_VVZ Q_NN1 to_TO be_VBI computed_VVN effectively_RR by_II balancing_VVG the_AT selection_NN1 between_II exploring_VVG new_JJ states_NN2 and_CC exploiting_VVG the_AT current_JJ results_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
A_AT1 cold_JJ start_NN1 is_VBZ considered_VVN ,_, since_CS this_DD1 cycle_NN1 is_VBZ more_RGR challenging_JJ from_II a_AT1 thermal_JJ management_NN1 and_CC emissions_NN2 point_NN1 of_IO view_NN1 ._. 
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This_DD1 simple_JJ graphical_JJ demonstration_NN1 agrees_VVZ well_RR with_IW the_AT quasi-state_NN1 estimation_NN1 in_II Fig._NN1 5_MC ._. 
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And_CC the_AT second_MD stage_NN1 corresponds_VVZ to_II the_AT fully_RR collapse_VV0 region_NN1 where_CS the_AT spray_NN1 boundary_NN1 becomes_VVZ relatively_RR stable_JJ ._. 
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Generic_JJ task_NN1 types_NN2 and_CC GEP_VV0 values_NN2 ._. 
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To_TO ensure_VVI that_CST the_AT optimally_RR designed_VVN structure_NN1 meets_VVZ engineering_NN1 needs_NN2 ,_, we_PPIS2 impose_VV0 three_MC constraints_NN2 for_IF optimization_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Measurements_NN2 with_IW the_AT Polytec_NP1 LDV_NP1 were_VBDR taken_VVN at_II various_JJ points_NN2 on_II the_AT EM_FU mounting_JJ plate_NN1 ,_, with_IW an_AT1 example_NN1 measurement_NN1 point_NN1 shown_VVN in_II Fig._NN1 16_MC ._. 
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The_AT slope_NN1 of_IO the_AT tilted_JJ bottom_NN1 in_II the_AT tank_NN1 was_VBDZ estimated_VVN considering_II each_DD1 of_IO the_AT experimental_JJ signals_NN2 whose_DDQGE SPs_NN2 are_VBR shown_VVN in_II Fig._NN1 7_MC ._. 
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The_AT main_JJ wave_NN1 propagation_NN1 direction_NN1 is_VBZ denoted_VVN as_II as_CSA shown_VVN in_II Fig._NN1 1_MC1 ._. 
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The_AT subscripts_NN2 P_ZZ1 and_CC Q_ZZ1 represent_VV0 the_AT control_NN1 point_NN1 on_II the_AT panel_NN1 and_CC the_AT integration_NN1 point_NN1 ,_, respectively_RR ._. 
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In_II the_AT meantime_NNT1 and_CC in_BCL21 order_BCL22 to_TO mitigate_VVI the_AT risk_NN1 of_IO leakages_NN2 and_CC high_JJ concentration_NN1 of_IO the_AT refrigerant_NN1 ,_, the_AT marine_JJ WHRS_NP1 designer_NN1 could_VM use_VVI the_AT guidelines_NN2 and_CC requirements_NN2 for_IF highly_RR flammable_JJ fuels_NN2 provided_VVN by_II IMO_NP1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 &lsqb;_( 62_MC &rsqb;_) International_JJ Code_NN1 of_IO Safety_NN1 for_IF Ships_NN2 using_VVG gases_NN2 or_CC other_JJ low_JJ flashpoint_NN1 fuels_NN2 and_CC the_AT Det_NNB Norske_NP1 Veritas_NP2 &lsqb;_( 63_MC &rsqb;_) tentative_JJ regulation_NN1 as_CSA explored_VVN by_II Suárez_NP1 de_FW la_FW Fuente_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
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&lsqb;_( 64_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
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Experimental_JJ and_CC numerical_JJ test_NN1 set-up_NN1 for_IF simulation_NN1 of_IO the_AT response_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 floating_JJ box_NN1 to_II a_AT1 custom_NN1 wave_NN1 signal_NN1 ._. 
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Although_CS the_AT ITM_NP1 is_VBZ based_VVN on_II the_AT well-known_JJ and_CC reliable_JJ theoretical_JJ rules_NN2 and_CC relations_NN2 ,_, it_PPH1 certainly_RR needs_VVZ future_JJ verification_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Crude_JJ oil_NN1 price_NN1 necessary_JJ for_IF ICE_NN1 (_( left_JJ )_) and_CC FC_NP1 (_( right_RR )_) technologies_NN2 to_TO be_VBI economically_RR competitive_JJ for_IF short-sea_JJ vessels_NN2 (_( a_AT1 ,_, b_ZZ1 )_) ,_, deep-sea_JJ vessels_NN2 (_( c_ZZ1 ,_, d_ZZ1 )_) and_CC container_NN1 ships_NN2 (_( e_ZZ1 ,_, f_ZZ1 )_) in_II 2030_MC and_CC 2040_MC ._. 
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<s>
We_PPIS2 provide_VV0 just_RR simple_JJ information_NN1 about_II banned_JJ location_NN1 of_IO the_AT ship_NN1 velocity_NN1 vector_NN1 based_VVN on_II simplified_JJ approach_NN1 recommended_VVN by_II IMO_NP1 in_II the_AT guidance_NN1 MSC.Circ._NP1 1228_MC ._. 
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<s>
The_AT dwell_VV0 was_VBDZ modified_VVN within_II a_AT1 range_NN1 of_IO 7–16°CA_FO and_CC the_AT main_JJ injection_NN1 started_VVD around_II TDC_NP1 ._. 
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The_AT results_NN2 show_VV0 that_CST the_AT performances_NN2 of_IO AUV_NP1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 anti-vibration_JJ are_VBR improved_VVN ._. 
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This_DD1 also_RR helps_VVZ to_TO avoid_VVI phase_NN1 wrapping_NN1 artifacts_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
In_RR21 addition_RR22 ,_, the_AT effects_NN2 of_IO the_AT number_NN1 of_IO resonators_NN2 ,_, the_AT materials_NN2 of_IO resonators_NN2 ,_, and_CC the_AT mass_JJ ratio_NN1 between_II resonators_NN2 on_II sound_NN1 absorption_NN1 characteristics_NN2 are_VBR studied_VVN ._. 
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<s>
As_CSA previously_RR explained_VVN ,_, predicted_VVD nondirectional_JJ response_NN1 spectra_NN2 were_VBDR obtained_VVN from_II the_AT directional_JJ response_NN1 spectra_NN2 by_II integrating_VVG all_DB of_IO the_AT directional_JJ components_NN2 within_II each_DD1 wave-frequency_JJ band_NN1 ,_, and_CC it_PPH1 must_VM be_VBI borne_VVN in_II mind_NN1 that_CST the_AT predictions_NN2 given_VVN in_II Figs_NN2 ._. 
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For_IF a_AT1 given_JJ ,_, the_AT roots_NN2 of_IO Eq_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
(_( 10_MC )_) ,_, i.e._REX ,_, the_AT values_NN2 of_IO K_ZZ1 locating_VVG in_II the_AT region_NN1 of_IO &lsqb;_( 0_MC ,_, L/_FU &rsqb;_) ,_, are_VBR to_TO be_VBI determined_VVN ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 simplification_NN1 is_VBZ done_VDN as_II capturing_VVG the_AT effect_NN1 of_IO abrupt_JJ changes_NN2 in_II the_AT propulsion_NN1 parameters_NN2 is_VBZ deemed_VVN unfeasible_JJ on_II a_AT1 dataset_NN1 of_IO this_DD1 size_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Moreover_RR ,_, to_TO identify_VVI the_AT characteristics_NN2 of_IO the_AT combination_NN1 resonance_NN1 ,_, the_AT nonlinear_JJ term_NN1 in_II the_AT nonlinear_JJ equations_NN2 is_VBZ approximated_VVN up_RG21 to_RG22 the_AT second_MD order_NN1 using_VVG the_AT Taylor_NP1 series_NN expansion_NN1 ._. 
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Variations_NN2 of_IO the_AT BSFC_NP1 ,_, as_CSA a_AT1 function_NN1 of_IO engine_NN1 load_NN1 ,_, are_VBR shown_VVN in_II Fig._NN1 2_MC ._. 
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The_AT G2_FO tests_NN2 suggest_VV0 that_CST prior_JJ plastic_NN1 deformations_NN2 at_II nearby_JJ locations_NN2 do_VD0 not_XX necessarily_RR compromise_VVI the_AT overall_JJ strength_NN1 of_IO the_AT grillage_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT first_MD simulation_NN1 results_NN2 for_IF internal_JJ combustion_NN1 diesel_NN1 engines_NN2 where_RRQ the_AT EE_UH size-of-classes_NN2 approach_NN1 was_VBDZ used_VVN can_VM be_VBI found_VVN in_II &lsqb;_( 11_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
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Fig._NN1 15_MC compares_VVZ the_AT horizontal_JJ components_NN2 of_IO the_AT current_JJ velocity_NN1 between_II large-scale_JJ OGCM_JJ analysis_NN1 and_CC in_RR21 situ_RR22 ADCP_VV0 measurements_NN2 along_II the_AT track_NN1 of_IO the_AT survey_NN1 vessel_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT start_NN1 of_IO combustion_NN1 was_VBDZ identified_VVN when_CS the_AT net_JJ heat_NN1 release_NN1 rate_NN1 started_VVD to_TO increase_VVI &lsqb;_( 3_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, &lsqb;_( 4_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
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<s>
However_RR ,_, the_AT engine_NN1 load_NN1 ,_, engine_NN1 speed_NN1 ,_, injection_NN1 timing_NN1 ,_, in-cylinder_JJ composition_NN1 ,_, coolant_NN1 temperature_NN1 ,_, and_CC wall_NN1 material_NN1 are_VBR the_AT main_JJ parameters_NN2 of_IO heat_NN1 transfer_NN1 to_II combustion_NN1 walls_NN2 while_CS engine_NN1 load_NN1 and_CC speed_NN1 are_VBR the_AT most_RGT two_MC important_JJ ones_NN2 &lsqb;_( 60_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, as_CSA seen_VVN in_II Eq_NN1 ._. 
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(_( 14_MC )_) ._. 
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Fig._NN1 5_MC shows_VVZ the_AT transient_JJ response_NN1 of_IO the_AT diesel_NN1 engine_NN1 ._. 
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In_BCL21 order_BCL22 to_TO determine_VVI the_AT effect_NN1 of_IO the_AT ice_NN1 field_NN1 length_NN1 L_ZZ1 on_II the_AT v_MC ?_NULL hf_NNU ,_, tests_NN2 with_IW L_ZZ1 varying_VVG from_II 2.5_MC to_II 20km_NNU in_II steps_NN2 of_IO 2.5km_NNU are_VBR conducted_VVN ._. 
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But_CCB it_PPH1 is_VBZ reported_VVN that_CST for_IF a_AT1 speed_NN1 above_II 20_MC knots_NN2 ,_, their_APPGE methods_NN2 tend_VV0 to_TO overestimate_VVI the_AT whipping_JJ moments_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
It_PPH1 is_VBZ therefore_RR desirable_JJ to_TO achieve_VVI a_AT1 smooth_JJ path_NN1 by_II incorporating_VVG the_AT dynamic_JJ properties_NN2 ,_, including_II the_AT turning_NN1 abilities_NN2 of_IO the_AT OS_NP2 ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 study_NN1 showed_VVD a_AT1 new_JJ concept_NN1 of_IO combining_VVG a_AT1 Dual_JJ Miller_NN1 Cycle_NN1 with_IW Organic_JJ Rankine_NN1 Cycle_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
As_II the_AT reconstructed_JJ source_NN1 distribution_NN1 in_II31 front_II32 of_II33 the_AT array_NN1 has_VHZ positive_JJ value_NN1 ,_, the_AT contour_NN1 levels_NN2 are_VBR limited_VVN to_II 0_MC to_II 1_MC1 ._. 
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Furthermore_RR ,_, spurious_JJ pressure_NN1 fluctuations_NN2 may_VM occur_VVI due_II21 to_II22 the_AT reflection_NN1 of_IO acoustic_JJ waves_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT dynamic_JJ pressure_NN1 coefficient_NN1 CP_NP1 on_II the_AT cylinder_NN1 surface_NN1 is_VBZ presented_VVN in_II31 terms_II32 of_II33 the_AT angle_NN1 in_II a_AT1 cylindrical_JJ coordinate_NN1 system_NN1 (_( see_VV0 Fig._NN1 1_MC1 )_) ._. 
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<s>
Taking_VVG the_AT longitudinal_JJ dynamic_JJ system_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 heavy-haul_JJ railway_NN1 freight_NN1 car_NN1 as_II an_AT1 example_NN1 ,_, the_AT coupler_NN1 buffer_NN1 of_IO such_DA car_NN1 comprises_VVZ a_AT1 steel_NN1 spring_NN1 ,_, dry_JJ friction_NN1 parts_NN2 ,_, and_CC elastic_JJ cement_NN1 ,_, and_CC the_AT force_NN1 from_II the_AT buffer_NN1 to_II the_AT car_NN1 body_NN1 shows_VVZ hysteresis_NN1 nonlinearity_NN1 ._. 
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Their_APPGE results_NN2 indicated_VVD that_CST gasoline-like_JJ fuels_NN2 exhibit_VV0 great_JJ potential_NN1 for_IF cleaner_JJR combustion_NN1 than_CSN with_IW conventional_JJ diesel_NN1 fuel_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
As_CSA shown_VVN in_II Fig._NN1 4_MC ,_, KVLCC2_FO has_VHZ larger_JJR viscous_JJ resistance_NN1 coefficients_NN2 for_IF all_DB Reynolds_NP1 numbers_NN2 ,_, which_DDQ implies_VVZ larger_JJR form_NN1 factor_NN1 values_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
A_AT1 delta-SPH_NN1 (_( δ_FO )_) coefficient_NN1 of_IO 0.1_MC is_VBZ recommended_VVN for_IF most_DAT applications_NN2 and_CC applied_VVN in_II this_DD1 work_NN1 (_( Crespo_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2015_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 is_VBZ the_AT only_JJ major_JJ impact_NN1 at_II this_DD1 operating_NN1 condition_NN1 from_II the_AT increased_JJ pedal_NN1 position_NN1 as_CSA it_PPH1 can_VM be_VBI seen_VVN that_CST changes_NN2 in_II main_JJ injection_NN1 timing_NN1 (_( Fig._NN1 7c_FO )_) and_CC fuel_NN1 injection_NN1 pressure_NN1 (_( Fig._NN1 7d_NNU )_) are_VBR small_JJ ._. 
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Here_RL ,_, we_PPIS2 have_VH0 made_VVN four_MC contributions_NN2 ._. 
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On_II the_AT other_JJ hand_NN1 ,_, operational_JJ costs_NN2 decrease_VV0 ,_, driven_VVN by_II the_AT higher_JJR system_NN1 efficiency_NN1 ,_, and_CC thereby_RR lower_JJR fuel_NN1 consumption_NN1 ,_, and_CC by_II the_AT switch_NN1 from_II MDO_NP1 to_II LNG_NP1 ._. 
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This_DD1 research_NN1 is_VBZ supported_VVN by_II the_AT project_NN1 "_" ShipDrive_NP1 :_: A_ZZ1 Novel_JJ Methodology_NN1 for_IF Integrated_JJ Modeling_NN1 ,_, Control_NN1 ,_, and_CC Optimization_NN1 of_IO Hybrid_JJ Ship_NN1 Systems_NN2 "_" (_( project_NN1 13276_MC )_) of_IO the_AT Netherlands_NP1 Organization_NN1 for_IF Scientific_JJ Research_NN1 (_( NWO_NP1 )_) ,_, domain_NN1 Applied_VVN and_CC Engineering_NN1 Sciences_NN2 (_( TTW_NP1 )_) ._. 
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<s>
In_II31 case_II32 of_II33 ships_NN2 ,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ easier_JJR ,_, compared_VVN to_II automotive_JJ applications_NN2 to_TO recover_VVI engines_NN2 wasted_JJ heat_NN1 ,_, due_II21 to_II22 the_AT more_RGR stable_JJ operating_NN1 profile_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
However_RR ,_, it_PPH1 should_VM be_VBI noticed_VVN that_CST the_AT imperfect_JJ insulation_NN1 in_II real_JJ cases_NN2 will_VM allow_VVI some_DD heat_NN1 losses_NN2 ,_, despite_II the_AT fact_NN1 that_CST a_AT1 high_JJ level_NN1 of_IO insulation_NN1 is_VBZ applied_VVN to_II cryogenic_JJ systems_NN2 on-site_JJ ._. 
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The_AT crack_NN1 growth_NN1 was_VBDZ optically_RR measured_VVN by_II using_VVG a_AT1 high-resolution_JJ video_NN1 recorder_NN1 and_CC a_AT1 tape_NN1 with_IW measuring_VVG scale_NN1 was_VBDZ bonded_VVN next_II21 to_II22 the_AT fatigue_NN1 crack_NN1 (_( as_CSA seen_VVN from_II Fig._NN1 5_MC )_) ._. 
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Here_RL the_AT body_NN1 surface_NN1 is_VBZ described_VVN by_II f=0_FO ,_, with_IW f>0_FO outside_JJ body_NN1 ,_, f<0_FO inside_II body_NN1 .._... 
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<s>
The_AT maximum_JJ pressure_NN1 rise_NN1 rates_NN2 for_IF diesel_NN1 ,_, VB_NP1 and_CC AB_FO fuel_NN1 were_VBDR 4.19bar/°CA_FU (_( 37.71bar/ms_FU )_) ,_, 4.08bar/°CA_FU (_( 36.72bar/ms_FU )_) and_CC 4.13bar/°CA_FU (_( 37.17bar/ms_FU )_) respectively_RR ._. 
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<s>
In_II this_DD1 paper_NN1 ,_, a_AT1 high-gain_JJ speed_NN1 control_NN1 is_VBZ used_VVN to_TO study_VVI the_AT worst-case_JJ scenario_NN1 ,_, namely_REX the_AT load_NN1 torque_NN1 balanced_VVN by_II the_AT motor_NN1 torque_NN1 ._. 
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It_PPH1 has_VHZ been_VBN assumed_VVN that_CST all_DB the_AT battery_NN1 cells_NN2 have_VH0 identical_JJ characteristics_NN2 and_CC the_AT resistances_NN2 between_II cells_NN2 are_VBR negligible_JJ ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 work_NN1 was_VBDZ supported_VVN by_II the_AT Natural_JJ Science_NN1 Foundation_NN1 of_IO China_NP1 (_( 11547005_MC )_) ,_, the_AT Natural_JJ Science_NN1 Foundation_NN1 of_IO Liaoning_NP1 Province_NN1 of_IO China_NP1 (_( 20170540007_MC )_) ,_, the_AT Natural_JJ Science_NN1 Foundation_NN1 of_IO Education_NN1 Department_NN1 of_IO Liaoning_NP1 Province_NN1 of_IO China_NP1 (_( LZ2017002_FO )_) and_CC Innovative_JJ Talents_NN2 Support_VV0 Program_NN1 in_II Colleges_NN2 and_CC Universities_NN2 of_IO Liaoning_NP1 Province_NN1 (_( LR2016021_FO )_) ._. 
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<s>
The_AT scattering_NN1 frequencies_NN2 of_IO a_AT1 cylindrical_JJ scatterer_NN1 obtained_VVN by_II the_AT proposed_JJ approach_NN1 show_VV0 a_AT1 good_JJ agreement_NN1 with_IW the_AT closed-form_JJ solutions_NN2 ._. 
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Time-dependent_JJ simulations_NN2 showed_VVD that_CST the_AT increase_NN1 in_II acoustic_JJ pressure_NN1 to_II a_AT1 maximum_JJ level_NN1 after_II US_NP1 signal_NN1 activation_NN1 and_CC the_AT pressure_NN1 drop_NN1 after_II signal_NN1 cessation_NN1 were_VBDR faster_RRR when_CS the_AT water-coupled_JJ non-reflective_JJ layer_NN1 was_VBDZ used_VVN to_TO replace_VVI the_AT air_NN1 layer_NN1 below_II the_AT dish_NN1 ,_, generating_VVG a_AT1 pressure_NN1 pattern_NN1 that_CST more_RGR closely_RR followed_VVD the_AT applied_JJ pulsed_JJ ultrasound_NN1 signal_NN1 due_II21 to_II22 reduced_JJ wave_NN1 reflection_NN1 and_CC interference_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT results_NN2 indicate_VV0 notable_JJ pressure_NN1 reductions_NN2 or_CC flow_NN1 separations_NN2 resulted_VVN from_II the_AT ship-tug_JJ boat_NN1 interaction_NN1 effects_NN2 ,_, and_CC further_RRR verify_VV0 the_AT observations_NN2 in_II the_AT integral_JJ force_NN1 predictions_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
In_II Zadeh_NP1 ,_, Zahedi_NP1 ,_, Molinas_NP2 ,_, and_CC Norum_NP1 (_( 2013_MC )_) ,_, a_AT1 methodology_NN1 is_VBZ proposed_VVN to_TO stabilize_VVI the_AT DC_NP1 voltage_NN1 by_II moving_VVG the_AT states_NN2 of_IO the_AT system_NN1 into_II a_AT1 previously_RR found_VVN region_NN1 of_IO attraction_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
It_PPH1 can_VM be_VBI seen_VVN that_CST the_AT elastic_JJ coupler_NN1 obviously_RR affects_VVZ the_AT mobility_NN1 characteristics_NN2 of_IO the_AT coupling_NN1 plate_NN1 structural_JJ system_NN1 ,_, and_CC the_AT mobility_NN1 characteristics_NN2 of_IO the_AT rigidly_RR coupled_VVN plate_NN1 structural_JJ system_NN1 are_VBR apparently_RR higher_JJR than_CSN those_DD2 with_IW elastic_JJ coupler_NN1 system_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
It_PPH1 is_VBZ also_RR evident_JJ that_CST the_AT larger_JJR 200_MC kW_NNU WEC_NN1 system_NN1 creates_VVZ significant_JJ over_II generation_NN1 (_( 16%_NNU )_) with_IW the_AT majority_NN1 of_IO this_DD1 occurring_VVG during_II the_AT fall_NN1 months_NNT2 ;_; a_AT1 period_NN1 of_IO high_JJ rainfall_NN1 and_CC wave_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
However_RR ,_, as_CS31 long_CS32 as_CS33 liquid_JJ cargo_NN1 returns_VVZ to_II the_AT tanks_NN2 ,_, despite_II how_RGQ small_JJ this_DD1 quantity_NN1 is_VBZ ,_, the_AT overall_JJ system_NN1 efficiency_NN1 is_VBZ still_RR improved_VVN ._. 
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<s>
Morris_NP1 and_CC Miller13_FO developed_VVN an_AT1 acoustic_JJ analogy_NN1 based_VVN model_NN1 for_IF predicting_VVG the_AT BBSAN_NN1 based_VVN on_II linearized_JJ Euler_NN1 equations_NN2 (_( LEE_NP1 )_) and_CC Reynolds-averaged_JJ Navier-Stokes_NP1 (_( RANS_NP2 )_) simulations_NN2 ._. 
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In_BCL21 order_BCL22 to_TO reduce_VVI the_AT human_JJ error_NN1 caused_VVN by_II the_AT burden_NN1 of_IO too_RG much_DA1 information_NN1 available_JJ and_CC integrate_VV0 navigational_JJ tools_NN2 effectively_RR ,_, International_JJ Maritime_JJ Organization_NN1 (_( IMO_NP1 )_) proposed_VVD the_AT e-Navigation_JJ strategy_NN1 &lsqb;_( 2_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 work_NN1 was_VBDZ carried_VVN out_RP within_II the_AT European_JJ project_NN1 "_" HANDLING_NN1 WAVES_NN2 –_- Decision_NN1 Support_NN1 System_NN1 for_IF Ship_NN1 Operation_NN1 in_II Rough_JJ Weather_NN1 "_" (_( )_) ,_, which_DDQ was_VBDZ partly_RR funded_VVN by_II the_AT European_JJ Union_NN1 through_II the_AT Growth_NN1 program_NN1 under_II contract_NN1 TST5-CT-2006-031489_NP1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT wave_NN1 loads_NN2 behavior_NN1 of_IO fixing_VVG structures_NN2 in_II short-crested_JJ waves_NN2 has_VHZ been_VBN investigated_VVN by_II frequency-domain_JJ approach_NN1 in_II the_AT early_JJ years_NNT2 ._. 
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The_AT total_JJ solver_NN1 CPU_NN1 time_NNT1 was_VBDZ 372h_FO ,_, 253h_FO and_CC 103h_FO for_IF the_AT fine_JJ ,_, medium_NN1 and_CC coarse_JJ mesh_NN1 respectively_RR ._. 
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Definition_NN1 sketch_NN1 for_IF root_NN1 mean_VV0 squared_JJ error_NN1 ._. 
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Time_NNT1 series_NN :_: T30_FO and_CC T120_FO ;_; Angle_NN1 sequence_NN1 :_: A50_FO ,_, A100_FO ,_, A200_FO ,_, and_CC A250_FO ._. 
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<s>
The_AT proposed_JJ method_NN1 employs_VVZ a_AT1 model_NN1 of_IO the_AT acoustic_JJ environment_NN1 and_CC evaluates_VVZ the_AT ANC_NP1 system_NN1 in_II various_JJ configurations_NN2 ,_, according_II21 to_II22 the_AT optimization_NN1 procedure_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
In_II such_DA simulations_NN2 ,_, the_AT waveshape_NN1 generated_VVN by_II the_AT sound_NN1 source_NN1 is_VBZ an_AT1 important_JJ consideration_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Thereafter_RT ,_, a_AT1 more_RGR reasonable_JJ mathematical_JJ model_NN1 between_II pipe_NN1 and_CC soil_NN1 can_VM be_VBI established_VVN by_II combining_VVG experimental_JJ data_NN with_IW theory_NN1 ._. 
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Hence_RR ,_, the_AT ORC_NN1 system_NN1 is_VBZ designed_VVN based_VVN on_II part_NN1 load_NN1 of_IO marine_JJ engine_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT estimation_NN1 procedure_NN1 is_VBZ described_VVN in_II Section_NN1 III-A_MC and_CC its_APPGE sensitivity_NN1 is_VBZ studied_VVN in_II Section_NN1 III-B_NP1 ._. 
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Small-scale_JJ experimental_JJ data_NN are_VBR considered_VVN in_II Section_NN1 IV_MC ._. 
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Otherwise_RR ,_, the_AT original_JJ ice_NN1 boundary_NN1 is_VBZ not_XX updated_VVN and_CC kept_VVN as_CSA it_PPH1 is_VBZ ._. 
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<s>
However_RR ,_, the_AT process_NN1 was_VBDZ simplified_VVN in_II this_DD1 work_NN1 by_II assuming_VVG that_CST the_AT ship_NN1 does_VDZ not_XX move_VVI vertically_RR ._. 
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<s>
Although_CS it_PPH1 should_VM be_VBI noted_VVN that_DD1 phase_NN1 separation_NN1 occurs_VVZ in_II diesel-ethanol_JJ fuel_NN1 blends_VVZ at_II temperatures_NN2 below_RG 10_MC °C_NNU &lsqb;_( 14_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, &lsqb;_( 15_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, &lsqb;_( 16_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
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<s>
With_IW the_AT going_NN1 of_IO vessel_NN1 ,_, the_AT initial_JJ circumferential_JJ crack_NN1 propagated_VVN towards_II stem_NN1 and_CC shoulder_NN1 ._. 
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These_DD2 manoeuvring_VVG derivatives_NN2 have_VH0 been_VBN assumed_VVN to_TO keep_VVI constant_JJ in_II the_AT present_JJ MMG_NP1 model_NN1 for_IF different_JJ speeds_NN2 ._. 
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The_AT maximum_JJ mesh_NN1 size_NN1 in_II the_AT calculated_JJ analysis_NN1 was_VBDZ 4mm_NNU ._. 
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The_AT background_NN1 noise_NN1 in_II the_AT channel_NN1 was_VBDZ measured_VVN when_CS no_AT ships_NN2 were_VBDR present_JJ within_II 5km_NNU of_IO the_AT receiver_NN1 ,_, providing_VVG a_AT1 noise_NN1 baseline_NN1 for_IF the_AT area_NN1 ._. 
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Sciubba_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
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&lsqb;_( 105_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, &lsqb;_( 106_MC &rsqb;_) analysed_VVD the_AT comparison_NN1 between_II a_AT1 single-loop_NN1 and_CC a_AT1 dual-loop_JJ waste_NN1 heat_NN1 recovery_NN1 system_NN1 for_IF different_JJ power_NN1 range_NN1 marine_JJ engines_NN2 (_( a_AT1 yacht_NN1 non-supercharged_JJ 300_MC kW_NNU engine_NN1 and_CC a_AT1 ship_NN1 turbocharged_VVD 12.6_MC MW_NNU engine_NN1 )_) ,_, using_VVG R245fa_FO and_CC R600_FO for_IF the_AT secondary_JJ recovery_NN1 loop_NN1 and_CC water-steam_NN1 for_IF the_AT primary_JJ loop_NN1 ,_, recovering_VVG engine_NN1 exhaust_NN1 gas_NN1 and_CC HT_NN1 cooling_VVG water_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT MVDC_NP1 bus_NN1 features_NN2 both_RR a_AT1 static_JJ (_( resistive_JJ )_) load_VV0 and_CC a_AT1 dynamic_JJ load_NN1 in_II the_AT form_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 controlled_JJ current_JJ source_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
DDP_NP1 and_CC Double_JJ Q_ZZ1 energy_NN1 management_NN1 strategies_NN2 for_IF sample_NN1 training_NN1 voyage_NN1 1_MC1 with_IW low_JJ power_NN1 demands_NN2 :_: (_( a_ZZ1 )_) optimal_JJ off-line_JJ strategy_NN1 solved_VVN by_II DDP_NP1 ,_, (_( b_ZZ1 )_) on-line_JJ strategy_NN1 solved_VVN by_II the_AT Double_JJ Q_ZZ1 agent_NN1 ._. 
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We_PPIS2 therefore_RR conclude_VV0 that_CST the_AT compatibility_NN1 of_IO the_AT general_JJ form_NN1 Eq_NN1 ._. 
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(_( 36_MC )_) for_IF the_AT velocity_NN1 tensor_NN1 and_CC the_AT principle_NN1 of_IO space-time_JJ isotropy_NN1 results_NN2 in_II the_AT non-separable_JJ form_NN1 Eq_NN1 ._. 
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(_( 45_MC )_) ,_, which_DDQ is_VBZ wave-number_JJ white_JJ for_IF vanishing_JJ wavenumbers_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Through_II a_AT1 combined_JJ action_NN1 the_AT debonding_NN1 of_IO steel-lower_JJR skin_NN1 at_II the_AT front_JJ side_NN1 was_VBDZ in_II progress_NN1 (_( see_VV0 Fig._NN1 34b_FO )_) ._. 
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<s>
The_AT great_JJ difference_NN1 between_II M-Splines_NN2 and_CC Kriging_NP1 is_VBZ that_CST for_IF M-Splines_NN2 the_AT sample_NN1 values_NN2 are_VBR directly_RR included_VVN into_II the_AT solving_NN1 linear_JJ system_NN1 ,_, while_CS this_DD1 do_VD0 not_XX happens_VVZ in_II Kriging_NP1 ,_, since_CS the_AT semi-variogram_NN1 represents_VVZ a_AT1 spatial_JJ correlation_NN1 only_RR :_: sample_NN1 values_NN2 are_VBR often_RR used_VVN to_TO derive_VVI the_AT Kriging_JJ semi-variogram_NN1 ,_, but_CCB the_AT data_NN are_VBR heavily_RR spatially_RR averaged_VVN so_CS21 that_CS22 their_APPGE effect_NN1 is_VBZ weak_JJ ._. 
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The_AT quality_NN1 of_IO the_AT liquid_NN1 can_VM be_VBI calculated_VVN by_II the_AT gravity_NN1 of_IO the_AT water_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT main_JJ application_NN1 of_IO this_DD1 method_NN1 is_VBZ to_TO simulate_VVI and_CC analyze_VVI bubbly_JJ flow_NN1 problems_NN2 (_( Unverdi_NP1 and_CC Tryggvason_NP1 ,_, 1992_MC ,_, Ervin_NP1 and_CC Tryggvason_NP1 ,_, 1997_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
The_AT effective_JJ depth_NN1 δh_FO in_II Eq_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
(_( 20_MC )_) gives_VVZ rise_NN1 to_II a_AT1 ray_NN1 displacement_NN1 δr_FO as_CSA shown_VVN in_II Fig._NN1 13_MC ._. 
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<s>
Fig._NN1 3_MC shows_VVZ the_AT generation_NN1 of_IO an_AT1 unsteady_JJ bore_NN1 from_II the_AT eddy_NN1 viscosity_NN1 breaking_VVG model_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
For_IF the_AT more_RGR premixed_JJ cases_NN2 ,_, the_AT burning_JJ rate_NN1 is_VBZ a_AT1 process_NN1 more_RRR influenced_VVN by_II chemical_JJ kinetics_NN1 ,_, not_XX only_RR by_II mixing_NN1 ,_, and_CC this_DD1 kinetic_JJ rate_NN1 is_VBZ affected_VVN by_II the_AT turbulence_NN1 levels_NN2 and_CC local_JJ stratification_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT von_NP1 Mises_NP1 stress_NN1 and_CC deformation_NN1 of_IO the_AT model_NN1 with_IW the_AT load_NN1 located_VVN at_II the_AT center_NN1 of_IO the_AT frame_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ in_II this_DD1 case_NN1 is_VBZ the_AT most_RGT onerous_JJ ,_, is_VBZ shown_VVN in_II Fig._NN1 12_MC at_II different_JJ stages_NN2 of_IO the_AT loading_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_RR21 general_RR22 ,_, the_AT developed_JJ numerical_JJ model_NN1 is_VBZ able_JK to_TO capture_VVI the_AT key_JJ features_NN2 of_IO the_AT wave_NN1 elevation_NN1 and_CC impact_NN1 pressure_NN1 during_II a_AT1 plunging_JJ wave_NN1 impact_NN1 process_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT priorities_NN2 of_IO the_AT proposed_JJ system_NN1 consist_VV0 of_IO its_APPGE capability_NN1 of_IO eliminating_VVG external_JJ disturbance_NN1 and_CC the_AT robustness_NN1 of_IO coping_VVG with_IW dynamical_JJ changes_NN2 ._. 
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The_AT measuring_JJ point_NN1 on_II the_AT outer_JJ surface_NN1 of_IO the_AT cylindrical_JJ shell_NN1 is_VBZ located_VVN at_II (_( r=a_FO ,_, =/2_FU ,_, z=0_FO )_) ._. 
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<s>
The_AT interaction_NN1 between_II the_AT incident_NN1 wave_NN1 modes_NN2 and_CC the_AT boundary_NN1 was_VBDZ not_XX explicitly_RR studied_VVN in_II this_DD1 paper_NN1 although_CS it_PPH1 might_VM have_VHI an_AT1 influence_NN1 on_II the_AT normal_JJ displacements_NN2 that_CST are_VBR recorded_VVN by_II the_AT piezoelectric_JJ transducers_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Damping_VVG materials_NN2 are_VBR dense_JJ ,_, and_CC in_II some_DD cases_NN2 the_AT total_JJ weight_NN1 increase_NN1 can_VM be_VBI significant_JJ ._. 
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<s>
The_AT remainder_NN1 of_IO the_AT paper_NN1 is_VBZ organised_VVN as_CSA follows_VVZ ._. 
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<s>
During_II the_AT summer_NNT1 when_RRQ the_AT air_NN1 temperatures_NN2 are_VBR high_JJ ,_, a_AT1 maximum_JJ fan_NN1 consumption_NN1 of_IO 25_MC kWe_NN1 is_VBZ seen_VVN at_II design_NN1 speed_NN1 (_( i.e._REX 23.3_MC knots_NN2 )_) which_DDQ results_VVZ in_II the_AT lowest_JJT ORC_NN1 unit_NN1 net_NN1 power_NN1 (_( see_VV0 Fig._NN1 7_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
Second_MD ,_, an_AT1 analysis_NN1 is_VBZ presented_VVN of_IO the_AT principal_JJ mechanisms_NN2 that_CST are_VBR responsible_JJ for_IF the_AT noise_NN1 reduction_NN1 due_II21 to_II22 the_AT application_NN1 of_IO the_AT air-bubble_JJ curtain_NN1 in_II marine_JJ piling_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT Michell_NP1 and_CC Hogner_NP1 amplitude_NN1 functions_NN2 |_NULL aM(qT)_VV0 |_NULL and_CC |_NULL aH(qT)_NN1 |_NULL associated_VVN with_IW transverse_JJ waves_NN2 can_VM not_XX be_VBI distinguished_VVN in_II Fig._NN1 2_MC ,_, except_CS at_II low_JJ Froude_NP1 numbers_NN2 F_ZZ1 =_FO 0.2_MC and_CC F_ZZ1 =_FO 0.3_MC for_IF ray_NN1 angles_NN2 *_FU <_FO |_NULL |_NULL <_FO K_ZZ1 with_IW *_FU ≈_NULL K_NP1 for_IF F_ZZ1 =_FO 0.3_MC ._. 
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<s>
Here_RL ,_, a_AT1 metallic_JJ substrate_NN1 is_VBZ used_VVN ,_, and_CC the_AT tension_NN1 process_NN1 can_VM be_VBI eliminated_VVN ._. 
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<s>
Fig._NN1 10_MC shows_VVZ the_AT effect_NN1 of_IO different_JJ fuels_NN2 on_II NOX_NP1 formation_NN1 under_II different_JJ BMEPs_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 work_NN1 was_VBDZ finically_RR supported_VVN by_II the_AT National_JJ Natural_JJ Science_NN1 Foundation_NN1 of_IO China_NP1 (_( Grant_NP1 No._NN1 51675023_MC &;_NULL 51675021_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
We_PPIS2 adopt_VV0 this_DD1 arrangement_NN1 as_II the_AT application_NN1 of_IO the_AT Keller-Box_NP1 scheme_NN1 is_VBZ not_XX advantageous_JJ in_II the_AT inner_JJ domain_NN1 where_CS the_AT celerity_NN1 is_VBZ infinite_JJ ._. 
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<s>
NOx_NN1 emissions_NN2 showed_VVD a_AT1 tendency_NN1 to_TO increase_VVI with_IW increasing_VVG the_AT amount_NN1 of_IO ethanol_NN1 and_CC reducing_VVG the_AT amount_NN1 of_IO water_NN1 ,_, especially_RR in_II the_AT condition_NN1 of_IO EW60_FO ,_, which_DDQ achieves_VVZ higher_JJR NOx_NN1 emissions_NN2 compared_VVN with_IW other_JJ ethanol/water_NN1 addition_NN1 conditions_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Compared_VVN with_IW diesel_NN1 fuel_NN1 ,_, Asokan_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
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<s>
&lsqb;_( 47_MC &rsqb;_) found_VVD that_CST the_AT higher_JJR BSFC_NP1 of_IO biodiesel_NN1 may_VM be_VBI the_AT result_NN1 of_IO the_AT combined_JJ action_NN1 of_IO fuel_NN1 density_NN1 ,_, viscosity_NN1 and_CC LHV_NP1 of_IO fuel_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT most_RGT important_JJ reasons_NN2 for_IF applying_VVG DC_NP1 systems_NN2 are_VBR increased_JJ fuel_NN1 efficiency_NN1 when_CS running_VVG generators_NN2 in_II part_NN1 load_NN1 and_CC reduced_JJ power_NN1 conversion_NN1 losses_NN2 &lsqb;_( 17_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
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<s>
Since_CS the_AT effects_NN2 of_IO bending_VVG and_CC torsional_JJ stiffness_NN1 of_IO the_AT pipeline_NN1 are_VBR ignored_VVN in_II the_AT catenary_JJ method_NN1 ,_, the_AT catenary_JJ position_NN1 found_VVN is_VBZ not_XX a_AT1 true_JJ equilibrium_NN1 position_NN1 ,_, but_CCB is_VBZ often_RR quite_RG close_JJ to_II the_AT true_JJ static_JJ equilibrium_NN1 position_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Practical_JJ petroleum_NN1 fuels_NN2 contain_VV0 a_AT1 large_JJ number_NN1 of_IO components_NN2 whose_DDQGE physical_JJ and_CC chemical_JJ properties_NN2 are_VBR difficult_JJ to_TO model_VVI in_II chemical_JJ kinetic_JJ and_CC engine_NN1 simulations_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Therefore_RR ,_, the_AT following_JJ section_NN1 aims_VVZ to_TO compare_VVI and_CC discuss_VVI the_AT results_NN2 obtained_VVD using_VVG the_AT different_JJ techniques_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Fig._NN1 4(a)_FO shows_VVZ the_AT sound_NN1 absorption_NN1 coefficients_NN2 of_IO a_AT1 homogenous_JJ rubbery_JJ coating_NN1 with_IW various_JJ v._NNU And_CC the_AT red_JJ particles_NN2 indicate_VV0 those_DD2 detected_VVN as_CSA free-surface_JJ particles_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Therefore_RR ,_, from_II the_AT above_JJ discussion_NN1 ,_, it_PPH1 can_VM be_VBI concluded_VVN that_CST the_AT optimum_JJ selection_NN1 of_IO neurons_NN2 is_VBZ considered_VVN to_TO be_VBI 10_MC as_II the_AT model_NN1 is_VBZ capable_JJ of_IO predicting_VVG the_AT outputs_NN2 with_IW high_JJ accuracy_NN1 altogether_RR ._. 
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<s>
A_AT1 phenomenological_JJ 0D_NNU engine_NN1 model_NN1 involving_VVG a_AT1 detailed_JJ gas_NN1 phase_NN1 reaction_NN1 mechanism_NN1 is_VBZ combined_VVN with_IW H2O–H2SO4_NP1 vapor_NN1 liquid_NN1 equilibrium_NN1 to_TO compute_VVI dew_NN1 points_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT increasing_JJ pervasiveness_NN1 of_IO the_AT Automated_JJ Identification_NN1 System_NN1 (_( AIS_NN2 )_) is_VBZ leading_VVG to_II the_AT collection_NN1 of_IO large_JJ spatio-temporal_JJ datasets_NN2 and_CC to_II the_AT opportunity_NN1 of_IO discovering_VVG usable_JJ information_NN1 about_II the_AT navigational_JJ characteristics_NN2 and_CC the_AT mobility_NN1 patterns_NN2 of_IO vessels_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
A_AT1 first-order_JJ linear_JJ differential_JJ system_NN1 is_VBZ attached_VVN to_II the_AT considered_JJ piecewise_JJ linear_JJ system_NN1 such_II21 as_II22 the_AT first_MD vector_NN1 component_NN1 of_IO linear_JJ system_NN1 solution_NN1 to_TO have_VHI the_AT same_DA transmissibility_NN1 factor_NN1 as_CSA the_AT chosen_JJ output_NN1 of_IO the_AT considered_JJ nonlinear_JJ system_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
A_AT1 finite_JJ element_NN1 model_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 homogeneous_JJ single-layer_JJ synthetic_JJ vocal_JJ fold_NN1 was_VBDZ generated_VVN and_CC a_AT1 forward_JJ simulation_NN1 based_VVN on_II the_AT results_NN2 of_IO the_AT Inverse_JJ Method_NN1 for_IF a_AT1 1:1:2_MC sample_NN1 was_VBDZ run_VVN ._. 
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<s>
Spatial_JJ distributions_NN2 of_IO the_AT calculated_JJ dew_NN1 point_NN1 temperature_NN1 on_II cylinder_NN1 liner_NN1 at_II (_( a_ZZ1 )_) 6_MC ,_, (_( b_ZZ1 )_) 10_MC and_CC (_( c_ZZ1 )_) 15_MC CAD_NN1 ATDC_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Among_II the_AT three_MC WHR_NP1 technologies_NN2 ,_, ORC_NP1 has_VHZ the_AT highest_JJT efficiency_NN1 ,_, even_CS21 though_CS22 it_PPH1 has_VHZ some_DD limits_NN2 ,_, such_II21 as_II22 high_JJ complexity_NN1 &lsqb;_( 8_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, safety_NN1 &lsqb;_( 9_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, &lsqb;_( 10_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, and_CC durability_NN1 &lsqb;_( 11_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, &lsqb;_( 12_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
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<s>
The_AT dissipation_NN1 occurs_VVZ at_II frequencies_NN2 higher_JJR than_CSN the_AT sampling_NN1 rate_NN1 of_IO 25Hz_FO ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT predicted_JJ turning_NN1 radius_NN1 is_VBZ 9.2_MC m_NNO ,_, which_DDQ is_VBZ close_JJ to_II the_AT measured_JJ turning_NN1 radius_NN1 of_IO 9.9_MC m_NNO ._. 
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<s>
The_AT prediction_NN1 is_VBZ accurate_JJ as_II a_AT1 result_NN1 of_IO good_JJ modeling_NN1 of_IO the_AT yaw_NN1 rate6_FO as_CSA can_VM be_VBI seen_VVN in_II Fig._NN1 15(b)_FO ._. 
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<s>
The_AT inner_JJ space_NN1 was_VBDZ sealed_VVN with_IW a_AT1 custom-made_JJ rubber_JJ seal_NN1 and_CC connected_VVN tightly_RR with_IW plastic_NN1 screws_NN2 (_( Goseberg_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
2016a_FO ,_, b_ZZ1 ;_; Nistor_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
2016_MC ;_; Stolle_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
2017_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Wi_NN2 is_VBZ the_AT molecular_JJ weight_NN1 ,_, Nr_II is_VBZ the_AT total_JJ number_NN1 of_IO the_AT elementary_JJ reactions_NN2 ,_, kf_NNU is_VBZ the_AT forward_JJ specific_JJ reaction-rate_JJ constant_JJ ,_, kb_NNU is_VBZ the_AT backward_JJ specific_JJ reaction-rate_JJ constant_JJ ,_, Ci_FO is_VBZ the_AT concentration_NN1 ,_, respectively_RR ._. 
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<s>
In_BCL21 order_BCL22 to_TO decide_VVI on_II the_AT manoeuvre_NN1 and_CC which_DDQ vessel_NN1 must_VM carry_VVI it_PPH1 out_RP ,_, account_NN1 should_VM be_VBI taken_VVN of_IO rule_NN1 18_MC ,_, "_" Responsibilities_NN2 between_II vessels_NN2 "_" ,_, as_RG well_RR as_CSA of_IO rule_NN1 17_MC ,_, "_" Action_NN1 by_II stand-on_NN1 vessel_NN1 "_" ,_, in_II the_AT case_NN1 that_CST the_AT give-way_JJ vessel_NN1 does_VDZ not_XX act_VVI as_CSA prescribed_VVN ._. 
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<s>
During_II the_AT tests_NN2 ,_, the_AT measurement_NN1 of_IO heat_NN1 in_II a_AT1 single_JJ cycle_NN1 was_VBDZ impossible_JJ because_CS the_AT measured_JJ value_NN1 was_VBDZ the_AT amount_NN1 of_IO heat_NN1 generated_VVN during_II a_AT1 few_DA2 hundred_NNO cycles_NN2 (_( about_RG 300_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
The_AT vapor_NN1 compression_NN1 chiller_NN1 is_VBZ water-cooled_JJ ._. 
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<s>
Example_NN1 11_MC :_: comparison_NN1 of_IO Gss_NP1 with_IW and_CC without_IW a_AT1 length-wise_JJ obstruction_NN1 in_II the_AT acoustic_JJ space_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT three_MC simulation_NN1 results_NN2 indicate_VV0 that_CST the_AT ship_NN1 collision_NN1 avoidance_NN1 model_NN1 can_VM provide_VVI a_AT1 suitable_JJ helm_NN1 order_NN1 for_IF the_AT own_DA ship_NN1 to_TO pass_VVI the_AT target_NN1 ship_NN1 safely_RR ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 process_NN1 includes_VVZ the_AT following_JJ steps_NN2 :_: (_( 1_MC1 )_) select_VV0 an_AT1 appropriate_JJ ANN_NP1 mode_NN1 and_CC training_NN1 rule_NN1 ;_; (_( 2_MC )_) prepare_VV0 training_NN1 ,_, validation_NN1 ,_, and_CC testing_VVG data_NN groups_NN2 ;_; and_CC (_( 3_MC )_) train_VV0 the_AT ANN_NP1 model_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT reason_NN1 is_VBZ as_CSA follows_VVZ :_: firstly_RR ,_, when_CS the_AT reactivity_NN1 stratification_NN1 is_VBZ introduced_VVN ,_, the_AT decrease_NN1 in_II maximum_JJ in-cylinder_JJ temperature_NN1 from_II low_JJ combustion_NN1 speed_NN1 and_CC delayed_JJ combustion_NN1 phasing_VVG results_NN2 in_II a_AT1 lower_JJR heat_NN1 transfer_NN1 loss_NN1 compared_VVN to_II the_AT case_NN1 of_IO no-Pr70_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Global_JJ MPP_NP1 of_IO the_AT 3×8_FO PV_NN1 group_NN1 under_II different_JJ shading_NN1 cases_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
In_II31 accordance_II32 with_II33 Jia_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
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<s>
the_AT energy_NN1 transport_NN1 velocity_NN1 introduced_VVN in_II Eq_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
(_( 2_MC )_) is_VBZ identified_VVN with_IW the_AT determined_JJ coherent_JJ wave_NN1 as_CSA ce=cP1=2872.5_FO m/s_ZZ1 ._. 
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<s>
Note_VV0 that_CST this_DD1 assumption_NN1 provides_VVZ also_RR an_AT1 appropriate_JJ fit_NN1 to_II the_AT measurement_NN1 data_NN ._. 
</s>
<s>
Similarly_RR ,_, Vu_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
&lsqb;_( 93_MC &rsqb;_) cover_VV0 a_AT1 power_NN1 management_NN1 scheme_NN1 that_CST determines_VVZ the_AT optimal_JJ power_NN1 split_NN1 based_VVN on_II a_AT1 known_JJ future_JJ operating_NN1 profile_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
In_II all_DB the_AT optimisation_NN1 procedures_NN2 ,_, a_AT1 further_JJR assumption_NN1 has_VHZ been_VBN considered_VVN for_IF the_AT charged_JJ battery_NN1 state_NN1 at_II the_AT end_NN1 of_IO the_AT operative_JJ cycle_NN1 ;_; in_II this_DD1 case_NN1 a_AT1 minimum_JJ value_NN1 of_IO SoC_NP1 equal_JJ to_II 20%_NNU has_VHZ been_VBN chosen_VVN ,_, in_BCL21 order_BCL22 to_TO avoid_VVI any_DD impact_NN1 on_II battery_NN1 durability_NN1 &lsqb;_( 33_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
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<s>
Shorter_JJR response_NN1 times_NNT2 help_VV0 to_TO reduce_VVI the_AT total_JJ duration_NN1 of_IO experiments_NN2 ,_, which_DDQ limits_VVZ the_AT fatigue_NN1 of_IO the_AT participants_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Forest_NN1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
(_( 2005_MC )_) compared_VVD different_JJ LWC_NP1 formulas_NN2 from_II different_JJ authors_NN2 ,_, such_II21 as_II22 Horjen_NP1 and_CC Vefsnmo_NP1 (_( 1984_MC )_) ,_, Brown_NP1 and_CC Roebber_NP1 (_( 1985_MC )_) ,_, and_CC Zakrzewski_NP1 (_( 1986_MC )_) with_IW the_AT data_NN from_II the_AT semi-submersible_JJ drilling_NN1 platform_NN1 ,_, Ocean_NN1 Bounty_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ experienced_VVD several_DA2 icing_NN1 events_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Simplistically_RR ,_, a_AT1 porous_JJ material_NN1 can_VM be_VBI viewed_VVN as_II a_AT1 multiple_JJ resonator_NN1 which_DDQ has_VHZ small_JJ ducts_NN2 ,_, capillaries_NN2 and_CC interconnected_VVD volumes_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT reduction_NN1 in_II hearing_VVG sensitivity_NN1 may_VM have_VHI contributed_VVN to_II observed_JJ differences_NN2 in_II search_NN1 strategy_NN1 :_: reduced_JJ search_NN1 range_NN1 ,_, shorter_JJR interclick_NN1 intervals_NN2 ,_, predominant_JJ use_NN1 of_IO wideband_NN1 clicks_NN2 with_IW low-frequency_JJ peaks_NN2 ,_, and_CC more_RGR abundant_JJ click_NN1 production_NN1 were_VBDR seen_VVN in_II the_AT animal_NN1 with_IW hearing_NN1 loss_NN1 compared_VVN to_II the_AT normal-hearing_JJ animal_NN1 (_( Houser_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2005_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
Omnidirectional_JJ frequency_NN1 spectra_NN2 derived_VVN from_II WASS_NP1 data_NN (_( OBS_NN2 )_) and_CC numerical_JJ simulation_NN1 (_( MODEL_NN1 )_) ._. 
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<s>
Firstly_RR ,_, for_IF the_AT air_NN1 cavity_NN1 problem_NN1 ,_, there_EX is_VBZ no_AT cavitation_NN1 model_NN1 active_JJ in_II the_AT simulations_NN2 ,_, so_CS there_EX are_VBR no_AT source/sink_NN1 terms_NN2 active_JJ to_TO produce_VVI and_CC destroy_VVI the_AT air_NN1 phase_NN1 as_CSA they_PPHS2 are_VBR in_II vapour_NN1 cavitation_NN1 modelling_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Compared_VVN to_II the_AT physical_JJ wave_NN1 flume_NN1 ,_, the_AT length_NN1 of_IO the_AT numerical_JJ flume_NN1 is_VBZ significantly_RR reduced_VVN because_CS the_AT sponge_NN1 layer_NN1 deployed_VVN near_II the_AT left_JJ boundary_NN1 absorbs_VVZ the_AT reflecting_VVG waves_NN2 effectively_RR ._. 
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<s>
Natural_JJ gas_NN1 is_VBZ composed_VVN primarily_RR of_IO methane_NN1 ,_, but_CCB may_VM also_RR contain_VVI ethane_NN1 ,_, propane_NN1 and_CC heavier_JJR hydrocarbons_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Table_NN1 4_MC Central_JJ processing_NN1 unit_NN1 (_( CPU_NN1 )_) times_VVZ (_( second_MD )_) of_IO the_AT proposed_JJ method_NN1 and_CC SAFE_JJ method_NN1 for_IF Rayleigh_NP1 waves_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
It_PPH1 is_VBZ noted_VVN in_II ISO_NP1 19906_MC that_DD1 model_NN1 tests_NN2 can_VM clarify_VVI the_AT influence_NN1 of_IO ice_NN1 jamming_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT iterative_JJ refinement_NN1 process_NN1 can_VM be_VBI continued_VVN until_CS Ej+1_FO is_VBZ sufficiently_RR small_JJ on_II a_AT1 sufficiently_RR large_JJ percentage_NN1 of_IO the_AT horizontal_JJ domain_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT computation_NN1 procedure_NN1 is_VBZ shown_VVN in_II Fig._NN1 5_MC ._. 
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<s>
Under_II such_DA circumstances_NN2 ,_, the_AT submarine_NN1 speed_NN1 vs_II is_VBZ 3.036_MC m/s_ZZ1 ,_, the_AT propeller_NN1 rotating_VVG speed_NN1 Np_NP1 is_VBZ 665_MC rev/min_NNU ,_, and_CC the_AT resistance_NN1 (_( R_ZZ1 )_) of_IO hull–propeller_NN1 system_NN1 is_VBZ balanced_VVN by_II propeller_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 thrust_NN1 (_( T_ZZ1 )_) ._. 
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<s>
A_AT1 wide_JJ ,_, long_RR ,_, and_CC deep_JJ access_NN1 channel_NN1 is_VBZ required_VVN for_IF large_JJ ships_NN2 to_TO enter_VVI or_CC exit_VVI the_AT harbor_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Configuration_NN1 1_MC1 with_IW screws_NN2 at_II bottom_NN1 and_CC top_JJ only_JJ and_CC configuration_NN1 4_MC with_IW 7_MC rows_NN2 of_IO screws_NN2 firmly_RR fixed_VVN ._. 
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<s>
During_II the_AT optimization_NN1 procedure_NN1 ,_, GA_NP1 solver_NN1 in_II Matlab?_NP1 is_VBZ coordinated_VVN with_IW Unisim?_NP1 Design_NN1 to_TO obtain_VVI the_AT optimal_JJ result_NN1 from_II rigorous_JJ process_NN1 simulation_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Given_VVN the_AT complexity_NN1 of_IO the_AT phenomenon_NN1 and_CC the_AT processes_NN2 involved_VVD ,_, several_DA2 studies_NN2 have_VH0 addressed_VVN the_AT issue_NN1 of_IO debris_NN1 motion_NN1 (_( Matsutomi_NP1 2009_MC ;_; Yeom_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
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<s>
2009_MC ;_; Rueben_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
2015_MC ;_; Shafiei_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
2016_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT relationships_NN2 of_IO ice-floe_JJ resistance_NN1 with_IW ship_NN1 speed_NN1 ,_, ice_NN1 concentration_NN1 ,_, ice_NN1 thickness_NN1 and_CC floe_VV0 diameter_NN1 are_VBR analysed_VVN ._. 
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<s>
Based_VVN on_II the_AT above_JJ findings_NN2 ,_, the_AT EEMD5-SOM-BP_NP1 model_NN1 with_IW an_AT1 asymmetrical_JJ four-parallel_JJ SOM_NNU1 structure_NN1 is_VBZ used_VVN to_TO perform_VVI the_AT day-ahead_RL spatio-temporal_JJ forecasting_VVG of_IO solar_JJ irradiation_NN1 with_IW GHI_NN2 as_II the_AT only_JJ input_NN1 parameter_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT soil_NN1 submerged_JJ unit_NN1 weight_NN1 γ_NULL s_ZZ1 =_FO 6.5_MC kN/m3_NN1 and_CC the_AT lateral_JJ pressure_NN1 coefficient_NN1 K0_FO =_FO 1.0_MC were_VBDR chosen_VVN to_TO represent_VVI isotropic_JJ initial_JJ stress_NN1 conditions_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Comparison_NN1 of_IO engine_NN1 performance_NN1 ,_, combustion_NN1 and_CC emission_NN1 characteristics_NN2 of_IO diesel_NN1 and_CC biofuels_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Insufficient_JJ oxygen_NN1 negatively_RR affects_VVZ the_AT combustion_NN1 reaction_NN1 and_CC leads_VVZ to_II an_AT1 increase_NN1 in_II HC_NP1 emissions_NN2 measured_VVN in_II the_AT exhaust_NN1 gases_NN2 &lsqb;_( 23_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, &lsqb;_( 30_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
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<s>
Note_VV0 that_CST ,_, in_II this_DD1 scenario_NN1 we_PPIS2 assumed_VVD that_CST the_AT electrical_JJ water_NN1 pump_NN1 has_VHZ the_AT same_DA efficiency_NN1 of_IO the_AT mechanical_JJ water_NN1 pump_NN1 ;_; however_RR ,_, there_EX are_VBR usually_RR inefficiencies_NN2 in_II conversion_NN1 of_IO energy_NN1 which_DDQ result_VV0 in_II a_AT1 smaller_JJR gain_NN1 in_II fuel_NN1 efficiency_NN1 than_CSN the_AT one_PN1 predicted_VVD above_RL ._. 
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<s>
Here_RL it_PPH1 is_VBZ obvious_JJ that_CST M=108_FO is_VBZ useless_JJ as_II the_AT large_JJ mass_NN1 introduces_VVZ too_RG large_JJ oscillations_NN2 and_CC too_RG much_DA1 kinetic_JJ energy_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
While_CS an_AT1 ocean_NN1 sound_NN1 speed_NN1 field_NN1 might_VM be_VBI available_JJ a_JJ21 priori_JJ22 ,_, the_AT position_NN1 is_VBZ not_XX ._. 
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<s>
There_EX is_VBZ no_AT universal_JJ good_JJ optimization_NN1 solver_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Experimental_JJ layout_NN1 :_: small-scale_JJ model_NN1 of_IO the_AT breakwater_NN1 and_CC location_NN1 of_IO the_AT vertical_JJ piles_NN2 in_II the_AT undisturbed_JJ wave_NN1 field_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT main_JJ characteristics_NN2 of_IO the_AT full-scale_JJ and_CC model-scale_JJ rudders_NN2 are_VBR presented_VVN in_II Table_NN1 2_MC ._. 
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<s>
Cumulative_JJ EDR_NN1 variations_NN2 at_II different_JJ ER_NP1 ranges_NN2 are_VBR depicted_VVN in_II Fig._NN1 17_MC ,_, cumulative_JJ EDR_NN1 in_II all_DB ER_NP1 ranges_VVZ increases_NN2 first_MD and_CC then_RT decreases_VVZ with_IW combustion_NN1 process_NN1 proceeding_VVG ,_, the_AT highest_JJT cumulative_JJ EDR_NN1 in_II ER_NP1 range_NN1 of_IO 1–1.5_MCMC ,_, the_AT second_NNT1 in_II 0–1_MCMC region_NN1 ,_, and_CC in_II other_JJ ER_NP1 ranges_NN2 are_VBR relatively_RR small_JJ ._. 
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<s>
The_AT simulations_NN2 now_RT will_VM be_VBI conducted_VVN in_II time_NNT1 domain_NN1 due_II21 to_II22 the_AT nature_NN1 of_IO dynamics_NN ._. 
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<s>
The_AT improved_JJ version_NN1 of_IO perturbation_NN1 is_VBZ developed_VVN and_CC employed_VVN to_TO evaluate_VVI the_AT relative_JJ contribution_NN1 of_IO every_AT1 input_NN1 on_II output_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Pentamode_VV0 materials_NN2 (_( PM_NP1 )_) were_VBDR proposed_VVN by_II Milton_NP1 and_CC Cherkaev_NP1 in_II 1995_MC ,_, as_CSA degenerate_JJ elastic_JJ solids_NN2 with_IW zero_MC shear_VV0 rigidity_NN1 and_CC achievable_JJ anisotropy_NN1 in_II their_APPGE moduli_NN2 ._. 
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Fresh_JJ gas_NN1 is_VBZ hereafter_RT mixed_VVN into_II the_AT BZ_NP1 (_( in_II a_AT1 stepwise_JJ fashion_NN1 )_) at_II each_DD1 crank_NN1 angle_NN1 during_II the_AT expansion_NN1 stroke_NN1 until_CS the_AT point_NN1 where_RRQ the_AT exhaust_NN1 valve_NN1 opens_VVZ (_( EVO_NP1 )_) ._. 
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<s>
Power_NN1 Turbines_NN2 (_( PT_FO )_) ,_, Steam_NN1 Turbines_NN2 (_( ST_NP1 )_NP1 ,_, steam_NN1 production_NN1 and_CC waste-heat-based_JJ desalination_NN1 systems_NN2 seem_VV0 to_TO be_VBI ,_, now_RT ,_, the_AT most_RGT used_JJ waste_NN1 heat_NN1 recovery_NN1 technologies_NN2 in_II the_AT marine_JJ sector_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT three_MC strategies_NN2 are_VBR presented_VVN in_II Fig._NN1 4_MC ._. 
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When_CS the_AT endpoint_NN1 was_VBDZ reached_VVN ,_, the_AT robot_NN1 surfaced_VVD and_CC got_VVN the_AT final_JJ GPS_NN2 signal_NN1 (_( 3_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
In_BCL21 order_BCL22 to_TO address_VVI system_NN1 configuration_NN1 and_CC operation_NN1 signal_NN1 in_II the_AT same_DA problem_NN1 formulation_NN1 ,_, design_NN1 variables_NN2 are_VBR categorized_VVN into_II three_MC kinds_NN2 :_: binaries_NN2 as_CSA equipment_NN1 selection_NN1 ,_, continuous_JJ as_CSA equipment_NN1 capacity_NN1 and_CC continuous_JJ as_CSA equipment_NN1 part_NN1 load_NN1 ratios_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
An_AT1 overview_NN1 of_IO the_AT domain_NN1 with_IW the_AT selected_JJ boundary_NN1 conditions_NN2 ._. 
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The_AT optimization_NN1 focused_VVN on_II selecting_VVG injection_NN1 system_NN1 parameters_NN2 with_IW the_AT different_JJ fuels_NN2 ._. 
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Simulation_NN1 results_NN2 of_IO two-stage_JJ BOG_NN1 re-liquefaction_NN1 cycle_NN1 ._. 
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This_DD1 means_VVZ matching_VVG the_AT air-swallow_JJ characteristic_NN1 of_IO the_AT compressor_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Air_NN1 compressed_VVN in_II the_AT turbocompressor_NN1 is_VBZ sent_VVN to_II the_AT gas_NN1 engine_NN1 intake_NN1 after_II being_VBG cooled_VVN in_II an_AT1 aftercooler_NN1 to_II a_AT1 suitable_JJ temperature_NN1 (_( typically_RR ,_, 120°F_FO )_) ._. 
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<s>
As_CSA can_VM be_VBI seen_VVN ,_, the_AT scavenging_JJ pressure_NN1 is_VBZ determined_VVN by_II both_DB2 the_AT matched_JJ turbine_NN1 flow_NN1 area_NN1 and_CC the_AT turbocharger_NN1 efficiency_NN1 ,_, but_CCB the_AT former_DA one_PN1 plays_VVZ a_AT1 more_RGR important_JJ role_NN1 ._. 
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Particulate_VV0 number_NN1 concentration_NN1 at_II various_JJ engine_NN1 loads_NN2 for_IF four_MC tested_JJ fuels_NN2 ._. 
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Electricity_NN1 consumption_NN1 and_CC energy_NN1 savings_NN2 in_II the_AT different_JJ cases_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Lee_NP1 (_( 1994_MC )_) analyzed_VVD the_AT vibration_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 beam_NN1 with_IW intermediate_JJ point_NN1 constraints_NN2 subjected_VVN to_II a_AT1 moving_JJ load_NN1 by_II using_VVG the_AT Euler_NN1 beam_NN1 theory_NN1 and_CC the_AT assumed_JJ mode_NN1 method_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT author_NN1 wants_VVZ to_TO emphasize_VVI very_RG strongly_RR that_CST the_AT use_NN1 of_IO the_AT Blum_NN1 method_NN1 has_VHZ only_RR an_AT1 illustrative_JJ meaning_NN1 ,_, whereas_CS the_AT study_NN1 focuses_VVZ on_II the_AT introduction_NN1 of_IO the_AT ITM_NP1 to_II the_AT dolphin_NN1 design_NN1 procedure_NN1 instead_II21 of_II22 the_AT analysis_NN1 of_IO laterally_RR loaded_JJ piles_NN2 ._. 
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The_AT ARF_FU exerted_VVN on_II a_AT1 homogeneous_JJ polyethylene_NN1 sphere_NN1 was_VBDZ also_RR investigated_VVN ._. 
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<s>
During_II the_AT roll_NN1 decay_NN1 tests_NN2 for_IF the_AT intact_JJ conditions_NN2 ,_, the_AT waves_NN2 radiated_VVD by_II the_AT ship_NN1 model_NN1 were_VBDR measured_VVN as_RR21 well_RR22 ._. 
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<s>
A_AT1 snap_JJ shot_NN1 of_IO the_AT propagating_NN1 waves_NN2 at_II time_NNT1 t=2.4e5s_FO after_CS the_AT excitation_NN1 of_IO the_AT source_NN1 is_VBZ shown_VVN in_II Fig._NN1 6_MC ._. 
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<s>
Small_JJ differences_NN2 were_VBDR observed_VVN in_II the_AT values_NN2 of_IO this_DD1 parameter_NN1 working_VVG with_IW different_JJ fuels_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
It_PPH1 can_VM be_VBI obviously_RR seen_VVN from_II Fig._NN1 24_MC that_CST the_AT response_NN1 of_IO control_NN1 voltage_NN1 with_IW the_AT conventional_JJ PI_NN1 controller_NN1 under_II congested_JJ CAN_VM condition_NN1 fluctuates_VVZ wildly_RR between_II the_AT minimum_NN1 and_CC maximum_JJ voltage_NN1 which_DDQ would_VM degrade_VVI the_AT driving_JJ stability_NN1 of_IO PMSM_NP1 ._. 
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Optimal_JJ efficenciy_NN1 and_CC speed_NN1 in_II the_AT fifth_MD turbo-generator_NN1 ._. 
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However_RR ,_, the_AT vaporization_NN1 of_IO BOG_NN1 is_VBZ not_XX occurred_VVN for_IF Case_NN1 2_MC ,_, although_CS compressor_NN1 speed_NN1 is_VBZ low_JJ ._. 
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The_AT crest_NN1 factor_NN1 with_IW a_AT1 10-min_JJ analysis_NN1 window_NN1 for_IF this_DD1 signal_NN1 is_VBZ 15dB_FO ,_, but_CCB it_PPH1 is_VBZ clearly_RR not_XX an_AT1 impulse_NN1 ._. 
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Effect_NN1 of_IO lemon_NN1 peel_NN1 oil_NN1 on_II brake_NN1 thermal_JJ efficiency_NN1 ._. 
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Distributions_NN2 for_IF bulk_NN1 carriers_NN2 and_CC oil_NN1 tankers_NN2 ,_, derived_VVN by_II the_AT above_JJ mentioned_VVD graphs_NN2 ,_, have_VH0 been_VBN rearranged_VVN and_CC reported_VVN in_II Fig._NN1 2(a)_FO and_CC (_( b_ZZ1 )_) ,_, where_CS the_AT knuckle_NN1 point_NN1 coordinates_NN2 are_VBR also_RR shown_VVN ._. 
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<s>
A_AT1 2-D_JJ in-deck_JJ problem_NN1 was_VBDZ split_VVN into_II a_AT1 series_NN of_IO 1-D_NP1 problems_NN2 ,_, which_DDQ can_VM be_VBI solved_VVN by_II the_AT Godunov_NP1 method_NN1 for_IF the_AT main_JJ flux_NN1 variables_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
We_PPIS2 define_VV0 Vf(X)=_FO &lsqb;_( 0_MC ,_, 0.5400+4x/400,0_FU &rsqb;_) Tm/s_FU with_IW 100m<x≤0m_FO ,_, for_IF the_AT nonuniform_JJ flow_NN1 ;_; and_CC Vf(X)=_FO &lsqb;_( 0_MC ,_, 0.5,0_MC &rsqb;_) Tm/s_FU ,_, for_IF the_AT uniform_JJ flow_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT DBN_NP1 applies_VVZ the_AT softmax_NN1 classifier_NN1 in_II the_AT last_MD layer_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ can_VM receive_VVI the_AT output_NN1 feature_NN1 vectors_NN2 of_IO the_AT RBM_NP1 as_CSA its_APPGE input_NN1 feature_NN1 vectors_NN2 ,_, and_CC uses_VVZ the_AT BP_NP1 algorithm_NN1 to_II fine-tune_NN1 the_AT RBM_NP1 parameters_NN2 of_IO each_DD1 layer_NN1 to_TO complete_VVI the_AT classification_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
By_II comparing_VVG the_AT evolution_NN1 of_IO bubbles_NN2 with_IW different_JJ buoyancy_NN1 parameters_NN2 ,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ found_VVN that_CST the_AT increase_NN1 of_IO the_AT buoyancy_NN1 parameter_NN1 can_VM delay_VVI the_AT penetration_NN1 and_CC extend_VVI the_AT collapse_NN1 of_IO the_AT bubble_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Also_RR ,_, Cymbopogon_NP1 flexuosus_NN1 biofuel_NN1 with_IW fuel_NN1 borne_VVN additive_JJ showed_VVD lower_JJR NOx_NN1 emission_NN1 than_CSN conventional_JJ engine_NN1 &lsqb;_( 44_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
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<s>
Sensitivity_NN1 of_IO v_ZZ1 ?_NULL hf_NNU to_II the_AT variation_NN1 of_IO rcl_NNU ._. 
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<s>
It_PPH1 has_VHZ been_VBN widely_RR used_VVN in_II ship_NN1 collision_NN1 risk_NN1 assessment_NN1 (_( Goerlandt_NP1 and_CC Montewka_NP1 ,_, 2015_MC ;_; Weng_NP1 and_CC Yang_NP1 ,_, 2015_MC ;_; Zhang_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2016_MC )_) ,_, ship_NN1 collision_NN1 avoidance_NN1 analysis_NN1 (_( Zhao_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 1993_MC ;_; Debnath_NP1 and_CC Chin_NP1 ,_, 2010_MC ;_; Szlapczynski_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2018_MC ;_; Lu_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2018_MC )_) ,_, near_RL miss_VV0 detection_NN1 (_( Szlapczynski_NP1 and_CC Niksa-Rynkiewicz_NP1 ,_, 2018_MC )_) ,_, and_CC ship_NN1 traffic_NN1 simulation_NN1 development_NN1 (_( Goerlandt_NP1 and_CC Kujala_NP1 ,_, 2011_MC ;_; Hsu_NP1 ,_, 2014_MC ;_; Kang_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2019a_FO )_) ._. 
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<s>
Therefore_RR ,_, the_AT accuracy_NN1 of_IO the_AT instantaneous_JJ body_NN1 boundary_NN1 and_CC its_APPGE velocity_NN1 is_VBZ limited_VVN by_II the_AT mesh_NN1 and_CC time-step_JJ refinement_NN1 ,_, and_CC so_RR the_AT fulfillment_NN1 of_IO the_AT boundary_NN1 condition_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Karulin_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
(_( 2007_MC )_) conducted_VVD model_NN1 tests_NN2 on_II a_AT1 Caisson-type_JJ platform_NN1 in_II shallow_JJ water_NN1 to_TO study_VVI the_AT ice-structure_JJ interaction_NN1 process_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT relative_JJ pp_NN1 amplitudes_NN2 of_IO the_AT received_JJ clicks_NN2 on_II each_DD1 hydrophone_NN1 were_VBDR measured_VVN and_CC individual_JJ hydrophone_NN1 sensitivities_NN2 were_VBDR calculated_VVN by_II comparing_VVG these_DD2 levels_NN2 to_II the_AT levels_NN2 on_II the_AT central_JJ hydrophone_NN1 on_II the_AT star-array_NN1 ,_, assuming_VVG spherical_JJ spreading_NN1 and_CC a_AT1 0.04_MC dB/m_FU transmission_NN1 loss_NN1 (_( at_II 130_MC kHz_NNU )_) ._. 
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<s>
Snap_VV0 shots_NN2 of_IO the_AT ice_NN1 failure_NN1 patterns_NN2 at_II the_AT final_JJ stage_NN1 with_IW different_JJ defect_NN1 sizes_NN2 ._. 
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RAOs_NP2 of_IO the_AT pitch_NN1 and_CC heave_VV0 motion_NN1 were_VBDR obtained_VVN from_II the_AT measurement_NN1 results_NN2 ._. 
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Anw_VV0 ,_, Bnw_NP1 are_VBR the_AT coefficients_NN2 of_IO the_AT Gaussian_JJ expansion_NN1 defining_VVG the_AT fundamental_JJ field_NN1 of_IO pressure_NN1 incident_NN1 on_II layer_NN1 w_ZZ1 ._. 
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Twx_NP1 is_VBZ the_AT transmission_NN1 coefficient_NN1 from_II the_AT layer_NN1 w_ZZ1 to_II the_AT layer_NN1 x_ZZ1 ._. 
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<s>
From_II the_AT Fig._NN1 9_MC ,_, it_PPH1 can_VM be_VBI concluded_VVN that_CST the_AT thermal_JJ efficiency_NN1 increase_NN1 with_IW loads_NN2 for_IF all_DB tested_JJ fuel_NN1 blends_NN2 and_CC diesel_NN1 fuel_NN1 ._. 
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This_DD1 coincides_VVZ with_IW the_AT largest_JJT quadratic_JJ damping_NN1 estimated_VVN for_IF each_DD1 simulation_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT major_JJ difference_NN1 is_VBZ the_AT fluid–structure_NN1 interaction_NN1 due_II21 to_II22 the_AT water_NN1 that_CST will_VM have_VHI a_AT1 direct_JJ effect_NN1 on_II the_AT response_NN1 of_IO the_AT structure_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT structural_JJ loss_NN1 factor_NN1 is_VBZ defined_VVN as_CSA 0.04_MC in_II default_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ is_VBZ followed_VVN as_CSA in_II literature.19,20_FO This_DD1 damping_NN1 value_NN1 is_VBZ reasonable_JJ for_IF energy_NN1 harvesting_VVG devices_NN2 that_CST are_VBR piezoelectric_JJ based_VVN ._. 
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<s>
These_DD2 results_NN2 should_VM be_VBI particularly_RR interesting_JJ for_IF ship_NN1 owners_NN2 with_IW expensive_JJ assets_NN2 that_CST can_VM be_VBI repurposed_VVN to_TO perform_VVI a_AT1 variety_NN1 of_IO missions_NN2 ._. 
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The_AT average_JJ value_NN1 was_VBDZ used_VVN to_TO calculate_VVI the_AT overall_JJ uncertainty_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
With_IW melting_VVG ice_NN1 caps_NN2 covering_VVG the_AT Arctic_JJ Ocean_NN1 ,_, the_AT Northern_JJ Sea_NN1 Route_NN1 (_( NSR_NP1 )_) between_II the_AT Far_JJ East_ND1 and_CC Europe_NP1 ,_, which_DDQ had_VHD historically_RR been_VBN almost_RR impossible_JJ to_TO pass_VVI ,_, has_VHZ been_VBN opened_VVN up_RP for_IF a_AT1 small_JJ number_NN1 of_IO commercial_JJ ships_NN2 during_II summertime_NNT1 ._. 
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Propulsion_NP1 PMSM_NP1 electromagnetic_JJ torque_NN1 and_CC propeller_NN1 load_NN1 torque_NN1 during_II continue_VV0 acceleration_NN1 test_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT target_NN1 path_NN1 is_VBZ defined_VVN as_II a_AT1 set_NN1 of_IO close_JJ enough_RR points_VVZ in_II the_AT horizontal_JJ earth-fixed_NN1 (_( x_ZZ1 ,_, y_ZZ1 )_) plane_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Effect_NN1 of_IO non-linearity_NN1 on_II roll_NN1 RAO_NP1 of_IO Series_NN 60_MC vessel_NN1 with_IW tank_NN1 at_II sw=_FO 1/67_MF and_CC 1/57_MF ._. 
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<s>
The_AT SOHRA_NN1 defines_VVZ nine_MC different_JJ generic_JJ task_NN1 type_NN1 in_II31 accordance_II32 with_II33 GEP_NP1 values_NN2 (_( &lsqb;_( 31_MC &rsqb;_) ;_; Williams_NP1 ,_, 1988_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
K?tzing_VVG and_CC Evers_NP1 &lsqb;_( 77_MC &rsqb;_) suggested_VVD the_AT presence_NN1 of_IO uncertainty_NN1 in_II the_AT experimental_JJ data_NN ._. 
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<s>
For_IF these_DD2 flows_NN2 ,_, the_AT initial_JJ unsteady_JJ propagation_NN1 of_IO the_AT front_NN1 is_VBZ followed_VVN by_II a_AT1 relatively_RR long_RR post-peak_JJ hydrodynamic_JJ phase_NN1 ,_, where_CS the_AT assumption_NN1 of_IO steady-flow_JJ conditions_NN2 is_VBZ acceptable_JJ ._. 
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<s>
Secondly_RR ,_, a_AT1 general_JJ overview_NN1 of_IO the_AT traditional_JJ Geiger_NP1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 location_NN1 method_NN1 and_CC its_APPGE applications_NN2 for_IF both_DB2 homogeneous_JJ and_CC heterogeneous_JJ materials_NN2 is_VBZ provided_VVN ._. 
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<s>
Just_RR as_CSA they_PPHS2 stated_VVD :_: "_" When_CS applied_VVN to_II the_AT same_DA ship_NN1 and_CC compared_VVN to_II one_PPX121 another_PPX122 ,_, the_AT methods_NN2 show_VV0 substantial_JJ discrepancies_NN2 in_II the_AT results_NN2 ,_, deviating_VVG easily_RR between_II 30%_NNU and_CC 100%_NNU from_II one_PPX121 another_PPX122 ._. 
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<s>
However_RR ,_, previous_JJ studies_NN2 have_VH0 shown_VVN that_CST the_AT process_NN1 structures_NN2 of_IO dual_JJ expansion_NN1 systems_NN2 are_VBR confined_VVN to_II two_MC types_NN2 of_IO configurations_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT present_JJ study_NN1 also_RR aims_VVZ to_TO explore_VVI the_AT effect_NN1 of_IO different_JJ fueling_JJ modes_NN2 on_II the_AT WSOC_NN1 of_IO PM_NP1 emitted_VVD from_II the_AT diesel_NN1 engine_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT use_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 WHR_NP1 system_NN1 on_II the_AT ship_NN1 can_VM save_VVI the_AT fuel_NN1 consumption_NN1 of_IO some_DD of_IO the_AT ship_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 power_NN1 generation_NN1 auxiliary_NN1 machines_NN2 or_CC completely_RR replace_VV0 the_AT ship_NN1 power_NN1 generation_NN1 auxiliary_NN1 machine_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
In_II the_AT frequency_NN1 between_II 510_MC Hz_NNU and_CC 970_MC Hz_NNU ,_, the_AT transmission_NN1 coefficient_NN1 sharply_RR changes_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Our_APPGE analysis_NN1 is_VBZ based_VVN on_II the_AT assumption_NN1 that_CST the_AT factor_NN1 limiting_JJ ripple_NN1 direction_NN1 discrimination_NN1 in_II the_AT STRtdir_NN1 was_VBDZ the_AT ability_NN1 to_TO spectrally_RR resolve_VVI the_AT ripples_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Then_RT ,_, the_AT floater_NN1 was_VBDZ released_VVN to_TO oscillate_VVI and_CC decay_VVI over_II time_NNT1 ._. 
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<s>
However_RR ,_, the_AT global_JJ interaction_NN1 scheme_NN1 depicts_VVZ abstract_JJ response_NN1 surfaces_NN2 and_CC the_AT degree_NN1 of_IO influence_NN1 of_IO variables_NN2 indicating_VVG how_RRQ one_MC1 variable_NN1 affects_VVZ the_AT other_JJ system_NN1 components_NN2 and_CC which_DDQ interactions_NN2 should_VM be_VBI analyzed_VVN in_II depth_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT main_JJ results_NN2 are_VBR quoted_VVN here_RL so_CS they_PPHS2 can_VM be_VBI conveniently_RR compared_VVN ._. 
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<s>
Fig._NN1 16_MC shows_VVZ the_AT influences_NN2 of_IO incidence_NN1 angles_NN2 on_II sound_NN1 absorption_NN1 performance_NN1 at_II different_JJ hole_NN1 shapes_NN2 ,_, while_CS Fig._NN1 17_MC shows_VVZ the_AT influences_NN2 of_IO hole_NN1 shapes_NN2 on_II sound_NN1 absorption_NN1 performance_NN1 at_II different_JJ incidence_NN1 angles_NN2 ._. 
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The_AT max_NN1 reduction_NN1 in_II ultimate_JJ strength_NN1 is_VBZ less_DAR than_CSN 3.25%_FO ._. 
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<s>
As_II a_AT1 consequence_NN1 ,_, a_AT1 sound_NN1 insulation_NN1 peak_NN1 is_VBZ generated_VVN and_CC the_AT original_JJ dip_NN1 is_VBZ moving_VVG to_TO lower_VVI frequencies_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Fig._NN1 6_MC shows_VVZ the_AT distributions_NN2 of_IO mean_JJ speeds_NN2 and_CC probability_NN1 of_IO becoming_VVG beset_VVN in_II ice_NN1 over_II the_AT range_NN1 of_IO Cp_NP1 ._. 
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<s>
Cavitation_NN1 plot_NN1 for_IF acceleration_NN1 manoeuvres_NN2 at_II design_NN1 condition_NN1 in_II manoeuvring_VVG and_CC transit_NN1 mode_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT AFF_NN1 is_VBZ seen_VVN to_TO change_VVI the_AT EGR_NN1 blower_NN1 speed_NN1 faster_RRR than_CSN the_AT PI_NN1 in_II this_DD1 scenario_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
In_II this_DD1 case_NN1 ,_, with_IW the_AT same_DA operating_NN1 conditions_NN2 ,_, most_DAT of_IO the_AT unburned_JJ fuel_NN1 was_VBDZ post-oxidized_JJ ._. 
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<s>
The_AT improvements_NN2 achieved_VVN at_II low_JJ to_II medium_JJ load_NN1 operation_NN1 can_VM be_VBI balanced_VVN by_II the_AT negative_JJ effect_NN1 on_II the_AT partially_RR premixed_JJ combustion_NN1 found_VVN at_II high_JJ load_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Moreover_RR ,_, wave_NN1 propagation_NN1 through_II the_AT marginal_JJ ice_NN1 zone_NN1 (_( MIZ_NP1 )_) in_II polar_JJ regions_NN2 in_II which_DDQ the_AT ice_NN1 cover_NN1 is_VBZ modeled_VVN as_II an_AT1 elastic_JJ plate_NN1 has_VHZ gained_VVN considerable_JJ importance_NN1 to_II some_DD researchers_NN2 (_( Fox_NP1 and_CC Squire_NN1 1990_MC ,_, 1994_MC ;_; Squire_NN1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
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<s>
1995_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
Numerous_JJ studies_NN2 have_VH0 been_VBN conducted_VVN on_II assessing_VVG the_AT future_JJ prospects_NN2 of_IO wave_NN1 energy_NN1 on_II the_AT west_ND1 coast_NN1 of_IO Canada_NP1 &lsqb;_( 47_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, &lsqb;_( 48_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, &lsqb;_( 49_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
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<s>
The_AT results_NN2 revealed_VVD that_CST ,_, the_AT fuel_NN1 consumption_NN1 increases_VVZ with_IW the_AT increase_NN1 of_IO CME_NP1 BR_NP1 ._. 
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<s>
Owing_II21 to_II22 the_AT length_NN1 of_IO the_AT canal_NN1 and_CC the_AT different_JJ landscape_NN1 types_NN2 ,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ reasonable_JJ that_CST there_EX are_VBR also_RR different_JJ sediment_NN1 compositions_NN2 in_II other_JJ canal_NN1 sections_NN2 that_CST are_VBR ,_, however_RR ,_, not_XX relevant_JJ for_IF the_AT intended_JJ investigations_NN2 based_VVN on_II a_AT1 specific_JJ cross_NN1 section_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
These_DD2 clean_JJ energy_NN1 sources_NN2 ,_, which_DDQ do_VD0 not_XX pollute_VVI the_AT environment_NN1 ,_, are_VBR increasingly_RR becoming_VVG more_RGR widely_RR appreciated_VVN ._. 
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<s>
When_RRQ ,_, beamforming_VVG is_VBZ able_JK to_TO clearly_RR detect_VVI the_AT source_NN1 positions_NN2 ,_, the_AT number_NN1 of_IO iteration_NN1 of_IO both_DB2 techniques_NN2 is_VBZ lower_JJR ._. 
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<s>
Nevertheless_RR ,_, from_II 20_MC to_II 50ms_FO ASOI_NN2 ,_, only_RR the_AT thick_JJ adhesion_NN1 is_VBZ left_VVN behind_RL ._. 
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<s>
However_RR ,_, further_JJR research_NN1 has_VHZ revealed_VVN that_CST the_AT flow_NN1 inside_II a_AT1 cabin_NN1 does_VDZ affect_VVI the_AT transient_JJ motion_NN1 characteristics_NN2 of_IO the_AT ship_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ is_VBZ difficult_JJ to_TO consider_VVI comprehensively_RR using_VVG the_AT simplified_JJ quasi-static_JJ model_NN1 ._. 
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Specifically_RR ,_, three_MC advanced_JJ IVCs_NN2 (_( 80_MC ,_, 100_MC and_CC 110°CA_FO BBDC_NP1 )_) were_VBDR tested_VVN with_IW different_JJ pilot_NN1 injection_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Simulations_NN2 were_VBDR carried_VVN out_RP on_II the_AT three_MC grid_NN1 systems_NN2 using_VVG different_JJ temporal_JJ steps_NN2 (_( 6ms–20ms_VVZ )_) to_TO achieve_VVI a_AT1 (_( CFL_NP1 )_) number_NN1 of_IO ≤1_FO ._. 
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Therefore_RR ,_, accumulation_NN1 of_IO fuel_NN1 was_VBDZ attained_VVN in_II the_AT diffusion_NN1 combustion_NN1 phase_NN1 and_CC the_AT sudden_JJ burning_JJ of_IO fuel_NN1 takes_VVZ place_NN1 wherein_RRQ a_AT1 higher_JJR pressure_NN1 was_VBDZ released_VVN by_II DWSA10_FO fuel_NN1 ._. 
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Variation_NN1 along_II deck_NN1 is_VBZ shown_VVN with_IW markers_NN2 and_CC the_AT average_JJ value_NN1 is_VBZ used_VVN to_TO draw_VVI the_AT distribution_NN1 in_II the_AT z-direction_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT processes_NN2 were_VBDR repeated_VVN by_II refining_VVG goal_NN1 and_CC scope_NN1 ,_, collecting_VVG more_DAR data_NN ,_, revising_VVG LCI_NN2 and_CC redoing_VVG LCIA_NN1 until_CS the_AT desired_JJ completeness_NN1 ,_, sensitivity_NN1 and_CC consistency_NN1 were_VBDR achieved_VVN ._. 
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With_IW this_DD1 in_II mind_NN1 ,_, we_PPIS2 filter_VV0 the_AT AIS_NN2 data_NN with_IW a_AT1 spatio-temporal_JJ proximity_NN1 ._. 
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These_DD2 finite_JJ element_NN1 models_NN2 can_VM be_VBI used_VVN to_TO extract_VVI acoustic_JJ and_CC structural_JJ mode_NN1 shapes_NN2 ._. 
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Therefore_RR ,_, in_II Fig._NN1 5_MC (_( right_RR )_) ,_, it_PPH1 shows_VVZ the_AT smaller_JJR cylinder_NN1 is_VBZ pushed_VVN away_II21 from_II22 the_AT larger_JJR cylinder_NN1 and_CC hence_RR vibrates_VVZ around_RP a_AT1 positive_JJ mean_NN1 CF_VV0 displacement_NN1 (_( Ayd_NP1 )_) mean_VV0 ._. 
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The_AT GHI_NP1 All-Sky_NP1 and_CC DNI_NP1 All-Sky_NP1 spectra_NN2 are_VBR found_VVN using_VVG ,_, respectively_RR ,_, The_AT differences_NN2 can_VM be_VBI seen_VVN in_II Fig._NN1 14_MC ,_, with_IW a_AT1 maximum_JJ error_NN1 of_IO 10%_NNU ._. 
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To_TO create_VVI MFP_NP1 results_NN2 ,_, the_AT test_NN1 source_NN1 is_VBZ scanned_VVN through_II all_DB possible_JJ actual_JJ source_NN1 locations_NN2 to_TO determine_VVI the_AT correlation_NN1 of_IO the_AT measured_JJ and_CC replica_NN1 fields_NN2 as_II a_AT1 function_NN1 of_IO test_NN1 source_NN1 location_NN1 ,_, x_ZZ1 →_NULL t_ZZ1 ._. 
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This_DD1 may_VM be_VBI because_CS the_AT size_NN1 of_IO the_AT PICO_NP1 (_( 4.75mm_NNU diameter_NN1 )_) was_VBDZ larger_JJR than_CSN the_AT size_NN1 of_IO the_AT S9225_FO (_( 3.5mm_NNU diameter_NN1 )_) AE_FO sensor_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT frequency_NN1 and_CC the_AT amplitude_NN1 of_IO the_AT flapping_JJ wavemaker_NN1 are_VBR 0.36Hz_FO and_CC 7rad_FO respectively_RR ._. 
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This_DD1 phenomenon_NN1 is_VBZ usually_RR referred_VVN to_II as_II the_AT size_NN1 effect_NN1 ._. 
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Grid-1_MC1 is_VBZ the_AT fine_JJ grid_NN1 with_IW the_AT grid_NN1 number_NN1 of_IO 4.35_MC millions_NNO2 ;_; Grid-2_MC is_VBZ the_AT middle_JJ grid_NN1 with_IW the_AT grid_NN1 number_NN1 of_IO 1.76_MC millions_NNO2 ;_; Grid-3_MC is_VBZ the_AT coarse_JJ grid_NN1 with_IW the_AT grid_NN1 number_NN1 of_IO 0.69_MC millions_NNO2 ._. 
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The_AT time_NNT1 step_NN1 is_VBZ set_VVN 0.0025s_NNU corresponding_VVG to_II 1/500_MF of_IO the_AT short_JJ wave_NN1 period_NN1 (_( /L=0.5_FU )_) ._. 
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In_RR21 addition_RR22 ,_, the_AT cetane_NN1 number_NN1 of_IO fuels_NN2 with_IW higher_JJR density_NN1 is_VBZ lower_JJR ,_, which_DDQ prolongs_VVZ the_AT ignition_NN1 delay_NN1 and_CC provides_VVZ more_DAR time_NNT1 for_IF mixing_NN1 ,_, is_VBZ a_AT1 factor_NN1 to_TO decrease_VVI soot_NN1 emissions_NN2 ._. 
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Table_NN1 1_MC1 of_IO gives_VVZ for_IF each_DD1 mode_NN1 (_( n_ZZ1 ,_, m_ZZ1 )_) its_APPGE resonance_NN1 frequency_NN1 and_CC the_AT corresponding_JJ pressure_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT values_NN2 calculated_VVN with_IW the_AT wave_NN1 parameters_NN2 are_VBR also_RR listed_VVN in_II Table_NN1 1_MC1 ._. 
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This_DD1 function_NN1 is_VBZ numerically_RR analyzed_VVN and_CC measured_VVN experimentally_RR ._. 
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In_II this_DD1 case_NN1 ,_, we_PPIS2 also_RR assume_VV0 the_AT safe_JJ distance_NN1 is_VBZ at_RR21 least_RR22 300_MC metres_NNU2 from_II every_AT1 target_NN1 ship_NN1 ;_; therefore_RR ,_, the_AT own_DA ship_NN1 can_VM only_RR sail_VVI away_RL to_II the_AT port_NN1 side_NN1 of_IO target_NN1 ship_NN1 2_MC to_TO avoid_VVI colliding_VVG with_IW both_DB2 target_VV0 ships_NN2 ._. 
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The_AT absolute_JJ value_NN1 of_IO the_AT correlation_NN1 reaches_VVZ a_AT1 maximum_NN1 for_IF the_AT third_MD octave_NN1 band_NN1 of_IO 1250Hz_FO and_CC is_VBZ greater_JJR than_CSN 0.4_MC for_IF the_AT third_MD octave_NN1 bands_VVZ from_II 200_MC to_II 3150Hz_FO (_( Table_NN1 II_MC )_) ._. 
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It_PPH1 can_VM be_VBI seen_VVN that_CST a_AT1 good_JJ agreement_NN1 of_IO simulation_NN1 data_NN and_CC experimental_JJ data_NN is_VBZ achieved_VVN ,_, especially_RR at_II the_AT stage_NN1 of_IO combustion_NN1 ._. 
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For_IF auxetic_JJ honeycombs_NN2 ,_, (_( θ_NULL <0deg_FO )_) the_AT constraint_NN1 ,_, (_( h>_FO |_NULL 2lsin_FO θ_NULL |_NULL )_) ,_, has_VHZ been_VBN imposed_VVN to_TO prevent_VVI overlap_NN1 of_IO the_AT geometry_NN1 as_CSA demonstrated_VVN in_II Fig._NN1 4_MC ._. 
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A_AT1 low-temperature_JJ combustion_NN1 in_II the_AT diesel_NN1 engine_NN1 can_VM be_VBI achieved_VVN using_VVG the_AT EGR_NN1 technology_NN1 ._. 
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Table_NN1 1_MC1 shows_VVZ the_AT principal_JJ particulars_NN2 ,_, and_CC Fig._NN1 1_MC1 illustrates_VVZ the_AT body_NN1 plan_NN1 ._. 
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As_II the_AT optimal_JJ value_NN1 of_IO PB5_FO becomes_VVZ its_APPGE maximum_JJ value_NN1 of_IO 1500kPa_FO for_IF this_DD1 region_NN1 ,_, PN9_FO and_CC mN2_FO has_VHZ to_TO be_VBI increased_VVN to_TO reduce_VVI the_AT power_NN1 consumption_NN1 in_CS21 Case_CS22 2_MC ._. 
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The_AT efficiency_NN1 ,_, power_NN1 ,_, overall_JJ exergy_NN1 efficiency_NN1 ,_, and_CC irreversibility_NN1 of_IO the_AT ORC_NN1 on_II cruising_VVG ._. 
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Specifically_RR ,_, this_DD1 study_NN1 examines_VVZ the_AT operational_JJ details_NN2 of_IO a_AT1 diving_JJ support_NN1 vessel_NN1 that_CST currently_RR operates_VVZ with_IW an_AT1 AC_NN1 distribution_NN1 system_NN1 ,_, and_CC proposes_VVZ an_AT1 equivalent_JJ DC_NN1 distribution_NN1 system_NN1 that_CST can_VM be_VBI installed_VVN in_II future_JJ iterations_NN2 of_IO the_AT same_DA marine_JJ vessel_NN1 ._. 
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Three_MC crank_NN1 angles_NN2 are_VBR selected_VVN for_IF the_AT 3D_NNU result_NN1 investigations_NN2 ,_, which_DDQ are_VBR 4.5°CA_FO ATDC_NP1 ,_, 20°CA_FO ATDC_NP1 ,_, and_CC 30°CA_FO ATDC_NP1 ,_, stand_VV0 for_IF the_AT initial_NN1 ,_, middle_JJ and_CC late_JJ combustion_NN1 phase_NN1 ,_, respectively_RR ._. 
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In_RR21 general_RR22 ,_, any_DD desired_JJ gaseous_JJ and/or_CC liquid_JJ fuel_NN1 can_VM be_VBI produced_VVN from_II synthesis_NN1 gas_NN1 &lsqb;_( 54_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
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Illustration_NN1 of_IO the_AT extracted_JJ layer_NN1 of_IO cone_NN1 at_II the_AT waterline_NN1 zone_NN1 ._. 
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Main_JJ parameters_NN2 for_IF the_AT modelled_JJ cold_JJ room_NN1 ._. 
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However_RR ,_, interference_NN1 effects_NN2 are_VBR significant_JJ or_CC even_RR quite_RG large_JJ in_II some_DD cases_NN2 ,_, including_II monohull_NN1 ships_NN2 and_CC even_RR multihull_VV0 ships_NN2 at_II high_JJ Froude_NP1 numbers_NN2 ,_, for_IF which_DDQ divergent_JJ waves_NN2 are_VBR important_JJ or_CC dominant_JJ ._. 
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On_II the_AT other_JJ hand_NN1 ,_, double_JJ body_NN1 simulations_NN2 were_VBDR made_VVN by_II neglecting_VVG the_AT free-surface_JJ effects_NN2 ._. 
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Smoke_VV0 opacity_NN1 emissions_NN2 at_II different_JJ engine_NN1 modes_NN2 working_VVG with_IW different_JJ fuels_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Measurement_NN1 records_NN2 on_II a_AT1 96_MC m_NNO INCAT_NN1 catamaran_NN1 showed_VVD significant_JJ external_JJ plate_NN1 buckling_VVG in_II the_AT upper_JJ midship_NN1 region_NN1 following_VVG an_AT1 extreme_JJ wave_NN1 slamming_NN1 event_NN1 (_( Thomas_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
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2003_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
In_II Section_NN1 II_MC ,_, we_PPIS2 introduce_VV0 the_AT instrument_NN1 system_NN1 including_II its_APPGE component_NN1 ,_, its_APPGE deployment_NN1 ,_, the_AT sampling_NN1 of_IO the_AT instrument_NN1 ,_, and_CC the_AT coordinate_NN1 system_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT modified_JJ CEC_NN1 cycle_NN1 avoided_VVD the_AT derating_NN1 by_II limiting_VVG the_AT engine_NN1 speed_NN1 range_NN1 to_II 2000_MC rpm_NNU ._. 
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Bottom_JJ center_NN1 :_: image_NN1 after_II pixel_NN1 connectivity_NN1 evaluation_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT first_MD one_PN1 (_( fn1_FO )_) corresponds_VVZ a_AT1 mode-shape_NN1 traveling_VVG in_II the_AT opposite_JJ direction_NN1 than_CSN the_AT disk_NN1 (_( backward_RL traveling_VVG wave_NN1 )_) and_CC the_AT second_MD one_PN1 (_( fn2_FO )_) is_VBZ traveling_VVG in_II the_AT same_DA direction_NN1 (_( forward_RL traveling_VVG wave_NN1 )_) when_CS viewed_VVN from_II the_AT stationary_JJ frame_NN1 ,_, and_CC vice_RR21 versa_RR22 from_II the_AT rotating_JJ frame_NN1 ._. 
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As_CSA expected_VVN ,_, the_AT values_NN2 of_IO were_VBDR found_VVN to_TO be_VBI less_DAR than_CSN 1_MC1 ,_, while_CS that_DD1 of_IO β_NULL were_VBDR greater_JJR than_CSN 1_MC1 ._. 
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The_AT total_JJ time_NNT1 signal_NN1 is_VBZ presented_VVN in_II Fig._NN1 3(a)_FO ._. 
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This_DD1 point_NN1 is_VBZ explained_VVN in_II the_AT next_MD section_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT other_JJ components_NN2 Fvisc-damp_JJ and_CC Fmoor_NP1 need_VV0 to_TO be_VBI determined_VVN separately_RR either_RR through_II semi-empirical_JJ relations_NN2 or_CC other_JJ means_NN ._. 
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Thermal_JJ COP_NN1 and_CC refrigeration_NN1 capacity_NN1 of_IO the_AT 15_MC kW_NNU prototype_NN1 absorption_NN1 refrigerator_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT detailed_JJ background_NN1 for_IF these_DD2 two_MC systems_NN2 of_IO equations_NN2 as_II31 well_II32 as_II33 the_AT expressions_NN2 for_IF A_ZZ1 ,_, B_ZZ1 ,_, D_ZZ1 ,_, and_CC E_ZZ1 were_VBDR derived_VVN by_II Lin_NP1 and_CC Huang_NP1 (_( 2004_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
To_TO better_RRR quantify_VVI how_RGQ much_DA1 the_AT engine_NN1 performance_NN1 is_VBZ deteriorated_VVN when_CS using_VVG the_AT HFI_NN1 with_IW each_DD1 fuel_NN1 ,_, a_AT1 merit_NN1 function_NN1 is_VBZ used_VVN ._. 
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The_AT isolation-absorption_JJ properties_NN2 of_IO these_DD2 three_MC alternative_JJ concepts_NN2 are_VBR compared_VVN here_RL ._. 
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<s>
However_RR ,_, recent_JJ shallow_JJ ocean_NN1 results_NN2 for_IF a_AT1 new_JJ nonlinear_JJ technique_NN1 ,_, frequency-difference_JJ MFP_NP1 ,_, suggest_VV0 that_CST the_AT mismatch_NN1 limitation_NN1 may_VM be_VBI partially_RR or_CC fully_RR overcome_VVN by_II processing_VVG non-zero-bandwidth_JJ signals_NN2 at_II (_( user_NN1 chosen_VVN )_) below-band_JJ frequencies_NN2 (_( Worthmann_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2015_MC ;_; Worthmann_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2017_MC )_) where_RRQ mismatch_NN1 is_VBZ less_RGR problematic_JJ ._. 
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As_CSA shown_VVN in_II Figure_NN1 15_MC ,_, the_AT maximum_JJ dynamic_JJ bending_NN1 moment_NN1 and_CC stress_NN1 of_IO the_AT pipeline_NN1 in_II the_AT TDZ_NP1 attain_VV0 220.6_MC kNm_NNU and_CC 155.6_MC MPa_NP1 ,_, and_CC increase_VV0 533.4%_FO and_CC 25.2%_FO in_II31 comparison_II32 with_II33 the_AT static_JJ results_NN2 ,_, respectively_RR ._. 
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The_AT same_DA approach_NN1 can_VM be_VBI adapted_VVN to_TO potentially_RR improve_VVI high-frequency_JJ predictions_NN2 ._. 
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There_EX is_VBZ few_DA2 ice_NN1 floe_NN1 interaction_NN1 with_IW the_AT hull_NN1 at_II shoulder_NN1 to_II mid-hull_NN1 ._. 
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Moreover_RR ,_, the_AT maximum_JJ seabed_NN1 resistances_NN2 of_IO the_AT pipe_NN1 for_IF these_DD2 two_MC cases_NN2 are_VBR 2.394_MC and_CC 1.071_MC kN/m_FU ,_, and_CC the_AT corresponding_JJ dynamic_JJ amplification_NN1 factors_NN2 are_VBR 2.407_MC and_CC 1.077_MC ,_, respectively_RR ._. 
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Berg_NP1 and_CC Ringen_NP1 (_( 2011_MC )_) and_CC Elot_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
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<s>
(_( 2015_MC )_) raised_VVD the_AT point_NN1 that_CST the_AT methods_NN2 for_IF validating_VVG numerical_JJ models_NN2 used_VVN in_II manoeuvring_VVG simulators_NN2 need_VV0 to_TO be_VBI improved_VVN ._. 
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However_RR ,_, the_AT D95Pen5_FO blend_NN1 does_VDZ hold_VVI potential_NN1 as_II a_AT1 promising_JJ candidate_NN1 for_IF decreasing_JJ exhaust_NN1 gas_NN1 temperature_NN1 ,_, CO_NP1 and_CC NOx_NN1 emissions_NN2 ,_, but_CCB at_II the_AT expense_NN1 of_IO increasing_VVG HC_NP1 emissions_NN2 ._. 
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In_RR21 general_RR22 ,_, an_AT1 increase_NN1 in_II engine_NN1 speed_NN1 results_NN2 in_II a_AT1 higher_JJR maximal_JJ in-cylinder_JJ temperature_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ increases_VVZ the_AT thermal_JJ and_CC total_JJ NOx_NN1 formation_NN1 rates_NN2 ,_, Fig._NN1 5_MC ,_, Fig._NN1 6_MC ._. 
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<s>
The_AT exergy_NN1 accompanying_VVG the_AT heat_NN1 transfer_NN1 to_II the_AT cooling_JJ water_NN1 can_VM be_VBI calculated_VVN using_VVG Eqs_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
In_RR21 general_RR22 ,_, it_PPH1 can_VM be_VBI said_VVN that_CST the_AT water_NN1 path_NN1 transmits_VVZ energy_NN1 farther_RRR than_CSN the_AT ice_NN1 path_NN1 for_IF a_AT1 direct_JJ force_NN1 input_NN1 to_II the_AT ice_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT following_JJ tendencies_NN2 can_VM be_VBI observed_VVN in_II Fig._NN1 10_MC ._. 
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<s>
As_CSA SOI_NP1 is_VBZ advanced_VVN ,_, the_AT changes_NN2 of_IO NOx_NP1 and_CC smoke_VV0 emissions_NN2 are_VBR similar_JJ to_II those_DD2 in_II conventional_JJ CI_NN1 engine_NN1 ,_, increasing_VVG and_CC decreasing_VVG respectively_RR ._. 
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<s>
By_II comparing_VVG the_AT results_NN2 of_IO the_AT ESM_NN1 with_IW the_AT benchmarks_NN2 ,_, it_PPH1 can_VM be_VBI seen_VVN that_CST 64_MC samplings_NN2 are_VBR not_XX sufficient_JJ for_IF accurate_JJ reconstructions_NN2 at_II the_AT two_MC frequencies_NN2 ._. 
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It_PPH1 operates_VVZ all_DB day_NNT1 long_RR ,_, with_IW a_AT1 travel_NN1 duration_NN1 of_IO around_RG 5–7_MCMC minutes_NNT2 and_CC a_AT1 maximum_NN1 stopping_VVG time_NNT1 of_IO about_II one_MC1 hour_NNT1 ,_, mainly_RR during_II the_AT night_NNT1 service_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT change_NN1 in_II soil_NN1 volume_NN1 is_VBZ controlled_VVN by_II the_AT difference_NN1 u_ZZ1 (_( Mitchell_NP1 1960_MC )_) ._. 
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With_IW the_AT use_NN1 of_IO VSDs_NP1 to_II electric_JJ propulsion_NN1 motors_NN2 ,_, a_AT1 common_JJ set_NN1 of_IO generators_NN2 could_VM power_NN1 both_RR the_AT ship_NN1 service_NN1 and_CC propulsion_NN1 systems_NN2 &lsqb;_( 6_MC &rsqb;_) ._. 
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A_AT1 marginal_JJ reduction_NN1 in_II specific_JJ CO2_FO emission_NN1 is_VBZ also_RR observed_VVN with_IW ethanol_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT viscosity_NN1 of_IO biodiesel_NN1 fuel_NN1 should_VM be_VBI in_II the_AT range_NN1 of_IO 3.0–5.0mm2/s_FU according_II21 to_II22 the_AT EN_FW 14214_MC standards_NN2 ._. 
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Furthermore_RR ,_, if_CS both_DB2 solutions_NN2 are_VBR belonging_VVG to_II the_AT same_DA rank_NN1 ,_, the_AT solution_NN1 with_IW the_AT longer_JJR crowding_JJ distance_NN1 is_VBZ preferred_VVN ._. 
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<s>
Since_CS all_DB thrusters_NN2 are_VBR aligned_VVN in_II the_AT sway_NN1 direction_NN1 ,_, compensation_NN1 of_IO environmental_JJ forces_NN2 in_II the_AT surge_NN1 direction_NN1 is_VBZ not_XX possible_JJ ._. 
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The_AT statistical_JJ analysis_NN1 of_IO the_AT above_JJ experimental_JJ results_NN2 is_VBZ compared_VVN in_II Table_NN1 13_MC in_II detail_NN1 ._. 
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By_II compactness_NN1 of_IO the_AT observation_NN1 operator_NN1 ,_, the_AT inverse_JJ problem_NN1 under_II consideration_NN1 is_VBZ ill-posed_JJ ._. 
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