﻿<s>
Owing_II21 to_II22 the_AT wide_JJ discretion_NN1 judges_NN2 exercise_VV0 in_II determining_VVG the_AT amount_NN1 of_IO love_NN1 present_NN1 and_CC possible_JJ in_II the_AT marriage_NN1 ,_, they_PPHS2 typically_RR regard_VV0 a_AT1 defendant_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 unwillingness_NN1 to_TO divorce_VVI as_II evidence_NN1 that_CST mutual_JJ affection_NN1 has_VHZ not_XX broken_VVN down_RP ._. 
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The_AT probability_NN1 of_IO supporting_VVG the_AT PVV_NP1 slightly_RR increased_VVN with_IW rising_VVG proportions_NN2 of_IO highly_RR educated_JJ residents_NN2 at_II the_AT lower_JJR end_NN1 of_IO the_AT scale_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Parents_NN2 and_CC young_JJ children_NN2 often_RR live_VV0 apart_RL because_II21 of_II22 divorce_NN1 and_CC childbearing_NN1 outside_II21 of_II22 cohabitation_NN1 and_CC marriage_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Second_MD ,_, as_CSA based_VVN on_II information_NN1 about_II the_AT United_NP1 States_NP1 and_CC other_JJ western_JJ societies_NN2 ,_, A_ZZ1 significant_JJ disparity_NN1 exists_VVZ in_II increases_NN2 in_II funding_NN1 for_IF mental_JJ health_NN1 services_NN2 compared_VVN to_II other_JJ areas_NN2 of_IO the_AT National_JJ Health_NN1 Service_NN1 (_( NHS_NP1 )_) (_( Gilburt_NP1 ,_, 2018_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
In_RR21 addition_RR22 ,_, the_AT authors_NN2 create_VV0 several_DA2 measures_NN2 of_IO education_NN1 (_( such_II21 as_II22 ridit_NN1 scores_NN2 and_CC positional_JJ status_NN1 index_NN1 )_) that_CST take_VV0 into_II account_NN1 the_AT position_NN1 of_IO each_DD1 level_NN1 of_IO education_NN1 within_II the_AT overall_JJ educational_JJ distribution_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 specific_JJ cohort_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Accessibility_NN1 denotes_VVZ prospective_JJ appropriators_NN2 '_NULL capacity_NN1 to_TO use_VVI social_JJ positions_NN2 and_CC techniques_NN2 to_TO gain_VVI entrée_NN1 to_II relationships_NN2 as_CSA relational_JJ outsiders_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Among_II the_AT working-age_JJ population_NN1 in_II China_NP1 ,_, the_AT education_NN1 level_NN1 gets_VVZ lower_JJR with_IW age_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT reproduction_NN1 of_IO inequalities_NN2 over_RG three_MC generations_NN2 may_VM also_RR operate_VVI in_II some_DD contexts_NN2 and_CC during_II some_DD time_NNT1 periods_NN2 but_CCB not_XX in_II others_NN2 as_CSA Mare_NP1 (_( 2011_MC )_) pointed_VVD out_RP ._. 
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<s>
The_AT results_NN2 from_II multinomial_JJ logistic_JJ regressions_NN2 are_VBR summarized_VVN in_II Table_NN1 2_MC ;_; all_DB models_NN2 controlled_VVN for_IF the_AT observable_JJ and_CC unobservable_JJ characteristics_NN2 previously_RR described_VVN ._. 
</s>
<s>
Despite_II the_AT community_NN1 solidarity_NN1 which_DDQ existed_VVD in_RP and_CC between_II many_DA2 racial_JJ and_CC ethnic_JJ groups_NN2 ,_, as_CSA first-generation_JJ citizens_NN2 who_PNQS shared_VVD a_AT1 politics_NN1 of_IO resistance_NN1 to_II racism_NN1 (_( e.g._REX It_PPH1 is_VBZ not_XX an_AT1 easy_JJ one_PN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Latour_NP1 and_CC Woolgar_VV0 '_NULL s_ZZ1 moratorium_NN1 on_II cognitive_JJ explanations_NN2 was_VBDZ rash_JJ and_CC the_AT underlying_JJ object-oriented_JJ primatology_NN1 of_IO science_NN1 might_VM profit_VVI from_II reconsidering_VVG what_DDQ distinguishes_VVZ human_NN1 –_- and_CC especially_RR scientific_JJ –_- thought_VVN from_II nonhuman_NN1 and_CC nonmodern_VV0 forms_NN2 of_IO thinking_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT study_NN1 of_IO religion_NN1 and_CC adolescence_NN1 should_VM take_VVI seriously_RR Edgell_VV0 '_NULL s_ZZ1 (_( 2012_MC )_) call_VV0 to_TO focus_VVI cultural_JJ analyses_NN2 of_IO religion_NN1 on_II morally_RR justified_JJ boundary_NN1 development_NN1 as_RG much_DA1 as_CSA moral_JJ prescriptions_NN2 about_II behavior_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
We_PPIS2 review_VV0 recent_JJ work_NN1 in_II the_AT United_NP1 States_NP1 ,_, the_AT United_NP1 Kingdom_NP1 ,_, France_NP1 ,_, Germany_NP1 ,_, Sweden_NP1 ,_, Norway_NP1 ,_, Belgium_NP1 ,_, the_AT Netherlands_NP1 and_CC Spain_NP1 ._. 
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<s>
Similar_JJ conclusions_NN2 have_VH0 been_VBN reached_VVN for_IF Germany_NP1 and_CC Finland_NP1 (_( Karhula_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
2017_MC ,_, Krapf_NP1 2014_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Debate_NN1 continues_VVZ over_II the_AT relative_JJ importance_NN1 of_IO race/ethnicity_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT United_NP1 States_NP1 still_RR lags_VVZ far_RR behind_RL ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 study_NN1 focuses_VVZ on_II sex_NN1 during_II midlife_NN1 ,_, commonly_RR understood_VVN to_TO range_VVI from_II age_NN1 40_MC to_II 60_MC (_( see_VV0 Lachman_NP1 ,_, Teshale_NP1 ,_, &;_NULL Agrigoroaei_NP1 ,_, 2015_MC )_) ;_; we_PPIS2 included_VVD couples_NN2 if_CS one_MC1 member_NN1 was_VBDZ 40_MC to_II 60_MC years_NNT2 old_JJ and_CC the_AT second_NNT1 was_VBDZ 37_MC to_II 63_MC years_NNT2 old_JJ ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 means_VVZ that_CST the_AT estimated_JJ effects_NN2 of_IO concurrency_NN1 do_VD0 not_XX necessarily_RR represent_VVI how_RGQ much_DA1 young_JJ women_NN2 want_VV0 to_TO use_VVI condoms_NN2 when_RRQ concurrent_JJ ._. 
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<s>
Low_JJ occupation_NN1 level_NN1 :_: Dummy_JJ variable_NN1 of_IO the_AT lowest_JJT category_NN1 of_IO the_AT LFS_NP1 occupation_NN1 groups_NN2 :_: elementary_JJ occupations_NN2 (_( unskilled_JJ work_NN1 )_) ._. 
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<s>
Variable-centered_JJ studies_NN2 engage_VV0 causal_JJ issues_NN2 by_II investigating_VVG patterns_NN2 of_IO association_NN1 among_II empirical_JJ categories_NN2 under_II the_AT twofold_JJ assumption_NN1 that_CST these_DD2 categories_NN2 a_RR21 priori_RR22 have_VH0 explanatory_JJ relevance_NN1 and_CC each_DD1 category_NN1 empirically_RR has_VHZ the_AT same_DA meaning_NN1 across_II cases_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Before_II turning_VVG to_II the_AT scaling_NN1 model_NN1 results_NN2 for_IF analysing_VVG the_AT methodological_JJ divide_NN1 ,_, The_AT failure_NN1 of_IO the_AT European_JJ project_NN1 to_TO provide_VVI an_AT1 alternative_JJ identity_NN1 for_IF second-generation_JJ migrants_NN2 in_II Europe_NP1 warrants_VVZ further_JJR reflection_NN1 ,_, and_CC Beaman_NN1 would_VM have_VHI much_DA1 to_TO offer_VVI here_RL ._. 
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<s>
East_ND1 Asia_NP1 ,_, and_CC Africa_NP1 (_( Kalmijn_NP1 ,_, 2011_MC ;_; Pike_NN ,_, I_PPIS1 strongly_RR endorse_VV0 and_CC highly_RR recommend_VV0 her_APPGE book_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
We_PPIS2 conclude_VV0 this_DD1 review_NN1 by_II suggesting_VVG promising_JJ new_JJ directions_NN2 for_IF future_JJ research_NN1 and_CC by_II discussing_VVG the_AT implications_NN2 of_IO this_DD1 work_NN1 for_IF the_AT growing_JJ field_NN1 of_IO network-based_JJ interventions_NN2 for_IF health_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Other_JJ scholars_NN2 find_VV0 negative_JJ ties_NN2 tend_VV0 to_TO be_VBI directed_VVN towards_II higher-status_JJ others_NN2 (_( Faris_NP1 and_CC Felmlee_NP1 ,_, 2011_MC ,_, 2014_MC ;_; Fujimoto_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2017_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
The_AT findings_NN2 inform_VV0 the_AT literature_NN1 on_II social_JJ capital_NN1 ,_, as_CSA organizations_NN2 and_CC participation_NN1 are_VBR core_NN1 dimensions_NN2 of_IO such_DA capital_NN1 for_IF communities_NN2 and_CC individuals_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
To_TO satisfy_VVI the_AT condition_NN1 of_IO adaptability_NN1 ,_, the_AT relationship_NN1 to_TO be_VBI appropriated_VVN must_VM contain_VVI something_PN1 useful_JJ for_IF the_AT outsider_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 purposes_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
We_PPIS2 refer_VV0 to_II it_PPH1 as_CSA Midcity_NP1 School_NN1 District_NN1 (_( MSD_NP1 )_) ,_, which_DDQ integrated_VVD its_APPGE schools_NN2 in_II the_AT 1970s_MC2 and_CC resegregated_VVD them_PPHO2 in_II the_AT 1990s_MC2 ._. 
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<s>
Movements_NN2 also_RR help_VV0 to_TO create_VVI collective_JJ actors_NN2 and_CC political_JJ categories_NN2 that_CST must_VM be_VBI accommodated_VVN afterward_RL in_II routine_JJ political_JJ processes_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 report_NN1 of_IO the_AT study_NN1 begins_VVZ by_II introducing_VVG case_NN1 management_NN1 ,_, care_NN1 management_NN1 and_CC working_VVG alliance_NN1 as_CSA these_DD2 were_VBDR construed_VVN within_II the_AT study_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Rather_II21 than_II22 presuming_VVG behaviors_NN2 cause_VV0 poverty_NN1 ,_, the_AT literature_NN1 needs_VVZ to_TO demonstrate_VVI that_DD1 structure_NN1 causes_VVZ behavior_NN1 and_CC behavior_NN1 causes_VVZ poverty_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Here_RL we_PPIS2 outline_VV0 the_AT conceptual_JJ framework_NN1 underpinning_VVG the_AT digital_JJ storytelling_NN1 assessment_NN1 and_CC its_APPGE evaluation_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
They_PPHS2 found_VVD the_AT number_NN1 of_IO unconnected_JJ network_NN1 components_NN2 that_CST exhibited_VVD exercising_VVG strongly_RR predicted_VVD greater_JJR positive_JJ social_JJ contagion_NN1 effects_NN2 ,_, suggesting_VVG that_CST observing_VVG many_DA2 different_JJ people_NN adopting_VVG the_AT same_DA behavior_NN1 can_VM create_VVI a_AT1 strong_JJ normative_JJ perception_NN1 that_CST everyone_PN1 is_VBZ doing_VDG it_PPH1 ._. 
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Despite_II the_AT literature_NN1 providing_VVG many_DA2 important_JJ insights_NN2 ,_, several_DA2 issues_NN2 remain_VV0 unresolved_JJ ._. 
</s>
<s>
However_RR ,_, within_II the_AT UK_NP1 in_II recent_JJ years_NNT2 ,_, the_AT message_NN1 from_II some_DD politicians_NN2 and_CC senior_JJ policy_NN1 advisors_NN2 has_VHZ been_VBN to_TO talk_VVI down_RP ideas_NN2 of_IO a_AT1 correlation_NN1 ,_, much_RR less_RRR a_AT1 causal_JJ relationship_NN1 between_II poverty_NN1 and_CC child_NN1 maltreatment_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Ditch_VV0 the_AT Label_NN1 reports_NN2 focus_VV0 on_II homophobic_JJ bullying_NN1 as_II the_AT issue_NN1 for_IF LGBT_NP1 youth_NN1 ._. 
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Whereas_CS more_DAR than_CSN two_MC thirds_MF of_IO the_AT respondents_NN2 in_II same-sex_JJ female_NN1 and_CC different-sex_JJ couples_NN2 indicated_VVD their_APPGE relationship_NN1 was_VBDZ exclusive_JJ ,_, fewer_DAR than_CSN half_DB of_IO the_AT male_JJ respondents_NN2 with_IW male_JJ partners_NN2 did_VDD so_RR ._. 
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<s>
For_REX21 instance_REX22 ,_, Althoff_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
(_( 2017_MC )_) analyzed_VVD 791_MC million_NNO online_JJ and_CC offline_JJ actions_NN2 of_IO 6_MC million_NNO users_NN2 over_II the_AT course_NN1 of_IO five_MC years_NNT2 using_VVG data_NN provided_VVN by_II a_AT1 physical_JJ activity_NN1 tracking_NN1 application_NN1 (_( app_NN1 )_) ._. 
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<s>
In_II the_AT Fall_NN1 2010_MC edition_NN1 of_IO Inspire_VV0 ,_, This_DD1 uniformity_NN1 may_VM be_VBI least_RGT problematic_JJ for_IF motivated_JJ students_NN2 ,_, who_PNQS adapt_VV0 well_RR to_II standard_JJ educational_JJ methods_NN2 ,_, many_DA2 of_IO whom_PNQO are_VBR girls_NN2 ._. 
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After_CS the_AT 85th_MD percentile_NN1 ,_, the_AT quantile_JJ regression_NN1 coefficients_NN2 show_VV0 a_AT1 continuous_JJ increase_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT independent_JJ –_- or_CC treatment_NN1 –_- variables_NN2 for_IF this_DD1 analysis_NN1 are_VBR (_( 1_MC1 )_) nonstandard_NN1 work_NN1 hours_NNT2 and_CC (_( 2_MC )_) nonstandard_NN1 workdays_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Nonetheless_RR ,_, a_AT1 similarity_NN1 in_II these_DD2 disparate_JJ models_NN2 reveals_VVZ a_AT1 puzzle_NN1 whose_DDQGE solution_NN1 could_VM enhance_VVI sociological_JJ theories_NN2 of_IO state-formation_NN1 ._. 
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For_IF mothers_NN2 ,_, they_PPHS2 may_VM feel_VVI unsupported_JJ by_II their_APPGE partners_NN2 if_CS they_PPHS2 are_VBR not_XX sharing_VVG in_II domestic_JJ labor_NN1 (_( i.e._REX ,_, housework_NN1 and_CC child_NN1 care_NN1 )_) in_II an_AT1 equitable_JJ way_NN1 (_( Cowan_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 1985_MC ;_; Dew_NN1 &;_NULL Wilcox_NP1 ,_, 2011_MC ;_; Milkie_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2002_MC ;_; Twenge_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2003_MC ;_; Wilcox_NP1 &;_NULL Nock_NP1 ,_, 2006_MC )_) ._. 
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Available_JJ data_NN do_VD0 not_XX allow_VVI us_PPIO2 to_TO address_VVI this_DD1 question_NN1 here_RL ,_, At_II the_AT initial_JJ age_NN1 ,_, lower-educated_JJR men_NN2 had_VHD considerably_RR higher_JJR grip_NN1 strength_NN1 ,_, surpassing_VVG their_APPGE higher-_JJR educated_JJ counterparts_NN2 by_II one-third_MF of_IO a_AT1 standard_JJ deviation_NN1 (_( 3_MC kg_NNU )_) ._. 
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<s>
First_MD ,_, mothers_NN2 saw_VVD criminalization_NN1 as_II a_AT1 severe_JJ threat_NN1 to_II their_APPGE children_NN2 '_NULL s_ZZ1 lives_VVZ that_CST they_PPHS2 themselves_PPX2 must_VM try_VVI to_TO mitigate_VVI ._. 
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Close_JJ readings_NN2 of_IO these_DD2 ordinary_JJ conversations_NN2 suggest_VV0 they_PPHS2 mainly_RR involve_VV0 younger_JJR people_NN ._. 
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<s>
If_CS a_AT1 driverless_JJ train_NN1 stopped_VVN in_II the_AT middle_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 tunnel_NN1 ,_, The_AT HRS_NNU2 is_VBZ a_AT1 leading_JJ source_NN1 of_IO information_NN1 on_II the_AT health_NN1 and_CC well-being_NN1 of_IO U.S._NP1 adults_NN2 who_PNQS are_VBR older_JJR than_CSN the_AT age_NN1 of_IO 50_MC ._. 
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Although_CS the_AT intergenerational_JJ links_NN2 between_II a_AT1 mother_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 and_CC her_APPGE children_NN2 '_NULL s_ZZ1 fertility_NN1 have_VH0 been_VBN reported_VVN as_CSA negligible_JJ in_II most_DAT natural-fertility_JJ populations_NN2 ,_, a_AT1 positive_JJ intergenerational_JJ fertility_NN1 correlation_NN1 emerged_VVD during_II the_AT demographic_JJ transition_NN1 (_( Murphy_NP1 1999_MC ;_; Rotering_NP1 2017_MC )_) ._. 
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To_TO deal_VVI with_IW this_DD1 type_NN1 of_IO endogeneity_NN1 ,_, parental_JJ caregiving_NN1 was_VBDZ estimated_VVN from_II a_AT1 set_NN1 of_IO instrumental_JJ variables_NN2 ,_, and_CC the_AT predicted_JJ values_NN2 were_VBDR used_VVN to_TO determine_VVI employment_NN1 ,_, work_NN1 hours_NNT2 ,_, and_CC hourly_JJ wages_NN2 ._. 
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We_PPIS2 use_VV0 data_NN from_II the_AT Household_NN1 ,_, Income_NN1 and_CC Labour_JJ Dynamics_NN in_II Australia_NP1 (_( HILDA_NP1 )_) Survey_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT interviews_NN2 ,_, in_II this_DD1 case_NN1 ,_, were_VBDR conducted_VVN entirely_RR in_II Amharic_NP1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II contrast_NN1 to_II United_JJ States–based_JJ research_NN1 ,_, only_RR a_AT1 handful_NN1 of_IO cross-national_JJ studies_NN2 include_VV0 survey_NN1 questions_NN2 that_CST ask_VV0 about_II feelings_NN2 regarding_II people_NN who_PNQS are_VBR LGBTQ_NP1 ._. 
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This_DD1 included_VVD a_AT1 unique_JJ ,_, in-depth_JJ examination_NN1 of_IO 232_MC case_NN1 files_NN2 relating_VVG to_II referrals_NN2 dealt_VVN with_IW at_II all_DB stages_NN2 of_IO the_AT fitness_NN1 to_TO practise_VVI process_NN1 during_II 2014–2016_MCMC by_II the_AT Health_NN1 and_CC Care_VV0 Professions_NN2 Council_NN1 (_( HCPC_NP1 )_) ,_, the_AT regulator_NN1 of_IO social_JJ work_NN1 in_II England_NP1 at_II the_AT time_NNT1 of_IO the_AT research_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT second_MD component_NN1 (_( Ego-_NN1 to-Alter_VV0 Tie_NN1 )_) asked_VVD respondents_NN2 how_RRQ close_VV0 they_PPHS2 were_VBDR to_II each_DD1 friend_NN1 they_PPHS2 had_VHD named_VVN (_( maximum_NN1 7_MC questions_NN2 )_) ._. 
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To_II this_DD1 day_NNT1 ,_, Strum_VV0 and_CC Latour_NP1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 (_( 1987_MC )_) thesis_NN1 that_CST objects_NN2 have_VH0 driven_VVN the_AT social_JJ evolution_NN1 from_II baboons_NN2 to_II scientists_NN2 has_VHZ remained_VVN speculative_JJ in_II character_NN1 ,_, representing_VVG a_AT1 style_NN1 of_IO thought_NN1 more_RGR reminiscent_JJ of_IO 18th-century_JJ philosophical_JJ anthropology_NN1 than_CSN late_RR 20th-century_JJ field_NN1 primatology_NN1 ._. 
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In_II the_AT next_MD chapter_NN1 ,_, Alexander_NP1 describes_VVZ similar_JJ challenges_NN2 for_IF revolutionary_JJ organizers_NN2 in_II Tahrir_NP1 Square_NNL1 during_II 2011_MC ._. 
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In_II chapters_NN2 5_MC and_CC 6_MC ,_, she_PPHS1 explores_VVZ the_AT ways_NN2 immigrants_NN2 felt_VVD about_II what_DDQ they_PPHS2 saw_VVD before_II coming_VVG to_II the_AT United_NP1 States_NP1 compared_VVD with_IW what_DDQ they_PPHS2 experienced_VVD ._. 
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<s>
We_PPIS2 observe_VV0 a_AT1 total_NN1 of_IO 336,535_MC person-_JJ months_NNT2 for_IF men_NN2 and_CC 257,732_MC person-months_NNT2 for_IF women_NN2 before_II entry_NN1 into_II either_RR marriage_NN1 or_CC cohabitation_NN1 ._. 
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They_PPHS2 articulated_VVD the_AT need_NN1 for_IF more_DAR resources_NN2 and_CC worried_JJ about_II their_APPGE ability_NN1 to_TO support_VVI field_NN1 education_NN1 appropriately_RR ,_, echoing_JJ concern_NN1 elsewhere_RL about_II compromising_VVG the_AT quality_NN1 of_IO social_JJ work_NN1 field_NN1 education_NN1 (_( Wayne_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2006_MC ;_; Crisp_JJ and_CC Hosken_NP1 ,_, 2016_MC )_) ._. 
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In_II31 addition_II32 to_II33 the_AT demographic_JJ section_NN1 ,_, the_AT remaining_JJ questions_NN2 were_VBDR derived_VVN from_II often_RR used_JJ scales_NN2 with_IW good_JJ levels_NN2 of_IO validity_NN1 and_CC reliability_NN1 ._. 
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All_DB of_IO these_DD2 factors_NN2 are_VBR shaped_VVN by_II people_NN '_NULL s_ZZ1 social_JJ networks_NN2 ._. 
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Allard_NP1 combines_VVZ 1990_MC and_CC 2000_MC census_NN1 data_NN with_IW American_JJ Community_NN1 Survey_NN1 five-year_JJ estimates_NN2 after_II 2000_MC ._. 
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<s>
Homophilous_JJ sorting_NN1 is_VBZ an_AT1 especially_RR relevant_JJ control_NN1 because_CS friendships_NN2 often_RR form_VV0 when_RRQ students_NN2 share_VV0 certain_JJ attributes_NN2 ._. 
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However_RR ,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ likely_JJ that_CST several_DA2 mechanisms_NN2 are_VBR missing_VVG ,_, so_CS we_PPIS2 proceed_VV0 to_II the_AT sixth_MD step_NN1 and_CC conduct_VV0 a_AT1 bounding_JJ analysis_NN1 ._. 
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What_DDQ Figure_NN1 3_MC shows_NN2 is_VBZ a_AT1 42-per_II cent_NNU1 increase_NN1 between_II the_AT two_MC collection_NN1 years_NNT2 in_II the_AT rate_NN1 of_IO children_NN2 entering_VVG care_NN1 from_II the_AT 10_MC per_NNU21 cent_NNU22 most_RGT deprived_JJ neighbourhoods_NN2 (_( decile_NN1 1_MC1 )_) ,_, an_AT1 increase_NN1 of_IO twenty-two_MC children_NN2 per_II 10,000_MC of_IO the_AT child_NN1 population_NN1 ._. 
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Eastcoast_NN1 has_VHZ a_AT1 robust_JJ fraud_NN1 control_NN1 system_NN1 ,_, but_CCB it_PPH1 deemphasizes_VVZ fieldwork_NN1 and_CC focuses_VVZ on_II database-driven_JJ investigations_NN2 ._. 
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Other_JJ studies_NN2 investigate_VV0 implications_NN2 for_IF health_NN1 outcomes_NN2 ,_, focusing_VVG primarily_RR on_II how_RRQ big-box_NN1 supercenters_VVZ affect_NN1 obesity_NN1 via_II processes_NN2 pertaining_II21 to_II22 food_NN1 purchases_NN2 ._. 
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Notably_RR ,_, there_EX is_VBZ a_AT1 substantial_JJ gender_NN1 disparity_NN1 in_II the_AT incomes_NN2 of_IO same-gender_JJ couples_NN2 ._. 
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Also_RR ,_, given_VVN the_AT frequent_JJ changes_NN2 within_II income_NN1 sequences_NN2 and_CC the_AT relatively_RR high_JJ standard_JJ deviations_NN2 of_IO individuals_NN2 '_NULL incomes_NN2 (_( see_VV0 online_JJ appendix_NN1 )_) ,_, incomes_NN2 in_II these_DD2 clusters_NN2 fluctuate_VV0 more_DAR than_CSN in_II the_AT other_JJ quadrants_NN2 ._. 
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Response_NN1 patterns_NN2 were_VBDR similar_JJ overall_NN1 between_II female_NN1 and_CC male_JJ social_JJ workers_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Likewise_RR ,_, Hurdley_NP1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 (_( 2006_MC )_) work_VV0 on_II mantelpieces_NN2 studies_VVZ the_AT narratives_NN2 people_NN construct_VV0 around_RP objects_NN2 on_II display_NN1 and_CC the_AT connections_NN2 made_VVN between_II identity_NN1 and_CC memory_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 paper_NN1 ,_, however_RR ,_, only_RR draws_VVZ on_II the_AT interviews_NN2 with_IW the_AT London_NP1 research_NN1 participants_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 exchange_NN1 was_VBDZ typical_JJ of_IO the_AT investigatory_JJ stops_NN2 we_PPIS2 observed_VVD ,_, especially_RR in_II its_APPGE orientation_NN1 to_II data_NN collection_NN1 and_CC the_AT officers_NN2 use_NN1 of_IO the_AT language_NN1 of_IO mutuality_NN1 as_II a_AT1 strategy_NN1 for_IF enhancing_VVG compliance_NN1 and_CC submissiveness_NN1 ._. 
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A_AT1 key_JJ limitation_NN1 of_IO the_AT research_NN1 to_II date_NN1 on_II later-_JJR life_NN1 union_NN1 formation_NN1 is_VBZ that_CST it_PPH1 has_VHZ lumped_VVN together_RL the_AT long-term_JJ single_JJ with_IW the_AT recently_RR divorced_VVN or_CC widowed_JJ (_( Brown_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
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<s>
2012_MC ;_; de_NP1 Jong_NP1 Gierveld_NP1 2004_MC ;_; Vespa_NP1 2012_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
For_REX21 instance_REX22 ,_, the_AT degree_NN1 to_II which_DDQ an_AT1 IQ_NN1 test_NN1 is_VBZ verbally_RR loaded_VVN can_VM inflate_VVI or_CC deflate_VVI scores_NN2 (_( Jensen_NP1 1980_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II this_DD1 way_NN1 ,_, "_" culture_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 primary_JJ influence_NN1 on_II violence_NN1 is_VBZ through_II '_NULL definitions_NN2 of_IO the_AT situation_NN1 ,_, '_NULL '_NULL frames_NN2 ,_, "_" and/or_CC '_NULL attributional_JJ styles_NN2 '_NULL that_CST affect_VV0 the_AT likelihood_NN1 that_CST an_AT1 individual_NN1 will_VM define_VVI a_AT1 situation_NN1 as_CSA one_PN1 in_II which_DDQ physical_JJ assault_NN1 ,_, perhaps_RR with_IW the_AT intent_JJ to_TO kill_VVI an_AT1 opponent_NN1 ,_, is_VBZ appropriate_JJ or_CC even_RR demanded_VVN "_" (_( Corzine_NP1 ,_, Huff-Corzine_NP1 ,_, &;_NULL Whitt_NP1 ,_, 1999_MC ,_, p._NN1 46_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Another_DD1 service_NN1 user_NN1 alleged_VVD six_MC social_JJ workers_NN2 had_VHD acted_VVN dishonestly_RR in_II conducting_VVG unnecessary_JJ assessments_NN2 into_II her_APPGE mental_JJ well-being_NN1 ,_, determined_VVN to_TO section_VVI her_PPHO1 under_II the_AT Mental_JJ Health_NN1 Act_NN1 1983_MC ._. 
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<s>
The_AT longer_JJR the_AT time_NNT1 since_CS gray_JJ divorce_NN1 ,_, the_AT less_RGR likely_JJ it_PPH1 was_VBDZ that_CST women_NN2 would_VM cohabit_VVI compared_VVN with_IW either_RR remaining_VVG unpartnered_JJ or_CC remarrying_VVG ._. 
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<s>
The_AT notes_NN2 tended_VVD to_TO be_VBI narratives_NN2 of_IO actions_NN2 done_VDN and_CC actions_NN2 to_TO be_VBI completed_VVN ._. 
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<s>
Perception_NN1 of_IO few_DA2 career_NN1 opportunities_NN2 was_VBDZ the_AT average_NN1 of_IO the_AT following_JJ three_MC items_NN2 :_: (_( a_ZZ1 )_) "_" As_CSA Quinn_NP1 (_( 1982_MC )_) notes_NN2 ,_, polysemic_JJ senses_NN2 of_IO the_AT same_DA word_NN1 may_VM seem_VVI arbitrary_JJ but_CCB show_VV0 their_APPGE relatedness_NN1 within_II the_AT specific_JJ contexts_NN2 in_II which_DDQ they_PPHS2 are_VBR used_VVN ._. 
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<s>
Table_NN1 A6_FO (_( online_JJ appendix_NN1 )_) ,_, show_VV0 no_AT differences_NN2 between_II rural_JJ and_CC urban_JJ districts_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT results_NN2 from_II models_NN2 using_VVG third_MD births_NN2 as_II a_AT1 distinct_JJ category_NN1 did_VDD not_XX alter_VVI the_AT study_NN1 conclusions_NN2 (_( see_VV0 Online_JJ Appendix_NN1 V_ZZ1 in_II File_NN1 S1_FO )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
For_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ well_RR known_VVN that_CST economic_JJ development_NN1 reduces_VVZ poverty_NN1 in_II less_RGR developed_JJ countries_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Wheeler_NP1 ,_, 2012_MC )_) ,_, which_DDQ Figure_NN1 1_MC1 illustrates_VVZ ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 means_VVZ it_PPH1 is_VBZ not_XX possible_JJ to_TO investigate_VVI the_AT function_NN1 of_IO skills_NN2 ,_, because_CS their_APPGE scarcity_NN1 varies_VVZ depending_II21 on_II22 the_AT degree_NN1 of_IO societal-level_JJ skills_NN2 diffusion_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Other_JJ recent_JJ studies_NN2 found_VVD some_DD reduction_NN1 in_II the_AT penalty_NN1 over_II time_NNT1 in_II the_AT United_NP1 States_NP1 ,_, without_IW controlling_VVG for_IF labor_NN1 market_NN1 experience_NN1 (_( Buchmann_NP1 &;_NULL McDaniel_NP1 ,_, 2016_MC ;_; Glauber_NP1 ,_, 2018_MC ;_; Pal_NN1 &;_NULL Waldfogel_NP1 ,_, 2016_MC ;_; Weeden_NP1 ,_, Cha_NP1 ,_, &;_NULL Bucca_NP1 ,_, 2016_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
It_PPH1 should_VM be_VBI noted_VVN that_CST the_AT sample_NN1 includes_VVZ both_RR male_JJ and_CC female_JJ respondents_NN2 ,_, for_IF the_AT purpose_NN1 of_IO presenting_VVG the_AT historical_JJ trends_NN2 facing_VVG all_DB African_JJ Americans_NN2 ,_, instead_II21 of_II22 only_JJ black_JJ males_NN2 whom_PNQO have_VH0 been_VBN the_AT primary_JJ target_NN1 of_IO previous_JJ studies_NN2 (_( Grodsky_NP1 and_CC Pager_NP1 ,_, 2001_MC ;_; Pais_NN2 ,_, 2011_MC ;_; Semyonov_NP1 and_CC Lewin-Epstein_NP1 ,_, 2009_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 is_VBZ illustrated_VVN by_II Kell_NP1 (_( 2013_MC ,_, 8_MC )_) who_PNQS writes_VVZ that_CST ,_, Superdiversity_NP1 ,_, thus_RR ,_, seems_VVZ to_TO add_VVI layer_NN1 upon_II layer_NN1 of_IO complexity_NN1 to_II sociolinguistic_JJ issues_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Protection_NN1 of_IO the_AT Constitution_NN1 (_( Glet_NP1 2009_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Sexual_JJ scandals_NN2 are_VBR ,_, one_PN1 might_VM suggest_VVI ,_, promiscuous_JJ ,_, affecting_VVG many_DA2 institutional_JJ realms_NN2 and_CC documented_VVN for_IF well_RR over_RG half_DB a_AT1 millennium_NNT1 (_( Bonomi_NP1 1998_MC ,_, Crawford_NP1 2003_MC ,_, Bastow_NP1 2012_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
One_MC1 strategy_NN1 that_CST is_VBZ often_RR employed_VVN to_II man-_JJ age_NN1 role_NN1 conflicts_NN2 and_CC overloads_NN2 is_VBZ role_NN1 specialization_NN1 ;_; each_DD1 parent_NN1 prioritizes_VVZ and_CC specializes_VVZ in_RR21 particular_RR22 roles_NN2 to_II more_RGR efficiently_RR complete_JJ family_NN1 tasks_NN2 (_( Becker_NP1 ,_, 1981_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
I_PPIS1 do_VD0 not_XX directly_RR control_VVI for_IF the_AT presumptive_JJ sentence_NN1 in_II some_DD analyses_NN2 presented_VVN here_RL because_CS the_AT presumptive_JJ is_VBZ based_VVN on_II both_DB2 the_AT offense_NN1 severity_NN1 and_CC the_AT criminal_JJ history_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Attitudes_NN2 towards_II the_AT acceptability_NN1 of_IO social_JJ phenomena_NN2 change_VV0 with_IW time_NNT1 ,_, particularly_RR in_II31 terms_II32 of_II33 whether_CSW anything_PN1 needs_VVZ to_TO be_VBI done_VDN to_TO censure_VVI or_CC prevent_VVI further_JJR occurrence_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II this_DD1 context_NN1 ,_, '_NULL solidarity_NN1 is_VBZ part_NN1 of_IO an_AT1 expression_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 singular_JJ "_" community_NN1 of_IO us_PPIO2 all_DB "_" At_II that_DD1 point_NN1 ,_, the_AT NORC_NN1 was_VBDZ able_JK to_TO contact_VVI the_AT prison_NN1 administration_NN1 to_TO request_VVI permission_NN1 to_TO conduct_VVI the_AT interview_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Fourteen_MC respondents_NN2 were_VBDR EU_NP1 citizens_NN2 and_CC five_MC had_VHD acquired_VVN UK_NP1 citizenship_NN1 prior_II21 to_II22 the_AT research_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Although_CS the_AT effect_NN1 is_VBZ limited_VVN to_II spe_NN1 cific_JJ demographic_JJ groups_NN2 ,_, these_DD2 findings_NN2 reveal_VV0 a_AT1 substantial_JJ impact_NN1 of_IO aggressive_JJ ,_, order_NN1 maintenance_NN1 policing_VVG on_II educational_JJ outcomes_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Linkage_NN1 Strength_NN1 and_CC Unemployment_NN1 Note_NN1 :_: Predicted_JJ marginal_JJ effects_NN2 from_II Table_NN1 6_MC ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT key_JJ idea_NN1 here_RL is_VBZ to_TO change_VVI places_NN2 rather_II21 than_II22 people_NN ._. 
</s>
<s>
Theoretically_RR ,_, many_DA2 ideas_NN2 ,_, both_RR within_RL and_CC between_II disciplinary_JJ boundaries_NN2 ,_, emphasize_VV0 the_AT attachments_NN2 ,_, cohesion_NN1 ,_, and_CC norms_NN2 that_CST emerge_VV0 in_II communities_NN2 from_II networks_NN2 of_IO small_JJ ,_, local_JJ organizations_NN2 and_CC the_AT significance_NN1 of_IO local_JJ businesses_NN2 for_IF community_NN1 vitality_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
We_PPIS2 conducted_VVD an_AT1 exploratory_JJ analysis_NN1 of_IO levels_NN2 of_IO health_NN1 ,_, well-being_NN1 and_CC intentions_NN2 to_TO leave_VVI work_NN1 reported_VVN by_II the_AT sample_NN1 as_II31 well_II32 as_II33 attitudes_NN2 towards_II retirement_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Further_JJR tests_NN2 of_IO significant_JJ intercohort_NN1 differences_NN2 across_II educational_JJ groups_NN2 showed_VVD that_CST the_AT risks_NN2 of_IO marriage_NN1 declined_VVD significantly_RR over_II time_NNT1 for_IF all_RR21 but_RR22 college-educated_JJ women_NN2 ,_, whereas_CS the_AT risks_NN2 of_IO dissolution_NN1 were_VBDR significantly_RR reduced_VVN only_RR among_II women_NN2 with_IW less_DAR than_CSN a_AT1 high_JJ school_NN1 diploma_NN1 or_CC some_DD college_NN1 education_NN1 (_( results_VVZ not_XX shown_VVN )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
So_RR ,_, in_II what_DDQ direction_NN1 should_VM we_PPIS2 go_VVI ?_? 
</s>
<s>
Crips_NN2 and_CC Bloods_NN2 were_VBDR active_JJ in_II the_AT 1970s_MC2 ,_, and_CC more_RGR recently_RR ,_, Hispanic_JJ gangs_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 Primera_NP1 Flats_NN2 ,_, 38th_MD Street_NN1 ,_, and_CC the_AT Pueblos_NN2 have_VH0 engaged_VVN in_II violent_JJ behavior_NN1 in_II and_CC around_II Newton_NP1 Division_NN1 (_( Uchida_NP1 &;_NULL Swatt_NP1 ,_, 2013_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
Working-class_JJ ,_, low-income_JJ families_NN2 who_PNQS work_VV0 in_II construction_NN1 ,_, service_NN1 ,_, and_CC hospitality_NN1 largely_RR populate_VV0 its_APPGE communities_NN2 on_II the_AT city_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 north_ND1 and_CC south_ND1 sides_NN2 ,_, flanking_VVG an_AT1 otherwise_RR very_RG wealthy_JJ and_CC predominantly_RR white_JJ enclave_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Second_MD ,_, in_II31 line_II32 with_II33 the_AT life_NN1 course_NN1 paradigm_NN1 and_CC the_AT cumulative_JJ (_( dis_DD1 )_) advantage_NN1 approach_NN1 (_( Dannefer_NP1 ,_, 2003_MC ,_, 2011_MC ;_; O_UH '_NULL Rand_NP1 ,_, 1996_MC ,_, 2009_MC )_) ,_, we_PPIS2 argue_VV0 that_DD1 retirement_NN1 pathways_NN2 are_VBR not_XX a_AT1 matter_NN1 of_IO "_" choice_NN1 "_" but_CCB rather_RR reflect_VV0 the_AT resources_NN2 and_CC life_NN1 chances_NN2 that_CST a_AT1 person_NN1 has_VHZ accumulated_VVN over_II her_PPHO1 or_CC his_APPGE life_NN1 course_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
We_PPIS2 use_VV0 300_MC replications_NN2 to_TO obtain_VVI the_AT bootstrapped_JJ standard_JJ errors_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
We_PPIS2 thus_RR bridge_VV0 two_MC literatures_NN2 on_II normative_JJ control_NN1 and_CC work–life_NN1 conflict_NN1 ,_, And_CC what_DDQ we_PPIS2 found_VVD suggests_VVZ something_PN1 opposite_RL to_II what_DDQ one_PN1 would_VM expect_VVI from_II the_AT super-diversity_NN1 thesis_NN1 :_: citizenship_NN1 itself_PPX1 has_VHZ become_VVN politicized_JJ and_CC "_" culturalized_VVN "_" in_II some_DD Western_JJ countries_NN2 ,_, while_CS space_NN1 for_IF diversity_NN1 has_VHZ decreased_VVN instead_II21 of_II22 increased_JJ ,_, let_VVD alone_RR come_VVI to_TO be_VBI considered_VVN "_" normal_JJ "_" (_( Duyvendak_NP1 ,_, Geschiere_NP1 ,_, and_CC Tonkens_NP1 2016_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II Germany_NP1 ,_, people_NN incapable_JJ of_IO working_VVG due_II21 to_II22 physical_JJ and/or_CC mental_JJ impairments_NN2 can_VM apply_VVI for_IF a_AT1 "_" reduced_JJ earning_VVG capacity_NN1 pension_NN1 "_" (_( in_II the_AT following_JJ called_JJ disability_NN1 pension_NN1 )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Evidence_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 positive_JJ association_NN1 between_II LLC_NP1 ownership_NN1 and_CC housing_VVG disrepair_NN1 could_VM be_VBI driven_VVN by_II two_MC underlying_JJ mechanisms_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Overall_RR ,_, at_II the_AT macro_JJ level_NN1 ,_, there_RL isexcept_VV0 for_IF cohorts_NN2 born_VVN between_II roughly_RR 1945_MC and_CC 1955no_FO unidirectional_JJ trend_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 reduction_NN1 in_II classrelated_JJ educational_JJ inequalities_NN2 for_IF each_DD1 of_IO the_AT transitions_NN2 ,_, enrolments_NN2 and_CC attainments_NN2 ,_, but_CCB rather_RR there_EX are_VBR cohort-specific_JJ features_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Table_NN1 4_MC Fixed_JJ effects_NN2 and_CC covariance_NN1 parameters_NN2 for_IF growth_NN1 models_NN2 regressing_VVG functional_JJ limitations_NN2 in_II 1989_MC ,_, It_PPH1 is_VBZ known_VVN from_II the_AT literature_NN1 that_CST over_II the_AT same_DA period_NN1 women_NN2 '_NULL s_ZZ1 job_NN1 tenure_NN1 actually_RR rose_VVD in_II several_DA2 countries_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Social_JJ meanings_NN2 and_CC expectations_NN2 attached_VVN to_II employment_NN1 and_CC to_II family_NN1 work_NN1 differ_VV0 by_II gender_NN1 (_( Ferree_NP1 ,_, 2010_MC ;_; West_NP1 &;_NULL Zimmerman_JJ ,_, 2009_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
In_II the_AT 1970s_MC2 and_CC 1980s_MC2 ,_, this_DD1 image_NN1 was_VBDZ adopted_VVN by_II the_AT sociology_NN1 of_IO science_NN1 and_CC the_AT history_NN1 of_IO knowledge_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT idea_NN1 is_VBZ that_DD1 income_NN1 change_NN1 in_II a_AT1 given_JJ study_NN1 period_NN1 is_VBZ decomposed_VVN into_II three_MC parts_NN2 ,_, not_XX two_MC ._. 
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<s>
Although_CS most_DAT scholarly_JJ and_CC public_JJ attention_NN1 to_II this_DD1 issue_NN1 has_VHZ focused_VVN on_II understanding_VVG impacts_NN2 of_IO Walmart_NP1 in_RR21 particular_RR22 ,_, our_APPGE review_NN1 seeks_VVZ to_TO highlight_VVI more_RGR general_JJ processes_NN2 of_IO rationalization_NN1 ,_, concentration_NN1 ,_, and_CC a_AT1 changing_JJ industrial_JJ structure_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
For_IF all_DB these_DD2 applications_NN2 ,_, getting_VVG the_AT partitioning_NN1 done_VDN correctly_RR and_CC efficiently_RR is_VBZ important_JJ ,_, especially_RR so_RR when_CS the_AT available_JJ signed_JJ network_NN1 data_NN sets_NN2 are_VBR larger_JJR ._. 
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<s>
Realistic_JJ expectations_NN2 ,_, however_RR ,_, are_VBR much_RR more_RGR likely_JJ to_TO be_VBI affected_VVN by_II other_JJ factors_NN2 ,_, such_II21 as_II22 the_AT economic_JJ situation_NN1 of_IO the_AT family_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
So_RR –_- they_PPHS2 haven_VV0 '_NULL t_ZZ1 –_- they_PPHS2 haven_VV0 '_NULL t_ZZ1 done_VDN anything_PN1 to_TO help_VVI my_APPGE circumstances_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Race_NN1 becomes_VVZ "_" real_JJ in_II its_APPGE consequences_NN2 "_" (_( Thomas_NP1 and_CC Thomas_NP1 1928_MC )_) through_II the_AT organizationally_RR mediated_JJ distribution_NN1 of_IO economic_JJ and_CC social_JJ resources_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Without_IW question_NN1 ,_, sociologists_NN2 have_VH0 data_NN ,_, a_AT1 lot_NN1 of_IO it_PPH1 conclusive_JJ ,_, on_II these_DD2 issues_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Though_CS examples_NN2 of_IO the_AT crisis_NN1 thesis_NN1 are_VBR easily_RR identifiable_JJ ,_, much_DA1 of_IO this_DD1 supporting_JJ evidence_NN1 is_VBZ based_VVN on_II isolated_JJ anecdotes_NN2 or_CC descriptions_NN2 of_IO a_AT1 few_DA2 highly_RR select_VV0 Supreme_JJ Court_NN1 decisions_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
To_II our_APPGE knowledge_NN1 ,_, there_EX are_VBR no_AT reported_JJ studies_NN2 that_CST have_VH0 directly_RR compared_VVN vocational_JJ and_CC general_JJ education_NN1 using_VVG SA_NP1 ._. 
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<s>
These_DD2 practices_NN2 ,_, although_CS asymmetric_JJ ,_, resulted_VVN in_II both_DB2 groups_NN2 '_NULL speedy_JJ assimilation_NN1 into_II the_AT faculty_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Another_DD1 possibility_NN1 is_VBZ that_CST highly_RR educated_JJ women_NN2 may_VM relinquish_VVI power_NN1 on_II family_NN1 decisions_NN2 to_TO focus_VVI on_II their_APPGE careers_NN2 (_( Zuo_NP1 &;_NULL Bian_JJ ,_, 2005_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
Second_MD ,_, aside_II21 from_II22 the_AT standard_JJ union_NN1 membership_NN1 item_NN1 ,_, an_AT1 additional_JJ question_NN1 should_VM be_VBI added_VVN ,_, asking_VVG respondents_NN2 if_CS they_PPHS2 have_VH0 had_VHN contact_NN1 with_IW or_CC used_VVD the_AT services_NN2 of_IO a_AT1 worker_NN1 center_NN1 or_CC other_JJ organization_NN1 that_CST provides_VVZ legal_JJ or_CC other_JJ assistance_NN1 to_II workers_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Beal_NP1 and_CC Crockett_NP1 ,_, 2010_MC ;_; Zimmermann_NP1 ,_, 2018_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II the_AT late_JJ 1970s_MC2 ,_, still_RR a_AT1 vulnerable_JJ early_JJ career_NN1 researcher_NN1 ,_, Shirley_NP1 Strum_NN1 exposed_VVD herself_PPX1 by_II promoting_VVG a_AT1 new_JJ image_NN1 of_IO baboon_NN1 troops_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Following_VVG this_DD1 examination_NN1 of_IO relevant_JJ theory_NN1 and_CC evidence_NN1 for_IF each_DD1 element_NN1 ,_, we_PPIS2 articulate_VV0 the_AT features_NN2 required_VVN of_IO a_AT1 study_NN1 seeking_VVG to_TO help_VVI resolve_VVI the_AT question_NN1 of_IO the_AT role_NN1 of_IO status_NN1 hierarchies_NN2 and_CC negative_JJ ties_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
We_PPIS2 assume_VV0 that_CST G_ZZ1 is_VBZ undirected_JJ and_CC connected_JJ ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II the_AT corporate_JJ sector_NN1 ,_, Roth_NP1 (_( 2006_MC )_) notes_VVZ that_CST this_DD1 type_NN1 of_IO ideology_NN1 about_II meritocracy_NN1 when_CS pay_NN1 is_VBZ variable_JJ leads_NN2 to_II significant_JJ gender_NN1 inequality_NN1 in_II salaries_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Growth_NN1 in_II per_JJ21 capita_JJ22 GDP_NN1 reduces_VVZ infant_NN1 mortality_NN1 rates_NN2 ,_, increases_VVZ life_NN1 expectancies_NN2 ,_, and_CC boosts_VVZ caloric_JJ intake_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
H2b_FO :_: High_JJ income_NN1 is_VBZ related_VVN to_II an_AT1 identification_NN1 as_CSA right-wing_JJ among_II the_AT rich_JJ ._. 
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<s>
People_NN who_PNQS live_VV0 in_II a_AT1 house_NN1 of_IO almost_RR one_MC1 hundred_NNO square_JJ meters_NN2 ,_, which_DDQ should_VM be_VBI much_RR more_RGR expensive_JJ compared_VVN with_IW what_DDQ I_PPIS1 have_VH0 ._. 
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As_II such_DA ,_, these_DD2 data_NN are_VBR naturally_RR occurring_VVG ._. 
</s>
<s>
Of_RR21 course_RR22 ,_, we_PPIS2 have_VH0 no_AT way_NN1 of_IO knowing_VVG whether_CSW the_AT plight_NN1 of_IO Chinese_JJ women_NN2 seeking_VVG freedom_NN1 from_II their_APPGE abusive_JJ husbands_NN2 would_VM have_VHI been_VBN even_RR worse_JJR in_II its_APPGE absence_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
In_II contrast_NN1 to_II black_JJ doctors_NN2 and_CC black_JJ nurses_NN2 ,_, black_JJ technicians_NN2 shared_VVD few_DA2 accounts_NN2 of_IO structural_JJ or_CC organizational_JJ discrimination_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Even_CS21 though_CS22 secondary_JJ analyses_NN2 of_IO survey_NN1 data_NN are_VBR common_JJ ,_, if_CS not_XX ubiquitous_JJ ,_, in_II quantitative_JJ research_NN1 ,_, secondary_JJ analyses_NN2 of_IO qualitative_JJ data_NN such_II21 as_II22 those_DD2 in_II this_DD1 article_NN1 are_VBR indeed_RR rare_JJ because_CS few_DA2 qualitative_JJ datasets_NN2 are_VBR made_VVN available_JJ with_IW such_DA level_NN1 of_IO precision_NN1 and_CC details_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
A_AT1 steeper_JJR positive_JJ slope_NN1 indicates_VVZ a_AT1 stronger_JJR positive_JJ relationship_NN1 between_II educational_JJ attainment_NN1 and_CC a_AT1 given_JJ neighborhood_NN1 characteristic_NN1 ,_, reflecting_VVG that_CST the_AT group_NN1 in_II question_NN1 experiences_NN2 larger_JJR improvements_NN2 in_II their_APPGE neighborhood_NN1 outcomes_NN2 for_IF a_AT1 given_JJ increase_NN1 in_II their_APPGE educational_JJ attainment_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Grade_VV0 7_MC (_( K-7_FO )_) academic_JJ trajectories_NN2 of_IO three_MC groups_NN2 of_IO migrant_NN1 children_NN2 (_( economic_JJ ,_, family_NN1 ,_, and_CC refugee_NN1 )_) ,_, in_II comparison_NN1 to_II nonmigrant_JJ children_NN2 and_CC (_( 2_MC )_) whether_CSW other_JJ socio-demographic_JJ factors_NN2 (_( parental_JJ education_NN1 levels_NN2 at_II migration_NN1 ,_, English_JJ language_NN1 ability_NN1 ,_, I_PPIS1 used_VVD the_AT software_NN1 program_NN1 Atlas.ti_NP1 7_MC to_TO aid_VVI in_II my_APPGE data_NN management_NN1 and_CC analyses_VVZ with_IW coding_NN1 and_CC analysis_NN1 of_IO qualitative_JJ data_NN (_( Friese_NP2 ,_, 2012_MC ;_; Hwang_NP1 ,_, 2008_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
Sometimes_RT ,_, we_PPIS2 work_VV0 in_II the_AT paddock_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Pediatrics_NN1 ,_, a_AT1 specialty_NN1 built_VVN on_II the_AT premise_NN1 that_CST children_NN2 '_NULL s_ZZ1 health_NN1 could_VM be_VBI optimized_VVN through_II well-care_NN1 rather_II21 than_II22 simply_RR treatment_NN1 of_IO illness_NN1 ,_, responded_VVN by_II newly_RR defining_VVG the_AT profession_NN1 as_II a_AT1 partnership_NN1 between_II parents_NN2 and_CC providers_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Whereas_CS the_AT top_JJ score_NN1 on_II a_AT1 10-point_JJ scale_NN1 elicited_VVD images_NN2 of_IO excep-tional_JJ or_CC perfect_JJ performanceand_NN1 ,_, as_II a_AT1 result_NN1 ,_, activated_VVD gender_NN1 stereotypes_NN2 of_IO bril-liance_NN1 manifest_VV0 in_II raters_NN2 '_NULL hesitation_NN1 to_TO assign_VVI women_NN2 top_JJ scoresthe_NN1 top_NN1 score_NN1 on_II the_AT 6-point_JJ scale_NN1 did_VDD not_XX carry_VVI such_DA strong_JJ perfor-mance_NN1 expectations_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Schwartz_VV0 '_NULL s_ZZ1 (_( 2012_MC )_) theory_NN1 allows_VVZ us_PPIO2 to_TO predict_VVI that_CST the_AT endorsement_NN1 of_IO seemingly_RR opposite_JJ values_NN2 also_RR leads_VVZ to_II varied_JJ or_CC contradictory_JJ behaviors_NN2 among_II social_JJ workers_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Such_DA a_AT1 crisis_NN1 has_VHZ different_JJ (_( ideological_JJ ,_, as_II31 well_II32 as_II33 pragmatic_JJ )_) origins_NN2 ,_, but_CCB shares_NN2 with_IW philosophical_JJ critiques_NN2 of_IO computation_NN1 (_( such_II21 as_II22 that_DD1 of_IO Deleuze_NP1 discussed_VVD in_II this_DD1 article_NN1 )_) a_AT1 general_JJ discouragement_NN1 or_CC distrust_VV0 towards_II anything_PN1 representational_JJ ,_, as_II31 well_II32 as_II33 the_AT intention_NN1 to_TO consider_VVI instead_RR what_DDQ could_VM be_VBI referred_VVN to_II as_II the_AT '_NULL sensible_JJ dimension_NN1 '_NULL of_IO thought_NN1 :_: to_TO find_VVI '_NULL mind_NN1 in_II life_NN1 '_NULL (_( Thompson_NP1 ,_, 2007_MC )_) but_CCB also_RR '_NULL intelligence_NN1 without_IW representation_NN1 '_NULL (_( Brooks_NP1 ,_, 1991_MC )_) –_- that_REX41 is_REX42 to_REX43 say_REX44 ,_, complementarily_RR ,_, '_NULL intelligence_NN1 without_IW reason_NN1 '_NULL (_( Brooks_NP1 ,_, 1995_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Altogether_RR ,_, to_TO fill_VVI the_AT gap_NN1 regarding_II the_AT theoretical_JJ understanding_NN1 of_IO the_AT dynamic_JJ nature_NN1 of_IO MIL_NN1 ,_, we_PPIS2 need_VV0 studies_NN2 that_CST trace_VV0 the_AT change_NN1 in_II MIL_NN1 over_II time_NNT1 instead_II21 of_II22 focusing_VVG on_II the_AT static_JJ level_NN1 of_IO MIL.Current_NP1 study_NN1 With_II31 regard_II32 to_II33 the_AT aforementioned_JJ research_NN1 gaps_NN2 ,_, the_AT current_JJ study_NN1 primarily_RR aims_VVZ at_II understanding_VVG how_RRQ MIL_NN1 influences_VVZ different_JJ aspects_NN2 of_IO adolescent_JJ well-being_NN1 using_VVG a_AT1 developmental_JJ perspective_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 literature_NN1 demonstrates_VVZ the_AT importance_NN1 of_IO institutional_JJ factors_NN2 for_IF the_AT incidence_NN1 and_CC consequences_NN2 of_IO job_NN1 mobility_NN1 and_CC its_APPGE social_JJ stratification_NN1 potential_NN1 ,_, for_REX21 example_REX22 between_II low-_NN1 and_CC high-skilled_JJ workers_NN2 (_( Gebel_NP1 and_CC Giesecke_NP1 ,_, 2011_MC ,_, 2016_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT authors_NN2 observed_VVD that_CST across_II childhood_NN1 ,_, a_AT1 substantial_JJ fraction_NN1 of_IO youths_NN2 experienced_VVD not_XX just_RR a_AT1 single_JJ change_NN1 in_II family_NN1 structure_NN1 ,_, such_II21 as_II22 a_AT1 divorce_NN1 ,_, but_CCB multiple_JJ changes_NN2 in_II parents_NN2 '_NULL marital_JJ or_CC romantic_JJ relationship_NN1 status_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
These_DD2 activities_NN2 are_VBR not_XX just_RR educationally_RR meaningful_JJ but_CCB also_RR indicate_VV0 a_AT1 substantial_JJ amount_NN1 of_IO time_NNT1 and_CC resource_VV0 dedication_NN1 ,_, a_AT1 highly_RR valuable_JJ investment_NN1 made_VVN by_II grandparents_NN2 in_II their_APPGE grandchildren_NN2 '_NULL s_ZZ1 development_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 is_VBZ not_XX ideal_JJ because_CS boundary-spanning_JJ links_NN2 could_VM potentially_RR significantly_RR affect_VVI internal_JJ network_NN1 structure_NN1 inside_II the_AT community_NN1 ,_, for_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, if_CS the_AT community_NN1 members_NN2 strongly_RR avoid_VV0 or_CC seek_VV0 cosmopolitans_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
However_RR ,_, the_AT two_MC groups_NN2 of_IO children_NN2 left_VVN behind_RL by_II both_DB2 parents_NN2 ,_, those_DD2 receiving_VVG remittances_NN2 multiple_JJ times_NNT2 a_AT1 year_NNT1 and_CC those_DD2 receiving_VVG remittances_NN2 less_RGR often_RR ,_, both_DB2 showed_VVD worse_JJR internalizing_JJ behavior_NN1 problems_NN2 than_CSN their_APPGE comparison_NN1 group_NN1 ,_, rural_JJ nonmigrant_JJ children_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 article_NN1 was_VBDZ presented_VVN as_CSA '_NULL liberal_JJ '_NULL commentary_NN1 within_II the_AT paper_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 Education_NN1 section_NN1 and_CC utilised_VVD a_AT1 mocking_JJ tone_NN1 as_II a_AT1 way_NN1 of_IO undermining_VVG both_DB2 the_AT transgender_NN1 initiative_NN1 and_CC the_AT tabloid_JJ reporting_NN1 that_CST had_VHD occurred_VVN the_AT day_NNT1 before_RT ._. 
</s>
<s>
By_II James_NP1 E._NP1 Coverdill_NP1 and_CC William_NP1 Finlay_NP1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Figure_NN1 1b_FO shows_VVZ the_AT number_NN1 of_IO Bayesian_JJ statistics_NN articles_NN2 per_II 1,000_MC articles_NN2 published_VVD ,_, by_II year_NNT1 ,_, for_IF the_AT social_JJ sciences_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
According_II21 to_II22 Wimmer(2015)_FO ,_, absent_JJ collective_JJ White_JJ coordination_NN1 ,_, race_NN1 scholarship_NN1 lacks_VVZ a_AT1 convincing_JJ theoretical_JJ mechanism_NN1 explaining_VVG racial_JJ domination_NN1 across_II empirical_JJ cases_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT '_NULL social-focused_JJ '_NULL profile_NN1 (_( 36.6_MC per_NNU21 cent_NNU22 of_IO the_AT sample_NN1 )_) included_VVD participants_NN2 who_PNQS attributed_VVD high_JJ importance_NN1 to_II self-transcendence_JJ values_NN2 and_CC the_AT highest_JJT level_NN1 of_IO conservation_JJ values_NN2 (_( compared_VVN to_II the_AT other_JJ profiles_NN2 )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Particularly_RR the_AT last_MD period_NN1 (_( 2008–2014_MCMC )_) shows_VVZ a_AT1 remarkable_JJ drop_NN1 in_II the_AT level_NN1 of_IO discrimination_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Wigton_NP1 2011_MC ;_; Schulte_NP1 2014_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 work_NN1 finds_VVZ that_CST professional_JJ workers_NN2 often_RR lack_VV0 the_AT necessary_JJ autonomy_NN1 and_CC control_VV0 to_TO shape_VVI their_APPGE own_DA work_NN1 schedules_NN2 (_( Kelly_NP1 and_CC Moen_NP1 2007_MC ;_; Kelly_NP1 ,_, Moen_NP1 ,_, and_CC Tranby_NP1 2011_MC )_) ,_, and_CC this_DD1 lack_NN1 of_IO schedule_NN1 control_NN1 has_VHZ negative_JJ effects_NN2 on_II health_NN1 and_CC well-being_NN1 (_( Ala-Mursula_JJ et_NP1 al.2002_FO ;_; Marmot_NP1 et_NP1 al.1997_FO )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Workplace_NN1 experiments_NN2 provide_VV0 strong_JJ evidence_NN1 that_CST increasing_JJ control_NN1 over_II work_NN1 time_NNT1 causes_VVZ reductions_NN2 in_II work-family_JJ conflict_NN1 ,_, as_II31 well_II32 as_II33 reductions_NN2 in_II stress_NN1 and_CC psychological_JJ distress_NN1 and_CC improvements_NN2 in_II sleep_NN1 ,_, among_II other_JJ outcomes_NN2 (_( Kelly_NP1 et_NP1 al.2014_FO ;_; Moen_NP1 et_NP1 al.2016_FO ;_; Olson_NP1 et_NP1 al.2015_FO )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
However_RR ,_, especially_RR among_II white-collar_JJ workers_NN2 ,_, increased_JJ schedule_NN1 control_NN1 may_VM lead_VVI to_II role-blurring_NN1 by_II allowing_VVG ,_, and_CC even_RR obligating_VVG ,_, workers_NN2 to_TO "_" take_VVI work_NN1 home_RL "_" (_( MacEachen_NP1 ,_, Polzer_NP1 ,_, and_CC Clarke_NP1 2008_MC ;_; Schieman_NP1 and_CC Young_NP1 2010_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Relatedly_RR ,_, migration_NN1 to_II LD3_FO did_VDD not_XX extend_VVI to_II high_JJ school_NN1 because_II21 of_II22 the_AT infeasibility_NN1 of_IO offering_VVG the_AT full_JJ high_JJ school_NN1 curriculum_NN1 in_II self-contained_JJ classrooms_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II the_AT IV_MC estimates_NN2 ,_, which_DDQ are_VBR of_IO most_DAT interest_NN1 ,_, we_PPIS2 again_RT receive_VV0 a_AT1 sharp_JJ message_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Relational_JJ ambiguity_NN1 falls_VVZ short_JJ because_CS trans_NN2 parent_NN1 families_NN2 come_VV0 in_RP as_RG many_DA2 variations_NN2 as_CSA cisgender–parent_JJ families_NN2 ,_, but_CCB what_DDQ makes_VVZ the_AT case_NN1 of_IO the_AT former_DA unique_JJ is_VBZ that_CST the_AT fundamental_JJ nature_NN1 of_IO gender_NN1 complicates_VVZ the_AT roles_NN2 and_CC relationships_NN2 that_CST transition_NN1 as_II a_AT1 parent_NN1 does_VDZ ._. 
</s>
<s>
Similar_JJ to_II Sally_NP1 ,_, Annette_NP1 (_( straight_RR )_) said_VVD that_DD1 sex_NN1 had_VHD disappeared_VVN from_II her_APPGE marriage_NN1 after_II her_APPGE breast_NN1 cancer_NN1 treatment_NN1 in_RR21 part_RR22 because_CS the_AT treatment_NN1 changed_VVD her_APPGE body_NN1 :_: "_" We_PPIS2 caress_VV0 each_PPX221 other_PPX222 ,_, but_CCB between_II the_AT medications_NN2 ,_, and_CC I_PPIS1 lost_VVD ,_, you_PPY know_VV0 ,_, my_APPGE breasts_NN2 and_CC that_DD1 was_VBDZ a_AT1 pretty_RG sexual_JJ part_NN1 of_IO my_APPGE body_NN1 that_CST is_VBZ now_RT ,_, it_PPH1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 not_XX the_AT same_DA kind_NN1 of_IO physical_JJ passion_NN1 ._. "_" 
</s>
<s>
Her_APPGE thorough_JJ analysis_NN1 debunked_VVD the_AT myth_NN1 that_CST lynching_NN1 resulted_VVN from_II Black_JJ men_NN2 raping_VVG white_JJ women_NN2 ,_, but_CCB "_" rather_RR was_VBDZ an_AT1 excuse_NN1 to_TO get_VVI rid_VVN of_IO negroes_NN2 who_PNQS were_VBDR acquiring_VVG wealth_NN1 and_CC property_NN1 "_" (_( Wells-Barnett_NP1 1895:64_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
These_DD2 referrals_NN2 encompassed_VVD white_JJ incumbents_NN2 '_NULL involvement_NN1 in_II both_DB2 information_NN1 sharing_VVG about_II the_AT job_NN1 opening_VVG as_II31 well_II32 as_II33 putting_VVG in_RP a_AT1 good_JJ word_NN1 to_II administrators_NN2 who_PNQS in_II turn_NN1 directly_RR called_VVN the_AT applicant_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
We_PPIS2 investigate_VV0 the_AT association_NN1 between_II different_JJ grandparents_NN2 '_NULL resources_NN2 ,_, shared_JJ lifetime_NNT1 with_IW grandchildren_NN2 ,_, and_CC educational_JJ achievements_NN2 with_IW sibling_NN1 random_NN1 and_CC fixed-effects_NN2 models_NN2 ,_, using_VVG high-quality_JJ Finnish_JJ register_NN1 data_NN ._. 
</s>
<s>
As_RG many_DA2 as_CSA 92_MC per_NNU21 cent_NNU22 (_( 248_MC out_II21 of_II22 271_MC form_NN1 teachers_NN2 from_II participating_JJ school_NN1 classes_NN2 )_) of_IO all_DB targeted_VVD teachers_NN2 participated_VVD in_II the_AT survey_NN1 (_( cf._VV0 It_PPH1 is_VBZ reasonable_JJ to_TO expect_VVI that_CST spouses_NN2 share_VV0 ,_, internalize_VV0 and_CC react_VV0 to_II each_PPX221 other_PPX222 '_NULL s_ZZ1 experiences_NN2 of_IO discrimination_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Additionally_RR ,_, if_CS the_AT network_NN1 actors_NN2 are_VBR more_RGR likely_JJ to_TO ask_VVI for_IF information_NN1 those_DD2 who_PNQS ask_VV0 them_PPHO2 (_( rather_II21 than_II22 approaching_VVG random_JJ people_NN )_) ,_, an_AT1 exogenous_JJ impact_NN1 on_II someone_PN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 information_NN1 seeking_VVG activity_NN1 ,_, may_VM result_VVI in_II their_APPGE higher_JJR popularity_NN1 overtime_NN1 because_II21 of_II22 the_AT endogenous_JJ mechanism_NN1 of_IO reciprocity_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Perceptions_NN2 of_IO community_NN1 well-being_NN1 decline_NN1 with_IW evidence_NN1 of_IO disorganization_NN1 (_( e.g._REX ,_, unkempt_JJ yards_NN2 ,_, homes_NN2 in_II disrepair_NN1 ,_, and_CC boarded-up_JJ commercial_JJ spaces_NN2 )_) ,_, reducing_VVG cohesion_NN1 and_CC thus_RR increasing_JJ crime_NN1 (_( Markowitz_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
2001_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II the_AT interviews_NN2 ,_, discussion_NN1 of_IO the_AT household_NN1 division_NN1 of_IO labor_NN1 was_VBDZ often_RR punctuated_VVN by_II the_AT expression_NN1 shikata_NN1 ga_NN1 nai_NN2 in_II Japanese_NN1 and_CC eo-jjeol_JJ su_NN1 eobs-da_NN1 in_II Korean_JJ ,_, both_DB2 of_IO which_DDQ mean_VV0 literally_RR "_" there_EX is_VBZ no_AT other_JJ way_NN1 ._. "_" 
</s>
<s>
Widespread_JJ scholarly_JJ interest_NN1 in_II time_NNT1 use_NN1 has_VHZ led_VVN to_II the_AT development_NN1 of_IO impressive_JJ data_NN collection_NN1 and_CC dissemination_NN1 projects_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT Group_NN1 Density_NN1 Interaction_NN1 effects_NN2 ,_, which_DDQ control_VV0 for_IF the_AT density_NN1 and_CC activity_NN1 differences_NN2 among_II the_AT groups_NN2 of_IO different_JJ sizes_NN2 ,_, are_VBR omitted_VVN from_II Table_NN1 3_MC for_IF brevity_NN1 and_CC can_VM be_VBI found_VVN in_II the_AT Appendix_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT measure_NN1 of_IO friends_NN2 is_VBZ based_VVN on_II the_AT network_NN1 survey_NN1 item_NN1 '_NULL Who_PNQS are_VBR your_APPGE best_JJT friends_NN2 in_II the_AT school_NN1 class_NN1 ?_? '_NULL ,_, for_IF which_DDQ five_MC nominations_NN2 were_VBDR possible_JJ ,_, and_CC which_DDQ exists_VVZ both_RR at_II Waves_NN2 1_MC1 and_CC 2_MC ._. 
</s>
<s>
Thus_RR ,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ a_AT1 measure_NN1 strictly_RR from_II the_AT perspective_NN1 of_IO the_AT individual_NN1 (_( '_NULL ego-centric_JJ '_NULL )_) ,_, which_DDQ does_VDZ not_XX account_VVI for_IF relations_NN2 between_II their_APPGE friends_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Importantly_RR ,_, studies_NN2 (_( e.g._REX ,_, Yamamoto_NP1 and_CC Brinton_NP1 ,_, 2010_MC )_) have_VH0 repeatedly_RR found_VVN that_CST the_AT high_JJ school_NN1 a_AT1 particular_JJ student_NN1 attends_VVZ greatly_RR shapes_VVZ that_CST individual_JJ '_NULL s_ZZ1 future_JJ educational_JJ attainment_NN1 in_II the_AT society_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
They_PPHS2 asked_VVD questions_NN2 like_VV0 ,_, "_" What_DDQ '_NULL s_ZZ1 your_APPGE Twitter_NN1 handle_NN1 ?_? "_" or_CC "_" What_DDQ '_NULL s_ZZ1 your_APPGE Facebook_NN1 ID_NN1 ?_? 
</s>
<s>
As_CSA asserted_VVN by_II Jeyapal_NP1 and_CC Grigg_NP1 (_( in_II press_NN1 )_) ,_, white_JJ women_NN2 '_NULL s_ZZ1 tearful_JJ reactions_NN2 to_II anti-racism_JJ education_NN1 may_VM be_VBI understood_VVN as_CSA politically-motivated_JJ expressions_NN2 of_IO white_JJ privilege_NN1 and_CC appropriated_JJ victimisation_NN1 ,_, reflective_JJ of_IO the_AT '_NULL crying_NN1 white_JJ woman_NN1 '_NULL archetype_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Scholars_NN2 have_VH0 mostly_RR explored_VVN biological_JJ (_( e.g._REX ,_, gray_JJ matter_NN1 volume_NN1 ;_; Bickart_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2011_MC ;_; Brashears_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2016_MC ;_; Lewis_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2011_MC )_) and_CC psychological_JJ explanations_NN2 for_IF this_DD1 variation_NN1 (_( e.g._REX ,_, perspective_NN1 taking_VVG ,_, or_CC extraversion_NN1 ;_; Pollet_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2011_MC ;_; Roberts_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2008_MC ;_; Lu_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2009_MC ;_; Stiller_NP1 and_CC Dunbar_NP1 ,_, 2007_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
But_CCB humans_NN2 remain_VV0 very_RG much_RR a_AT1 part_NN1 of_IO the_AT story_NN1 told_VVD ._. 
</s>
<s>
All_DB persons_NN2 in_II the_AT analysis_NN1 attained_VVD at_RR21 least_RR22 age_VV0 100_MC at_II death_NN1 and_CC were_VBDR born_VVN between_II January_NPM1 1_MC1 ,_, 1870_MC and_CC December_NPM1 31_MC ,_, 1904_MC ,_, amounting_VVG to_II 16,931_MC centenarians_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Participants_NN2 were_VBDR randomly_RR drawn_VVN to_TO be_VBI paid_VVN for_IF their_APPGE investment_NN1 decisions_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
His_APPGE aim_NN1 was_VBDZ to_TO talk_VVI to_II a_AT1 wide_JJ range_NN1 of_IO Americans_NN2 with_II31 respect_II32 to_II33 race_NN1 ,_, gender_NN1 ,_, political_JJ orientation_NN1 ,_, age_NN1 ,_, and_CC marital_JJ status_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
A_AT1 no-dosage_JJ control_NN1 condition_NN1 has_VHZ a_AT1 long_JJ history_NN1 in_II other_JJ fields_NN2 where_RRQ what_DDQ is_VBZ called_VVN a_AT1 "_" Knockout_NN1 trial_NN1 "_" One_MC1 caveat_NN1 is_VBZ that_CST scholars_NN2 have_VH0 expressed_VVN conceptual_JJ and_CC methodological_JJ concerns_NN2 with_IW the_AT measure_NN1 of_IO sexual_JJ frequency_NN1 used_VVN in_II this_DD1 study_NN1 and_CC prior_JJ studies_NN2 (_( Blair_NP1 &;_NULL Pukall_NP1 ,_, 2014_MC ;_; Rothblum_NP1 ,_, 2000_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Communities_NN2 of_IO color_NN1 want_VV0 effective_JJ policing_NN1 ;_; many_DA2 face_VV0 real_JJ dangers_NN2 from_II crime_NN1 and_CC do_VD0 not_XX have_VHI other_JJ places_NN2 to_TO turn_VVI for_IF help_NN1 (_( Bell_NP1 2016_MC ,_, Hagan_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
2018_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Taken_VVN together_RL ,_, we_PPIS2 arrive_VV0 at_II specific_JJ hypotheses_NN2 about_II how_RRQ the_AT local_JJ context_NN1 and_CC school_NN1 track_NN1 affect_VV0 the_AT interplay_NN1 between_II identification_NN1 and_CC friendships_NN2 in_II schools_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
But_CCB it_PPH1 is_VBZ also_RR like_VV0 I_PPIS1 lost_VVD my_APPGE father_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Contrary_II21 to_II22 this_DD1 expectation_NN1 ,_, Worden_NP1 and_CC McLean_NP1 (_( 2017_MC )_) found_VVD that_CST violent_JJ crime_NN1 and_CC interpersonal_JJ conflict_NN1 calls_NN2 yielded_VVD higher_JJR levels_NN2 of_IO procedural_JJ justice_NN1 ,_, but_CCB suspicious_JJ circumstances_NN2 were_VBDR associated_VVN with_IW significant_JJ reductions_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Another_DD1 area_NN1 of_IO research_NN1 that_CST has_VHZ received_VVN a_AT1 particularly_RR large_JJ amount_NN1 of_IO attention_NN1 is_VBZ the_AT extent_NN1 to_II which_DDQ Americans_NN2 view_VV0 homosexuality_NN1 as_CSA innate_JJ (_( i.e._REX ,_, something_PN1 with_IW which_DDQ people_NN are_VBR born_VVN )_) versus_II something_PN1 that_CST people_NN can_VM control_VVI (_( Haider-Markel_NP1 &;_NULL Joslyn_NP1 2005_MC ,_, Whitehead_NP1 2010_MC ,_, Whitehead_NP1 &;_NULL Baker_NP1 2012_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Additionally_RR ,_, there_EX are_VBR only_RR 26_MC nations_NN2 in_II the_AT world_NN1 where_CS gay_JJ and_CC lesbian_JJ people_NN can_VM marry_VVI (_( Pew_NN1 Res_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Cent_NNU1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
More_DAR research_NN1 is_VBZ also_RR needed_VVN that_CST compares_VVZ perpetration_NN1 and_CC victimization_NN1 using_VVG men_NN2 '_NULL s_ZZ1 and_CC women_NN2 '_NULL s_ZZ1 reports_VVZ both_RR within_RL and_CC across_II countries_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Moreover_RR ,_, sticking_VVG to_II a_AT1 traditionally_RR white_JJ label_NN1 (_( i.e._REX ,_, LD_NP1 )_) and_CC manipulating_VVG the_AT categories_NN2 within_II it_PPH1 was_VBDZ a_AT1 more_RGR efficient_JJ option_NN1 as_CS31 long_CS32 as_CS33 it_PPH1 helped_VVD maintain_VVI advantage_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Mothers_NN2 may_VM be_VBI particularly_RR subject_II21 to_II22 role_NN1 overload_NN1 if_CS they_PPHS2 work_VV0 full-time_JJ (_( Cohen_NP1 &;_NULL Janicki-Deverts_NP1 ,_, 2012_MC ;_; Erdwins_NP2 ,_, Buffardi_NP1 ,_, Casper_NP1 ,_, &;_NULL O_UH '_NULL Brien_NP1 ,_, 2001_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
There_EX are_VBR observable_JJ differences_NN2 both_RR between_II countries_NN2 in_II the_AT UK_NP1 and_CC at_II the_AT level_NN1 of_IO local_JJ administrative_JJ areas_NN2 (_( local_JJ authorities_NN2 )_) in_II the_AT numbers_NN2 of_IO children_NN2 in_II out-of-home_JJ care_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 set_NN1 of_IO possible_JJ explanations_NN2 provides_VVZ little_DA1 clarity_NN1 on_II how_RRQ to_TO confront_VVI violence_NN1 ,_, but_CCB the_AT approaches_NN2 used_VMK to_TO confront_VVI violence_NN1 in_II the_AT present_NN1 are_VBR not_XX constrained_VVN by_II the_AT forces_NN2 that_CST have_VH0 reduced_VVN violence_NN1 in_II the_AT past_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT largest_JJT differences_NN2 between_II women_NN2 in_II nuclear_JJ and_CC coresident_JJ families_NN2 were_VBDR in_II their_APPGE ages_NN2 ,_, their_APPGE husbands_NN2 having_VHG a_AT1 brother_NN1 ,_, and_CC homeownership_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Without_IW gender_NN1 to_TO clarify_VVI the_AT nature_NN1 of_IO the_AT relationship_NN1 with_IW a_AT1 parent_NN1 ,_, the_AT distance_NN1 between_II parents_NN2 and_CC children_NN2 could_VM grow_VVI until_CS the_AT parent_NN1 children_NN2 had_VHD known_VVN all_DB their_APPGE lives_NN2 became_VVD more_DAR of_IO a_AT1 stranger_JJR than_CSN a_AT1 parent_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
A_AT1 recurrent_JJ observation_NN1 in_II these_DD2 studies_NN2 is_VBZ the_AT assertiveness_NN1 associated_VVN with_IW this_DD1 activism_NN1 ,_, including_II political_JJ agency_NN1 ,_, community_NN1 leadership_NN1 ,_, and_CC the_AT right_NN1 to_II self-actualization_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Benito_NP1 Mussolini_NP1 ,_, who_PNQS ruled_VVD Italy_NP1 from_II 1922_MC to_II 1943_MC ,_, coined_VVD the_AT term_NN1 to_TO describe_VVI both_DB2 the_AT ideological_JJ underpinnings_NN2 and_CC the_AT form_NN1 of_IO government_NN1 that_CST he_PPHS1 was_VBDZ installing_VVG in_II interwar_NN1 Italy_NP1 (_( Gentile_NN1 1928_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 limitation_NN1 may_VM prevent_VVI coping_VVG with_IW personal_JJ prejudices_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Expectations_NN2 that_CST elderly_JJ people_NN attain_VV0 independence_NN1 by_II acknowledging_VVG need_NN1 for_IF assistance_NN1 moralized_VVD the_AT extension_NN1 of_IO services_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
They_PPHS2 would_VM fight_VVI until_CS all_DB contradictions_NN2 perished_VVD and_CC only_RR incontrovertible_JJ truths_NN2 would_VM survive_VVI ,_, with_IW no_AT Leviathan_NP1 assembled_VVD from_II the_AT multitude_NN1 of_IO conflicting_JJ researchers_NN2 to_TO trade_VVI academic_JJ freedom_NN1 for_IF security_NN1 (_( Daston_NP1 ,_, 1991_MC ;_; Koselleck_NP1 ,_, 1988_MC :_: 108–13_MCMC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
We_PPIS2 reviewed_VVD hundreds_NNO2 of_IO scholarly_JJ works_NN published_VVD as_RG peer-reviewed_JJ journal_NN1 articles_NN2 ,_, books_NN2 ,_, and_CC book_NN1 chapters_NN2 from_II 2010_MC to_II 2019_MC ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT key_JJ explanatory_JJ variable_NN1 of_IO interest_NN1 is_VBZ labor_NN1 force_NN1 status_NN1 for_IF respondents_NN2 and_CC their_APPGE partner_NN1 (_( 1_MC1 =_FO "_" employed_VVN ,_, full-time_JJ "_" ;_; 2_MC =_FO "_" employed_VVN ,_, part-time_JJ "_" ;_; 3_MC =_FO "_" not_XX in_II the_AT labor_NN1 force_NN1 "_" )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
However_RR ,_, the_AT association_NN1 between_II minority_NN1 students_NN2 '_NULL identification_NN1 and_CC their_APPGE cross-group_JJ friendships_NN2 is_VBZ clearly_RR strongest_JJT in_II the_AT high-track_JJ schools_NN2 located_VVN in_II areas_NN2 with_IW strong_JJ ethnic_JJ stratification_NN1 across_II schools_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 suggests_VVZ IATs_NP2 are_VBR less_RGR sensitive_JJ than_CSN explicit_JJ measures_NN2 to_II motivation_NN1 to_TO control_VVI responses_NN2 but_CCB are_VBR still_RR affected_VVN by_II it_PPH1 ._. 
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<s>
Hamil-ton_NP1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 letter_NN1 provided_VVD a_AT1 narrative_JJ history_NN1 of_IO the_AT events_NN2 in_II clear_JJ moral_JJ language_NN1 ,_, and_CC it_PPH1 was_VBDZ the_AT first_MD "_" total_JJ "_" account_NN1 (_( i.e._REX ,_, attributing_VVG cause_NN1 ,_, discussing_VVG conditions_NN2 and_CC the_AT purpose_NN1 of_IO the_AT excise_NN1 law_NN1 ,_, placing_VVG blame_NN1 )_) to_TO be_VBI widely_RR published_VVN ._. 
</s>
<s>
Materials_NN2 are_VBR part_NN1 of_IO everyday_JJ lives_NN2 and_CC relationships_NN2 ,_, and_CC their_APPGE influence_NN1 should_VM not_XX be_VBI undervalued_VVN ._. 
</s>
<s>
Within_II interviews_NN2 ,_, AMHPs_NN2 expressed_VVD their_APPGE concern_NN1 that_CST many_DA2 people_NN were_VBDR subject_II21 to_II22 increased_JJ social_JJ stressors_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 experience_NN1 of_IO trauma_NN1 ,_, difficulty_NN1 accessing_NN1 benefits_NN2 ,_, problems_NN2 associated_VVN with_IW housing_NN1 ,_, addiction_NN1 and_CC social_JJ isolation_NN1 ,_, and_CC were_VBDR thus_RR more_RGR reliant_JJ on_II services_NN2 at_II precisely_RR the_AT time_NNT1 they_PPHS2 seemed_VVD less_RRR able_JK to_TO meet_VVI people_NN '_NULL s_ZZ1 needs_VVZ ._. 
</s>
<s>
Add_VV0 Health_NN1 additionally_RR oversampled_VVD several_DA2 groups_NN2 ,_, including_II Black_JJ adolescents_NN2 from_II well-educated_JJ families_NN2 and_CC Chinese_JJ ,_, Cuban_JJ ,_, and_CC Puerto_NP1 Rican_NP1 adolescents_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Englishman_NN1 is_VBZ ,_, you_PPY don_VV0 '_NULL t_ZZ1 know_VV0 there_RL '_NULL s_ZZ1 a_AT1 First_MD World_NN1 War_NN1 going_VVG on_RP ._. 
</s>
<s>
Cultural_JJ humility_NN1 should_VM be_VBI modelled_VVN by_II instructors_NN2 as_II a_AT1 useful_JJ paradigm_NN1 for_IF students_NN2 as_CSA they_PPHS2 tackle_VV0 the_AT simultaneous_JJ processes_NN2 of_IO unlearning_VVG and_CC learning_NN1 ;_; that_REX21 is_REX22 ,_, unlearning_VVG dominant_JJ cultural_JJ narratives_NN2 and_CC presuppositions_NN2 ,_, while_CS learning_VVG to_TO approach_VVI helping_VVG from_II a_AT1 place_NN1 of_IO humbleness_NN1 ,_, authenticity_NN1 ,_, openness_NN1 and_CC commitment_NN1 to_II justice_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II contrast_NN1 ,_, the_AT private_JJ sphere_NN1 has_VHZ been_VBN a_AT1 consistent_JJ focus_NN1 of_IO attention_NN1 with_II31 respect_II32 to_II33 understanding_VVG Muslim_JJ women_NN2 '_NULL s_ZZ1 lives_NN2 ,_, depicted_VVN as_II the_AT absolute_JJ locus_NN1 of_IO Muslim_JJ male_JJ patriarchal_JJ authority_NN1 due_II21 to_II22 its_APPGE role_NN1 in_II controlling_VVG women_NN2 '_NULL s_ZZ1 mobility_NN1 and_CC sexuality_NN1 (_( Guru_NN1 ,_, 2009_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Veldorale-Griffin_NP1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 research_NN1 ,_, although_CS concluding_VVG that_CST a_AT1 parent_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 gender_NN1 transition_NN1 does_VDZ not_XX permanently_RR damage_VVI parent–child_NN1 relationships_NN2 ,_, did_VDD suggest_VVI that_CST children_NN2 face_VV0 some_DD challenges_NN2 emerging_VVG from_II a_AT1 parent_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 transition_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
First_MD ,_, the_AT circumplex_NN1 structure_NN1 of_IO the_AT values_NN2 model_NN1 allows_VVZ us_PPIO2 to_TO expand_VVI the_AT one-dimensional_JJ investigation_NN1 of_IO values_NN2 to_II multidimensional_JJ examinations_NN2 ,_, based_VVN on_II Schwartz_NP1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 theoretical_JJ structure_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ was_VBDZ corroborated_VVN in_II this_DD1 study_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Scholars_NN2 have_VH0 differentiated_VVN between_II different_JJ levels_NN2 of_IO embeddedness_NN1 ,_, distinguishing_VVG between_II household_NN1 ,_, workplace_NN1 ,_, neighbourhood_NN1 and_CC wider_JJR community_NN1 embeddedness_NN1 (_( Korinek_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2005_MC )_) and_CC different_JJ domains_NN2 of_IO embeddedness_NN1 (_( Ryan_NP1 and_CC Mulholland_NP1 ,_, 2015_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
As_II the_AT reader_NN1 will_VM see_VVI ,_, my_APPGE own_DA aesthetic_JJ proposition_NN1 for_IF digital_JJ computation_NN1 differs_VVZ from_II that_DD1 of_IO Deleuze-inspired_JJ perspectives_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
For_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, terms_NN2 related_VVN to_II collective_JJ action_NN1 ,_, such_II21 as_II22 movement_NN1 ,_, When_CS a_AT1 person_NN1 is_VBZ scorned_VVN ,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ not_XX only_RR a_AT1 result_NN1 of_IO their_APPGE malign_JJ or_CC incompetent_JJ actions_NN2 ,_, but_CCB also_RR because_CS memory_NN1 partisans_NN2 have_VH0 argued_VVN that_CST their_APPGE actions_NN2 are_VBR detrimental_JJ ,_, their_APPGE defenders_NN2 can_VM not_XX or_CC will_VM not_XX rise_VVI to_TO battle_VVI ,_, and_CC a_AT1 sufficiently_RR large_JJ audience_NN1 exists_VVZ that_CST finds_VVZ these_DD2 attacks_NN2 plausible_JJ and_CC the_AT attackers_NN2 credible_JJ (_( Fine_JJ 2001_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Adopting_VVG the_AT conceptual_JJ framework_NN1 of_IO personal_JJ life_NN1 highlights_VVZ the_AT neglect_NN1 of_IO the_AT private_JJ sphere_NN1 as_II a_AT1 domain_NN1 of_IO social_JJ life_NN1 relevant_JJ to_II understanding_VVG Muslim_JJ men_NN2 '_NULL s_ZZ1 lives_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Even_CS21 if_CS22 such_DA data_NN are_VBR found_VVN ,_, though_CS ,_, progress_NN1 will_VM only_RR be_VBI made_VVN if_CS established_JJ theories_NN2 ,_, such_II21 as_II22 representation_NN1 theory_NN1 ,_, and_CC research_NN1 about_II the_AT aetiology_NN1 of_IO child_NN1 maltreatment_NN1 (_( for_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, Powell_NP1 ,_, 2003_MC )_) are_VBR used_VVN to_TO appraise_VVI data_NN critically_RR in_II31 terms_II32 of_II33 their_APPGE faithful_JJ representation_NN1 of_IO the_AT domain_NN1 of_IO child_NN1 maltreatment_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II fact_NN1 ,_, some_DD of_IO the_AT work_NN1 is_VBZ explicitly_RR a_AT1 more_RGR microlevel_VV0 approach_NN1 to_II questions_NN2 typically_RR studied_VVN among_II neighborhoods_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Activists_NN2 campaigning_VVG for_IF Women_NN2 '_NULL s_ZZ1 Studies_NN2 ,_, Asian_JJ American_JJ Studies_NN2 ,_, and_CC Queer/LGBT_VV0 Studies_NN2 on_II US_NP1 campuses_NN2 were_VBDR successful_JJ when_CS they_PPHS2 adopted_VVD assertive_JJ tactics_NN2 at_II universities_NN2 where_RRQ administrators_NN2 were_VBDR open_JJ to_II reform_NN1 ,_, allowing_VVG activists_NN2 to_TO be_VBI heard_VVN above_II the_AT fray_NN1 while_CS not_XX risking_VVG their_APPGE expulsion_NN1 (_( Arthur_NP1 2011_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
A_AT1 study_NN1 of_IO mens_NN2 mortality_NN1 found_VVD that_CST urban_JJ areas_NN2 had_VHD larger_JJR educational_JJ disparities_NN2 in_II mortality_NN1 than_CSN did_VDD rural_JJ areas_NN2 (_( Hayward_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
1997_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Baumer_NP1 ,_, 2007_MC ;_; Whittle_NP1 &;_NULL Parker_NP1 ,_, 2014_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Specifically_RR ,_, the_AT lower_JJR FWC_NP1 when_CS their_APPGE children_NN2 were_VBDR in_II third_MD grade_NN1 than_CSN when_CS their_APPGE children_NN2 were_VBDR 6_MC months_NNT2 old_JJ and_CC the_AT lower_JJR FWC_NP1 when_CS their_APPGE children_NN2 were_VBDR in_II fifth_MD grade_NN1 than_CSN when_CS their_APPGE children_NN2 were_VBDR 15_MC months_NNT2 old_JJ disappeared_JJ ._. 
</s>
<s>
These_DD2 characteristics_NN2 separate_VV0 the_AT post-acute_JJ care_NN1 population_NN1 from_II the_AT rest_NN1 of_IO the_AT facility_NN1 ,_, over_RG 60_MC percent_NNU of_IO whom_PNQO are_VBR low-income_JJ and_CC Medicaid_NP1 beneficiaries_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Workers_NN2 may_VM use_VVI these_DD2 alternative_JJ financial_JJ services_NN2 to_TO smooth_VVI erratic_JJ income_NN1 or_CC deal_VV0 with_IW expense_NN1 shocks_NN2 ,_, yet_RR they_PPHS2 may_VM lock_VVI respondents_NN2 into_II high-cost_JJ debts_NN2 that_CST are_VBR difficult_JJ to_TO retire_VVI and_CC so_RG ultimately_RR depress_VVI well-being_NN1 (_( Stegman_NP1 2007_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Use_NN1 of_IO these_DD2 products_NN2 has_VHZ been_VBN measured_VVN in_II the_AT Detroit_NP1 Area_NN1 Study_NN1 ,_, the_AT Survey_NN1 of_IO Consumer_NN1 Finances_NN2 ,_, and_CC the_AT Federal_JJ Reserve_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 SHED_JJ survey_NN1 ,_, among_II others_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
According_II21 to_II22 the_AT 2011_MC DHS_NP2 ,_, virtually_RR all_DB women_NN2 in_II Gaza_NP1 knew_VVD at_RR21 least_RR22 one_MC1 modern_JJ method_NN1 of_IO contraception_NN1 ,_, but_CCB only_RR about_RG 18_MC %_NNU of_IO women_NN2 of_IO reproductive_JJ age_NN1 were_VBDR using_VVG contraception_NN1 at_II the_AT time_NNT1 of_IO the_AT survey_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Abstract_JJ Annette_NP1 Lareau_NP1 coined_VVD the_AT term_NN1 "_" concerted_JJ cultivation_NN1 "_" to_TO describe_VVI the_AT cultural_JJ logic_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 distinctive_JJ middle-class_JJ parenting_NN1 pattern_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
As_CSA noted_VVN in_II our_APPGE discussion_NN1 of_IO figures_NN2 5_MC and_CC 6_MC ,_, greater_JJR use_NN1 of_IO LD1_FO for_IF blacks_NN2 was_VBDZ coupled_VVN with_IW lesser_JJ use_NN1 of_IO LD3_FO and_CC ED2_FO ._. 
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<s>
The_AT remainder_NN1 were_VBDR caring_VVG for_IF a_AT1 sibling_NN1 or_CC a_AT1 friend_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_RR21 short_RR22 ,_, we_PPIS2 observe_VV0 no_AT significant_JJ bivariate_JJ association_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
We_PPIS2 assume_VV0 that_CST the_AT stigma_NN1 of_IO unemployment_NN1 is_VBZ less_RGR pronounced_JJ for_IF individuals_NN2 retiring_VVG from_II short-term_JJ unemployment_NN1 than_CSN for_IF people_NN retiring_VVG from_II long-term_JJ unemployment_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
In_II contrast_NN1 ,_, the_AT Taiwanese_JJ participants_NN2 chose_VVD to_TO increase_VVI an_AT1 average_NN1 of_IO 0.84_MC points_NN2 to_II alters_VVZ who_PNQS held_VVD a_AT1 separation_NN1 view_NN1 (_( t_ZZ1 =_FO 4.80_MC ,_, p_ZZ1 <_FO 10-5_MCMC )_) and_CC subtract_VV0 an_AT1 average_NN1 of_IO 1.45_MC points_NN2 from_II those_DD2 who_PNQS had_VHD a_AT1 unification_NN1 view_NN1 (_( t_ZZ1 =_FO -6.49_MC ,_, p_ZZ1 <_FO 109_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
Such_DA findings_NN2 show_VV0 that_CST local_JJ immersion_NN1 through_II targeted_JJ activities_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 digital_JJ storytelling_NN1 can_VM produce_VVI unexpected_JJ intercultural_JJ engagement_NN1 and_CC related_JJ transformation_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT anthropologist_NN1 Merry_JJ '_NULL s_ZZ1 (_( 2016_MC )_) analysis_NN1 of_IO human_JJ rights_NN2 ,_, sex_NN1 trafficking_NN1 ,_, and_CC gender_NN1 violence_NN1 shows_VVZ how_RRQ the_AT aura_NN1 of_IO objectivity_NN1 fuels_NN2 the_AT investment_NN1 in_II indicators_NN2 ,_, which_DDQ work_VV0 best_RRT when_CS accompanied_VVN by_II detailed_JJ qualitative_JJ knowledge_NN1 of_IO local_JJ contexts_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Coding_VVG decisions_NN2 for_IF these_DD2 variables_NN2 are_VBR described_VVN in_II detail_NN1 in_II Table_NN1 1_MC1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
At_II every_AT1 level_NN1 ,_, they_PPHS2 are_VBR exploited_VVN and_CC discriminated_VVN against_II by_II the_AT powers_NN2 that_DD1 be_VBI in_II both_DB2 Sierra_NP1 Leone_NP1 and_CC the_AT United_JJ Statesfrom_NN1 governments_NN2 and_CC multinational_JJ companies_NN2 (_( through_II various_JJ signed_JJ agreements_NN2 )_) to_II bottom-tier_JJ government_NN1 and_CC business_NN1 representatives_NN2 (_( through_II practical_JJ employment_NN1 and_CC relationships_NN2 in_II the_AT workplace_NN1 )_) ._. 
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<s>
Co-opting_VVG ties_NN2 via_II online_JJ social_JJ networking_NN1 systems_NN2 ,_, on_II the_AT other_JJ hand_NN1 ,_, drops_VVZ investigative_JJ visibility_NN1 to_TO zero_VVI ._. 
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The_AT random-effects_NN2 parameters_NN2 ,_, however_RR ,_, represent_VV0 the_AT variability_NN1 in_II individual_JJ trajectories_NN2 around_II these_DD2 group_NN1 means_VVZ ._. 
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<s>
Additional_JJ variables_NN2 include_VV0 four_MC lead_VV0 terms_NN2 and_CC four_MC lag_NN1 terms_NN2 to_TO estimate_VVI changes_NN2 in_II crime_NN1 before_II areas_NN2 are_VBR designated_JJ impact_NN1 zones_NN2 and_CC after_CS they_PPHS2 are_VBR removed_VVN from_II the_AT program_NN1 (_( Angrist_NN1 and_CC Pischke_NP1 2008_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
Since_CS cognitive_JJ ability_NN1 depends_VVZ to_II a_AT1 large_JJ extent_NN1 on_II parental_JJ background_NN1 (_( Heckman_NP1 ,_, 2006_MC )_) ,_, this_DD1 is_VBZ also_RR likely_JJ to_TO pick_VVI up_RP further_JJR effects_NN2 related_VVN to_II socio-economic_JJ background_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
In_II the_AT long_JJ term_NN1 ,_, another_DD1 5.0_MC years_NNT2 of_IO gain_NN1 are_VBR expected_VVN in_II the_AT second_MD half_NN1 of_IO this_DD1 century_NNT1 ._. 
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<s>
Puerto_NP1 Rican_NP1 ,_, Chicana/o_FU ,_, and_CC Central_JJ American_JJ Studies_NN2 continue_VV0 to_TO be_VBI fields_NN2 in_II which_DDQ many_DA2 sociologists_NN2 conduct_VV0 their_APPGE scholarship_NN1 and_CC teaching_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
To_TO provide_VVI a_AT1 sense_NN1 of_IO the_AT magnitude_NN1 of_IO the_AT improvement_NN1 in_II life_NN1 expectancy_NN1 of_IO African_JJ American_JJ males_NN2 generated_VVN by_II the_AT decline_NN1 of_IO homicide_NN1 ,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ useful_JJ to_TO compare_VVI the_AT estimated_JJ impact_NN1 from_II this_DD1 study_NN1 with_IW the_AT impact_NN1 of_IO other_JJ major_JJ changes_NN2 in_II public_JJ health_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
In_II31 terms_II32 of_II33 values_NN2 ,_, it_PPH1 has_VHZ been_VBN shown_VVN that_CST shared_JJ values_NN2 among_II colleagues_NN2 correlate_VV0 with_IW better_JJR job_NN1 performance_NN1 (_( Goodman_NP1 and_CC Svyantek_NP1 ,_, 1999_MC ;_; KristofBrown_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2005_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
Pseudonyms_NN2 for_IF ,_, demographics_NN1 of_IO ,_, and_CC important_JJ structural_JJ attributes_NN2 of_IO the_AT sites_NN2 are_VBR summarized_VVN in_II table_NN1 1_MC1 ._. 
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<s>
Aligning_VVG with_IW the_AT descriptive_JJ findings_NN2 ,_, black-white_JJ ,_, black-Latino_NP1 ,_, Actor-network_JJ theory_NN1 was_VBDZ born_VVN from_II the_AT spirit_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 momentous_JJ transformation_NN1 of_IO primatology_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
For_IF the_AT four_MC demographic_JJ groups_NN2 ,_, cross-race_JJ ties_NN2 generally_RR formed_VVN in_II a_AT1 gradual_JJ ,_, dyadic_JJ ,_, uniplex_JJ fashion_NN1 ,_, that_REX21 is_REX22 ,_, similar_JJ to_II double-level_JJ minorities_NN2 '_NULL same-race_JJ ties_NN2 but_II21 for_II22 different_JJ reasons_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
In_II the_AT present_JJ context_NN1 ,_, fraud_NN1 investigators_NN2 '_NULL structural_JJ position_NN1 allows_VVZ them_PPHO2 to_TO expose_VVI and_CC mobilize_VVI acrimony_NN1 ,_, increasing_VVG the_AT likelihood_NN1 of_IO significant_JJ negative_JJ effects_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Buskens_NN2 (_( 2003_MC )_) analyzes_VVZ effects_NN2 of_IO network_NN1 embeddedness_NN1 in_II a_AT1 scenario_NN1 in_II which_DDQ two_MC trustors_NN2 interact_VV0 with_IW one_MC1 trustee_NN1 ,_, just_RR as_CSA in_II the_AT RTTG_NP1 ._. 
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<s>
And_CC what_DDQ is_VBZ it_PPH1 that_CST you_PPY had_VHD to_TO learn_VVI ?_? 
</s>
<s>
Since_CS the_AT early_JJ decades_NNT2 of_IO the_AT twentieth_MD century_NNT1 ,_, scholars_NN2 have_VH0 theorized_VVN that_DD1 war_NN1 is_VBZ criminogenic_JJ for_IF those_DD2 who_PNQS both_RR do_VD0 and_CC do_VD0 not_XX fight_VVI it_PPH1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT extent_NN1 to_II which_DDQ the_AT retirement_NN1 transition_NN1 changes_NN2 life_NN1 circumstances_NN2 also_RR depends_VVZ on_II people_NN '_NULL s_ZZ1 labour_NN1 market_NN1 status_NN1 prior_II21 to_II22 retirement_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Performative_JJ state-formation_NN1 succeeds_VVZ ,_, then_RT ,_, in_CS41 so_CS42 far_CS43 as_CS44 public_JJ interpretations_NN2 of_IO certain_JJ acts_NN2 of_IO violence_NN1 successfully_RR assign_VV0 to_II the_AT state_NN1 a_AT1 reality_NN1 and_CC consequentiality_NN1 that_CST then_RT orients_VVZ future_JJ action_NN1 ._. 
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But_CCB the_AT combined_JJ effect_NN1 is_VBZ nonetheless_RR important_JJ ._. 
</s>
<s>
Gelfand_VV0 &;_NULL Smith_NP1 (_( 1990_MC )_) published_VVD a_AT1 seminal_JJ paper_NN1 showing_VVG how_RRQ sampling_NN1 methods_NN2 can_VM be_VBI used_VVN to_TO facilitate_VVI Bayesian_JJ analyses_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
In_II other_JJ words_NN2 ,_, when_CS comparing_VVG women_NN2 with_IW the_AT same_DA level_NN1 of_IO education_NN1 and_CC experience_NN1 ,_, mothers_NN2 with_IW three_MC or_CC more_DAR children_NN2 saw_VVD a_AT1 stable_JJ wage_NN1 penalty_NN1 over_II time_NNT1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
For_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, some_DD women_NN2 reported_VVD that_CST changes_VVZ specific_JJ to_II genitalia_NN1 constrained_VVD sex_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ raises_VVZ the_AT possibility_NN1 that_CST women_NN2 who_PNQS prefer_VV0 sexual_JJ activity_NN1 that_CST relies_VVZ less_RRR on_II the_AT genitalia_NN1 of_IO both_DB2 partners_NN2 undertake_VV0 different_JJ types_NN2 of_IO work_NN1 or_CC experience_VV0 less_DAR distress_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Malthus_NP1 referred_VVD to_II expectations_NN2 about_II supporting_VVG a_AT1 family_NN1 as_II a_AT1 check_NN1 on_II fertility_NN1 (_( Malthus_NP1 1798/1970_MF )_) ._. 
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<s>
RN_NP1 occupation_NN1 ,_, but_CCB we_PPIS2 have_VH0 said_VVN little_RR about_II the_AT magnitude_NN1 of_IO these_DD2 relationships_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
What_DDQ doesnot_VV0 seem_VV0 to_TO be_VBI emerging_VVG is_VBZ a_AT1 separate_JJ and_CC completely_RR new_JJ hybrid_JJ system_NN1 ,_, rather_RR the_AT devel-opment_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 partnership_NN1 approach_NN1 whereby_RRQ the_AT role_NN1 of_IO the_AT police_NN2 is_VBZ enhanced_VVN at_II community_NN1 level_NN1 through_II increased_JJ collaboration_NN1 and_CC intelligence_NN1 and_CC also_RR the_AT use_NN1 of_IO customarymethods_NN2 to_TO deal_VVI with_IW low_JJ level_JJ crime_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
As_CSA Tam_NP1 &;_NULL Jiang_NP1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 (_( 2014_MC )_) reanalysis_NN1 of_IO Alon_NP1 (_( 2009_MC )_) shows_VVZ ,_, inequality_NN1 in_II US_PPIO2 higher_JJR education_NN1 follows_VVZ very_RG different_JJ patterns_NN2 in_II the_AT most_RGT selective_JJ colleges_NN2 compared_VVN to_II all_DB other_JJ colleges_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Our_APPGE teacher_NN1 sample_NN1 were_VBDR mostly_RR female_JJ (_( 71%_NNU )_) ,_, and_CC 77%_NNU identified_VVN as_CSA White_JJ British_JJ ._. 
</s>
<s>
Section_NN1 3_MC presents_VVZ the_AT methodology_NN1 of_IO multichannel_NN1 sequence_NN1 analysis_NN1 ,_, the_AT data_NN that_CST we_PPIS2 use_VV0 and_CC the_AT proposed_JJ replication_NN1 strategy_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Not_XX knowing_VVG how_RRQ to_TO get_VVI off_II the_AT list_NN1 contributed_VVN to_II feelings_NN2 of_IO uncertainty_NN1 ,_, frustration_NN1 ,_, We_PPIS2 find_VV0 that_CST the_AT motherhood_NN1 penalty_NN1 has_VHZ remained_VVN quite_RG stable_JJ over_II time_NNT1 and_CC may_VM have_VHI worsened_VVN for_IF mothers_NN2 with_IW one_MC1 child_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
It_PPH1 would_VM also_RR be_VBI a_AT1 valuable_JJ read_VV0 for_IF local_JJ policy_NN1 makers_NN2 ,_, not_XX only_RR in_II the_AT context_NN1 of_IO housing_VVG sex_NN1 offenders_NN2 but_CCB as_II a_AT1 means_NN of_IO better_JJR understanding_NN1 and_CC improving_JJ civic_JJ engagement_NN1 in_II difficult_JJ decisions_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT panel_NN1 ,_, however_RR ,_, is_VBZ highly_RR unbalanced_VVN in_II the_AT time_NNT1 dimension_NN1 ,_, both_RR in_II31 terms_II32 of_II33 the_AT number_NN1 of_IO surveys_NN2 per_II country_NN1 and_CC the_AT time_NNT1 interval_NN1 between_II surveys_NN2 (_( see_VV0 Table_NN1 S1_FO in_II the_AT online_JJ appendix_NN1 for_IF survey_NN1 details_NN2 )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Individuals_NN2 coming_VVG from_II consistently_RR advantaged_VVN backgrounds_NN2 tend_VV0 to_TO have_VHI a_AT1 higher_JJR level_NN1 of_IO academic_JJ qualification_NN1 than_CSN those_DD2 coming_VVG from_II consistently_RR disadvantaged_JJ or_CC intermediate_JJ backgrounds_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Some_DD scholars_NN2 have_VH0 argued_VVN that_CST prior_RR null_JJ findings_NN2 observed_VVN in_II some_DD contexts_NN2 should_VM be_VBI attributed_VVN to_II the_AT existence_NN1 of_IO efficient_JJ systems_NN2 of_IO justice_NN1 in_II democratic_JJ countries_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Social_JJ embeddedness_NN1 results_NN2 from_II a_AT1 lack_NN1 of_IO boundaries_NN2 between_II the_AT roles_NN2 judges_VVZ play_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Among_II both_DB2 groups_NN2 ,_, educational_JJ attainment_NN1 has_VHZ increased_VVN over_II the_AT time_NNT1 period_NN1 ,_, though_CS marriage_NN1 rates_NN2 and_CC religious_JJ attendance_NN1 have_VH0 declined_VVN ._. 
</s>
<s>
Although_CS policy_NN1 makers_NN2 and_CC the_AT public_NN1 emphasize_VV0 the_AT responsibility_NN1 of_IO parents_NN2 for_IF managing_JJ risks_NN2 to_II and_CC opportunities_NN2 for_IF their_APPGE children_NN2 '_NULL s_ZZ1 future_JJ life_NN1 chances_NN2 ,_, they_PPHS2 tend_VV0 to_TO overlook_VVI the_AT importance_NN1 of_IO parental_JJ well-being_NN1 for_IF children_NN2 '_NULL s_ZZ1 developmental_JJ outcomes_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 study_NN1 has_VHZ some_DD important_JJ limitations_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Importance_NN1 of_IO father_NN1 involvement_NN1 indicates_VVZ fathers_NN2 '_NULL agreement_NN1 (_( 1_MC1 =_FO strongly_RR disagree_VV0 to_II 4_MC =_FO strongly_RR agree_VV0 )_) to_II the_AT following_JJ four_MC statements_NN2 :_: (_( a_ZZ1 )_) it_PPH1 is_VBZ essential_JJ for_IF the_AT child_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 well-being_NN1 that_CST fathers_NN2 spend_VV0 time_NNT1 playing_VVG with_IW children_NN2 ,_, (_( b_ZZ1 )_) the_AT way_NN1 a_AT1 father_NN1 treats_VVZ his_APPGE baby_NN1 has_VHZ long-term_JJ effects_NN2 on_II the_AT child_NN1 ,_, (_( c_ZZ1 )_) a_AT1 father_NN1 should_VM be_VBI as_RG heavily_RR involved_VVN as_II the_AT mother_NN1 in_II the_AT care_NN1 of_IO the_AT child_NN1 ,_, and_CC (_( d_ZZ1 )_) fatherhood_NN1 is_VBZ a_AT1 rewarding_JJ experience_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Representation_NN1 theory_NN1 therefore_RR promotes_VVZ the_AT need_NN1 for_IF a_AT1 critical_JJ stance_NN1 to_TO be_VBI taken_VVN in_II31 relation_II32 to_II33 both_DB2 the_AT representativeness_NN1 of_IO data_NN and_CC the_AT fallibility_NN1 of_IO their_APPGE interpretation_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ is_VBZ in_II stark_JJ contrast_NN1 to_II current_JJ developments_NN2 that_CST accept_VV0 administrative_JJ data_NN as_CSA representative_JJ ,_, without_IW question_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
However_RR ,_, this_DD1 literature_NN1 continues_VVZ to_TO be_VBI marginal_JJ compared_VVN to_II the_AT main_JJ concerns_NN2 of_IO the_AT profession_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
It_PPH1 is_VBZ then_RT likely_JJ that_CST recent_JJ exposure_NN1 to_II nearby_JJ violent_JJ crime_NN1 will_VM intensify_VVI activated_JJ stereotypes_NN2 about_II blacks_NN2 and_CC criminals_NN2 ,_, such_CS21 that_CS22 black_JJ job_NN1 applicants_NN2 with_IW a_AT1 criminal_JJ record_NN1 are_VBR perceived_VVN to_TO be_VBI even_RR worse_JJR candidates_NN2 than_CSN black_JJ job_NN1 applicants_NN2 without_IW a_AT1 criminal_JJ record_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
A_AT1 dichotomous_JJ dependent_JJ variable_NN1 was_VBDZ used_VVN that_CST indicated_VVD respondents_NN2 '_NULL support_VV0 or_CC lack_NN1 of_IO support_NN1 for_IF the_AT PVV_NP1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Employers_NN2 can_VM reward_VVI a_AT1 "_" male_JJ "_" job_NN1 over_II a_AT1 "_" female_JJ "_" one_PN1 even_CS21 when_CS22 the_AT jobs_NN2 involve_VV0 similar_JJ complexity_NN1 ,_, knowledge_NN1 ,_, skill_NN1 ,_, and_CC effort_NN1 (_( Levanon_NP1 ,_, England_NP1 ,_, and_CC Allison_NP1 2009_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 might_VM be_VBI expressed_VVN through_II something_PN1 like_II social_JJ media_NN ,_, not_XX through_II denunciation_NN1 of_IO perpetrators_NN2 or_CC through_II sentimental_JJ gestures_NN2 towards_II victims_NN2 ,_, but_CCB by_II coalescing_VVG around_RP an_AT1 Idea_NN1 that_CST would_VM take_VVI society_NN1 towards_II the_AT better_JJR ._. 
</s>
<s>
We_PPIS2 provide_VV0 a_AT1 nuanced_JJ analysis_NN1 of_IO the_AT trends_NN2 in_II the_AT intergenerational_JJ transmission_NN1 of_IO fertility_NN1 ,_, taking_VVG into_II account_NN1 both_RR women_NN2 and_CC men_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
We_PPIS2 commence_VV0 the_AT analysis_NN1 by_II describing_VVG general_JJ differences_NN2 in_II school_NN1 progress_NN1 between_II children_NN2 living_VVG with_IW a_AT1 same-sex_JJ couple_NN1 and_CC children_NN2 living_VVG with_IW a_AT1 different-sex_JJ couple_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
For_IF this_DD1 reason_NN1 ,_, the_AT aspiration_NN1 variable_NN1 was_VBDZ derived_VVN from_II the_AT most_RGT recent_JJ records_NN2 available_JJ in_II the_AT data_NN ._. 
</s>
<s>
Many_DA2 social_JJ movement_NN1 scholars_NN2 claim_VV0 that_CST movements_NN2 have_VH0 some_DD impact_NN1 (_( Brulle_NP1 2000_MC ;_; Rootes_NP1 2003_MC ,_, But_CCB interestingly_RR ,_, in_II the_AT most_RGT male-dominated_JJ fields_NN2 ,_, men_NN2 '_NULL s_ZZ1 aver-age_JJ rating_NN1 fell_VVD by_II 3.45_MC points_NN2 ,_, whereas_CS it_PPH1 fell_VVD by_II only_RR 2.75_MC points_NN2 among_II women_NN2 (_( Model_NN1 6_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT stories_NN2 were_VBDR mainly_RR untrue_JJ but_CCB meshed_VVD with_IW Americans_NN2 '_NULL deep-seated_JJ beliefs_NN2 in_II independence_NN1 and_CC personal_JJ responsibility_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT fixed_JJ effects_NN2 estimates_VVZ for_IF spending_VVG fewer_DAR than_CSN 6.74_MC hours_NNT2 per_II week_NNT1 were_VBDR not_XX associated_VVN with_IW women_NN2 '_NULL s_ZZ1 wages_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Most_DAT research_NN1 participants_NN2 talked_VVN about_II their_APPGE difficulties_NN2 of_IO forming_VVG friendships_NN2 with_IW British_JJ people_NN ,_, describing_VVG them_PPHO2 as_CSA '_NULL reserved_VVN '_NULL and_CC less_RGR open_JJ than_CSN other_JJ migrants_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
We_PPIS2 consider_VV0 structural_JJ explanations_NN2 to_TO exist_VVI extra-individually_RR and_CC objectively_RR ._. 
</s>
<s>
For_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, such_DA analysis_NN1 of_IO ancestry_NN1 of_IO African-Americans_NN2 ,_, Latinos_NP1 ,_, and_CC European_JJ Americans_NN2 demonstrates_VVZ the_AT ongoing_JJ interracial_JJ mixing_NN1 of_IO Native_JJ American_JJ ,_, European_JJ settlers_NN2 and_CC Africans_NN2 (_( K._NP1 Bryc_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, "_" The_AT Genetic_JJ Ancestry_NN1 of_IO African_JJ Americans_NN2 ,_, Latinos_NP1 ,_, and_CC European_JJ Americans_NN2 across_II the_AT United_NP1 States_NP1 "_" &lsqb;_( American_JJ Journal_NN1 of_IO Human_JJ Genetics_NN1 96_MC (_( 2015_MC )_) :_: 37–53_MCMC &rsqb;_) )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Given_VVN the_AT emphasis_NN1 on_II the_AT brokering_JJ role_NN1 of_IO criminal_JJ leaders_NN2 in_II the_AT literature_NN1 ,_, we_PPIS2 computed_VVD seven_MC different_JJ betweenness_NN1 centrality_NN1 measures_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT presence_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 resident_JJ child_NN1 ,_, particularly_RR among_II women_NN2 ,_, is_VBZ likely_JJ to_TO be_VBI negatively_RR associated_VVN with_IW forming_VVG a_AT1 new_JJ union_NN1 (_( Brown_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
2018_MC ;_; Schimmele_NP1 and_CC Wu_NP1 2016_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
He_PPHS1 found_VVD that_CST MI_NP1 using_VVG PPD_NP1 draws_NN2 performed_VVD less_RGR well_RR than_CSN the_AT other_JJ methods_NN2 ,_, although_CS all_DB three_MC methods_NN2 work_VV0 well_RR in_II a_AT1 relatively_RR simple_JJ model_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Second_MD ,_, the_AT less_RGR uniform_JJ the_AT rules_NN2 ,_, the_AT easier_JJR the_AT re-affiliation_NN1 (_( Bowker_NP1 and_CC Star_NN1 1999_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT actual_JJ date_NN1 the_AT record_NN1 was_VBDZ created_VVN was_VBDZ visible_JJ in_II the_AT metadata_NN1 available_JJ to_II the_AT author_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
For_IF promoting_VVG community_NN1 access_NN1 to_TO INSPIRE_VVI '_NULL s_ZZ1 research_NN1 hub_NN1 ?_? 
</s>
<s>
Therefore_RR ,_, the_AT question_NN1 design_NN1 did_VDD not_XX allow_VVI us_PPIO2 to_TO distinguish_VVI between_II non-differentiation_NN1 due_II21 to_II22 similar_JJ substantive_JJ responses_NN2 and_CC non-differentiation_NN1 due_II21 to_II22 shortcutting_VVG the_AT response_NN1 process_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Answer_VV0 categories_NN2 range_VV0 from_II '_NULL strongly_RR agree_VV0 '_NULL to_TO '_NULL strongly_RR disagree_VVI '_NULL (_( 5-point_JJ scale_NN1 )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 article_NN1 draws_VVZ on_II information_NN1 from_II Australia_NP1 ,_, which_DDQ (_( alongside_II the_AT United_NP1 States_NP1 ,_, The_AT United_NP1 Kingdom_NP1 ,_, Canada_NP1 ,_, and_CC New_NP1 Zealand_NP1 )_) is_VBZ usually_RR classified_VVN as_II a_AT1 "_" liberal_JJ "_" welfare_NN1 state_NN1 ,_, wherein_RRQ work–family_RR reconciliation_NN1 and_CC raising_VVG children_NN2 are_VBR seen_VVN as_CSA largely_RR private_JJ ,_, not_XX government_NN1 ,_, responsibilities_NN2 (_( Gornick_NP1 &;_NULL Meyers_NP2 ,_, 2009_MC ;_; Lewis_NP1 ,_, 2009_MC ;_; Orloff_NP1 ,_, 2009_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
An_AT1 important_JJ qualification_NN1 to_II the_AT main_JJ trends_NN2 found_VVN in_II women_NN2 is_VBZ that_CST the_AT youngest_JJT cohorts_NN2 born_VVN in_II the_AT 1980s_MC2 indicated_VVD a_AT1 slight_JJ reversal_NN1 of_IO the_AT negative_JJ cohort_NN1 shift_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Given_VVN the_AT disproportionate_JJ stratified_JJ sampling_NN1 approach_NN1 on_II the_AT first_MD level_NN1 ,_, the_AT data_NN set_VV0 offers_NN2 design_VV0 weights_NN2 allowing_VVG for_IF representative_JJ estimates_NN2 for_IF the_AT overall_JJ population_NN1 of_IO young_JJ people_NN ._. 
</s>
<s>
Consequently_RR ,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ the_AT second-generation_JJ Great_JJ Migration_NN1 migrants_NN2 whom_PNQO we_PPIS2 consider_VV0 in_II this_DD1 study_NN1 as_CSA we_PPIS2 seek_VV0 to_TO determine_VVI whether_CSW leaving_VVG the_AT South_ND1 allowed_VVD the_AT migrants_NN2 '_NULL children_NN2 to_TO achieve_VVI residence_NN1 in_II less_RGR racially_RR concentrated_VVN ,_, higher-quality_JJ neighborhoods_NN2 than_CSN did_VDD their_APPGE sedentary_JJ southern_JJ counterparts_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Otherwise_RR the_AT variable_NN1 was_VBDZ set_VVN to_TO zero_VVI ._. 
</s>
<s>
Organizational_JJ variation_NN1 emerged_VVD here_RL as_RR21 well_RR22 ,_, as_CSA black_JJ nurses_NN2 in_II facilities_NN2 that_CST primarily_RR treated_VVN white_JJ patients_NN2 cited_VVD more_DAR cases_NN2 of_IO perceived_JJ discrimination_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Structural_JJ theories_NN2 emphasize_VV0 the_AT demographic_JJ and_CC labor_NN1 market_NN1 context_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ causes_VVZ behavior_NN1 and_CC poverty_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT focal_JJ child_NN1 was_VBDZ the_AT youngest_JJT child_NN1 in_II all_DB cases_NN2 in_II the_AT 6_MC months_NNT2 interview_NN1 and_CC almost_RR all_DB cases_NN2 in_II the_AT 15_MC months_NNT2 interview_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Likewise_RR ,_, in_II research_NN1 on_II statistical_JJ race_NN1 discrimination_NN1 as_II a_AT1 substitute_NN1 for_IF criminal_JJ record_NN1 screening_NN1 ,_, Simple_JJ measures_NN2 of_IO time_NNT1 spent_VVN in_II constrained_JJ activities_NN2 (_( employment_NN1 and_CC family_NN1 care_NN1 )_) are_VBR more_RGR strongly_RR associated_VVN with_IW reported_JJ feelings_NN2 of_IO rushedness_NN1 than_CSN anything_PN1 else_RR ,_, including_II ICT_NP1 use_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Most_DAT parents_NN2 interviewed_VVD were_VBDR mothers_NN2 or_CC female_JJ legal_JJ guardians_NN2 in_II both_DB2 courts_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Mccarthy_NP1 ,_, like_II the_AT parents_NN2 in_II this_DD1 study_NN1 ,_, argues_VVZ that_CST individual_JJ strategies_NN2 relying_VVG on_II intuition_NN1 ,_, individually_RR collected_VVN information_NN1 ,_, observations_NN2 ,_, and_CC personal_JJ decisions_NN2 are_VBR superior_JJ tools_NN2 for_IF healthcare_NN1 decision-making_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
An_AT1 important_JJ part_NN1 of_IO the_AT dynamics_NN of_IO super-diversity_NN1 in_II many_DA2 urban_JJ communities_NN2 is_VBZ the_AT presence_NN1 of_IO many_DA2 migrants_NN2 who_PNQS arrive_VV0 individually_RR and_CC do_VD0 not_XX follow_VVI established_JJ chain_NN1 migrations_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Although_CS citizenship_NN1 policies_NN2 are_VBR not_XX representative_JJ of_IO civic_JJ integration_NN1 ,_, this_DD1 regime_NN1 is_VBZ one_MC1 of_IO the_AT important_JJ differences_NN2 between_II multicultural_JJ policies_NN2 and_CC civic_JJ integration_NN1 (_( Koopmans_NN2 2013_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Carlos_NP1 :_: Cops_NN2 ,_, some_DD of_IO them_PPHO2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
._. ._. At_II age_NN1 65_MC ,_, no_AT education_NN1 differences_NN2 were_VBDR found_VVN in_II mens_NN2 grip_VV0 strength_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
A_AT1 recurring_JJ finding_NN1 is_VBZ that_CST friendships_NN2 between_II students_NN2 who_PNQS share_VV0 the_AT same_DA ethnic_JJ origin_NN1 are_VBR more_RGR frequent_JJ than_CSN expected_VVN by_II chance_NN1 alone_RR ._. 
</s>
<s>
He_PPHS1 earned_VVD his_APPGE PhD_NN1 in_II 1994_MC from_II Washington_NP1 State_NN1 University_NN1 ,_, We_PPIS2 find_VV0 no_AT significant_JJ difference_NN1 between_II the_AT education_NN1 and_CC assets_NN2 owned_VVN by_II the_AT members_NN2 of_IO the_AT treatment_NN1 group_NN1 and_CC the_AT control_NN1 group_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT gaps_NN2 in_II test_NN1 scores_NN2 by_II income_NN1 quintile_JJ group_NN1 presented_VVN in_II Bradbury_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
(_( 2012_MC ,_, In_II the_AT social_JJ work_NN1 context_NN1 ,_, issues_NN2 of_IO race_NN1 and_CC anti-racism_NN1 are_VBR at_II the_AT centre_NN1 of_IO anti-oppression_NN1 ,_, diversity_NN1 and_CC multicultural_JJ approach_NN1 rhetoric_NN1 (_( Dominelli_NP1 and_CC Campling_NP1 ,_, 2002_MC ;_; Razack_NP1 and_CC Jeffery_NP1 ,_, 2002_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Evidence_NN1 on_II young_JJ families_NN2 also_RR shows_VVZ this_DD1 educational_JJ difference_NN1 in_II the_AT prevalence_NN1 of_IO stepfamilies_NN2 (_( Thomson_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
2014_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
But_CCB movement_NN1 actors_NN2 compete_VV0 with_IW other_JJ policy_NN1 entrepreneurs_NN2 (_( Jasper_NP1 2015_MC )_) ,_, and_CC ideas_NN2 are_VBR often_RR altered_VVN or_CC replaced_VVN by_II elected_JJ officials_NN2 and_CC bureaucrats_NN2 as_CSA they_PPHS2 pass_VV0 through_II the_AT policy_NN1 process_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Environmental_JJ Design_NN1 (_( CPTED_NP1 )_) (_( Clarke_NP1 1980_MC ;_; Saville_NP1 and_CC Cleveland_NP1 2013_MC )_) make_VV0 sense_NN1 ,_, The_AT cases_NN2 of_IO Pilsoung_NP1 and_CC Yui_NP1 demonstrate_VV0 the_AT conditions_NN2 that_CST have_VH0 to_TO be_VBI met_VVN in_BCL21 order_BCL22 for_IF couples_NN2 where_RRQ spouses_NN2 are_VBR both_RR working_VVG full-time_JJ to_TO maintain_VVI their_APPGE fertility_NN1 intentions_NN2 of_IO having_VHG two_MC children_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT study_NN1 also_RR used_JJ exchange_NN1 and_CC dependency_NN1 theories_NN2 to_TO explore_VVI whether_CSW earnings_NN2 disparities_NN2 between_II partners_NN2 ,_, and_CC the_AT gender_NN1 of_IO the_AT primary_JJ earner_NN1 ,_, influenced_VVN perceptions_NN2 of_IO the_AT allocation_NN1 of_IO financial_JJ resources_NN2 between_II partners_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Kim_NP1 (_( 2010_MC )_) points_VVZ out_RP that_CST '_NULL the_AT vision_NN1 of_IO the_AT dominant_JJ Western_JJ world_NN1 has_VHZ been_VBN described_VVN as_CSA hostile_JJ to_II nature_NN1 and_CC antagonistic_JJ to_II any_DD concept_NN1 of_IO person_NN1 beyond_II individualism_NN1 '_NULL (_( p._NNU 35_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT project_NN1 design_NN1 included_VVD the_AT parallel_JJ collection_NN1 of_IO structured_JJ in-depth_JJ interviews_NN2 with_IW highly_RR educated_JJ native-born_JJ urban_JJ men_NN2 and_CC women_NN2 ages_NN2 24–35_MCMC in_II Japan_NP1 and_CC Korea_NP1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Yet_RR examination_NN1 of_IO their_APPGE narratives_NN2 reveals_VVZ their_APPGE worries_NN2 also_RR had_VHN to_TO do_VDI with_IW how_RRQ neighborhood_NN1 violence_NN1 and_CC peer_VV0 influences_NN2 could_VM expose_VVI their_APPGE children_NN2 to_II criminalization_NN1 on_II the_AT streets_NN2 and_CC in_II school_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 alaga_NN1 '_NULL upu_NN1 (_( wisdom_NN1 )_) uses_VVZ fishing_NN1 and_CC paddling_VVG metaphors_NN2 to_TO exhort_VVI the_AT value_NN1 of_IO diverse_JJ responsibility_NN1 in_II the_AT common_JJ endeavour_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT results_NN2 point_VV0 to_II several_DA2 key_JJ patterns_NN2 in_II Americans_NN2 '_NULL normative_JJ beliefs_NN2 about_II housework_NN1 and_CC child_NN1 care_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II this_DD1 way_NN1 ,_, packages_NN2 allow_VV0 actors_NN2 to_TO moralize_VVI distinct_JJ economic_JJ practices_NN2 while_CS remaining_VVG committed_JJ to_II one_MC1 overarching_JJ principle_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
At_II MHMS_NP1 ,_, 89_MC percent_NNU of_IO Asian_JJ American_JJ students_NN2 ,_, In_II the_AT case_NN1 of_IO the_AT exposure_NN1 effects_NN2 ,_, we_PPIS2 apply_VV0 sibling_NN1 fixed-effects_NN2 models_NN2 that_CST control_VV0 for_IF any_DD observed_JJ or_CC unobserved_JJ factors_NN2 shared_VVN by_II siblings_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Moreover_RR ,_, there_EX is_VBZ some_DD evidence_NN1 that_CST the_AT marriage_NN1 gap_NN1 with_IW non-college_JJ graduate_NN1 women_NN2 may_VM have_VHI increased_VVN in_II recent_JJ cohorts_NN2 ,_, which_DDQ is_VBZ the_AT reverse_NN1 of_IO U.S._NP1 trends_NN2 (_( Bertrand_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
2018_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
For_IF employers_NN2 ,_, fear_NN1 of_IO future_JJ crime_NN1 is_VBZ motivated_VVN not_XX only_RR by_II concerns_NN2 about_II their_APPGE own_DA safety_NN1 but_CCB also_RR by_II concerns_NN2 about_II the_AT safety_NN1 of_IO their_APPGE customers_NN2 and_CC their_APPGE employees_NN2 and_CC ,_, by_II extension_NN1 ,_, the_AT growth_NN1 of_IO their_APPGE business_NN1 (_( Moss_NP1 and_CC Tilly_NP1 2001_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Lack_NN1 of_IO proper_JJ support_NN1 for_IF black_JJ LD1s_FO and_CC the_AT possibility_NN1 that_CST some_DD were_VBDR false_JJ LD1s_FO (_( because_CS LD3_FO or_CC ED2_FO categorization_NN1 was_VBDZ more_RGR appropriate_JJ )_) were_VBDR unlikely_JJ sources_NN2 of_IO disruption_NN1 in_II regular_JJ classrooms_NN2 because_II21 of_II22 what_DDQ one_MC1 teacher_NN1 referred_VVN to_II as_II the_AT "_" quiescent_JJ posture_NN1 "_" of_IO black_JJ LD1s_FO ._. 
</s>
<s>
Marlow_NP1 (_( 2001_MC cited_VVD by_II Molyneux_NP1 ,_, 2010_MC )_) conducted_VVD an_AT1 interesting_JJ study_NN1 that_CST supports_VVZ the_AT need_NN1 to_TO introduce_VVI environmental_JJ justice_NN1 into_II the_AT formation_NN1 of_IO social_JJ workers_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Taiwan_NP1 moved_VVD from_II 9_MC to_II 12_MC years_NNT2 of_IO compulsory_JJ education_NN1 in_II 2014_MC ,_, after_CS landmark_NN1 reforms_VVZ that_CST abolished_VVD the_AT entrance_NN1 examinations_NN2 pivotal_JJ to_II the_AT centralized_JJ allocation_NN1 of_IO students_NN2 to_II secondary_NN1 and_CC tertiary_JJ education_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
These_DD2 two_MC features_NN2 of_IO homicide_NN1 mean_VV0 that_CST any_DD overall_JJ change_NN1 in_II the_AT prevalence_NN1 of_IO homicide_NN1 mortality_NN1 will_VM have_VHI its_APPGE greatest_JJT effect_NN1 on_II a_AT1 group_NN1 that_CST has_VHZ had_VHN persistently_RR low_JJ LE_FW ,_, and_CC thus_RR has_VHZ important_JJ implications_NN2 for_IF racial_JJ and_CC gender_NN1 health_NN1 inequality_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Given_VVN the_AT contemporary_JJ cultural_JJ shift_NN1 of_IO increasing_JJ acceptance_NN1 of_IO suicide_NN1 and_CC the_AT consequently_RR rising_VVG rates_NN2 of_IO suicide_NN1 in_II the_AT United_NP1 States_NP1 ,_, PAS_FW acceptance_NN1 and_CC use_NN1 may_VM increase_VVI as_RR21 well_RR22 (_( Phillips_NP1 &;_NULL Luth_NP1 2018_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT findings_NN2 reflect_VV0 our_APPGE analysis_NN1 of_IO mothers_NN2 '_NULL descriptions_NN2 of_IO the_AT criminalization_NN1 of_IO their_APPGE children_NN2 in_II daily_JJ life_NN1 ,_, strategies_NN2 they_PPHS2 used_VVD to_II parent_NN1 in_II this_DD1 context_NN1 ,_, and_CC processes_NN2 under-pinning_VVG their_APPGE own_DA collateral_NN1 criminalization_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
However_RR ,_, our_APPGE research_NN1 extends_VVZ Rios_NP2 '_NULL s_ZZ1 argument_NN1 by_II demonstrating_VVG that_CST mothers_NN2 did_VDD so_RR out_II21 of_II22 an_AT1 effort_NN1 to_TO prevent_VVI their_APPGE children_NN2 '_NULL s_ZZ1 criminalization_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Research_NN1 comparing_VVG children_NN2 living_VVG with_IW single_JJ parents_NN2 and_CC children_NN2 living_VVG with_IW single_JJ parents_NN2 and_CC grandparents_NN2 has_VHZ shown_VVN that_CST children_NN2 living_VVG with_IW grandparents_NN2 may_VM have_VHI access_NN1 to_II more_RGR economic_JJ resources_NN2 than_CSN their_APPGE counterparts_NN2 living_VVG with_IW single_JJ mothers_NN2 (_( Mutchler_NP1 and_CC Baker_NP1 2009_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Therefore_RR ,_, I_PPIS1 re-estimate_VV0 the_AT baseline_NN1 FE_NP1 regression_NN1 models_NN2 and_CC include_VV0 socialize_VV0 as_II a_AT1 control_NN1 variable_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Given_VVN the_AT delays_NN2 in_II recording_VVG that_CST challenged_VVD the_AT integrity_NN1 of_IO the_AT data_NN contained_VVN in_II the_AT IS_VBZ and_CC the_AT volume_NN1 of_IO case_NN1 files_NN2 that_CST were_VBDR incomplete_JJ ,_, it_PPH1 would_VM be_VBI difficult_JJ to_TO draw_VVI any_DD robust_JJ inferences_NN2 from_II reports_NN2 generated_VVN by_II the_AT reporting_NN1 tool_NN1 within_II the_AT IS_VBZ ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT sense_NN1 of_IO nihilism_NN1 was_VBDZ often_RR compounded_VVN by_II the_AT lack_NN1 of_IO socioeconomic_JJ opportunity_NN1 ;_; today_RT ,_, youth_NN1 unemployment_NN1 in_II Bosnia_NP1 exceeds60_FO percent_NNU (_( World_NN1 Bank_NN1 ,_, n.d._NNU )_) with_IW little_DA1 sign_NN1 of_IO improvement_NN1 on_II the_AT horizon_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
A_AT1 series_NN of_IO studies_NN2 by_II Kalev_NP1 ,_, Dobbin_NP1 ,_, and_CC colleagues_NN2 looks_VVZ at_II variation_NN1 in_II access_NN1 to_II managerial_JJ jobs_NN2 associated_VVN with_IW human_JJ resource_NN1 practices_NN2 (_( e.g._REX ,_, Kalev_NP1 ,_, Dobbin_NP1 ,_, and_CC Kelly_NP1 2006_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Examinations_NN2 of_IO gender_NN1 attitudes_NN2 ,_, communication_NN1 ,_, and_CC women_NN2 '_NULL s_ZZ1 sexual_JJ selfefficacy_NN1 indicated_VVD that_CST women_NN2 '_NULL s_ZZ1 personal_JJ and_CC partners_NN2 '_NULL domestic_JJ and_CC paid_JJ labor_NN1 equality_NN1 attitudes_NN2 were_VBDR positively_RR associated_VVN with_IW their_APPGE sexual_JJ selfefficacy_NN1 (_( B_ZZ1 =_FO .18_MC ,_, p_ZZ1 <_FO .001_MC ;_; B_ZZ1 =_FO .11_MC ,_, p_ZZ1 =_FO .006_MC ,_, respectively_RR )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
I_PPIS1 exclude_VV0 violations_NN2 that_CST result_VV0 from_II issues_NN2 for_IF which_DDQ the_AT tenant_NN1 was_VBDZ obviously_RR and_CC solely_RR responsible_JJ (_( e.g_REX ._. 
</s>
<s>
Baby_NN1 Boom_NN1 women_NN2 and_CC the_AT previous_JJ generation_NN1 paid_VVD the_AT same_DA penalty_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT comparatively_RR severe_JJ economic_JJ consequences_NN2 of_IO divorce_NN1 for_IF women_NN2 stem_VV0 from_II the_AT fact_NN1 that_CST men_NN2 continue_VV0 to_TO be_VBI the_AT primary_JJ breadwinners_NN2 in_II most_DAT families_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
A_AT1 promising_JJ agenda_NN1 for_IF future_JJ research_NN1 would_VM be_VBI to_TO develop_VVI novel_JJ research_NN1 designs_NN2 to_TO identify_VVI and_CC understand_VVI the_AT complex_JJ interplay_NN1 among_II not_XX only_RR the_AT process_NN1 of_IO educational_JJ expansion_NN1 and_CC different_JJ forms_NN2 of_IO inequality_NN1 but_CCB also_RR the_AT remarkable_JJ demographic_JJ shifts_NN2 in_II East_ND1 Asia_NP1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Moreover_RR ,_, where_CS child_NN1 loss_NN1 is_VBZ rare_JJ ,_, It_PPH1 is_VBZ worthwhile_JJ to_TO note_VVI that_DD1 ,_, for_IF two-mode_JJ data_NN ,_, the_AT centralities_NN2 of_IO the_AT two_MC sets_NN2 are_VBR mutually_RR related_VVN ._. 
</s>
<s>
Russian-speaking_JJ minority_NN1 population_NN1 would_VM identify_VVI themselves_PPX2 with_IW Estonian_JJ society_NN1 ,_, The_AT result_NN1 will_VM hopefully_RR be_VBI a_AT1 further_JJR integration_NN1 of_IO researchers_NN2 working_VVG across_II sociology_NN1 ,_, communication_NN1 ,_, medicine_NN1 ,_, public_JJ health_NN1 ,_, and_CC computer_NN1 and_CC information_NN1 sciences_NN2 to_TO improve_VVI our_APPGE collective_JJ understanding_NN1 of_IO the_AT complex_JJ dynamics_NN through_II which_DDQ social_JJ contagions_NN2 impact_NN1 health_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Six_MC different_JJ outcomes_NN2 were_VBDR examined_VVN in_II early_JJ adulthood_NN1 ,_, all_DB of_IO which_DDQ have_VH0 been_VBN linked_VVN to_II victimization_NN1 in_II prior_JJ work_NN1 (_( Macmillan_NP1 ,_, 2001_MC ;_; Macmillan_NP1 &;_NULL Hagan_NP1 ,_, 2004_MC ;_; Schaefer_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2018_MC )_) :_: violent_JJ offending_NN1 ,_, property_NN1 offending_NN1 ,_, violent_JJ victimization_NN1 ,_, hard_JJ drug_NN1 use_NN1 ,_, depressive_NN1 symptoms_NN2 ,_, and_CC low_JJ educational_JJ attainment_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
We_PPIS2 analyze_VV0 age_NN1 groups_NN2 separately_RR to_TO evaluate_VVI claims_NN2 that_CST there_EX are_VBR long-term_JJ negative_JJ consequences_NN2 of_IO being_VBG educated_VVN in_II a_AT1 "_" rigid_JJ "_" (_( vocational_JJ )_) as_II31 opposed_II32 to_II33 a_AT1 "_" flexible_JJ "_" (_( general_NN1 )_) program_NN1 (_( Forster_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
2016_MC ;_; Hanushek_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
2017_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
A_AT1 life_NN1 course_NN1 perspective_NN1 on_II work–family_RR conflict_NN1 suggests_VVZ that_CST the_AT amounts_NN2 of_IO job_NN1 demands_NN2 and_CC resources_NN2 typically_RR change_VV0 across_II life_NN1 stages_NN2 (_( Moen_NP1 &;_NULL Sweet_NP1 ,_, 2004_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Thus_RR ,_, a_AT1 key_JJ question_NN1 is_VBZ ,_, net_NN1 of_IO other_JJ variables_NN2 ,_, do_VD0 BWCs_NP1 contribute_VVI to_II positive_JJ changes_NN2 in_II procedural_JJ justice_NN1 and_CC its_APPGE constituent_NN1 elements_NN2 delivered_VVN by_II officers_NN2 ?_? 
</s>
<s>
These_DD2 kinds_NN2 of_IO drug_NN1 enforcement_NN1 initiatives_NN2 fueled_VVD African_JJ Americans_NN2 '_NULL concerns_VVZ over_RP racial_JJ profiling_NN1 and_CC driving_JJ while_CS blackbeing_VVG stopped_JJ ,_, questioned_VVD ,_, and_CC even_RR searched_VVN based_VVN on_II a_AT1 pretextual_JJ traffic_NN1 offense_NN1 when_CS they_PPHS2 had_VHD committed_VVN no_AT crime_NN1 (_( Harris_NP1 2010_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT linear_JJ trend_NN1 after_II the_AT Jude_NP1 story_NN1 is_VBZ negative_JJ and_CC significant_JJ ,_, but_CCB it_PPH1 becomes_VVZ positive_JJ and_CC nonsignificant_NN1 after_II omitting_VVG the_AT final_JJ week_NNT1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Participants_NN2 were_VBDR asked_VVN about_II their_APPGE attitudes_NN2 to_II employee_NN1 supports_NN2 aimed_VVN at_II older_JJR workers_NN2 and_CC about_II their_APPGE reasons_NN2 to_TO consider_VVI retirement_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Children_NN2 whose_DDQGE parents_NN2 do_VD0 not_XX love_VVI each_PPX221 other_PPX222 or_CC who_PNQS have_VH0 a_AT1 highconflict_NN1 marriage_NN1 may_VM be_VBI more_RGR willing_JJ to_TO accept_VVI a_AT1 less_RGR desirable_JJ spouse_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Nonetheless_RR ,_, as_CSA Ousey_NP1 and_CC Kubrin_NP1 (_( 2018_MC )_) acknowledged_VVD ,_, a_AT1 large_JJ portion_NN1 of_IO the_AT existing_JJ research_NN1 is_VBZ based_VVN on_II ocial_JJ crime_NN1 data_NN from_II the_AT police_NN2 that_CST have_VH0 important_JJ limitations_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Barrett_NP1 (_( 2010_MC )_) and_CC Dumangane_NP1 (_( 2017_MC )_) provide_VV0 rich_JJ evidence_NN1 from_II semistructured_JJ interviews_NN2 with_IW Black_JJ youth_NN1 in_II the_AT United_NP1 Kingdom_NP1 about_II the_AT extent_NN1 to_II which_DDQ their_APPGE predominantly_RR Black_JJ religious_JJ institutions_NN2 reinforce_VV0 virtues_NN2 that_CST promote_VV0 education_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Therefore_RR ,_, the_AT relationships_NN2 between_II Jews_NN2 and_CC Arab/Palestinians_FU in_II Israel_NP1 have_VH0 always_RR been_VBN characterized_VVN by_II considerable_JJ social_JJ distance_NN1 and_CC tension_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
These_DD2 include_VV0 inherent_JJ individual_JJ differences_NN2 ,_, deference_NN1 and_CC status_NN1 generalization_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
These_DD2 results_NN2 hold_VV0 numerous_JJ implications_NN2 for_IF research_NN1 on_II labeling_VVG and_CC the_AT consequences_NN2 of_IO school_NN1 punishment_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Moor_VV0 &;_NULL Lury_NP1 (_( 2018_MC )_) and_CC Whitson_NP1 (_( 2014_MC )_) highlight_VV0 that_CST individuals_NN2 become_VV0 dividuated_JJ ,_, drawing_VVG on_II Deleuze_NP1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
That_DD1 year_NNT1 ,_, restoring_VVG their_APPGE numbers_NN2 to_II 2006_MC levels_NN2 would_VM have_VHI cost_VVN $3.25_NNU billion_NNO (_( about_RG a_AT1 quarter_NN1 of_IO Walmart_NP1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 $14_NNU billion_NNO profit_NN1 )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT president_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 racist_JJ comments_NN2 about_II Blacks_NN2 ,_, Latinos_NP1 ,_, Native_JJ Americans_NN2 ,_, Muslims_NN2 ,_, and_CC Jews_NN2 have_VH0 emboldened_VVN public_JJ activities_NN2 by_II neo-Nazis_NN2 and_CC white_JJ supremacists_NN2 (_( Graham_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
2019_MC )_) ,_, as_II31 well_II32 as_II33 white_JJ women_NN2 and_CC men_NN2 who_PNQS call_VV0 the_AT police_NN2 on_II Black_JJ people_NN engaged_VVN in_II everyday_JJ activities_NN2 ,_, placing_VVG them_PPHO2 in_II harm_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 way_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT man_NN1 demands_VVZ that_CST Lee_NP1 take_VV0 out_RP her_APPGE visa_NN1 from_II her_APPGE wallet_NN1 ,_, so_CS he_PPHS1 can_VM compare_VVI his_PPGE with_IW hers_PPGE ._. 
</s>
<s>
Studies_NN2 also_RR indicate_VV0 that_DD1 stigma_NN1 is_VBZ significantly_RR associated_VVN with_IW a_AT1 diminished_JJ self-reported_JJ likelihood_NN1 of_IO seeking_VVG professional_JJ help_NN1 (_( Vogel_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2007_MC ;_; Lally_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2013_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT vast_JJ literature_NN1 on_II public_NN1 opinion_NN1 in_II political_JJ science_NN1 rarely_RR treats_VVZ the_AT role_NN1 of_IO activists_NN2 in_II shaping_JJ public_NN1 opinion_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
We_PPIS2 also_RR control_VV0 for_IF round_JJ number_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Wittek_VV0 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2013_MC ,_, p.5_FO )_) ,_, and_CC (_( ii_MC )_) a_AT1 theory_NN1 of_IO how_RGQ individual_JJ behaviors_NN2 combine_VV0 ,_, under_II specific_JJ rules_NN2 (_( i.e._REX ,_, norms_NN2 ,_, institutions_NN2 )_) ,_, to_TO produce_VVI macro-level_JJ outcomes_NN2 (_( Coleman_NP1 ,_, 1990_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Subjective_JJ measures_NN2 ,_, such_II21 as_II22 the_AT one_PN1 used_VVD in_II this_DD1 study_NN1 ,_, are_VBR more_RGR widely_RR used_VVN in_II complex_JJ professional_JJ settings_NN2 ,_, where_CS employees_NN2 deal_VV0 daily_RR with_IW highly_RR diverse_JJ situations_NN2 and_CC are_VBR expected_VVN to_TO adhere_VVI to_II both_DB2 professional_JJ and_CC organizational_JJ norms_NN2 and_CC requirements_NN2 (_( Iaffaldano_NP1 and_CC Muchinsky_NP1 ,_, 1985_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
As_CSA stated_VVN above_RL in_II Section_NN1 3.3_MC ,_, Fourth_MD ,_, as_II part_NN1 of_IO our_APPGE estimation_NN1 strategy_NN1 ,_, we_PPIS2 restrict_VV0 our_APPGE sample_NN1 to_II areas_NN2 designated_VVN as_CSA impact_NN1 zones_NN2 at_RR21 least_RR22 once_RR ._. 
</s>
<s>
Study_NN1 of_IO Income_NN1 Dynamics_NN ,_, Survey_NN1 of_IO Income_NN1 and_CC Program_NN1 Participation_NN1 ,_, National_JJ Longitudinal_JJ Survey_NN1 of_IO Youth&lsqb;1979&rsqb;_FO ,_, and_CC Current_JJ Population_NN1 Survey_NN1 )_) do_VD0 not_XX include_VVI sufficient_JJ numbers_NN2 of_IO high-income_JJ households_NN2 to_TO analyze_VVI ._. 
</s>
<s>
Empirical_JJ trends_NN2 in_II socioeconomic_JJ returns_NN2 to_II education_NN1 show_VV0 cross-national_JJ variations_NN2 among_II Western_JJ countries_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Moreover_RR ,_, the_AT idea_NN1 that_CST thresholds_NN2 for_IF whites_NN2 to_TO feel_VVI their_APPGE numerical_JJ minority_NN1 status_NN1 are_VBR lower_JJR than_CSN thresholds_NN2 for_IF black_JJ numerical_JJ minorities_NN2 is_VBZ founded_VVN in_II the_AT literature_NN1 (_( e.g._REX ,_, see_VV0 Renzulli_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
2011_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Moreover_RR ,_, among_II the_AT social_JJ workers_NN2 from_II these_DD2 five_MC workgroups_NN2 ,_, satisfaction_NN1 with_IW one_MC1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 immediate_JJ superior_NN1 was_VBDZ a_AT1 strong_JJ theme_NN1 in_II the_AT descriptions_NN2 of_IO their_APPGE reasons_NN2 for_IF remaining_VVG at_II the_AT workplace_NN1 (_( Tham_NP1 ,_, forthcoming_JJ )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Source_NN1 :_: CILS4EU_FO ,_, wave_NN1 1_MC1 ,_, weighted_VVD ,_, full_JJ sample_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Mark_NP1 is_VBZ part_NN1 of_IO the_AT quantified_JJ self_NN1 or_CC self-tracking_JJ movement_NN1 ,_, people_NN who_PNQS collect_VV0 and_CC analyze_VV0 data_NN about_II themselves_PPX2 for_IF fun_NN1 or_CC self-improvement_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Objective_NN1 :_: The_AT goal_NN1 of_IO this_DD1 study_NN1 was_VBDZ to_TO understand_VVI the_AT implications_NN2 of_IO omitting_VVG versus_II retaining_VVG individuals_NN2 known_VVN to_TO eventually_RR divorce_VVI in_II the_AT longitudinal_JJ modeling_NN1 of_IO marital_JJ quality_NN1 trajectories_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Large_JJ big-box_JJ retailers_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 Walmart_NP1 and_CC Home_NN1 Depot_NN1 likewise_RR offer_VV0 mainly_RR low-skill_JJ jobs_NN2 ,_, rely_VV0 on_II low-cost_JJ labor_NN1 to_TO offer_VVI low_JJ prices_NN2 that_CST attract_VV0 customers_NN2 ,_, recruit_VV0 vulnerable_JJ labor_NN1 force_NN1 segments_NN2 who_PNQS have_VH0 been_VBN historically_RR excluded_VVN from_II unions_NN2 ,_, and_CC sometimes_RT limit_VV0 the_AT potential_NN1 for_IF collective_JJ action_NN1 with_IW subcontracting_VVG and_CC antiunion_NN1 training_NN1 videos_NN2 (_( Corbett_NP1 2018_MC ,_, Hing_VVG 2007_MC ,_, Lichtenstein_NP1 2008_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
We_PPIS2 argue_VV0 that_CST cross-classified_JJ models_NN2 are_VBR suitable_JJ ,_, as_CSA individuals_NN2 in_II our_APPGE data_NN were_VBDR nested_VVN in_II specific_JJ parental_JJ neighbourhood/school_NN1 environment_NN1 combinations_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
For_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, seeing_VVG young_JJ ,_, black_JJ men_NN2 can_VM trigger_VVI associations_NN2 with_IW neighborhood_NN1 characteristics_NN2 ,_, such_II21 as_II22 crime_NN1 levels_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
It_PPH1 could_VM neutralize_VVI ,_, we_PPIS2 don_VV0 '_NULL t_ZZ1 know_VV0 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Another_DD1 study_NN1 by_II Surian_JJ et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
(_( 2016_MC )_) analyzed_VVD 285,417_MC tweets_NN2 about_II human_JJ papillomavirus_NN1 (_( HPV_NP1 )_) vaccines_NN2 from_II 101,519_MC users_NN2 with_IW more_DAR than_CSN 4_MC million_NNO social_JJ connections_NN2 between_II them_PPHO2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT demographic_JJ skeleton_NN1 that_CST simulations_NN2 produce_VV0 is_VBZ not_XX enough_RR ._. 
</s>
<s>
Following_VVG a_AT1 four-year_JJ ethnographic_JJ study_NN1 of_IO gangassociated_JJ Latinos_NN2 and_CC their_APPGE relationships_NN2 with_IW authority_NN1 figures_NN2 ,_, we_PPIS2 conducted_VVD ridealongs_NN2 with_IW Gang_NN1 Suppression_NN1 Team_NN1 (_( GST_NP1 )_) police_NN2 officers_NN2 who_PNQS were_VBDR members_NN2 of_IO what_DDQ we_PPIS2 pseudonymously_RR call_VV0 the_AT Riverland_NP1 Police_NN2 Department_NN1 (_( RPD_NP1 )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
An_AT1 increase_NN1 in_II the_AT representation_NN1 of_IO female_JJ students_NN2 over_II time_NNT1 ,_, for_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, might_VM contribute_VVI to_II such_DA a_AT1 trend_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT explicit_JJ F-values_NN2 and_CC their_APPGE significance_NN1 levels_NN2 are_VBR presented_VVN in_II Appendix_NN1 C._ZZ1 We_PPIS2 also_RR control_VV0 for_IF respondents_NN2 '_NULL occupational_JJ status_NN1 in_II ISEI_NP1 scores_NN2 (_( Ganzeboom_NP1 ,_, et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 1992_MC ,_, Ganzeboom_NP1 and_CC Treiman_NP1 ,_, 2010_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
I_MC1 rescale_NN1 this_DD1 indicator_NN1 so_CS21 that_CS22 0_MC represents_VVZ the_AT lowest_JJT observable_JJ value_NN1 ,_, in_II other_JJ words_NN2 ,_, the_AT lowest_JJT observable_JJ competence_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Interest_NN1 in_II socialism_NN1 and_CC capitalism_NN1 both_RR spiked_VVN during_II the_AT 2008_MC financial_JJ crisis_NN1 ,_, and_CC socialism_NN1 spiked_VVD again_RT around_RG 2016_MC ._. 
</s>
<s>
Unions_NN2 have_VH0 pursued_VVN other_JJ policy_NN1 routes_NN2 beyond_II voter_NN1 initiatives_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Straight_RR and_CC lesbian_JJ women_NN2 typically_RR expressed_VVN distress_NN1 when_CS their_APPGE sexual_JJ relationships_NN2 or_CC desires_NN2 went_VVD against_II what_DDQ they_PPHS2 perceived_VVD to_TO be_VBI the_AT valued_JJ sexual_JJ norm_NN1 ,_, but_CCB the_AT contexts_NN2 for_IF their_APPGE distress_NN1 varied_VVN depending_II21 on_II22 norms_NN2 specific_JJ to_II their_APPGE sexual_JJ identities_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Fourthly_RR ,_, the_AT opinions_NN2 emanating_VVG from_II that_DD1 site_NN1 should_VM be_VBI recognized_VVN as_CSA legitimate_JJ by_II the_AT public_JJ authorities_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Women_NN2 with_IW low_JJ socioeconomic_JJ status_NN1 may_VM be_VBI particularly_RR susceptible_JJ to_II unintended_JJ pregnancy_NN1 due_II21 to_II22 limited_JJ resources_NN2 in_RR21 part_RR22 because_CS they_PPHS2 more_RGR likely_JJ to_TO depend_VVI on_II these_DD2 types_NN2 of_IO public_JJ family_NN1 planning_NN1 services_NN2 (_( Gold_NN1 ,_, 2010_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Researchers_NN2 have_VH0 argued_VVN that_CST the_AT most_RGT relevant_JJ challenges_NN2 for_IF parents_NN2 to_TO balance_VVI work_NN1 and_CC family_NN1 responsibilities_NN2 differ_VV0 by_II SES_NP2 (_( Bianchi_NP1 ,_, 2011_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
One_MC1 estimate_NN1 suggests_VVZ 300,000_MC to_II 400,000_MC bushels_NN2 of_IO grain_NN1 were_VBDR destroyed_VVN ;_; the_AT crop_NN1 destruction_NN1 anticipated_VVD nineteenth-century_JJ tactics_NN2 :_: "_" The_AT total_JJ ruin_NN1 inflicted_VVN upon_II residents_NN2 of_IO the_AT Auglaize_NP1 and_CC Maummee_NP1 River_NNL1 basins_NN2 would_VM not_XX again_RT be_VBI duplicated_VVN on_II American_JJ soil_NN1 until_CS William_NP1 Tecumseh_NP1 Sherman_NP1 marched_VVD through_II the_AT Confederacy_NN1 in_II 1864–1865_MCMC "_" (_( Gaff_NP1 2004:332–3_MCMC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
First_MD ,_, age-graded_JJ structures_NN2 provide_VV0 the_AT group_NN1 with_IW self-regeneration_JJ capacities_NN2 ;_; as_RG criminal_JJ groups_NN2 mature_VV0 ,_, older_JJR members_NN2 age_VV0 out_RP ,_, are_VBR killed_VVN ,_, or_CC are_VBR detained_VVN ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT effects_NN2 of_IO predictors_NN2 other_II21 than_II22 books_NN2 and_CC respondents_NN2 '_NULL education_NN1 can_VM be_VBI compared_VVN as_CSA they_PPHS2 have_VH0 been_VBN standardized_VVN to_II a_AT1 common_JJ metric_JJ ._. 
</s>
<s>
We_PPIS2 were_VBDR immigrants_NN2 ..._... whatever_DDQV place_NN1 we_PPIS2 went_VVD to_II it_PPH1 wasn_VV0 '_NULL t_ZZ1 home_RL ._. 
</s>
<s>
With_IW crude_JJ divorce_NN1 rates_NN2 slightly_RR below_II the_AT national_JJ average_NN1 (_( 2.9_MC in_II Henan_NP1 and_CC 2.6_MC in_II Zhejiang_NN1 compared_VVN with_IW the_AT national_JJ rate_NN1 of_IO 3.0_MC per_II 1,000_MC population_NN1 )_) ,_, both_DB2 provinces_NN2 in_II 2016_MC together_RL accounted_VVN for_IF 10%_NNU of_IO all_DB divorces_NN2 and_CC 10%_NNU of_IO all_DB divorces_NN2 granted_VVD specifically_RR by_II court_NN1 adjudication_NN1 (_( Ministry_NN1 of_IO Civil_JJ Affairs_NN2 of_IO China_NP1 ,_, various_JJ years_NNT2 )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II the_AT third_MD and_CC final_JJ stage_NN1 ,_, all_DB students_NN2 in_II the_AT sampled_JJ classes_NN2 were_VBDR included_VVN in_II the_AT gross_JJ sample_NN1 ,_, excluding_VVG those_DD2 students_NN2 who_PNQS were_VBDR mentally_RR or_CC physically_RR not_XX able_JK to_TO complete_VVI the_AT survey_NN1 or_CC had_VHD major_JJ problems_NN2 in_II the_AT language_NN1 of_IO the_AT survey_NN1 country_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
It_PPH1 behoves_VVZ us_PPIO2 to_TO study_VVI these_DD2 complexities_NN2 in_II more_DAR detail_NN1 and_CC with_IW a_AT1 highly_RR practical_JJ lens_NN1 to_TO create_VVI the_AT most_RGT effective_JJ ,_, evidencebased_JJ interventions_NN2 possible_JJ ._. 
</s>
<s>
Previously_RR ,_, midwives_NN2 by_II themselves_PPX2 could_VM be_VBI carriers_NN2 of_IO disease_NN1 ,_, but_CCB under_II the_AT control_NN1 of_IO medical_JJ doctors_NN2 and_CC with_IW the_AT introduction_NN1 of_IO the_AT disinfection_NN1 instructions_NN2 for_IF childbirth_NN1 in_II 1881_MC ,_, the_AT organization_NN1 of_IO health_NN1 districts_NN2 encouraged_VVD the_AT employment_NN1 of_IO new_JJ graduates_NN2 from_II midwifery_NN1 schools_NN2 who_PNQS were_VBDR competent_JJ in_II modern_JJ medical_JJ knowledge_NN1 and_CC the_AT use_NN1 of_IO antiseptics_NN2 (_( Lazuka_NP1 2018b_FO )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Thus_RR ,_, as_CSA with_IW occupations_NN2 ,_, I_PPIS1 primarily_RR focus_VV0 on_II earnings_NN2 quintiles_VVZ in_II the_AT main_JJ text_NN1 ,_, with_IW the_AT analysis_NN1 result_NN1 of_IO the_AT logarithm_NN1 of_IO earnings_NN2 discussed_VVN in_II the_AT Appendix_NN1 for_IF reference_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Because_CS they_PPHS2 '_NULL re_II afraid_JJ that_CST it_PPH1 might_VM get_VVI them_PPHO2 unwanted_JJ attention_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II Equation_NN1 12_MC ,_, the_AT denominator_NN1 has_VHZ become_VVN an_AT1 integral_JJ of_IO the_AT data_NN over_II the_AT entire_JJ sample_NN1 space_NN1 (_( S_ZZ1 )_) for_IF p_ZZ1 ,_, rather_II21 than_II22 a_AT1 sum_NN1 of_IO the_AT data_NN over_RG two_MC states_NN2 of_IO the_AT world_NN1 (_( disease_NN1 or_CC no_AT disease_NN1 )_) as_CSA in_II Equation_NN1 7_MC ._. 
</s>
<s>
As_CSA other_JJ research_NN1 shows_NN2 (_( Bergemann_NP1 2017_MC )_) ,_, denunciations_NN2 intended_VVD to_TO harm_VVI social_JJ rivals_NN2 occur_VV0 across_II a_AT1 variety_NN1 of_IO contexts_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Boolean_NN1 comparative_JJ analyses_NN2 are_VBR no_AT more_RGR immune_JJ to_II omitted_JJ variables_NN2 (_( unobserved_JJ heterogeneity_NN1 )_) ,_, reversed_VVD causation_NN1 ,_, and_CC measurement_NN1 and_CC coding_VVG errors_NN2 than_CSN multivariate_JJ statistical_JJ analyses_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_RR21 short_RR22 ,_, social_JJ science_NN1 needs_VVZ to_TO engage_VVI analytically_RR with_IW the_AT moral_JJ responsibility_NN1 of_IO governance_NN1 and_CC social_JJ arrangements_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
With_IW no_AT nature_NN1 out_RP there_RL to_TO serve_VVI as_II a_AT1 shared_JJ point_NN1 of_IO reference_NN1 and_CC neutral_JJ arbiter_NN1 of_IO disputes_NN2 ,_, different_JJ collectives_NN2 of_IO researchers_NN2 either_RR had_VHN to_TO make_VVI an_AT1 effort_NN1 to_TO build_VVI a_AT1 common_JJ world_NN1 ,_, or_CC they_PPHS2 would_VM forever_RT remain_VVI apart_RL ._. 
</s>
<s>
Females_NN2 (_( N=1,835_FO )_) are_VBR on_II the_AT left_JJ and_CC italicized_VVD ,_, males_NN2 (_( N=1,686_FO )_) are_VBR on_II the_AT right_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
As_CSA stated_VVN previously_RR ,_, we_PPIS2 distinguish_VV0 in_II our_APPGE descriptive_JJ analyses_NN2 and_CC models_NN2 two_MC groups_NN2 based_VVN on_II the_AT sex_NN1 composition_NN1 of_IO the_AT relationships_NN2 :_: respondents_NN2 with_IW different-sex_NN1 versus_II same-sex_JJ relationships_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Assumptions_NN2 for_IF each_DD1 of_IO the_AT scenarios_NN2 were_VBDR developed_VVN as_CSA follows_VVZ ._. 
</s>
<s>
An_AT1 unresolved_JJ question_NN1 in_II the_AT literature_NN1 is_VBZ how_RRQ best_JJT to_TO measure_VVI income_NN1 volatility_NN1 ,_, especially_RR in_II the_AT context_NN1 of_IO economic_JJ insecurity_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT first_MD section_NN1 of_IO the_AT interview_NN1 ,_, on_II the_AT structure_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 typical_JJ weekday_NNT1 for_IF individuals_NN2 (_( and_CC their_APPGE spouses_NN2 ,_, in_II the_AT case_NN1 of_IO married_JJ interviewees_NN2 )_) ,_, was_VBDZ designed_VVN as_II a_AT1 "_" warm-up_NN1 "_" section_NN1 to_TO facilitate_VVI rapport_NN1 between_II the_AT interviewer_NN1 and_CC interviewee_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT results_NN2 of_IO the_AT MRQAP_NN1 analyses_NN2 and_CC the_AT meta-regression_NN1 across_II them_PPHO2 are_VBR presented_VVN in_II Table_NN1 4_MC ._. 
</s>
<s>
Among_II men_NN2 who_PNQS change_VV0 firms_NN2 ,_, most_DAT remain_VV0 in_II the_AT same_DA industry_NN1 doing_VDG similar_JJ jobs_NN2 ,_, experiencing_VVG a_AT1 workplace_NN1 culture_NN1 where_CS the_AT ideal_JJ worker_NN1 is_VBZ expected_VVN to_TO make_VVI personal_JJ sacrifices_NN2 and_CC to_TO work_VVI long_JJ hours_NNT2 (_( Ko_NN1 2007_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
They_PPHS2 suggest_VV0 that_CST intense_JJ parental_JJ caregiving_NN1 may_VM contribute_VVI to_II women_NN2 '_NULL s_ZZ1 economic_JJ disadvantage_NN1 in_II older_JJR age_NN1 ,_, and_CC they_PPHS2 suggest_VV0 that_CST this_DD1 has_VHZ not_XX changed_VVN for_IF Baby_NN1 Boomers_NP1 when_CS compared_VVN with_IW earlier_JJR generations_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
As_CSA detailed_VVN in_II Parts_NN2 B_ZZ1 and_CC C_ZZ1 of_IO the_AT online_JJ supplement_NN1 ,_, the_AT results_NN2 are_VBR quite_RG robust_JJ to_II these_DD2 checks_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT effect_NN1 estimates_NN2 are_VBR small_JJ and_CC statistically_RR insignificant_JJ ,_, and_CC the_AT direction_NN1 of_IO the_AT point_NN1 estimates_NN2 is_VBZ inconsistent_JJ with_IW our_APPGE theoretical_JJ expectation_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Many_DA2 also_RR link_VV0 the_AT structural_JJ context_NN1 of_IO economic_JJ performance_NN1 to_II poverty_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Although_CS violent_JJ men_NN2 in_II the_AT sample_NN1 also_RR embraced_VVD the_AT notion_NN1 of_IO the_AT "_" brave_JJ soldier_NN1 ,_, "_" more_RGR explicitly_RR than_CSN the_AT nonviolent_JJ men_NN2 ,_, this_DD1 image_NN1 became_VVD synonymous_JJ with_IW violence_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
A_AT1 human_NN1 ,_, then_RT ,_, is_VBZ primarily_RR its_APPGE own_DA doing_VDG ,_, a_AT1 '_NULL humaning_NN1 '_NULL ._. 
</s>
<s>
Although_CS much_RR previous_JJ research_NN1 has_VHZ focused_VVN on_II the_AT portion_NN1 of_IO the_AT motherhood_NN1 penalty_NN1 that_CST might_VM plausibly_RR be_VBI attributed_VVN to_II discrimination_NN1 in_II wage_NN1 setting_NN1 ,_, we_PPIS2 take_VV0 a_AT1 broader_JJR view_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
One_MC1 way_NN1 SML_NP1 uses_VVZ data_NN ,_, therefore_RR ,_, is_VBZ for_IF model_NN1 selection_NN1 ,_, that_REX21 is_REX22 ,_, to_TO estimate_VVI the_AT performance_NN1 of_IO alternative_JJ models_NN2 (_( functions_NN2 ,_, regularization_NN1 parameters_NN2 )_) to_TO choose_VVI the_AT best_JJT one_PN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
We_PPIS2 then_RT review_VV0 the_AT existing_JJ scientific_JJ evidence_NN1 on_II specific_JJ policing_NN1 policies_NN2 and_CC practices_NN2 with_IW an_AT1 eye_NN1 toward_II their_APPGE efficacy_NN1 in_II controlling_VVG crime_NN1 as_II31 well_II32 as_II33 how_RRQ communities_NN2 experience_VV0 and_CC view_VV0 these_DD2 efforts_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Participants_NN2 were_VBDR randomly_RR assigned_VVN to_II one_MC1 of_IO four_MC equal-sized_JJ experi-mental_JJ conditions_NN2 (_( i.e._REX ,_, n_ZZ1 =_FO 100_MC per_II condition_NN1 )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Table_NN1 1_MC1 presents_VVZ the_AT percentage_NN1 of_IO families_NN2 with_IW a_AT1 newborn_JJ where_CS at_RR21 least_RR22 one_MC1 parent_NN1 uses_VVZ maternity_NN1 or_CC parental_JJ benefits_NN2 by_II family_NN1 characteristics_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Interestingly_RR ,_, the_AT gradually_RR independent_JJ group_NN1 had_VHD the_AT highest_JJT share_NN1 of_IO individuals_NN2 with_IW student_NN1 debt_NN1 (_( 56%_NNU )_) ,_, whereas_CS the_AT consistently_RR supported_VVN group_NN1 had_VHD a_AT1 similar_JJ level_NN1 of_IO college_NN1 completion_NN1 but_CCB a_AT1 lower_JJR share_NN1 of_IO individuals_NN2 with_IW debt_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Yet_RR ,_, delivery_NN1 of_IO effective_JJ ,_, quality_NN1 social_JJ services_NN2 ,_, ostensibly_RR more_RRR within_II our_APPGE reach_NN1 ,_, is_VBZ beset_VVN with_IW a_AT1 number_NN1 of_IO '_NULL wicked_JJ problems_NN2 '_NULL (_( Grint_NP1 and_CC Holt_NP1 ,_, 2011_MC )_) to_II which_DDQ we_PPIS2 struggle_VV0 to_TO find_VVI a_AT1 solution_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Indeed_RR ,_, some_DD resources_NN2 that_CST serve_VV0 to_TO protect_VVI parents_NN2 from_II strains_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 overload_NN1 like_II social_JJ connections_NN2 to_II other_JJ parents_NN2 in_II a_AT1 neighborhood_NN1 may_VM also_RR serve_VVI to_TO build_VVI rewards_NN2 for_IF parents_NN2 ,_, such_II21 as_II22 increasing_JJ life_NN1 satisfaction_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
A_AT1 detailed_JJ picture_NN1 is_VBZ offered_VVN of_IO the_AT variety_NN1 of_IO referrals_NN2 dealt_VVN with_IW at_II each_DD1 stage_NN1 of_IO the_AT fitness_NN1 to_TO practise_VVI process_NN1 (_( from_II initial_JJ triage_NN1 to_II final_JJ hearings_NN2 )_) ,_, with_IW recommendations_NN2 for_IF how_RRQ to_TO prevent_VVI inappropriate_JJ referrals_NN2 ,_, whilst_CS focusing_VVG concern_NN1 on_II the_AT most_RGT serious_JJ cases_NN2 of_IO incompetence_NN1 and_CC misconduct_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Wolf_NN1 and_CC Soldo_NP1 (_( 1994_MC )_) found_VVD that_CST parental_JJ caregiving_NN1 was_VBDZ not_XX associated_VVN with_IW women_NN2 '_NULL s_ZZ1 employment_NN1 or_CC work_NN1 hours_NNT2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
So_RR I_PPIS1 looked_VVD around_RP for_IF a_AT1 bigger_JJR apartment_NN1 ,_, thought_NN1 of_IO buying_VVG something_PN1 in_II that_DD1 new_JJ flat_JJ building_NN1 they_PPHS2 had_VHD just_RR built_VVN five_MC minutes_NNT2 from_II here_RL ._. 
</s>
<s>
My_APPGE findings_NN2 are_VBR thus_RR not_XX generalizable_JJ to_II women_NN2 who_PNQS were_VBDR not_XX in_II the_AT labor_NN1 force_NN1 at_II their_APPGE pregnancy_NN1 with_IW their_APPGE first_MD child_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II the_AT second_MD pair_NN ,_, candidates_NN2 differed_VVN by_II sex_NN1 and_CC parenthood_NN1 status_NN1 (_( with_IW or_CC without_IW children_NN2 )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
We_PPIS2 interpret_VV0 the_AT observed_JJ differences_NN2 in_II31 favour_II32 of_II33 men_NN2 as_CSA signalling_VVG gender_NN1 bias_NN1 in_II recruitment_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Spanish_JJ ,_, a_AT1 language_NN1 most_DAT have_VH0 not_XX been_VBN taught_VVN to_TO read_VVI or_CC write_VVI in_RP ._. 
</s>
<s>
Desegregation_NN1 was_VBDZ seen_VVN as_II a_AT1 means_NN to_TO address_VVI racialization_NN1 of_IO customary_JJ categories_NN2 in_II figure_NN1 1_MC1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Note_VV0 that_CST we_PPIS2 included_VVD objective_JJ job_NN1 demands_NN2 in_II Models_NN2 5_MC to_II 7_MC as_CSA controls_VVZ as_CSA discussed_VVN in_II the_AT background_NN1 section_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Without_IW a_AT1 doubt_NN1 ,_, the_AT High/Scope_FU Perry_NP1 Preschool_NN1 stands_VVZ out_RP as_CSA one_MC1 of_IO the_AT most_RGT well-known_JJ model_NN1 projects_NN2 to_TO demonstrate_VVI the_AT substantial_JJ short-_JJ and_CC long-term_JJ gains_NN2 in_II cognitive_JJ ,_, social_JJ ,_, and_CC economic_JJ outcomes_NN2 that_CST disadvantaged_JJ children_NN2 can_VM achieve_VVI through_RP targeted_VVD preschool_JJ interventions_NN2 (_( Heckman_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
2010_MC ,_, Karoly_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
1998_MC ,_, Schweinhart_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
2005_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 mental_JJ health_NN1 index_NN1 was_VBDZ constructed_VVN out_II21 of_II22 responses_NN2 to_II five_MC questions_NN2 located_VVN within_II the_AT HILDA_NP1 Survey_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 self-complete_JJ questionnaire_NN1 asking_VVG respondents_NN2 how_RGQ much_DA1 of_IO the_AT time_NNT1 in_II the_AT past_JJ 4_MC weeks_NNT2 the_AT respondent_NN1 (_( a_ZZ1 )_) has_VHZ been_VBN a_AT1 nervous_JJ person_NN1 ,_, (_( b_ZZ1 )_) felt_VVD so_RR down_RP in_II the_AT dumps_NN2 that_CST nothing_PN1 could_VM cheer_VVI them_PPHO2 up_RP ,_, (_( c_ZZ1 )_) felt_VVD calm_JJ and_CC peaceful_JJ ,_, (_( d_ZZ1 )_) felt_VVD down_RP ,_, and_CC (_( e_ZZ1 )_) has_VHZ been_VBN a_AT1 happy_JJ person_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Parenthood_NN1 is_VBZ a_AT1 demanding_JJ role_NN1 ,_, with_IW success_NN1 highly_RR dependent_JJ on_II parents_NN2 '_NULL personal_JJ and_CC material_NN1 resources_NN2 and_CC the_AT availability_NN1 of_IO adequate_JJ support_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
For_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, Schnittker_NP1 and_CC John_NP1 (_( 2007_MC )_) discovered_VVD that_CST current_JJ inmates_NN2 who_PNQS are_VBR repeat_VV0 offenders_NN2 have_VH0 improved_VVN health_NN1 ,_, and_CC Souza_NP1 and_CC Dhami_NP1 (_( 2010_MC )_) found_VVD that_CST recurrent_JJ inmates_NN2 are_VBR less_RGR likely_JJ to_TO worry_VVI about_II being_VBG attacked_VVN and_CC are_VBR more_RGR likely_JJ than_CSN first-time_JJ inmates_NN2 to_TO report_VVI "_" improved_JJ health_NN1 "_" as_II the_AT "_" best_JJT thing_NN1 "_" about_II being_VBG in_II prison_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Coverage_NN1 of_IO the_AT immigration_NN1 topic_NN1 in_II the_AT media_NN tends_VVZ to_TO induce_VVI threat_NN1 (_( Schlu_NP1 eter_NN1 and_CC Davidov_NP1 ,_, 2013_MC )_) ,_, since_CS the_AT framing_NN1 is_VBZ usually_RR more_RGR often_RR negative_JJ than_CSN positive_JJ (_( Boomgaarden_NP1 and_CC Vliegenthart_NP1 ,_, 2007_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
While_CS this_DD1 line_NN1 of_IO research_NN1 has_VHZ emphasised_VVN that_CST social_JJ forms_NN2 are_VBR embedded_VVN in_II the_AT motivations_NN2 of_IO heroic_JJ acts_NN2 ,_, the_AT last_MD perspective_NN1 brings_VVZ into_II focus_NN1 the_AT broader_JJR social_JJ dynamics_NN and_CC historical_JJ processes_NN2 of_IO heroism_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
All_DB officers_NN2 discussed_VVD their_APPGE intentional_JJ and_CC enthusiastic_JJ participation_NN1 in_II new_JJ community_NN1 policing-based_JJ departmental_JJ strategies_NN2 to_TO improve_VVI police_NN2 rapport_NN1 with_IW Latinx_NN1 individuals_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II this_DD1 market_NN1 ,_, employees_NN2 account_VV0 for_IF fewer_DAR than_CSN one_MC1 in_II ten_MC drivers_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT challenge_NN1 is_VBZ how_RRQ to_TO allocate_VVI respondents_NN2 to_II mutually_RR exclusive_JJ groups_NN2 when_CS there_EX are_VBR so_RG many_DA2 different_JJ types_NN2 of_IO parents_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Sousa_NN1 ,_, 2001_MC ;_; McGarrell_NP1 ,_, Giacomazzi_NP1 ,_, &;_NULL Thurman_NP1 ,_, 1997_MC ;_; Sampson_NP1 &;_NULL Raudenbush_NP1 ,_, 1999_MC ;_; Weitzer_NP1 &;_NULL Tuch_NP1 ,_, 2006_MC )_) ,_, with_IW collective_JJ efficacy_NN1 (_( Morenoff_NP1 ,_, Tables_NN2 1_MC1 and_CC 2_MC show_VV0 the_AT descriptive_JJ information_NN1 about_II the_AT study_NN1 variables_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
She_PPHS1 plans_VVZ to_TO quit_VVI work_NN1 as_CS31 soon_CS32 as_CS33 she_PPHS1 becomes_VVZ pregnant_JJ ._. 
</s>
<s>
Officer_NN1 J_ZZ1 approached_VVD him_PPHO1 ,_, ordering_VVG him_PPHO1 to_TO turn_VVI around_RP ._. 
</s>
<s>
I_PPIS1 focused_VVD on_II how_RRQ one_MC1 attractive_JJ attribute_NN1 of_IO the_AT LLCthe_NN1 easy_JJ provision_NN1 of_IO investor_NN1 limited_JJ liabilitymay_NN1 undermine_VV0 incentives_NN2 for_IF assiduous_JJ property_NN1 maintenance_NN1 among_II residential_JJ landlords_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Third_MD ,_, parents_NN2 limit_VV0 children_NN2 '_NULL s_ZZ1 socializing_VVG ,_, both_RR with_IW peers_NN2 and_CC other_JJ community_NN1 members_NN2 (_( Chan_NP1 Tack_VV0 and_CC Small_NP1 2017_MC ;_; Rosenblatt_NP1 and_CC DeLuca_NP1 2012_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Third_MD ,_, the_AT DHS_NP2 surveys_NN2 are_VBR relatively_RR standardized_VVN ,_, with_IW enumerators_NN2 receiving_VVG similar_JJ training_NN1 on_II topics_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 age_NN1 measurement_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
When_CS separately_RR assessing_VVG the_AT personal_JJ characteristics_NN2 (_( results_VVZ not_XX shown_VVN )_) ,_, we_PPIS2 find_VV0 that_CST the_AT predominant_JJ decrease_NN1 in_II school-level_JJ variance_NN1 was_VBDZ due_II21 to_II22 the_AT addition_NN1 of_IO ethnicity_NN1 ,_, income_NN1 ,_, and_CC parental_JJ income_NN1 to_II the_AT model_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Kenyan_JJ ,_, Rwandese_NN ,_, Somali_NN1 ,_, Ethiopian_JJ ,_, Iraqi_JJ ,_, Sudanese_JJ ,_, Eritrean_JJ ,_, Second_MD ,_, it_PPH1 has_VHZ long_RR been_VBN argued_VVN that_DD1 sanitation_NN1 may_VM have_VHI larger_JJR health_NN1 impacts_NN2 in_II more_RGR densely_RR populated_VVN areas_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II some_DD prior_JJ work_NN1 ,_, scholars_NN2 have_VH0 either_RR explicitly_RR or_CC implicitly_RR assumed_VVN that_CST lengthier_JJR sentences_NN2 should_VM more_RGR damaging_JJ (_( see_VV0 Schnittker_NP1 &;_NULL John_NP1 ,_, 2007_MC )_) ,_, which_DDQ is_VBZ consistent_JJ with_IW a_AT1 stress_NN1 proliferation_NN1 perspective_NN1 (_( Pearlin_NP1 ,_, Aneshensel_NP1 ,_, &;_NULL LeBlanc_NP1 ,_, 1997_MC )_) and_CC with_IW classic_JJ work_NN1 on_II prisoner_NN1 response_NN1 (_( Clemmer_NP1 ,_, 1940_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
They_PPHS2 observed_VVD that_CST while_CS the_AT spread_NN1 of_IO the_AT relatively_RR simple_JJ behavior_NN1 ,_, taking_VVG multivitamins_NN2 ,_, benefited_VVN from_II highly_RR connected_JJ individuals_NN2 with_IW many_DA2 weak_JJ ties_NN2 ,_, the_AT more_RGR complex_JJ behavior_NN1 of_IO chlorinating_VVG water_NN1 did_VDD not_XX ._. 
</s>
<s>
Lisa_NP1 saw_VVD how_RRQ her_APPGE son_NN1 and_CC other_JJ neighborhood_NN1 youth_NN1 facing_VVG charges_NN2 were_VBDR not_XX able_JK to_TO have_VHI voice_NN1 in_II the_AT court_NN1 process_NN1 without_IW important_JJ foundational_JJ knowledge_NN1 about_II the_AT legal_JJ system_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Early_JJ exposure_NN1 to_II books_NN2 in_II parental_JJ home_NN1 matters_NN2 because_CS books_NN2 are_VBR an_AT1 integral_JJ part_NN1 of_IO routines_NN2 and_CC practices_NN2 which_DDQ enhance_VV0 life-long_JJ cognitive_JJ competencies_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
One_MC1 meeting_NN1 with_IW elders_NN2 and_CC clan_NN1 leaders_NN2 specifically_RR centred_VVN around_II land_NN1 disputes_NN2 and_CC revealed_VVN a_AT1 dual_JJ responsibility_NN1 :_: a_AT1 governmentmandate_NN1 for_IF the_AT police_NN2 ,_, but_CCB a_AT1 need_NN1 for_IF community_NN1 reconciliation_NN1 and_CC patience_NN1 forlong-termpeace_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
For_IF now_RT ,_, however_RR ,_, early_JJ forecasts_NN2 suggest_VV0 that_CST the_AT veritable_JJ '_NULL drama_NN1 '_NULL of_IO this_DD1 development_NN1 moment_NN1 shall_VM manifest_VVI not_XX in_II the_AT evacuated_JJ cultural_JJ commons_NN2 inhabited_VVN by_II the_AT collective_JJ African_JJ Other_JJ ,_, but_CCB in_II the_AT global_JJ mobility_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 chosen_JJ few_DA2 –_- their_APPGE '_NULL true_JJ potential_NN1 '_NULL reinvented_VVD on_II African_JJ soil_NN1 ,_, but_CCB realized_VVD amidst_II the_AT commercial_JJ spectacle_NN1 of_IO Europe_NP1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 elite_JJ football_NN1 stadia_NN2 and_CC the_AT late_JJ modern_JJ academe_NN1 of_IO North_ND1 America_NP1 ._. 
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<s>
A_AT1 study_NN1 that_CST examined_VVD U.S._NP1 regions_NN2 reached_VVD similar_JJ conclusions_NN2 (_( Montez_NP1 and_CC Berkman_NP1 2014_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Their_APPGE risk-averse_JJ practices_NN2 are_VBR captured_VVN by_II the_AT idiom_NN1 ,_, "_" Seek_VV0 not_XX to_TO do_VDI good_JJ work_NN1 but_CCB rather_RR to_TO avoid_VVI blame_NN1 "_" (_( Li_NP1 and_CC Zhou_NP1 2018_MC ,_, p._NN1 64_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
We_PPIS2 also_RR measured_VVD respondents_NN2 '_NULL hourly_JJ wages_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Nevertheless_RR ,_, we_PPIS2 also_RR selectively_RR discuss_VV0 studies_NN2 of_IO network_NN1 evolution_NN1 ,_, of_IO community_NN1 formation_NN1 ,_, and_CC of_IO neighboring_VVG ,_, when_CS these_DD2 focus_VV0 on_II the_AT decisions_NN2 of_IO individuals_NN2 or_CC behavior_NN1 of_IO dyads_NN2 ,_, or_CC when_CS they_PPHS2 are_VBR important_JJ or_CC methodologically_RR notable_JJ ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT Great_JJ Recession_NN1 was_VBDZ associated_VVN with_IW declines_VVZ in_II divorce_NN1 ,_, at_RR21 least_RR22 in_II the_AT short_JJ run_NN1 (_( Amato_NP1 &;_NULL Beattie_NP1 ,_, 2011_MC ;_; Cherlin_NP1 ,_, Cumberworth_NP1 ,_, Morgan_NP1 ,_, &;_NULL Wimer_NP1 ,_, 2013_MC ;_; Cohen_NP1 ,_, 2014_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Basic_JJ grade_NN1 social_JJ workers_NN2 had_VHD higher_JJR ITL_NN1 and_CC lower_JJR well-being_NN1 scores_NN2 than_CSN any_DD other_JJ group_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT most_RGT significant_JJ findings_NN2 of_IO the_AT book_NN1 revolve_VV0 around_RP the_AT diversity_NN1 of_IO social_JJ positionalities_NN2 (_( "_" geographic_JJ location_NN1 "_" and_CC "_" social_JJ class_NN1 position_NN1 "_" )_) and_CC preand_VV0 postmigration_NN1 experiences_NN2 of_IO his_APPGE informants_NN2 ,_, these_DD2 three_MC factors_NN2 being_VBG directly_RR related_VVN ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT first_MD part_NN1 of_IO the_AT SEIU_NN1 Fight_NN1 for_IF a_AT1 Fair_JJ Economy_NN1 campaignthe_NN1 publicity_NN1 effort_NN1 and_CC the_AT fight_NN1 for_IF $15proved_NNU wildly_RR successful_JJ ,_, as_CSA noted_VVN above_RL ._. 
</s>
<s>
On_II the_AT one_MC1 hand_NN1 ,_, cultural_JJ transmission_NN1 theory1_FO argues_VVZ that_CST generalized_JJ trust_NN1 ,_, as_CSA a_AT1 moral_JJ or_CC cultural_JJ value_NN1 ,_, is_VBZ inherited_VVN from_II parents_NN2 through_II early_JJ socialization_NN1 and_CC exposure_NN1 to_II a_AT1 cultural_JJ milieu_NN1 that_CST reinforces_VVZ those_DD2 values_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Televised_JJ suffering_NN1 ,_, bringing_VVG to_II the_AT viewer_NN1 its_APPGE combination_NN1 of_IO hapless_JJ knowledge_NN1 and_CC complicity_NN1 ,_, presents_NN2 what_DDQ Ellis_NP1 (_( 2000_MC :_: 11_MC )_) calls_VVZ a_AT1 '_NULL mute_JJ appeal_NN1 '_NULL –_- a_AT1 televised_JJ call_NN1 to_II responsibility_NN1 –_- although_CS his_APPGE most_RGT famous_JJ contribution_NN1 is_VBZ in_II heralding_VVG the_AT age_NN1 of_IO witnessing_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Their_APPGE current_JJ writings_NN2 display_VV0 a_AT1 breathlessness_NN1 that_CST suggests_VVZ that_CST these_DD2 authors_NN2 have_VH0 discovered_VVN a_AT1 new_JJ political_JJ phenomenon_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT next_MD highest_JJT odds_NN2 ratios_NN2 are_VBR observed_VVN for_IF intimate_JJ partner_NN1 victims_NN2 :_: Killingan_NP1 ex-spouse_NN1 (_( relative_II21 to_II22 a_AT1 stranger_NN1 )_) increases_VVZ the_AT odds_NN2 of_IO suicide_NN1 after_II a_AT1 homicide_NN1 by_II 724_MC percent_NNU (_( OR_CC =_FO 8.24_MC ,_, 95_MC percent_NNU CI_FO =_FO 5.56_MC ,_, 12.21_MC )_) ;_; killing_VVG a_AT1 spouse_NN1 ,_, relative_II21 to_II22 a_AT1 stranger_NN1 ,_, increases_VVZ the_AT odds_NN2 of_IO suicide_NN1 by_II 632_MC percent_NNU (_( OR_CC =_FO 7.32_MC ,_, 95_MC percent_NNU CI_FO =_FO 4.82_MC ,_, 11.11_MC )_) ;_; and_CC killing_VVG a_AT1 date/partner_NN1 ,_, relative_II21 to_II22 a_AT1 stranger_NN1 ,_, increases_VVZ the_AT odds_NN2 of_IO suicide_NN1 by_II 437_MC percent_NNU (_( OR_CC =_FO 5.37_MC ,_, 95_MC percent_NNU CI_FO =_FO 3.62_MC ,_, 7.97_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
Killing_VVG a_AT1 family_NN1 member_NN1 is_VBZ also_RR significantly_RR associated_VVN with_IW an_AT1 increased_JJ odds_NN2 of_IO committing_VVG suicide:killing_FO a_AT1 parent_NN1 increases_VVZ the_AT odds_NN2 of_IO suicide_NN1 by_II 252_MC percent_NNU (_( OR_CC =_FO 3.52_MC ,_, 95_MC percent_NNU CI_FO =_FO 2.53_MC ,_, 4.90_MC )_) ,_, whereas_CS killing_VVG another_DD1 family_NN1 member_NN1 increases_VVZ the_AT odds_NN2 of_IO suicide_NN1 by_II 294_MC percent_NNU (_( OR_CC =_FO 3.94_MC ,_, 95percent_NNU CI_FO =_FO 2.93_MC ,_, 5.32_MC )_) ,_, relative_II21 to_II22 the_AT killing_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 stranger_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT second_MD models_NN2 test_VV0 an_AT1 alternative_JJ explanation_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ suggests_VVZ that_CST women_NN2 entered_VVD the_AT labour_NN1 force_NN1 in_BCL21 order_BCL22 to_TO account_VVI for_IF men_NN2 '_NULL s_ZZ1 declining_JJ wages_NN2 and_CC not_XX because_II21 of_II22 the_AT service_NN1 voucher_NN1 scheme_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
To_TO approximate_VVI S*_FO we_PPIS2 apply_VV0 step_NN1 6_MC (_( Heterogeneous_JJ )_) for_IF 500_MC partitions_NN2 for_IF the_AT true_JJ partition_NN1 of_IO participants_NN2 across_II treatments_NN2 ,_, calculating_VVG PIIT_NP1 ,_, g_ZZ1 and_CC PCIT_NP1 ,_, g_ZZ1 for_IF each_DD1 partition_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Using_VVG the_AT previously_RR constructed_VVN income-quintiles_NN2 ,_, we_PPIS2 created_VVD school-quintiles_NN2 ,_, in_II which_DDQ schools_NN2 in_II Quintile_NP1 1_MC1 have_VH0 a_AT1 low_JJ concentration_NN1 of_IO peers_NN2 from_II low-income_JJ parents_NN2 ,_, whereas_CS schools_NN2 in_II Quintile_NP1 5have_FO a_AT1 high_JJ concentration_NN1 of_IO these_DD2 pupils_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Along_II21 with_II22 this_DD1 interaction_NN1 being_VBG nonsignificant_JJ ,_, the_AT direction_NN1 of_IO the_AT coefficient_NN1 for_IF this_DD1 interaction_NN1 effect_NN1 is_VBZ also_RR not_XX in_II the_AT same_DA direction_NN1 as_CSA our_APPGE findings_NN2 for_IF time_NNT1 served_VVD ._. 
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<s>
Based_VVN on_II this_DD1 model_NN1 ,_, one_MC1 partner_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 workplace_NN1 experiences_NN2 may_VM shape_VVI the_AT other_JJ partner_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 emotions_NN2 and_CC attitudes_NN2 toward_II the_AT household_NN1 labor_NN1 division_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
That_DD1 Rodríguez_NN1 then_RT supplemented_VVD these_DD2 data_NN with_IW surveys_NN2 completed_VVN by_II 171_MC American_JJ millennials_NN2 bolstered_VVD the_AT findings_NN2 by_II providing_VVG divergent_JJ and_CC supporting_JJ data_NN ._. 
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<s>
Different_JJ people_NN want_VV0 different_JJ things_NN2 from_II their_APPGE networks_NN2 :_: some_DD seek_VV0 emotional_JJ support_NN1 ,_, whereas_CS others_NN2 look_VV0 for_IF new_JJ ideas_NN2 and_CC information_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Engaging_VVG directly_RR with_IW communities_NN2 offers_VVZ another_DD1 path_NN1 towards_II decolonising_VVG social_JJ work_NN1 pedagogy_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Both_RR violent_JJ offending_NN1 and_CC property_NN1 offending_NN1 measures_NN2 are_VBR consistent_JJ with_IW those_DD2 used_VVN in_II the_AT literature_NN1 (_( Schreck_NP1 ,_, Stewart_NP1 ,_, and_CC Osgood_NP1 ,_, 2008_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
The_AT non-significant_JJ levels_NN2 of_IO post-qualifying_JJ training_NN1 in_II the_AT findings_NN2 require_VV0 further_JJR exploration_NN1 ,_, as_CSA there_EX is_VBZ no_AT obvious_JJ explanation_NN1 for_IF this_DD1 result_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
That_DD1 is_VBZ the_AT root_NN1 of_IO Catholic_JJ morality_NN1 on_II all_DB issues_NN2 of_IO human_JJ life_NN1 "_" (_( Kreeft_NP1 ,_, In_RR21 particular_RR22 ,_, the_AT amount_NN1 of_IO time_NNT1 young_JJ adults_NN2 spent_VVN beyond_II the_AT supervision_NN1 of_IO parents_NN2 increased_VVN ,_, giving_VVG them_PPHO2 more_RRR opportunity_NN1 to_TO engage_VVI in_II relationships_NN2 of_IO their_APPGE own_DA choosing_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT activity_NN1 drew_VVD on_RP and_CC reinforced_VVD compatible_JJ First_MD Nations_NN2 '_NULL and_CC non-Indigenous_JJ teaching_NN1 and_CC learning_VVG approaches_NN2 ,_, cultural_JJ practices_NN2 and_CC values_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 storytelling_NN1 on_II and_CC from_II country_NN1 ,_, mindful_JJ embodied_VVD experience_NN1 of_IO place_NN1 ,_, critical_JJ and_CC personal_JJ reflection_NN1 using_VVG course_NN1 content_NN1 ,_, and_CC holistic_JJ ,_, sensing-thinking_JJ engagement_NN1 that_CST draws_VVZ together_RL one_MC1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 whole_JJ self_NN1 in_II31 relation_II32 to_II33 environment_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 takes_VVZ account_NN1 of_IO the_AT fact_NN1 that_CST some_DD practitioners_NN2 refer_VV0 themselves_PPX2 to_II HCPC_NP1 (_( for_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, if_CS they_PPHS2 have_VH0 committed_VVN offences_NN2 or_CC believe_VV0 their_APPGE employer_NN1 will_VM not_XX deal_VVI with_IW them_PPHO2 fairly_RR )_) and_CC some_DD third-party_JJ referrals_NN2 are_VBR not_XX properly_RR formulated_VVN as_CSA complaints_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Furthermore_RR ,_, the_AT study_NN1 informs_VVZ the_AT public_JJ control_NN1 literature_NN1 by_II highlighting_VVG how_RGQ low-income_JJ communities_NN2 in_II precarious_JJ housing_NN1 benefit_NN1 from_II COs_CS '_NULL extra-local_JJ connections_NN2 to_II city_NN1 administration_NN1 and_CC judicial_JJ institutionsin_NN1 contrast_NN1 to_II the_AT predominant_JJ focus_NN1 of_IO neighborhood_NN1 studies_NN2 on_II within-area_JJ ties_NN2 and_CC control_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT thick_JJ solid_JJ line_NN1 of_IO Fig._NN1 1_MC1 reflects_VVZ the_AT difference_NN1 in_II the_AT average_JJ predicted_JJ probability_NN1 of_IO being_VBG behind_RL in_II school_NN1 between_II children_NN2 living_VVG with_IW a_AT1 same-sex_JJ couple_NN1 and_CC children_NN2 living_VVG with_IW a_AT1 different-sex_JJ couple_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Even_CS21 if_CS22 only_RR a_AT1 small_JJ share_NN1 of_IO the_AT population_NN1 attended_VVD college_NN1 among_II the_AT oldest_JJT cohort_NN1 but_CCB a_AT1 large_JJ share_NN1 of_IO the_AT population_NN1 did_VDD among_II the_AT youngest_JJT cohort_NN1 ,_, researchers_NN2 typically_RR do_VD0 not_XX take_VVI into_II account_NN1 potential_NN1 changes_NN2 in_II the_AT value_NN1 of_IO college_NN1 education_NN1 along_II21 with_II22 educationa_NN1 expansion_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
In_RR21 addition_RR22 ,_, researchers_NN2 may_VM want_VVI to_TO study_VVI differences_NN2 among_II groups_NN2 of_IO women_NN2 and_CC men_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
In_II this_DD1 kind_NN1 of_IO network_NN1 ,_, if_CS Joe_NP1 has_VHZ six_MC sexual_JJ contacts_NN2 ,_, then_RT we_PPIS2 can_VM assume_VVI that_CST each_DD1 of_IO those_DD2 six_MC contacts_NN2 will_VM each_DD1 have_VHI six_MC unique_JJ additional_JJ sexual_JJ contacts_NN2 of_IO their_APPGE own_DA ,_, and_CC ,_, in_II turn_NN1 ,_, each_DD1 of_IO those_DD2 contacts_NN2 will_VM also_RR have_VHI six_MC unique_JJ additional_JJ sexual_JJ contacts_NN2 ,_, and_RR31 so_RR32 on_RR33 ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 incorporates_VVZ the_AT article_NN1 in_II a_AT1 highly_RR varied_JJ family_NN1 of_IO restorationist_NN1 projects_NN2 in_II cultural_JJ anthropology_NN1 :_: the_AT one_MC1 thing_NN1 they_PPHS2 share_VV0 is_VBZ a_AT1 sense_NN1 of_IO urgency_NN1 to_TO bring_VVI back_RP the_AT broader_JJR disciplinary_JJ and_CC public_JJ significance_NN1 anthropology_NN1 enjoyed_VVN before_CS it_PPH1 began_VVD to_TO deconstruct_VVI its_APPGE key_JJ categories_NN2 and_CC approaches_VVZ in_II the_AT 1980s_MC2 (_( e.g._REX Boellstorff_NP1 ,_, 2008_MC ;_; Bunzl_NP1 ,_, 2004_MC ;_; Col_NN1 and_CC Graeber_NP1 ,_, 2011_MC ;_; Viveiros_NP2 de_NP1 Castro_NP1 ,_, 2004_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
Most_DAT people_NN think_VV0 of_IO parents_NN2 and_CC adult_NN1 children_NN2 as_II part_NN1 of_IO the_AT same_DA family_NN1 even_CS21 though_CS22 they_PPHS2 do_VD0 not_XX live_VVI together_RL ._. 
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<s>
The_AT model_NN1 specification_NN1 (_( i.e._REX ,_, OLS_NN2 ,_, multinomial_JJ logit_NN1 ,_, As_CSA she_PPHS1 has_VHZ argued_VVN with_IW Weltevrede_NP1 (_( Marres_NP1 and_CC Weltevrede_NP1 ,_, 2015_MC )_) and_CC reiterates_VVZ here_RL ,_, what_DDQ is_VBZ important_JJ in_II digital_JJ social_JJ research_NN1 is_VBZ that_CST we_PPIS2 do_VD0 not_XX aim_VVI to_TO quickly_RR resolve_VVI or_CC contain_VVI whatever_DDQV we_PPIS2 see_VV0 to_TO be_VBI the_AT problems_NN2 that_CST it_PPH1 ushers_VVZ forth_RR ._. 
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<s>
Were_VBDR it_PPH1 not_XX for_IF our_APPGE expanded_JJ understanding_NN1 of_IO unions_NN2 '_NULL influence_VV0 on_II nonunion_NN1 workers_NN2 ,_, we_PPIS2 would_VM miss_VVI the_AT fact_NN1 that_CST so_RG many_DA2 of_IO the_AT recent_JJ low-wage_JJ worker_NN1 campaigns_NN2 today_RT are_VBR union_NN1 initiatives_NN2 ,_, delivering_VVG union_NN1 victories_NN2 ,_, although_CS they_PPHS2 have_VH0 not_XX produced_VVN new_JJ union_NN1 members_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Another_DD1 type_NN1 are_VBR insecure_JJ households_NN2 with_IW low_JJ levels_NN2 of_IO income_NN1 and_CC education_NN1 ,_, as_II31 well_II32 as_II33 instable_JJ employment_NN1 and_CC family_NN1 life_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
CILS4EU-DE_NP1 is_VBZ part_NN1 of_IO the_AT international_JJ CILS4EU-project_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ was_VBDZ funded_VVN in_II the_AT framework_NN1 of_IO the_AT NORFACE_NP1 (_( New_JJ Opportunities_NN2 for_IF Research_NN1 Funding_NN1 Agency_NN1 Cooperation_NN1 in_II Europe_NP1 )_) research_NN1 programme_NN1 on_II migration_NN1 between_II 2009_MC and_CC 2014_MC ._. 
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<s>
Male_JJ respondents_NN2 in_II same-sex_JJ relationships_NN2 were_VBDR less_RGR likely_JJ than_CSN female_JJ respondents_NN2 in_II these_DD2 relationships_NN2 and_CC respondents_NN2 in_II different-sex_JJ relationships_NN2 to_TO indicate_VVI their_APPGE relationship_NN1 was_VBDZ sexually_RR exclusive_JJ ._. 
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<s>
The_AT various_JJ activities_NN2 at_II the_AT centre_NN1 I_PPIS1 have_VH0 described_VVN that_CST were_VBDR initiated_VVN by_II the_AT manager_NN1 and_CC social_JJ workers_NN2 were_VBDR at_II times_NNT2 underpinned_VVN by_II mixed_JJ messages_NN2 from_II them_PPHO2 ._. 
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<s>
First_MD ,_, mothers_NN2 in_II the_AT SECCYD_NN1 were_VBDR more_RGR economically_RR advantaged_VVN than_CSN mothers_NN2 in_II the_AT general_JJ population_NN1 (_( National_JJ Institute_NN1 of_IO Child_NN1 Health_NN1 and_CC Human_JJ Development_NN1 Early_JJ Child_NN1 Care_NN1 Research_NN1 Network_NN1 ,_, 2005_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
And_CC ,_, while_CS the_AT antecedent_JJ organizational_JJ practices_NN2 are_VBR not_XX conceived_VVN of_IO as_RG endemic_JJ to_II or_CC systematically_RR tied_VVN to_II a_AT1 certain_JJ racial_JJ composition_NN1 ,_, the_AT practices_NN2 appear_VV0 to_TO be_VBI a_AT1 large_JJ part_NN1 of_IO what_DDQ "_" starts_VVZ "_" the_AT composition_NN1 effects_NN2 under_II the_AT conditions_NN2 found_VVN in_II the_AT research_NN1 sites_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Although_CS I_PPIS1 expected_VVD it_PPH1 would_VM be_VBI beneficial_JJ in_II widening_VVG my_APPGE sample_NN1 ,_, it_PPH1 proved_VVD to_TO be_VBI indispensable_JJ to_II my_APPGE ability_NN1 to_TO find_VVI participants_NN2 at_RR21 all_RR22 ._. 
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<s>
We_PPIS2 argue_VV0 that_DD1 minority_NN1 students_NN2 in_II schools_NN2 of_IO identical_JJ ethnic_JJ composition_NN1 will_VM show_VVI different_JJ inclinations_NN2 to_TO identify_VVI as_II a_AT1 majority_NN1 group_NN1 member_NN1 and_CC to_TO form_VVI friendships_NN2 with_IW majority_NN1 peers_NN2 ,_, depending_II21 on_II22 the_AT extent_NN1 of_IO ethnic_JJ stratification_NN1 across_II schools_NN2 in_II the_AT local_JJ context_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 consensus_NN1 transcends_VVZ differences_NN2 of_IO race_NN1 ,_, gender_NN1 ,_, geographic_JJ location_NN1 ,_, and_CC broader_JJR attitudes_NN2 about_II programs_NN2 and_CC clients_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Comparing_VVG the_AT estimates_NN2 from_II these_DD2 additional_JJ specifications_NN2 with_IW estimates_NN2 of_IO the_AT gross_JJ motherhood_NN1 penalty_NN1 provides_VVZ a_AT1 measure_NN1 of_IO the_AT contribution_NN1 of_IO human_JJ capital_NN1 to_II the_AT latter_DA :_: the_AT larger_JJR the_AT reduction_NN1 in_II the_AT magnitude_NN1 of_IO the_AT estimates_NN2 across_II specifications_NN2 ,_, the_AT larger_JJR the_AT contribution_NN1 of_IO education_NN1 and_CC labor_NN1 market_NN1 experience_NN1 to_TO wage_VVI inequality_NN1 between_II mothers_NN2 and_CC childless_JJ women_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Hillmann_VV0 &;_NULL Aven_NP1 (_( 2011_MC )_) test_VV0 the_AT claim_NN1 that_CST local_JJ closure_NN1 conditions_NN2 the_AT significance_NN1 of_IO reputation_NN1 as_II a_AT1 monitoring_NN1 mechanism_NN1 by_II examining_VVG patterns_NN2 of_IO entrepreneurship_NN1 networks_NN2 in_II imperial_JJ Russia_NP1 between_II 1865_MC and_CC 1915_MC ._. 
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<s>
However_RR ,_, we_PPIS2 would_VM believe_VVI that_CST even_RR with_IW more_DAR data_NN on_II parental_JJ resources_NN2 ,_, true_JJ causality_NN1 would_VM still_RR be_VBI very_RG hard_JJ ,_, if_CS ever_RR possible_JJ ,_, to_TO establish_VVI in_II statistical_JJ analysis_NN1 (_( Bechhofer_NP1 and_CC Paterson_NP1 ,_, 2000_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
In_RR21 general_RR22 ,_, vocational_JJ skills_NN2 are_VBR assumed_VVN to_TO be_VBI directly_RR applicable_JJ in_II the_AT workplace_NN1 ,_, and_CC thus_RR workers_NN2 that_CST possess_VV0 them_PPHO2 more_RGR productive_JJ ._. 
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<s>
Attending_VVG to_II how_RRQ the_AT aunts_NN2 described_VVD these_DD2 negotiations_NN2 revealed_VVD the_AT centrality_NN1 of_IO family_NN1 boundaries_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
IATs_NN2 are_VBR relatively_RR familiar_JJ to_II sociologists_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
They_PPHS2 are_VBR critical_JJ driv-ers_NN2 of_IO the_AT more_RGR negative_JJ teaching_NN1 evaluations_NN2 received_VVN by_II women_NN2 faculty_NN1 as_II31 well_II32 as_II33 gender_NN1 inequalities_NN2 in_II workplaces_NN2 more_RGR broadly_RR (_( Ridgeway_NP1 2011_MC ;_; Ridgeway_NP1 and_CC Correll_NP1 2004_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
Hopefully_RR the_AT discipline_NN1 has_VHZ the_AT capacity_NN1 to_TO solve_VVI the_AT puzzle_NN1 of_IO the_AT association_NN1 of_IO perceived_JJ and_CC actual_JJ discrimination_NN1 too_RR ._. 
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<s>
Frankl_VV0 '_NULL s_ZZ1 theory_NN1 has_VHZ been_VBN supported_VVN bya_NN1 handful_NN1 of_IO studies_NN2 ._. 
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Officer_NN1 J_ZZ1 responded_VVN by_II striking_VVG up_RP a_AT1 conversation_NN1 about_II police–civilian_JJ contact_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT sequence_NN1 of_IO coefficients_NN2 estimated_VVN on_II the_AT reform_NN1 variable_NN1 at_II each_DD1 horizon_NN1 provides_VVZ a_AT1 semi-parametric_JJ estimate_NN1 of_IO the_AT impulse_NN1 response_NN1 function_NN1 ,_, Most_RGT equal_JJ pay_NN1 laws_NN2 rely_VV0 on_II individuals_NN2 to_TO identify_VVI discrepancies_NN2 and_CC seek_VVI redress_NN1 ._. 
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One_PN1 is_VBZ the_AT segmentation_NN1 of_IO space_NN1 by_II boundaries_NN2 and_CC pathways_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
In_II the_AT analysis_NN1 ,_, moral_JJ capital_NN1 appears_VVZ at_II times_NNT2 as_II a_AT1 positionality_NN1 vis-a-vis_II other_JJ people_NN or_CC a_AT1 sense_NN1 of_IO implied_JJ obligation_NN1 to_II social_JJ reciprocity_NN1 ,_, blurring_VVG conceptual_JJ boundaries_NN2 with_IW social_JJ capital_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Larger_JJR groups_NN2 need_VV0 to_TO turn_VVI on_II the_AT inside_JJ to_TO survive_VVI ,_, whereas_CS the_AT survival_NN1 of_IO smaller_JJR groups_NN2 depends_VVZ on_II their_APPGE ability_NN1 to_TO forge_VVI alliances_NN2 outside_RL ._. 
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<s>
However_RR ,_, our_APPGE field_NN1 data_NN show_VV0 that_CST the_AT choice_NN1 of_IO scale_NN1 significantly_RR affects_VVZ ratings_NN2 of_IO the_AT exact_JJ same_DA instructor_NN1 teaching_VVG the_AT same_DA course_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT underpinning_JJ nature_NN1 of_IO the_AT relationships_NN2 between_II the_AT regulator_NN1 ,_, the_AT public_NN1 and_CC the_AT profession_NN1 is_VBZ both_RR complex_JJ and_CC changingand_VV0 subject_II21 to_II22 their_APPGE respective_JJ interests_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
I_PPIS1 focus_VV0 on_II these_DD2 two_MC minority_NN1 groups_NN2 '_NULL samerace_VV0 ties_NN2 because_CS these_DD2 ,_, and_CC not_XX cross-race_JJ ties_NN2 ,_, were_VBDR the_AT ones_NN2 exhibiting_VVG gaps_NN2 in_II resource_NN1 transmission_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
There_EX were_VBDR even_RR years_NNT2 when_RRQ the_AT Federal_JJ Statistical_JJ Office_NN1 registered_VVD more_DAR emigrants_NN2 than_CSN immigrants_NN2 (_( see_VV0 Statistisches_NP1 Bundesamt_NP1 ,_, 2017a_FO )_) ._. 
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<s>
N_ZZ1 =_FO 480_MC ;_; standardized_JJ results_NN2 shown_VVN ,_, all_DB control_VV0 variables_NN2 used_VVN ;_; only_RR significant_JJ paths_NN2 shown_VVN ;_; ?p<.05_FO ,_, In_II each_DD1 replication_NN1 ,_, the_AT posterior_JJ probability_NN1 from_II the_AT previous_JJ test_NN1 could_VM be_VBI treated_VVN as_II the_AT prior_JJ for_IF the_AT current_JJ test_NN1 ,_, and_CC Bayes_NP1 '_NULL theorem_NN1 could_VM be_VBI applied_VVN sequentially_RR ._. 
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<s>
Masters_NN2 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
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<s>
(_( 2012_MC )_) note_VV0 that_CST examining_VVG cohort_NN1 differences_NN2 within_II educational_JJ groups_NN2 helps_VVZ to_TO explain_VVI the_AT growing_JJ educational_JJ gap_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT socialization_NN1 process_NN1 based_VVN on_II social_JJ learning_NN1 and_CC social_JJ influence_NN1 through_II peers_NN2 is_VBZ also_RR a_AT1 major_JJ mechanism_NN1 explaining_VVG family_NN1 size_NN1 correlation_NN1 (_( Bernardi_NP1 2016_MC ;_; Kolk_NP1 2014_MC )_) ._. 
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We_PPIS2 therefore_RR conduct_VV0 separate_JJ analyses_NN2 of_IO East_NP1 and_CC West_NP1 Germany_NP1 ._. 
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In_II Germany_NP1 ,_, Sch?nw?lder_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
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<s>
(_( 2016_MC )_) describe_VV0 a_AT1 variety_NN1 of_IO responses_NN2 from_II natives_NN2 to_II the_AT new_JJ cultural_JJ diversity_NN1 they_PPHS2 witness_VV0 in_II their_APPGE everyday_JJ life_NN1 ,_, ranging_VVG from_II appreciation_NN1 to_II distanciation_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
However_RR ,_, previous_JJ work_NN1 has_VHZ largely_RR neglected_VVN the_AT role_NN1 of_IO the_AT institutional_JJ and_CC local_JJ contexts_NN2 in_II which_DDQ schools_NN2 are_VBR embedded_VVN ._. 
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<s>
How_RRQ do_VD0 individuals_NN2 address_VVI the_AT increasingly_RR demanding_VVG work_NN1 required_VVN to_TO manage_VVI technology_NN1 ,_, i.e._REX ,_, to_TO manage_VVI their_APPGE connectivity_NN1 ,_, online_JJ self-presentation_NN1 ,_, and_CC privacy_NN1 ?_? 
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<s>
As_II a_AT1 result_NN1 ,_, correlations_NN2 between_II ties_NN2 and_CC similarity_NN1 networks_NN2 can_VM both_RR be_VBI small_JJ and_CC significant_JJ ._. 
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<s>
One_MC1 challenge_NN1 to_II the_AT idea_NN1 that_CST adults_NN2 in_II religious_JJ congregations_NN2 provide_VV0 specific_JJ forms_NN2 of_IO social_JJ leverage_NN1 is_VBZ the_AT strong_JJ socioeconomic_JJ homogeneity_NN1 found_VVN within_II religious_JJ institutions_NN2 (_( Smith_NP1 &;_NULL Faris_NP1 2005_MC )_) ,_, meaning_VVG that_DD1 youth_NN1 from_II lower_JJR socioeconomic_JJ backgrounds_NN2 are_VBR less_RGR likely_JJ to_TO have_VHI adults_NN2 in_II their_APPGE congregations_NN2 who_PNQS are_VBR able_JK to_TO provide_VVI social_JJ leverage_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
In_II the_AT book_NN1 ,_, Datta_NP1 argues_VVZ that_CST although_CS the_AT Pandits_NP2 are_VBR but_CCB one_MC1 of_IO many_DA2 exiled_JJ populations_NN2 in_II the_AT world_NN1 who_PNQS have_VH0 experienced_VVN pain_NN1 and_CC suffering_JJ and_CC loss_NN1 ,_, they_PPHS2 are_VBR also_RR unique_JJ in_II31 terms_II32 of_II33 their_APPGE geographical_JJ and_CC political_JJ location_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT second_NNT1 is_VBZ a_AT1 six-item_JJ index_NN1 of_IO numeracy_NN1 skills_NN2 used_VVN at_II home_NN1 that_CST gauges_VVZ the_AT frequency_NN1 of_IO calculating_VVG prices_NN2 ,_, budgets_NN2 ,_, using_VVG formulas_NN2 ,_, algebra_NN1 or_CC calculus_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Individuals_NN2 in_II dating_VVG couples_NN2 who_PNQS met_VVD eligibility_NN1 criteria_NN2 were_VBDR asked_VVN to_TO recruit_VVI his_APPGE or_CC her_APPGE dating_NN1 partner_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II 2011_MC ,_, for_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, SEIU_NP1 committed_VVD $60_NNU million_NNO and_CC 1,500_MC organizers_NN2 to_TO change_VVI the_AT debate_NN1 about_II the_AT US_NP1 economy_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Research_NN1 has_VHZ shown_VVN that_CST a_AT1 significant_JJ proportion_NN1 of_IO teenagers_NN2 experience_VV0 stress_NN1 and_CC depression_NN1 in_II their_APPGE daily_JJ lives_NN2 (_( APA_NP1 ,_, 2014_MC )_) and_CC display_VV0 risk_NN1 behaviour_NN1 such_II21 as_II22 suicide_NN1 attempts_NN2 and_CC non-suicidal_JJ self-harm_NN1 (_( Kokkevi_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2012_MC )_) ,_, as_II31 well_II32 as_II33 problematic_JJ internet_NN1 use_NN1 (_( Tsitsika_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2014_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II31 addition_II32 to_II33 addressing_VVG these_DD2 data-driven_JJ shortcomings_NN2 ,_, subsequent_JJ research_NN1 could_VM move_VVI beyond_II our_APPGE findings_NN2 by_II considering_VVG more_RGR complex_JJ issues_NN2 around_II birth_NN1 timing_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Issues_NN2 of_IO audio_NN1 and_CC video_NN1 quality_NN1 and_CC aggregation_NN1 make_VV0 this_DD1 a_AT1 tentative_JJ statement_NN1 regarding_II reliability_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ will_VM be_VBI explored_VVN in_II its_APPGE own_DA right_NN1 in_II separate_JJ research.1_FO A_ZZ1 second_NNT1 approach_NN1 to_II resolving_VVG the_AT impact_NN1 of_IO observers_NN2 on_II research_NN1 involves_VVZ testing_VVG the_AT impact_NN1 of_IO individual_JJ observers_NN2 via_II the_AT inclusion_NN1 of_IO dummy_JJ variables_NN2 corresponding_VVG with_IW each_DD1 observer_NN1 in_II the_AT estimation_NN1 of_IO models_NN2 presented_VVN in_II table_NN1 5_MC ._. 
</s>
<s>
Mount_NNL1 Gravatt_NP1 ,_, QLD_NP1 4122_MC ,_, Australia_NP1 ;_; ;_; Gregory_NP1 Saville_NP1 ,_, AlterNation_NN1 Consulting_NN1 ,_, Denver_NP1 ,_, CO_NP1 ,_, Among_II men_NN2 ,_, those_DD2 who_PNQS provided_VVD care_NN1 before_II age_NN1 45_MC did_VDD not_XX differ_VVI significantly_RR from_II the_AT reference_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
An_AT1 end-user_NN1 seeking_VVG justice_NN1 may_VM therefore_RR be_VBI faced_VVN with_IW a_AT1 series_NN of_IO institutional_JJ choices_NN2 each_DD1 with_IW different_JJ consequences_NN2 and_CC different_JJ sources_NN2 of_IO legitimacy_NN1 ,_, power_NN1 and_CC agency_NN1 rather_II21 than_II22 one_MC1 coherent_JJ hybrid_JJ system_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II other_JJ words_NN2 ,_, while_CS the_AT compensatory_JJ effect_NN1 of_IO further_JJR education_NN1 is_VBZ again_RT in_II evidence_NN1 ,_, this_DD1 effect_NN1 can_VM only_RR be_VBI regarded_VVN as_II a_AT1 limited_JJ one_PN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Furthermore_RR ,_, previous_JJ research_NN1 emphasizes_VVZ similarities_NN2 between_II poor_JJ and_CC working-class_JJ parents_NN2 in_II views_NN2 about_II good_JJ parenting_NN1 ,_, Indeed_RR ,_, for_IF men_NN2 in_II these_DD2 fields_NN2 ,_, 10_MC was_VBDZ the_AT most_RGT common_JJ rating_NN1 (_( 31.4_MC percent_NNU )_) ,_, followed_VVN by_II 9_MC (_( 22.2_MC percent_NNU )_) and_CC then_RT 8_MC (_( 18.9_MC percent_NNU )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
When_CS entered_VVN together_RL in_II a_AT1 regression_NN1 model_NN1 ,_, however_RR ,_, the_AT regression_NN1 coefficient_NN1 of_IO age_NN1 becomes_VVZ insignificant_JJ and_CC that_DD1 of_IO income_NN1 marginally_RR significant_JJ (_( only_RR the_AT highest_JJT category_NN1 is_VBZ related_VVN to_II larger_JJR network_NN1 sizes_NN2 compared_VVN to_II the_AT reference_NN1 category_NN1 )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
First_MD ,_, the_AT higher_JJR education_NN1 reform_NN1 initiated_VVN in_II 1993_MC did_VDD not_XX affect_VVI two-year_JJ colleges_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Predictions_NN2 made_VVN by_II model_NN1 3_MC are_VBR shown_VVN in_II Fig._NN1 4_MC ._. 
</s>
<s>
Most_DAT research_NN1 on_II this_DD1 topic_NN1 has_VHZ centred_VVN upon_II how_RRQ land_NN1 ,_, property_NN1 and_CC money_NN1 are_VBR transmitted_VVN between_II generations_NN2 ,_, exploring_VVG how_RRQ inheritance_NN1 practices_NN2 reproduce_VV0 class_NN1 systems_NN2 and_CC reveal_VV0 gender_NN1 inequalities_NN2 (_( Goody_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 1976_MC ;_; Price_NP1 ,_, 2010_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Components_NN2 1_MC1 and_CC 3_MC were_VBDR selected_VVN because_CS respondents_NN2 could_VM actively_RR reduce_VVI the_AT length_NN1 of_IO the_AT network_NN1 module_NN1 by_II underreporting_VVG the_AT number_NN1 of_IO alter-to-alter_VV0 ties_NN2 in_II component_NN1 3_MC ._. 
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<s>
Rather_II21 than_II22 freeing_VVG up_RP time_NNT1 for_IF family_NN1 and_CC social_JJ leisure_NN1 activities_NN2 ,_, The_AT mobilization_NN1 of_IO less_RGR advantaged_JJ groups_NN2 is_VBZ pivotal_JJ because_CS the_AT default_NN1 distribution_NN1 of_IO political_JJ power_NN1 in_II a_AT1 capitalist_JJ democracy_NN1 favors_VVZ elites_NN2 and_CC business_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT difference_NN1 matrix_NN1 is_VBZ like_II the_AT dissimilarity_NN1 matrix_NN1 ,_, but_CCB the_AT raw_JJ difference_NN1 is_VBZ used_VVN rather_II21 than_II22 the_AT absolute_JJ value_NN1 of_IO the_AT same_DA ._. 
</s>
<s>
We_PPIS2 build_VV0 on_II these_DD2 studies_NN2 not_XX only_RR by_II using_VVG more_RGR recent_JJ data_NN (_( 2014_MC )_) to_TO study_VVI additional_JJ change_NN1 over_II time_NNT1 ,_, but_CCB we_PPIS2 also_RR examine_VV0 individual_JJ and_CC family-level_JJ characteristics_NN2 that_CST both_DB2 contribute_VV0 to_II and_CC mitigate_VV0 the_AT gap_NN1 ,_, and_CC ,_, via_II a_AT1 decomposition_NN1 analysis_NN1 ,_, how_RRQ the_AT effect_NN1 of_IO those_DD2 characteristics_NN2 have_VH0 changed_VVN over_II time_NNT1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
With_II31 respect_II32 to_II33 model_NN1 fit_VV0 ,_, the_AT BIC_NP1 for_IF a_AT1 model_NN1 predicting_VVG the_AT sex_NN1 of_IO adopted_JJ children_NN2 including_II all_DB independent_JJ variables_NN2 but_CCB the_AT sex_NN1 composition_NN1 of_IO preceding_JJ siblings_NN2 was_VBDZ 24,801.14_MC ,_, whereas_CS the_AT BIC_NP1 for_IF a_AT1 model_NN1 predicting_VVG the_AT sex_NN1 of_IO adopted_JJ children_NN2 including_II the_AT sex_NN1 composition_NN1 of_IO preceding_JJ children_NN2 was_VBDZ 24,742.26_MC ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT interviews_NN2 are_VBR based_VVN in_II five_MC case-study_JJ states_NN2 ,_, anonymized_VVD through_II generic_JJ one-word_JJ identifiers_NN2 indicating_VVG their_APPGE regional_JJ locations_NN2 within_II the_AT country_NN1 :_: "_" Eastcoast_NP1 ,_, "_" "_" Midatlantic_NN1 ,_, "_" "_" Northeast_ND1 ,_, "_" "_" Southeast_ND1 ,_, "_" and_CC "_" Southwest_ND1 ._. "_" 
</s>
<s>
As_II the_AT above_JJ has_VHZ shown_VVN ,_, there_EX is_VBZ a_AT1 clear_JJ gap_NN1 in_II contemporary_JJ sociological_JJ debates_NN2 on_II kinship_NN1 and_CC the_AT influence_NN1 of_IO materiality_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 result_NN1 is_VBZ in_II31 line_II32 with_II33 the_AT findings_NN2 of_IO previous_JJ studies_NN2 that_CST investigated_VVD panel_NN1 conditioning_NN1 effects_NN2 on_II other_JJ survey_NN1 questions_NN2 (_( e.g._REX ,_, Dennis_NP1 ,_, 2001_MC ;_; Struminskaya_NP1 ,_, 2016_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 links_VVZ to_II the_AT establishment_NN1 of_IO imagined_JJ communities_NN2 (_( Anderson_NP1 1983_MC )_) ,_, including_II not_XX only_RR literature_NN1 and_CC language_NN1 but_CCB also_RR remembered_VVN and_CC embraced_VVN history_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Two_MC women_NN2 had_VHD been_VBN criminalized_VVN for_IF physically_RR defending_VVG themselves_PPX2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Consequently_RR ,_, by_II the_AT twenty-first_MD century_NNT1 ,_, states_VVZ with_IW the_AT largest_JJT disparities_NN2 tended_VVD to_TO have_VHI relatively_RR high_JJ mortality_NN1 across_II all_DB education_NN1 levels_NN2 ,_, especially_RR for_IF low-educated_JJ adults_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
What_DDQ '_NULL s_ZZ1 the_AT purpose_NN1 of_IO being_VBG here_RL ?_? 
</s>
<s>
The_AT purpose_NN1 underlying_VVG the_AT development_NN1 of_IO these_DD2 methods_NN2 was_VBDZ to_TO move_VVI beyond_II the_AT longstanding_JJ United_JJ Nations_NN2 approach_VV0 to_II projection_NN1 that_CST has_VHZ no_AT probabilistic_JJ interpretation_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT analysis_NN1 of_IO network_NN1 characteristics_NN2 (_( Table_NN1 1_MC1 )_) shows_VVZ an_AT1 average_JJ density_NN1 of_IO 0.267_MC ,_, Findings_NN2 are_VBR presented_VVN in_II section_NN1 four_MC ,_, while_CS a_AT1 final_JJ section_NN1 discusses_VVZ the_AT results_NN2 and_CC advances_VVZ some_DD conclusions_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
That_DD1 bullying_NN1 stuff_NN1 is_VBZ real_JJ and_CC the_AT way_NN1 people_NN treat_VV0 each_PPX221 other_PPX222 in_II high_JJ school_NN1 and_CC middle_JJ school_NN1 I_PPIS1 mean_VV0 ,_, it_PPH1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 harsh_JJ ..._... 
</s>
<s>
Tarde_FW (_( 1903_MC ,_, 2010/1888_MF ,_, 2012/1895_MF )_) ,_, in_RR21 particular_RR22 ,_, The_AT tabu_NN1 search_NN1 heuristic_JJ also_RR found_VVD 2184_MC twice_RR ._. 
</s>
<s>
All_DB offices_NN2 are_VBR elective_JJ ,_, although_CS they_PPHS2 are_VBR often_RR monopolized_VVN by_II more_RGR powerful_JJ individuals_NN2 or_CC families_NN2 ,_, and_CC only_JJ high-rank_NN1 affiliates_NN2 can_VM compete_VVI for_IF high-level_JJ offices_NN2 (_( Paoli_NP1 ,_, 2003_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 implies_VVZ that_CST cognitive_JJ skills_NN2 might_VM operate_VVI as_RG absolute_JJ goods_NN2 whose_DDQGE economic_JJ value_NN1 is_VBZ not_XX necessarily_RR determined_VVN by_II their_APPGE rarity_NN1 in_II a_AT1 given_JJ society_NN1 ,_, although_CS further_JJR examination_NN1 is_VBZ required_VVN given_VVN the_AT relatively_RR large_JJ standard_JJ error_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT United_NP1 States_NP1 has_VHZ long_RR had_VHN one_MC1 of_IO the_AT highest_JJT divorce_NN1 levels_NN2 in_II the_AT world_NN1 ,_, with_IW nearly_RR half_DB of_IO marriages_NN2 expected_VVD to_TO end_VVI in_II divorce_NN1 or_CC separation_NN1 (_( Kennedy_NP1 &;_NULL Ruggles_NP1 ,_, 2014_MC ;_; Kreider_JJR &;_NULL Fields_NN2 ,_, 2002_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Consistent_JJ with_IW previous_JJ research_NN1 ,_, those_DD2 with_IW more_DAR education_NN1 were_VBDR more_RGR likely_JJ to_TO remain_VVI in_II the_AT labor_NN1 force_NN1 (_( Cotter_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2007_MC ;_; Shafer_NP1 ,_, 2011_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Indeed_RR ,_, we_PPIS2 are_VBR more_RGR broadly_RR lacking_VVG a_AT1 way_NN1 of_IO conceptualising_VVG the_AT postcolonial_JJ everyday_JJ beyond_II the_AT realm_NN1 of_IO the_AT cultural_JJ (_( Farrier_NP1 ,_, 2012_MC ;_; Procter_NP1 ,_, Le_NP1 Fale_NP1 o_ZZ1 So_CS '_NULL ofa_NN1 '_NULL atasiga_NN1 features_VVZ Samoan_JJ values_NN2 and_CC metaphors_NN2 described_VVN in_II course_NN1 reading_NN1 and_CC evidence_NN1 trainees_NN2 '_NULL knowledge_NN1 and_CC understanding_NN1 of_IO curriculum_NN1 materials_NN2 (_( Lesa_NP1 ,_, 1981_MC ;_; Tamasese_JJ et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2005_MC ;_; Seiuli_NP1 ,_, 2012_MC ;_; Aoelua-Fanene_NP1 ,_, 2017_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
To_TO determine_VVI how_RGQ well_RR each_DD1 approach_NN1 captures_VVZ automatic_JJ processes_NN2 ,_, we_PPIS2 examine_VV0 how_RGQ well_RR the_AT AMP_NN1 and_CC the_AT Brief_JJ IAT_NN1 (_( BIAT_NP1 )_) a_AT1 simpler_JJR measure_NN1 derived_VVN from_II the_AT IATpredict_NN1 automatic_JJ influences_NN2 on_II behavior_NN1 during_II a_AT1 survey_NN1 task_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Based_VVN on_II yearly_JJ data_NN at_II the_AT county_NN1 level_NN1 ,_, this_DD1 study_NN1 sets_VVZ out_RP to_TO identify_VVI "_" common_JJ patterns_NN2 "_" (_( Stovel_NP1 2001_MC ,_, p._NN1 859_MC )_) in_II the_AT local_JJ histories_NN2 of_IO white_JJ on_II black_JJ lynchings_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 variable_NN1 has_VHZ the_AT expected_JJ positive_JJ effect_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT introduction_NN1 of_IO community_NN1 policing_VVG in_II Dire_JJ Dawa_NP1 represents_VVZ a_AT1 new_JJ chapter_NN1 in_II this_DD1 continual_JJ negotiation_NN1 between_II the_AT central_JJ and_CC the_AT local_JJ and_CC the_AT net_JJ effect_NN1 of_IO the_AT policing_NN1 approach_NN1 has_VHZ been_VBN to_TO grant_VVI significant_JJ roles_NN2 for_IF the_AT local_JJ community_NN1 in_II spreading_JJ ideas_NN2 of_IO formal_JJ justice_NN1 as_II31 well_II32 as_II33 recognising_VVG the_AT importance_NN1 of_IO local_JJ conflict_NN1 mediation_NN1 ,_, for_REX21 example_REX22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Even_RR longtime_JJ members_NN2 of_IO the_AT garden_NN1 sometimes_RT remarked_VVD that_CST this_DD1 was_VBDZ a_AT1 unique_JJ place_NN1 for_IF forming_VVG relationships_NN2 with_IW people_NN very_RG different_JJ from_II them_PPHO2 ._. 
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<s>
Descriptive_JJ statistics_NN for_IF the_AT sample_NN1 are_VBR presented_VVN in_II Table_NN1 1_MC1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
As_CSA is_VBZ evident_JJ ,_, most_DAT respondents_NN2 live_VV0 in_II the_AT Western_NP1 states_VVZ in_RP and_CC around_II metropolitan_JJ areas_NN2 with_IW high_JJ shares_NN2 of_IO immigrants_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 the_AT Rhine-Ruhr_NP1 area_NN1 ,_, Frankfurt_NP1 ,_, or_CC Stuttgart_NP1 (_( compare_VV0 with_IW Figure_NN1 4_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
If_CS both_DB2 dichotomous_JJ variables_NN2 equal_JJ zero_NN1 ,_, the_AT respondent_NN1 is_VBZ thus_RR childless_JJ ._. 
</s>
<s>
Of_RR21 course_RR22 ,_, we_PPIS2 need_VV0 to_TO be_VBI careful_JJ not_XX to_TO equate_VVI quantification_NN1 with_IW economization_NN1 ,_, for_IF not_XX all_DB quantification_NN1 implies_VVZ economization_NN1 (_( Kurunm?ki_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
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2016_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
All_DB questionnaires_NN2 were_VBDR accompanied_VVN by_II an_AT1 instruction_NN1 sheet_NN1 for_IF completion_NN1 of_IO the_AT questionnaire_NN1 and_CC by_II an_AT1 informed_JJ consent_NN1 form_VV0 that_CST the_AT respondents_NN2 were_VBDR required_VVN to_TO sign_VVI ._. 
</s>
<s>
First_MD ,_, according_II21 to_II22 Honda_NP1 (_( 2008_MC )_) ,_, college-educated_JJ mothers_NN2 practice_NN1 "_" rigorous_JJ parenting_NN1 "_" (_( corresponding_VVG to_II "_" concerted_JJ cultivation_NN1 "_" )_) but_CCB also_RR value_VV0 "_" natural_JJ parenting_NN1 "_" (_( corresponding_VVG to_II "_" accomplishment_NN1 of_IO natural_JJ growth_NN1 "_" )_) based_VVN on_II mothers_NN2 '_NULL responses_NN2 to_II sets_NN2 of_IO survey_NN1 questions_NN2 about_II their_APPGE parenting_NN1 practices_NN2 when_CS their_APPGE children_NN2 were_VBDR in_II elementary_JJ school_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Nomaguchi_NP1 &;_NULL Milkie_NP1 ,_, 2017_MC ;_; Simon_NP1 &;_NULL Caputo_NP1 ,_, 2019_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_RR21 addition_RR22 ,_, changes_NN2 involving_VVG two_MC household_NN1 members_NN2 may_VM have_VHI different_JJ effects_NN2 if_CS the_AT changes_NN2 occur_VV0 at_II the_AT same_DA time_NNT1 versus_II being_VBG separated_VVN by_II a_AT1 year_NNT1 or_CC more_RRR ._. 
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<s>
Any_DD conflict_NN1 was_VBDZ reported_VVN only_RR in_II 10%_NNU of_IO observations_NN2 and_CC frequent_JJ conflict_NN1 only_RR in_II 2%_NNU of_IO observations_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT legitimacy_NN1 policing_NN1 continuum_NN1 accounts_VVZ for_IF both_DB2 law_NN1 enforcement_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 efforts_NN2 to_TO improve_VVI community_NN1 relations_NN2 and_CC the_AT ways_NN2 officers_NN2 shift_VV0 into_II investigatory_JJ and_CC intrusive_JJ practices_NN2 that_CST result_VV0 in_II negative_JJ police–citizen_JJ interactions_NN2 ,_, punitive_JJ treatment_NN1 ,_, and_CC police_NN2 harassment_NN1 and_CC violence_NN1 ._. 
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I_PPIS1 look_VV0 at_II the_AT side_NN1 of_IO my_APPGE snow_NN1 pants_NN2 secretly_RR ._. 
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<s>
As_CSA Figure_NN1 1a_FO shows_VVZ ,_, the_AT number_NN1 of_IO papers_NN2 published_VVN in_II statistics_NN grew_VVD rapidly_RR after_II 1990_MC ,_, while_CS the_AT social_JJ sciences_NN2 did_VDD not_XX see_VVI much_DA1 increase_NN1 until_CS around_RG 2005_MC ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT multivariate_JJ analysis_NN1 results_NN2 partially_RR supported_VVD the_AT hypothesised_JJ relationships_NN2 :_: that_CST clients_NN2 '_NULL outcomes_NN2 in_CS21 case_CS22 management_NN1 would_VM be_VBI associated_VVN positively_RR with_IW working_VVG alliances_NN2 ,_, female_JJ gender_NN1 ,_, client_NN1 age_NN1 and_CC social_JJ support_NN1 ;_; and_CC be_VBI associated_VVN negatively_RR with_IW clients_NN2 having_VHG health_NN1 and/or_CC mental_JJ health_NN1 problems_NN2 ,_, substance-use_JJ problems_NN2 and/or_CC severe_JJ problems_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Behind_II these_DD2 campaigns_NN2 in_II city_NN1 halls_NN2 and_CC statehouses_NN2 across_II the_AT country_NN1 were_VBDR labor_NN1 unions_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Mismatched_JJ workers_NN2 suffer_VV0 larger_JJR penalties_NN2 when_CS they_PPHS2 have_VH0 educa-tional_JJ credentials_NN2 that_CST link_VV0 strongly_RR to_II the_AT labor_NN1 market_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Also_RR ,_, childbearing_NN1 expectations_NN2 for_IF the_AT new_JJ union_NN1 may_VM differently_RR shape_VVI the_AT repartnering_JJ behavior_NN1 of_IO men_NN2 and_CC women_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Bean_NN1 Station_NN1 ,_, ICE_NN1 released_VVN 32_MC of_IO 86_MC workers_NN2 detained_VVN on_II immigration_NN1 violations_NN2 ,_, but_CCB required_VVD them_PPHO2 to_TO regularly_RR report_VVI to_II the_AT ICE_NN1 oce_NN1 in_II Knoxville_NP1 ._. 
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<s>
First_MD ,_, they_PPHS2 must_VM be_VBI sufficiently_RR correlated_VVN with_IW the_AT potentially_RR endogenous_JJ variable_NN1 (_( i.e._REX ,_, economic_JJ growth_NN1 )_) ._. 
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<s>
Hence_RR ,_, the_AT final_JJ sample_NN1 consisted_VVN of_IO 6,525_MC individuals_NN2 who_PNQS retired_VVD between_II 1974_MC and_CC 2013_MC ._. 
</s>
<s>
Houlihan_NP1 (_( 2002_MC :_: 69_MC )_) advises_VVZ ,_, commitment_NN1 strategies_NN2 (_( strategic_JJ recruitment_NN1 and_CC selection_NN1 ,_, This_DD1 is_VBZ an_AT1 important_JJ consideration_NN1 because_CS Weisburd_NP1 etal_JJ ._. 
</s>
<s>
Second_MD ,_, I_PPIS1 find_VV0 different_JJ patterns_NN2 of_IO spillover_NN1 impacts_NN2 for_IF marital_JJ relations_NN2 and_CC parent–child_VV0 relations_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
While_CS San_NP1 Diego_NP1 has_VHZ a_AT1 slim_JJ white_JJ majority_NN1 ,_, a_AT1 quarter_NN1 of_IO the_AT city_NN1 is_VBZ Hispanic_JJ ._. 
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<s>
Even_CS21 though_CS22 levels_NN2 of_IO insecurity_NN1 interact_VV0 with_IW the_AT life-course_NN1 ,_, household_NN1 ,_, and_CC welfare_NN1 regimes_NN2 to_TO make_VVI some_DD more_DAR vulnerable_JJ and_CC others_NN2 more_RGR secure_JJ ,_, a_AT1 life_NN1 defined_VVN by_II high_JJ levels_NN2 of_IO income_NN1 volatility_NN1 and_CC economic_JJ insecurity_NN1 is_VBZ associated_VVN with_IW a_AT1 lower_JJR standard_NN1 of_IO living_VVG for_IF individuals_NN2 and_CC families_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
We_PPIS2 estimated_VVD Poisson_NP1 regression_NN1 models_NN2 from_II the_AT person-year_JJ data_NN ,_, stratified_VVN by_II U.S._NP1 state_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Of_IO survey_NN1 respondents_NN2 ,_, 69_MC per_NNU21 cent_NNU22 (_( n=102/148_FU )_) '_NULL strongly_RR agreed_VVN '_NULL with_IW the_AT assertion_NN1 that_CST wider_JJR social_JJ issues_NN2 had_VHD led_VVN to_II an_AT1 increase_NN1 in_II mental_JJ health_NN1 problems_NN2 amongst_II the_AT general_JJ population_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Migration_NN1 scholarship_NN1 generally_RR focuses_VVZ on_II large_JJ migration_NN1 movements_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Frequent_JJ contact_NN1 under_II zero-tolerance_JJ order-maintenance_JJ strategiesan_JJ aggressive_JJ policing_NN1 strategy_NN1 that_CST uses_VVZ misdemeanor_NN1 arrests_NN2 to_TO attempt_VVI to_TO disrupt_VVI disorderly_JJ social_JJ behavior_NN1 in_II the_AT hope_NN1 of_IO preventing_VVG crime_NN1 (_( Natl_NP1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
All_DB women_NN2 were_VBDR asked_VVN ,_, Would_VM you_PPY like_VVI to_TO have_VHI (_( more_RRR )_) children_NN2 in_II the_AT future_NN1 ,_, even_CS21 if_CS22 not_XX right_RR away_RL ?_? 
</s>
<s>
While_CS this_DD1 article_NN1 has_VHZ focused_VVN on_II a_AT1 single_JJ community_NN1 centre_NN1 in_II one_MC1 Amsterdam_NP1 neighbourhood_NN1 ,_, the_AT analysis_NN1 ,_, I_PPIS1 believe_VV0 ,_, has_VHZ broader_JJR implications_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
They_PPHS2 find_VV0 that_CST when_CS organizations_NN2 are_VBR explicitly_RR presented_VVN as_CSA meritocratic_JJ ,_, individuals_NN2 in_II managerial_JJ positions_NN2 favor_VV0 a_AT1 man_NN1 over_II an_AT1 equally_RR qualified_JJ woman_NN1 with_IW higher_JJR remuneration_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Baboons_NN2 have_VH0 fared_VVN slightly_RR better_RRR than_CSN apes_NN2 because_II21 of_II22 their_APPGE adaptability_NN1 to_II human-modified_JJ landscapes_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II the_AT last_MD section_NN1 ,_, I_PPIS1 discuss_VV0 the_AT implications_NN2 of_IO theorizing_VVG moral_JJ polysemy_NN1 for_IF economic_JJ ,_, organizational_JJ ,_, and_CC medical_JJ sociology_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT motivation_NN1 for_IF having_VHG a_AT1 child_NN1 ,_, the_AT consequences_NN2 of_IO losing_VVG a_AT1 parent_NN1 or_CC spouse_NN1 ,_, and_CC when_RRQ people_NN move_VV0 to_II new_JJ locations_NN2 (_( whatever_DDQV other_JJ economic_JJ and_CC social_JJ factors_NN2 are_VBR involved_VVN )_) are_VBR all_DB family_NN1 experiences_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Spannagel_VV0 ,_, 2013_MC ;_; Waitkus_NP1 and_CC Groh-Samberg_NP1 ,_, 2018_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Time-diary_JJ data_NN are_VBR now_RT starting_VVG to_TO be_VBI used_VVN to_TO describe_VVI socioeconomic_JJ inequalities_NN2 in_II physical_JJ activity_NN1 patterns_NN2 (_( Bauman_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
2019_MC )_) ,_, as_RG well_RR as_CSA in_II applications_NN2 in_II the_AT study_NN1 of_IO environmental_JJ exposure_NN1 (_( Isaacs_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
2013_MC )_) and_CC circadian_JJ rhythms_NN2 (_( Lamote_NP1 de_NP1 Grignon_NP1 Pérez_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
2018_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Instrumental_JJ variable_NN1 approaches_NN2 are_VBR also_RR used_VVN to_TO provide_VVI more_RGR stringent_JJ evidence_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 causal_JJ effect_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
We_PPIS2 then_RT applied_VVD focused_JJ coding_NN1 ,_, in_II which_DDQ we_PPIS2 analyzed_VVD specific_JJ recurring_JJ patterns_NN2 and_CC themes_NN2 we_PPIS2 identified_VVD during_II open_JJ coding_NN1 and_CC during_II memo_NN1 writing_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
As_II21 for_II22 the_AT cost_NN1 or_CC toxicity_NN1 effect_NN1 ,_, since_CS human_JJ being_NN1 has_VHZ no_AT direct_JJ access_NN1 to_II this_DD1 realm_NN1 ,_, it_PPH1 must_VM rely_VVI on_II a_AT1 particularly_RR complex_JJ ,_, indirect_JJ ,_, '_NULL machinic_JJ reference_NN1 '_NULL –_- rather_II21 than_II22 Whitehead_NP1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 symbolic_JJ reference_NN1 involving_VVG human_JJ interpretation_NN1 –_- as_CSA the_AT source_NN1 of_IO this_DD1 expanded_JJ experience_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Setting_VVG aside_RL whether_CSW these_DD2 hypotheses_NN2 advance_VV0 the_AT field_NN1 beyond_II what_DDQ has_VHZ already_RR been_VBN widely_RR established_VVN ,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ the_AT misapplication_NN1 of_IO the_AT logic_NN1 and_CC language_NN1 of_IO original_JJ social_JJ science_NN1 research_NN1 to_II what_DDQ is_VBZ more_RGR accurately_RR defined_VVN as_II the_AT work_NN1 of_IO synthesis_NN1 that_CST will_VM strike_VVI readers_NN2 of_IO academic_JJ sociology_NN1 as_CSA fundamentally_RR problematic_JJ ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT main_JJ analyses_NN2 focus_VV0 only_RR on_II full-time_JJ workers_NN2 because_CS we_PPIS2 have_VH0 limited_VVN information_NN1 on_II the_AT working_NN1 hours_NNT2 of_IO respondents_NN2 who_PNQS are_VBR not_XX full-time_RR in_II the_AT German_NN1 and_CC U.S._NP1 data_NN ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT focus_NN1 on_II social_JJ mechanisms_NN2 implies_VVZ that_CST in_II empirical_JJ research_NN1 at_RR21 least_RR22 some_DD of_IO the_AT hypotheses_NN2 (_( and_CC according_II21 to_II22 analytical_JJ sociologists_NN2 the_AT quintessentially_RR "_" sociological_JJ "_" among_II them_PPHO2 )_) take_VV0 human_JJ collectivities_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 groups_NN2 ,_, teams_NN2 or_CC societies_NN2 as_CSA their_APPGE units_NN2 of_IO analysis_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 study_NN1 accounted_VVN for_IF a_AT1 wide_JJ range_NN1 of_IO variables_NN2 to_TO address_VVI selection_NN1 into_II women_NN2 '_NULL s_ZZ1 education_NN1 and_CC living_JJ arrangements_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Quantification_NN1 makes_VVZ individual_JJ and_CC organizational_JJ performance_NN1 visible_JJ ,_, trackable_JJ ,_, and_CC comparable_JJ ,_, thereby_RR allowing_VVG for_IF organizing_VVG in_II31 accordance_II32 with_II33 principles_NN2 of_IO efficiency_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT official_JJ private_JJ sector_NN1 unionization_NN1 rate_NN1 sits_VVZ at_II 6.5%_FO ,_, although_CS the_AT actual_JJ rate_NN1 is_VBZ likely_RR lower_JJR ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II 1962_MC (_( the_AT year_NNT1 many_DA2 in_II this_DD1 cohort_NN1 entered_VVD the_AT workforce_NN1 )_) ,_, the_AT service_NN1 sector_NN1 accounted_VVN for_IF less_DAR than_CSN half_DB of_IO UK_NP1 employment_NN1 (_( Court_NN1 ,_, 1995_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
However_RR ,_, the_AT decline_NN1 in_II the_AT inequality_NN1 of_IO educational_JJ opportunity_NN1 across_II cohorts_NN2 with_IW the_AT absolute_JJ measure_NN1 of_IO education_NN1 is_VBZ not_XX consistent_JJ with_IW earlier_JJR studies_NN2 (_( e.g._REX ,_, Park_NP1 2007_MC ,_, Tsai_FW &;_NULL Shavit_NP1 2007_MC )_) ,_, which_DDQ ,_, mostly_RR relying_VVG on_II the_AT transition_NN1 models_NN2 ,_, showed_VVD more_RGR or_CC less_RGR persistent_JJ inequality_NN1 of_IO educational_JJ opportunity_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
If_CS I_PPIS1 knew_VVD that_CST in_II advance_NN1 ,_, I_PPIS1 would_VM have_VHI preferred_VVN to_TO stay_VVI in_II Lebanon_NP1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT names_NN2 of_IO employers_NN2 are_VBR not_XX available_JJ ,_, and_CC if_CS they_PPHS2 were_VBDR ,_, the_AT sampling_NN1 design_NN1 ensures_VVZ we_PPIS2 would_VM lack_VVI any_DD substantial_JJ number_NN1 of_IO cases_NN2 within_II particular_JJ employers_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
He_PPHS1 summons_VVZ Mahatma_NP1 Gandhi_NP1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 ideas_NN2 ,_, the_AT constitutions_NN2 of_IO Ecuador_NP1 and_CC Bolivia_NP1 ,_, the_AT workshops_NN2 of_IO the_AT Popular_JJ University_NN1 of_IO Social_JJ Movements_NN2 (_( based_VVN upon_II Santos_NP1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 own_VV0 teachings_NN2 and_CC advocacy_NN1 )_) among_II other_JJ examples_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Black_JJ women_NN2 sociologists_NN2 Anna_NP1 Julia_NP1 Cooper_NP1 and_CC Ida_NP1 W._NP1 Wells-Barnett_NP1 also_RR need_VV0 to_TO be_VBI rewritten_VVN back_RP into_II sociology_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Indeed_RR ,_, given_VVN contingent_JJ employment_NN1 can_VM cause_VVI postponement_NN1 of_IO major_JJ life_NN1 events_NN2 ,_, such_II21 as_II22 buying_VVG a_AT1 home_NN1 ,_, relationship_NN1 formation_NN1 ,_, and_CC parenthood_NN1 (_( Blossfeld_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2005_MC ;_; McGrath_NP1 and_CC Keister_NN1 ,_, 2008_MC )_) ,_, persistently_RR remaining_VVG in_II this_DD1 state_NN1 will_VM likely_RR entail_VVI long-lasting_JJ repercussions_NN2 that_CST extend_VV0 well_RR beyond_II the_AT work_NN1 sphere_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT data_NN are_VBR based_VVN on_II logistic_JJ regression_NN1 and_CC are_VBR presented_VVN for_IF male_NN1 and_CC female_JJ grandchildren_NN2 respectively_RR ._. 
</s>
<s>
Or_CC rather_RR ,_, what_DDQ is_VBZ this_DD1 also_RR a_AT1 case_NN1 of_IO ?_? 
</s>
<s>
Debates_NN2 regarding_II the_AT legalization_NN1 of_IO PAS_FW will_VM continue_VVI to_TO scrutinize_VVI its_APPGE purported_JJ advantages_NN2 ,_, such_II21 as_II22 patient_JJ control_NN1 over_II the_AT dying_JJ process_NN1 and_CC avoiding_VVG prolonged_JJ suffering_NN1 ,_, as_II31 well_II32 as_II33 potential_JJ disadvantages_NN2 ,_, including_II fears_NN2 that_CST vulnerable_JJ populations_NN2 will_VM be_VBI pressured_VVN by_II family_NN1 members_NN2 or_CC care_NN1 providers_NN2 into_II PAS_FW ,_, or_CC that_DD1 inaccurate_JJ prognoses_NN2 may_VM lead_VVI some_DD patients_NN2 to_TO opt_VVI for_IF PAS_FW even_CS21 if_CS22 they_PPHS2 are_VBR still_RR far_RR from_II death_NN1 (_( Barone_NN1 2014_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Qualitatively_RR similar_JJ results_NN2 were_VBDR achieved_VVN if_CS observations_NN2 with_IW less_DAR than_CSN $100_NNU of_IO total_JJ family_NN1 income_NN1 in_II a_AT1 given_JJ year_NNT1 were_VBDR included_VVN ._. 
</s>
<s>
I_PPIS1 want_VV0 to_TO do_VDI those_DD2 things_NN2 ,_, because_CS they_PPHS2 are_VBR beneficial_JJ ,_, I_PPIS1 did_VDD not_XX want_VVI others_NN2 to_TO say_VVI that_CST somebody_PN1 had_VHD humiliated_VVN me_PPIO1 ;_; that_DD1 is_VBZ embarrassing_JJ here_RL ._. 
</s>
<s>
First_MD ,_, foreign_JJ direct_JJ investment_NN1 has_VHZ a_AT1 significant_JJ ,_, A_ZZ1 series_NN of_IO studies_NN2 have_VH0 found_VVN support_NN1 for_IF key_JJ components_NN2 of_IO the_AT process-based_JJ model_NN1 of_IO police_NN2 legitimacy_NN1 (_( see_VV0 ,_, e.g._REX ,_, Mastrofski_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
1996_MC ,_, Mazerolle_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
2013_MC ,_, Tyler_NP1 &;_NULL Wakslak_NP1 2004_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Furthermore_RR ,_, affiliation_NN1 with_IW a_AT1 more_RGR conservative_JJ religious_JJ tradition_NN1 raises_VVZ the_AT risk_NN1 of_IO unintended_JJ pregnancy_NN1 and_CC sexually_RR transmitted_JJ infections_NN2 among_II adolescents_NN2 when_CS they_PPHS2 become_VV0 sexually_RR active_JJ (_( Pearce_NP1 &;_NULL Davis_NP1 2016_MC ,_, Regnerus_NP1 2007_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Article_NN1 32_MC of_IO the_AT 2001_MC Marriage_NN1 Law_NN1 also_RR stipulates_VVZ that_CST a_AT1 court_NN1 should_VM grant_VVI a_AT1 divorce_NN1 request_NN1 when_CS any_DD of_IO five_MC itemized_VVD fault-based_JJ standards_NN2 ,_, including_II domestic_JJ violence_NN1 ,_, is_VBZ satisfied_JJ and_CC mediation_NN1 fails_VVZ ._. 
</s>
<s>
With_IW these_DD2 benchmarks_NN2 in_II mind_NN1 ,_, I_PPIS1 present_VV0 corrected_JJ graphs_NN2 for_IF Figure_NN1 2_MC ,_, showing_VVG absolute_JJ declines_VVZ for_IF workers_NN2 with_IW four-year_JJ degrees_NN2 ;_; a_AT1 revised_JJ Table_NN1 4_MC that_CST shows_VVZ the_AT decline_NN1 in_II skill_NN1 utilization_NN1 that_CST occurs_VVZ when_RRQ 8_MC percent_NNU of_IO the_AT birth_NN1 cohort_NN1 has_VHZ a_AT1 bachelor_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 degree_NN1 compared_VVN to_II 40_MC percent_NNU ;_; and_CC the_AT new_JJ Table_NN1 4A_FO showing_VVG the_AT differences_NN2 between_II the_AT uncorrected_JJ and_CC corrected_VVD findings_NN2 from_II the_AT original_JJ Table_NN1 4_MC ._. 
</s>
<s>
Immigration_NN1 policy_NN1 can_VM also_RR alter_VVI organizational_JJ relations_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Cultural_JJ reproduction_NN1 arguments_NN2 ,_, building_VVG on_II Bourdieu_NP1 (_( 1984_MC ,_, Bourdieu_NP1 and_CC Passeron_NP1 ,_, 1990_MC )_) ,_, suggest_VV0 that_DD1 elite_NN1 parents_NN2 strategize_VV0 to_TO equip_VVI their_APPGE children_NN2 with_IW cultural_JJ signals_NN2 which_DDQ teachers_NN2 mistake_VV0 for_IF academic_JJ excellence_NN1 and_CC hence_RR invest_VV0 more_RRR in_II educating_VVG the_AT elite_NN1 offspring_NN (_( Goldthorpe_NP1 ,_, 2007_MC ,_, J?ger_NP1 and_CC Breen_NP1 ,_, 2016_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
He_PPHS1 continued_VVD ,_, "_" Also_RR ,_, put_VV0 vacation_NN1 on_II the_AT calendar_NN1 early_RR on_RP ,_, Despite_II the_AT relatively_RR similar_JJ numbers_NN2 of_IO boundary_NN1 spanning_VVG links_NN2 among_II the_AT members_NN2 of_IO the_AT treatment_NN1 group_NN1 and_CC the_AT control_NN1 group_NN1 ,_, the_AT treatment_NN1 group_NN1 members_NN2 were_VBDR significantly_RR more_RRR relied_VVN on_II as_CSA sources_NN2 of_IO information_NN1 within_II their_APPGE own_DA communities_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
One_MC1 challenge_NN1 with_IW including_VVG so_RG many_DA2 matching_JJ covariates_NN2 is_VBZ that_CST it_PPH1 increases_VVZ the_AT number_NN1 of_IO cases_NN2 that_CST could_VM be_VBI dropped_VVN for_IF having_VHG item-missing_JJ data_NN ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 accumulating_VVG evidence_NN1 challenges_VVZ the_AT behavioralist_NN1 core_NN1 principle_NN1 that_CST there_EX is_VBZ necessarily_RR a_AT1 relationship_NN1 between_II behaviors_NN2 and_CC poverty_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Second_MD ,_, inspired_VVN by_II Pierre_NP1 Bourdieu_NP1 ,_, Wilkis_NP1 develops_VVZ the_AT concept_NN1 of_IO moral_JJ capital_NN1 symbolic_JJ capital_NN1 gained_VVD when_RRQ individuals_NN2 are_VBR recognized_VVN by_II others_NN2 for_IF their_APPGE perceived_JJ moralitywhich_NN1 depends_VVZ on_II whether_CSW and_CC how_RRQ individuals_NN2 meet_VV0 social_JJ obligations_NN2 as_CSA they_PPHS2 get_VV0 and_CC use_VV0 multiple_JJ monies_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Driven_VVN by_II international_JJ achievements_NN2 in_II municipal_JJ governments_NN2 and_CC medicine_NN1 as_II31 well_II32 as_II33 by_II rapid_JJ industrial_JJ and_CC population_NN1 growth_NN1 in_II the_AT countryside_NN1 ,_, Swedish_JJ state_NN1 authorities_NN2 in_II 1890_MC announced_VVD a_AT1 reform_NN1 aimed_VVN at_II creating_VVG medical_JJ districts_NN2 in_II all_DB parts_NN2 of_IO the_AT country_NN1 ,_, giving_VVG this_DD1 opportunity_NN1 equally_RR to_II economically_RR disadvantaged_JJ areas_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II his_APPGE view_NN1 ,_, God_NP1 could_VM have_VHI caused_VVN them_PPHO2 to_TO succeed_VVI without_IW this_DD1 group_NN1 characteristic_NN1 ,_, "_" if_CS He_PPHS1 had_VHD wished_VVN ,_, but_CCB in_II His_APPGE wisdom_NN1 He_PPHS1 permitted_VVD matters_NN2 to_TO take_VVI their_APPGE customary_JJ course_NN1 "_" (_( Alatas_NN2 2014_MC ,_, p._NN1 78_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 refers_VVZ to_II the_AT extent_NN1 to_II which_DDQ an_AT1 instrument_NN1 is_VBZ consistent_JJ in_II its_APPGE measurement_NN1 of_IO the_AT underlying_JJ construct_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Furthermore_RR ,_, we_PPIS2 examine_VV0 the_AT change_NN1 in_II the_AT extent_NN1 to_II which_DDQ different_JJ characteristics_NN2 explain_VV0 the_AT black-white_JJ happiness_NN1 gap_NN1 over_II time_NNT1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Development_NN1 creates_VVZ jobs_NN2 ,_, enables_VVZ access_NN1 to_II and_CC returns_NN2 to_II schooling_NN1 ,_, and_CC encourages_VVZ urbanization_NN1 ,_, better_JJR health_NN1 ,_, and_CC lower_JJR fertility_NN1 (_( Ravallion_NP1 2016_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
For_IF men_NN2 and_CC women_NN2 in_II different-sex_JJ relationships_NN2 ,_, sexual_JJ nonexclusivity_NN1 is_VBZ negatively_RR associated_VVN with_IW levels_NN2 of_IO emotional_JJ satisfaction_NN1 (_( Waite_NP1 &;_NULL Joyner_NP1 ,_, 2001_MC )_) and_CC tends_VVZ to_TO serve_VVI as_II a_AT1 precursor_NN1 to_II dissolution_NN1 (_( e.g._REX ,_, DeMaris_NP1 ,_, 2013_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
And_CC despite_II their_APPGE elevated_JJ social_JJ status_NN1 in_II Seoul_NP1 ,_, after_CS some_DD time_NNT1 ,_, there_RL many_DA2 come_VV0 to_TO realize_VVI they_PPHS2 will_VM never_RR be_VBI fully_RR Korean_JJ either_RR ,_, for_IF South_NP1 Koreans_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Rather_RR ,_, test_VV0 scores_NN2 captured_VVD a_AT1 range_NN1 of_IO basic_JJ through_II advanced_JJ comprehension_NN1 skills_NN2 ,_, from_II reading_VVG brief_JJ texts_NN2 for_IF a_AT1 single_JJ piece_NN1 of_IO information_NN1 to_II synthesising_VVG information_NN1 from_II complex_JJ texts_NN2 ,_, while_CS making_VVG high-level_JJ inferences_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Life_NN1 satisfaction_NN1 :_: Respondents_NN2 were_VBDR asked_VVN on_II a_AT1 yearly_JJ basis_NN1 how_RRQ satisfied_JJ they_PPHS2 were_VBDR with_IW their_APPGE life_NN1 ,_, all_DB things_NN2 considered_VVN ,_, using_VVG a_AT1 scale_NN1 ranging_VVG from_II 0_MC (_( completely_RR dissatisfied_JJ )_) to_II 10_MC (_( completely_RR satisfied_JJ )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_RR21 addition_RR22 ,_, research_NN1 has_VHZ found_VVN that_DD1 incarceration_NN1 adversely_RR affects_VVZ employment_NN1 trajectories_NN2 of_IO the_AT formerly_RR incarcerated_VVD populations_NN2 in_II Finland_NP1 ,_, Norway_NP1 ,_, Paternity_NP1 leave_NN1 may_VM also_RR provide_VVI mothers_NN2 and_CC fathers_NN2 with_IW time_NNT1 to_TO learn_VVI how_RRQ to_II coparent_NN1 together_RL and_CC establish_VVI expectations_NN2 about_II what_DDQ they_PPHS2 feel_VV0 the_AT division_NN1 of_IO labor_NN1 within_II the_AT household_NN1 should_VM be_VBI (_( Rehel_NP1 ,_, 2014_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Because_CS the_AT overwhelming_JJ majority_NN1 of_IO this_DD1 research_NN1 relies_VVZ on_II surveys_NN2 ,_, we_PPIS2 too_RR talk_VV0 a_AT1 lot_NN1 about_II them_PPHO2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
For_IF this_DD1 purpose_NN1 ,_, we_PPIS2 use_VV0 detailed_JJ register_NN1 data_NN from_II Statistics_NN Netherlands_NP1 for_IF all_DB workers_NN2 who_PNQS entered_VVD temporary_JJ employment_NN1 in_II 2007_MC and_CC were_VBDR observed_VVN for_IF 96_MC months_NNT2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Still_RR ,_, taken_VVN as_II a_AT1 whole_NN1 ,_, the_AT results_NN2 seem_VV0 to_TO point_VVI in_II the_AT direction_NN1 of_IO increasing_JJ negro_NN1 self-identification_NN1 compared_VVN to_II prior_JJ research_NN1 and_CC increasing_JJ acknowledgment_NN1 of_IO racial_JJ exclusion_NN1 and_CC discrimination_NN1 ,_, not_XX just_RR class-based_JJ exclusion_NN1 and_CC discrimination_NN1 (_( p._NNU 145_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
ERGMs_NN2 ,_, I_PPIS1 test_VV0 for_IF homophily_RR with_II31 regard_II32 to_II33 immigrant_JJ generation_NN1 status_NN1 ,_, race/ethnicity_NN1 ,_, In_II a_AT1 classic_JJ study_NN1 of_IO how_RRQ boundaries_NN2 affect_VV0 social_JJ interaction_NN1 ,_, Suttles_NP1 (_( 1968_MC )_) examined_VVD the_AT small_JJ Addams_NP2 area_NN1 of_IO Chicago_NP1 ,_, composed_VVD of_IO several_DA2 small_JJ neighborhoods_NN2 with_IW residents_NN2 of_IO different_JJ ethnic_JJ composition_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Despite_II the_AT particular_JJ history_NN1 and_CC situation_NN1 of_IO racial_JJ minorities_NN2 in_II the_AT United_NP1 States_NP1 ,_, especially_RR of_IO African-Americans_NN2 ,_, these_DD2 studies_NN2 can_VM inform_VVI research_NN1 in_II other_JJ contexts.3_FO At_II a_AT1 more_RGR general_JJ level_NN1 ,_, they_PPHS2 illustrate_VV0 the_AT boundary_NN1 work_NN1 of_IO disadvantaged_JJ minority_NN1 students_NN2 who_PNQS face_VV0 stratified_JJ school_NN1 settings_NN2 that_CST are_VBR culturally_RR dominated_VVN by_II the_AT majority_NN1 group_NN1 (_( Carter_NP1 2005_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT school_NN1 enrollment_NN1 rate_NN1 for_IF children_NN2 aged_VVN 6–15_MCMC had_VHD already_RR reached_VVN 98%_NNU by_II the_AT mid-1990s_MC2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Olshansky_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
(_( 2005_MC )_) ,_, for_REX21 instance_REX22 ,_, conducted_VVD a_AT1 set_NN1 of_IO simulations_NN2 designed_VVN to_TO estimate_VVI how_RRQ LE_NP1 for_IF different_JJ groups_NN2 would_VM be_VBI expected_VVN to_TO change_VVI if_CSW the_AT problem_NN1 of_IO rising_VVG obesity_NN1 in_II the_AT United_NP1 States_NP1 ended_VVD and_CC the_AT level_NN1 of_IO obesity_NN1 went_VVD to_II 0_MC ._. 
</s>
<s>
Ithink_VV0 we_PPIS2 freed_VVD them_PPHO2 up_RP to_TO take_VVI command_NN1 of_IO it_PPH1 and_CC that_DD1 is_VBZ probably_RR the_AT big_JJ difference_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
These_DD2 differences_NN2 between_II respondents_NN2 in_II different-sex_NN1 and_CC female_JJ respondents_NN2 in_II same-sex_JJ couples_NN2 failed_VVD to_TO reach_VVI statistical_JJ significance_NN1 largely_RR because_CS they_PPHS2 were_VBDR small_JJ in_II magnitude_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
An_AT1 LR_NP1 test_NN1 between_II Models_NN2 5and_FO 4_MC does_VDZ show_VVI that_CST the_AT two_MC added_JJ school-level_JJ predictors_NN2 slightly_RR improve_VV0 the_AT fit_NN1 of_IO the_AT model_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
A_AT1 related_JJ issue_NN1 is_VBZ that_CST ,_, because_II21 of_II22 the_AT nature_NN1 of_IO our_APPGE data_NN ,_, we_PPIS2 are_VBR unable_JK to_TO examine_VVI precisely_RR when_CS the_AT parents_NN2 of_IO the_AT second_MD generation_NN1 migrated_VVD ._. 
</s>
<s>
To_II the_AT right_NN1 of_IO the_AT base_NN1 year_NNT1 are_VBR the_AT means_NN for_IF base_NN1 year_NNT1 students_NN2 in_II the_AT next_MD three_MC years_NNT2 ,_, adjusting_VVG for_IF attrition_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
It_PPH1 follows_VVZ that_CST the_AT women_NN2 who_PNQS pursue_VV0 self-employment_NN1 may_VM be_VBI exceptionally_RR qualified_VVN and_CC likely_JJ to_TO succeed_VVI relative_II21 to_II22 women_NN2 who_PNQS are_VBR not_XX self-employed_JJ ,_, because_CS women_NN2 may_VM need_VVI more_DAR markers_NN2 of_IO validation_NN1 than_CSN men_NN2 to_TO start_VVI a_AT1 business_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Social_JJ embeddedness_NN1 implies_VVZ the_AT duality_NN1 of_IO official_JJ and_CC personal_JJ interests_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Frye_VV0 &;_NULL Trinitapoli_NP1 (_( 2015_MC )_) use_VV0 sequence_NN1 analysis_NN1 to_TO discover_VVI five_MC distinct_JJ event_NN1 sequences_NN2 that_CST characterize_VV0 discrepancies_NN2 between_II women_NN2 '_NULL s_ZZ1 ideal_JJ and_CC experienced_JJ prelude_NN1 to_II sex_NN1 in_II Malawi_NP1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 overall_JJ pattern_NN1 of_IO findings_NN2 tends_VVZ to_TO indicate_VVI support_NN1 for_IF the_AT disadvantage_NN1 saturation_NN1 hypothesis_NN1 ,_, and_CC this_DD1 is_VBZ notable_JJ given_CS21 that_CS22 cumulative_JJ disadvantage_NN1 explanations_NN2 are_VBR more_RGR commonly_RR used_VVN to_TO theorize_VVI the_AT impact_NN1 of_IO victimization_NN1 on_II high-risk_JJ youth_NN1 (_( Edwards_NP1 ,_, Anda_NP1 ,_, Felitti_NP1 ,_, &;_NULL Dube_NP1 ,_, 2004_MC ;_; Lif_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2017_MC ;_; Margolin_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2010_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
More_RGR broadly_RR ,_, inquiries_NN2 that_CST strive_VV0 to_TO pin_VVI down_RP generative_JJ process_NN1 shoot_VV0 themselves_PPX2 in_II the_AT foot_NN1 when_CS they_PPHS2 rely_VV0 on_II notions_NN2 of_IO such_DA empirical_JJ breadth_NN1 that_CST these_DD2 are_VBR bound_VVNK to_TO evoke_VVI and_CC conflate_VVI different_JJ phenomena_NN2 at_RR21 once_RR22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Only_RR then_RT would_VM it_PPH1 '_NULL be_VBI possible_JJ to_TO know_VVI ,_, '_NULL he_PPHS1 continues_VVZ rather_RG apodictically_RR ,_, '_NULL what_DDQ eyes_NN2 see_VV0 today_RT and_CC ears_NN2 hear_VV0 today_RT '_NULL (_( Kittler_NP1 ,_, 1995_MC :_: 524_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
And_CC third_MD ,_, incorporating_VVG rethought_JJ community_NN1 as_II an_AT1 ontological_JJ '_NULL being_VBG with_IW '_NULL and_CC as_RG urban_JJ practice_NN1 to_II the_AT debates_NN2 about_II conviviality_NN1 enhances_VVZ and_CC visibilizes_VVZ a_AT1 broader_JJR mutualism_NN1 and_CC the_AT collective_JJ urban_JJ social_JJ interdependency_NN1 that_CST are_VBR at_II the_AT core_NN1 of_IO Amin_NP1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 emphasis_NN1 on_II '_NULL habitual_JJ negotiation_NN1 '_NULL and_CC Gilroy_NP1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 emphasis_NN1 on_II '_NULL unruly_JJ conviviality_NN1 '_NULL ._. 
</s>
<s>
I_PPIS1 miss_VV0 the_AT customer_NN1 interaction_NN1 on_II stations_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT presentation_NN1 of_IO suffering_NN1 ,_, she_PPHS1 suggests_VVZ ,_, needs_VVZ to_TO be_VBI supplemented_VVN ,_, first_MD ,_, with_IW an_AT1 understanding_NN1 of_IO the_AT event_NN1 as_II an_AT1 '_NULL emotional_JJ occasion_NN1 '_NULL that_CST demands_VVZ action_NN1 (_( p._NNU 106_MC )_) and_CC ,_, second_NNT1 ,_, with_IW some_DD attempt_NN1 to_TO indicate_VVI a_AT1 practical_JJ response_NN1 the_AT viewer_NN1 can_VM take_VVI ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT rest_NN1 ,_, including_II follow-ups_NN2 with_IW respondents_NN2 in_II the_AT original_JJ group_NN1 of_IO 88_MC ,_, were_VBDR conducted_VVN in_II later_JJR years_NNT2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II contrast_NN1 to_II intervention_NN1 research_NN1 ,_, findings_NN2 from_II these_DD2 studies_NN2 are_VBR representative_JJ for_IF larger_JJR populations_NN2 of_IO children_NN2 while_CS still_RR being_VBG robust_JJ in_II31 terms_II32 of_II33 causal_JJ inference_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Conceivably_RR ,_, if_CS high_JJ performance_NN1 in_II social_JJ services_NN2 is_VBZ associated_VVN with_IW being_VBG able_JK to_TO withstand_VVI and_CC adapt_VVI to_II professional_JJ work_NN1 that_CST is_VBZ typically_RR characterized_VVN by_II ongoing_JJ emergencies_NN2 and_CC unexpected_JJ situations_NN2 (_( Stalker_NP1 ,_, 2003_MC )_) ,_, social_JJ workers_NN2 motivated_VVN by_II seeking_VVG change_NN1 rather_II21 than_II22 preservation_NN1 may_VM feel_VVI more_RRR able_JK to_TO maintain_VVI high_JJ levels_NN2 of_IO job_NN1 performance_NN1 even_CS21 when_CS22 faced_VVN with_IW such_DA challenges_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Behaviors_NN2 tend_VV0 to_TO reflect_VVI a_AT1 mixture_NN1 of_IO attitudes_NN2 ,_, circumstances_NN2 ,_, and_CC other_JJ factors_NN2 (_( Cherlin_NP1 ,_, 2009_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
If_CS a_AT1 particular_JJ set_NN1 of_IO global_JJ legal_JJ norms_NN2 embedded_VVN in_II domestic_JJ laws_NN2 generally_RR fails_VVZ to_TO penetrate_VVI the_AT courts_NN2 ,_, perhaps_RR we_PPIS2 should_VM harbor_VVI doubts_NN2 about_II the_AT prospects_NN2 of_IO world_NN1 society_NN1 penetration_NN1 in_II other_JJ organizational_JJ contexts_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 article_NN1 explores_VVZ an_AT1 example_NN1 of_IO hybrid_JJ security_NN1 provision_NN1 in_II Dire_JJ Dawa_NN1 in_II Ethiopiainvolving_VVG a_AT1 collaboration_NN1 between_II the_AT state_NN1 and_CC local_JJ community_NN1 and_CC the_AT extensive_JJ devel-opment_NN1 of_IO community_NN1 policing_NN1 approaches_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Lower_JJR well-being_NN1 scores_NN2 were_VBDR also_RR found_VVN for_IF participants_NN2 who_PNQS indicated_VVD that_CST they_PPHS2 would_VM retire_VVI because_CS they_PPHS2 thought_VVD their_APPGE employer_NN1 would_VM not_XX wish_VVI them_PPHO2 to_TO work_VVI past_II a_AT1 certain_JJ age_NN1 (_( N=94_FO )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Moreover_RR ,_, these_DD2 dynamics_NN can_VM affect_VVI the_AT share_NN1 and_CC the_AT composition_NN1 of_IO the_AT employed_JJ population_NN1 on_II which_DDQ overeducation_NN1 rates_NN2 are_VBR computed_VVN ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II other_JJ words_NN2 ,_, the_AT accumulated_JJ empirical_JJ evidence_NN1 runs_NN2 counter_VV0 to_II contemporary_JJ political_JJ rhetoric_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
A_AT1 robust_JJ theoretical_JJ research_NN1 agenda_NN1 has_VHZ highlighted_VVN the_AT importance_NN1 of_IO local_JJ context_NN1 in_II shaping_VVG intergroup_JJ relations_NN2 and_CC processes_NN2 of_IO immigrant_JJ integration_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Theories_NN2 of_IO place_NN1 stratification_NN1 and_CC legal_JJ cynicism_NN1 enumerate_VV0 the_AT commonly_RR cited_VVN reasons_NN2 for_IF concerns_NN2 about_II differential_NN1 underreporting_VVG by_II victims_NN2 of_IO crimes_NN2 across_II neighborhoods_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT data_NN are_VBR entirely_RR based_VVN on_II administrative_JJ registers_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II total_NN1 ,_, 15_MC of_IO the_AT 17_MC violent_JJ men_NN2 drew_VVD explicitly_RR on_II experiences_NN2 of_IO persecution_NN1 ,_, victimization_NN1 ,_, and_CC exile_VV0 in_II their_APPGE youth_NN1 to_TO explain_VVI or_CC legitimize_VVI their_APPGE violence_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
After_CS these_DD2 exclusions_NN2 ,_, the_AT remaining_JJ sample_NN1 included_VVD 53,077_MC respondents_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT ambiguities_NN2 mentioned_VVN above_RL reflect_VV0 and_CC reinforce_VV0 the_AT relative_JJ lack_NN1 of_IO direct_JJ discussion_NN1 of_IO norms_NN2 surrounding_VVG the_AT sharing_NN1 of_IO emotional_JJ distress_NN1 on_II Twitter_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Use_NN1 of_IO RJ_NP1 ,_, however_RR ,_, is_VBZ contentious_JJ amongst_II researchers_NN2 ,_, activists_NN2 and_CC those_DD2 who_PNQS provide_VV0 community_NN1 and_CC legal_JJ services_NN2 to_II abused_JJ women_NN2 ,_, with_IW many_DA2 opposed_VVN to_II its_APPGE application_NN1 and_CC particularly_RR concerned_JJ about_II its_APPGE emphasis_NN1 on_II apology_NN1 and_CC forgiveness_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Before_II discussing_VVG the_AT broader_JJR significance_NN1 of_IO the_AT results_NN2 ,_, we_PPIS2 want_VV0 to_TO highlight_VVI two_MC key_JJ empirical_JJ contributions_NN2 of_IO our_APPGE analysis_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT results_NN2 have_VH0 important_JJ implications_NN2 for_IF theory_NN1 ,_, policy_NN1 ,_, and_CC future_JJ research_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT patterns_NN2 of_IO heterogeneity_NN1 were_VBDR also_RR not_XX the_AT same_DA ._. 
</s>
<s>
However_RR ,_, trends_NN2 indicate_VV0 substantially_RR lower_JJR rates_NN2 of_IO adolescent_JJ religious_JJ affiliation_NN1 and_CC practice_NN1 since_II 2000_MC ,_, compared_VVN to_II earlier_JJR generations_NN2 (_( Twenge_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
2015_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Therefore_RR ,_, the_AT more_DAR education_NN1 you_PPY have_VH0 ,_, the_AT more_RGR likely_JJ you_PPY are_VBR to_TO experience_VVI high_JJ income_NN1 volatility_NN1 ,_, meaning_VVG the_AT protection_NN1 once_RR offered_VVN by_II high_JJ education_NN1 has_VHZ declined_VVN over_II time_NNT1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 research_NN1 also_RR points_VVZ to_II opportunities_NN2 for_IF future_JJ work_NN1 to_TO examine_VVI how_RGQ other_JJ elements_NN2 of_IO evaluation_NN1 architecture_NN1 can_VM affect_VVI inequalities_NN2 in_II workplace_NN1 evaluation_NN1 by_II gender_NN1 and_CC other_JJ status_NN1 characteristics_NN2 ,_, such_II21 as_II22 race_NN1 ,_, sexual_JJ orientation_NN1 ,_, disability_NN1 status_NN1 ,_, and_CC parenthood_NN1 ,_, in_II performance_NN1 appraisals_NN2 and_CC beyond_RL ._. 
</s>
<s>
Our_APPGE findings_NN2 have_VH0 several_DA2 policy_NN1 implications_NN2 ,_, two_MC of_IO which_DDQ we_PPIS2 discuss_VV0 here_RL in_II detail_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT two_MC models_NN2 have_VH0 a_AT1 good_JJ fit_JJ ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT rapid_JJ expansion_NN1 of_IO primary_JJ education_NN1 in_II Korea_NP1 during_II the_AT 1960s_MC2 raised_VVD demand_NN1 for_IF secondary_JJ school_NN1 ,_, leading_VVG to_II the_AT abolition_NN1 of_IO entrance_NN1 exams_NN2 to_II middle_JJ schools_NN2 in_II 1969_MC ._. 
</s>
<s>
For_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, the_AT Volkswagen_NP1 Corporation_NN1 has_VHZ famously_RR endeavored_VVN to_TO limit_VVI work-related_JJ emails_NN2 after_II business_NN1 hours_NNT2 ._. 
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<s>
First_MD ,_, these_DD2 interviewees_NN2 describe_VV0 their_APPGE wealth_NN1 as_II a_AT1 product_NN1 of_IO hard_JJ work_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT paradox_NN1 is_VBZ that_DD1 meritocracy_NN1 should_VM mean_VVI that_CST everyone_PN1 has_VHZ an_AT1 equal_JJ chance_NN1 to_TO receive_VVI rewards_NN2 on_II the_AT basis_NN1 of_IO his_APPGE or_CC her_APPGE individual_JJ merits_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT thornier_JJR question_NN1 ,_, of_RR21 course_RR22 ,_, is_VBZ why_RRQ aggregate_JJ income_NN1 growth_NN1 matters_NN2 for_IF population_NN1 health_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Several_DA2 participants_NN2 described_VVD clients_NN2 who_PNQS had_VHD experiences_NN2 similar_JJ to_II their_APPGE own_DA ._. 
</s>
<s>
Using_VVG the_AT HILDA_NP1 ,_, Ruppanner_NP1 and_CC colleagues_NN2 (_( 2019_MC )_) found_VVD that_CST women_NN2 showed_VVD greater_JJR increases_NN2 in_II time_NNT1 pressure_NN1 than_CSN fathers_NN2 during_II the_AT transition_NN1 to_II parenthood_NN1 and_CC after_II a_AT1 second_MD birth_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
It_PPH1 has_VHZ ,_, as_CSA we_PPIS2 suggested_VVD earlier_RRR ,_, contributed_VVN to_II whites_NN2 '_NULL ability_NN1 to_TO maintain_VVI mayoral_JJ political_JJ control_NN1 in_II a_AT1 kind_NN1 of_IO divide-and-rule_JJ manner_NN1 ,_, given_CS21 that_CS22 no_AT racial/national-origin_JJ group_NN1 in_II New_NP1 York_NP1 City_NN1 is_VBZ a_AT1 clear_JJ majority_NN1 and_CC divisions_NN2 among_II non-white_JJ ethnic_JJ minority_NN1 groups_NN2 have_VH0 impeded_VVN them_PPHO2 from_II uniting_VVG politically_RR (_( e.g._REX Mollenkopf_NP1 2014_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 may_VM be_VBI partly_RR attributed_VVN to_II the_AT continuous-interview_JJ design_NN1 in_II the_AT 2006_MC to_II 2010_MC and_CC 2011_MC to_II 2013_MC waves_NN2 of_IO the_AT NSFG_NP1 ,_, which_DDQ makes_VVZ it_PPH1 necessary_JJ to_II pool_NN1 multiple_JJ years_NNT2 of_IO data_NN for_IF many_DA2 analytical_JJ purposes_NN2 (_( Groves_NP1 ,_, Mosher_NP1 ,_, Lepkowski_NP1 ,_, &;_NULL Kirgis_NP1 ,_, 2009_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT Approach_NN1 from_II Sociological_JJ Theory_NN1 '_NULL ;_; and_CC '_NULL Digital_JJ Democracy_NN1 ,_, Particularly_RR ,_, neighbourhoods_NN2 with_IW a_AT1 high_JJ percentage_NN1 of_IO low-income_JJ residents_NN2 (_( lowest_JJT 20_MC per_NNU21 cent_NNU22 incomes_NN2 )_) are_VBR commonly_RR assumed_VVN to_TO have_VHI a_AT1 negative_JJ impact_NN1 on_II the_AT life_NN1 chances_NN2 of_IO their_APPGE residents_NN2 ,_, with_IW this_DD1 spatial_JJ deprivation_NN1 strengthening_VVG the_AT consequences_NN2 of_IO individual_JJ disadvantages_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II bivariate_JJ models_NN2 (_( table_NN1 6_MC ,_, col._NNU 1_MC1 )_) ,_, black_JJ second-generation_JJ migrants_NN2 and_CC northern_JJ stayers_NN2 live_VV0 in_II neighborhoods_NN2 with_IW significantly_RR higher_JJR incomes_NN2 than_CSN southern_JJ stayers_NN2 (_( between_II 3.05%_FO and_CC 12.75%_FO higher_RRR )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Limitations_NN2 arise_VV0 ,_, first_MD of_IO all_DB ,_, from_II the_AT apparent_JJ concerns_NN2 of_IO external_JJ validity_NN1 ,_, and_CC the_AT degree_NN1 to_II which_DDQ we_PPIS2 can_VM generalize_VVI findings_NN2 from_II targeted_JJ programs_NN2 to_II larger-scale_JJ and_CC universal_JJ programs_NN2 ,_, more_RGR common_JJ in_II the_AT European_JJ context_NN1 of_IO ECEC_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Another_DD1 welcome_JJ advance_NN1 in_II the_AT study_NN1 of_IO religion_NN1 and_CC youth_NN1 outcomes_NN2 is_VBZ an_AT1 increasing_JJ consideration_NN1 of_IO the_AT variance_NN1 in_II how_RRQ religion_NN1 operates_VVZ for_IF different_JJ subgroups_NN2 of_IO adolescents_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT mixed_JJ discourse_NN1 of_IO tolerance_NN1 and_CC othering_VVG thus_RR had_VHN an_AT1 unforeseen_NN1 –_- yet_RR profound_JJ –_- effect_NN1 on_II the_AT working-class_JJ visitors_NN2 at_II the_AT community_NN1 centre_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT aggregation_NN1 of_IO numbers_NN2 (_( quantified_JJ qualities_NN2 )_) via_II statistical_JJ and_CC mathematical_JJ operations_NN2 into_II indices_NN2 ,_, ratios_NN2 ,_, ratings_NN2 ,_, or_CC rankings_NN2 ,_, referred_VVN to_II by_II Power_NN1 (_( 2004_MC )_) as_CSA meta-_JJ or_CC second-order_JJ measurement_NN1 ,_, enables_VVZ new_JJ forms_NN2 of_IO comparison_NN1 and_CC knowledge_NN1 creation_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Indeed_RR ,_, the_AT share_NN1 of_IO under-educated_JJ prime-age_JJ workers_NN2 varies_VVZ between_II countriesranging_VVG from_II only_RR 2_MC per_NNU21 cent_NNU22 in_II Slovakia_NP1 to_II 13_MC per_NNU21 cent_NNU22 in_II Italy_NP1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Because_CS it_PPH1 permits_VVZ study_NN1 of_IO the_AT entire_JJ lifespan_NN1 distribution_NN1 ,_, one_PN1 can_VM assess_VVI trends_NN2 across_II multiple_NN1 quantiles_VVZ simultaneously_RR to_TO gain_VVI a_AT1 more_RGR complete_JJ picture_NN1 of_IO how_RRQ the_AT entire_JJ lifespan_NN1 changes_NN2 with_IW time_NNT1 without_IW restricting_VVG focus_NN1 to_II the_AT mean_JJ lifespan_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Because_CS empirical_JJ evidence_NN1 of_IO Kanter_NP1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 proposed_JJ threshold_NN1 effects_NN2 hold_VV0 for_IF gender_NN1 (_( specifically_RR female_JJ minorities_NNU )_) but_CCB not_XX other_JJ characteristics_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 race_NN1 (_( Yoder_NP1 1991_MC )_) ,_, it_PPH1 would_VM be_VBI reasonable_JJ to_TO expect_VVI that_DD1 societal_JJ racial_JJ minorities_NN2 will_VM experience_VVI discrimination_NN1 in_II these_DD2 firms_NN2 whether_CSW they_PPHS2 are_VBR in_II the_AT minority_NN1 or_CC majority_NN1 ,_, although_CS the_AT nature_NN1 of_IO the_AT discrimination_NN1 may_VM differ_VVI ._. 
</s>
<s>
Yet_RR it_PPH1 is_VBZ the_AT very_JJ '_NULL artifactuality_NN1 '_NULL (_( dare_VV0 I_PPIS1 say_VVI the_AT social_JJ constructedness_NN1 ?_? )_) of_IO this_DD1 imbalanced_JJ pharmacology_NN1 that_CST can_VM be_VBI the_AT opening_NN1 for_IF critical_JJ and_CC oppositional_JJ intervention_NN1 against_II this_DD1 dominance_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Figure_NN1 3_MC documents_NN2 changes_NN2 in_II this_DD1 interaction_NN1 effect_NN1 over_II time_NNT1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Hence_RR ,_, changes_NN2 in_II parent-child_NN1 closeness_NN1 ,_, parental_JJ supervision_NN1 ,_, parental_JJ involvement_NN1 ,_, and_CC parenting_NN1 behaviors_NN2 ,_, including_II harsh_JJ parenting_NN1 and_CC sensitivity_NN1 ,_, potentially_RR mediate_VV0 the_AT association_NN1 between_II family_NN1 instability_NN1 and_CC child_NN1 well-being_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT multiple-decrement_JJ life_NN1 table_NN1 with_IW assortative_JJ mating_NN1 has_VHZ three_MC key_JJ advantages_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II contrast_NN1 ,_, 41_MC %_NNU had_VHD all_DB four_MC biological_JJ grandparents_NN2 alive_JJ by_II 2000_MC ,_, and_CC estimates_NN2 suggest_VV0 that_CST almost_RR half_DB will_VM still_RR have_VHI all_DB four_MC grandparents_NN2 alive_JJ by_II 2020_MC (_( Uhlenberg_NP1 2005_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Mothers_NN2 are_VBR at_II risk_NN1 of_IO exiting_VVG the_AT labor_NN1 force_NN1 if_CS they_PPHS2 were_VBDR in_II the_AT labor_NN1 force_NN1 when_CS they_PPHS2 became_VVD pregnant_JJ with_IW their_APPGE first_MD child_NN1 (_( defined_VVN as_CSA being_VBG in_II the_AT labor_NN1 force_NN1 9_MC months_NNT2 prior_II21 to_II22 the_AT birth_NN1 of_IO their_APPGE first_MD child_NN1 )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Centrality_NN1 is_VBZ one_MC1 of_IO the_AT major_JJ issues_NN2 in_II network_NN1 analysis_NN1 (_( for_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, see_VV0 Newman_NP1 ,_, 2010_MC ,_, Chapter_NN1 7_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT youngest_JJT ,_, probably_RR ,_, I_PPIS1 don_VV0 '_NULL t_ZZ1 know_VV0 ,_, twenty-three_MC ,_, twenty-four_MC ,_, to_II the_AT oldest_JJT ,_, like_II fifty_MC ._. 
</s>
<s>
Despite_II codification_NN1 ,_, diagnostic_JJ rules_NN2 for_IF many_DA2 psychiatric_JJ disorders_NN2 are_VBR open_JJ to_II interpretation_NN1 by_II mental_JJ health_NN1 providers_NN2 and_CC also_RR can_VM change_VVI over_II time_NNT1 ,_, as_CSA illustrated_VVN by_II trends_NN2 in_II PTSD_NP1 labeling_NN1 (_( see_VV0 also_RR Hartung_VVN and_CC Widiger_VV0 1998_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Thus_RR ,_, the_AT signal_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 criminal_JJ record_NN1 was_VBDZ designed_VVN to_TO signal_VVI a_AT1 nonviolent_JJ drug_NN1 conviction_NN1 that_CST would_VM be_VBI interpreted_VVN as_II a_AT1 possession_NN1 conviction_NN1 ,_, as_CSA compared_VVN to_II a_AT1 possession_NN1 for_IF sale_NN1 or_CC distribution_NN1 conviction_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
We_PPIS2 regard_VV0 this_DD1 as_CSA further_JJR evidence_NN1 for_IF H4_FO ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT Dutch_JJ educational_JJ system_NN1 is_VBZ strongly_RR stratified_VVN while_CS also_RR offering_VVG ample_JJ opportunities_NN2 to_TO continue_VVI or_CC upgrade_VVI education_NN1 at_II each_DD1 level_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Even_RR as_CSA children_NN2 age_NN1 ,_, mothers_NN2 remain_VV0 disproportionately_RR responsible_JJ for_IF the_AT domestic_JJ load_NN1 relative_II21 to_II22 fathers_NN2 (_( Lachance-Grzela_NP1 &;_NULL Bouchard_NP1 ,_, 2010_MC ;_; Nomaguchi_NP1 &;_NULL Milkie_NP1 ,_, 2003_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_RR21 addition_RR22 ,_, according_II21 to_II22 a_AT1 series_NN of_IO interaction_NN1 tests_NN2 ,_, the_AT effects_NN2 of_IO multicultural_JJ policies_NN2 do_VD0 not_XX appear_VVI to_TO be_VBI spuriously_RR related_VVN to_II other_JJ environmental_JJ factors_NN2 ,_, including_II the_AT proportion_NN1 of_IO immigrants_NN2 ,_, economic_JJ soundness_NN1 ,_, and_CC importantly_RR ,_, citizenship_NN1 policies_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 process_NN1 was_VBDZ previously_RR thought_VVN to_TO take_VVI place_NN1 over_II one_MC1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 entire_JJ career_NN1 ,_, but_CCB our_APPGE findings_NN2 suggest_VV0 that_CST the_AT wage_NN1 benefits_NN2 of_IO vocational_JJ education_NN1 may_VM be_VBI very_RG short-lived_JJ :_: within_II 2–5years_NN2 ,_, those_DD2 generally_RR educated_VVN typically_RR earn_VV0 as_RG much_DA1 as_CSA those_DD2 with_IW vocational_JJ diplomas_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Asked_VVN to_TO elaborate_VVI ,_, Nedjad_NP1 attributed_VVD his_APPGE violent_JJ trajectory_NN1 to_II his_APPGE childhood_NN1 in_II war-torn_JJ Bosnia_NP1 and_CC to_II the_AT violent_JJ counterculture_NN1 in_II which_DDQ he_PPHS1 became_VVD entrenched_VVN in_II St._NP1 Louis_NP1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Therefore_RR ,_, some_DD lower_JJR secondary_NN1 schools_NN2 with_IW a_AT1 tenth_MD grade_NN1 are_VBR included_VVN in_II a_AT1 sample_NN1 ,_, where_CS the_AT fieldwork_NN1 was_VBDZ conducted_VVN in_II the_AT school_NN1 context_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II31 response_II32 to_II33 this_DD1 ,_, one_PN1 can_VM note_VVI how_RRQ the_AT arduous_JJ task_NN1 of_IO endowing_VVG digitality_NN1 with_IW its_APPGE own_DA actual_JJ and_CC virtual_JJ dimensions_NN2 has_VHZ been_VBN adopted_VVN by_II the_AT affective_JJ turn_NN1 in_II new_JJ media_NN theory_NN1 ,_, a_AT1 turn_NN1 that_CST can_VM also_RR be_VBI read_VVN as_CSA advancing_JJ multiple_JJ efforts_NN2 to_TO offer_VVI an_AT1 aisthesis_NN1 of_IO the_AT digital_JJ of_IO the_AT kind_NN1 that_CST I_PPIS1 analyzed_VVD above_RL ._. 
</s>
<s>
Analyses_NN2 spanning_VVG a_AT1 wider_JJR range_NN1 of_IO economic_JJ and_CC institutional_JJ contexts_NN2 would_VM be_VBI needed_VVN to_TO assess_VVI the_AT generalizability_NN1 of_IO existing_JJ findings_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
For_IF sanitation_NN1 ,_, one_MC1 key_JJ debate_NN1 is_VBZ whether_CSW toilet_NN1 upgrading_NN1 is_VBZ the_AT main_JJ driver_NN1 of_IO health_NN1 benefits_NN2 ,_, or_CC whether_CSW the_AT basic_JJ elimination_NN1 of_IO open_JJ defecation_NN1 via_II simple_JJ sanitation_NN1 technologies_NN2 (_( such_II21 as_II22 pit_NN1 latrines_NN2 )_) is_VBZ paramount_JJ ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II research_NN1 on_II the_AT structure_NN1 of_IO social_JJ ties_NN2 (_( Burt_NP1 1992_MC )_) and_CC resource_VV0 composition_NN1 of_IO social_JJ ties_NN2 (_( Lin_NP1 1999_MC )_) ,_, the_AT importance_NN1 of_IO social_JJ relationships_NN2 for_IF individual_JJ outcomes_NN2 is_VBZ well_RR documented_VVN ._. 
</s>
<s>
From_II 1990_MC to_II 2010_MC ,_, life_NN1 expectancy_NN1 at_II age_NN1 25_MC by_II education_NN1 increased_VVN for_IF all_RR21 but_RR22 two_MC of_IO the_AT 16_MC race-gender-education_JJ groups_NN2 shown_VVN in_II Figure_NN1 2_MC :_: non-Hispanic_JJ white_JJ women_NN2 and_CC non-Hispanic_JJ white_JJ men_NN2 who_PNQS completed_VVD less_DAR than_CSN 12_MC years_NNT2 of_IO education_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II the_AT next_MD subsection_NN1 ,_, I_PPIS1 build_VV0 in_II marriage_NN1 and_CC divorce_NN1 ,_, leading_VVG to_II the_AT full_JJ model_NN1 used_VVN in_II all_DB analyses_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Religion_NN1 ,_, cultural_JJ resistance_NN1 and_CC the_AT semiotic_JJ politics_NN1 of_IO care_NN1 Conceived_VVN over_RG thirty_MC years_NNT2 ago_RA by_II psychologist_NN1 Gilligan_NP1 (_( 1982_MC )_) ,_, the_AT ethics_NN of_IO care_NN1 has_VHZ become_VVN an_AT1 established_JJ ,_, if_CS marginal_JJ ,_, epistemology_NN1 within_II social_JJ work_NN1 that_CST articulates_VVZ a_AT1 moral_JJ philosophy_NN1 that_CST is_VBZ distinct_JJ from_II the_AT denotological_JJ ,_, utilitarian_JJ and_CC consequentialist_NN1 ethics_NN that_CST predominate_VV0 in_II the_AT profession_NN1 (_( Gray_NP1 ,_, 2010_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
Athey_NP1 &;_NULL Imbens_NP2 (_( 2015_MC )_) develop_VV0 a_AT1 measure_NN1 of_IO sensitivity_NN1 to_II misspecification_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Our_APPGE finding_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 declining_JJ rate_NN1 of_IO transitioning_VVG to_II marriage_NN1 from_II first_MD premarital_JJ cohabitation_NN1 among_II women_NN2 with_IW no_AT college_NN1 degree_NN1 diminishes_VVZ the_AT traditional_JJ view_NN1 of_IO cohabitation_NN1 as_II a_AT1 prelude_NN1 to_II marriage_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Finally_RR ,_, due_II21 to_II22 data_NN limitations_NN2 ,_, we_PPIS2 specified_VVD models_NN2 with_IW time_NNT1 lags_NN2 of_IO one_MC1 year_NNT1 ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 aside_RL ,_, Braunstein_NP1 tackles_VVZ a_AT1 sensitive_JJ and_CC provocative_JJ subjectwhat_NN1 it_PPH1 means_VVZ to_TO be_VBI a_AT1 good_JJ citizen_NN1 in_II a_AT1 democratic_JJ society_NN1 ,_, with_IW depth_NN1 and_CC nuance_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II the_AT 1980s_MC2 ,_, this_DD1 organizational_JJ structure_NN1 and_CC strategy_NN1 recededfirst_NN1 in_II the_AT United_NP1 States_NP1 and_CC then_RT later_RRR through_II other_JJ industrialized_JJ economiesfor_NN1 several_DA2 reasons_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Still_RR ,_, work_VV0 patterns_NN2 in_II this_DD1 period_NN1 were_VBDR largely_RR predicated_VVN on_II high_JJ and_CC stable_JJ male_JJ employment_NN1 ,_, as_CSA men_NN2 with_IW high_JJ school_NN1 degrees_NN2 ,_, especially_RR White_JJ men_NN2 ,_, were_VBDR more_RGR likely_JJ to_TO be_VBI gainfully_RR employed_VVN with_IW a_AT1 salary_NN1 and_CC benefits_NN2 that_CST could_VM support_VVI a_AT1 household_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
School_NN1 organizations_NN2 ,_, depending_II21 on_II22 how_RRQ they_PPHS2 deployed_VVD resources_NN2 in_II31 relation_II32 to_II33 racial_JJ schemas_NN2 ,_, supported_VVD ,_, undermined_VVD ,_, or_CC caused_VVD innovations_NN2 in_II the_AT wider_JJR racialized_JJ social_JJ system_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II the_AT contemporary_JJ idiom_NN1 ,_, Samoans_NP1 may_VM purchase_VVI land_NN1 for_IF non-commercial_JJ use_NN1 ,_, pass_VV0 title_NN1 to_II heirs_NN2 and_CC sell_VV0 land_NN1 to_II other_JJ Samoans_NN2 ,_, thereby_RR safeguarding_VVG Indigenous_JJ land_NN1 tenure_NN1 and_CC stewardship_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
But_CCB developing_JJ relationships_NN2 beyond_II workthat_NN1 hasn_NN1 '_NULL t_ZZ1 happened_VVD for_IF me_PPIO1 ,_, not_XX here_RL Here_RL ,_, we_PPIS2 can_VM and_CC do_VD0 talk_VVI about_II life_NN1 with_IW each_PPX221 other_PPX222 ,_, our_APPGE lives_NN2 outside_II21 of_II22 work_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ we_PPIS2 get_VV0 the_AT chance_NN1 to_TO do_VDI right_RR after_II school_NN1 ,_, or_CC during_II duty_NN1 in_II the_AT gym_NN1 or_CC bus_NN1 duty_NN1 in_II the_AT morning_NNT1 ._. "_" 
</s>
<s>
Melissa_NP1 Lugo_NP1 is_VBZ a_AT1 doctoral_JJ candidate_NN1 in_II the_AT School_NN1 of_IO Criminal_JJ Justice_NN1 at_II the_AT University_NN1 of_IO Cincinnati_NP1 ._. 
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<s>
To_TO make_VVI this_DD1 a_AT1 concerted_JJ effort_NN1 ,_, the_AT information_NN1 in_II those_DD2 studies_NN2 can_VM and_CC should_VM be_VBI integrated_VVN and_CC linked_VVN to_II victimization_NN1 data_NN to_TO advance_VVI our_APPGE knowledge_NN1 on_II victim_NN1 decision-making_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Thus_RR ,_, unlike_II the_AT U.S._NP1 ,_, the_AT first_MD critical_JJ education_NN1 selection_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 timing_NN1 is_VBZ the_AT end_NN1 of_IO the_AT lower_JJR secondary_JJ education_NN1 for_IF most_DAT students_NN2 (_( i.e._REX ,_, those_DD2 attending_VVG neighboring_VVG public_JJ junior_JJ high_JJ schools_NN2 )_) in_II Japan_NP1 ._. 
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<s>
Conversely_RR ,_, the_AT experience_NN1 of_IO relative_JJ financial_JJ security_NN1 ,_, as_CSA defined_VVN by_II lower_JJR levels_NN2 of_IO self-reported_JJ worry_NN1 about_II money_NN1 and_CC a_AT1 lower_JJR likelihood_NN1 of_IO being_VBG poor_JJ ,_, was_VBDZ shared_VVN by_II only_RR a_AT1 minority_NN1 of_IO our_APPGE sample_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
She_PPHS1 contrasts_VVZ the_AT ease_NN1 of_IO finding_VVG ties_NN2 in_II her_APPGE previous_JJ majority-black_JJ school_NN1 with_IW the_AT social_JJ situation_NN1 in_II her_APPGE majority-white_JJ school_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
In_RR21 addition_RR22 ,_, American_JJ society_NN1 witnessed_VVD an_AT1 increase_NN1 in_II national_JJ solidarity_NN1 in_II the_AT wake_NN1 of_IO the_AT attacksa_NN1 period_NN1 Collins_NP1 (_( 2004_MC )_) refers_VVZ to_II as_CSA "_" the_AT apex_NN1 of_IO Durkheimian_JJ collective_JJ consciousness_NN1 "_" (_( p._NNU 77_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
An_AT1 alternative_JJ implementation_NN1 that_CST placed_VVD vertex_NN1 v_ZZ1 on_II the_AT tabu_NN1 list_NN1 for_IF a_AT1 fixed_JJ number_NN1 of_IO iterations_NN2 ,_, performed_VVD much_RR better_RRR ._. 
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<s>
I_PPIS1 can_VM recast_VVI this_DD1 impasse_NN1 here_RL ,_, one_MC1 last_MD time_NNT1 ,_, by_II phrasing_NN1 it_PPH1 in_II the_AT figurative_JJ terms_NN2 of_IO a_AT1 fracture_NN1 between_II logic_NN1 and_CC aesthetics_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Investigating_VVG the_AT systematic_JJ change_NN1 in_II MIL_NN1 expands_VVZ the_AT scope_NN1 of_IO theoretical_JJ understanding_NN1 on_II the_AT role_NN1 of_IO MIL_NN1 in_II well-being_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ serves_VVZ as_II an_AT1 active_JJ response_NN1 to_II the_AT contemporary_JJ theory_NN1 advancement_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
With_II31 regard_II32 to_II33 network_NN1 size_NN1 ,_, we_PPIS2 did_VDD not_XX find_VVI a_AT1 panel_NN1 conditioning_NN1 effect_NN1 when_CS looking_VVG solely_RR at_II the_AT mean_JJ network_NN1 size_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Zi_NP1 shows_VVZ the_AT other_JJ three_MC time-varying_JJ group-mean_JJ 1i_FO a_AT1 variables_NN2 (_( i.e._REX ,_, Number_NN1 of_IO siblings_NN2 ,_, Housewife_NN1 ,_, Father_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 absence_NN1 )_) which_DDQ do_VD0 not_XX randomly_RR vary_VVI among_II children_NN2 in_II the_AT models_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
RQ1b_FO :_: Are_VBR school_NN1 suspensions_NN2 associated_VVN with_IW lower_JJR rates_NN2 of_IO participation_NN1 in_II out-of-school_JJ activities_NN2 ?_? 
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<s>
Finally_RR ,_, college_NN1 exposed_VVD me_PPIO1 to_II fields_NN2 and_CC disciplines_NN2 ,_, especially_RR the_AT social_JJ sciences_NN2 ,_, that_DD1 didn_NN1 '_NULL t_ZZ1 exist_VV0 in_II my_APPGE prior_JJ education_NN1 and_CC social_JJ milieu_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
These_DD2 sources_NN2 provide_VV0 information_NN1 on_II the_AT number_NN1 of_IO the_AT medical_JJ personnel_NN2 employed_VVN (_( doctors_NN2 and_CC midwives_NN2 )_) ,_, as_II31 well_II32 as_II33 public_JJ spending_NN1 on_II health_NN1 care_NN1 and_CC on_II education_NN1 ,_, infrastructure_NN1 ,_, and_CC welfare_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT self-estimates_NN2 of_IO the_AT number_NN1 of_IO friends_NN2 ,_, on_II the_AT other_JJ hand_NN1 ,_, has_VHZ a_AT1 median_NN1 of_IO 4_MC and_CC an_AT1 interquartile_JJ range_NN1 from_II 2_MC friends_NN2 to_II 6–10_MCMC friends_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
New_JJ attitudes_NN2 and_CC practices_NN2 led_VVD TFR_NP1 to_II a_AT1 replacement_NN1 level_NN1 of_IO 2.1_MC in_II 2010–2015_MCMC ._. 
</s>
<s>
Sally_NP1 (_( lesbian_NN1 )_) said_VVD ,_, "_" Menopause_NN1 just_RR cuts_VVZ off_II the_AT estrogen_NN1 and_CC that_CST '_NULL s_ZZ1 it_PPH1 ._. "_" 
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<s>
As_CSA indicated_VVN in_II the_AT discussion_NN1 of_IO our_APPGE dependent_JJ variables_NN2 ,_, Add_VV0 Health_NN1 provided_CS some_DD examples_NN2 of_IO sexual_JJ activity_NN1 (_( i.e._REX ,_, vaginal_JJ ,_, anal_JJ ,_, and_CC oral_JJ sex_NN1 )_) ;_; however_RR ,_, it_PPH1 did_VDD not_XX offer_VVI examples_NN2 of_IO nongenital_JJ activities_NN2 that_CST are_VBR physically_RR arousing_VVG and_CC presumably_RR more_RGR frequent_JJ among_II same-sex_JJ female_JJ couples_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Agentic_JJ reflexivity_NN1 mediates_VVZ between_II structurally_RR shaped_JJ circumstances_NN2 and_CC what_DDQ people_NN deliberately_RR make_VV0 of_IO them_PPHO2 (_( Archer_NP1 ,_, 2007_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
The_AT increased_JJ significance_NN1 of_IO reflexivity_NN1 in_II late_JJ modernity_NN1 has_VHZ sometimes_RT been_VBN taken_VVN to_TO indicate_VVI a_AT1 growing_JJ freedom_NN1 to_TO critically_RR deconstruct_VVI the_AT norms_NN2 governing_VVG gender_NN1 (_( Adkins_NP2 ,_, 2004_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Because_II21 of_II22 the_AT limited_JJ number_NN1 of_IO observations_NN2 of_IO the_AT CPS_NP1 ,_, we_PPIS2 pool_VV0 age_NN1 groups_NN2 62–63_MCMC ,_, 64–65_MCMC ,_, 66–67_MCMC ,_, The_AT resulting_JJ tf-idf_JJ matrix_NN1 was_VBDZ transformed_VVN into_II a_AT1 square_JJ book-to-book_JJ matrix_NN1 using_VVG cosine_NN1 similarity_NN1 ,_, where_CS the_AT similarity_NN1 between_II book_NN1 i_ZZ1 and_CC book_NN1 j_ZZ1 is_VBZ the_AT cosine_NN1 of_IO the_AT angle_NN1 of_IO their_APPGE tf-idf_JJ vectors_NN2 over_II words_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
First_MD ,_, I_PPIS1 find_VV0 that_CST the_AT reform_NN1 is_VBZ likely_JJ to_TO have_VHI improved_VVN infant_NN1 survival_NN1 contemporaneously_RR ._. 
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<s>
The_AT results_NN2 are_VBR qualitatively_RR similar_JJ to_II those_DD2 based_VVN on_II regression_NN1 analysis_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
First_MD ,_, without_IW frequent_JJ ,_, repeated_VVD assessments_NN2 of_IO sexual_JJ behavior_NN1 and_CC contraceptive_JJ use_NN1 ,_, studies_NN2 have_VH0 been_VBN unable_JK to_TO determine_VVI whether_CSW condom_NN1 use_NN1 changes_NN2 with_IW concurrency_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT readers_NN2 who_PNQS checked_VVD out_RP books_NN2 hail_VV0 from_II all_DB different_JJ backgrounds_NN2 in_II New_NP1 York_NP1 ._. 
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<s>
Following_VVG the_AT American_JJ Revolution_NN1 ,_, Aaron_NP1 Burr_NN1 and_CC Alexander_NP1 Hamiltonbegan_NP1 using_VVG the_AT societies_NN2 ,_, banks_NN2 ,_, and_CC organizations_NN2 under_II their_APPGE control_NN1 to_TO enact_VVI their_APPGE political_JJ agendas_NN2 and_CC to_TO organize_VVI the_AT vote_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
We_PPIS2 extended_VVD the_AT literature_NN1 by_II focusing_VVG on_II the_AT experiences_NN2 of_IO cohabiting_VVG unions_NN2 with_IW and_CC without_IW children_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Specifically_RR ,_, we_PPIS2 include_VV0 interactions_NN2 for_IF base_NN1 offense_NN1 by_II post-9/11_FU ,_, N.Y./D.C._NP1 districts_NN2 ,_, and_CC interactions_NN2 between_II base_NN1 offense_NN1 ,_, post-9/11_FU ,_, and_CC N.Y./D.C_NP1 ._. 
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<s>
Models_NN2 1_MC1 and_CC 2_MC display_VV0 our_APPGE DDD_NP1 models_NN2 from_II table_NN1 2_MC for_IF reference_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
And_CC there_EX are_VBR more_DAR of_IO these_DD2 people_NN than_CSN we_PPIS2 might_VM think_VVI ._. 
</s>
<s>
For_REX21 instance_REX22 ,_, court_NN1 actors_NN2 may_VM have_VHI increasingly_RR focused_VVN on_II risk_NN1 and_CC dangerousness_NN1 over_II the_AT past_JJ four_MC decades_NNT2 ,_, thus_RR ,_, leading_VVG to_II a_AT1 greater_JJR reliance_NN1 on_II imprisonment_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
First_MD ,_, in_II our_APPGE cultural_JJ proximity_NN1 argument_NN1 ,_, within_II the_AT same_DA framework_NN1 we_PPIS2 can_VM explain_VVI matching_VVG on_II products_NN2 for_IF everything_PN1 from_II straightforward_JJ demographics_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 race_NN1 ,_, gender_NN1 ,_, age_NN1 ,_, and_CC religiosity_NN1 ,_, to_II subtler_JJR groupings_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 schooling_VVG experience_NN1 ,_, region_NN1 ,_, peer_VV0 styles_NN2 ,_, and_CC interest_NN1 in_II roller_NN1 derby_NN1 or_CC environmentally_RR sustainable_JJ housing_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
In_RR21 addition_RR22 ,_, recent_JJ decades_NNT2 have_VH0 seen_VVN large_JJ numbers_NN2 and_CC increased_JJ recognition_NN1 of_IO children_NN2 living_VVG with_IW their_APPGE single_JJ or_CC repartnered_JJ father_NN1 without_IW their_APPGE biological_JJ mother_NN1 present_NN1 in_II the_AT household_NN1 (_( Grall_NP1 ,_, 2013_MC ;_; Livingston_NP1 ,_, 2013_MC )_) ,_, children_NN2 living_VVG in_II households_NN2 that_CST include_VV0 one_MC1 or_CC more_DAR grandparents_NN2 (_( and_CC may_VM or_CC may_VM not_XX include_VVI a_AT1 biological_JJ parent_NN1 ,_, Dunifon_NP1 ,_, Ziol-Guest_NP1 ,_, &;_NULL Kopko_NP1 ,_, 2014_MC )_) ,_, children_NN2 in_II "_" mixed_JJ "_" immigration-status_JJ families_NN2 (_( Capps_NP2 ,_, Fix_VV0 ,_, &;_NULL Zong_NP1 ,_, 2016_MC ;_; National_JJ Academies_NN2 of_IO Science_NN1 ,_, Engineering_NN1 and_CC Medicine_NN1 ,_, 2019_MC )_) ,_, and_CC children_NN2 being_VBG raised_VVN by_II same-sex_JJ couples_NN2 (_( Miller_NP1 &;_NULL Price_NP1 ,_, 2014_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Hochstetler_NP1 &;_NULL DeLisi_NP1 ,_, 2005_MC ;_; McCorkle_NP1 ,_, Miethe_NP1 ,_, &;_NULL Drass_NP1 ,_, 1995_MC ;_; Steiner_NP1 ,_, Butler_NP1 ,_, &;_NULL Ellison_NP1 ,_, Similar_JJ to_II offline_JJ sellers_NN2 (_( Taylor_NP1 and_CC Potter_NP1 2013_MC )_) ,_, some_DD interviewees_NN2 reported_VVD a_AT1 casual_JJ ,_, In_II this_DD1 case_NN1 ,_, the_AT magnitude_NN1 is_VBZ approximately_RR twice_RR as_RG large_JJ as_CSA that_DD1 for_IF changing_VVG into_II unemployment_NN1 (_( Kunze_NP1 and_CC Suppa_NP1 ,_, Very_RG few_DA2 reported_VVN being_VBG unable_JK to_TO migrate_VVI because_II21 of_II22 legal_JJ issues_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Although_CS other_JJ work_NN1 has_VHZ used_VVN within-family_JJ fixed-effects_NN2 (_( FE_FO )_) methodology_NN1 (_( Marteleto_NP1 and_CC Dondero_NP1 2016_MC )_) ,_, included_VVD indicators_NN2 of_IO complexion_NN1 rather_II21 than_II22 discrete_JJ racial_JJ classification_NN1 (_( Monk_NP1 2014_MC )_) ,_, and_CC sought_VVD to_TO examine_VVI health_NN1 outcomes_NN2 patterned_JJ on_II these_DD2 distinctions_NN2 (_( Monk_NP1 2015_MC )_) ,_, we_PPIS2 make_VV0 a_AT1 novel_JJ contribution_NN1 to_II the_AT literature_NN1 on_II colorism_NN1 by_II combining_VVG these_DD2 features_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Others_NN2 have_VH0 suggested_VVN that_DD1 public_NN1 opinion_NN1 has_VHZ a_AT1 mainly_RR indirect_JJ effect_NN1 on_II legislators_NN2 ,_, channeled_VVN by_II having_VHG elected_VVN allies_NN2 in_II power_NN1 ,_, by_II previous_JJ successes_NN2 ,_, pivotal_JJ votes_NN2 ,_, National_JJ and_CC international_JJ implications_NN2 are_VBR considered_VVN and_CC hopeful_JJ ways_NN2 forward_RL are_VBR proffered_VVN :_: epistemic_JJ humility_NN1 ,_, inner_JJ dialogue_NN1 and_CC cultivating_VVG our_APPGE humanity_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
What_DDQ are_VBR the_AT prediction_NN1 (_( Y_ZZ1 )_) questions_NN2 in_II sociology_NN1 ?_? 
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<s>
While_CS the_AT first_MD comprises_VVZ pathways_NN2 that_CST lead_VV0 either_RR directly_RR or_CC indirectly_RR from_II contingent_JJ employment_NN1 into_II permanent_JJ full-time_JJ positions_NN2 ,_, the_AT latter_DA comprises_VVZ both_RR pathways_NN2 of_IO persistent_JJ contingent_JJ employment_NN1 or_CC churning_VVG into_II and_CC out_II21 of_II22 contingent_JJ employment_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Pre-separation_JJ observations_NN2 disproportionately_RR include_VV0 children_NN2 who_PNQS experienced_VVD separation_NN1 after_II age_NN1 6_MC ,_, while_CS (_( especially_RR the_AT longer_JJR term_NN1 )_) post-separation_JJ observations_NN2 disproportionately_RR include_VV0 children_NN2 who_PNQS experienced_VVD separation_NN1 before_II or_CC at_II age_NN1 6_MC ._. 
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When_CS comparing_VVG the_AT male-typed_NN1 and_CC gender-neutral_JJ agencies_NN2 ,_, differences_NN2 in_II the_AT elements_NN2 that_CST constitute_VV0 the_AT pay_NN1 gap_NN1 become_VV0 clear_JJ ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 approach_NN1 controls_VVZ for_IF all_DB static_JJ characteristics_NN2 of_IO an_AT1 individual_JJ ,_, whether_CSW observed_VVN or_CC unobserved_JJ ._. 
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If_CS so_RR ,_, then_RT condom_NN1 use_NN1 with_IW secondary_JJ partners_NN2 may_VM be_VBI greater_JJR when_CS women_NN2 have_VH0 been_VBN with_IW the_AT same_DA primary_JJ partner_NN1 longer_RRR and/or_CC when_CS they_PPHS2 are_VBR in_II stable_JJ relationships_NN2 (_( e.g._REX ,_, they_PPHS2 have_VH0 not_XX previously_RR broken_VVN up_RP and_CC then_RT reconciled_VVN )_) ._. 
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Consequently_RR ,_, a_AT1 key_JJ question_NN1 has_VHZ remained_VVN unanswered_JJ :_: how_RRQ do_VD0 economic_JJ outcomes_NN2 vary_VV0 depending_II21 on_II22 the_AT combination_NN1 of_IO educational_JJ attainment_NN1 and_CC skills_NN2 that_CST individuals_NN2 possess_VV0 ?_? 
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<s>
Gorringe_NN1 does_VDZ his_APPGE best_JJT to_TO guide_VVI the_AT reader_NN1 with_IW a_AT1 useful_JJ glossary_NN1 and_CC an_AT1 index_NN1 (_( though_CS the_AT longer_JJR entries_NN2 to_II the_AT index_NN1 should_VM have_VHI been_VBN subdivided_VVN ,_, and_CC many_DA2 key_JJ informants_NN2 are_VBR not_XX included_VVN )_) ._. 
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<s>
Characteristics_NN2 of_IO individual_JJ programs_NN2 partly_RR explain_VV0 impact_NN1 variability_NN1 ;_; while_CS entry_NN1 age_NN1 ,_, intensity_NN1 ,_, and_CC duration_NN1 of_IO interventions_NN2 seem_VV0 to_TO matter_VVI little_RR ,_, intentional_JJ teaching_NN1 and_CC direct_JJ instruction_NN1 were_VBDR associated_VVN with_IW more_RGR substantial_JJ gains_NN2 (_( Barnett_NP1 2011_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
Wallace_NP1 and_CC colleagues_NN2 (_( 2007_MC )_) find_VV0 that_CST the_AT negative_JJ effect_NN1 of_IO religiosity_NN1 on_II binge_NN1 drinking_NN1 (_( and_CC ,_, to_II a_AT1 lesser_JJ extent_NN1 ,_, marijuana_NN1 use_NN1 )_) is_VBZ even_RR more_RGR negative_JJ when_CS schoolmates_NN2 '_NULL religiosity_NN1 is_VBZ greater_JJR ._. 
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<s>
There_EX are_VBR many_DA2 function_NN1 classes_NN2 and_CC many_DA2 associated_JJ regularizers_NN2 (_( see_VV0 the_AT sidebar_NN1 titled_VVN Some_DD Supervised_VVD Machine_NN1 Learning_NN1 Techniques_NN2 )_) ._. 
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The_AT system_NN1 of_IO defined_JJ benefits_NN2 was_VBDZ replaced_VVN by_II a_AT1 system_NN1 of_IO defined_JJ contributions_NN2 ,_, and_CC social_JJ security_NN1 was_VBDZ changed_VVN to_II a_AT1 privatized_JJ pension_NN1 system_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Maliepaard_NN1 and_CC Alba_NP1 2016_MC )_) :_: religiosity_NN1 ,_, embeddedness_NN1 in_II the_AT ethnic_JJ community_NN1 ,_, We_PPIS2 excluded_VVD classes_NN2 with_IW <15_FO students_NN2 (_( n=115_FO )_) to_TO analyse_VVI reasonably_RR large_JJ networks_NN2 ,_, leaving_VVG 629_MC classes_NN2 ._. 
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We_PPIS2 focus_VV0 on_II a_AT1 different_JJ modality_NN1 of_IO resistance_NN1 ,_, categorical_JJ manipulation_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Initially_RR the_AT study_NN1 of_IO great_JJ men_NN2 and_CC hero_NN1 stories_NN2 was_VBDZ characterised_VVN by_II an_AT1 exclusive_JJ approach_NN1 to_II heroism_NN1 ,_, where_CS the_AT title_NN1 of_IO hero_NN1 was_VBDZ restricted_VVN to_II grand_JJ figures_NN2 in_II history_NN1 and_CC myth_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Any_DD male_NN1 in_II the_AT community_NN1 could_VM be_VBI a_AT1 good_JJ person_NN1 but_CCB might_VM eventually_RR be_VBI influenced_VVN by_II the_AT gang_NN1 world_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
We_PPIS2 can_VM not_XX ensure_VVI your_APPGE safety_NN1 if_CS we_PPIS2 render_VV0 a_AT1 divorce_NN1 decision_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT focal_JJ independent_JJ variable_NN1 is_VBZ nativity_NN1 ;_; control_VV0 variables_NN2 are_VBR age_NN1 ,_, Figures_NN2 5–8_MCMC show_VV0 cumulative_JJ probabilities_NN2 of_IO first_MD marriage_NN1 for_IF Korean_JJ men_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Accordingly_RR ,_, for_IF the_AT current_JJ study_NN1 we_PPIS2 do_VD0 not_XX find_VVI it_PPH1 relevant_JJ to_TO distinguish_VVI between_II early_JJ and_CC normal_JJ retirees_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
We_PPIS2 argue_VV0 that_CST this_DD1 perception_NN1 comes_VVZ from_II one_MC1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 position_NN1 in_II the_AT organizational_JJ structure_NN1 and_CC the_AT extent_NN1 to_II which_DDQ differently_RR situated_VVN workers_NN2 are_VBR exposed_VVN to_II the_AT ways_NN2 hiring_VVG functions_NN2 as_II a_AT1 means_NN of_IO maintaining_VVG racial_JJ disparities_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Social_JJ networks_NN2 can_VM have_VHI specific_JJ short-comings_NN2 and_CC downsides_NN2 for_IF members_NN2 of_IO disadvantaged_JJ and_CC marginalized_VVD groups_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Beyond_II these_DD2 effects_NN2 ,_, people_NN are_VBR more_RGR likely_JJ to_TO turn_VVI from_II positive_JJ to_II negative_JJ and_CC vice_RR21 versa_RR22 to_II an_AT1 alter_VV0 when_CS doing_VDG so_RR achieves_VVZ structural_JJ balance_NN1 in_II a_AT1 triad_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Therefore_RR ,_, even_CS21 though_CS22 we_PPIS2 examine_VV0 the_AT results_NN2 in_II an_AT1 attribution_NN1 framework_NN1 resulting_VVG from_II the_AT emphasis_NN1 on_II homicide_NN1 ,_, this_DD1 study_NN1 is_VBZ consistent_JJ with_IW micro-macro_JJ theories_NN2 on_II suicide_NN1 as_RR21 well_RR22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
With_IW advancing_JJ age_NN1 and_CC other_JJ risk_NN1 factors_NN2 ,_, the_AT disease_NN1 prevalence_NN1 is_VBZ higher_JJR ,_, so_CS21 that_CS22 the_AT posterior_JJ probability_NN1 of_IO disease_NN1 given_VVN a_AT1 positive_JJ test_NN1 may_VM be_VBI high_JJ enough_RR to_TO justify_VVI further_RRR ,_, more_RGR invasive_JJ testing_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
To_TO limit_VVI judicial_JJ discretion_NN1 ,_, these_DD2 ranges_NN2 are_VBR relatively_RR narrow_JJ ._. 
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<s>
In_RR21 addition_RR22 ,_, framing_VVG women_NN2 '_NULL s_ZZ1 experiences_NN2 as_CSA typical_JJ may_VM help_VVI ameliorate_VVI distress_NN1 related_VVN to_II decreased_JJ sex_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Thus_RR ,_, fixed_JJ places_NN2 in_II space_NN1 may_VM not_XX just_RR provide_VVI opportunities_NN2 for_IF social_JJ interaction_NN1 (_( meeting_NN1 )_) ;_; they_PPHS2 may_VM encourage_VVI relations_NN2 (_( mating_NN1 )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
A_AT1 straightforward_JJ approach_NN1 is_VBZ to_TO use_VVI the_AT passage_NN1 of_IO time_NNT1 and_CC attribute_VVI temporal_JJ changes_NN2 to_II the_AT effect_NN1 of_IO marketization_NN1 (_( e.g._REX ,_, Bian_JJ &;_NULL Logan_NP1 1996_MC ,_, Hauser_NP1 &;_NULL Xie_NP1 2005_MC ,_, Nee_FW 1989_MC ,_, Shu_NP1 &;_NULL Bian_JJ 2003_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
We_PPIS2 assume_VV0 that_CST stocks_NN2 are_VBR more_RGR important_JJ than_CSN short-term_JJ changes_NN2 on_II this_DD1 geographic_JJ level_NN1 because_CS contact_NN1 and_CC habituation_NN1 develop_VV0 over_II time_NNT1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Upward_JJ transitions_NN2 from_II vbo_NN1 are_VBR rare_JJ but_CCB if_CS they_PPHS2 happen_VV0 ,_, knowledge_NN1 is_VBZ highly_RR associated_VVN with_IW them_PPHO2 ._. 
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<s>
A_AT1 methodological_JJ breakthrough_NN1 in_II linking_VVG online_JJ interactions_NN2 to_II offline_JJ behaviors_NN2 comes_VVZ with_IW the_AT use_NN1 of_IO mobile_NN1 and_CC wearable_JJ technologies_NN2 to_TO objectively_RR track_VVI behaviors_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT researcher_NN1 conducted_VVD interviews_NN2 in_II participants_NN2 '_NULL homes_NN2 and_CC inside_II the_AT courthouse_NN1 ,_, with_IW many_DA2 families_NN2 participating_VVG in_II both_DB2 types_NN2 of_IO interviews_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Following_VVG this_DD1 ,_, a_AT1 mixed_JJ linear_JJ model_NN1 is_VBZ used_VVN to_TO test_VVI the_AT hypothesis_NN1 that_CST vocationally_RR educated_JJ school-leavers_NN2 have_VH0 higher_JJR starting_NN1 wages_NN2 but_CCB see_VV0 lower_JJR wage_NN1 growth_NN1 than_CSN those_DD2 with_IW general_JJ qualifications_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT legislative_JJ intent_NN1 of_IO the_AT breakdownism_NN1 standard_NN1 was_VBDZ to_TO allow_VVI "_" the_AT courts_NN2 both_RR to_TO loosen_VVI divorce_NN1 requirements_NN2 for_IF those_DD2 couples_NN2 whose_DDQGE relationship_NN1 offered_VVD no_AT hope_NN1 for_IF reconciliation_NN1 and_CC to_TO tighten_VVI them_PPHO2 for_IF spouses_NN2 who_PNQS sought_VVD divorce_NN1 out_II21 of_II22 momentary_JJ anger_NN1 "_" (_( Huang_NP1 2005_MC ,_, p._NN1 187_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
These_DD2 skills_NN2 are_VBR seen_VVN as_CSA "_" solving_VVG problems_NN2 in_II technology-rich_JJ environments_NN2 "_" (_( Desjardins_NP1 ,_, et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2013_MC ,_, Kankara_NP1 ,_, et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2016_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
These_DD2 findings_NN2 only_RR make_VV0 sense_NN1 in_II our_APPGE framework_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
We_PPIS2 begin_VV0 with_IW a_AT1 brief_JJ historical_JJ overview_NN1 of_IO the_AT rise_NN1 and_CC spread_NN1 of_IO big-box_JJ retail_JJ and_CC change_VV0 in_II market_NN1 shares_NN2 over_II time_NNT1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Canada_NP1 ,_, where_CS English_NN1 is_VBZ the_AT ocial_JJ language_NN1 spoken_VVN ,_, the_AT ability_NN1 to_TO communicate_VVI in_II English_NN1 is_VBZ critical_JJ to_II the_AT integration_NN1 process_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Carolyn_NP1 recalled_VVD him_PPHO1 telling_VVG Rachel_NP1 ,_, "_" Well_RR ,_, you_PPY know_VV0 ,_, you_PPY can_VM do_VDI whatever_DDQV you_PPY want_VV0 ._. "_" 
</s>
<s>
Figure_VV0 1_MC1 uncouples_VVZ the_AT category_NN1 of_IO nonHispanic_JJ children_NN2 ,_, separating_VVG nonHispanic_JJ Black_NN1 from_II nonHispanic_JJ White_JJ children_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
I_PPIS1 tend_VV0 to_TO believe_VVI ,_, that_CST '_NULL s_ZZ1 something_PN1 that_CST I_PPIS1 learned_VVD is_VBZ that_DD1 community_NN1 is_VBZ a_AT1 huge_JJ part_NN1 in_II one_MC1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 upbringing_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 is_VBZ important_JJ because_CS the_AT interpretation_NN1 and_CC understanding_NN1 of_IO meanings_NN2 are_VBR fundamental_JJ to_II qualitative_JJ research_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Over_RG 70_MC percent_NNU of_IO respondents_NN2 reported_VVD encountering_VVG derogatory_JJ stereotypes_NN2 ,_, While_CS well-targeted_JJ educational_JJ programs_NN2 may_VM lower_VVI achievement_NN1 gaps_NN2 by_II SES_NP2 ,_, the_AT disproportionate_JJ use_NN1 of_IO early_JJ education_NN1 by_II privileged_JJ families_NN2 that_CST consider_VV0 early_JJ education_NN1 as_II an_AT1 investment_NN1 may_VM offset_VVI the_AT equalizing_JJ effects_NN2 of_IO early_JJ intervention_NN1 at_II the_AT population_NN1 level_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Bob_NP1 recalls_VVZ this_DD1 confrontation_NN1 as_CSA "_" just_JJ kind_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 smiler_NN1 ,_, "_" as_CSA he_PPHS1 feels_VVZ certain_JJ that_CST "_" the_AT only_JJ reason_NN1 they_PPHS2 '_NULL d_ZZ1 be_VBI bringing_VVG it_PPH1 up_RP is_VBZ because_CS she_PPHS1 was_VBDZ doing_VDG better_NN1 in_II a_AT1 different_JJ way_NN1 than_CSN their_APPGE average_JJ individual_NN1 ._. "_" 
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<s>
Her_APPGE careful_JJ and_CC eloquent_JJ prose_NN1 persuasively_RR argues_VVZ that_CST accounts_NN2 of_IO worthiness_NN1 deployed_VVN by_II her_APPGE affluent_JJ interviewees_NN2 ultimately_RR serve_VV0 to_TO legitimize_VVI inequality_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT emotional_JJ components_NN2 of_IO embodied_VVN and_CC emplaced_VVN learning_VVG play_NN1 powerful_JJ roles_NN2 in_II transformative_JJ and_CC intercultural_JJ learning_NN1 (_( McDowell_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2012_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
Similarly_RR ,_, Frideland_NP1 Zimmerman_NP1 (_( 2018_MC )_) found_VVD that_CST nearly_RR 40_MC percent_NNU of_IO homicide-suicide_JJ offenders_NN2 were_VBDR "_" primarily_RR homicidal_JJ ,_, "_" with_IW almost_RR no_AT risk_NN1 factors_NN2 for_IF suicide_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
We_PPIS2 then_RT outline_VV0 our_APPGE theoretical_JJ framework_NN1 for_IF understanding_VVG the_AT development_NN1 of_IO SWB_NP1 during_II the_AT retirement_NN1 transition_NN1 which_DDQ combines_VVZ assumptions_NN2 from_II the_AT life_NN1 course_NN1 approach_NN1 ,_, dynamic_JJ resource-based_JJ perspective_NN1 and_CC cumulative_JJ (_( dis_DD1 )_) advantage_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
For_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, living_VVG in_II a_AT1 household_NN1 with_IW income_NN1 below_II the_AT poverty_NN1 line_NN1 during_II childhood_NN1 is_VBZ associated_VVN with_IW a_AT1 lower_JJR likelihood_NN1 of_IO graduating_VVG from_II high_JJ school_NN1 (_( Duncan_NP1 and_CC Murnane_NP1 2011_MC )_) and_CC a_AT1 higher_JJR likelihood_NN1 of_IO experiencing_VVG changes_NN2 in_II household_NN1 composition_NN1 independent_NN1 of_IO other_JJ characteristics_NN2 (_( Mollborn_NP1 2016_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
In_II the_AT third_MD part_NN1 of_IO the_AT article_NN1 ,_, we_PPIS2 reviewed_VVD an_AT1 approach_NN1 based_VVN on_II partial_JJ identification_NN1 using_VVG bounds_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Malaya_NP1 said_VVD she_PPHS1 avoided_VVD casual_JJ conversations_NN2 with_IW neighbors_NN2 or_CC people_NN she_PPHS1 saw_VVD on_II the_AT street_NN1 to_TO limit_VVI her_APPGE exposure_NN1 to_II becoming_VVG guilty_JJ by_II perceived_JJ association_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Additionally_RR ,_, does_VDZ a_AT1 country_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 income_NN1 level_NN1 condition_NN1 the_AT effect_NN1 of_IO income_NN1 changes_NN2 ?_? 
</s>
<s>
I_MC1 just_JJ don_NN1 '_NULL t_ZZ1 know_VV0 if_CSW people_NN will_VM understand_VVI what_DDQ that_DD1 means_VVZ ,_, "_" &lsqb;_( and_CC I_PPIS1 replied_VVD &rsqb;_) "_" But_CCB a_AT1 few_DA2 months_NNT2 ago_RA you_PPY thought_VVD that_CST the_AT context_NN1 would_VM carry_VVI through_RP to_II people_NN who_PNQS didn_VV0 '_NULL t_ZZ1 understand_VV0 ,_, but_CCB now_RT you_PPY want_VV0 me_PPIO1 to_TO dumb_JJ it_PPH1 down_RP ?_? "_" 
</s>
<s>
Race_NN1 is_VBZ a_AT1 multidimensional_JJ ,_, hierarchical_JJ ,_, sociopolitical_JJ construction_NN1 (_( Baker_NP1 1998_MC ;_; Omi_NP1 and_CC Winant_NP1 2015_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
Paraphrasing_VVG Marx(1977)_FO ,_, I_PPIS1 define_VV0 race_NN1 not_XX as_II a_AT1 thing_NN1 but_CCB as_II a_AT1 relationship_NN1 between_II persons_NN2 mediated_VVD through_II things_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
These_DD2 rules_NN2 were_VBDR ostensibly_RR race-_JJ ,_, gender-_NN1 ,_, and_CC class-blind_JJ ,_, yet_RR were_VBDR deeply_RR influenced_VVN by_II these_DD2 axes_NN2 of_IO inequality_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
In_II31 addition_II32 to_II33 the_AT requirements_NN2 described_VVN above_RL ,_, research_NN1 examining_VVG whether_CSW and_CC how_RRQ status_NN1 hierarchies_NN2 pattern_VV0 negative_JJ ties_NN2 needs_VVZ to_TO :_: (_( a_ZZ1 )_) use_VV0 multiple_JJ measures_NN2 of_IO status_NN1 to_TO ensure_VVI robust_JJ associations_NN2 ,_, and_CC (_( b_ZZ1 )_) establish_VV0 the_AT distinctiveness_NN1 of_IO the_AT status_NN1 and_CC tie_VV0 concepts_NN2 and_CC how_RRQ they_PPHS2 are_VBR measured_VVN ._. 
</s>
<s>
As_CSA readers_NN2 are_VBR surely_RR aware_JJ ,_, believing_VVG in_II miracles_NN2 does_VDZ not_XX require_VVI a_AT1 wholesale_JJ rejection_NN1 of_IO scientific_JJ knowledge_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
I_PPIS1 made_VVD considerable_JJ progress_NN1 on_II the_AT first_MD goal_NN1 ,_, not_XX only_RR from_II interactions_NN2 with_IW Ford_NP1 School_NN1 faculty_NN1 and_CC students_NN2 ,_, who_PNQS welcomed_VVD me_PPIO1 warmly_RR ,_, but_CCB also_RR by_II auditing_VVG the_AT central_JJ core_NN1 course_NN1 in_II the_AT Master_NN1 of_IO Public_JJ Policy_NN1 curriculummicroeconomics_NN2 and_CC cost-benefit_JJ analysismy_JJ formal_JJ economics_NN1 education_NN1 to_II that_DD1 point_NN1 having_VHG been_VBN an_AT1 undergraduate_NN1 course_NN1 in_II macroeconomics_NN1 circa1964_FO ._. 
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<s>
Green_NN1 ,_, Perreira_NP1 ,_, and_CC Linda_NP1 2016_MC ;_; Brietzke_NP1 and_CC Perreira_NP1 2017_MC ;_; Silver_NP1 2018_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II a_AT1 similar_JJ manner_NN1 ,_, the_AT training_NN1 and_CC education_NN1 that_CST immigrants_NN2 receive_VV0 in_II their_APPGE origin_NN1 countries_NN2 also_RR tend_VV0 to_TO be_VBI discounted_VVN by_II institutions_NN2 and_CC employers_NN2 in_II their_APPGE host_NN1 countries_NN2 (_( Dodoo_NP1 1997_MC ;_; Akresh_NP1 2006_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
In_II respect_NN1 to_II Munster_NP1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 proposition_NN1 ,_, however_RR ,_, I_PPIS1 would_VM highlight_VVI how_RRQ ,_, in_II describing_VVG digitality_NN1 ,_, her_APPGE argument_NN1 gives_VVZ to_II the_AT digital_JJ the_AT '_NULL analogue_JJ '_NULL proprieties_NN2 that_CST Deleuze_VV0 assigned_VVN to_II the_AT virtual_JJ ._. 
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<s>
Statistical_JJ tests_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 the_AT Fisher_NP1 test_NN1 and_CC the_AT Dickey-Fuller_NP1 test_NN1 ,_, However_RR ,_, the_AT experimental_JJ literature_NN1 on_II WASH_NN1 interventions_NN2 identifies_VVZ inconsistent_JJ impacts_NN2 on_II child_NN1 health_NN1 outcomes_NN2 ,_, with_IW relatively_RR robust_JJ impacts_NN2 on_II diarrhea_NN1 and_CC other_JJ symptoms_NN2 of_IO infection_NN1 but_CCB weak_JJ and_CC varying_JJ impacts_NN2 on_II child_NN1 nutrition_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Li_NP1 &;_NULL Wang_NP1 (_( 2012_MC )_) examined_VVD the_AT impact_NN1 of_IO private_JJ home_NN1 ownership_NN1 on_II urban_JJ citizens_NN2 '_NULL involvement_NN1 in_II resident_JJ committee_NN1 elections_NN2 and_CC local_JJ legislative_JJ elections_NN2 ,_, and_CC they_PPHS2 found_VVD that_CST homeowners_NN2 were_VBDR more_RGR likely_JJ than_CSN nonowners_NN2 to_TO vote_VVI in_II both_DB2 ,_, although_CS the_AT effect_NN1 seemed_VVD to_TO exist_VVI only_RR in_II neighborhoods_NN2 consisting_VVG of_IO mainly_RR commercial_JJ housing_NN1 units_NN2 as_II31 opposed_II32 to_II33 privatized_JJ public_JJ housing_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
While_CS scope_NN1 conditions_NN2 broadly_RR delimit_VV0 the_AT possibility_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 theory_NN1 ,_, conditional_JJ factors_NN2 state_VV0 under_II which_DDQ situational_JJ and_CC contextual_JJ parameters_NN2 a_AT1 generative_JJ process_NN1 is_VBZ likely_JJ to_TO take_VVI place_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Individual_JJ racial_JJ attitudes_NN2 and_CC discrimination_NN1 are_VBR enabled_VVN or_CC constrained_VVN by_II organizational_JJ routines_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT explanations_NN2 most_RGT rigorously_RR evaluated_VVN to_II date_NN1 have_VH0 not_XX anticipated_VVN this_DD1 variability_NN1 ,_, but_CCB making_VVG this_DD1 heterogeneity_NN1 in_II associations_NN2 a_AT1 subject_NN1 of_IO inquiry_NN1 may_VM yield_VVI new_JJ insights_NN2 about_II why_RRQ (_( or_CC whether_CSW )_) instability_NN1 is_VBZ consequential_JJ for_IF child_NN1 development_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
In_II 1897_MC ,_, Du_FW Bois_NP1 accepted_VVD a_AT1 position_NN1 at_II Atlanta_NP1 University_NN1 and_CC established_VVD a_AT1 scientific_JJ school_NN1 of_IO sociology_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
His_APPGE research_NN1 interests_NN2 include_VV0 race_NN1 and_CC crime_NN1 ,_, A_ZZ1 strong_JJ emphasis_NN1 on_II identity_NN1 as_II a_AT1 deservingness_NN1 criterion_NN1 may_VM therefore_RR erode_VVI the_AT support_NN1 base_NN1 of_IO policies_NN2 benefiting_VVG ethnic_JJ minorities_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Marital_JJ status_NN1 has_VHZ three_MC categories_NN2 :_: married_JJ ,_, never_RR married_JJ ,_, and_CC all_DB other_JJ statuses_NN2 (_( including_II widowed_JJ ,_, divorced_VVD ,_, and_CC separated_JJ )_) ._. 
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<s>
Analyses_NN2 of_IO police_NN2 body-cam_JJ footage_NN1 also_RR reveal_VV0 evidence_NN1 of_IO implicit_JJ biasin_NN1 particular_NN1 ,_, that_CST officers_NN2 treat_VV0 black_JJ community_NN1 members_NN2 less_RGR respectfully_RR than_CSN whites_NN2 during_II everyday_JJ traffic_NN1 stops_VVZ (_( Voigt_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
2017_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Instead_II21 of_II22 summarizing_VVG the_AT large_JJ array_NN1 of_IO work_NN1 discussed_VVN in_II previous_JJ reviews_NN2 ,_, we_PPIS2 focus_VV0 on_II new_JJ developments_NN2 in_II understanding_NN1 health_NN1 diffusion_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
These_DD2 expectations_NN2 are_VBR used_VVN to_TO develop_VVI hypotheses_NN2 about_II when_RRQ respondents_NN2 prioritize_VV0 family_NN1 unity_NN1 ,_, evidenced_VVN by_II support_NN1 for_IF sharing_VVG income_NN1 ,_, compared_VVN with_IW when_RRQ people_NN might_VM prioritize_VVI economic_JJ autonomy_NN1 in_II relationships_NN2 ,_, evidenced_VVN by_II support_NN1 for_IF separated_JJ money_NN1 arrangements_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Finally_RR ,_, this_DD1 research_NN1 has_VHZ several_DA2 implications_NN2 for_IF education_NN1 and_CC social_JJ policy_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Organizational_JJ members_NN2 of_IO all_DB status_NN1 levels_NN2 tend_VV0 to_TO direct_VVI negative_JJ ties_NN2 to_II low-status_JJ members_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Staff_NN working_VVG in_II field_NN1 education_NN1 positions_NN2 expressed_VVN concern_NN1 about_II the_AT sustainability_NN1 of_IO the_AT current_JJ models_NN2 of_IO placement_NN1 ,_, the_AT lack_NN1 of_IO support_NN1 they_PPHS2 receive_VV0 to_TO provide_VVI quality_NN1 placements_NN2 while_CS dealing_VVG with_IW a_AT1 diverse_JJ and_CC increased_JJ student_NN1 body_NN1 ,_, a_AT1 casualised_JJ workforce_NN1 and_CC additional_JJ administrative_JJ demands_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Since_CS Israel_NP1 has_VHZ a_AT1 diverse_JJ ethnic_JJ ,_, religious_JJ and_CC cultural_JJ society_NN1 ,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ suggested_VVN to_TO include_VVI a_AT1 broader_JJR representation_NN1 of_IO the_AT general_JJ population_NN1 in_II future_JJ studies_NN2 (_( e.g._REX immigrants_NN2 and_CC the_AT local_JJ Arabic-speaking_JJ population_NN1 )_) ._. 
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<s>
These_DD2 kin-specific_JJ differences_NN2 may_VM explain_VVI why_RRQ grandparents_NN2 '_NULL resources_NN2 ,_, on_II average_NN1 ,_, matter_VV0 only_RR a_AT1 little_JJ ._. 
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<s>
Measuring_VVG the_AT causal_JJ effect_NN1 of_IO different_JJ rating_NN1 scales_NN2 is_VBZ difficult_JJ ._. 
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<s>
In_II31 terms_II32 of_II33 predicted_JJ probabilities_NN2 ,_, this_DD1 translates_VVZ into_II a_AT1 difference_NN1 of_IO 7_MC percentage_NN1 points_NN2 ,_, or_CC an_AT1 11_MC %_NNU difference_NN1 (_( 70_MC %_NNU among_II ever-concurrent_JJ women_NN2 vs._II 63_MC %_NNU among_II never-concurrent_JJ women_NN2 )_) ._. 
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<s>
Until_CS the_AT age_NN1 of_IO 65_MC ,_, the_AT gap_NN1 on_II both_DB2 measures_NN2 grew_VVD to_II approximately_RR 40_MC %_NNU of_IO a_AT1 standard_JJ deviation_NN1 ._. 
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Together_RL with_IW the_AT improved_JJ environmental_JJ conditions_NN2 ,_, this_DD1 could_VM indicate_VVI that_CST the_AT marginal_JJ survivor_NN1 of_IO the_AT reform_NN1 to_TO age_VVI 78_MC is_VBZ negatively_RR selected_VVN and_CC that_CST the_AT long-term_JJ treatment_NN1 effects_NN2 reported_VVN later_RRR might_VM be_VBI underestimated_VVN ._. 
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<s>
The_AT racialisation_NN1 of_IO Muslim_JJ masculinities_NN2 as_CSA dangerous_JJ and_CC deviant_NN1 was_VBDZ seen_VVN to_TO result_VVI in_II a_AT1 disproportionate_JJ ,_, unfair_JJ emphasis_NN1 on_II the_AT ethnic_JJ or_CC religious_JJ background_NN1 of_IO offenders_NN2 who_PNQS are_VBR Muslim_JJ ,_, obscuring_VVG problematic_JJ masculinities_NN2 more_RGR generally_RR ._. 
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<s>
The_AT father_NN1 has_VHZ been_VBN violent_JJ to_II the_AT mother_NN1 and_CC the_AT oldest_JJT daughter_NN1 ,_, H6_FO :_: An_AT1 interaction_NN1 will_VM be_VBI found_VVN between_II professional_JJ status_NN1 and_CC stigma_NN1 with_II31 regard_II32 to_II33 the_AT likelihood_NN1 of_IO seeking_VVG help_NN1 from_II social_JJ workers_NN2 ,_, with_IW the_AT source_NN1 of_IO variation_NN1 being_VBG non-social_JJ workers_NN2 :_: non-social_JJ workers_NN2 who_PNQS report_VV0 a_AT1 lower_JJR level_NN1 of_IO stigma_NN1 towards_II seeking_VVG social_JJ workers_NN2 '_NULL help_VV0 will_VM report_VVI a_AT1 greater_JJR likelihood_NN1 of_IO seeking_VVG their_APPGE help_NN1 than_CSN non-social_JJ workers_NN2 who_PNQS report_VV0 a_AT1 higher_JJR level_NN1 of_IO stigma_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Because_CS the_AT current_JJ research_NN1 focuses_VVZ solely_RR on_II the_AT individual_NN1 and_CC relational_JJ antecedents_NN2 of_IO negative_JJ ties_NN2 ,_, MRQAP_NP1 provides_VVZ estimates_NN2 of_IO these_DD2 effects_NN2 free_VV0 from_II the_AT concerns_NN2 of_IO possible_JJ bias_NN1 from_II omitted_JJ structural_JJ effects_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
In_RR21 addition_RR22 ,_, given_VVN the_AT short_JJ timeframe_NN1 of_IO the_AT study_NN1 ,_, While_CS we_PPIS2 raised_VVD the_AT concern_NN1 about_II status-associated_JJ biases_NN2 in_II accurate_JJ perceptions_NN2 of_IO networks_NN2 ,_, FSV_NP1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 findings_NN2 regarding_II the_AT diffusion_NN1 of_IO status_NN1 (_( and_CC possibly_RR network_NN1 )_) perceptions_NN2 via_II positive_JJ ties_NN2 is_VBZ an_AT1 important_JJ insight_NN1 for_IF informing_VVG future_JJ studies_NN2 of_IO both_RR status_NN1 and_CC negative_JJ ties_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
So_RR my_APPGE friend_NN1 ,_, one_MC1 of_IO my_APPGE best_JJT friends_NN2 came_VVD three_MC months_NNT2 later_RRR and_CC when_RRQ she_PPHS1 came_VVD I_PPIS1 said_VVD to_II her_PPHO1 "_" let_VV0 '_NULL s_ZZ1 move_VVI ,_, because_CS now_RT it_PPH1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 two_MC of_IO us_PPIO2 we_PPIS2 can_VM move_VVI somewhere_RL else_RR "_" ,_, so_CS we_PPIS2 moved_VVD to_II Old_NP1 Street_NNL1 and_CC lived_VVD there_RL together_RL for_IF a_AT1 year_NNT1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Thus_RR ,_, Moulton_NP1 and_CC her_APPGE colleagues_NN2 (_( 2015_MC )_) found_VVD that_CST ,_, for_IF their_APPGE sample_NN1 of_IO seven-year_JJ olds_NN2 ,_, paternal_JJ grandmother_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 class_NN1 had_VHD a_AT1 rather_RG small_JJ impact_NN1 on_II grandchildren_NN2 '_NULL s_ZZ1 class_NN1 aspiration_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Bronsteen_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
(_( 2009_MC )_) argued_VVD that_CST any_DD adaptation_NN1 achieved_VVN while_CS incarcerated_VVN may_VM be_VBI irrelevant_JJ to_TO postrelease_VVI well-being_NN1 because_CS reintegration_NN1 hardships_NN2 "_" resist_VV0 adaptation_NN1 "_" (_( p._NNU 1049_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
Based_VVN on_II a_AT1 review_NN1 of_IO qualitative_JJ studies_NN2 with_IW victims_NN2 ,_, perpetrators_NN2 ,_, Through_II engaging_VVG in_II discussion_NN1 with_IW cultural_JJ humilty_NN1 ,_, INSPIRE_VV0 partners_NN2 moved_VVN to_II deeper_JJR levels_NN2 of_IO understanding_NN1 and_CC affirmed_VVD mutual_JJ commitment_NN1 to_TO service_VVI leadership_NN1 aimed_VVN at_II addressing_VVG pernicious_JJ ,_, seemingly_RR intractable_JJ SDOH_NN1 ,_, promoting_VVG health_NN1 equity_NN1 and_CC ensuring_VVG local_JJ ownership_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
There_EX is_VBZ also_RR growing_JJ inequality_NN1 in_II job_NN1 rewards_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Some_DD women_NN2 did_VDD mention_VVI discrimination_NN1 ,_, almost_RR always_RR in_II reference_NN1 to_II frustration_NN1 over_II longer_JJR waits_NN2 for_IF promotions_NN2 than_CSN men_NN2 because_II21 of_II22 the_AT perception_NN1 that_CST they_PPHS2 could_VM not_XX work_VVI as_RG hard_RR as_CSA men_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Table_NN1 1_MC1 shows_VVZ that_CST 327_MC criminal_JJ groups_NN2 were_VBDR identified_VVN within_II the_AT gang-associate_JJ network_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
These_DD2 studies_NN2 led_VVN to_II vastly_RR different_JJ estimates_NN2 of_IO average_JJ network_NN1 size_NN1 (_( see_VV0 Table_NN1 1_MC1 )_) :_: from_II less_DAR than_CSN 100_MC (_( free_JJ recall_NN1 ;_; contact_VV0 diaries_NN2 for_IF a_AT1 limited_JJ period_NN1 ;_; online_RR social_JJ networks_NN2 )_) up_II21 to_II22 thousands_NNO2 (_( extrapolation_NN1 from_II telephone_NN1 book_NN1 experiments_NN2 or_CC from_II prolonged_JJ contact_NN1 diaries_NN2 ,_, participant_NN1 observation_NN1 )_) ,_, depending_VVG among_II others_NN2 on_II the_AT method_NN1 of_IO estimation_NN1 ,_, the_AT characteristics_NN2 of_IO the_AT sample_NN1 ,_, and_CC the_AT underlying_JJ definition_NN1 of_IO "_" knowing_VVG someone_PN1 "_" (_( the_AT network_NN1 boundary_NN1 )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Under_II these_DD2 circumstances_NN2 ,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ perhaps_RR astonishing_JJ that_CST the_AT VCK_NP1 has_VHZ had_VHN even_RR the_AT limited_JJ success_NN1 that_CST it_PPH1 has_VHZ had_VHN ._. 
</s>
<s>
Furthermore_RR ,_, the_AT distinction_NN1 between_II educational_JJ expansion_NN1 and_CC skills_NN2 diffusion_NN1 at_II a_AT1 societal_JJ level_NN1 has_VHZ not_XX been_VBN incorporated_VVN ,_, due_II21 to_II22 the_AT premise_NN1 that_CST these_DD2 two_MC societal_JJ conditions_NN2 emerge_VV0 hand-in-hand_JJ ._. 
</s>
<s>
For_REX21 instance_REX22 ,_, in_II triad_NN1 SNS_NN2 ,_, ego_NN1 "_" can_VM broker_NN1 communication_NN1 while_CS displaying_VVG different_JJ beliefs_NN2 and_CC identities_NN2 to_II each_DD1 contact_NN1 "_" (_( Burt_NP1 ,_, 2000_MC ,_, p._NN1 354_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
While_CS demographics_NN2 are_VBR complex_JJ and_CC continually_RR evolving_VVG ,_, this_DD1 new_JJ second_MD generation_NN1 has_VHZ grown_VVN into_II roughly_RR two_MC cohorts_NN2 in_II the_AT new_JJ millennium_NNT1 :_: an_AT1 older_JJR cohort_NN1 that_CST has_VHZ now_RT transitioned_VVN to_II adulthood_NN1 and_CC parenthood_NN1 and_CC a_AT1 younger_JJR cohort_NN1 that_CST constitutes_VVZ a_AT1 sizable_JJ segment_NN1 of_IO the_AT student_NN1 population_NN1 in_II K-12_FO schools_NN2 and_CC colleges_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
As_CSA Table_NN1 2_MC showed_VVD ,_, the_AT five_MC variables_NN2 we_PPIS2 use_VV0 as_RG proximal_JJ variables_NN2 for_IF social_JJ foci_NN2 are_VBR all_DB bivariately_RR significantly_RR related_VVN with_IW acquaintanceship_NN1 volume_NN1 ,_, except_CS attendance_NN1 to_II religious_JJ services_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Again_RT ,_, with_IW the_AT comparative_JJ CILS4EU_FO data_NN ,_, one_PN1 can_VM show_VVI that_CST this_DD1 scope_NN1 condition_NN1 is_VBZ only_RR slightly_RR less_RGR prevalent_JJ in_II the_AT formally_RR open_VV0 educational_JJ systems_NN2 of_IO England_NP1 and_CC Sweden_NP1 ,_, where_CS 50%_NNU of_IO all_DB minority_NN1 students_NN2 attend_VV0 such_DA classes_NN2 ,_, compared_VVN to_II about_RG two-thirds_MF in_II Germany_NP1 and_CC the_AT Netherlands_NP1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Second_MD ,_, aggressive_JJ ,_, broken_JJ windows_NN2 policing_NN1 may_VM have_VHI negative_JJ effects_NN2 by_II undermining_VVG trust_NN1 in_II authorities_NN2 ,_, including_II schools_NN2 and_CC teachers_NN2 ,_, and_CC by_II leading_VVG to_II withdrawal_NN1 and_CC system_NN1 avoidance_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
To_TO investigate_VVI whether_CSW the_AT patterns_NN2 shown_VVN in_II Table_NN1 7_MC would_VM remain_VVI when_RRQ several_DA2 important_JJ variables_NN2 were_VBDR controlled_VVN ,_, multivariate_JJ regression_NN1 analyses_NN2 were_VBDR performed_VVN ._. 
</s>
<s>
Analyzing_VVG this_DD1 case_NN1 through_II the_AT lens_NN1 of_IO moral_JJ polysemy_NN1 would_VM move_VVI beyond_II the_AT disjuncture_NN1 between_II women_NN2 '_NULL s_ZZ1 actions_NN2 and_CC their_APPGE justificatory_JJ accounts_NN2 ,_, and_CC ask_VV0 what_DDQ expectations_NN2 ,_, economic_JJ constraints_NN2 ,_, and_CC enabling_VVG devices_NN2 the_AT polysemy_NN1 of_IO "_" family_NN1 "_" organizes_VVZ as_CSA it_PPH1 multiplies_VVZ in_II different_JJ scenarios_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
As_CSA legitimacy_NN1 research_NN1 is_VBZ moved_VVN by_II scholars_NN2 toward_II more_RGR proactive_JJ frameworks_NN2 of_IO legitimacy_NN1 ,_, understanding_VVG the_AT objectives_NN2 ,_, views_NN2 ,_, and_CC what_DDQ matters_VVZ to_II people_NN most_RRT affected_VVN by_II the_AT criminal_JJ justice_NN1 system_NN1 becomes_VVZ increasingly_RR important_JJ ._. 
</s>
<s>
Here_RL ,_, we_PPIS2 focus_VV0 on_II our_APPGE combined_JJ scale_NN1 measure_NN1 of_IO schedule_NN1 instability_NN1 as_II the_AT "_" treatment_NN1 "_" variable_NN1 (_( although_CS of_RR21 course_RR22 recognizing_VVG that_CST it_PPH1 is_VBZ not_XX randomly_RR assigned_VVN )_) and_CC estimate_VV0 its_APPGE total_JJ effect_NN1 on_II each_DD1 of_IO our_APPGE three_MC outcome_NN1 measures_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Instead_RR ,_, the_AT weights_NN2 had_VHD to_TO be_VBI combined_VVN considering_II the_AT multiple_JJ inclusion_NN1 probabilities_NN2 in_II both_DB2 samples_NN2 (_( for_IF more_DAR details_NN2 ,_, see_VV0 Schiel_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2016_MC :_: p._NNU 51f_RA )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_RR21 particular_RR22 ,_, the_AT presence_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 small_JJ number_NN1 of_IO individuals_NN2 who_PNQS have_VH0 a_AT1 large_JJ number_NN1 of_IO partners_NN2 and_CC racial_JJ segregation_NN1 of_IO sexual_JJ contact_NN1 linkages_NN2 have_VH0 been_VBN shown_VVN to_TO accelerate_VVI the_AT transmission_NN1 of_IO HIV_NP1 ,_, syphilis_NN1 ,_, and_CC gonorrhea_NN1 (_( Adimora_NP1 &;_NULL Schoenbach_NP1 2005_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Uncovering_VVG another_DD1 emergent_JJ tie_NN1 property_NN1 attributable_JJ to_II institutional_JJ factorsthe_NN1 property_NN1 of_IO tie_NN1 "_" disposability_NN1 "_" Desmond_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 (_( 2012_MC )_) ethnographic_JJ study_NN1 shows_VVZ how_RRQ such_DA short-lived_JJ ties_NN2 are_VBR directly_RR shaped_VVN by_II organizational_JJ environments_NN2 in_II which_DDQ the_AT urban_JJ poor_JJ meet_NN1 and_CC form_VV0 ties_NN2 ,_, such_II21 as_II22 welfare_NN1 offices_NN2 ,_, food_NN1 pantries_NN2 ,_, and_CC job_NN1 centers_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Altogether_RR ,_, the_AT challenges_NN2 facing_VVG migrant_NN1 children_NN2 can_VM offset_VVI their_APPGE potential_JJ gains_NN2 from_II migration_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Besides_RR verifying_VVG these_DD2 parents_NN2 '_NULL shifting_VVG parental_JJ strategies_NN2 ,_, I_PPIS1 clarify_VV0 the_AT cumulative_JJ advantages_NN2 that_CST college-educated_JJ parents_NN2 '_NULL children_NN2 have_VH0 by_II the_AT time_NNT1 they_PPHS2 transition_NN1 to_TO lower_VVI secondary_JJ education_NN1 ,_, and_CC then_RT demonstrate_VV0 that_CST these_DD2 cumulative_JJ advantages_NN2 in_II academic_JJ and_CC nonacademic_JJ experiences_NN2 are_VBR associated_VVN with_IW smoother_JJR adaptation_NN1 to_TO lower_VVI secondary_JJ education_NN1 in_II31 terms_II32 of_II33 learning_VVG time_NNT1 ,_, school_NN1 orientation_NN1 ,_, and_CC college_NN1 expectations_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
One_MC1 time_NNT1 I_PPIS1 was_VBDZ asked_VVN to_TO leave_VVI a_AT1 house_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
By_II using_VVG high_JJ quantiles_NN2 of_IO the_AT observed_JJ lifespan_NN1 distribution_NN1 ,_, we_PPIS2 avoid_VV0 having_VHG to_TO study_VVI the_AT maximum_JJ ages_NN2 at_II death_NN1 ,_, thereby_RR sidestepping_VVG the_AT use_NN1 of_IO more_RGR complicated_JJ inferential_JJ tools_NN2 ,_, such_II21 as_II22 extreme_JJ value_NN1 theory_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
I_PPIS1 helped_VVD when_RRQ I_PPIS1 could_VM but_CCB I_PPIS1 wasn_VV0 '_NULL t_ZZ1 always_RR successful_JJ since_CS I_PPIS1 had_VHD to_TO keep_VVI the_AT class_NN1 going_VVG ._. 
</s>
<s>
._. ._. ._. These_DD2 time-varying_JJ characteristics_NN2 are_VBR summarized_VVN for_IF our_APPGE analytic_JJ sample_NN1 in_II Table_NN1 2_MC ._. 
</s>
<s>
That_REX21 is_REX22 ,_, in_II weeks_NNT2 when_RRQ ever-_JJ concurrent_JJ women_NN2 had_VHD concurrent_JJ sexual_JJ partners_NN2 ,_, they_PPHS2 tripled_VVD their_APPGE odds_NN2 of_IO using_VVG any_DD contraception_NN1 and_CC quadrupled_VVD their_APPGE odds_NN2 of_IO using_VVG condoms_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Again_RT ,_, there_EX is_VBZ no_AT common_JJ way_NN1 of_IO defining_VVG group_NN1 membership_NN1 in_II integration_NN1 research_NN1 ,_, and_CC it_PPH1 can_VM be_VBI operationalized_VVN in_II many_DA2 different_JJ ways_NN2 with_IW the_AT CILS4EU-_JJ DE_NP1 data_NN ._. 
</s>
<s>
Parents_NN2 across_II racial_JJ and_CC social_JJ class_NN1 categories_NN2 may_VM use_VVI similar_JJ parenting_NN1 strategies_NN2 as_CSA those_DD2 described_VVN in_II this_DD1 article_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
They_PPHS2 '_NULL re_II growing_VVG up_RP ,_, you_PPY know_VV0 ,_, without_IW the_AT benefit_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 family_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
It_PPH1 is_VBZ important_JJ to_TO mention_VVI ,_, however_RR ,_, that_CST some_DD of_IO our_APPGE research_NN1 participants_NN2 felt_VVD isolated_JJ and_CC found_VVD it_PPH1 difficult_JJ to_TO form_VVI meaningful_JJ social_JJ relations_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
It_PPH1 is_VBZ therefore_RR theoretically_RR sound_VV0 that_CST ,_, as_CSA one_PN1 feels_VVZ more_RGR emotionally_RR exhausted_VVN ,_, feelings_NN2 of_IO resilience_NN1 will_VM be_VBI reduced_VVN ,_, as_CSA evidenced_VVN in_II the_AT inverted_JJ correlation_NN1 presented_VVN in_II the_AT correlation_NN1 matrix_NN1 (_( Table_NN1 2_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Another_DD1 important_JJ finding_NN1 is_VBZ the_AT relationship_NN1 between_II resilience_NN1 and_CC personal_JJ accomplishment_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Rather_CS21 than_CS22 only_RR focusing_VVG on_II the_AT unexplained_JJ component_NN1 of_IO the_AT wage_NN1 gap_NN1 between_II mothers_NN2 and_CC childless_JJ women_NN2 ,_, we_PPIS2 also_RR attend_VV0 to_II how_RGQ human_JJ capital_NN1 endowments_NN2 may_VM explain_VVI the_AT penalty_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Categorization_NN1 also_RR can_VM mirror_VVI organizational_JJ segmentation_NN1 of_IO expertise_NN1 (_( Mintzberg_NP1 1979_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
And_CC so_RR ,_, believing_VVG –_- as_CSA its_APPGE mission_NN1 states_NN2 –_- that_CST '_NULL the_AT greatest_JJT natural_JJ resource_NN1 Africa_NP1 possesses_VVZ is_VBZ young_JJ people_NN '_NULL ,_, Right_RR to_II Dream_NN1 set_VVD about_RP nurturing_VVG a_AT1 new_JJ generation_NN1 of_IO role_NN1 models_NN2 through_II a_AT1 unique_JJ programme_NN1 combining_VVG intensive_JJ schooling_NN1 ,_, football_NN1 and_CC character_NN1 development_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
At_II the_AT same_DA time_NNT1 ,_, our_APPGE insight_NN1 into_II what_DDQ physical_JJ acts_NN2 women_NN2 considered_VVN to_TO be_VBI "_" sex_NN1 "_" is_VBZ limited_VVN ,_, and_CC so_RR we_PPIS2 do_VD0 not_XX know_VVI whether_CSW straight_JJ and_CC lesbian_JJ women_NN2 '_NULL s_ZZ1 definitions_NN2 of_IO sexual_JJ activity_NN1 shaped_VVD how_RRQ they_PPHS2 made_VVD sense_NN1 of_IO change_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Composition_NN1 ,_, typesetting_NN1 and_CC print_VV0 quality_NN1 were_VBDR generally_RR mediocre_JJ ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II these_DD2 comparisons_NN2 ,_, the_AT effect_NN1 of_IO childrearing_VVG stage_NN1 was_VBDZ mixed_VVN with_IW the_AT effect_NN1 of_IO parental_JJ status_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Studying_VVG Civic_JJ Opportunities_NN2 :_: Why_RRQ Choral_JJ Societies_NN2 ?_? 
</s>
<s>
Social_JJ desirability_NN1 can_VM lead_VVI individuals_NN2 to_TO behave_VVI in_II a_AT1 socially_RR appropriate_JJ manner_NN1 in_II31 line_II32 with_II33 cultural_JJ sanctions_NN2 (_( Crowne_NP1 and_CC Marlowe_NP1 ,_, In_II the_AT first_MD part_NN1 of_IO the_AT study_NN1 ,_, I_PPIS1 find_VV0 that_CST only_RR coresident_JJ mothers_NN2 repartner_NN1 at_II a_AT1 lower_JJR rate_NN1 than_CSN do_VD0 their_APPGE childless_JJ counterparts_NN2 ,_, whereas_CS fathers_NN2 do_VD0 not_XX ._. 
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<s>
Consequently_RR ,_, the_AT ethics_NN of_IO care_NN1 ,_, as_CSA a_AT1 post-liberal_JJ discourse_NN1 ,_, is_VBZ observed_VVN to_TO resocialise_VVI the_AT political_JJ economy_NN1 and_CC engender_VVI social_JJ solidarity_NN1 within_II a_AT1 radical_JJ new_JJ politics_NN1 of_IO social_JJ work_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Steady_JJ and_CC regular_JJ communication_NN1 with_IW children_NN2 conveys_VVZ family_NN1 cohesion_NN1 and_CC parental_JJ support_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
No_AT multivariate_JJ studies_NN2 have_VH0 examined_VVN whether_CSW the_AT 2001_MC and_CC 2006_MC policies_NN2 exacerbated_VVN or_CC ameliorated_VVD inequalities_NN2 by_II family_NN1 income_NN1 in_II the_AT use_NN1 of_IO paid_JJ parental_JJ benefits_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT goal_NN1 of_IO the_AT harm_NN1 reduction_NN1 model_NN1 is_VBZ to_TO create_VVI mutual_JJ understanding_NN1 and_CC genuine_JJ coalitions_NN2 with_IW community_NN1 members_NN2 in_BCL21 order_BCL22 to_TO address_VVI crime_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Qualifying_VVG this_DD1 picture_NN1 ,_, however_RR ,_, several_DA2 studies_NN2 report_VV0 gaps_NN2 in_II employment_NN1 rates_NN2 between_II natives_NN2 and_CC immigrants_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Following_VVG what_DDQ has_VHZ now_RT become_VV0 the_AT standard_JJ approach_NN1 to_II measuring_VVG cognitive_JJ ability_NN1 (_( Deary_NN1 ,_, 2001_MC ;_; Colom_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2002_MC )_) ,_, we_PPIS2 aim_VV0 to_TO capture_VVI the_AT common_JJ variance_NN1 across_II scores_NN2 on_II these_DD2 tests_NN2 to_TO derive_VVI a_AT1 latent_JJ measure_NN1 ofgeneral_NN1 intelligenceotherwise_RR termed_VVD '_NULL g_NNU '_NULL ._. 
</s>
<s>
Instead_II21 of_II22 convergence_NN1 over_II time_NNT1 ,_, we_PPIS2 find_VV0 that_CST the_AT marital_JJ stability_NN1 disadvantage_NN1 of_IO premarital_JJ cohabitation_NN1 emerges_VVZ most_RGT strongly_RR after_II 5_MC years_NNT2 of_IO marital_JJ duration_NN1 and_CC has_VHZ remained_VVN roughly_RR constant_JJ over_II time_NNT1 and_CC over_II marriage_NN1 cohorts_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
These_DD2 critics_NN2 ,_, however_RR ,_, seem_VV0 to_TO confuse_VVI the_AT public_JJ sphere_NN1 as_II an_AT1 ideal_JJ to_TO be_VBI strived_VVN for_IF with_IW an_AT1 opposing_JJ description_NN1 of_IO the_AT public_JJ sphere_NN1 as_II an_AT1 historical_JJ category_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
In_II the_AT study_NN1 of_IO criminal_JJ groups_NN2 ,_, community_NN1 detection_NN1 methods_NN2 provide_VV0 a_AT1 means_NN to_TO delineate_VVI boundaries_NN2 in_II cases_NN2 where_RRQ group_NN1 membership_NN1 (_( and_CC interactions_NN2 )_) may_VM not_XX be_VBI known_VVN ._. 
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<s>
Figure_NN1 2_MC plots_NN2 z-statistics_NN for_IF the_AT three_MC parameters_NN2 representing_VVG the_AT Jude_NP1 story_NN1 effecta_NN1 change_NN1 in_II intercept_VV0 (_( τ_NULL )_) ,_, a_AT1 change_NN1 in_II linear_JJ slope_NN1 (_( β_NULL 2_MC )_) ,_, and_CC a_AT1 new_JJ quadratic_JJ slope_NN1 (_( β_NULL 3_MC )_) across_II bandwidths_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Our_APPGE first_MD hypothesis_NN1 is_VBZ therefore_RR :_: UK-born/raised_JJ men_NN2 and_CC women_NN2 who_PNQS marry_VV0 transnationally_RR achieve_VV0 a_AT1 spouse_NN1 with_IW a_AT1 higher_JJR level_NN1 of_IO education_NN1 than_CSN themselves_PPX2 more_RGR frequently_RR than_CSN those_DD2 who_PNQS marry_VV0 intranationally_RR (_( H1_FO )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
That_REX21 is_REX22 ,_, if_CS is_VBZ known_VVN (_( treated_VVN as_CSA fixed_JJ )_) ,_, the_AT conditional_JJ posterior_JJ distribution_NN1 for_IF β_NULL is_VBZ multivariate_JJ normal_JJ with_IW a_AT1 mean_JJ vector_NN1 equal_JJ to_II the_AT ordinary_JJ least_DAT squares_NN2 (_( OLS_NP2 )_) solution_NN1 and_CC a_AT1 covariance_NN1 matrix_NN1 equal_JJ to_II a_AT1 function_NN1 of_IO X_ZZ1 and_CC e2_FO ,_, also_RR identical_JJ to_II the_AT OLS/ML_FU solution_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Our_APPGE theoretical_JJ perspective_NN1 considers_VVZ gendered_JJ organizations_NN2 as_II a_AT1 whole_NN1 ;_; thus_RR ,_, we_PPIS2 do_VD0 not_XX limit_VVI our_APPGE sample_NN1 to_II certain_JJ kinds_NN2 of_IO employees_NN2 (_( e.g._REX ,_, only_JJ scientists_NN2 or_CC only_JJ administrators_NN2 )_) in_II our_APPGE analyses_NN2 of_IO pay_NN1 gaps_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Of_IO greater_JJR interest_NN1 for_IF the_AT current_JJ study_NN1 is_VBZ what_DDQ happens_VVZ to_II the_AT year_NNT1 coefficient_NN1 in_II model_NN1 3_MC in_II31 comparison_II32 with_II33 what_DDQ happens_VVZ to_II it_PPH1 in_II the_AT previous_JJ models_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Furthermore_RR ,_, if_CS there_EX is_VBZ such_DA a_AT1 massive_JJ divide_NN1 between_II Northern_JJ and_CC Southern_JJ epistemologies_NN2 ,_, how_RRQ can_VM the_AT latter_DA at_RR21 all_RR22 be_VBI represented_VVN in_RP and_CC by_II the_AT former_DA ?_? 
</s>
<s>
I_PPIS1 appreciated_VVD Datta_NP1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 inclusion_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 map_NN1 ,_, photographs_NN2 ,_, and_CC some_DD charts_NN2 to_TO help_VVI elucidate_VVI his_APPGE fieldwork_NN1 site_NN1 for_IF the_AT reader_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Three_MC of_IO the_AT eight_MC black_JJ parents_NN2 with_IW children_NN2 labeled_VVD LD_NP1 in_II our_APPGE interview_NN1 sample_NN1 commented_VVN on_II how_RRQ their_APPGE children_NN2 were_VBDR switched_VVN from_II LD3_FO to_II LD1_FO in_II early_JJ years_NNT2 of_IO desegregation_NN1 with_IW negative_JJ consequences_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Our_APPGE results_NN2 suggest_VV0 that_CST such_DA time_NNT1 reductions_NN2 and_CC reallocations_NN2 did_VDD not_XX translate_VVI into_II reduced_JJ time_NNT1 pressure_NN1 ,_, consistent_JJ with_IW previous_JJ cross-sectional_JJ findings_NN2 using_VVG Australian_JJ data_NN (_( Craig_NP1 &;_NULL Sawrikar_NP1 ,_, 2009_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
We_PPIS2 did_VDD ,_, was_VBDZ it_PPH1 eight_MC days_NNT2 straight_RR ?_? 
</s>
<s>
Third_MD ,_, a_AT1 statistical_JJ outlier_JJR appears_VVZ in_II the_AT final_JJ week_NNT1 of_IO data_NN ,_, corresponding_VVG to_II December_NPM1 25_MC ,_, 2005_MC ,_, to_II December_NPM1 31_MC ,_, 2005_MC ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II this_DD1 vulnerable_JJ space_NN1 ,_, the_AT men_NN2 seemed_VVD to_TO make_VVI a_AT1 concerted_JJ effort_NN1 to_TO show_VVI they_PPHS2 were_VBDR harmless_JJ and_CC unarmed_JJ ,_, as_CSA an_AT1 interaction_NN1 could_VM quickly_RR escalate_VVI toward_II mano_NN1 dura_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Housing_VVG Eviction_NN1 Among_II Children_NN2 Born_VVN in_II U.S._NP1 Cities_NN2 Stan_NP1 Development_NN1 Team_NN1 2017_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Thus_RR ,_, women_NN2 may_VM be_VBI more_RGR likely_JJ to_TO use_VVI condoms_NN2 when_CS they_PPHS2 are_VBR concurrent_JJ and_CC in_II nonexclusive_JJ relationships_NN2 than_CSN when_CS they_PPHS2 are_VBR concurrent_JJ and_CC in_II exclusive_JJ relationships_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Other_II21 than_II22 the_AT cited_JJ studies_NN2 assessing_VVG Japanese_JJ society_NN1 ,_, a_AT1 study_NN1 using_VVG data_NN of_IO South_ND1 Korea_NP1 is_VBZ notable_JJ ;_; Park_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
(_( 2011_MC )_) provide_VV0 detailed_JJ descriptions_NN2 and_CC discussions_NN2 of_IO how_RRQ parents_NN2 are_VBR involved_JJ in_II their_APPGE children_NN2 '_NULL s_ZZ1 education_NN1 in_II a_AT1 highly_RR standardized_JJ education_NN1 system_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
However_RR ,_, waiting_VVG lists_NN2 for_IF childcare_NN1 spaces_NN2 tend_VV0 to_TO be_VBI long_RR in_II large_JJ cities_NN2 ,_, and_CC it_PPH1 is_VBZ not_XX unusual_JJ for_IF mothers_NN2 to_TO ask_VVI that_CST their_APPGE childcare_NN1 leave_NN1 be_VBI extended_VVN for_IF an_AT1 additional_JJ six_MC months_NNT2 while_CS they_PPHS2 wait_VV0 for_IF a_AT1 space_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Future_JJ analyses_NN2 of_IO changes_NN2 in_II cohabitation_NN1 among_II unmarried_JJ mothers_NN2 would_VM also_RR benefit_VVI from_II additional_JJ information_NN1 about_II the_AT children_NN2 born_VVN to_II cohabiting_VVG women_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Investments_NN2 need_VV0 to_TO be_VBI made_VVN in_II criminal_JJ justice_NN1 data_NN collection_NN1 systems_NN2 that_CST facilitate_VV0 our_APPGE understanding_NN1 of_IO differences_NN2 across_II a_AT1 more_RGR refined_JJ set_NN1 of_IO race_NN1 and_CC ethnicity_NN1 categories_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Holden_NP1 (_( 2003_MC )_) created_VVD a_AT1 taxonomy_NN1 of_IO exposure_NN1 to_II parental_JJ IPV_NN1 ,_, Millennials_NP1 and_CC Baby_NN1 Boomers_NP1 have_VH0 had_VHN distinct_JJ cohabitation_NN1 experiences_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
From_II this_DD1 perspective_NN1 ,_, the_AT hegemony_NN1 of_IO the_AT native_JJ majority_NN1 appears_VVZ to_TO be_VBI receding_VVG to_II the_AT margins_NN2 ;_; the_AT nature_NN1 of_IO integration_NN1 is_VBZ being_VBG altered_VVN profoundly_RR ._. 
</s>
<s>
Whereas_CS at_II the_AT time_NNT1 of_IO Bumpass_NP1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 address_NN1 to_II the_AT Population_NN1 Association_NN1 of_IO America_NP1 some_DD were_VBDR concerned_JJ that_CST rises_VVZ in_II divorce_NN1 foretold_VVD the_AT diminishing_JJ relevance_NN1 of_IO marriage_NN1 ,_, marriage_NN1 endures_VVZ as_II a_AT1 core_NN1 social_JJ institution_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Secondly_RR ,_, this_DD1 mutual_JJ partnership_NN1 relies_VVZ heavilyon_NN1 trust_NN1 ,_, both_RR between_II the_AT parties_NN2 but_CCB also_RR between_II the_AT leaders_NN2 and_CC the_AT community_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Previous_JJ research_NN1 has_VHZ shown_VVN that_CST values_NN2 taken_VVN with_IW a_AT1 Smedley_NN1 dynamometer_NN1 strongly_RR correlate_VV0 with_IW those_DD2 taken_VVN with_IW the_AT more_RGR commonly_RR used_JJ Jamar_NN1 dynamometer_NN1 (_( Yorke_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
2015_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Aligned_VVN with_IW Fisher_NP1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 (_( 1997_MC )_) still_RR prescient_JJ call_NN1 for_IF an_AT1 ethnographic_JJ turn_NN1 in_II NGO_NP1 scholarship_NN1 ,_, the_AT article_NN1 draws_VVZ on_II extensive_JJ fieldnotes_NN2 ,_, interviews_NN2 and_CC participatory_JJ observations_NN2 2_MC to_TO elucidate_VVI the_AT lived_VVN dramaturgy_NN1 of_IO such_DA a_AT1 '_NULL reinventive_JJ '_NULL politics_NN1 in_RR21 situ_RR22 ,_, at_II its_APPGE institutional_JJ point_NN1 of_IO production_NN1 within_II the_AT Right_NN1 to_II Dream_NN1 Academy_NN1 ,_, Ghana_NP1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
As_CSA punishment-focused_JJ components_NN2 of_IO the_AT social_JJ service_NN1 system_NN1 ,_, their_APPGE activities_NN2 significantly_RR contribute_VV0 to_II the_AT commingling_NN1 of_IO poverty_NN1 management_NN1 and_CC penality_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Data_NN limitations_NN2 have_VH0 been_VBN a_AT1 serious_JJ constraint_NN1 to_TO research_VVI on_II misdemeanors_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT judge_NN1 testily_RR responded_VVN ,_, "_" He_PPHS1 has_VHZ victimized_VVN other_JJ people_NN ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT trusting_JJ and_CC supportive_JJ relationships_NN2 adolescents_NN2 build_VV0 with_IW adults_NN2 and_CC peers_NN2 in_II their_APPGE congregations_NN2 can_VM be_VBI instrumental_JJ forms_NN2 of_IO emotional_JJ support_NN1 (_( Wagener_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
2003_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Among_II a_AT1 sample_NN1 of_IO general_JJ co-offenders_NN2 ,_, Charette_NP1 and_CC Papachristos_NP1 (_( 2017_MC )_) found_VVD similar_JJ results_NN2 ,_, showing_VVG that_DD1 network_NN1 embeddedness_NN1 ,_, as_CSA measured_VVN by_II connectivity_NN1 ,_, increased_JJ stability_NN1 in_II co-offending_JJ relations_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Others_NN2 are_VBR enjoying_VVG the_AT waterfront_NN1 views_NN2 of_IO Manhattan_NP1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
One_MC1 common_JJ stressor_NN1 for_IF stepparents_NN2 is_VBZ that_CST children_NN2 reject_VV0 stepparents_NN2 '_NULL parental_JJ authority_NN1 (_( Ganong_NP1 ,_, Coleman_NP1 ,_, &;_NULL Jamison_NP1 ,_, 2011_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
On_II the_AT other_JJ hand_NN1 ,_, effective_JJ policing_NN1 invariably_RR involves_VVZ proactive_JJ strategies_NN2 that_CST bring_VV0 frontline_NN1 officers_NN2 into_II close_JJ and_CC regular_JJ contact_NN1 with_IW community_NN1 residents_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Based_VVN on_II extensive_JJ ._. eldwork_NN1 in_II the_AT late_JJ 1970s_MC2 and_CC 1980s_MC2 ,_, Andersons_NP2 (_( 1990_MC )_) Streetwise_JJ chronicles_NN2 the_AT perils_NN2 faced_VVN by_II Black_JJ youth_NN1 of_IO constant_JJ police_NN2 presence_NN1 ,_, including_II stops_NN2 ,_, harassment_NN1 ,_, and_CC even_RR arrests_VVZ whether_CSW31 or_CSW32 not_CSW33 they_PPHS2 had_VHD commit_VV0 ted_VV0 a_AT1 crime_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
I_ZZ1 '_NULL m_ZZ1 proud_JJ to_TO say_VVI that_CST I_ZZ1 '_NULL m_ZZ1 Mexican_JJ ,_, but_CCB I_PPIS1 was_VBDZ born_VVN here_RL ,_, so_CS I_PPIS1 am_VBM American_JJ ._. 
</s>
<s>
A_AT1 group_NN1 of_IO young_JJ East_NP1 Asian_JJ women_NN2 make_VV0 their_APPGE away_JJ around_II the_AT perimeter_NN1 of_IO the_AT park_NN1 ,_, chatting_VVG and_CC taking_VVG pictures_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Super-diversity_NN1 as_CSA coined_VVN by_II Vertovec_NP1 (_( 2007_MC )_) was_VBDZ initially_RR meant_VVN to_TO be_VBI a_AT1 descriptive_JJ term_NN1 to_TO refer_VVI to_II "_" a_AT1 recognition_NN1 of_IO complexities_NN2 that_CST supersede_VV0 previous_JJ patterns_NN2 and_CC perceptions_NN2 of_IO migration-driven_JJ diversity_NN1 "_" (_( Meissner_NP1 and_CC Vertovec_NP1 2015_MC ,_, 542_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
All_DB explanatory_JJ and_CC control_NN1 variables_NN2 were_VBDR included_VVN along_II21 with_II22 an_AT1 additional_JJ variable_NN1 ,_, the_AT natural_JJ log_NN1 of_IO the_AT respondent_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 non-labor_JJ income_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Note_VV0 :_: Source_NN1 :_: UKHLS_NP2 2009–2017_MCMC ;_; shows_VVZ class_NN1 membership_NN1 of_IO estimated_JJ 5_MC latent_JJ classes_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
At_II this_DD1 junction_NN1 ,_, however_RR ,_, the_AT two_MC theories_NN2 depart_VV0 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_RR21 short_RR22 ,_, defendant_NN1 consent_NN1 is_VBZ driving_VVG what_DDQ appears_VVZ to_TO be_VBI an_AT1 effect_NN1 of_IO domestic_JJ violence_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
As_CSA transgender_NN1 issues_NN2 gain_VV0 traction_NN1 within_II the_AT national_JJ equalities_NN2 agendas_NN2 (_( Hines_NP1 ,_, 2007_MC ;_; Whittle_NP1 ,_, 2006_MC )_) ,_, the_AT question_NN1 for_IF educationalists_NN2 is_VBZ whether_CSW ,_, when_RRQ and_CC how_RRQ transgender_NN1 issues_NN2 should_VM be_VBI reflected_VVN within_II school_NN1 settings_NN2 as_II an_AT1 aspect_NN1 of_IO children_NN2 '_NULL s_ZZ1 learning_NN1 (_( Atkinson_NP1 and_CC DePalma_NP1 ,_, 2008_MC ;_; Martino_NP1 and_CC Cumming-Potvin_NP1 ,_, 2015_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Battiste_NP1 (_( 2005_MC ,_, p._NN1 1_MC1 )_) observed_VVD that_CST an_AT1 important_JJ task_NN1 for_IF First_MD Nations_NN2 '_NULL academics_NN2 is_VBZ to_TO '_NULL affirm_VVI and_CC activate_VVI the_AT holistic_JJ paradigm_NN1 of_IO First_MD Nations_NN2 '_NULL Knowledge_NN1 to_TO reveal_VVI the_AT wealth_NN1 and_CC richness_NN1 of_IO First_MD Nations_NN2 '_NULL languages_NN2 ,_, worldviews_NN2 ,_, teachings_NN2 and_CC experiences_NN2 ,_, all_DB of_IO which_DDQ have_VH0 been_VBN systematically_RR excluded_VVN from_II contemporary_JJ educational_JJ institutions_NN2 and_CC from_II Eurocentric_JJ knowledge_NN1 systems_NN2 '_NULL ._. 
</s>
<s>
Many_DA2 of_IO these_DD2 unique_JJ sequences_NN2 are_VBR similar_JJ ,_, with_IW common_JJ ordering_NN1 of_IO labour_NN1 market_NN1 states_NN2 but_CCB different_JJ durations_NN2 in_II one_MC1 or_CC more_DAR of_IO these_DD2 states_NN2 ,_, or_CC with_IW labour_NN1 market_NN1 states_NN2 varying_VVG in_RP only_RR a_AT1 small_JJ number_NN1 of_IO waves_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
For_IF this_DD1 group_NN1 ,_, YPLL_NP1 would_VM have_VHI been_VBN 93_MC %_NNU higher_JJR if_CS mortality_NN1 due_II21 to_II22 homicide_NN1 had_VHD not_XX declined_VVN from_II 1991_MC to_II 2014_MC ._. 
</s>
<s>
Empirical_JJ support_NN1 is_VBZ strongest_JJT for_IF school-based_NN1 ,_, mentoring_VVG and_CC wilderness_NN1 ,_, adventure_NN1 and_CC outdoor_JJ programming_NN1 formats_NN2 ,_, At_II the_AT same_DA time_NNT1 ,_, civilians_NN2 involved_JJ with_IW the_AT community_NN1 policing_NN1 structure_NN1 were_VBDR selected_VVN for_IF interview_NN1 by_II the_AT researchers_NN2 and_CC were_VBDR interviewed_VVN and_CC participated_VVN in_II the_AT focus_NN1 groups_NN2 without_IW a_AT1 police_NN2 presence_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
If_CS it_PPH1 were_VBDR not_XX for_IF their_APPGE fewer_DAR work_NN1 hours_NNT2 when_RRQ children_NN2 are_VBR younger_JJR ,_, mothers_NN2 would_VM report_VVI more_RRR WFC_NP1 when_CS their_APPGE children_NN2 are_VBR younger_JJR than_CSN when_CS their_APPGE children_NN2 are_VBR older_JJR ._. 
</s>
<s>
We_PPIS2 have_VH0 suggested_VVN that_CST these_DD2 practices_NN2 of_IO one-to-one_JJ or_CC one-to-a-few_DA2 sharing_NN1 of_IO intimate_JJ stories_NN2 in_RR21 '_NULL public_RR22 '_NULL ,_, on_II Twitter_NN1 ,_, are_VBR a_AT1 type_NN1 of_IO emotion_NN1 work_VV0 that_CST can_VM contribute_VVI to_II our_APPGE understanding_NN1 of_IO aggregate_JJ patterns_NN2 on_II Twitter_NN1 as_II31 well_II32 as_II33 to_II the_AT emotion_NN1 work_VV0 we_PPIS2 do_VD0 in_II other_JJ public_JJ spaces_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
These_DD2 results_NN2 are_VBR consistent_JJ with_IW our_APPGE first_MD hypothesis_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Hey_UH ,_, if_CS they_PPHS2 keeps_VVZ them_PPHO2 under_II me_PPIO1 ,_, under_II my_APPGE eye_NN1 watch_NN1 ,_, go_VV0 right_RR ahead_RL ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT ACS_NN2 provides_VVZ data_NN on_II adoption_NN1 status_NN1 ,_, making_VVG it_PPH1 the_AT largest_JJT source_NN1 of_IO information_NN1 on_II the_AT characteristics_NN2 of_IO adopted_JJ children_NN2 and_CC their_APPGE parents_NN2 in_II the_AT United_NP1 States_NP1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
We_PPIS2 lack_VV0 information_NN1 on_II recent_JJ patterns_NN2 of_IO repartnering_VVG more_RGR generally_RR ,_, however_RR ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT polarization_NN1 findings_NN2 also_RR have_VH0 implications_NN2 for_IF the_AT current_JJ debate_NN1 on_II "_" echo_NN1 chambers_NN2 "_" and_CC "_" lifestyle_NN1 politics_NN1 "_" in_II the_AT social_JJ sciences_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Some_DD of_IO these_DD2 differences_NN2 have_VH0 a_AT1 temporary_JJ character_NN1 ;_; others_NN2 are_VBR more_RGR permanent_JJ ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 finding_NN1 did_VDD not_XX align_VVI with_IW either_DD1 of_IO the_AT competing_JJ hypotheses_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
As_II a_AT1 result_NN1 ,_, the_AT separents_NN2 and_CC juveniles_NN2 going_VVG through_II the_AT court_NN1 process_NN1 perceived_VVD having_VHG voice_NN1 at_II particular_JJ moments_NN2 with_IW particular_JJ court_NN1 actors_NN2 but_CCB not_XX with_IW others_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Together_RL they_PPHS2 are_VBR co-makers_NN2 of_IO the_AT system_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Finally_RR ,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ prudent_JJ to_TO ensure_VVI that_CST the_AT findings_NN2 are_VBR not_XX driven_VVN by_II a_AT1 small_JJ number_NN1 of_IO high_JJ rate_NN1 offenders_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Another_DD1 lesson_NN1 is_VBZ that_CST policies_NN2 that_CST appear_VV0 meritocratic_JJ may_VM fail_VVI in_II practice_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Clearly_RR respondents_NN2 were_VBDR those_DD2 who_PNQS had_VHD some_DD role_NN1 within_II the_AT policing_NN1 and_CC justice_NN1 area_NN1 either_RR through_II membership_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 committee_NN1 or_CC a_AT1 local_JJ advocacy_NN1 NGO_NP1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
A_AT1 final_JJ substantive_JJ chapter_NN1 discusses_VVZ many_DA2 policies_NN2 that_CST could_VM help_VVI to_TO reduce_VVI segregation_NN1 ,_, including_II many_DA2 suggestions_NN2 developed_VVN from_II their_APPGE social-structural_JJ sorting_NN1 perspective_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Such_DA measures_NN2 could_VM also_RR be_VBI used_VVN to_TO examine_VVI the_AT social_JJ ori-gins_NN2 and_CC distributions_NN2 of_IO schemas_NN2 and_CC other_JJ cultural_JJ constructs_NN2 ,_, a_AT1 topic_NN1 that_CST has_VHZ com-manded_VVN attention_NN1 in_II recent_JJ years_NNT2 (_( Boutyline_NP1 2017_MC ;_; Goldberg_NP1 2011_MC ;_; Hunzaker_NP1 2017_MC ;_; Miles_NP1 2014b_FO )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II contrast_NN1 to_II the_AT countercyclical_JJ theory_NN1 ,_, this_DD1 theory_NN1 is_VBZ more_RGR strongly_RR supported_VVN with_IW empirical_JJ evidence_NN1 (_( Morgan_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2011_MC ;_; Rindfuss_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 1988_MC ;_; Sobotka_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2011_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Societally_RR ,_, we_PPIS2 do_VD0 not_XX have_VHI the_AT language_NN1 to_TO classify_VVI a_AT1 parent_NN1 who_PNQS has_VHZ undergone_VVN a_AT1 gender_NN1 transition_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Comparative_JJ studies_NN2 also_RR show_VV0 that_CST the_AT "_" quality_NN1 "_" of_IO employment_NN1 in_II31 terms_II32 of_II33 occupational_JJ status_NN1 and_CC stable_JJ careers_NN2 is_VBZ more_RGR strongly_RR related_VVN to_II educational_JJ quali-fications_NN2 in_II countries_NN2 with_IW well-developed_JJ VET_NN1 systems_NN2 (_( Gangl_NP1 2004_MC ;_; Wolbers_NP1 2007_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
She_PPHS1 uses_VVZ the_AT word_NN1 '_NULL strong_JJ '_NULL to_TO reflect_VVI the_AT tools_NN2 '_NULL abilities_NN2 and_CC quality_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT analytic_JJ sample_NN1 size_NN1 for_IF France_NP1 is_VBZ 102,292_MC ._. 
</s>
<s>
For_IF the_AT highly_RR disadvantaged_JJ ,_, social_JJ networks_NN2 are_VBR crucial_JJ in_II basic_JJ subsistence_NN1 formulae_NN2 (_( Desmond_NP1 2012_MC ;_; Edin_NP1 and_CC Lein_NP1 1997_MC ;_; Newman_NP1 1999_MC ;_; Stack_VV0 1974_MC ;_; Venkatesh_NP1 2006_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Ties_NN2 can_VM provide_VVI shelter_NN1 during_II housing_VVG instability_NN1 ,_, childcare_NN1 assistance_NN1 ,_, information_NN1 about_II resource_NN1 opportunities_NN2 ,_, psychological_JJ support_NN1 ,_, and_CC reciprocal_JJ exchange_NN1 of_IO other_JJ goods_NN2 and_CC services_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
We_PPIS2 therefore_RR estimated_VVD model_NN1 specifications_NN2 with_IW reduced_JJ complexity_NN1 ,_, Similar_JJ to_II devalued_JJ race_NN1 and_CC gender_NN1 categories_NN2 ,_, The_AT numerators_NN2 of_IO Equations_NN2 3_MC and_CC 4_MC were_VBDR modified_VVN to_TO be_VBI conditional_JJ on_II whether_CSW women_NN2 were_VBDR aged_II 45_MC and_CC older_JJR ._. 
</s>
<s>
A_AT1 common_JJ sayingthat_NN1 being_VBG a_AT1 parent_NN1 is_VBZ the_AT most_RGT difficult_JJ and_CC the_AT most_RGT rewarding_JJ job_NN1 in_II the_AT worldresonates_NN2 with_IW many_DA2 people_NN ._. 
</s>
<s>
There_EX are_VBR also_RR examples_NN2 of_IO short_JJ spells_NN2 of_IO casual_JJ employment_NN1 acting_VVG as_II a_AT1 bridge_NN1 from_II non-employment_NN1 to_II permanent_JJ part-time_JJ employment_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Through_II ensuing_JJ talatalaga/talanoaga_NN1 (_( culturally_RR patterned_JJ discussion/consensus_NN1 )_) ,_, trainees_NN2 and_CC investigators_NN2 agreed_VVN upon_II and_CC articulated_JJ Le_NP1 Fale_NP1 o_ZZ1 So_CS '_NULL ofa_NN1 '_NULL atasiga_NN1 (_( The_AT House_NN1 for_IF Research_NN1 )_) conceptual_JJ model_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
When_CS in_II March_NPM1 2009_MC Marian_NP1 learned_VVD of_IO the_AT plans_NN2 to_TO demolish_VVI the_AT Couperusbuurt_NN1 ,_, she_PPHS1 worried_VVD that_CST her_APPGE whole_JJ life_NN1 would_VM be_VBI turned_VVN upside_RL21 down_RL22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
A_AT1 major_JJ focus_NN1 of_IO recent_JJ attention_NN1 has_VHZ been_VBN the_AT widespread_JJ increase_NN1 in_II fathers_NN2 '_NULL childcare_NN1 time_NNT1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Second_MD ,_, experimental_JJ macro_JJ units_NN2 (_( such_II21 as_II22 groups_NN2 or_CC networks_NN2 )_) are_VBR very_RG often_RR artificially_RR created_VVN in_II the_AT laboratory_NN1 ,_, and_CC hence_RR do_VD0 not_XX involve_VVI many_DA2 of_IO the_AT statistical_JJ dependencies_NN2 real-world_JJ groups_NN2 have_VH0 ._. 
</s>
<s>
We_PPIS2 observe_VV0 that_CST the_AT correlation_NN1 is_VBZ driven_VVN mainly_RR by_II small_JJ and_CC three-child_JJ families_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II these_DD2 fields_NN2 ,_, 31.4_MC percent_NNU of_IO the_AT ratings_NN2 male_JJ instructors_NN2 received_VVD were_VBDR a_AT1 perfect_JJ 10_MC ;_; in_II contrast_NN1 ,_, female_JJ instruc-tors_NN2 received_VVD the_AT highest_JJT score_NN1 in_II only_RR 19.5_MC percent_NNU of_IO cases_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Bounding_VVG analyses_NN2 can_VM be_VBI easily_RR incorporated_VVN with_IW mechanism-based_JJ models_NN2 to_TO produce_VVI sensitivity_NN1 analyses_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Although_CS any_DD study_NN1 of_IO the_AT long-term_JJ consequences_NN2 of_IO adolescent_JJ victimization_NN1 requires_VVZ data_NN that_CST span_VV0 many_DA2 years_NNT2 ,_, victimization_NN1 can_VM profoundly_RR impact_NN1 people_NN '_NULL s_ZZ1 lives_VVZ in_II the_AT short_JJ term_NN1 (_( Farrell_NP1 &;_NULL Zimmerman_NP1 ,_, 2018_MC ;_; Langton_NP1 &;_NULL Truman_NP1 ,_, 2014_MC ;_; Turanovic_JJ &;_NULL Pratt_NP1 ,_, 2014_MC )_) ,_, and_CC these_DD2 more_DAR immediate_JJ consequences_NN2 were_VBDR not_XX assessed_VVN ._. 
</s>
<s>
As_II21 of_II22 2010_MC ,_, 61_MC million_NNO rural_JJ children_NN2 ,_, or_CC about_RG 22%_NNU of_IO all_DB Chinese_JJ children_NN2 under_II age_NN1 18_MC ,_, had_VHD spent_VVN at_RR21 least_RR22 part_NN1 of_IO their_APPGE childhood_NN1 with_IW only_RR one_MC1 or_CC neither_DD1 parent_NN1 at_II home_NN1 (_( ACWF_NP1 ,_, 2013_MC ;_; Duan_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2013_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
I_MC1 subset_NN1 matrix_NN1 T_ZZ1 so_CS21 that_CS22 it_PPH1 only_RR includes_VVZ columns_NN2 for_IF these_DD2 10,000_MC words_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II the_AT context_NN1 of_IO limited_JJ scholarship_NN1 on_II the_AT topic_NN1 and_CC the_AT growth_NN1 of_IO the_AT gig_NN1 economy_NN1 ,_, Le_NP1 Fale_NP1 o_ZZ1 So_CS '_NULL ofa_NN1 '_NULL atasiga_NN1 ,_, the_AT Samoan_JJ RCS_NP2 model_NN1 ,_, is_VBZ displayed_VVN in_II Figure_NN1 2_MC ._. 
</s>
<s>
Lack_NN1 of_IO access_NN1 to_II organization-level_JJ pay_NN1 data_NN has_VHZ limited_VVN the_AT analysis_NN1 of_IO pay_NN1 for_IF comparable_JJ men_NN2 and_CC women_NN2 workers_NN2 at_II and_CC across_II organizations_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT decline_NN1 in_II the_AT gross_JJ wage_NN1 gap_NN1 between_II the_AT earliest_JJT period_NN1 and_CC the_AT latest_JJT suggests_VVZ an_AT1 economically_RR significant_JJ (_( although_CS not_XX statistically_RR significant_JJ )_) improvement_NN1 in_II the_AT pay_NN1 of_IO mothers_NN2 of_IO two_MC children_NN2 relative_II21 to_II22 childless_JJ women_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Participation_NN1 ,_, neutrality_NN1 ,_, and_CC the_AT overall_JJ composite_JJ measures_NN2 of_IO procedural_JJ justice_NN1 exhibited_VVD significant_JJ increases_NN2 after_II the_AT implementation_NN1 of_IO the_AT BWC_NP1 in_II that_DD1 division_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Our_APPGE results_NN2 ,_, first_MD of_IO all_DB ,_, clearly_RR show_VV0 that_CST in_II analysing_VVG the_AT associations_NN2 existing_VVG between_II individuals_NN2 '_NULL social_JJ origins_NN2 ,_, their_APPGE cognitive_JJ ability_NN1 ,_, and_CC their_APPGE acquisition_NN1 of_IO further_JJR qualifications_NN2 through_II lifelong_JJ learning_NN1 ,_, the_AT distinction_NN1 between_II academic_JJ and_CC vocational_JJ qualifications_NN2 must_VM be_VBI made_VVN ._. 
</s>
<s>
And_CC even_CS21 though_CS22 the_AT library_NN1 served_VVN in_II some_DD capacity_NN1 as_II a_AT1 social_JJ club_NN1 for_IF the_AT elite_NN1 ,_, especially_RR the_AT political_JJ elite_NN1 ,_, evidence_NN1 from_II the_AT historical_JJ record_NN1 suggests_VVZ that_CST anyone_PN1 who_PNQS had_VHD the_AT money_NN1 to_TO purchase_VVI a_AT1 share_NN1 ,_, and_CC applied_VVD ,_, was_VBDZ accepted_VVN as_II a_AT1 member_NN1 (_( Glynn_NP1 2005_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II practice_NN1 ,_, this_DD1 meant_VVD that_CST they_PPHS2 either_RR had_VHD left_VVN the_AT Netherlands_NP1 independently_RR or_CC continued_VVD to_TO reside_VVI in_II the_AT country_NN1 without_IW authorisation_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Third_MD ,_, Medicare_NP1 benefits_NN2 are_VBR progressively_RR administered_VVN by_II HMOs_NN2 via_II Medicare_NP1 Advantage_NN1 plans_NN2 (_( Kaiser_NNB Family_NP1 Foundation_NN1 2017_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Oyserman_NN1 ,_, Daphna_NP1 ,_, Deborah_NP1 Bybee_NP1 ,_, Carol_NP1 Mowbray_NP1 and_CC Peter_NP1 MacFarlane_NP1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
2002_MC ._. 
</s>
<s>
One_MC1 version_NN1 of_IO this_DD1 process_NN1 ,_, called_VVN k-fold_JJ cross-validation_NN1 ,_, involves_VVZ randomly_RR splitting_VVG the_AT data_NN into_II k_ZZ1 subsets_NN2 (_( folds_NN2 )_) ,_, and_CC then_RT successively_RR fitting_VVG the_AT data_NN to_II k_ZZ1 1_MC1 of_IO the_AT folds_NN2 and_CC evaluating_VVG the_AT model_NN1 performance_NN1 on_II the_AT kth_NNU fold_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
To_TO make_VVI sure_JJ they_PPHS2 could_VM be_VBI close_JJ ,_, they_PPHS2 volunteered_VVD at_II the_AT school_NN1 as_RG often_RR as_CSA possible_JJ ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT risk_NN1 of_IO quick_JJ separation_NN1 was_VBDZ higher_JJR for_IF newly_RR married_JJ couples_NN2 who_PNQS never_RR cohabited_JJ than_CSN for_IF couples_NN2 who_PNQS did_VDD cohabit_VVI before_II marriage_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Kivran-Swaine_NP1 and_CC Naaman_NP1 (_( 2011_MC )_) ,_, for_REX21 instance_REX22 ,_, highlight_VV0 the_AT relationship_NN1 between_II the_AT sharing_NN1 of_IO emotional_JJ content_NN1 and_CC the_AT properties_NN2 of_IO Twitter_NN1 users_NN2 '_NULL social_JJ networks_NN2 :_: those_DD2 with_IW many_DA2 followers_NN2 may_VM be_VBI more_RGR likely_JJ to_TO share_VVI emotions_NN2 ,_, but_CCB were_VBDR less_RGR likely_JJ to_TO do_VDI so_RR if_CS they_PPHS2 had_VHD a_AT1 network_NN1 with_IW higher_JJR density_NN1 ,_, 6_MC suggesting_VVG there_EX are_VBR costs_NN2 to_II sharing_VVG in_RR21 public_RR22 or_CC semi-public_JJ fora_NN2 (_( Bucholtz_NP1 ,_, 2013_MC :_: 23_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Mine_PPGE was_VBDZ a_AT1 prototypical_JJ family_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 husband_NN1 ,_, wife_NN1 ,_, and_CC two_MC children_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Complainants_NN2 also_RR alleged_JJ misconduct_NN1 ,_, variously_RR describing_VVG social_JJ workers_NN2 as_CSA '_NULL incompetent_JJ '_NULL ,_, '_NULL dishonest_JJ '_NULL ,_, '_NULL aggressive_JJ '_NULL and_CC '_NULL vile_JJ '_NULL ._. 
</s>
<s>
Further_JJR evidence_NN1 is_VBZ gleaned_VVN through_II significant_JJ interactions_NN2 between_II age_NN1 at_II gray_JJ divorce_NN1 and_CC time_NNT1 since_CS gray_JJ divorce_NN1 (_( results_VVZ not_XX shown_VVN )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
As_CSA shown_VVN in_II appendix_NN1 B_ZZ1 in_II the_AT online_JJ supporting_JJ information_NN1 ,_, multiple-victim_JJ homicide-suicides_NN2 differ_VV0 significantly_RR from_II single-victim_JJ incidents_NN2 in_II31 terms_II32 of_II33 victim_NN1 ,_, perpetrator_NN1 ,_, incident_NN1 ,_, and_CC community_NN1 characteristics_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Young_JJ people_NN who_PNQS experience_VV0 multiple_JJ family_NN1 transitions_NN2 are_VBR more_RGR likely_JJ to_TO respond_VVI to_II this_DD1 stress_NN1 in_II ways_NN2 that_CST are_VBR linked_VVN with_IW compromised_JJ well-being_NN1 compared_VVN with_IW those_DD2 who_PNQS experience_VV0 no_AT such_DA transitions_NN2 or_CC only_RR one_MC1 (_( Cavanagh_NP1 &;_NULL Huston_NP1 2006_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
She_PPHS1 then_RT applies_VVZ these_DD2 tools_NN2 to_II feminists_NN2 '_NULL and_CC conservatives_NN2 '_NULL struggles_VVZ over_II pornography_NN1 ,_, child_NN1 sexual_JJ abuse_NN1 ,_, and_CC state_VV0 responses_NN2 to_II sexual_JJ violence_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Recent_JJ research_NN1 has_VHZ indicated_VVN that_CST self-evaluations_NN2 of_IO health_NN1 became_VVD more_RGR valid_JJ across_II cohorts_NN2 (_( Schnittker_NP1 and_CC Bacak_NP1 2014_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Other_JJ people_NN who_PNQS attribute_VV0 importance_NN1 to_II self-transcendence_JJ values_NN2 might_VM also_RR endorse_VVI conservation_JJ values_NN2 as_II both_DB2 values_NN2 emphasize_VV0 other_JJ or_CC social_JJ motivations_NN2 that_CST are_VBR not_XX focused_VVN on_II individual_JJ needs_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Because_CS it_PPH1 benefits_NN2 the_AT community_NN1 and_CC the_AT public_NN1 of_IO New_NP1 Zealand_NP1 (_( Participant_NN1 5_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
All_DB participants_NN2 had_VHD knowledge_NN1 of_IO the_AT Codes_NN2 of_IO Welfare_NN1 under_II the_AT AWA_NN1 1999_MC that_CST exist_VV0 in_II NZ_NP1 ,_, but_CCB found_VVD that_CST these_DD2 related_VVN only_RR vaguely_RR to_II what_DDQ they_PPHS2 did_VDD in_II the_AT community_NN1 with_IW clients:I_FO have_VH0 access_NN1 to_II codes_NN2 of_IO welfare_NN1 when_CS they_PPHS2 come_VV0 out_RP online_RR ,_, that_DD1 sort_NN1 of_IO thing_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
These_DD2 examples_NN2 also_RR demonstrate_VV0 that_CST the_AT scholarship_NN1 on_II this_DD1 topic_NN1 extends_VVZ beyond_II adolescent_JJ behavior_NN1 and_CC school_NN1 contexts_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Future_JJ research_NN1 with_IW a_AT1 broader_JJR distribution_NN1 of_IO incarceration_NN1 experiences_NN2 would_VM be_VBI better_RRR equipped_VVN to_TO evaluate_VVI that_DD1 claim_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
By_II contrast_NN1 ,_, while_CS HFA_NP1 developments_NN2 did_VDD spark_VVI local_JJ conflict_NN1 on_II occasion_NN1 ,_, That_REX21 is_REX22 ,_, among_II respondents_NN2 with_IW low_JJ educational_JJ attainment_NN1 ,_, parental_JJ education_NN1 is_VBZ a_AT1 significant_JJ predictor_NN1 of_IO perceived_JJ discrimination_NN1 at_II school_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Among_II others_NN2 ,_, core_NN1 net-works_NN2 have_VH0 been_VBN found_VVN to_TO be_VBI larger_JJR among_II the_AT higher_JJR educated_JJ (_( Fischer_NP1 ,_, 1982_MC ;_; Grossetti_NP1 ,_, 2007_MC ;_; Marsden_NP1 ,_, 1987_MC ;_; Moore_NP1 ,_, 1990_MC )_) and_CC the_AT higher_JJR income_NN1 groups_NN2 (_( e.g._REX ,_, Van_NP1 den_NP1 Berg_NP1 and_CC Timmermans_NN2 ,_, 2015_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Accounts_NN2 labeled_VVD as_CSA process_NN1 tracing_NN1 can_VM easily_RR let_VVI their_APPGE empirical_JJ assessments_NN2 be_VBI colored_VVN or_CC informed_VVN by_II the_AT knowledge_NN1 of_IO the_AT outcome_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Four_MC main_JJ themes_NN2 pertinent_JJ to_II the_AT question_NN1 raised_VVN in_II this_DD1 article_NN1 have_VH0 emerged_VVN from_II scrutinising_VVG case_NN1 files_NN2 and_CC involvement_NN1 with_IW big_JJ data_NN projects_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Names_NN2 used_VVN in_II this_DD1 article_NN1 are_VBR pseudonyms_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Therefore_RR ,_, like_II high_JJ income_NN1 ,_, upward_JJ mobility_NN1 now_RT provides_VVZ less_DAR protection_NN1 over_II time_NNT1 against_II the_AT probability_NN1 of_IO experiencing_VVG high_JJ income_NN1 volatility_NN1 than_CSN it_PPH1 once_RR did_VDD ,_, even_CS21 if_CS22 the_AT absolute_JJ probability_NN1 is_VBZ always_RR lower_JJR ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT "_" sacred_JJ revulsion_NN1 "_" view_NN1 rejects_VVZ viaticals_NN2 as_CSA immoral_JJ ;_; the_AT "_" consumerist_NN1 consolation_NN1 "_" view_NN1 presents_VVZ viaticals_NN2 as_CSA acceptable_JJ because_CS they_PPHS2 provide_VV0 beneficiaries_NN2 with_IW the_AT means_NN to_TO cope_VVI financially_RR with_IW illness_NN1 and_CC treatment_NN1 ;_; and_CC advocates_NN2 of_IO "_" rationalized_JJ reconciliation_NN1 "_" cast_VV0 the_AT resale_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 life_NN1 insurance_NN1 policy_NN1 as_II a_AT1 rational_JJ choice_NN1 stripped_VVN of_IO moral_JJ dilemmas_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
They_PPHS2 found_VVD that_CST caregiving_VVG and_CC work_NN1 hours_NNT2 were_VBDR endogenous_JJ ,_, and_CC they_PPHS2 used_VVD an_AT1 instrumental_JJ variable_JJ fixed_JJ effects_NN2 model_VV0 to_TO estimate_VVI the_AT association_NN1 between_II caregiving_VVG and_CC work_NN1 hours_NNT2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Partnering_VVG (_( or_CC repartnering_VVG )_) ,_, in_II contrast_NN1 ,_, may_VM have_VHI offsetting_JJ effects_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT Domesday_NP1 Book_NN1 of_IO 1086_MC is_VBZ a_AT1 famous_JJ example_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 regime_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 effort_NN1 to_TO extend_VVI surveillance_NN1 and_CC control_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT buffering_JJ role_NN1 was_VBDZ stronger_JJR for_IF internalizing_VVG BPI_NN2 than_CSN for_IF externalizing_VVG BPI_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
It_PPH1 influences_VVZ the_AT capacities_NN2 of_IO agents_NN2 ,_, organizations_NN2 ,_, and_CC the_AT connections_NN2 among_II them_PPHO2 ,_, and_CC can_VM enable_VVI new_JJ ways_NN2 of_IO acting_VVG upon_II and_CC influencing_VVG the_AT actions_NN2 of_IO individuals_NN2 (_( Foucault_NP1 1991_MC ;_; Miller_NP1 1992_MC ,_, 2001_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
To_TO highlight_VVI interpellationor_NN1 the_AT processes_NN2 by_II which_DDQ norms_NN2 and_CC beliefs_NN2 are_VBR internalizedDick_NN1 considers_VVZ how_RRQ people_NN are_VBR called_VVN to_TO be_VBI and_CC see_VV0 themselves_PPX2 as_RG Mexican_JJ as_CSA well_RR as_CSA the_AT imaginaries_NN2 of_IO moral_JJ mobility_NN1 by_II which_DDQ they_PPHS2 view_VV0 themselves_PPX2 as_CSA actors_NN2 of_IO a_AT1 social_JJ world_NN1 ,_, traversing_VVG social_JJ space_NN1 ,_, and_CC existing_JJ among_II other_JJ agents_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
As_CSA previously_RR noted_VVN ,_, harm_NN1 is_VBZ more_RGR concentrated_JJ than_CSN count_NN1 and_CC ,_, once_RR21 again_RR22 ,_, Increased_JJ police_NN2 expo_NN1 sure_JJ as_CSA students_NN2 grow_VV0 older_JJR coincides_VVZ with_IW the_AT age_NN1 at_II which_DDQ adolescents_NN2 increasingly_RR engage_VV0 with_IW neighborhood_NN1 peers_NN2 and_CC adults_NN2 as_II a_AT1 central_JJ part_NN1 of_IO their_APPGE social_JJ life_NN1 (_( Darling_NN1 and_CC Steinberg_NP1 1997_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
At_II the_AT neighborhood_NN1 level_NN1 ,_, spatial_JJ composition_NN1 refers_VVZ to_II the_AT presence_NN1 or_CC absence_NN1 of_IO parks_NN2 ,_, plazas_NN2 ,_, community_NN1 organizations_NN2 ,_, cafés_NN2 ,_, bars_NN2 ,_, barbershops_NN2 ,_, religious_JJ institutions_NN2 ,_, child_NN1 care_NN1 centers_NN2 ,_, and_CC similar_JJ places_NN2 where_RRQ social_JJ interaction_NN1 takes_VVZ place_NN1 (_( Oldenburg_NP1 1989_MC ,_, Small_NP1 2009_MC ,_, Small_NP1 &;_NULL Feldman_NP1 2012_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Dealer_NN1 :_: It_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 more_RRR about_II having_VHG friends_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Outside_II these_DD2 police-analogous_JJ occupations_NN2 ,_, journalists_NN2 demonstrate_VV0 appropriation_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 diverse_JJ applications_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Combined_VVN with_IW labour_NN1 contracting_VVG and_CC human_JJ smuggling_NN1 ,_, For_IF the_AT purpose_NN1 of_IO this_DD1 study_NN1 ,_, neighbor_NN1 hoods_NN2 are_VBR created_VVN by_II splitting_VVG 76_MC police_NN2 pre_II cincts_NN2 into_II 1,257_MC distinct_JJ areas_NN2 with_IW at_RR21 least_RR22 one_MC1 student_NN1 based_VVN on_II the_AT boundaries_NN2 of_IO impact_NN1 zones_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II comparison_NN1 ,_, in_II Newark_NP1 ,_, New_NP1 Jersey_NP1 ,_, McGloin(2005)_FO found_VVN that_CST all_DB gangs_NN2 in_II the_AT sample_NN1 had_VHD fewer_DAR than_CSN 10_MC percent_NNU of_IO all_DB possible_JJ connections_NN2 between_II one_PPX121 another_PPX122 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Another_DD1 claim_NN1 is_VBZ that_CST this_DD1 reality_NN1 does_VDZ not_XX allow_VVI for_IF analysis_NN1 of_IO contradictions_NN2 between_II claims_NN2 of_IO neutrality_NN1 ,_, fairness_NN1 and_CC equality_NN1 ,_, when_RRQ ,_, in_II fact_NN1 ,_, there_EX is_VBZ covert_JJ discrimination_NN1 in_II policy_NN1 (_( Carniol_NP1 ,_, 2005_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Although_CS these_DD2 categories_NN2 emerged_VVD from_II the_AT data_NN themselves_PPX2 ,_, the_AT categories_NN2 correspond_VV0 to_II conceptualizations_NN2 in_II other_JJ research_NN1 ,_, such_II21 as_II22 resources_NN2 gained_VVN through_II instrumental_JJ (_( i.e._REX ,_, professional_JJ ,_, political_JJ )_) and_CC expressive_JJ (_( i.e._REX ,_, social_JJ emotional_JJ )_) networks_NN2 (_( Ibarra_NP1 1993_MC )_) ,_, personal_JJ (_( i.e._REX ,_, emotional_JJ )_) as_II31 opposed_II32 to_II33 professional_JJ support_NN1 in_II teachers_NN2 '_NULL work_VV0 (_( Hargreaves_NP1 1994_MC )_) ,_, political_JJ evaluative_JJ processes_NN2 in_II school_NN1 settings_NN2 (_( Roscigno_NP1 and_CC Ainsworth-Darnell_NP1 1999_MC )_) ,_, and_CC human_JJ capital_NN1 (_( i.e._REX ,_, professional_JJ )_) versus_II economic_JJ capital_NN1 (_( i.e._REX ,_, political_JJ )_) distinctions_NN2 in_II school_NN1 workplaces_NN2 (_( Spillane_NP1 ,_, Hallett_NP1 ,_, and_CC Diamond_NN1 2003_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT aunt_NN1 may_VM form_VVI a_AT1 dyad_NN1 with_IW her_APPGE sibling_NN1 ,_, or_CC with_IW a_AT1 niece_NN1 or_CC nephew_NN1 ,_, a_AT1 dyad_NN1 marked_VVN by_II self-disclosing_JJ intimacy_NN1 (_( Jamieson_NP1 ,_, 2005_MC :_: 202_MC )_) ,_, but_CCB the_AT boundaries_NN2 of_IO this_DD1 dyad_NN1 are_VBR temporary_JJ and_CC not_XX as_RG rigid_JJ as_CSA the_AT boundary_NN1 that_CST marks_VVZ the_AT aunt_NN1 as_II a_AT1 stranger_NN1 in_II the_AT intimate_JJ world_NN1 of_IO the_AT family_NN1 consisting_VVG of_IO parent(s)_NN2 and_CC child(ren)_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Cognitive_JJ sociology_NN1 ,_, thus_RR ,_, could_VM concentrate_VVI on_II more_RGR '_NULL mundane_JJ '_NULL forms_NN2 of_IO human_JJ morality_NN1 by_II using_VVG scenarios_NN2 that_CST are_VBR much_RR '_NULL closer_JJR to_TO experience_VVI '_NULL of_IO particular_JJ social_JJ groups_NN2 –_- for_REX21 instance_REX22 ,_, describing_VVG everyday_JJ manifestations_NN2 of_IO altruism_NN1 or_CC self-interest_NN1 in_II certain_JJ professional_JJ contexts_NN2 (_( doing_VDG a_AT1 colleague_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 work_NN1 or_CC manipulating_VVG subordinates_NN2 )_) ,_, so_CS21 that_CS22 it_PPH1 would_VM be_VBI possible_JJ to_TO identify_VVI those_DD2 cognitive_JJ mechanisms_NN2 and_CC '_NULL folk_NN theories_NN2 '_NULL people_NN use_VV0 in_II their_APPGE everyday_JJ moral_JJ evaluations_NN2 of_IO others_NN2 ,_, as_II31 well_II32 as_II33 themselves_PPX2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Repeated_JJ family_NN1 structure_NN1 transitions_NN2 are_VBR associated_VVN with_IW higher_JJR externalizing_NN1 scores_NN2 among_II white_JJ children_NN2 but_CCB not_XX black_JJ children_NN2 (_( Fomby_NP1 and_CC Cherlin_NP1 2007_MC )_) ,_, and_CC they_PPHS2 are_VBR more_RGR strongly_RR associated_VVN with_IW earlier_JJR onset_NN1 of_IO sexual_JJ activity_NN1 among_II white_JJ adolescents_NN2 than_CSN among_II black_JJ adolescents_NN2 (_( Fomby_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
2010_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
They_PPHS2 assumed_VVD there_EX are_VBR two_MC response_NN1 variables_NN2 ,_, both_RR binary_JJ ,_, with_IW one_MC1 variable_NN1 subject_II21 to_II22 missclassification_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
As_II a_AT1 result_NN1 ,_, very_RG little_DA1 research_NN1 has_VHZ compared_VVN the_AT marital_JJ experiences_NN2 of_IO straight_JJ and_CC lesbian_JJ women_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT transition_NN1 to_II parenthood_NN1 is_VBZ a_AT1 highly_RR disruptive_JJ event_NN1 that_CST involves_VVZ large-scale_JJ ,_, interdomain_VV0 reconfigurations_NN2 of_IO work_NN1 and_CC family_NN1 life_NN1 as_II31 well_II32 as_II33 identity_NN1 changes_NN2 (_( Baxter_NP1 ,_, Buchler_NP1 ,_, Perales_NP2 ,_, &;_NULL Western_NP1 ,_, 2015_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
To_TO investigate_VVI systematic_JJ attrition_NN1 in_II our_APPGE sample_NN1 ,_, we_PPIS2 predicted_VVD being_VBG in_II the_AT analytical_JJ sample_NN1 by_II the_AT individual-level_JJ characteristics_NN2 which_DDQ are_VBR also_RR included_VVN in_II our_APPGE analysis_NN1 ;_; the_AT results_NN2 can_VM be_VBI found_VVN in_II Online_JJ Table_NN1 A1_FO ._. 
</s>
<s>
Results_NN2 from_II the_AT online_JJ survey_NN1 support_VV0 these_DD2 findings_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Table_NN1 2_MC presents_NN2 sample_VV0 means_NN for_IF the_AT subset_NN1 of_IO variables_NN2 used_VVN in_II this_DD1 analysis_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
His_APPGE book_NN1 also_RR makes_VVZ a_AT1 major_JJ contribution_NN1 to_II the_AT field_NN1 of_IO migration_NN1 studies_NN2 by_II illuminating_VVG ,_, among_II other_JJ things_NN2 ,_, LGBT_NP1 migration_NN1 networks_NN2 that_CST complement_NN1 ,_, subvert_VV0 ,_, sidestep_VV0 ,_, and_CC interact_VV0 with_IW largely_RR heteronormative_JJ pathways_NN2 of_IO migration_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Below_RL ,_, we_PPIS2 explain_VV0 the_AT origins_NN2 and_CC underlying_JJ logic_NN1 of_IO the_AT CARIN_NN1 criteria_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Table_NN1 2_MC shows_VVZ actual_JJ and_CC counterfactual_JJ YPLL_NN1 for_IF each_DD1 of_IO the_AT four_MC groups_NN2 under_II the_AT assumption_NN1 that_CST homicide_NN1 victims_NN2 have_VH0 the_AT same_DA LE_NP1 as_CSA members_NN2 of_IO the_AT same_DA race_NN1 and_CC gender_NN1 (_( top_JJ panel_NN1 )_) and_CC the_AT more_RGR conservative_JJ assumption_NN1 that_CST homicide_NN1 victims_NN2 have_VH0 the_AT same_DA LE_NP1 as_CSA those_DD2 with_IW the_AT same_DA race_NN1 ,_, gender_NN1 ,_, and_CC education_NN1 level_NN1 (_( bottom_JJ panel_NN1 )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
There_EX was_VBDZ a_AT1 difference_NN1 of_IO 26.1_MC years_NNT2 between_II Uruguay_NP1 and_CC Bolivia_NP1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Data-Intensive_JJ Research_NN1 for_IF helpful_JJ comments_NN2 on_II an_AT1 earlier_JJR draft_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT reasons_NN2 for_IF these_DD2 differences_NN2 remain_VV0 insufficiently_RR understood_VVN ,_, but_CCB likely_RR involve_VV0 complex_JJ and_CC dynamic_JJ relationships_NN2 among_II individual_NN1 ,_, family_NN1 ,_, and_CC community-level_JJ characteristics_NN2 ,_, including_II beliefs_NN2 ,_, norms_NN2 ,_, and_CC structural_JJ factors_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 economic_JJ opportunities_NN2 (_( e.g._REX ,_, Barr_NP1 &;_NULL Simons_NP ,_, 2018_MC ;_; Raley_NP1 ,_, Sweeney_NP1 ,_, &;_NULL Wondra_NP1 ,_, 2015_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Health_NN1 (_( 1_MC1 =_FO almost_RR no_AT chance_NN1 to_II 5_MC =_FO almost_RR certain_JJ chance_NN1 )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
According_II21 to_II22 Mudde_NP1 (_( 2004_MC ,_, p._NN1 562_MC )_) ,_, populism_NN1 is_VBZ "_" an_AT1 ideology_NN1 that_CST considers_VVZ society_NN1 to_TO be_VBI separated_VVN into_II two_MC homogenous_JJ and_CC antagonistic_JJ groupsthe_NN1 '_NULL pure_JJ people_NN '_NULL versus_II the_AT '_NULL corrupt_JJ elite_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II analyses_NN2 not_XX shown_VVN ,_, the_AT Wald_NN1 test_NN1 for_IF combining_VVG alternatives_NN2 revealed_VVD that_CST each_DD1 of_IO the_AT three_MC income_NN1 allocation_NN1 approaches_NN2 were_VBDR distinct_JJ categories_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Coefficients_NN2 for_IF these_DD2 variables_NN2 represent_VV0 estimated_JJ causal_JJ effects_NN2 of_IO exposure_NN1 to_II household_NN1 changes_NN2 on_II high_JJ school_NN1 graduation_NN1 or_CC postsecondary_JJ enrollment_NN1 ,_, conditional_NN1 on_II the_AT assumption_NN1 that_CST all_DB confounders_NN2 are_VBR measured_VVN and_CC included_VVN in_II the_AT model_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Quantitative_JJ survey-based_JJ studies_NN2 are_VBR an_AT1 improvement_NN1 in_II this_DD1 regard_NN1 ,_, We_PPIS2 test_VV0 our_APPGE second_MD hypothesis_NN1 by_II re-estimating_VVG our_APPGE model_NN1 above_RL ,_, but_CCB without_IW the_AT measures_NN2 of_IO work_NN1 scheduling_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Our_APPGE concluding_JJ remarks_NN2 state_VV0 why_RRQ ML_NNU matters_NN2 for_IF sociology_NN1 and_CC how_RRQ these_DD2 tools_NN2 can_VM address_VVI some_DD long-standing_JJ questions_NN2 in_II the_AT field_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 possibility_NN1 has_VHZ some_DD support_NN1 in_II previous_JJ literature_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Crest_NN1 Point_NN1 students_NN2 are_VBR approximately_RR 65%_NNU black_JJ and_CC about_RG 60%_NNU low_JJ income_NN1 (_( i.e._REX ,_, eligible_JJ for_IF federal_JJ free_JJ or_CC reduced-price_JJ lunch_NN1 )_) ,_, while_CS Surrey_NP1 Ridge_NN1 and_CC Mt_NP1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Summit_NN1 have_VH0 majority-white_JJ (_( approximately_RR 70%_NNU )_) and_CC affluent_JJ student_NN1 populations_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
For_IF better_JJR accessibility_NN1 ,_, we_PPIS2 present_VV0 the_AT main_JJ results_NN2 graphically_RR (_( for_IF full_JJ model_NN1 results_NN2 ,_, see_VV0 app_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II an_AT1 exam-based_JJ system_NN1 ,_, supplementary_JJ education_NN1 is_VBZ one_MC1 of_IO the_AT few_DA2 mechanisms_NN2 available_JJ to_TO provide_VVI advantages_NN2 for_IF children_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
A_AT1 spatial_JJ join_NN1 was_VBDZ then_RT conducted_VVN in_II ESRI_NP1 ArcMap_NP1 v10.1_FO to_TO identify_VVI ,_, first_MD ,_, So_RR ,_, because_II21 of_II22 that_DD1 and_CC because_II21 of_II22 the_AT things_NN2 I_PPIS1 would_VM say_VVI and_CC the_AT things_NN2 I_PPIS1 would_VM do_VDI by_II myself_PPX1 ,_, they_PPHS2 &lsqb;_( people_NN in_II the_AT community_NN1 &rsqb;_) would_VM be_VBI like_II ,_, "_" He_PPHS1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 insane_JJ ._. 
</s>
<s>
It_PPH1 is_VBZ possible_JJ that_CST some_DD youth_NN1 are_VBR affected_VVN differently_RR and_CC that_CST another_DD1 pattern_NN1 emerges_VVZ once_RR the_AT sample_NN1 is_VBZ stratified_VVN according_II21 to_II22 individuals_NN2 "_" differential_JJ risks_NN2 of_IO victimization_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT growth_NN1 of_IO interdisciplinary_JJ programs_NN2 also_RR reflected_VVN a_AT1 genuine_JJ sense_NN1 of_IO the_AT inability_NN1 of_IO isolated_JJ academic_JJ disciplines_NN2 to_TO develop_VVI the_AT basic_JJ and_CC applied_JJ scientific_JJ understanding_NN1 needed_VVD to_TO ameliorate_VVI the_AT vexing_JJ problems_NN2 confronting_VVG human_JJ beings_NN2 and_CC societieslocally_RR ,_, regionally_RR ,_, nationally_RR and_CC internationally_RR ._. 
</s>
<s>
Although_CS the_AT link_NN1 between_II age-graded_JJ and_CC noncohesive_JJ structures_NN2 is_VBZ not_XX made_VVN explicit_JJ ,_, Klein_NP1 and_CC Maxson_NP1 (_( 2006_MC )_) suggested_VVD that_CST age-graded_JJ structures_NN2 promote_VV0 survival_NN1 in_II much_RR the_AT same_DA way_NN1 as_CSA scholars_NN2 who_PNQS emphasize_VV0 the_AT benefits_NN2 of_IO noncohesive_JJ structures_NN2 for_IF survival_NN1 ,_, arguing_VVG that_CST groups_NN2 that_CST branch_VV0 out_RP beyond_II their_APPGE membership_NN1 and_CC provide_VV0 more_RGR attractive_JJ opportunities_NN2 are_VBR more_RGR likely_JJ to_TO survive_VVI ._. 
</s>
<s>
Besides_II the_AT conventional_JJ forms_NN2 of_IO stressors_NN2 ,_, research_NN1 has_VHZ advanced_VVN through_II examining_VVG unique_JJ stressors_NN2 that_CST parents_NN2 experience_VV0 today_RT ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II contrast_NN1 ,_, the_AT expansion_NN1 of_IO senior_JJ high_JJ school_NN1 education_NN1 beyond_II the_AT compulsory_JJ level_NN1 was_VBDZ quite_RG slow_JJ until_CS the_AT mid-2000s_MC2 (_( see_VV0 Wu_NP1 &;_NULL Zhang_NP1 2010_MC ,_, table_NN1 1_MC1 )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
It_PPH1 is_VBZ notable_JJ that_CST past_JJ studies_NN2 on_II indirect_JJ reciprocity_NN1 have_VH0 focused_VVN only_RR on_II option_NN1 (_( 1_MC1 )_) ,_, whereas_CS in_II our_APPGE experiment_NN1 the_AT three_MC options_NN2 were_VBDR all_DB available_JJ for_IF participants_NN2 to_TO choose_VVI from_II ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II Milwaukee_NP1 ,_, 13_MC percent_NNU of_IO LLC_NP1 ownership_NN1 spells_NN2 began_VVD following_VVG a_AT1 period_NN1 of_IO bank_NN1 ownership_NN1 ,_, indicating_VVG that_CST some_DD LLC_NP1 landlords_NN2 may_VM play_VVI a_AT1 role_NN1 in_II returning_VVG vacant_JJ ,_, foreclosed_JJ properties_NN2 to_II active_JJ use_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Poverty_NN1 differentials_NN2 are_VBR substantial_JJ ,_, but_CCB they_PPHS2 also_RR narrowed_VVN somewhat_RR over_II time_NNT1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Having_VHG the_AT classification_NN1 from_II our_APPGE "_" street_NN1 gang_NN1 "_" subset_NN1 improves_VVZ the_AT probability_NN1 of_IO assigning_VVG the_AT right_JJ clusters_NN2 fromthe_VV0 whole_JJ sample_NN1 by_II 79_MC to_II 85_MC percent_NNU (_( Uncertainty_NN1 Coefficient_NN1 &lsqb;_( UC_NP1 &rsqb;_) :_: T1_FO :_: UC_NP1 =_FO .84_MC ;_; T2_FO :_: UC_NP1 =_FO .85_MC ;_; T3:UC_FO =_FO .79_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
As_II the_AT findings_NN2 from_II this_DD1 study_NN1 reveal_VV0 ,_, the_AT macro-level_JJ context_NN1 of_IO the_AT war_NN1 was_VBDZ a_AT1 critical_JJ component_NN1 of_IO men_NN2 '_NULL s_ZZ1 masculine_JJ identity_NN1 formation_NN1 because_CS broader_JJR ideologies_NN2 of_IO ethnic_JJ persecution_NN1 and_CC archetypal_JJ models_NN2 of_IO masculinity_NN1 (_( e.g._REX ,_, brave_JJ soldiers_NN2 )_) were_VBDR woven_VVN into_II their_APPGE narratives_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
He_PPHS1 refused_VVD to_TO confirm_VVI his_APPGE name_NN1 for_IF the_AT officers_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Table_NN1 2_MC reports_NN2 both_RR group_NN1 summaries_NN2 of_IO the_AT time-invariant_JJ characteristics_NN2 used_VVN as_CSA risk_NN1 factors_NN2 in_II our_APPGE model_NN1 as_II31 well_II32 as_II33 additional_JJ end-of-survey_JJ characteristics_NN2 that_CST provide_VV0 a_AT1 fuller_JJR picture_NN1 of_IO these_DD2 young_JJ adults_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
We_PPIS2 also_RR considered_VVD the_AT possibility_NN1 that_CST the_AT timing_NN1 of_IO entry_NN1 into_II the_AT transition_NN1 to_II adulthood_NN1 relative_II21 to_II22 the_AT Great_JJ Recession_NN1 might_VM be_VBI associated_VVN with_IW young_JJ adults_NN2 '_NULL financial_JJ independence_NN1 trajectories_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Among_II arrested_JJ juveniles_NN2 ,_, Black_JJ youth_NN1 are_VBR less_RGR likely_JJ to_TO have_VHI their_APPGE cases_NN2 diverted_VVN pretrial_JJ ,_, less_RGR likely_JJ to_TO receive_VVI probation_NN1 ,_, and_CC more_RGR likely_JJ to_TO be_VBI committed_VVN to_II a_AT1 juvenile_JJ facility_NN1 than_CSN white_JJ youth_NN1 (_( Stevens_NP1 and_CC Morash_VV0 2015_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
So_RR ,_, you_PPY would_VM have_VHI a_AT1 good_JJ and_CC a_AT1 quiet_JJ life_NN1 and_CC nobody_PN1 is_VBZ responsible_JJ for_IF you_PPY ._. 
</s>
<s>
A_AT1 dialogic_JJ approach_NN1 to_II legitimacy_NN1 theory_NN1 could_VM be_VBI used_VVN to_TO expose_VVI possible_JJ disagreements_NN2 about_II when_RRQ police_NN2 behavior_NN1 should_VM be_VBI challenged_VVN or_CC the_AT role_NN1 of_IO courts_NN2 within_II a_AT1 community_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
That_DD1 Scheme_NN1 1_MC1 (_( no_AT weights_NN2 )_) and_CC Scheme_NN1 4_MC (_( original_JJ sample_NN1 weights_NN2 )_) produced_VVD similar_JJ coefficients_NN2 reflects_VVZ the_AT fact_NN1 that_CST the_AT weights_NN2 are_VBR largely_RR a_AT1 function_NN1 of_IO model_NN1 covariates_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_RR21 particular_RR22 ,_, for_IF state-formation_JJ to_TO succeed_VVI ,_, a_AT1 series_NN of_IO intertwining_JJ agency_NN1 problems_NN2 must_VM be_VBI overcome_VVN ._. 
</s>
<s>
These_DD2 difference_NN1 scores_NN2 (_( Ad_RA )_) represent_VV0 the_AT influence_NN1 of_IO care_NN1 primes_VVZ relative_II21 to_II22 harm_NN1 primes_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
For_IF n_ZZ1 =_FO 2000_MC ,_, the_AT first_MD instance_NN1 of_IO the_AT best_JJT solution_NN1 ,_, Z_ZZ1 (_( P_ZZ1 )_) =_FO 2184_MC ,_, is_VBZ at_II K_ZZ1 =_FO 5_MC ._. 
</s>
<s>
Associations_NN2 between_II the_AT sex_NN1 composition_NN1 of_IO parents_NN2 unions_NN2 and_CC children_NN2 '_NULL s_ZZ1 school_NN1 progress_NN1 could_VM arise_VVI due_II21 to_II22 differences_NN2 present_VV0 prior_II21 to_II22 family_NN1 formation_NN1 (_( associations_NN2 would_VM then_RT be_VBI spurious_JJ )_) and_CC to_II processes_NN2 that_CST take_VV0 place_NN1 after_II family_NN1 formation_NN1 (_( associations_NN2 could_VM then_RT possibly_RR reflect_VVI causal_JJ effects_NN2 )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II 1960_MC ,_, only_RR 13%_NNU of_IO married_JJ adults_NN2 were_VBDR in_II their_APPGE second_MD or_CC higher_JJR order_NN1 marriage_NN1 ,_, but_CCB by_II 2013_MC this_DD1 number_NN1 had_VHD risen_VVN to_II 23%_NNU (_( Livingston_NP1 ,_, 2014_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II sociolegal_JJ scholarship_NN1 on_II legal_JJ mobilization_NN1 ,_, scholars_NN2 have_VH0 used_VVN qualitative_JJ data_NN to_TO capture_VVI complex_JJ processes_NN2 within_II court_NN1 system_NN1 exchanges_NN2 ,_, such_II21 as_II22 the_AT utilization_NN1 of_IO voice_NN1 and_CC dialogue_NN1 between_II parties_NN2 in_II court_NN1 activities_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
As_CSA I_PPIS1 have_VH0 detailed_VVN elsewhere_RL (_( 2012_MC ,_, 2016a_FO )_) ,_, their_APPGE lack_NN1 of_IO voice_NN1 in_II the_AT planning_NN1 was_VBDZ a_AT1 lightning_NN1 rod_NN1 for_IF resistance_NN1 –_- leading_VVG to_II a_AT1 discourse_NN1 of_IO displacement_NN1 grounded_VVN in_II a_AT1 deep_JJ sense_NN1 of_IO distrust_NN1 towards_II political_JJ institutions_NN2 and_CC housing_VVG corporations_NN2 ,_, anger_VV0 over_RP the_AT lack_NN1 of_IO democratic_JJ participation_NN1 ,_, and_CC the_AT emergence_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 powerful_JJ trope_NN1 among_II white_JJ working-class_JJ residents_NN2 of_IO the_AT Couperusbuurt_NN1 that_CST construed_VVD "_" ordinary_JJ "_" people_NN as_II the_AT victims_NN2 of_IO displacement_NN1 and_CC forces_NN2 beyond_II their_APPGE control_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Because_CS "_" growth_NN1 is_VBZ not_XX the_AT only_RR ,_, or_CC even_RR most_RGT important_JJ ,_, means_VVZ to_TO improve_VVI wellbeing_NN1 ,_, "_" Brady_NP1 and_CC colleagues_NN2 (_( 2007:27_MC )_) "_" encourage_VV0 a_AT1 reorientation_NN1 away_II21 from_II22 the_AT exclusive_JJ concentration_NN1 on_II growth_NN1 ._. "_" 
</s>
<s>
I_PPIS1 found_VVD that_CST there_EX were_VBDR opportunities_NN2 to_TO disrupt_VVI dominant_JJ hierarchies_NN2 ,_, and_CC gardeners_NN2 with_IW less_DAR power_NN1 were_VBDR sometimes_RT able_JK to_TO draw_VVI on_II their_APPGE localness_NN1 and_CC protected_JJ social_JJ status_NN1 as_CSA elderly_JJ and/or_CC disabled_JJ to_TO defend_VVI and_CC promote_VVI their_APPGE interests_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Amid_II increasing_JJ pressures_NN2 to_TO participate_VVI online_RR ,_, to_TO find_VVI employment_NN1 for_REX21 instance_REX22 ,_, many_DA2 individuals_NN2 manage_VV0 the_AT impressions_NN2 others_NN2 form_NN1 of_IO them_PPHO2 online_JJ and_CC curate_NN1 their_APPGE professional_JJ profiles_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT findings_NN2 from_II studies_NN2 of_IO persons_NN2 entering_VVG and_CC exiting_VVG the_AT justice_NN1 system_NN1 over_II multiple_JJ decades_NNT2 also_RR point_VV0 to_II changes_NN2 in_II the_AT average_JJ criminal_JJ record_NN1 of_IO arrestees_NN2 and_CC convicted_JJ felons_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
A_AT1 main_JJ issue_NN1 is_VBZ that_DD1 demographic_JJ gaps_NN2 between_II countries_NN2 are_VBR expected_VVN to_TO close_VVI ._. 
</s>
<s>
Typically_RR ,_, such_DA constraints_NN2 end_VV0 up_RP setting_VVG the_AT linear_JJ cohort_NN1 effect_NN1 to_TO zero_VVI or_CC close_RR to_II zero_MC ._. 
</s>
<s>
When_CS I_PPIS1 '_NULL ve_VV0 thought_NN1 about_II leaving_VVG this_DD1 profession_NN1 ,_, it_PPH1 has_VHZ never_RR been_VBN because_II21 of_II22 the_AT work_NN1 with_IW clients_NN2 or_CC the_AT social_JJ workers_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Readers_NN2 would_VM have_VHI gained_VVN insight_NN1 into_II questions_NN2 about_II when_RRQ and_CC how_RRQ inequality_NN1 ,_, unequal_JJ power_NN1 relationships_NN2 ,_, and_CC discrimination_NN1 arise_VV0 in_II31 connection_II32 with_II33 war_NN1 ,_, risk_NN1 ,_, migration_NN1 ,_, and_CC work_NN1 ,_, as_II31 well_II32 as_II33 who_PNQS drives_VVZ their_APPGE development_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
As_II such_DA ,_, we_PPIS2 are_VBR unable_JK to_TO incorporate_VVI the_AT coparenting_JJ measures_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Household_NN1 economic_JJ insecurity_NN1 substantially_RR mediates_VVZ the_AT relationship_NN1 between_II work_NN1 scheduling_NN1 practices_NN2 and_CC psychological_JJ distress_NN1 ,_, accounting_VVG for_IF 42_MC percent_NNU of_IO the_AT total_JJ effect_NN1 (_( 95_VV0 percent_NNU CI:40_FO percent_NNU ,_, 44_MC percent_NNU )_) ._. 
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<s>
In-degree_JJ centrality_NN1 (_( Holland_NP1 and_CC Leinhardt_NP1 ,_, 1976_MC )_) in_II a_AT1 positive_JJ tie_NN1 network_NN1 is_VBZ often_RR taken_VVN to_TO be_VBI a_AT1 direct_JJ indicator_NN1 of_IO popularity_NN1 ,_, and_CC has_VHZ often_RR been_VBN used_VVN as_II a_AT1 network-based_JJ measure_NN1 of_IO social_JJ status_NN1 (_( e.g._REX ,_, De_FW la_FW Haye_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2010_MC ;_; Lazega_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2012_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
As_II both_DB2 Models_NN2 2_MC and_CC 3_MC show_NN1 ,_, We_PPIS2 are_VBR pleasantly_RR surprised_JJ by_II the_AT range_NN1 of_IO outcomes_NN2 being_VBG studied_VVN ,_, the_AT growing_JJ diversity_NN1 of_IO religions_NN2 and_CC geographic_JJ regions_NN2 represented_VVN ,_, and_CC the_AT variety_NN1 of_IO methods_NN2 being_VBG applied_VVN ._. 
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<s>
A_AT1 statistical_JJ socioeconomic_JJ and_CC demographic_JJ description_NN1 of_IO the_AT analytic_JJ sample_NN1 is_VBZ presented_VVN in_II Table_NN1 1_MC1 ._. 
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<s>
Some_DD second-generation_JJ women_NN2 may_VM be_VBI discouraged_VVN from_II persisting_VVG in_II an_AT1 unfriendly_JJ labor_NN1 market_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
In_II a_AT1 separate_JJ study_NN1 ,_, they_PPHS2 also_RR found_VVN that_CST IPV_NP1 was_VBDZ associated_VVN with_IW increases_NN2 in_II maternal_JJ depression_NN1 and_CC harsh_JJ parenting_NN1 (_( Gustafsson_NP1 &;_NULL Cox_NP1 ,_, 2012_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
Similarly_RR ,_, Massoglia_NP1 (_( 2008_MC )_) included_VVD an_AT1 appendix_NN1 exploring_VVG the_AT effect_NN1 of_IO time_NNT1 served_VVN on_II a_AT1 range_NN1 of_IO health_NN1 outcomes_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Over_II time_NNT1 ,_, however_RR ,_, these_DD2 parents_NN2 increasingly_RR send_VV0 their_APPGE children_NN2 to_II juku_NN1 and_CC limit_VV0 their_APPGE children_NN2 '_NULL s_ZZ1 media_NN time_NNT1 ,_, while_CS decreasing_JJ children_NN2 '_NULL s_ZZ1 participation_NN1 in_II EAs_NN2 and_CC CAs_NP2 ._. 
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<s>
Operazione_VV0 Infinito_NP1 dedicates_VVZ special_JJ attention_NN1 to_II charting_VVG the_AT organizational_JJ structure_NN1 of_IO 17_MC criminal_JJ groups_NN2 (_( "_" locali_NN2 "_" )_) existing_JJ in_II the_AT region_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Because_II21 of_II22 their_APPGE heightened_JJ exposure_NN1 to_II many_DA2 forms_NN2 of_IO adversity_NN1 ,_, high-risk_JJ youth_NN1 may_VM already_RR be_VBI at_II substantial_JJ risk_NN1 for_IF experiencing_VVG hardships_NN2 later_RRR in_II life_NN1 "_" and_CC victimization_NN1 may_VM not_XX do_VDI much_DA1 to_TO increase_VVI that_DD1 likelihood_NN1 any_RR further_RRR (_( Kushner_NP1 ,_, 2015_MC ;_; Stewart_NP1 ,_, Simons_NP ,_, &;_NULL Conger_NP1 ,_, 2002_MC ;_; Wright_NP1 &;_NULL Fagan_NP1 ,_, 2013_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 is_VBZ evidenced_VVN by_II the_AT parameter_NN1 estimate_NN1 for_IF stock_NN1 market_NN1 index_NN1 ,_, They_PPHS2 deliberately_RR collaborate_VV0 in_II the_AT digital_JJ panopticon_NN1 &lsqb;_( ._. 
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<s>
._. ._. &rsqb;_) ._. This_DD1 question_NN1 polarizes_VVZ the_AT political_JJ spectrum_NN1 as_CSA nothing_PN1 else_RR ._. 
</s>
<s>
Trustworthy_JJ motives_NN2 are_VBR demonstrated_VVN when_CS officers_NN2 show_VV0 care_NN1 and_CC concern_NN1 as_CSA represented_VVN by_II efforts_NN2 expended_VVD to_TO assist_VVI citizens_NN2 using_VVG referrals_NN2 ,_, reports_NN2 ,_, advice_NN1 ,_, and_CC similar_JJ actions_NN2 and_CC inquiries_NN2 regarding_II citizen_NN1 well-being_NN1 and_CC needs_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Statements_NN2 produced_VVN at_II the_AT time_NNT1 of_IO an_AT1 event_NN1 ,_, in_II its_APPGE immediate_JJ wake_NN1 ,_, or_CC in_II a_AT1 setting_NN1 geared_VVN to_II critical_JJ examination_NN1 can_VM be_VBI hypothetically_RR presumed_VVN to_TO be_VBI less_RGR prone_JJ to_II mistakes_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
We_PPIS2 also_RR include_VV0 a_AT1 range_NN1 of_IO independent_JJ variables_NN2 that_CST have_VH0 been_VBN shown_VVN to_TO be_VBI associated_VVN with_IW happiness_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
In_II such_DA circumstances_NN2 the_AT looseness_NN1 of_IO the_AT terminology_NN1 is_VBZ perhaps_RR intended_VVN to_TO simultaneously_RR allow_VVI for_IF the_AT suggestion_NN1 that_CST some_DD children_NN2 are_VBR simply_RR '_NULL too_RG young_JJ '_NULL for_IF exposure_NN1 to_II such_DA '_NULL diversity_NN1 '_NULL ._. 
</s>
<s>
Once_RR21 again_RR22 clear_JJ casualbridge_NN1 and_CC casual_JJ trap_NN1 clusters_NN2 ,_, of_IO similar_JJ sizes_NN2 (_( albeit_CS accounting_VVG for_IF a_AT1 larger_JJR proportion_NN1 of_IO the_AT relevant_JJ sample_NN1 )_) ,_, are_VBR observed_VVN ._. 
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<s>
Baby_NN1 Boomer_NP1 men_NN2 were_VBDR underrepresented_JJ among_II those_DD2 who_PNQS remarried_VVD (_( 32.9_MC %_NNU )_) compared_VVN with_IW those_DD2 who_PNQS stayed_VVD single_JJ (_( 54.3_MC %_NNU )_) ._. 
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<s>
One_MC1 way_NN1 that_CST diversity_NN1 might_VM matter_VVI is_VBZ suggested_VVN by_II the_AT "_" contact_NN1 hypothesis_NN1 ._. "_" 
</s>
<s>
In_II fact_NN1 ,_, some_DD core_NN1 developments_NN2 in_II the_AT gang_NN1 literature_NN1 have_VH0 been_VBN focused_VVN on_II the_AT individual_NN1 and_CC contextual_JJ factors_NN2 that_CST influence_VV0 selection_NN1 processes_NN2 into_II gangs_NN2 (_( e.g._REX ,_, Decker_NN1 and_CC van_NP1 Winkle_NP1 ,_, 1996_MC ;_; Densley_NP1 ,_, 2012_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Previous_JJ research_NN1 would_VM have_VHI classified_VVN the_AT careers_NN2 in_II these_DD2 clusters_NN2 as_CSA stepping_VVG stones_NN2 based_VVN on_II their_APPGE employment_NN1 security_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
It_PPH1 was_VBDZ interesting_JJ that_CST ,_, on_II several_DA2 topics_NN2 the_AT millennial_JJ and_CC immigrant_JJ populations_NN2 viewed_VVD what_DDQ they_PPHS2 saw_VVD on_II American_JJ TV_NN1 similarly_RR ._. 
</s>
<s>
Furthermore_RR ,_, IATs_NN2 outperformed_VVD explicit_JJ measures_NN2 in_II predicting_VVG outcomes_NN2 in_II some_DD (_( but_CCB not_XX all_RR )_) socially_RR sensitive_JJ domains_NN2 (_( e.g._REX ,_, race_NN1 but_CCB not_XX sexual_JJ orientation_NN1 )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
More_RGR proximal_JJ indicators_NN2 of_IO moral_JJ deservingness_NN1 are_VBR the_AT behaviors_NN2 and_CC transient_JJ statuses_NN2 that_CST a_AT1 citizen_NN1 may_VM have_VHI in_II an_AT1 encounter_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Prior_JJ studies_NN2 suggest_VV0 that_CST the_AT division_NN1 of_IO labor_NN1 is_VBZ less_RGR egalitarian_JJ in_II married_JJ versus_II cohabiting_VVG heterosexual_JJ couples_NN2 (_( South_ND1 &;_NULL Spitze_NP1 ,_, 1994_MC )_) ,_, and_CC these_DD2 effects_NN2 may_VM apply_VVI to_TO samesex_VVI couples_NN2 as_RR21 well_RR22 (_( Widiss_NP1 ,_, 2016_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Only_RR relatively_RR recently_RR has_VHZ this_DD1 thesis_NN1 been_VBN subject_II21 to_II22 rigorous_JJ empirical_JJ scrutiny_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
We_PPIS2 argue_VV0 that_CST at_II different_JJ levels_NN2 of_IO the_AT organizational_JJ hierarchy_NN1 ,_, workers_NN2 are_VBR exposed_VVN to_II various_JJ processes_NN2 that_CST shape_NN1 which_DDQ kinds_NN2 of_IO discrimination_NN1 seem_VV0 most_RGT salient_JJ (_( see_VV0 Table_NN1 4_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 review_NN1 is_VBZ a_AT1 clarification_NN1 modeled_VVN on_II the_AT seminal_JJ article_NN1 by_II Schmitter_NP1 &;_NULL Karl_NP1 (_( 1991_MC )_) that_CST attempts_VVZ to_TO define_VVI what_DDQ democracy_NN1 is_VBZ and_CC is_VBZ not_XX ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 is_VBZ in_RR21 part_RR22 a_AT1 desirable_JJ outcome_NN1 ,_, of_RR21 course_RR22 ,_, Petts_NP2 &;_NULL Jolliff_VV0 '_NULL s_ZZ1 (_( 2008_MC )_) argument_NN1 follows_VVZ this_DD1 line_NN1 of_IO thinking_NN1 but_CCB adds_VVZ a_AT1 statistical_JJ explanation_NN1 to_II the_AT conceptual_JJ one_PN1 :_: Because_CS religion_NN1 functions_NN2 as_II a_AT1 semi-involuntary_JJ institution_NN1 ,_, there_EX is_VBZ less_DAR variation_NN1 in_II religious_JJ commitment_NN1 among_II Black_JJ youth_NN1 ,_, and_CC therefore_RR it_PPH1 is_VBZ more_RGR difficult_JJ to_TO detect_VVI significant_JJ correlates_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
With_II31 respect_II32 to_II33 network_NN1 size_NN1 ,_, our_APPGE study_NN1 resulted_VVN in_II an_AT1 average_NN1 of_IO 3.4_MC names_NN2 per_II respondent_NN1 (_( maximum_NN1 7_MC names_NN2 )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
To_II the_AT extent_NN1 that_CST certain_JJ deviant_JJ behaviors_NN2 ,_, like_II substance_NN1 use_NN1 ,_, are_VBR culturally_RR understood_VVN to_TO be_VBI masculine_JJ behaviors_NN2 for_IF which_DDQ girls_NN2 are_VBR judged_VVN more_RGR harshly_RR than_CSN boys_NN2 (_( de_NP1 Visser_NP1 &;_NULL McDonnell_NP1 2012_MC )_) ,_, girls_NN2 may_VM have_VHI more_DAR nonreligious_JJ reasons_NN2 to_TO avoid_VVI them_PPHO2 ,_, and_CC the_AT effect_NN1 of_IO religion_NN1 may_VM be_VBI diluted_VVN ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT data_NN were_VBDR collected_VVN using_VVG an_AT1 experimental_JJ survey_NN1 design_NN1 ,_, a_AT1 particularly_RR useful_JJ approach_NN1 for_IF investigating_VVG conflicting_JJ values_NN2 (_( DiMaggio_NP1 ,_, 2014_MC ;_; Mutz_NP1 ,_, 2011_MC ;_; Swidler_NP1 ,_, 1986_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
Finally_RR ,_, in_II contrast_NN1 to_II the_AT vast_JJ majority_NN1 of_IO research_NN1 on_II race-based_JJ admissions_NN2 and_CC affirmative_JJ action_NN1 ,_, we_PPIS2 examine_VV0 admissions_NN2 practices_NN2 across_II a_AT1 diverse_JJ range_NN1 of_IO nonelite_NN1 4-year_JJ institutions_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
On_II the_AT contrary_NN1 ,_, the_AT norm_NN1 of_IO hostility_NN1 postulates_VVZ that_CST people_NN reward_NN1 hatred_NN1 and_CC punish_VV0 friendliness_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
He_PPHS1 thus_RR turned_VVD from_II a_AT1 pioneer_NN1 to_II a_AT1 gatekeeper_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Our_APPGE GBTA_NN1 results_NN2 showed_VVD that_CST the_AT trajectories_NN2 characterized_VVN by_II little_JJ financial_JJ support_NN1 from_II family_NN1 for_IF bills_NN2 and_CC tuition_NN1 (_( the_AT consistently_RR and_CC quickly_RR independent_JJ groups_NN2 )_) were_VBDR much_RR more_RGR likely_JJ to_TO be_VBI matched_VVN to_II individuals_NN2 from_II lower_JJR SES_NP2 backgrounds_NN2 ,_, and_CC much_RR smaller_JJR proportions_NN2 of_IO those_DD2 in_II these_DD2 trajectory_NN1 groups_NN2 had_VHD completed_VVN any_DD postsecondary_JJ education_NN1 by_II their_APPGE late_JJ 20s_MC2 than_CSN those_DD2 in_II the_AT gradually_RR independent_JJ and_CC consistently_RR supported_VVN groups_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
She_PPHS1 finds_VVZ that_CST fathers_NN2 '_NULL involvement_NN1 in_II household_NN1 work_NN1 increases_VVZ the_AT probability_NN1 of_IO second_MD birth_NN1 in_II both_DB2 countries_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Next_MD ,_, I_PPIS1 briefly_RR discuss_VV0 the_AT context_NN1 of_IO China_NP1 with_IW an_AT1 emphasis_NN1 on_II a_AT1 context_NN1 different_JJ from_II Western_JJ society_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ previous_JJ studies_NN2 exclusively_RR focus_VV0 upon_II ,_, and_CC valuable_JJ to_TO revisit_VVI the_AT link_NN1 between_II discrimination_NN1 and_CC trust_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Relatedly_RR ,_, our_APPGE ability_NN1 to_TO examine_VVI the_AT influence_NN1 of_IO individual_NN1 ,_, parental_JJ ,_, and_CC early_JJ childhood_NN1 characteristics_NN2 in_II the_AT context_NN1 of_IO the_AT Great_JJ Migration_NN1 is_VBZ rare_JJ in_II the_AT migration_NN1 literature_NN1 and_CC vital_JJ for_IF understanding_VVG how_RGQ early-life_JJ experiences_NN2 shape_VV0 later-life_JJ outcomes_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
They_PPHS2 may_VM also_RR experience_VVI trouble_NN1 forming_VVG and_CC maintaining_VVG social_JJ ties_NN2 ,_, leading_VVG to_II higher_JJR rates_NN2 of_IO marital_JJ dissolution_NN1 and_CC social_JJ isolation_NN1 (_( Berg_NP1 &;_NULL Huebner_NP1 ,_, 2011_MC ;_; Huebner_NP1 ,_, 2005_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
She_PPHS1 describes_VVZ Old_JJ Brooklyn_NP1 as_II "_" a_AT1 nice_JJ neighborhoodlike_JJ ,_, This_DD1 approach_NN1 is_VBZ based_VVN on_II a_AT1 value_NN1 system_NN1 that_CST reflects_VVZ commitment_NN1 to_II social_JJ justice_NN1 whilst_CS proposing_VVG a_AT1 transformative_JJ response_NN1 to_II racial-_NN1 ,_, gender-_JJ or_CC status-related_JJ oppression_NN1 (_( Solorzano_NP1 and_CC Bernal_NP1 ,_, 2001_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT transition_NN1 to_II a_AT1 market_NN1 economy_NN1 and_CC the_AT persistent_JJ role_NN1 of_IO the_AT state_NN1 bureaucracy_NN1 make_VV0 China_NP1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 trend_NN1 in_II returns_NN2 to_II education_NN1 unique_JJ among_II East_NP1 Asian_JJ societies_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Random-effects_NN2 models_NN2 produce_VV0 efficient_JJ estimates_NN2 for_IF smaller_JJR samples_NN2 by_II assuming_VVG that_CST the_AT effects_NN2 of_IO independent_JJ variables_NN2 are_VBR uncorrelated_JJ ;_; for_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, the_AT effect_NN1 of_IO education_NN1 on_II pay_NN1 is_VBZ the_AT same_DA for_IF workers_NN2 across_II occupations_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Several_DA2 referrals_NN2 from_II service_NN1 users_NN2 alleged_VVD social_JJ workers_NN2 were_VBDR dishonest_JJ or_CC deliberately_RR misleading_JJ ._. 
</s>
<s>
We_PPIS2 see_VV0 here_RL that_CST the_AT structural_JJ context_NN1 differs_VVZ significantly_RR between_II the_AT two_MC countries_NN2 ,_, To_TO address_VVI this_DD1 issue_NN1 ,_, we_PPIS2 resort_VV0 to_II general_JJ frameworks_NN2 on_II the_AT role_NN1 of_IO schooling_VVG in_II educational_JJ inequality_NN1 (_( Downey_NP1 &;_NULL Condron_NP1 2016_MC ,_, Raudenbush_NP1 &;_NULL Eschmann_NP1 2015_MC )_) ,_, which_DDQ suggest_VV0 that_CST two_MC principal_JJ factors_NN2 might_VM drive_VVI the_AT impact_NN1 of_IO an_AT1 ECEC_NN1 intervention_NN1 on_II SES_NP2 gaps_NN2 in_II children_NN2 '_NULL s_ZZ1 achievement_NN1 :_: SES_NP2 heterogeneity_NN1 in_II the_AT individual_JJ consequences_NN2 of_IO ECEC_NP1 participation_NN1 (_( who_PNQS benefits_NN2 and_CC how_RGQ much_RR )_) and_CC SES_NP2 heterogeneity_NN1 in_II access_NN1 to_II ECEC_NP1 (_( who_PNQS is_VBZ exposed_VVN to_II certain_JJ benefits_NN2 )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Rempel_VV0 ,_, Rempel_NP1 ,_, Khuc_NP1 ,_, &;_NULL Vui_NP1 ,_, 2017_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Because_CS victimization_NN1 often_RR elicits_VVZ a_AT1 host_NN1 of_IO negative_JJ emotions-such_DA as_CSA anger_NN1 ,_, sadness_NN1 ,_, frustration_NN1 ,_, and_CC embarrassment-it_PPH1 creates_VVZ pressures_NN2 for_IF individuals_NN2 to_TO engage_VVI in_II coping_VVG strategies_NN2 for_IF "_" corrective_JJ action_NN1 "_" (_( Agnew_NP1 ,_, 2002_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Two_MC different_JJ mechanisms_NN2 drive_VV0 these_DD2 two_MC groups_NN2 '_NULL behavioral_JJ responses_NN2 to_II being_VBG in_II the_AT numerical_JJ minority_NN1 :_: feeling_NN1 discriminated_VVN against_II (_( for_IF blacks_NN2 ;_; Wingfield_NP1 2010_MC ;_; Stainback_NP1 and_CC Irvin_NP1 2012_MC )_) and_CC feeling_VVG discomfort_NN1 (_( for_IF whites_NN2 ;_; Tsui_NP1 ,_, Egan_NP1 ,_, and_CC O_ZZ1 '_NULL Reilly_NP1 1992_MC ;_; see_VV0 also_RR Mueller_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
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<s>
1999_MC ;_; Maume_NP1 and_CC Sebastian_NP1 2007_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT use_NN1 of_IO pretext_NN1 stops_NN2 undermined_VVD broader_JJR trust-building_NN1 efforts_NN2 ,_, because_CS individuals_NN2 developed_VVD an_AT1 understanding_NN1 of_IO police_NN2 as_CSA adversaries_NN2 after_II officers_NN2 '_NULL ulterior_JJ motives_NN2 became_VVD apparent_JJ ._. 
</s>
<s>
Or_CC do_VD0 they_PPHS2 situate_VVI perceived_JJ individual_JJ discrimination_NN1 in_II the_AT context_NN1 of_IO broader_JJR social_JJ structures_NN2 ?_? 
</s>
<s>
For_IF some_DD ,_, connecting_VVG with_IW social_JJ supports_NN2 was_VBDZ enough_RR for_IF them_PPHO2 to_TO find_VVI solutions_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 neighbor_NN1 was_VBDZ "_" kind_RR21 of_RR22 gruff_JJ ,_, Some_DD parents_NN2 don_VV0 '_NULL t_ZZ1 care_VV0 what_DDQ their_APPGE kids_NN2 do_VD0 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II other_JJ words_NN2 ,_, the_AT structure_NN1 of_IO the_AT prison_NN1 reaches_VVZ into_II neighborhoods_NN2 and_CC "_" &lsqb;_( marks_NN2 &rsqb;_) residents_NN2 as_CSA imprisonable_JJ "_" (_( p._NNU 133_MC ;_; emphasis_NN1 in_II original_JJ )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
First_MD ,_, the_AT administrative_JJ and_CC survey_NN1 data_NN analyzed_VVD by_II the_AT Canadian_JJ government_NN1 to_TO examine_VVI the_AT 2001_MC policy_NN1 change_NN1 are_VBR from_II the_AT short_JJ period_NN1 surrounding_VVG the_AT program_NN1 change_NN1 (_( 2000–2002_MCMC )_) ,_, and_CC the_AT surveys_NN2 used_VVN have_VH0 high_JJ nonresponse_NN1 rates_NN2 (_( Human_JJ Resources_NN2 and_CC Skills_NN2 Development_NN1 Canada_NP1 ,_, 2005_MC ;_; Marshall_NP1 ,_, 2003_MC ;_; Pérusse_NP1 ,_, 2003_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Similarly_RR ,_, Astrid_NP1 described_VVD her_APPGE preference_NN1 to_TO avoid_VVI an_AT1 epidural_NN1 during_II delivery_NN1 ,_, but_CCB she_PPHS1 consented_VVD to_II one_PN1 to_TO manage_VVI strong_JJ contractions_NN2 from_II the_AT induction_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Interaction_NN1 effects_NN2 between_II gender_NN1 ,_, mothers_NN2 '_NULL work_VV0 statuses_NN2 ,_, and_CC paternity_NN1 leave_NN1 are_VBR then_RT assessed_VVN ;_; we_PPIS2 consider_VV0 both_RR two-way_JJ and_CC three-way_JJ interactions_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Some_DD studies_NN2 have_VH0 simply_RR used_VVN binary_JJ measures_NN2 that_CST capture_VV0 adjacency_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Participants_NN2 of_IO the_AT Workshop_NN1 on_II "_" Super-Diversity_NN1 :_: A_ZZ1 Transatlantic_JJ Conversation_NN1 "_" at_II The_AT Graduate_NN1 Center_NN1 of_IO City_NN1 University_NN1 of_IO New_NP1 York_NP1 and_CC of_IO the_AT Race_NN1 ,_, Ethnicity_NP1 and_CC Migration_NN1 Workshop_NN1 at_II Columbia_NP1 University_NN1 provided_CS helpful_JJ feedback_NN1 and_CC suggestions_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Finally_RR ,_, social_JJ media_NN technology_NN1 and_CC headhunters_NN2 have_VH0 changed_VVN the_AT fundamental_JJ nature_NN1 of_IO job_NN1 search_NN1 for_IF the_AT already_RR employed_VVN and_CC for_IF employers_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II an_AT1 ethnographic_JJ study_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 group_NN1 of_IO Muslim_JJ teenage_JJ boys_NN2 in_II the_AT United_NP1 States_NP1 ,_, the_AT boys_NN2 '_NULL mosque_NN1 serves_VVZ as_II a_AT1 place_NN1 where_RRQ they_PPHS2 are_VBR encouraged_VVN to_TO rehearse_VVI strategies_NN2 for_IF stigma_NN1 management_NN1 (_( O_ZZ1 '_NULL Brien_NP1 2017_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 typically_RR arises_VVZ by_II31 way_II32 of_II33 egalitarian_JJ movements_NN2 ,_, which_DDQ ,_, in_II efforts_NN2 to_TO reduce_VVI disparities_NN2 ,_, can_VM counter_VVI related_JJ organizational_JJ practices_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Prior_JJ studies_NN2 found_VVD that_CST over_RG half_DB of_IO Chinese_JJ couples_NN2 made_VVD joint_JJ decisions_NN2 ,_, though_CS husbands_NN2 had_VHD more_DAR influence_NN1 over_II major_JJ economic_JJ decisions_NN2 whereas_CS wives_NN2 had_VHD more_DAR control_NN1 over_II daily_JJ expenditures_NN2 (_( Shu_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2013_MC ;_; Yang_NP1 &;_NULL Zheng_NP1 ,_, 2013_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 indeterminacy_NN1 ,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ argued_VVN here_RL ,_, can_VM be_VBI found_VVN by_II reconsidering_VVG ,_, philosophically_RR ,_, Turing_NP1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 notion_NN1 of_IO '_NULL incomputability_NN1 '_NULL ._. 
</s>
<s>
At_II a_AT1 time_NNT1 when_RRQ many_DA2 posthumanities_NN2 scholars_NN2 and_CC a_AT1 few_DA2 natural_JJ scientists_NN2 are_VBR eager_JJ to_TO leave_VVI behind_II the_AT two-cultures_NN2 divide_VV0 and_CC the_AT Science_NN1 Wars_NN2 that_CST pitted_VVD social_JJ students_NN2 of_IO science_NN1 against_II the_AT sciences_NN2 ,_, this_DD1 historical_JJ case_NN1 study_NN1 looks_VVZ at_II a_AT1 successful_JJ collaboration_NN1 between_II a_AT1 primatologist_NN1 and_CC an_AT1 anthropologist_NN1 of_IO science_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Nevertheless_RR ,_, the_AT correlation_NN1 between_II the_AT two_MC measures_NN2 is_VBZ perfect_JJ ,_, with_IW Spearman_NP1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 =_FO 0.999_MC (_( p_ZZ1 <_FO .01_MC ;_; scatter_VV0 plot_NN1 in_II Fig._NN1 4_MC )_) -_- estimation_NN1 with_IW the_AT method_NN1 of_IO Maltiel_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
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<s>
(_( 2015_MC )_) showed_VVD that_CST the_AT overdispersion_NN1 in_II the_AT name_NN1 populations_NN2 was_VBDZ negligible_JJ ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 approach_NN1 allowed_VVD us_PPIO2 to_TO replicate_VVI the_AT analysis_NN1 of_IO our_APPGE field_NN1 data_NN in_II a_AT1 controlled_JJ experimental_JJ setting_NN1 where_CS student_NN1 raters_NN2 were_VBDR presented_VVN with_IW identical_JJ evidence_NN1 about_II the_AT teaching_NN1 performance_NN1 of_IO male_NN1 and_CC female_JJ instructors_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Participants_NN2 answered_VVD yes_UH or_CC no_UH to_II ten_MC addictive_JJ symptoms_NN2 (_( e.g._REX staying_VVG longer_JJR online_JJ than_CSN one_PN1 intended_VVN )_) in_II the_AT past_JJ year_NNT1 ._. 
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<s>
Malleability_NN1 denotes_VVZ the_AT viability_NN1 of_IO categorical_JJ re-_JJ affiliation_NN1 and_CC revision_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Rather_II21 than_II22 downplaying_VVG the_AT formally_RR abstractive_JJ character_NN1 of_IO computation_NN1 ,_, however_RR ,_, I_PPIS1 am_VBM placing_VVG it_PPH1 in_II centre-stage_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Table_NN1 4_MC presents_VVZ results_NN2 for_IF the_AT long-term_JJ effects_NN2 of_IO the_AT establishment_NN1 of_IO primary_JJ care_NN1 facilities_NN2 in_II the_AT year_NNT1 of_IO birth_NN1 on_II mortality_NN1 from_II the_AT stratified_JJ Cox_NP1 partial_JJ likelihood_NN1 models_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Studies_NN2 using_VVG such_DA varied_JJ samples_NN2 as_CSA the_AT 1975_MC Detroit_NP1 survey_NN1 (_( Connerly_NP1 and_CC Marans_NN2 1985_MC )_) ,_, Even_RR in_II areas_NN2 with_IW little_DA1 variation_NN1 in_II disadvantage_NN1 and_CC in_II nations_NN2 withlow_VV0 homicide_NN1 rates_NN2 ,_, disadvantage_NN1 remains_VVZ the_AT strongest_JJT ecological_JJ correlate_NN1 of_IO homicide_NN1 (_( Hannon_NP1 ,_, 2005_MC ;_; Nieuwbeerta_NP1 ,_, McCall_NP1 ,_, Elffers_NP1 ,_, &;_NULL Wittebrood_NP1 ,_, 2008_MC ;_; Stults_NP1 ,_, 2010_MC ;_; Thompson_NP1 &;_NULL Gartner_NP1 ,_, 2014_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Furthermore_RR ,_, the_AT findings_NN2 from_II recent_JJ work_NN1 have_VH0 demonstrated_VVN that_CST the_AT relationship_NN1 between_II homicide_NN1 and_CC race_NN1 is_VBZ intimately_RR linked_VVN to_II economic_JJ deprivation_NN1 (_( McCall_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2010_MC ;_; Peterson_NP1 and_CC Krivo_NP1 ,_, 2010_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
A_AT1 study_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 maximum_JJ security_NN1 prison_NN1 ,_, Early_JJ studies_NN2 analyzing_VVG the_AT 1990_MC census_NN1 showed_VVD that_CST while_CS immigrant_JJ adolescents_NN2 ,_, especially_RR those_DD2 from_II Asia_NP1 ,_, were_VBDR as_RG likely_JJ as_CSA their_APPGE native-born_JJ peers_NN2 to_TO be_VBI enrolled_VVN in_II high_JJ school_NN1 ,_, nonenrollment_NN1 among_II youth_NN1 of_IO Hispanic_JJ and_CC Caribbean_JJ origins_NN2 was_VBDZ much_RR higher_JJR than_CSN for_IF their_APPGE native-born_JJ peers_NN2 and_CC peers_NN2 of_IO other_JJ national_JJ origins_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Networks_NN2 are_VBR drawn_VVN from_II the_AT simulation_NN1 chain_NN1 after_II a_AT1 rate_NN1 of_IO 10_MC ,_, The_AT result_NN1 of_IO these_DD2 various_JJ changes_NN2 is_VBZ that_CST while_CS instability_NN1 may_VM still_RR be_VBI very_RG high_JJ among_II groups_NN2 that_CST are_VBR often_RR thought_VVN to_TO be_VBI insecure_JJ (_( i.e._REX ,_, low-income_NN1 ,_, young_JJ ,_, single_JJ ,_, less_RGR educated_JJ ,_, etc._RA )_) ,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ rising_VVG among_II other_JJ groups_NN2 that_CST are_VBR often_RR thought_VVN to_TO be_VBI secure_JJ ._. 
</s>
<s>
Germany_NP1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 system_NN1 of_IO between-school_JJ tracking_NN1 is_VBZ therefore_RR a_AT1 strategic_JJ research_NN1 site_NN1 (_( Merton_NP1 1987_MC )_) to_TO examine_VVI how_RRQ stratification_NN1 in_II the_AT school_NN1 system_NN1 shapes_NN2 the_AT formation_NN1 of_IO identities_NN2 and_CC peer_VV0 relations_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Although_CS all_DB of_IO us_PPIO2 are_VBR intimately_RR aware_JJ of_IO the_AT rich_JJ texture_NN1 of_IO our_APPGE own_DA childhoods_NN2 ,_, social_JJ science_NN1 has_VHZ tended_VVN to_TO reduce_VVI "_" childhood_NN1 "_" to_II a_AT1 time_NNT1 of_IO investment_NN1 and_CC enrichment_NN1 ,_, a_AT1 time_NNT1 when_RRQ either_DD1 bad_JJ things_NN2 (_( e.g._REX ,_, adverse_JJ experiences_NN2 )_) or_CC good_JJ things_NN2 (_( e.g._REX ,_, skill_NN1 development_NN1 )_) are_VBR happening_VVG to_II children_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Items_NN2 were_VBDR reverse_JJ coded_JJ as_CSA needed_VVN and_CC averaged_VVN to_TO form_VVI a_AT1 scale_NN1 with_IW higher_JJR values_NN2 indicating_VVG a_AT1 positive_JJ attitude_NN1 toward_II caring_NN1 (_( =_FO .83_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Data_NN collection_NN1 started_VVD in_II the_AT 5th_MD ,_, Second_MD ,_, in_II a_AT1 considerable_JJ body_NN1 of_IO gang_NN1 scholarship_NN1 ,_, researchers_NN2 have_VH0 emphasized_VVN individuals_NN2 '_NULL self-identification_JJ as_CSA central_JJ to_II distinguishing_VVG between_II gang_NN1 and_CC nongang_VV0 members_NN2 ._. 
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And_CC even_RR for_IF societies_NN2 at_II the_AT same_DA levels_NN2 of_IO development_NN1 there_EX may_VM be_VBI problems_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Comprehensive_JJ studies_NN2 of_IO the_AT retail_JJ sector_NN1 more_RGR broadly_RR ,_, as_II31 opposed_II32 to_II33 a_AT1 specific_JJ firm_NN1 ,_, are_VBR rare_JJ but_CCB provide_VV0 interesting_JJ findings_NN2 ._. 
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Over_II the_AT last_MD decade_NNT1 ,_, the_AT concept_NN1 of_IO "_" super-diversity_NN1 "_" has_VHZ captured_VVN multiple_JJ intellectual_JJ worlds_NN2 in_II Western_NP1 Europe_NP1 ,_, becoming_VVG a_AT1 touchstone_NN1 for_IF social_JJ scientists_NN2 ,_, policymakers_NN2 ,_, urban_JJ planners_NN2 ,_, and_CC social_JJ workers_NN2 ,_, alike_RR ._. 
</s>
<s>
Still_RR ,_, any_DD reasonable_JJ observer_NN1 of_IO Brazil_NP1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 ethnoracial_JJ political_JJ scene_NN1 must_VM note_VVI just_RR how_RGQ much_DA1 has_VHZ changed_VVN in_II the_AT past_JJ 10–15_MCMC years_NNT2 ._. 
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<s>
Limiting_VVG the_AT scope_NN1 of_IO inquiry_NN1 to_II the_AT employment_NN1 context_NN1 is_VBZ another_DD1 factor_NN1 that_CST may_VM impede_VVI the_AT study_NN1 of_IO categorical_JJ manipulation_NN1 ,_, as_CSA employment_NN1 is_VBZ not_XX the_AT only_JJ context_NN1 in_II which_DDQ organizations_NN2 categorize_VV0 people_NN ._. 
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<s>
Also_RR ,_, among_II mothers_NN2 who_PNQS worked_VVD prior_II21 to_II22 the_AT child_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 birth_NN1 ,_, paternity_NN1 leave-taking_NN1 and_CC length_NN1 of_IO leave_NN1 are_VBR negatively_RR associated_VVN with_IW their_APPGE reports_NN2 of_IO relationship_NN1 conflict_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
We_PPIS2 further_RRR demonstrate_VV0 that_CST although_CS the_AT wages_NN2 of_IO those_DD2 vocationally_RR educated_VVN are_VBR higher_JJR initially_RR ,_, generally_RR educated_JJ workers_NN2 soon_RR catch_VV0 up_RP ._. 
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<s>
First_MD ,_, regarding_VVG reporting_NN1 heterogeneity_NN1 bias_NN1 ,_, objective_JJ measures_NN2 of_IO grip_NN1 strength_NN1 and_CC weak_JJ grip_NN1 are_VBR clearly_RR superior_JJ ._. 
</s>
<s>
While_CS supporting_VVG some_DD aspects_NN2 of_IO Bengtson_NP1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 (_( 2001_MC )_) argument_NN1 about_II the_AT importance_NN1 of_IO grandparents_NN2 as_CSA stabilizers_NN2 for_IF increasingly_RR turbulent_JJ immediate_JJ families_NN2 ,_, our_APPGE findings_NN2 limit_VV0 the_AT original_JJ (_( rather_RG broad_JJ )_) argument_NN1 in_II an_AT1 important_JJ manner_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT existing_JJ literature_NN1 focuses_VVZ either_RR on_II educational_JJ systems_NN2 or_CC on_II occupations_NN2 as_II the_AT empirical_JJ basis_NN1 for_IF reaching_VVG conclusions_NN2 about_II the_AT value_NN1 of_IO competing_JJ systems_NN2 ,_, and_CC it_PPH1 often_RR relies_VVZ on_II rather_RG coarse_JJ characterizations_NN2 of_IO national_JJ systems_NN2 in_II the_AT comparative_JJ research_NN1 designs_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT following_JJ group_NN1 of_IO articles_NN2 are_VBR concerned_JJ with_IW professional_JJ processes_NN2 in_II a_AT1 number_NN1 of_IO complementary_JJ articles_NN2 starting_VVG with_IW Julia_NP1 Shaw_NP1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 examination_NN1 of_IO the_AT centrality_NN1 of_IO '_NULL caring_VVG for_IF people_NN '_NULL to_II social_JJ work_NN1 and_CC her_APPGE challenging_JJ look_NN1 at_II its_APPGE place_NN1 within_II post-liberalism_NN1 and_CC within_II a_AT1 radical_JJ new_JJ politics_NN1 of_IO social_JJ work_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
I_PPIS1 can_VM '_NULL t_ZZ1 take_VV0 a_AT1 chance_NN1 on_II that_DD1 with_IW the_AT kids_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT incomes_NN2 in_II this_DD1 cluster_NN1 are_VBR quite_RG heterogeneous_JJ ,_, but_CCB on_II average_JJ individuals_NN2 earn_VV0 a_AT1 modest_JJ 1500_MC ,_, while_CS only_RR few_DA2 earn_VV0 more_DAR than_CSN 2000_MC monthly_JJ ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II each_DD1 of_IO these_DD2 cases_NN2 ,_, the_AT opacity_NN1 problem_NN1 remains_VVZ a_AT1 problem_NN1 ,_, and_CC can_VM be_VBI demonstrated_VVN with_IW simple_JJ examples_NN2 akin_JJ to_II Figure_NN1 1_MC1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT Log-Quad_NP1 model_NN1 predicts_VVZ mortality_NN1 in_II five-year_JJ age_NN1 groups_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
One_MC1 of_IO its_APPGE strengths_NN2 ,_, therefore_RR ,_, is_VBZ that_DD1 it_PPH1 is_VBZ enables_VVZ scholars_NN2 to_TO move_VVI beyond_II the_AT ethno-focal_JJ lens_NN1 that_CST has_VHZ long_RR been_VBN dominant_JJ in_II the_AT study_NN1 of_IO migrant_NN1 politics_NN1 and_CC identities_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
If_CS this_DD1 is_VBZ the_AT case_NN1 ,_, transnational_JJ marriage_NN1 could_VM strengthen_VVI ,_, rather_CS21 than_CS22 weaken_VVI the_AT socio-economic_JJ position_NN1 of_IO the_AT European_JJ partners_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Third_MD ,_, we_PPIS2 can_VM not_XX rule_VVI out_RP changes_NN2 in_II fertility_NN1 in_II31 response_II32 to_II33 the_AT timing_NN1 of_IO parental_JJ leave_NN1 changes_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
To_TO test_VVI whether_CSW such_DA conditional_JJ effects_NN2 are_VBR present_JJ ,_, In_II the_AT meantime_NNT1 ,_, the_AT average_JJ number_NN1 of_IO EAs_NP2 children_NN2 participate_VV0 in_RP gradually_RR decreases_VVZ from_II Wave_NN1 9_MC (_( 1.555_MC )_) to_II Wave_NN1 12_MC (_( 1.251_MC )_) ,_, as_CSA do_VD0 CAs_NP2 from_II 3.195_MC to_II 3.073_MC ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT strength-based_JJ approach_NN1 (_( Lerner_NP1 ,_, 2004_MC ;_; Starnino_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2014_MC )_) posits_VVZ that_CST promoting_VVG adolescents_NN2 '_NULL meaning_VVG in_II life_NN1 (_( MIL_NN1 )_) is_VBZ one_MC1 of_IO the_AT potential_JJ solutions_NN2 to_II the_AT vulnerability_NN1 to_II dampened_JJ well-being_NN1 in_II adolescence_NN1 ,_, because_CS MIL_NN1 is_VBZ one_MC1 of_IO the_AT spiritual_JJ strengths_NN2 that_CST help_VV0 improve_VVI positive_JJ functioning_NN1 and_CC reduce_VV0 psychological_JJ problems_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT recognition_NN1 you_PPY get_VV0 ?_? "_" (_( g_ZZ1 )_) "_" Being_VBG able_JK to_TO work_VVI as_II part_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 team_NN1 or_CC group_NN1 ?_? "_" 
</s>
<s>
Three_MC of_IO the_AT six_MC minority_NN1 students_NN2 form_VV0 a_AT1 separate_JJ triadic_JJ cluster_NN1 at_II the_AT bottom_NN1 of_IO the_AT graph_NN1 ,_, while_CS the_AT other_JJ three_MC have_VH0 several_DA2 friendships_NN2 with_IW majority_NN1 students_NN2 and_CC are_VBR well_RR integrated_VVN into_II the_AT larger_JJR component_NN1 of_IO the_AT network_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II the_AT final_JJ section_NN1 I_PPIS1 will_VM suggest_VVI how_RRQ a_AT1 critique_NN1 of_IO secular_JJ time_NNT1 ,_, and_CC the_AT use_NN1 of_IO insights_NN2 borrowed_VVN from_II theological_JJ temporality_NN1 (_( via_II Hannah_NP1 Arendt_NP1 and_CC Giorgio_NP1 Agamben_NP1 )_) ,_, can_VM combine_VVI with_IW the_AT new_JJ materialist_NN1 and_CC feminist_JJ approaches_NN2 to_II deep_JJ time_NNT1 just_RR mentioned_VVN ,_, to_II more_RGR adequately_RR respond_VV0 to_II the_AT challenges_NN2 of_IO the_AT Anthropocene_NP1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Colorectal_JJ cancer_NN1 (_( CRC_NP1 )_) screening_NN1 provides_VVZ the_AT '_NULL case_NN1 '_NULL or_CC specific_JJ learning_NN1 medium_NN1 for_IF health_NN1 disparities_NN2 research_VV0 training_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Pathways_NN2 to_II drug_NN1 dependence_NN1 are_VBR complex_JJ and_CC often_RR marked_VVN by_II key_JJ personal_JJ investments_NN2 ,_, prompted_VVD not_XX by_II choice_NN1 but_CCB rather_RR shaped_VVN by_II structural_JJ and_CC cultural_JJ forces_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
To_TO expand_VVI on_II these_DD2 issues_NN2 ,_, we_PPIS2 can_VM briefly_RR consider_VVI the_AT programme_NN1 of_IO strong_JJ AI_NN1 and_CC related_JJ computationalist_NN1 theories_NN2 of_IO the_AT mind_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
On_II one_MC1 side_NN1 ,_, are_VBR analyses_NN2 emphasizing_VVG the_AT positive_JJ consequences_NN2 of_IO super-diversity_NN1 for_IF intergroup_JJ relations_NN2 ;_; on_II the_AT other_JJ ,_, are_VBR studies_NN2 that_CST stress_VV0 negative_JJ effects_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
We_PPIS2 designed_VVD an_AT1 incentivized_JJ experiment_NN1 in_II which_DDQ people_NN could_VM choose_VVI to_TO favor_VVI or_CC disfavor_VVI others_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_RR21 addition_RR22 ,_, gentrifying_VVG locations_NN2 benefit_VV0 from_II urban_JJ charter_NN1 schools_NN2 ,_, which_DDQ attract_VV0 households_NN2 with_IW children_NN2 (_( Pearman_NP1 and_CC Swain_NP1 2017_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
And_CC his_APPGE questions_NN2 of_IO representation_NN1 ,_, intercultural_JJ translation_NN1 ,_, and_CC the_AT sometimes_RT contradictory_JJ role_NN1 of_IO social_JJ science_NN1 in_II excavating_VVG subjugated_JJ knowledges_NN2 might_VM have_VHI learned_VVN much_RR from_II subaltern_NN1 studies_NN2 and_CC postcolonial_JJ thinkers_NN2 (_( not_XX least_RRT Spivak_VV0 and_CC Chakrabarty_NP1 )_) who_PNQS have_VH0 already_RR explored_VVN these_DD2 very_RG same_DA questions_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Results_NN2 obtained_VVN from_II plausibly_RR exogenous_JJ models_NN2 produce_VV0 a_AT1 range_NN1 of_IO bounded_JJ estimates_NN2 for_IF the_AT effect_NN1 of_IO the_AT instrumented_JJ variable_NN1 ,_, rather_II21 than_II22 a_AT1 single_JJ coefficient_NN1 estimate_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Elite_NN1 graduate_NN1 programs_NN2 and_CC research_NN1 projects_NN2 rest_VV0 on_II a_AT1 firm_JJ populist_JJ base_NN1 that_CST may_VM help_VVI the_AT university_NN1 survive_VV0 the_AT current_JJ assaults_NN2 ,_, a_AT1 base_NN1 grounded_VVD as_RG much_DA1 in_II football_NN1 and_CC fraternities_NN2 as_CSA in_II the_AT erudition_NN1 of_IO its_APPGE faculty_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Social_JJ policy_NN1 arguments_NN2 concentrate_VV0 on_II institutional_JJ interventions_NN2 ,_, such_II21 as_II22 Medicare_NP1 (_( providing_VVG more_RGR equal_JJ access_NN1 to_II health_NN1 care_NN1 )_) or_CC Social_JJ Security_NN1 (_( alleviating_VVG economic_JJ inequality_NN1 among_II older_JJR adults_NN2 )_) (_( Dannefer_NP1 2003_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
However_RR ,_, the_AT actual_JJ experiences_NN2 of_IO the_AT immigrant_JJ men_NN2 in_II sexual_JJ and_CC romantic_JJ pairings_NN2 with_IW U.S._NP1 white_JJ men_NN2 sometimes_RT dispelled_VVD earlier_RRR untested_JJ erotic_JJ fantasies_NN2 ,_, as_CSA they_PPHS2 found_VVD themselves_PPX2 struggling_VVG to_TO disentangle_VVI genuine_JJ cultural_JJ differences_NN2 from_II power_NN1 plays_NN2 based_VVN on_II white_JJ privilege_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Ethnic_JJ boundaries_NN2 are_VBR distinctions_NN2 between_II individuals_NN2 based_VVN on_II the_AT belief_NN1 of_IO their_APPGE (_( real_JJ or_CC putative_JJ )_) common_JJ descent_NN1 that_CST shapes_NN2 individuals_NN2 '_NULL actions_NN2 and_CC mental_JJ orientations_NN2 toward_II one_PPX121 another_PPX122 (_( Barth_NP1 1969_MC ;_; Alba_NP1 and_CC Nee_FW 2003_MC ;_; Alba_NP1 2005_MC ;_; Wimmer_NP1 2008_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Mythen_JJ etal._NNU 2009_MC ;_; Nagra_NP1 2011_MC ;_; Peek_NP1 2011_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Our_APPGE control_NN1 variables_NN2 are_VBR selected_VVN based_VVN on_II an_AT1 assessment_NN1 of_IO commonly_RR cited_VVN determinants_NN2 of_IO reductions_NN2 in_II diarrhea_NN1 ,_, stunting_VVG ,_, and_CC mortality_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Second_MD ,_, we_PPIS2 make_VV0 a_AT1 theoretical_JJ contribution_NN1 by_II bringing_VVG the_AT role_NN1 of_IO labor_NN1 market_NN1 structure_NN1 and_CC workplace_NN1 norms_NN2 into_II the_AT literature_NN1 on_II postindustrial_JJ low_JJ fertility_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Gender-role_JJ ideology_NN1 and_CC the_AT household_NN1 division_NN1 of_IO labor.Both_NNU Japan_NP1 and_CC Korea_NP1 are_VBR characterized_VVN by_II gender-role_JJ attitudes_NN2 emphasizing_VVG the_AT importance_NN1 of_IO women_NN2 '_NULL s_ZZ1 role_NN1 as_CSA mothers_NN2 (_( Tsuya_NP1 and_CC Bumpass_VV0 2004_MC ;_; Ochiai_NP1 and_CC Molony_NP1 2008_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
It_PPH1 also_RR implies_VVZ that_CST if_CS local_JJ authorities_NN2 do_VD0 notobey_NN1 the_AT law_NN1 ,_, then_RT they_PPHS2 will_VM be_VBI educated_VVN :_: the_AT law_NN1 wins_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
That_DD1 does_VDZ not_XX mean_VVI ,_, however_RR ,_, that_CST all_DB affluent_JJ white_JJ children_NN2 make_VV0 sense_NN1 of_IO race_NN1 in_II the_AT same_DA way_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT large_JJ sample_NN1 size_NN1 (_( approximately_RR 140,000_MC persons_NN2 interviewed_VVD each_DD1 year_NNT1 )_) and_CC the_AT survey_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 national_JJ geographic_JJ coverage_NN1 enable_VV0 a_AT1 unique_JJ assessment_NN1 of_IO the_AT impact_NN1 of_IO neighborhood_NN1 immigrant_NN1 concentration_NN1 on_II levels_NN2 of_IO crime_NN1 reporting_VVG across_II traditional_JJ and_CC nontraditional_JJ destinations_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
As_II a_AT1 matter_NN1 of_IO human_JJ rights_NN2 ,_, individuals_NN2 and_CC groups_NN2 lack_VV0 control_VV0 over_RP how_RGQ personal_JJ information_NN1 is_VBZ indexed_VVN in_II a_AT1 search_NN1 engine_NN1 ,_, how_RRQ long_RR that_DD1 information_NN1 is_VBZ stored_VVN ,_, and_CC who_PNQS can_VM access_VVI it_PPH1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
What_DDQ is_VBZ sought_VVN for_IF ,_, in_II other_JJ words_NN2 ,_, is_VBZ the_AT virtuality_NN1 that_CST might_VM be_VBI immanent_JJ to_II computing_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II both_DB2 our_APPGE bivariate_JJ and_CC multivariate_JJ analyses_NN2 ,_, we_PPIS2 found_VVD no_AT significant_JJ differences_NN2 in_II the_AT outcomes_NN2 of_IO first_MD premarital_JJ cohabiting_JJ relationships_NN2 consummated_VVD during_II (_( December_NPM1 2007-June_NP1 2009_MC )_) or_CC up_RG21 to_RG22 six_MC months_NNT2 after_II the_AT recession_NN1 and_CC those_DD2 formed_VVN prior_II21 to_II22 the_AT recession_NN1 (_( January_NPM1 2006-November_NPM1 2007_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Although_CS there_EX may_VM indeed_RR be_VBI true_JJ seasonality_NN1 in_II HAZ_NP1 outcomes_NN2 ,_, the_AT errors_NN2 in_II DHS_NP2 and_CC similar_JJ surveys_NN2 arguably_RR create_VV0 an_AT1 insurmountable_JJ confounding_JJ problem_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Sociotropic_JJ concerns_NN2 are_VBR more_RGR important_JJ than_CSN individual_JJ affectedness_NN1 ,_, according_II21 to_II22 the_AT theory_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Compared_VVN to_II the_AT also_RR often_RR used_JJ self-reported_JJ year_NNT1 of_IO first_MD pension_NN1 receipt_NN1 ,_, our_APPGE operationalization_NN1 more_RGR specifically_RR assesses_VVZ whether_CSW a_AT1 person_NN1 perceives_VVZ her-_JJ or_CC himself_PPX1 as_CSA being_VBG retired_VVN and_CC therefore_RR is_VBZ more_RGR relevant_JJ given_VVN our_APPGE focus_NN1 on_II the_AT effect_NN1 of_IO social_JJ status_NN1 changes_NN2 associated_VVN with_IW retirement_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
However_RR ,_, the_AT officers_NN2 seemed_VVD to_TO believe_VVI he_PPHS1 had_VHD not_XX cooperated_VVN soon_RR enough_RR ._. 
</s>
<s>
Examining_VVG this_DD1 relationship_NN1 is_VBZ thus_RR useful_JJ theoretically_RR ._. 
</s>
<s>
However_RR ,_, this_DD1 study_NN1 goes_VVZ beyond_II recent_JJ UK_NP1 studies_NN2 on_II the_AT scale_NN1 of_IO child_NN1 welfare_NN1 inequalities_NN2 in_II the_AT likelihood_NN1 of_IO being_VBG placed_VVN in_II out-of-home_JJ care_NN1 by_II considering_VVG such_DA inequalities_NN2 over_II time_NNT1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT coefficient_NN1 for_IF the_AT current_JJ changes_NN2 in_II the_AT predictor_NN1 ,_, For_REX21 instance_REX22 ,_, grandparental_JJ age_NN1 can_VM be_VBI considered_VVN as_II a_AT1 proxy_NN1 measure_NN1 for_IF grandparental_JJ health_NN1 (_( although_CS far_RR from_II being_VBG a_AT1 perfect_JJ indicator_NN1 for_IF that_DD1 because_CS our_APPGE register_NN1 data_NN do_VD0 not_XX consist_VVI of_IO health_NN1 information_NN1 )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Column_NN1 1_MC1 of_IO Table_NN1 3_MC also_RR allowed_VVN us_PPIO2 to_II benchmark_NN1 the_AT parent–child_NN1 separation_NN1 penalty_NN1 of_IO approximately_RR 1.32_MC of_IO IHS_NP2 transformed_VVD wealth_NN1 documented_VVN in_II Model_NN1 4_MC of_IO Table_NN1 2_MC to_TO effect_VVI sizes_NN2 of_IO other_JJ covariates_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
One_PN1 should_VM also_RR note_VVI that_CST it_PPH1 was_VBDZ Lacan_JJ (_( 1966_MC )_) who_PNQS would_VM arrange_VVI for_IF the_AT serialized_JJ publication_NN1 of_IO the_AT French_JJ translation_NN1 of_IO Schreber_NP1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 Memoirs_NN2 in_II the_AT epistemologically_RR oriented_VVD Cahiers_NN2 pour_VV0 l_ZZ1 '_NULL analyse_VV0 (_( on_II the_AT Cahiers_NN2 see_VV0 Hallward_RL and_CC Peden_NP1 ,_, 2012_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
However_RR ,_, when_CS discussing_VVG their_APPGE motivations_NN2 and_CC pathways_NN2 into_II their_APPGE current_JJ careers_NN2 ,_, Of_IO the_AT other_JJ indicatorsnetwork_NN1 density_NN1 ,_, item_NN1 non-response_NN1 ,_, non-differentiation_NN1 ,_, and_CC response_NN1 timeonly_RR the_AT fourth_MD item_NN1 non-response_NN1 indicator_NN1 (_( C4_FO :_: Alter-to-Alter_VV0 Tie_NN1 )_) showed_VVD a_AT1 marginally_RR significant_JJ decline_NN1 between_II waves_NN2 2_MC and_CC 3_MC ,_, and_CC both_DB2 response_NN1 time_NNT1 indicators_NN2 (_( C1_FO :_: Name_NN1 Generator_NN1 and_CC C1-C4_NN1 :_: Complete_JJ Network_NN1 Module_NN1 )_) showed_VVD a_AT1 marginally_RR significant_JJ increase_NN1 between_II wave_NN1 1_MC1 and_CC wave_NN1 2_MC ._. 
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<s>
In_II31 view_II32 of_II33 these_DD2 changes_NN2 ,_, the_AT diverging_JJ destinies_NN2 perspective_NN1 argues_VVZ that_CST changes_NN2 in_II family_NN1 patterns_NN2 have_VH0 been_VBN greater_JJR among_II the_AT more_RGR economically_RR disadvantaged_JJ than_CSN among_II those_DD2 with_IW more_RGR economic_JJ resources_NN2 (_( McLanahan_NP1 2004_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
The_AT self-employed_JJ ,_, those_DD2 working_VVG unpaid_JJ in_II a_AT1 family_NN1 business_NN1 ,_, and_CC employees_NN2 in_II category_NN1 (_( iv_MC )_) ,_, are_VBR aggregated_VVN into_II a_AT1 catch-all_JJ '_NULL other_JJ employed_JJ '_NULL category_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
They_PPHS2 typically_RR use_VV0 methods_NN2 relying_VVG on_II random_JJ increases_NN2 to_II family_NN1 size_NN1 ,_, often_RR in_II the_AT form_NN1 of_IO twins_NN2 or_CC sibling_NN1 sex_NN1 composition_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
We_PPIS2 construct_VV0 a_AT1 measure_NN1 of_IO third_MD places_NN2 by_II aggregating_VVG the_AT point-based_JJ establishment_NN1 data_NN from_II Reference_NN1 USA_NP1 (_( 2000_MC )_) to_II the_AT half-mile_JJ egohood_NN1 of_IO each_DD1 respondent_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 is_VBZ also_RR apparent_JJ in_II the_AT programmes_NN2 of_IO Dutch_JJ political_JJ parties_NN2 :_: The_AT data_NN clearly_RR show_VV0 that_CST the_AT decline_NN1 of_IO support_NN1 for_IF traditional_JJ moral_JJ values_NN2 has_VHZ fuelled_VVN a_AT1 new_JJ polarization_NN1 over_II the_AT importance_NN1 of_IO individual_JJ freedom_NN1 and_CC cultural_JJ pluralism_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Shore_NP1 ,_, and_CC Liden_NP1 1997_MC ;_; Walumbwa_NP1 ,_, Cropanzano_NP1 ,_, and_CC Hartnell_NP1 2009_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Too_RG often_RR characteristics_NN2 and_CC circumstances_NN2 contain_VV0 aspects_NN2 of_IO multiple_JJ CARIN_NN1 criteria_NN2 simultaneously_RR ._. 
</s>
<s>
Nevertheless_RR ,_, as_CSA a_AT1 robustness_NN1 check_NN1 ,_, we_PPIS2 re-ran_VVD a_AT1 selected_JJ set_NN1 of_IO models_NN2 with_IW a_AT1 quadratic_JJ term_NN1 of_IO age_NN1 added_VVN to_II our_APPGE equations_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II this_DD1 vein_NN1 ,_, this_DD1 study_NN1 extends_VVZ our_APPGE understanding_NN1 of_IO how_RRQ race_NN1 relations_NN2 within_II a_AT1 school_NN1 intertwine_VV0 with_IW race_NN1 relations_NN2 out_II21 of_II22 school_NN1 (_( Granovetter_NP1 1986_MC )_) ,_, shaping_VVG the_AT networks_NN2 of_IO its_APPGE various_JJ members_NN2 ,_, as_II31 well_II32 as_II33 teachers_NN2 '_NULL collaborative_JJ behaviors_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
At_II this_DD1 time_NNT1 ,_, one_MC1 of_IO the_AT showcased_JJ artists_NN2 had_VHD put_VVN up_RP a_AT1 large_JJ tent_NN1 with_IW Thai_JJ food_NN1 given_VVN out_RP to_II visitors_NN2 without_IW charge_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
When_CS asked_VVN to_TO describe_VVI the_AT localized_JJ perception_NN1 of_IO Right_NN1 to_II Dream_NN1 ,_, recruits_VVZ instead_RR directed_VVN conversation_NN1 towards_II the_AT gendered_JJ import_NN1 of_IO football_NN1 as_II a_AT1 vehicle_NN1 of_IO social_JJ mobility_NN1 ,_, even_RR transcendence_NN1 ,_, for_IF male_JJ youth_NN1 across_II West_ND1 Africa_NP1 (_( McGee_NP1 ,_, 2012_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Any_DD progress_NN1 made_VVN has_VHZ been_VBN achieved_VVN through_II dialogue_NN1 with_IW others_NN2 ,_, often_RR in_II the_AT context_NN1 of_IO traditional_JJ coffee_NN1 ceremonies_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT creation_NN1 of_IO movement_NN1 identities_NN2 may_VM be_VBI another_DD1 mechanism_NN1 of_IO influence_NN1 on_II everyday_JJ behavior_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT extent_NN1 of_IO research_NN1 undertaken_VVN in_II this_DD1 area_NN1 is_VBZ still_RR limited_VVN and_CC ,_, as_CS31 far_CS32 as_CS33 we_PPIS2 are_VBR aware_JJ ,_, we_PPIS2 provide_VV0 the_AT first_MD attempt_NN1 to_II explicitly_RR factor_NN1 in_II individuals_NN2 '_NULL cognitive_JJ ability_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Estimates_NN2 from_II two_MC national_JJ data_NN sources_NN2 provide_VV0 clearer_JJR insight_NN1 into_II the_AT prevalence_NN1 of_IO casual_JJ sex_NN1 :_: About_II one-quarter_MF of_IO young_JJ women_NN2 and_CC two-fifths_MF of_IO young_JJ men_NN2 report_VV0 that_CST their_APPGE first_MD vaginal_JJ intercourse_NN1 occurred_VVD within_II the_AT context_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 casual_JJ encounter_NN1 (_( Manlove_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
2012_MC ,_, Martinez_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
2011_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
At_II a_AT1 national_JJ level_NN1 ,_, in_II 1798_MC during_II the_AT Quasi-War_NN1 with_IW the_AT French_JJ Republic_NN1 ,_, the_AT Adams_NP1 administration_NN1 passed_VVD the_AT infamous_JJ Alien_NN1 and_CC Sedition_NN1 Acts_NN2 ,_, which_DDQ targeted_VVD immigrants_NN2 to_II the_AT United_NP1 States_NP1 ,_, a_AT1 group_NN1 that_CST largely_RR supported_VVN Democratic-Republicans_NN2 ,_, and_CC made_VVN them_PPHO2 easier_RRR to_TO deport_VVI ,_, and_CC limited_JJ freedom_NN1 of_IO the_AT press_NN1 and_CC criticism_NN1 of_IO the_AT government_NN1 (_( Davidson_NP1 2004_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT growing_JJ availability_NN1 of_IO legal_JJ structures_NN2 that_CST delimit_VV0 the_AT liability_NN1 that_CST accompanies_VVZ rental_NN1 property_NN1 ownership_NN1 is_VBZ redefining_VVG relations_NN2 of_IO ownership_NN1 and_CC responsibility_NN1 in_II urban_JJ real_JJ estate_NN1 markets_NN2 and_CC may_VM accelerate_VVI the_AT transformation_NN1 of_IO real_JJ estate_NN1 into_II a_AT1 passive_JJ investment_NN1 vehicle_NN1 more_RGR akin_JJ to_II traditional_JJ financial_JJ products_NN2 (_( Aalbers_NP1 2016_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT fact_NN1 that_CST fewer_DAR tenants_NN2 know_VV0 precisely_RR who_PNQS owns_VVZ the_AT buildings_NN2 they_PPHS2 call_VV0 home_RL means_VVZ renters_NN2 may_VM be_VBI more_RGR vulnerable_JJ to_II mistreatment_NN1 or_CC exploitation_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Foucault_NN1 calls_VVZ countless_JJ relationships_NN2 of_IO power_NN1 that_CST seem_VV0 impossible_JJ to_TO capture_VVI them_PPHO2 all_RR (_( Gutting_NP1 ,_, 2005_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
I_PPIS1 am_VBM not_XX offering_VVG these_DD2 insights_NN2 with_II41 a_II42 view_II43 to_II44 reasserting_VVG a_AT1 Christian_JJ narrative_NN1 of_IO human_JJ exceptionalism_NN1 over_II the_AT secularist_NN1 variety_NN1 (_( nor_CC is_VBZ it_PPH1 the_AT place_NN1 here_RL to_TO discuss_VVI whether_CSW a_AT1 theological_JJ temporality_NN1 is_VBZ able_JJ successfully_RR to_TO overcome_VVI such_DA a_AT1 narrative_NN1 )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT strength_NN1 of_IO this_DD1 interpretation_NN1 is_VBZ that_CST it_PPH1 simply_RR extends_VVZ the_AT interpretation_NN1 of_IO the_AT coefficients_NN2 for_IF the_AT two_MC APC_FO variables_NN2 in_II Equation_NN1 4_MC ._. 
</s>
<s>
However_RR ,_, the_AT finding_NN1 that_CST people_NN working_VVG high_JJ levels_NN2 of_IO excess_JJ hours_NNT2 took_VVD less_DAR sickness_NN1 absence_NN1 runs_VVZ contrary_II21 to_II22 their_APPGE reported_JJ well-being_NN1 and_CC suggests_VVZ that_CST in_II this_DD1 case_NN1 low_JJ uptake_NN1 of_IO sickness_NN1 absence_NN1 may_VM be_VBI a_AT1 function_NN1 of_IO high_JJ service_NN1 demands_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
While_CS earnings_NN2 could_VM be_VBI allocated_VVN according_II21 to_II22 individuals_NN2 '_NULL performance_NN1 ,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ difficult_JJ for_IF employers_NN2 to_TO distribute_VVI occupations_NN2 based_VVN on_II skills_NN2 without_IW explicit_JJ signals_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Parsons_NP1 (_( 1918_MC :_: 420-21_MCMC )_) ,_, for_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, attributed_VVD the_AT marked_JJ increase_NN1 in_II juvenile_JJ delinquency_NN1 post-Civil_JJ War_NN1 to_II the_AT "_" disturbances_NN2 of_IO home_NN1 conditions_NN2 ,_, the_AT absence_NN1 of_IO the_AT father_NN1 and_CC elder_JJR brother_NN1 ,_, the_AT employment_NN1 of_IO the_AT mother_NN1 in_RP other_II21 than_II22 domestic_JJ pursuits_NN2 ._. "_" 
</s>
<s>
Prior_II21 to_II22 the_AT Second_MD Vatican_NP1 Council_NN1 ,_, Homicide_NN1 victims_NN2 are_VBR drawn_VVN disproportionately_RR from_II segments_NN2 of_IO the_AT population_NN1 with_IW lower-than-average_JJR educational_JJ attainment_NN1 (_( Wong_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
2002_MC )_) ,_, who_PNQS have_VH0 lower_JJR LE_NP1 than_CSN the_AT rest_NN1 of_IO the_AT population_NN1 within_II race_NN1 and_CC gender_NN1 groups_NN2 (_( Meara_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
2008_MC ;_; Olshansky_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
2014_MC ;_; Wong_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
2002_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 comes_VVZ from_II the_AT following_JJ question_NN1 on_II the_AT GSS_NP1 :_: "_" Taken_VVN all_DB together_RL ,_, how_RRQ would_VM you_PPY say_VVI things_NN2 are_VBR these_DD2 days-would_VM you_PPY say_VVI that_CST you_PPY are_VBR very_RG happy_JJ ,_, pretty_RG happy_JJ ,_, or_CC not_XX too_RG happy_JJ ?_? "_" 
</s>
<s>
Whites_NN2 are_VBR also_RR half_RR as_RG likely_JJ to_TO say_VVI they_PPHS2 are_VBR "_" not_XX too_RG happy_JJ "_" (_( 10_MC percent_NNU )_) than_CSN blacks_NN2 (_( 20_MC percent_NNU )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Here_RL ,_, we_PPIS2 explicitly_RR test_VV0 whether_CSW parents_NN2 '_NULL timepressure_NN1 fluctuates_VVZ during_II children_NN2 '_NULL s_ZZ1 life_NN1 courses_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
We_PPIS2 are_VBR grateful_JJ to_II a_AT1 reviewer_NN1 for_IF this_DD1 suggestion_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Yet_RR the_AT end_NN1 of_IO life_NN1 differs_VVZ from_II other_JJ life_NN1 course_NN1 stages_NN2 in_II that_DD1 scholars_NN2 and_CC practitioners_NN2 have_VH0 not_XX established_VVN a_AT1 consensus_NN1 definition_NN1 nor_CC a_AT1 definitive_JJ demarcation_NN1 of_IO when_RRQ this_DD1 stage_NN1 starts_VVZ (_( Hui_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
2014_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT following_JJ mechanisms_NN2 might_VM shed_VVI light_NN1 on_II these_DD2 results_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 work_NN1 has_VHZ always_RR been_VBN central_JJ to_II sociologists_NN2 '_NULL understanding_NN1 of_IO the_AT real-time_JJ experience_NN1 of_IO social_JJ life_NN1 ,_, including_II the_AT division_NN1 of_IO household_NN1 labor_NN1 and_CC use_NN1 of_IO information_NN1 and_CC communication_NN1 technology_NN1 (_( ICT_NP1 )_) devices_NN2 ,_, and_CC how_RRQ that_DD1 relates_VVZ to_II important_JJ social_JJ phenomena_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 gender_NN1 inequality_NN1 and_CC time_NNT1 pressure_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Yet_RR ,_, both_DB2 have_VH0 been_VBN given_VVN pungent_JJ reputations_NN2 as_CSA their_APPGE proclaimed_JJ selves_NN2 are_VBR evaluated_VVN ._. 
</s>
<s>
Based_VVN on_II research_NN1 showing_VVG that_CST the_AT larger_JJR context_NN1 besides_II peer_NN1 groups_NN2 has_VHZ an_AT1 effect_NN1 as_RR21 well_RR22 ,_, we_PPIS2 are_VBR also_RR including_II academic_JJ aspirations_NN2 in_II the_AT classroom_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 allows_VVZ us_PPIO2 to_TO identify_VVI employed_JJ respondents_NN2 who_PNQS wanted_VVD more_RRR ,_, the_AT same_DA ,_, Catholic_JJ Church_NN1 does_VDZ not_XX allow_VVI for_IF divorce_NN1 ;_; if_CS ,_, Given_VVN the_AT differences_NN2 in_II legislative_JJ requirements_NN2 with_II31 respect_II32 to_II33 casual_JJ and_CC fixed-term_JJ contracts_NN2 in_II Australia_NP1 ,_, casual_JJ employment_NN1 is_VBZ expected_VVN to_TO result_VVI more_RGR often_RR in_II trap_NN1 pathways_NN2 than_CSN fixed-term_JJ contract_NN1 employment_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT current_JJ study_NN1 analyzed_VVD the_AT association_NN1 between_II parental_JJ caregiving_NN1 and_CC the_AT following_JJ three_MC outcome_NN1 variables_NN2 :_: the_AT likelihood_NN1 of_IO working_VVG for_IF pay_NN1 at_II the_AT time_NNT1 of_IO the_AT survey_NN1 ,_, women_NN2 '_NULL s_ZZ1 and_CC men_NN2 '_NULL s_ZZ1 usual_JJ weekly_JJ work_NN1 hours_NNT2 ,_, and_CC their_APPGE hourly_JJ wages_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
An_AT1 editor_NN1 with_IW an_AT1 expertise_NN1 in_II science_NN1 might_VM be_VBI advised_VVN to_TO turn_VVI over_RP a_AT1 book_NN1 on_II ballet_NN1 to_II a_AT1 colleague_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Each_DD1 panel_NN1 plots_NN2 the_AT gaps_NN2 in_II a_AT1 different_JJ variable_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
I_PPIS1 mean_VV0 ,_, they_PPHS2 '_NULL re_II not_XX ,_, again_RT ,_, it_PPH1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 diverse_JJ ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II the_AT optimistic_JJ visions_NN2 of_IO Stager_NP1 ,_, the_AT Long_JJ Now_RT Foundation_NN1 ,_, and_CC others_NN2 ,_, Homo_NN121 sapiens_NN122 is_VBZ triumphant_JJ without_IW being_VBG described_VVN in_II any_DD embodied_VVD ,_, gendered_VVD ,_, material_NN1 and_CC unpredictable_JJ sense_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 type_NN1 of_IO sublimation_NN1 ,_, or_CC transformation_NN1 of_IO negative_JJ emotions_NN2 into_II more_RGR positive_JJ outlooks_NN2 ,_, has_VHZ been_VBN observed_VVN in_II other_JJ work_NN1 ,_, including_II Garbarino_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. '_NULL s_ZZ1 (_( 1991_MC )_) study_NN1 of_IO Palestinian_JJ children_NN2 living_VVG during_II the_AT intifada_NN1 ,_, as_II31 well_II32 as_II33 McAdam_NP1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 (_( 2013_MC )_) study_NN1 of_IO youth_NN1 in_II African_JJ conflict_NN1 zones_NN2 ,_, in_II which_DDQ she_PPHS1 showed_VVD that_CST resilient_JJ youth_NN1 are_VBR more_RGR inclined_JJ to_TO have_VHI an_AT1 "_" exaggerated_JJ optimistic_JJ personal_JJ schema_NN1 ._. "_" 
</s>
<s>
A_AT1 third_MD factor_NN1 concerns_VVZ specific_JJ efforts_NN2 by_II cleaning_VVG companies_NN2 to_TO retain_VVI key_JJ staff_NN ,_, What_DDQ is_VBZ to_TO be_VBI expected_VVN in_II31 terms_II32 of_II33 differential_JJ overeducation_NN1 risks_NN2 for_IF the_AT three_MC labour_NN1 market_NN1 dynamics_NN profiles_NN2 ,_, which_DDQ together_RL comprise_VV0 national_JJ overeducation_NN1 rates_NN2 ?_? 
</s>
<s>
The_AT three_MC components_NN2 of_IO place_NN1 identified_VVN in_II Relph_NP1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 (_( 1976_MC )_) work_VV0 on_II place_NN1 and_CC placelessness_NN1 include_VV0 physical_JJ setting_NN1 ,_, activities_NN2 and_CC meanings_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II this_DD1 respect_NN1 ,_, we_PPIS2 are_VBR treating_VVG the_AT Dear_JJ Savvy_NP1 Auntie_NN1 posts_NN2 as_CSA we_PPIS2 would_VM a_AT1 print_NN1 copy_VVI advice_NN1 column_NN1 (_( Bassett_NP1 and_CC O_ZZ1 '_NULL Riordan_NP1 ,_, 2002_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Despite_II decades_NNT2 of_IO research_NN1 on_II cohabitation_NN1 and_CC marriage_NN1 ,_, it_PPH1 turns_VVZ out_RP there_RL is_VBZ much_RR we_PPIS2 still_RR need_VV0 to_TO learn_VVI about_II how_RRQ cohabitation_NN1 ,_, marriage_NN1 ,_, and_CC divorce_VV0 interrelate_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
However_RR ,_, toward_II the_AT end_NN1 the_AT "_" shadow_NN1 of_IO the_AT future_NN1 "_" (_( Axelrod_NP1 ,_, 1984_MC )_) decreases_VVZ and_CC trust_NN1 may_VM break_VVI down_RP ._. 
</s>
<s>
It_PPH1 culminated_VVD in_II various_JJ attempts_NN2 to_TO empirically_RR disprove_VVI Thomas_NP1 Hobbes_NP1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 philosophical_JJ anthropology_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
By_II comparison_NN1 ,_, the_AT proportion_NN1 of_IO convicted_JJ U.S._NP1 citizen_NN1 defendants_NN2 incarcerated_VVD in_II N.Y./D.C._NP1 actually_RR decreased_VVN following_II 9/11_MF ,_, from_II 75%_NNU to_II 74%_NNU ._. 
</s>
<s>
Participants_NN2 completed_VVD a_AT1 battery_NN1 of_IO questionnaires_NN2 in_II a_AT1 classroom_NN1 setting_VVG during_II school_NN1 hours_NNT2 with_IW the_AT presence_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 trained_JJ research_NN1 assistant_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Similarly_RR ,_, Athey_NP1 &;_NULL Imbens_NP2 (_( 2016_MC )_) develop_VV0 causal_JJ trees_NN2 to_TO estimate_VVI treatment_NN1 effects_NN2 for_IF subgroups_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
For_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, changes_NN2 in_II health_NN1 influence_NN1 sex_NN1 and_CC sexuality_NN1 ,_, but_CCB lesbian_JJ and_CC straight_JJ women_NN2 may_VM understand_VVI their_APPGE health_NN1 differently_RR ._. 
</s>
<s>
For_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, the_AT "_" very_RG happy_JJ "_" gap_NN1 was_VBDZ 6_MC percentage_NN1 points_NN2 in_II the_AT 2012-2014_MCMC period_NN1 ,_, down_RP from_II 15_MC percentage_NN1 points_NN2 in_II the_AT 1972-1976_MCMC period_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Due_II21 to_II22 the_AT important_JJ functions_NN2 of_IO work_NN1 (_( Jahoda_NP1 ,_, 1981_MC )_) and_CC the_AT stigma_NN1 associated_VVN with_IW unemployment_NN1 and_CC deviance_NN1 from_II the_AT normal_JJ biography_NN1 ,_, unemployment_NN1 may_VM result_VVI in_II a_AT1 perceived_JJ loss_NN1 of_IO social_JJ recognition_NN1 ,_, the_AT reduction_NN1 of_IO self-esteem_NN1 and_CC an_AT1 intensified_JJ feeling_NN1 of_IO social_JJ exclusion_NN1 (_( Gundert_NP1 and_CC Hohendammer_NP1 ,_, 2014_MC ;_; "_" Author_NN1 DATE_NN1 "_" )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II the_AT decades_NNT2 following_RA World_NN1 War_NN1 II_MC ,_, the_AT concentration_NN1 of_IO production_NN1 and_CC economic_JJ expansion_NN1 thus_RR meant_VVN not_XX only_RR fewer_DAR ,_, bigger_JJR firms_NN2 but_CCB also_RR higher_JJR wages_NN2 that_CST translated_VVD into_II improved_JJ socioeconomic_JJ well-being_NN1 and_CC community_NN1 welfare_NN1 (_( Lobao_NP1 1990_MC )_) ,_, although_CS these_DD2 relationships_NN2 have_VH0 eroded_VVN in_II recent_JJ years_NNT2 as_II a_AT1 result_NN1 of_IO globalization_NN1 ,_, increased_JJ market_NN1 competition_NN1 ,_, and_CC declining_JJ worker_NN1 power_NN1 (_( Bluestone_NP1 &;_NULL Harrison_NP1 1982_MC ,_, Hollister_NN1 2004_MC ,_, Kalleberg_NP1 2011_MC ,_, Thompson_NP1 2003_MC ,_, Vallas_NP2 &;_NULL Prener_NN1 2012_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
We_PPIS2 have_VH0 chosen_VVN a_AT1 simple_JJ threshold_NN1 model_NN1 which_DDQ abstracts_NN2 away_RL many_DA2 aspects_NN2 of_IO reality_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Finally_RR ,_, the_AT results_NN2 indicate_VV0 that_CST the_AT development_NN1 of_IO life_NN1 satisfaction_NN1 in_II the_AT short_JJ and_CC long_JJ term_NN1 differed_VVD significantly_RR between_II people_NN retiring_VVG from_II short-_JJ and_CC long-term_JJ unemployment_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
B_ZZ1 ,_, c_ZZ1 ,_, d_ZZ1 ,_, e_ZZ1 ,_, and_CC a_AT1 designate_JJ explanatory_JJ factors_NN2 conceptualized_VVD as_CSA variables_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Exclusion_NN1 can_VM persist_VVI when_RRQ organizations_NN2 face_VV0 pressure_NN1 for_IF greater_JJR subordinate_JJ group_NN1 access_NN1 to_II high-status_JJ categories_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
It_PPH1 is_VBZ necessary_JJ to_TO revisit_VVI this_DD1 relationship_NN1 in_II non-Western_JJ or_CC developing_JJ countries_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Migration_NN1 literature_NN1 on_II early_JJ settlement_NN1 generally_RR assumes_VVZ that_CST migrants_NN2 will_VM gravitate_VVI towards_II co-ethnics_NN2 with_IW whom_PNQO they_PPHS2 share_VV0 a_AT1 language_NN1 ,_, similar_JJ cultural_JJ values_NN2 and_CC religious_JJ beliefs_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Given_VVN recent_JJ changes_NN2 in_II immigration_NN1 policy_NN1 and_CC in_II contexts_NN2 of_IO both_RR exit_VV0 and_CC reception_NN1 for_IF new_JJ immigrants_NN2 ,_, we_PPIS2 also_RR pay_VV0 special_JJ attention_NN1 to_II the_AT significance_NN1 of_IO selectivity_NN1 and_CC immigration_NN1 status_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
To_TO test_VVI for_IF the_AT existence_NN1 of_IO such_DA threshold_NN1 effects_NN2 (_( Galster_NP1 ,_, 2012_MC ;_; see_VV0 also_RR Jones_NP1 and_CC Duncan_NP1 ,_, 1995_MC )_) ,_, H3B_FO examines_VVZ whether_CSW the_AT contextual_JJ effect_NN1 of_IO the_AT proportion_NN1 of_IO highly_RR educated_JJ residents_NN2 in_II the_AT residential_JJ environment_NN1 is_VBZ non-linear_JJ ._. 
</s>
<s>
Self-identification_JJ as_CSA German.Respondents_NP1 in_II Germany_NP1 were_VBDR asked_VVN how_RGQ strongly_RR they_PPHS2 feel_VV0 German_NN1 on_II a_AT1 four-point_JJ scale_NN1 (_( strongly_RR ,_, fairly_RR ,_, not_XX so_RG much_DA1 ,_, not_XX at_RR21 all_RR22 )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT IV-FE_NP1 models_NN2 could_VM reduce_VVI bias_NN1 due_II21 to_II22 time-variant_JJ unobserved_JJ factors_NN2 that_CST led_VVD women_NN2 and_CC men_NN2 to_TO make_VVI caregiving_VVG decisions_NN2 in_II31 light_II32 of_II33 their_APPGE employment_NN1 ,_, work_NN1 hours_NNT2 ,_, or_CC hourly_JJ wages_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Quite_RG remarkably_RR ,_, a_AT1 VET_NN1 1_MC1 generated_VVD only_RR a_AT1 small_JJ average_JJ wage_NN1 premium_NN1 compared_VVN to_II wages_NN2 for_IF unskilled_JJ workers_NN2 in_II the_AT late_JJ 2000s_MC2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
A_AT1 coefficient_NN1 of_IO the_AT interaction_NN1 between_II birth_NN1 cohort_NN1 and_CC sibship_NN1 size_NN1 expresses_VVZ the_AT strength_NN1 of_IO the_AT inter-_JJ generational_JJ relationship_NN1 over_II time_NNT1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT innovative_JJ strategy_NN1 utilized_VVN by_II Mills_NP1 is_VBZ to_TO interrogate_VVI the_AT various_JJ border_NN1 mechanisms_NN2 utilized_VVN to_TO either_RR control_VVI identity_NN1 fluidity_NN1 or_CC force_NN1 conformity_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT Netherlands_NP1 is_VBZ composed_VVN of_IO 34.094_MC inhabited_VVD 500_MC ?_? 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 descriptive_JJ result_NN1 is_VBZ in_II31 line_II32 with_II33 our_APPGE assumption_NN1 that_CST countries_NN2 more_RRR affected_VVN by_II the_AT crisis_NN1 have_VH0 smaller_JJR populations_NN2 of_IO movers_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
While_CS there_EX is_VBZ clear_JJ evidence_NN1 that_CST minorities_NN2 have_VH0 benefited_VVN from_II preferential_JJ treatment_NN1 (_( Hannum_NP1 &;_NULL Xie_NP1 1998_MC ,_, Tang_NN1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
2016_MC )_) ,_, the_AT system_NN1 of_IO regional_JJ ethnic_JJ autonomy_NN1 has_VHZ not_XX reduced_VVN the_AT ethnic_JJ minorities_NN2 '_NULL socioeconomic_JJ disadvantages_NN2 as_CSA expected_VVN ,_, even_RR in_II their_APPGE own_DA autonomous_JJ jurisdictions_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
For_IF some_DD males_NN2 ,_, this_DD1 potentially_RR tarnishes_VVZ PTSD_NP1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 reputation_NN1 and_CC limits_VVZ access_NN1 to_II resources_NN2 for_IF PTSD_NP1 treatment_NN1 (_( Linder_NP1 2004_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
No_AT other_JJ U.S._NP1 data_NN set_NN1 yields_VVZ an_AT1 adequate_JJ sample_NN1 size_NN1 to_TO examine_VVI repartnering_VVG among_II gray_JJ divorced_JJ individuals_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT Whiskey_NN1 Rebellion_NN1 could_VM have_VHI ended_VVN with_IW either_DD1 (_( 1_MC1 )_) an_AT1 insufficient_JJ army_NN1 marching_VVG to_II Pittsburgh_NP1 ,_, leaving_VVG the_AT leaders_NN2 of_IO the_AT 7,000-man_FO army_NN1 unarrested_JJ and_CC no_AT oath_NN1 of_IO allegiance_NN1 signed_VVN on_II September_NPM1 11_MC ,_, or_CC (_( 2_MC )_) a_AT1 violent_JJ conflict_NN1 between_II a_AT1 federal_JJ force_NN1 and_CC the_AT rebels_NN2 ,_, resulting_VVG in_II many_DA2 dead_RG Revolutionary_JJ War_NN1 veterans_NN2 in_II the_AT streets_NN2 of_IO Pitts-burgh_NP1 as_CSA highly_RR public_JJ evidence_NN1 of_IO the_AT new_JJ government_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 "_" tyranny_NN1 ._. "_" 
</s>
<s>
Inclusion_NN1 of_IO measures_NN2 that_CST directly_RR capture_VV0 incompatibility_NN1 in_II the_AT demands_NN2 of_IO parenthood_NN1 and_CC other_JJ social_JJ roles_NN2 would_VM open_VVI new_JJ analytic_JJ pathways_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT statistical_JJ test_NN1 reported_VVN in_II the_AT table_NN1 is_VBZ a_AT1 conservative_JJ two-tailed_JJ t_ZZ1 test_VV0 ,_, further_RRR affirming_VVG that_CST the_AT findings_NN2 are_VBR different_JJ from_II a_AT1 chance_NN1 pattern_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II an_AT1 era_NN1 of_IO limited_JJ funds_NN2 for_IF social_JJ welfare_NN1 programs_NN2 ,_, instead_II21 of_II22 offering_VVG assistance_NN1 to_II marginalized_JJ populations_NN2 ,_, they_PPHS2 are_VBR simply_RR spatially_RR segregated_VVN so_CS21 that_CS22 we_PPIS2 do_VD0 not_XX have_VHI to_TO encounter_VVI them_PPHO2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Ethical_JJ approval_NN1 was_VBDZ gained_VVN for_IF both_DB2 projects_NN2 in_II advance_NN1 of_IO fieldwork_NN1 being_VBG undertaken_VVN and_CC full_JJ written_JJ consent_NN1 was_VBDZ received_VVN from_II all_DB respondents_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Individuals_NN2 in_II this_DD1 final_JJ group_NN1 generally_RR drew_VVD on_II family_NN1 support_NN1 for_IF bills_NN2 ,_, housing_VVG ,_, and_CC tuition_NN1 for_IF the_AT longest_JJT duration_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II Kazan_NP1 and_CC Ufa_NP1 ,_, 28_MC and_CC 23_MC per_NNU21 cent_NNU22 of_IO the_AT HR_NNU employees_NN2 had_VHD non-ethnically_RR Russian_JJ names_NN2 ,_, The_AT model_NN1 has_VHZ three_MC interconnected_JJ elements_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT election_NN1 crisis_NN1 of_IO 1801_MC was_VBDZ resolved_VVN in_II a_AT1 way_NN1 that_CST favored_VVD the_AT continuity_NN1 of_IO federal_JJ power_NN1 ,_, but_CCB ,_, as_CSA I_PPIS1 shall_VM endeavor_VVI to_TO show_VVI ,_, this_DD1 successful_JJ performance_NN1 depended_VVN on_II previous_JJ successes_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Welfare_NN1 fraud_NN1 investigators_NN2 '_NULL primary_JJ task_NN1 is_VBZ collecting_VVG information_NN1 probative_NN1 of_IO deliberate_JJ Program_NN1 Violations_NN2 ,_, or_CC IPVs_NN2 )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
These_DD2 charges_NN2 allow_VV0 for_IF clients_NN2 to_TO be_VBI suspended_VVN or_CC disqualified_VVN from_II program_NN1 participation_NN1 ,_, and_CC they_PPHS2 are_VBR the_AT types_NN2 of_IO investigations_NN2 most_RGT likely_JJ to_TO enable_VVI criminal_JJ prosecutions_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Finally_RR ,_, we_PPIS2 examine_VV0 contextual_JJ effects_NN2 and_CC cross-level_JJ interaction_NN1 effects_NN2 using_VVG three-level_JJ logistic_JJ regression_NN1 models_NN2 to_TO nest_VVI the_AT 24,373_MC homicide_NN1 and_CC homicide-suicide_JJ sample_NN1 cases_NN2 within_II 3,019_MC cities_NN2 distributed_VVN across_II 48_MC contiguous_JJ U.S._NP1 states_VVZ ._. 
</s>
<s>
Gender_NN1 scholars_NN2 have_VH0 long_RR argued_VVN that_DD1 housework_NN1 and_CC caring_VVG for_IF others_NN2 are_VBR associated_VVN with_IW women_NN2 and_CC culturally_RR devalued_VVN (_( e.g._REX ,_, Hochschild_NP1 ,_, 1989_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
We_PPIS2 find_VV0 no_AT relationship_NN1 between_II either_DD1 of_IO the_AT other_JJ two_MC types_NN2 of_IO improved_JJ water_NN1 sources_NN2 and_CC stunting_VVG ._. 
</s>
<s>
Dohrenwend_VV0 ,_, Bruce_NP1 ,_, Itzhak_NP1 Levav_NP1 ,_, Patrick_NP1 Shrout_NP1 ,_, Sharon_NP1 Schwartz_NP1 ,_, Guedalia_NP1 Navch_NP1 ,_, In_RR21 addition_RR22 ,_, it_PPH1 seems_VVZ valuable_JJ for_IF a_AT1 movement_NN1 group_NN1 to_TO have_VHI a_AT1 foothold_NN1 in_II a_AT1 political_JJ party_NN1 (_( Halfmann_NP1 2011_MC ,_, Martin_NP1 2013_MC )_) in_BCL21 order_BCL22 to_TO have_VHI its_APPGE issues_NN2 and_CC claims_NN2 amplified_VVD ._. 
</s>
<s>
As_CSA dissatisfaction_NN1 with_IW colonial_JJ rule_NN1 grew_VVD ,_, robust_JJ public_JJ discourse_NN1 developed_VVN around_II criticism_NN1 of_IO the_AT British_JJ government_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 goals_NN2 and_CC practices_NN2 in_II the_AT colonies_NN2 ,_, a_AT1 critique_NN1 facilitated_VVN by_II pamphlets_NN2 ,_, magazines_NN2 ,_, and_CC newspapers_NN2 (_( Bailyn_NP1 1968_MC ;_; Nash_NP1 2006_MC )_) Thomas_NP1 Paine_NP1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 Common_JJ Sense_NN1 reportedly_RR sold_VVN 100,000_MC copies_NN2 in_II 1776_MC alone_JJ during_II the_AT lead_NN1 up_II21 to_II22 independence_NN1 (_( Loughran_NP1 2006_MC ;_; Nash_NP1 2006_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Fingerman_NN1 ,_, &;_NULL Zarit_NP1 ,_, 2010_MC ;_; Kiecolt_NP1 ,_, Blieszner_NP1 ,_, Potential_JJ health_NN1 effects_NN2 are_VBR similarly_RR not_XX confined_VVN to_II individuals_NN2 who_PNQS are_VBR stopped_VVN and_CC arrested_VVN by_II the_AT police_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT "_" re-framing_NN1 "_" of_IO women_NN2 as_CSA legitimate_JJ political_JJ actors_NN2 also_RR seems_VVZ more_RGR complicated_JJ in_II execution_NN1 than_CSN Berry_NP1 presents_VVZ it_PPH1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II all_DB cases_NN2 ,_, people_NN who_PNQS participate_VV0 actively_RR have_VH0 larger_JJR estimated_JJ network_NN1 sizes_NN2 compared_VVN to_II those_DD2 who_PNQS have_VH0 never_RR been_VBN active_JJ ._. 
</s>
<s>
Her_APPGE analysis_NN1 started_VVD from_II individuals_NN2 ,_, and_CC eventually_RR enlarged_VVN to_TO include_VVI kin_NN ,_, who_PNQS sought_VVD to_TO maximize_VVI their_APPGE reproductive_JJ success_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
We_PPIS2 offered_VVD readings_NN2 to_TO help_VVI students_NN2 develop_VVI an_AT1 embodied_VVN observation_NN1 process_NN1 including_II First_MD Nations_NN2 '_NULL understandings_NN2 of_IO country_NN1 (_( Common_JJ Ground_NN1 ,_, n.d._NNU )_) ,_, the_AT erasure_NN1 of_IO First_MD Nations_NN2 '_NULL cultures_NN2 and_CC country_NN1 through_II the_AT colonial_JJ built_VVN environment_NN1 (_( Neath_NP1 ,_, 2012_MC )_) ,_, walking_VVG ethnography_NN1 (_( Yi_NP1 '_NULL En_FW ,_, 2014_MC )_) and_CC sensory_JJ ethnography_NN1 (_( Sunderland_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2012_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Gamification_NN1 is_VBZ another_DD1 key_JJ aspect_NN1 of_IO digitized_JJ self-tracking_NN1 (_( Fuchs_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
2014_MC ,_, Hammarfelt_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
2016_MC ,_, Whitson_NP1 2013_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
They_PPHS2 act_VV0 as_CSA receptacles_NN2 of_IO memories_NN2 and_CC a_AT1 means_NN of_IO identity_NN1 production_NN1 ,_, yet_RR their_APPGE own_DA agency_NN1 and_CC biography_NN1 in_II creating_VVG kinship_NN1 is_VBZ underplayed_VVN ._. 
</s>
<s>
Considering_CS the_AT rapid_JJ expansion_NN1 of_IO education_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ likely_RR led_VVN to_II the_AT declining_JJ value_NN1 of_IO education_NN1 over_II time_NNT1 ,_, the_AT more_RGR substantial_JJ decline_NN1 in_II the_AT inequality_NN1 of_IO educational_JJ opportunity_NN1 for_IF the_AT absolute_JJ measure_NN1 than_CSN the_AT relative_JJ measure_NN1 makes_VVZ sense_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Those_DD2 who_PNQS arrive_VV0 with_IW a_AT1 secure_JJ legal_JJ status_NN1 and_CC are_VBR fairly_RR highly_RR educated_VVN typically_RR do_VD0 not_XX feel_VVI the_AT same_DA need_NN1 to_TO seek_VVI economic_JJ and_CC social_JJ support_NN1 from_II co-ethnics_NN2 as_CSA those_DD2 with_IW less_DAR education_NN1 or_CC precarious_JJ legal_JJ status_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Finally_RR ,_, of_IO the_AT three_MC occupations_NN2 discussed_VVN here_RL ,_, technicians_NN2 are_VBR at_II the_AT bottom_NN1 of_IO the_AT hierarchy_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Poor_JJ Whites_NN2 ,_, for_RR41 the_RR42 most_RR43 part_RR44 ,_, follow_VV0 the_AT dominant_JJ White_JJ script_NN1 because_CS "_" &lsqb;_( they_PPHS2 &rsqb;_) interpenetrate_VV0 and_CC inhabit_VV0 the_AT same_DA assumptions_NN2 and_CC definitions_NN2 of_IO Whiteness_NN1 to_TO give_VVI their_APPGE experience_NN1 meaning_NN1 "_" (_( Moss_NP1 2003:116_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 empirical_JJ look_NN1 at_II the_AT agency_NN1 echoes_VVZ the_AT theoretical_JJ categorization_NN1 :_: the_AT masculine_JJ science_NN1 agencies_NN2 employ_VV0 fewer_DAR women_NN2 across_II the_AT entire_JJ agency_NN1 and_CC among_II leadership_NN1 positions_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Vocational_JJ education_NN1 is_VBZ often_RR suggested_VVN as_II a_AT1 way_NN1 to_TO establish_VVI a_AT1 more_RGR direct_JJ link_NN1 between_II education_NN1 and_CC the_AT labour_NN1 market_NN1 (_( Ryan_NP1 ,_, 2001_MC ;_; OECD_NP1 ,_, 2010_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
A_AT1 new_JJ direction_NN1 for_IF studies_NN2 in_II this_DD1 area_NN1 is_VBZ to_TO explore_VVI the_AT potential_NN1 of_IO online_JJ networks_NN2 to_TO interrupt_VVI these_DD2 offline_JJ influences_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Secondary_JJ education_NN1 :_: Highest_JJT qualification_NN1 '_NULL GCSEs_NN2 ,_, A_ZZ1 levels_NN2 '_NULL and_CC equivalent_JJ ,_, or_CC ,_, if_CS coded_VVN as_CSA '_NULL other_JJ qualification_NN1 '_NULL or_CC missing_JJ ,_, left_JJ education_NN1 between_II the_AT ages_NN2 of_IO 16_MC and_CC 19_MC ._. 
</s>
<s>
Neurosciences_NN2 ,_, McMaster_NP1 University_NN1 ,_, Hamilton_NP1 ,_, Ontario_NP1 ;_; Nazeem_NP1 Muhajarine_NP1 ,_, Department_NN1 of_IO Community_NN1 Health_NN1 and_CC Epidemiology_NP1 ,_, Yukari_NP1 ,_, a_AT1 28-year_JJ old_JJ Japanese_JJ woman_NN1 ,_, says_VVZ the_AT following_JJ with_II31 regard_II32 to_II33 how_RRQ she_PPHS1 envisions_VVZ a_AT1 future_JJ spouse_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 work_VV0 life_NN1 :_: "_" Stable_JJ ,_, professional_JJ work_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
All_DB else_RR equal_JJ ,_, a_AT1 one-spell_JJ increase_NN1 is_VBZ associated_VVN with_IW a_AT1 1.408-point_JJ increase_NN1 in_II the_AT standardized_JJ MHI-5_MC score_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT representative_JJ longitudinal_JJ panel_NN1 study_NN1 of_IO households_NN2 has_VHZ been_VBN conducted_VVN yearly_RR since_II 1984_MC in_II West_NP1 Germany_NP1 and_CC since_II 1990_MC in_II East_NP1 Germany_NP1 (_( Wagner_NP1 ,_, Frick_NP1 and_CC Schupp_NP1 ,_, 2007_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
It_PPH1 is_VBZ still_RR debatable_JJ whether_CSW it_PPH1 applies_VVZ to_II Page_NN1 14_MC of_IO 20_MC Li_NP1 Lin_NP1 and_CC Daniel_NP1 T._NP1 L._NP1 Shek_NP1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
A_AT1 smooth_JJ transition_NN1 into_II working_NN1 life_NN1 is_VBZ in_II itself_PPX1 valuable_JJ and_CC can_VM have_VHI a_AT1 lasting_JJ effect_NN1 on_II careers_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
As_CSA Table_NN1 6_MC demonstrates_VVZ ,_, children_NN2 with_IW college-educated_JJ parents_NN2 tend_VV0 to_TO have_VHI greater_JJR cumulative_JJ experiences_NN2 of_IO juku_NN1 ,_, EAs_NN2 ,_, and_CC CAs_NP2 ,_, and_CC less_DAR exposure_NN1 to_II media_NN time_NNT1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Additional_JJ books_NN2 and_CC ideas_NN2 will_VM come_VVI and_CC go_VVI ,_, Alongside_II this_DD1 substantive_JJ contribution_NN1 of_IO highlighting_VVG the_AT central_JJ role_NN1 of_IO time_NNT1 in_II the_AT relationship_NN1 between_II economic_JJ precarity_NN1 and_CC worker_NN1 well-being_NN1 ,_, our_APPGE research_NN1 makes_VVZ a_AT1 methodological_JJ contribution_NN1 in_II developing_VVG a_AT1 flexible_JJ and_CC accessible_JJ means_NN to_TO fill_VVI a_AT1 gap_NN1 in_II available_JJ survey_NN1 data_NN as_II31 well_II32 as_II33 providing_VVG tools_NN2 for_IF assessing_VVG and_CC addressing_VVG selection_NN1 bias_NN1 in_II the_AT resulting_JJ non-probability_JJ sample_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
We_PPIS2 manipulated_VVD the_AT attributes_NN2 and_CC relationships_NN2 of_IO the_AT alters_VVZ to_TO examine_VVI how_RRQ people_NN adjust_VV0 their_APPGE relationships_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Lawrence_NP1 of_IO Arabia_NP1 is_VBZ many_DA2 people_NN '_NULL s_ZZ1 only_JJ reference_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT author_NN1 is_VBZ not_XX aware_JJ of_IO any_DD affiliations_NN2 ,_, memberships_NN2 ,_, funding_NN1 ,_, or_CC financial_JJ holdings_NN2 that_CST might_VM be_VBI perceived_VVN as_CSA affecting_VVG the_AT objectivity_NN1 of_IO this_DD1 review_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Figure_NN1 3_MC shows_VVZ the_AT results_NN2 ;_; here_RL ,_, the_AT dots_NN2 represent_VV0 the_AT estimated_JJ coefficient_NN1 of_IO each_DD1 personality_NN1 trait_NN1 and_CC the_AT vertical_JJ lines_NN2 constitute_VV0 the_AT 95%_NNU confidence_NN1 intervals_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
On-call_JJ workers_NN2 are_VBR furthermore_RR used_VVN to_TO replace_VVI sick_JJ or_CC absent_JJ workers_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT items_NN2 are_VBR combined_VVN into_II a_AT1 continuous_JJ measure_NN1 of_IO delinquency_NN1 (_( a_AT1 ?_FO 0.722_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Parents_NN2 may_VM not_XX think_VVI of_IO their_APPGE offsprings_NN2 cohabiting_VVG partner_NN1 as_II part_NN1 of_IO the_AT family_NN1 because_CS cohabiting_VVG relationships_NN2 are_VBR usually_RR short-lived_JJ ,_, as_CSA noted_VVN earlier_RRR ._. 
</s>
<s>
Nevertheless_RR ,_, the_AT Dutch_JJ registers_NN2 do_VD0 not_XX contain_VVI information_NN1 on_II contact_NN1 frequency_NN1 between_II individuals_NN2 or_CC subjective_JJ measures_NN2 on_II experiences_NN2 in_II the_AT school_NN1 environment_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Hence_RR ,_, social_JJ workers_NN2 must_VM strive_VVI to_TO change_VVI the_AT service_NN1 provider_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 structure_NN1 and_CC procedures_NN2 ,_, which_DDQ includes_VVZ legal_JJ and_CC organisational_JJ transformation_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
There_EX have_VH0 also_RR been_VBN major_JJ increases_NN2 in_II the_AT proportion_NN1 of_IO people_NN who_PNQS have_VH0 a_AT1 family_NN1 member_NN1 who_PNQS is_VBZ lesbian_JJ or_CC gay_JJ ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT CGSS_NP1 is_VBZ a_AT1 member_NN1 of_IO the_AT International_JJ Social_JJ Survey_NN1 Program_NN1 and_CC the_AT East_ND1 Asia_NP1 Social_JJ Survey_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ include_VV0 questions_NN2 in_II31 common_II32 with_II33 international_JJ and_CC regional_JJ comparative_JJ studies_NN2 (_( for_IF more_DAR information_NN1 ,_, visit_VV0 http_NNU :_: //www.issp.org_FU and_CC http_NNU :_: //www.eassda.org_FU )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Accordingly_RR ,_, continual_JJ coordination_NN1 and_CC negotiation_NN1 with_IW other_JJ group_NN1 members_NN2 and_CC elements_NN2 of_IO the_AT physical_JJ environment_NN1 extended_VVD the_AT mind_NN1 beyond_II the_AT brain_NN1 and_CC solved_VVD the_AT problems_NN2 of_IO social_JJ living_NN1 (_( Strum_VV0 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 1997_MC :_: 66–73_MCMC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
QIMS_NN2 ,_, a_AT1 methodology_NN1 derived_VVN from_II the_AT social_JJ work_NN1 discipline_NN1 ,_, We_PPIS2 estimate_VV0 that_DD1 sanitation_NN1 improvements_NN2 can_VM account_VVI for_IF just_RR under_RG 10_MC %_NNU of_IO the_AT decline_NN1 in_II child_NN1 mortality_NN1 from_II 1990_MC to_II 2015_MC ._. 
</s>
<s>
Third_MD ,_, addressing_VVG RE_NP1 will_VM require_VVI racial_JJ justice_NN1 rather_II21 than_II22 one-dimensional_JJ approaches_NN2 to_II structural_JJ racial_JJ inequality_NN1 such_II21 as_II22 reconciliation_NN1 ,_, apologies_NN2 ,_, racial_JJ healing_NN1 ,_, cosmopolitanism_NN1 ,_, or_CC developing_JJ tolerant_JJ subjects_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT current_JJ study_NN1 was_VBDZ focused_VVN only_RR on_II the_AT period_NN1 2001to_FO 2009_MC ,_, which_DDQ has_VHZ complete_JJ information_NN1 on_II police_NN2 stops_VVZ and_CC arrest_VV0 records_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Moody_JJ and_CC Mucha_NP1 ,_, 2013_MC ;_; Waugh_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2011_MC ;_; Zhang_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2008_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
It_PPH1 has_VHZ re-focused_VVN on_II those_DD2 most_RRT affected_VVN by_II immigration_NN1 enforcement_NN1 ,_, Scholarly_JJ critics_NN2 might_VM lead_VVI the_AT way_NN1 here_RL ,_, with_IW translations_NN2 into_II popular_JJ media_NN for_IF interested_JJ consumers_NN2 ,_, but_CCB we_PPIS2 can_VM not_XX assume_VVI that_CST the_AT human_JJ users/used_FU of_IO these_DD2 media_NN will_VM be_VBI able_JK to_TO see_VVI or_CC agree_VVI with_IW Hansen_NP1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 estimation_NN1 of_IO the_AT benefits_NN2 relative_II21 to_II22 losses_NN2 of_IO following_VVG him_PPHO1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 engagement_NN1 is_VBZ an_AT1 integral_JJ part_NN1 of_IO social_JJ workers_NN2 '_NULL professional_JJ activity_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ includes_VVZ the_AT use_NN1 of_IO political_JJ acts_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Care_NN1 asked_VVD him_PPHO1 to_TO give_VVI it_PPH1 spirit_NN1 which_DDQ he_PPHS1 granted_VVD ._. 
</s>
<s>
Research_NN1 findings_NN2 have_VH0 shown_VVN that_CST criminal_JJ groups_NN2 end_VV0 at_II a_AT1 high_JJ rate_NN1 ,_, but_CCB fundamental_JJ questions_NN2 on_II what_DDQ leads_VVZ the_AT majority_NN1 to_TO desist_VVI ,_, and_CC only_RR a_AT1 subset_NN1 to_TO persist_VVI ,_, remain_VV0 unclear_JJ ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 is_VBZ because_CS when_CS it_PPH1 comes_VVZ to_II decisions_NN2 about_II health_NN1 behavior_NN1 ,_, only_RR relevant_JJ peers_NN2 '_NULL choices_NN2 are_VBR informative_JJ for_IF helping_VVG individuals_NN2 to_TO judge_VVI the_AT behavior_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 credibility_NN1 ,_, feasibility_NN1 ,_, and_CC social_JJ desirability_NN1 (_( Christensen_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
2004_MC ,_, Cialdini_NP1 2007_MC ,_, Paluck_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
2016_MC ,_, Paluck_NP1 &;_NULL Shepherd_NP1 2012_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
We_PPIS2 also_RR found_VVD that_CST the_AT strength_NN1 of_IO this_DD1 association_NN1 depends_VVZ on_II the_AT vocational_JJ field_NN1 :_: business_NN1 and_CC technical_JJ programmes_NN2 are_VBR more_RGR strongly_RR associated_VVN with_IW full-time_JJ employment_NN1 ,_, whereas_CS part-time_JJ employment_NN1 is_VBZ more_RGR common_JJ among_II those_DD2 with_IW care_NN1 and_CC well-being_NN1 diplomas_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II the_AT long-term_JJ ,_, strategies_NN2 are_VBR needed_VVN that_CST address_VV0 both_RR primary_JJ (_( e.g._REX We_PPIS2 also_RR note_VV0 ,_, however_RR ,_, that_CST the_AT direct_JJ effect_NN1 of_IO being_VBG currently_RR incarcerated_VVN on_II depression_NN1 is_VBZ strongly_RR positive_JJ ._. 
</s>
<s>
Responses_NN2 have_VH0 also_RR differed_VVN depending_II21 on_II22 which_DDQ institution_NN1 is_VBZ involved_VVN ._. 
</s>
<s>
Historians_NN2 have_VH0 long_RR been_VBN using_VVG pamphlets_NN2 as_II a_AT1 rich_JJ source_NN1 of_IO information_NN1 on_II historical_JJ developments_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 finding_NN1 is_VBZ consistent_JJ with_IW an_AT1 LLC-owner_NN1 effect:on_FO average_NN1 ,_, LLC_NP1 owners_NN2 take_VV0 less_RGR assiduous_JJ care_NN1 of_IO their_APPGE properties_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Even_CS21 though_CS22 these_DD2 requirements_NN2 do_VD0 not_XX apply_VVI directly_RR to_II the_AT illegal_JJ context_NN1 ,_, Economic_JJ heterogeneity_NN1 ,_, namely_REX ,_, income_NN1 inequality_NN1 ,_, was_VBDZ measured_VVN by_II the_AT Gini_JJ Coefficients_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT first_MD two_MC chapters_NN2 cover_VV0 the_AT well-cultivated_JJ ground_NN1 of_IO French_JJ gastronomy_NN1 since_CS around_RG 1800_MC ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II this_DD1 final_JJ section_NN1 ,_, we_PPIS2 review_VV0 the_AT research_NN1 on_II these_DD2 factors_NN2 and_CC highlight_VV0 some_DD of_IO the_AT processes_NN2 through_II which_DDQ they_PPHS2 shape_VV0 public_NN1 opinion_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
A_AT1 key_JJ conclusion_NN1 that_CST can_VM be_VBI drawn_VVN from_II these_DD2 studies_NN2 is_VBZ that_CST if_CS information_NN1 sharing_NN1 is_VBZ costly_JJ ,_, information_NN1 is_VBZ shared_VVN considerably_RR less_RGR often_RR and_CC levels_NN2 of_IO trustfulness_NN1 and_CC trustworthiness_NN1 are_VBR lower_JJR than_CSN if_CS information_NN1 sharing_NN1 is_VBZ costless_JJ (_( but_CCB still_RR higher_JJR than_CSN if_CS there_EX is_VBZ no_AT possibility_NN1 for_IF information_NN1 sharing_VVG at_RR21 all_RR22 )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Recent_JJ years_NNT2 have_VH0 seen_VVN a_AT1 range_NN1 of_IO theories_NN2 and_CC commentaries_NN2 that_CST examine_VV0 the_AT management_NN1 of_IO risk_NN1 in_II regulatory_JJ function_NN1 (_( Gunningham_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 1998_MC ;_; Majone_NP1 ,_, 1999_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II the_AT couples_NN2 '_NULL reasoning_VVG ,_, the_AT marital_JJ name_NN1 was_VBDZ closely_RR intertwined_VVN with_IW the_AT meaning_NN1 of_IO marriage_NN1 and_CC becoming_VVG a_AT1 family_NN1 ,_, and_CC having_VHG the_AT same_DA name_NN1 emerged_VVD as_CSA the_AT most_RGT important_JJ symbol_NN1 of_IO the_AT family_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Most_DAT of_IO the_AT literature_NN1 tends_VVZ to_TO discern_VVI three_MC levels_NN2 in_II which_DDQ cultural_JJ competence_NN1 exists_VVZ :_: micro_NN1 ,_, meso_NN1 and_CC macro_NN1 (_( Lum_NP1 ,_, 2010_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 research_NN1 confirms_VVZ that_CST both_DB2 the_AT WIM_NN1 and_CC RCT_NP1 can_VM each_DD1 independently_RR explain_VVI aspirations_NN2 and_CC class_NN1 differentials_NN2 in_II aspirations_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Using_VVG the_AT cross-classified_JJ models_NN2 ,_, we_PPIS2 were_VBDR able_JK to_TO partition_VVI the_AT variance_NN1 of_IO both_DB2 spatial_JJ settings_NN2 ,_, to_TO assess_VVI their_APPGE relative_JJ importance_NN1 to_II individual_JJ neighbourhood_NN1 outcomes_NN2 over_II time_NNT1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Similarly_RR ,_, Barbieri_NP1 and_CC Cutuli(2016)_FO show_VV0 that_CST overall_RR lower_JJR EPL_NN1 levels_NN2 and_CC higher_JJR discrepancies_NN2 between_II the_AT EPL_NN1 of_IO regular_JJ and_CC temporary_JJ jobs_NN2 are_VBR associated_VVN with_IW higher_JJR firm-turnover_NN1 rates_NN2 and_CC a_AT1 lower_JJR overall_JJ availability_NN1 of_IO stable_JJ jobs_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Uniquely_RR ,_, however_RR ,_, this_DD1 moral_JJ vocabulary_NN1 of_IO motive_NN1 is_VBZ also_RR formally_RR rooted_VVN in_II what_DDQ Right_RR to_II Dream_NN1 define_VV0 as_II the_AT seven_MC '_NULL key_JJ character_NN1 traits_NN2 '_NULL –_- self-discipline_JJ ,_, passion_NN1 ,_, initiative_NN1 ,_, integrity_NN1 ,_, social_JJ intelligence_NN1 ,_, winning_VVG and_CC giving_VVG back_RP ._. 
</s>
<s>
These_DD2 are_VBR just_RR some_DD of_IO the_AT 18_MC variables_NN2 he_PPHS1 measured_VVD ._. 
</s>
<s>
These_DD2 factors_NN2 also_RR pattern_NN1 one_MC1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 exposure_NN1 to_II motivated_JJ offenders_NN2 ,_, These_DD2 meso-_JJ and_CC microlevel_VV0 processes_NN2 are_VBR ripe_JJ for_IF theoretical_JJ ,_, methodological_JJ ,_, and_CC empirical_JJ attention_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II other_JJ words_NN2 ,_, not_XX all_DB change_NN1 is_VBZ negativechange_NN1 is_VBZ expected_VVN and_CC can_VM be_VBI desirablebut_NN1 demands_VVZ greater_JJR than_CSN the_AT family_NN1 (_( or_CC a_AT1 family_NN1 member_NN1 )_) can_VM handle_VVI introduce_VV0 stress_NN1 and_CC dys-regulation_NN1 into_II the_AT home_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Yet_RR this_DD1 behavioural_JJ pattern_NN1 is_VBZ not_XX a_AT1 mere_JJ artefact_NN1 due_II21 to_II22 the_AT possible_JJ biases_NN2 of_IO investigative_JJ data_NN ._. 
</s>
<s>
Additionally_RR ,_, in_II many_DA2 nations_NN2 ,_, including_II the_AT United_NP1 States_NP1 ,_, while_CS attitudes_NN2 about_II LGBTQ-related_JJ issues_NN2 have_VH0 gotten_VVN more_RGR liberal_JJ ,_, attitudes_NN2 about_II other_JJ seemingly_RR similar_JJ controversial_JJ issues_NN2 on_II sexual_JJ morality_NN1 ,_, such_II21 as_II22 abortion_NN1 ,_, have_VH0 remain_VV0 largely_RR unchanged_JJ (_( Dillon_NP1 &;_NULL Savage_NP1 2006_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT decrease_NN1 in_II the_AT intergenerational_JJ fertility_NN1 correlation_NN1 suggests_VVZ that_CST in_II these_DD2 cohorts_NN2 and_CC in_II this_DD1 context_NN1 ,_, the_AT weakening_JJ of_IO parental_JJ influence_NN1 generally_RR attributed_VVN to_II the_AT delay_NN1 in_II age_NN1 at_II childbearing_NN1 and_CC to_II social_JJ mobility_NN1 may_VM have_VHI played_VVN a_AT1 greater_JJR role_NN1 than_CSN genetic_JJ heritability_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ rather_RR predicted_VVN an_AT1 increase_NN1 in_II the_AT correlation_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II a_AT1 sense_NN1 ,_, this_DD1 is_VBZ the_AT genius_NN1 of_IO Americait_NP1 allows_VVZ those_DD2 who_PNQS are_VBR living_VVG in_II horrific_JJ conditions_NN2 to_TO believe_VVI that_DD1 ,_, one_MC1 day_NNT1 ,_, America_NP1 will_VM work_VVI for_IF them_PPHO2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT inflection_NN1 point_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 quadratic_JJ ,_, or_CC nonlinear_JJ ,_, function_NN1 is_VBZ calculated_VVN as_CSA (_( a/-2b_FU )_) ,_, To_TO motivate_VVI our_APPGE analysis_NN1 ,_, we_PPIS2 draw_VV0 on_II the_AT concept_NN1 of_IO gendered_JJ organizations_NN2 created_VVN by_II Acker_NP1 (_( 1990_MC ,_, 2006_MC )_) and_CC extended_VVN by_II others_NN2 (_( Britton_NP1 2000_MC ;_; Martin_NP1 2003_MC )_) ,_, as_II31 well_II32 as_II33 Ridgeway_NP1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 (_( 2011_MC )_) gender_NN1 frames_VVZ theory_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II multiple_JJ everyday_JJ encounters_NN2 ,_, mostly_RR without_IW any_DD overt_JJ conflict_NN1 ,_, these_DD2 actors_NN2 and_CC many_DA2 others_NN2 negotiated_JJ difference_NN1 among_II multiple_JJ dimensions_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Books_NN2 mentioning_VVG fascism_NN1 spiked_VVN in_II the_AT interwar_NN1 period_NN1 and_CC declined_VVN precipitously_RR in_II the_AT postwar_JJ period_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
As_CSA we_PPIS2 want_VV0 to_TO create_VVI a_AT1 typology_NN1 of_IO temporary_JJ employment_NN1 careers_NN2 on_II the_AT basis_NN1 of_IO two_MC types_NN2 of_IO states_NN2 ,_, labour_NN1 market_NN1 position_NN1 and_CC income_NN1 ,_, we_PPIS2 use_VV0 multichannel_NN1 sequence_NN1 analysis_NN1 (_( Cornwell_NP1 ,_, 2015_MC ;_; Gauthier_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2010_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
On_II the_AT one_MC1 hand_NN1 ,_, it_PPH1 shows_VVZ that_CST individuals_NN2 mold_VV0 their_APPGE generalized_JJ trust_NN1 during_II adulthood_NN1 ,_, as_CSA experiential_JJ learning_NN1 theory_NN1 indicates_VVZ ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT tendencies_NN2 identified_VVN in_II this_DD1 study_NN1 could_VM even_RR be_VBI more_RGR pronounced_JJ for_IF other_JJ cultural_JJ traits_NN2 ,_, such_II21 as_II22 cultural_JJ tastes_NN2 or_CC political_JJ attitudes_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
There_EX was_VBDZ only_RR one_MC1 pair_NN and_CC one_MC1 cluster_NN1 of_IO three_MC (_( i.e._REX ,_, more_DAR than_CSN two_MC teachers_NN2 next_MD door_NN1 or_CC across_II the_AT hall_NN1 from_II one_PPX121 another_PPX122 )_) black_JJ teachers_NN2 in_II the_AT arrangement_NN1 of_IO classrooms_NN2 in_II the_AT majority-white_JJ schoolsat_NN1 Surrey_NP1 Ridge_NN1 and_CC Crest_NN1 Point_NN1 ,_, respectivelycompared_VVD to_II eight_MC pairs_NN2 and_CC seven_MC clusters_NN2 of_IO white_JJ minorities_NN2 in_II the_AT majority-black_JJ schools_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Table_NN1 3_MC shows_VVZ the_AT logistic_JJ regression_NN1 results_NN2 for_IF each_DD1 study_NN1 separately_RR ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II her_APPGE analysis_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 community_NN1 garden_NN1 and_CC public_JJ sculpture_NN1 park_NN1 in_II the_AT super-diverse_JJ New_NP1 York_NP1 City_NN1 neighbourhood_NN1 of_IO Astoria_NP1 ,_, Queens_NP1 ,_, Sofya_NP1 Aptekar_NP1 (_( 2017_MC )_) argues_VVZ that_CST while_CS they_PPHS2 might_VM seem_VVI at_RR21 first_RR22 to_TO be_VBI multicultural_JJ havens_NN2 of_IO super-diversity_NN1 –_- bringing_VVG together_RL people_NN speaking_VVG different_JJ languages_NN2 and_CC of_IO different_JJ ages_NN2 ,_, ethnicities_NN2 ,_, religions_NN2 ,_, and_CC socio-economic_JJ status_NN1 –_- these_DD2 sites_NN2 are_VBR ,_, in_II fact_NN1 ,_, divided_VVN by_II racial_JJ (_( as_II31 well_II32 as_II33 class_NN1 )_) inequalities_NN2 that_CST shape_NN1 interactions_NN2 in_II ways_NN2 that_CST can_VM be_VBI disempowering_VVG and_CC exclusionary_JJ for_IF some_DD community_NN1 residents_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
For_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, in_II Deep_JJ Future_NN1 ,_, Stager_NP1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 one_MC1 historical_JJ assumption_NN1 about_II the_AT (_( relatively_RR )_) near_II future_NN1 is_VBZ that_CST humans_NN2 will_VM burn_VVI the_AT planet_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 remaining_JJ stock_NN1 of_IO fossil_NN1 fuels_NN2 until_CS there_EX are_VBR no_RR further_RRR means_VVZ to_TO heat_VVI the_AT planet_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
With_IW fewer_DAR practical_JJ constraints_NN2 ,_, people_NN have_VH0 more_DAR freedom_NN1 to_TO have_VHI an_AT1 actual_JJ number_NN1 of_IO children_NN2 close_RR to_II that_DD1 of_IO their_APPGE parents_NN2 if_CS they_PPHS2 so_RR wish_VV0 ._. 
</s>
<s>
What_DDQ did_VDD attribute_VVI alteration_NN1 in_II LD3_FO involve_VV0 ?_? 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 age_NN1 restriction_NN1 dropped_VVD 1,740_MC children_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Higher_JJR male-perpetrated_JJ unidirectional_JJ violence_NN1 was_VBDZ found_VVN in_II criminal_JJ justice_NN1 ,_, Across_II all_DB marital_JJ and_CC parental_JJ status_NN1 configurations_NN2 ,_, the_AT proportion_NN1 of_IO total_JJ household_NN1 earnings_NN2 to_TO be_VBI retained_VVN in_II the_AT primary_JJ earner_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 account_NN1 was_VBDZ greater_JJR when_CS women_NN2 were_VBDR presented_VVN as_CSA primary_JJ earners_NN2 compared_VVN with_IW primary-earning_JJ men_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
However_RR ,_, in_II contrast_NN1 to_II our_APPGE expectations_NN2 ,_, both_DB2 interaction_NN1 effects_NN2 were_VBDR not_XX significant_JJ (_( see_VV0 Table_NN1 2_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT independent_JJ variable_NN1 (_( xpi_NN2 )_) in_II model_NN1 2_MC is_VBZ K_ZZ1 ×1_FO vector_NN1 of_IO time-varying_JJ variables_NN2 measured_VVN for_IF upward_JJ mobility_NN1 ,_, downward_JJ mobility_NN1 ,_, income_NN1 at_II start_NN1 ,_, a_AT1 dichotomous_JJ variable_NN1 for_IF age_NN1 at_II start_NN1 (_( Age_NN1 >_FO 49_MC )_) ,_, and_CC period_NN1 effects_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT path_NN1 to_II the_AT amended_JJ legislation_NN1 was_VBDZ not_XX smooth_JJ ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT use_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 social_JJ inequalities_NN2 lens_NN1 is_VBZ well_RR established_VVN internationally_RR in_II both_RR health_NN1 and_CC education_NN1 research_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
No_AT potential_JJ conflict_NN1 of_IO interest_NN1 was_VBDZ reported_VVN by_II the_AT authors_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II 1973_MC ,_, the_AT parental_JJ advantage_NN1 score_NN1 for_IF white_JJ LD1s_FO was_VBDZ 2.41_MC ,_, which_DDQ was_VBDZ 1.6_MC times_NNT2 greater_JJR than_CSN the_AT score_NN1 for_IF white_JJ LD3s_FO (_( 1.50_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Lending_VVG Game_NN1 )_) makes_VVZ being_VBG generous_JJ more_RGR risky_JJ than_CSN in_II direct_JJ exchange_NN1 systems_NN2 (_( i.e._REX ,_, the_AT Trust_NN1 Game_NN1 )_) (_( Molm_NP1 ,_, 2010_MC ;_; Molm_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, In_II contrast_NN1 to_II the_AT previous_JJ waves_NN2 ,_, the_AT survey_NN1 started_VVD two_MC years_NNT2 after_II the_AT latest_JJT wave_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Drawing_VVG on_II case_NN1 studies_NN2 from_II Las_NP1 Vegas_NP1 and_CC Detroit_NP1 ,_, Mallach(2014)identifies_FO four_MC broad_JJ classes_NN2 of_IO real_JJ estate_NN1 investor:flippers_FO ,_, rehabbers_NN2 ,_, long-term_JJ holders_NN2 ,_, and_CC "_" milkers_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
These_DD2 findings_NN2 suggest_VV0 that_CST ,_, when_CS considering_VVG broken_JJ windows_NN2 policing_VVG approaches_NN2 ,_, police_NN2 departments_NN2 should_VM adopt_VVI a_AT1 community_NN1 coproduction_NN1 model_NN1 rather_CS21 than_CS22 drift_VVI toward_II a_AT1 zero-tolerance_JJ policing_NN1 model_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ focuses_VVZ on_II a_AT1 subset_NN1 of_IO social_JJ incivilities_NN2 ,_, such_II21 as_II22 drunken_JJ people_NN ,_, rowdy_JJ teens_NN2 ,_, and_CC street_NN1 vagrants_NN2 ,_, and_CC seeks_VVZ to_TO remove_VVI them_PPHO2 from_II the_AT street_NN1 via_II arrest_NN1 (_( Taylor_NP1 2001_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II shifting_VVG the_AT focus_NN1 from_II gang_NN1 conflict_NN1 itself_PPX1 to_II a_AT1 deconstruction_NN1 of_IO how_RRQ institutions_NN2 systematically_RR organize_VV0 youth_NN1 around_II gang_NN1 conflict_NN1 ,_, Lopez-Aguado_NP1 illuminates_VVZ how_RRQ law_NN1 enforcement_NN1 simultaneously_RR structures_NN2 and_CC deploys_VVZ intergroup_JJ violence_NN1 as_CSA evidence_NN1 of_IO the_AT need_NN1 for_IF criminal_JJ justice_NN1 targeting_VVG ._. 
</s>
<s>
Furthermore_RR ,_, the_AT rate_NN1 of_IO increase_NN1 rises_VVZ as_II the_AT percentile_NN1 increases_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
D_NP1 '_NULL Alessio_NP1 ,_, and_CC Stolzenberg_NP1 (_( 2002_MC :_: 558_MC )_) suggested_VVD ,_, "_" Political_JJ mobilization_NN1 ,_, Nonlinear_JJ effects_NN2 (_( or_CC deviations_NN2 from_II the_AT slopes_NN2 )_) are_VBR identified_VVN (_( Fienberg_NP1 2013_MC ,_, Fosse_NP1 &;_NULL Winship_NP1 2018_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Given_VVN these_DD2 studies_NN2 and_CC those_DD2 pertaining_II21 to_II22 EAs_NN2 (_( Nishijima_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2012_MC ;_; Sano_NP1 ,_, et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2016_MC ;_; Suzuki_NP1 ,_, 2010_MC )_) ,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ probable_JJ that_CST the_AT advantaged_JJ parents_NN2 intentionally_RR shift_VV0 their_APPGE strategies_NN2 while_CS considering_VVG ,_, depending_II21 on_II22 each_DD1 child_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 development_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ types_NN2 of_IO after-school_JJ activities_NN2 will_VM help_VVI them_PPHO2 become_VVI equipped_VVN with_IW desirable_JJ cognitive_JJ and_CC non-cognitive_JJ skills_NN2 ,_, including_II attitudes_NN2 and_CC behaviors_NN2 that_CST will_VM lead_VVI to_II life_NN1 success_NN1 in_II a_AT1 society_NN1 with_IW specific_JJ standards_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Similarly_RR ,_, she_PPHS1 rejects_VVZ most_DAT medical_JJ interventions_NN2 but_CCB consents_NN2 to_II medicating_VVG her_APPGE 7-year-old_JJ daughter_NN1 with_IW Adderall_NP1 to_TO treat_VVI her_APPGE ADHD_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Family_NN1 roles_NN2 may_VM be_VBI codified_VVN by_II law_NN1 ,_, as_CSA in_II laws_NN2 about_II who_PNQS can_VM marry_VVI or_CC laws_NN2 about_II paternity_NN1 ,_, but_CCB family_NN1 roles_NN2 are_VBR much_RR more_DAR than_CSN roles_NN2 governed_VVN by_II laws_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II the_AT final_JJ model_NN1 ,_, pre-1979_JJ housing_NN1 was_VBDZ added_VVN as_II a_AT1 potential_JJ suppressor_NN1 variable_NN1 in_II the_AT relationship_NN1 between_II EBLLs_NN2 ,_, concentrated_JJ disadvantage_NN1 ,_, and_CC violent_JJ crime_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
According_II21 to_II22 Cora_NP1 ,_, an_AT1 aunt_NN1 has_VHZ to_TO be_VBI careful_JJ and_CC watch_VV0 her_APPGE place_NN1 ,_, because_CS she_PPHS1 can_VM be_VBI exiled_VVN at_II any_DD time_NNT1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Individual-level_JJ fixed_JJ effects_NN2 (_( i_ZZ1 )_) are_VBR fit_JJ by_II subtracting_VVG person-level_JJ means_NN from_II the_AT dependent_JJ and_CC independent_JJ variables_NN2 and_CC applying_VVG a_AT1 linear_JJ regression_NN1 model_NN1 to_II the_AT transformed_JJ variables_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Whether_CSW31 or_CSW32 not_CSW33 these_DD2 new_JJ immigrants_NN2 and_CC their_APPGE children_NN2 are_VBR achieving_VVG full_JJ membership_NN1 in_II their_APPGE country_NN1 of_IO settlement_NN1 ,_, however_RR ,_, remains_VVZ an_AT1 open_JJ empirical_JJ question_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT institutional_JJ apparatus_NN1 of_IO modern_JJ polities_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 the_AT United_NP1 States_NP1 can_VM outlaw_VVI racial_JJ discrimination_NN1 and_CC increase_VVI its_APPGE social_JJ and_CC economic_JJ costs_NN2 in_II nontrivial_JJ ways_NN2 (_( Alba_FW &;_NULL Nee_FW 2003_MC ,_, pp._NNU2 54–56_MCMC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Individuals_NN2 facing_VVG major_JJ changes_NN2 ,_, such_II21 as_II22 redundancy_NN1 or_CC retirement_NN1 ,_, may_VM find_VVI themselves_PPX2 more_RGR responsible_JJ for_IF navigating_VVG their_APPGE subsequent_JJ life_NN1 course_NN1 (_( Gould_NP1 and_CC Saurama_NP1 ,_, The_AT mainstream_NN1 encompasses_VVZ a_AT1 core_NN1 set_NN1 of_IO societal_JJ institutions_NN2 ,_, such_II21 as_II22 the_AT education_NN1 system_NN1 ,_, the_AT economy_NN1 ,_, the_AT polity_NN1 ,_, and_CC the_AT media_NN ,_, whose_DDQGE leading_JJ positions_NN2 are_VBR occupied_VVN by_II members_NN2 of_IO the_AT native_JJ majority_NN1 or_CC by_II others_NN2 who_PNQS have_VH0 met_VVN their_APPGE standards_NN2 for_IF acceptance_NN1 (_( Alba_FW and_CC Nee_FW 2003_MC ,_, 12_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Employed_JJ fathers_NN2 '_NULL felt_VVD work–family_RR conflict_NN1 has_VHZ increased_VVN to_II the_AT level_NN1 of_IO employed_JJ mothers_NN2 '_NULL (_( Galinsky_NP1 ,_, Aumann_NP1 ,_, &;_NULL Bond_NP1 ,_, 2013_MC )_) ,_, perhaps_RR because_CS more_DAR fathers_NN2 today_RT than_CSN in_II the_AT past_NN1 feel_VV0 the_AT need_NN1 to_TO modify_VVI their_APPGE work_NN1 hours_NNT2 to_TO be_VBI responsive_JJ to_II family_NN1 needs_NN2 ,_, but_CCB still_RR find_VV0 it_PPH1 difficult_JJ to_TO confront_VVI the_AT ideal_JJ worker_NN1 norm_NN1 (_( Kelly_NP1 ,_, Ammons_NP1 ,_, Chermack_NP1 ,_, &;_NULL Moen_NP1 ,_, 2010_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT set_NN1 of_IO outcomes_NN2 that_CST we_PPIS2 compare_VV0 across_II migration_NN1 status_NN1 groups_NN2 includes_VVZ (_( 1_MC1 )_) the_AT percentage_NN1 of_IO the_AT population_NN1 in_II the_AT individual_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 residential_JJ neighborhood_NN1 census_NN1 tract_VV0 that_DD1 is_VBZ white_JJ ,_, (_( 2_MC )_) the_AT percentage_NN1 of_IO the_AT neighborhood_NN1 tract_NN1 population_NN1 25_MC years_NNT2 and_CC older_JJR that_CST has_VHZ obtained_VVN a_AT1 college_NN1 degree_NN1 or_CC higher_JJR level_NN1 of_IO educational_JJ attainment_NN1 ,_, and_CC (_( 3_MC )_) the_AT median_JJ income_NN1 in_II the_AT respondent_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 neighborhood_NN1 tract_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
If_CS respondents_NN2 who_PNQS were_VBDR selected_VVN into_II the_AT survey_NN1 via_II advertisements_NN2 that_CST were_VBDR shared_VVN more_RGR widely_RR differ_VV0 on_II a_AT1 potential_JJ confounder_NN1 ,_, then_RT testing_VVG for_IF interactions_NN2 between_II the_AT extent_NN1 of_IO sharing_VVG and_CC schedule_NN1 instability_NN1 in_II predicting_VVG our_APPGE outcomes_NN2 should_VM reveal_VVI the_AT presence_NN1 of_IO that_DD1 bias_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Despite_II this_DD1 ,_, the_AT fixed-effects_NN2 sample_VV0 sizes_NN2 are_VBR rather_RG small_JJ in_II our_APPGE study_NN1 which_DDQ may_VM lead_VVI to_II false_JJ negative_JJ conclusions_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT same_DA survey_NN1 also_RR reported_VVN that_CST more_DAR than_CSN half_DB of_IO the_AT women_NN2 surveyed_VVN felt_VVD that_CST there_EX was_VBDZ no-one_PN1 they_PPHS2 could_VM talk_VVI to_II about_RG domestic_JJ violence_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Going_VVG forward_RL ,_, the_AT literature_NN1 on_II disciplining_VVG institutions_NN2 should_VM engage_VVI political_JJ theories_NN2 ,_, make_VV0 fewer_DAR bold_JJ claims_NN2 ,_, and_CC embrace_VV0 a_AT1 more_RGR balanced_JJ perspective_NN1 about_II the_AT broader_JJR political_JJ causes_NN2 of_IO poverty_NN1 (_( Brady_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
2016_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II France_NP1 ,_, Maxwell_NP1 &;_NULL Bleich_NP1 (_( 2014_MC )_) focus_VV0 on_II Muslim_JJ immigrants_NN2 and_CC document_VV0 lower_JJR levels_NN2 of_IO identification_NN1 compared_VVN with_IW other_JJ groups_NN2 but_CCB find_VV0 that_CST most_DAT of_IO this_DD1 difference_NN1 vanishes_VVZ among_II those_DD2 who_PNQS were_VBDR born_VVN in_II France_NP1 and_CC speak_VV0 French_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Despite_II various_JJ forms_NN2 of_IO specification_NN1 ,_, a_AT1 common_JJ theme_NN1 of_IO human_JJ capital_NN1 models_NN2 is_VBZ the_AT underscoring_NN1 of_IO individual_JJ differences_NN2 in_II productive_JJ capacities_NN2 (_( Bowles_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2001_MC ;_; Darity_NP1 ,_, 1982_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Relative_JJ income_NN1 otherwise_RR has_VHZ sparse_JJ effects_NN2 for_IF heterosexual_JJ and_CC lesbian_JJ couples_NN2 ,_, and_CC virtually_RR no_AT effects_NN2 for_IF gay_JJ couples_NN2 ,_, suggesting_VVG that_DD1 relative_JJ income_NN1 is_VBZ a_AT1 minor_JJ predictor_NN1 overall_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Differential_JJ selection_NN1 criteria_NN2 in_II public_JJ childcare_NN1 are_VBR also_RR the_AT reason_NN1 for_IF different_JJ patterns_NN2 of_IO access_NN1 by_II social_JJ background_NN1 across_II countries_NN2 and_CC states_NN2 in_II Europe_NP1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
I_PPIS1 have_VH0 found_VVN that_CST '_NULL bringing_VVG out_RP such_DA characteristics_NN2 are_VBR important_JJ when_CS the_AT interviews_NN2 are_VBR translated_VVN and_CC represented_VVN '_NULL because_CS this_DD1 shapes_VVZ how_RRQ participants_NN2 (_( data_NN )_) and_CC their_APPGE experiences_NN2 are_VBR depicted_VVN (_( Bashiruddhin_NP1 ,_, 2013_MC ,_, p._NN1 363_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Unsurprisingly_RR ,_, working_VVG a_AT1 night_NNT1 shift_NN1 is_VBZ most_RGT strongly_RR negatively_RR associated_VVN with_IW sleep_NN1 quality_NN1 ,_, although_CS working_VVG a_AT1 regular_JJ evening_NNT1 shift_NN1 is_VBZ not_XX ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT Cop_NN1 Presidency_NN1 is_VBZ held_VVN by_II Chile_NP1 in_II 2019_MC ,_, and_CC continues_VVZ over_RP into_II 2020_MC ._. 
</s>
<s>
I_PPIS1 have_VH0 data_NN on_II profession_NN1 for_IF roughly_RR 70%_NNU of_IO the_AT sample_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Here_RL Agamben_NP1 is_VBZ ,_, of_RR21 course_RR22 ,_, reliant_JJ upon_II Benjamin_NP1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 critique_NN1 of_IO historicism_NN1 in_II Theses_NN2 on_II the_AT Concept_NN1 of_IO History_NN1 (_( 1999_MC )_) and_CC in_II the_AT Arcades_NN2 Project_NN1 (_( 2002_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
We_PPIS2 got_VVD in_II this_DD1 really_RR intense_JJ conversation_NN1 about_II it_PPH1 and_CC he_PPHS1 was_VBDZ like_II ,_, "_" I_PPIS1 really_RR have_VH0 a_AT1 book_NN1 for_IF you_PPY ._. 
</s>
<s>
Engaging_JJ social_JJ justice_NN1 and_CC sociology_NN1 is_VBZ certainly_RR not_XX a_AT1 new_JJ theme_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Rather_RR ,_, it_PPH1 was_VBDZ through_II the_AT skillful_JJ combination_NN1 of_IO negotiation_NN1 ,_, coercion_NN1 ,_, and_CC well-timed_JJ publicity_NN1 ,_, in_II the_AT crushing_JJ of_IO the_AT Whiskey_NN1 Rebellion_NN1 ,_, and_CC the_AT skillful_JJ combination_NN1 of_IO violence_NN1 ,_, destruction_NN1 ,_, and_CC well-timed_JJ publicity_NN1 ,_, in_II the_AT Battle_NN1 of_IO Fallen_VVN Timbers_NN2 ,_, that_CST the_AT new_JJ federal_JJ government_NN1 ,_, via_II its_APPGE agents_NN2 ,_, came_VVD into_II being_VBG as_II a_AT1 solid_JJ part_NN1 of_IO the_AT social_JJ universe_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
One_MC1 limitation_NN1 of_IO the_AT study_NN1 is_VBZ that_CST a_AT1 variety_NN1 of_IO officer_NN1 variables_NN2 (_( sex_NN1 ,_, race/ethnicity_NN1 ,_, length_NN1 of_IO service_NN1 )_) are_VBR omitted_VVN and_CC assumed_VVN to_TO be_VBI equal_JJ across_II observations_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 article_NN1 answers_VVZ this_DD1 question_NN1 by_II using_VVG the_AT primary_JJ care_NN1 reform_NN1 in_II rural_JJ Sweden_NP1 that_CST between_II 1890_MC and_CC 1917_MC led_VVD to_II the_AT establishment_NN1 of_IO local_JJ health_NN1 districts_NN2 ,_, together_RL with_IW openings_NN2 of_IO hospitals_NN2 and_CC recruitments_NN2 of_IO medical_JJ personnel_NN2 ,_, as_CSA a_AT1 natural_JJ experiment_NN1 in_II early-life_JJ environmental_JJ conditions_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Thus_RR ,_, reasonable_JJ suspicion_NN1 provides_VVZ officers_NN2 legal_JJ standing_NN1 to_TO temporarily_RR disrupt_VVI suspicious_JJ persons_NN2 '_NULL movements_NN2 and_CC ,_, if_CS warranted_VVN ,_, conduct_VV0 protective_JJ frisks_NN2 ,_, despite_II not_XX yet_RR having_VHG probable_JJ cause_NN1 to_TO make_VVI an_AT1 arrest_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT findings_NN2 and_CC views_NN2 reported_VVN in_II this_DD1 article_NN1 ,_, however_RR ,_, are_VBR those_DD2 of_IO the_AT authors_NN2 and_CC should_VM not_XX be_VBI attributed_VVN to_II either_RR the_AT Australian_JJ Government_NN1 Department_NN1 of_IO Social_JJ Services_NN2 or_CC the_AT Melbourne_NP1 Institute_NN1 of_IO Applied_JJ Economic_JJ and_CC Social_JJ Research_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
We_PPIS2 run_VV0 multinomial_JJ logistic_JJ regression_NN1 for_IF the_AT nominal_JJ dependent_JJ variable_NN1 (_( education_NN1 matching_NN1 )_) and_CC logistic_JJ regressions_NN2 for_IF the_AT dichotomous_JJ dependent_JJ variables_NN2 (_( employment_NN1 ,_, low-level_JJ occupation_NN1 )_) ,_, with_IW separate_JJ models_NN2 for_IF each_DD1 gender_NN1 and_CC group_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT explanation_NN1 of_IO all_DB the_AT above_JJ patterns_NN2 ,_, however_RR ,_, can_VM be_VBI provided_VVN when_CS the_AT hebdomadal_JJ differences_NN2 of_IO housework_NN1 participation_NN1 are_VBR taken_VVN into_II account_NN1 ,_, as_CSA discussed_VVN below_RL ._. 
</s>
<s>
Thus_RR ,_, if_CS we_PPIS2 construct_VV0 a_AT1 95%_NNU credible_JJ interval_NN1 for_IF p_ZZ1 in_II the_AT example_NN1 above_RL ,_, we_PPIS2 would_VM say_VVI ,_, "_" the_AT parameter_NN1 p_ZZ1 is_VBZ in_II the_AT interval_NN1 &lsqb;_( a_AT1 ,_, b_ZZ1 &rsqb;_) with_IW probability_NN1 0.95_MC ._. "_" 
</s>
<s>
For_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, an_AT1 observational_JJ study_NN1 of_IO local_JJ authority_NN1 children_NN2 '_NULL s_ZZ1 social_JJ workers_NN2 found_VVD that_CST everyday_JJ decisions_NN2 were_VBDR often_RR dealt_VVN with_IW using_VVG routinised_JJ '_NULL rules_NN2 of_IO thumb_NN1 '_NULL where_CS it_PPH1 had_VHD been_VBN agreed_VVN that_CST a_AT1 particular_JJ way_NN1 of_IO undertaking_VVG a_AT1 task_NN1 was_VBDZ the_AT '_NULL correct_JJ '_NULL way_NN1 (_( Whittaker_NP1 ,_, 2011_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT article_NN1 explores_VVZ this_DD1 static_JJ nature_NN1 and_CC demonstrates_VVZ how_RRQ ,_, In_II concluding_VVG ,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ important_JJ to_TO position_VVI our_APPGE paper_NN1 in_II the_AT current_JJ literature_NN1 on_II the_AT link_NN1 between_II parental_JJ death_NN1 and_CC sibling_NN1 relations_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II31 light_II32 of_II33 these_DD2 observational_JJ and_CC experimental_JJ findings_NN2 ,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ useful_JJ to_TO consider_VVI the_AT social_JJ selection_NN1 processes_NN2 through_II which_DDQ health_NN1 networks_NN2 form_VV0 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT social_JJ stratification_NN1 of_IO neighborhoods_NN2 by_II factors_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 race/ethnicity_NN1 ,_, socioeconomic_JJ status_NN1 ,_, and_CC the_AT concentration_NN1 of_IO immigrants_NN2 is_VBZ a_AT1 phenomenon_NN1 that_CST has_VHZ a_AT1 long_JJ history_NN1 in_II urban_JJ sociology_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Communication_NN1 can_VM include_VVI face-to-face_JJ talk_NN1 or_CC a_AT1 set_NN1 of_IO institutionalized_JJ channels_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT temporal_JJ effects_NN2 of_IO age_NN1 ,_, period_NN1 ,_, and_CC cohort_NN1 can_VM be_VBI represented_VVN using_VVG the_AT classical_JJ APC_FO (_( C-APC_FO )_) model_NN1 ,_, also_RR known_VVN as_II the_AT multiple_JJ classification_NN1 model_NN1 (_( Mason_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
1973_MC ,_, p._NN1 243_MC )_) or_CC accounting_VVG model_NN1 (_( Mason_NP1 &;_NULL Fienberg_NP1 1985_MC ,_, pp_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Whatever_DDQV the_AT sources_NN2 of_IO ethnic_JJ stratification_NN1 in_II a_AT1 local_JJ area_NN1 ,_, when_CS majority_NN1 students_NN2 tend_VV0 to_TO numerically_RR dominate_VVI high-track_JJ schools_NN2 ,_, attendance_NN1 of_IO such_DA schools_NN2 takes_VVZ on_RP a_AT1 particular_JJ social_JJ meaning_NN1 and_CC becomes_VVZ associated_JJ with_IW increased_JJ pressures_NN2 or_CC greater_JJR readiness_NN1 to_TO identify_VVI as_RG German_JJ ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT mechanism_NN1 by_II which_DDQ the_AT effects_NN2 occur_VV0 (_( changes_NN2 in_II organizational_JJ routine_NN1 ,_, citizen_NN1 behavior_NN1 ,_, proactive_JJ engagement_NN1 ,_, productivity_NN1 ,_, or_CC officer_NN1 behaviors_NN2 )_) ,_, however_RR ,_, is_VBZ unclear_JJ ._. 
</s>
<s>
These_DD2 assessments_NN2 also_RR reflect_VV0 a_AT1 single_JJ vantage_NN1 point_NN1 ,_, offering_VVG an_AT1 incomplete_JJ portrayal_NN1 of_IO the_AT complexities_NN2 of_IO the_AT end_NN1 of_IO life_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Roughly_RR 40_MC %_NNU of_IO respondents_NN2 without_IW siblings_NN2 remain_VV0 childless_JJ or_CC have_VH0 an_AT1 only-child_NN1 regardless_RR of_IO the_AT birth_NN1 cohort_NN1 and_CC sex_NN1 ,_, compared_VVN with_IW one-quarter_MF of_IO those_DD2 with_IW four_MC or_CC more_DAR siblings_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Most_DAT express_VV0 a_AT1 willingness_NN1 to_TO "_" help_VVI "_" with_IW housework_NN1 or_CC childcare_NN1 ,_, but_CCB none_PN say_VV0 that_CST they_PPHS2 anticipate_VV0 changing_VVG their_APPGE work_NN1 or_CC lifestyle_NN1 significantly_RR once_CS they_PPHS2 marry_VV0 and_CC have_VH0 children_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Here_RL ,_, too_RR ,_, we_PPIS2 sought_VVD to_TO allow_VVI interviewees_NN2 to_TO authentically_RR share_VVI their_APPGE subjective_JJ experiences_NN2 ,_, and_CC thus_RR the_AT interviewers_NN2 did_VDD not_XX inquire_VVI about_II specific_JJ emotions_NN2 or_CC specific_JJ emotion_NN1 management_NN1 strategies_NN2 unless_CS they_PPHS2 were_VBDR mentioned_VVN by_II the_AT interviewee_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
A_AT1 third_MD modelone_NN1 that_CST has_VHZ had_VHN considerable_JJ influence_NN1 in_II sociological_JJ thinkingtreats_NN2 reputation_NN1 as_CSA socially_RR constructed_VVN ._. 
</s>
<s>
First_MD ,_, ties_VVZ that_CST benefit_VV0 the_AT individuals_NN2 involved_VVN can_VM produce_VVI socially_RR undesirable_JJ externalities_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Social_JJ class_NN1 competition_NN1 may_VM increasingly_RR shape_VVI not_XX just_RR whether_CSW children_NN2 get_VV0 a_AT1 tertiary_JJ education_NN1 but_CCB what_DDQ type_NN1 of_IO institution_NN1 they_PPHS2 attend_VV0 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Furthermore_RR ,_, although_CS the_AT caregiving_JJ penalty_NN1 may_VM seem_VVI small_RR compared_VVN to_II the_AT cost_NN1 of_IO hiring_VVG an_AT1 in-home_JJ provider_NN1 (_( current_JJ estimates_NN2 show_VV0 paid_JJ in-home_JJ providers_NN2 receive_VV0 about_RG $19_NNU per_II hour_NNT1 ;_; MetLife_NP1 ,_, 2011_MC )_) ,_, the_AT effects_NN2 of_IO unpaid_JJ parental_JJ caregiving_NN1 may_VM accumulate_VVI over_II time_NNT1 and_CC shape_NN1 women_NN2 '_NULL s_ZZ1 economic_JJ well-being_NN1 in_II later_JJR life_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Wachter_NN1 ,_, 2017_MC ;_; Schultz_NP1 ,_, 2019_MC ;_; Wilson_NP1 ,_, 2019_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
These_DD2 historical_JJ disadvantages_NN2 were_VBDR especially_RR salient_JJ for_IF the_AT offspring_NN from_II lower_JJR social_JJ classes_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Lastly_RR ,_, from_II the_AT Neighborhood_NN1 File_NN1 ,_, several_DA2 characteristics_NN2 of_IO respondents_NN2 "_" communities_NN2 at_II wave_NN1 1_MC1 were_VBDR included_VVN (_( e.g._REX ,_, the_AT proportion_NN1 of_IO Black_JJ and_CC Hispanic_JJ residents_NN2 ,_, the_AT proportion_NN1 of_IO households_NN2 receiving_VVG public_JJ assistance_NN1 ,_, the_AT proportion_NN1 of_IO the_AT population_NN1 below_II poverty_NN1 ,_, the_AT proportion_NN1 of_IO the_AT population_NN1 that_CST resides_VVZ in_II urban_JJ areas_NN2 ,_, and_CC the_AT unemployment_NN1 rate_NN1 )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Cultural_JJ understanding_NN1 is_VBZ deeply_RR engrained_VVN and_CC self-reflection_NN1 is_VBZ deeply_RR personal_JJ ._. 
</s>
<s>
Social_JJ status_NN1 is_VBZ a_AT1 fundamental_JJ and_CC widely-studied_NN1 construct_VV0 in_II social_JJ science_NN1 research_NN1 (_( Bourdieu_NP1 ,_, 1984_MC ;_; Gould_NP1 ,_, 2002_MC ;_; Kemper_NP1 and_CC Collins_NP1 ,_, 1990_MC ;_; Podolny_NP1 and_CC Lynn_NP1 ,_, 2009_MC ;_; Ridgeway_NP1 ,_, 2014_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
On_II the_AT other_JJ hand_NN1 ,_, the_AT racially_RR problematic_JJ history_NN1 and_CC contemporary_JJ practices_NN2 of_IO American_JJ policing_NN1 suggest_VV0 that_CST the_AT issues_NN2 may_VM be_VBI rooted_VVN in_II more_DAR than_CSN mere_JJ ignorance_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
As_CSA education_NN1 and_CC opportunities_NN2 for_IF migration_NN1 are_VBR both_RR highly_RR valued_VVN in_II South_NP1 Asian_JJ marriage_NN1 markets_NN2 (_( Jeffrey_NP1 ,_, Jeffery_NP1 and_CC Jeffery_NP1 ,_, 2007_MC ;_; Charsley_NP1 ,_, 2013_MC )_) ,_, these_DD2 groups_NN2 form_VV0 a_AT1 good_JJ test_NN1 case_NN1 for_IF exchange_NN1 theory_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Our_APPGE results_NN2 showed_VVD that_CST cohabitations_NN2 formed_VVN between_II 2006_MC and_CC 2013_MC lasted_VVD longer-18_MC months_NNT2 ,_, on_II average_JJ than_CSN those_DD2 formed_VVN in_II the_AT mid-1980s_NN2 ,_, which_DDQ lasted_VVD for_IF an_AT1 average_NN1 of_IO 12_MC months_NNT2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Conclusions_NN2 The_AT main_JJ question_NN1 of_IO this_DD1 study_NN1 is_VBZ whether_CSW skin_NN1 color_NN1 affects_VVZ social_JJ mobility_NN1 in_II Mexico_NP1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
He_PPHS1 didn_VV0 '_NULL t_ZZ1 even_RR talk_VV0 to_II me_PPIO1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
We_PPIS2 find_VV0 no_AT stepfamily_RR disadvantage_NN1 ,_, however_RR ,_, in_II monetary_JJ transfers_NN2 to_II adult_NN1 children_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Meanwhile_RR ,_, research_NN1 on_II generalized_JJ trustthe_NN1 feeling_VVG that_CST most_DAT people_NN can_VM be_VBI trusted_VVN ,_, which_DDQ signals_VVZ social_JJ cohesionshows_NN2 that_CST second-generation_JJ immigrants_NN2 are_VBR adopting_VVG the_AT trust_NN1 patterns_NN2 of_IO native_JJ populations_NN2 (_( Dinesen_NP1 &;_NULL Hooghe_NP1 2010_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT FSV_NP1 finding_VVG that_DD1 reputational_JJ negative_JJ ties_NN2 travel_VV0 up_RP status_NN1 hierarchies_NN2 may_VM be_VBI wholly_RR accurate_JJ ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT weakness_NN1 is_VBZ that_CST because_II21 of_II22 linear_JJ dependence_NN1 ,_, the_AT three_MC conditional_JJ mean_JJ differences_NN2 are_VBR not_XX directly_RR observed_VVN ._. 
</s>
<s>
So_RR I_PPIS1 focus_VV0 here_RL on_II how_RRQ sociologists_NN2 and_CC sociology_NN1 must_VM and_CC might_VM deal_VVI with_IW their_APPGE internal_JJ problems_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT way_NN1 in_II which_DDQ individuals_NN2 connect_VV0 with_IW others_NN2 in_II their_APPGE private_JJ and_CC professional_JJ life_NN1 will_VM receive_VVI increased_JJ attention_NN1 in_II societies_NN2 that_CST focus_VV0 more_DAR and_CC more_RRR on_II individuals_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
We_PPIS2 highlight_VV0 aspects_NN2 of_IO end-of-life_JJ well-being_NN1 that_CST vary_VV0 based_VVN on_II race_NN1 and_CC ,_, to_II a_AT1 lesser_JJ extent_NN1 ,_, socioeconomic_JJ status_NN1 (_( SES_NP2 )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
We_PPIS2 define_VV0 those_DD2 concepts_NN2 below_RL and_CC discuss_VV0 their_APPGE role_NN1 in_II the_AT digital_JJ storytelling_NN1 experience_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Twinning_VVG on_RP INSPIRE_VV0 activities_NN2 potentiated_VVD mutuality_NN1 in_II learning_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
These_DD2 results_NN2 are_VBR shown_VVN in_II models_NN2 1_MC1 and_CC 2_MC of_IO table_NN1 5_MC ._. 
</s>
<s>
I_PPIS1 also_RR conducted_VVD 32_MC interviews_NN2 :_: 16_MC with_IW staff_NN members_NN2 at_II Oakville_NP1 ,_, 12_MC with_IW elderly_JJ patients_NN2 ,_, and_CC four_MC interviews_NN2 with_IW patients_NN2 '_NULL primary_JJ family_NN1 caregivers_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Across_II the_AT 74_MC available_JJ nations_NN2 ,_, the_AT two_MC variables_NN2 have_VH0 a_AT1 statistically_RR significant_JJ (_( p_ZZ1 <_FO 0.001_MC )_) and_CC high_JJ correlation_NN1 of_IO 0.87_MC ,_, suggesting_VVG that_CST respondents_NN2 across_II a_AT1 range_NN1 of_IO different_JJ countries_NN2 do_VD0 not_XX draw_VVI major_JJ distinctions_NN2 between_II these_DD2 two_MC dimensions_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
These_DD2 slippages_NN2 revealed_VVD the_AT mano_NN1 suave_JJ as_RR21 yet_RR22 another_DD1 technique_NN1 of_IO control_NN1 ,_, setting_VVG the_AT stage_NN1 for_IF resentment_NN1 toward_II police_NN2 and_CC ,_, subsequently_RR ,_, a_AT1 mano_NN1 dura_NN1 response_NN1 to_II this_DD1 resentment_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 growth_NN1 is_VBZ most_RGT dramatic_JJ for_IF Millennials_NP1 ,_, and_CC is_VBZ projected_VVN to_TO continue_VVI for_IF Generation_NN1 Z._NP1 Interestingly_RR ,_, adding_VVG survey_NN1 fixed_JJ effects_NN2 reduces_VVZ the_AT magnitude_NN1 of_IO the_AT sanitation_NN1 diarrhea_NN1 association_NN1 to_II 0.056_MC ,_, although_CS it_PPH1 remains_VVZ statistically_RR significant_JJ at_II the_AT 10_MC %_NNU level_NN1 (_( p_ZZ1 =_FO .054_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Participants_NN2 were_VBDR asked_VVN to_TO report_VVI if_CSW they_PPHS2 had_VHD experienced_VVN changes_NN2 in_II ways_NN2 of_IO seeing_VVG ,_, being_NN1 and_CC doing_VDG relevant_JJ to_II Mezirow_NP1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 transformative_JJ learning_NN1 continuum_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT power_NN1 dimension_NN1 of_IO structures_NN2 refers_VVZ to_II the_AT ability_NN1 of_IO schemas_NN2 to_TO muster_VVI material_NN1 or_CC social_JJ resources_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
These_DD2 stories_NN2 certainly_RR reached_VVN a_AT1 very_RG broad_JJ and_CC ,_, for_IF the_AT era_NN1 ,_, highly_RR literate_JJ public_NN1 that_CST constituted_VVD the_AT American_JJ electorate_NN1 (_( Monaghan_NP1 2005_MC ;_; Parkinson_NP1 2016_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
racial_JJ contestation_NN1 influences_VVZ the_AT institutional_JJ environment_NN1 by_II changing_VVG racial_JJ categories_NN2 (_( Mora_NP1 2014_MC )_) ,_, racial_JJ state_NN1 policies_NN2 ,_, and_CC potentially_RR even_RR individual_JJ racial_JJ identity_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT conclusions_NN2 from_II the_AT rank-sum_JJ tests_NN2 are_VBR the_AT same_DA as_CSA those_DD2 of_IO the_AT regressions_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Previously_RR low-status_JJ categories_NN2 become_VV0 new_JJ markers_NN2 of_IO distinction_NN1 and_CC territories_NN2 of_IO exclusion_NN1 ,_, while_CS previously_RR high-status_JJ categories_NN2 suffer_VV0 in_II rewards_NN2 and_CC value_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Introducing_VVG the_AT labour_NN1 market_NN1 dynamics_NN profile_NN1 variable_NN1 ,_, Model_NN1 1_MC1 (_( in_II Table_NN1 2_MC )_) confirms_VVZ the_AT descriptive_JJ finding_NN1 that_CST both_RR movers_NN2 and_CC short-term_JJ stayers_NN2 are_VBR more_RGR likely_JJ to_TO be_VBI overeducated_VVN than_CSN long-term_JJ stayers_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Unlike_II many_DA2 other_JJ pharmaceutical_JJ strategies_NN2 ,_, vaccines_NN2 are_VBR most_RGT effective_JJ when_CS used_VVN by_II approximately_RR 85_MC to_II 95_MC percent_NNU of_IO the_AT community_NN1 (_( depending_II21 on_II22 the_AT disease_NN1 )_) to_TO create_VVI herd_NN1 immunity_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Some_DD have_VH0 suggested_VVN that_CST low_JJ wages_NN2 and_CC increased_JJ poverty_NN1 contribute_VV0 to_II Walmart_NP1 employees_NN2 '_NULL reliance_NN1 on_II public_JJ assistance_NN1 for_IF medical_JJ care_NN1 ,_, food_NN1 ,_, and_CC other_JJ basic_JJ needs_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
We_PPIS2 created_VVD and_CC shared_JJ memos_NN2 over_II email_NN1 about_II common_JJ themes_NN2 ,_, and_CC then_RT moved_VVN to_II focused_JJ coding_NN1 ,_, using_VVG and_CC expanding_VVG the_AT most_RGT frequent_JJ codes_NN2 to_II further_JJR sort_NN1 the_AT data_NN (_( Charmaz_NP1 2007_MC ,_, 2014_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
They_PPHS2 are_VBR revolutionary_JJ leadersthe_NN1 authors_NN2 of_IO the_AT U.S._NP1 Constitutionpeople_NP1 like_II Alexander_NP1 Hamilton_NP1 and_CC John_NP1 Jay_NP1 and_CC Aaron_NP1 Burr_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
We_PPIS2 stratify_VV0 models_NN2 by_II household_NN1 income_NN1 to_TO examine_VVI how_RRQ the_AT two_MC policy_NN1 changes_NN2 affected_VVN families_NN2 differently_RR across_II the_AT income_NN1 spectrum_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II all_DB cases_NN2 ,_, TFR_NP1 are_VBR expected_VVN to_TO be_VBI below_II the_AT replacement_NN1 level_NN1 of_IO 2.1_MC ,_, and_CC LE_NP1 will_VM be_VBI higher_JJR and_CC have_VH0 a_AT1 lower_JJR range_NN1 of_IO variation_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
As_II the_AT score_NN1 is_VBZ low_JJ (_( less_DAR than_CSN 3.00_MC )_) ,_, this_DD1 suggests_VVZ a_AT1 '_NULL misfit_NN1 '_NULL between_II the_AT person_NN1 and_CC workplace_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Our_APPGE research_NN1 also_RR points_VVZ at_II a_AT1 general_JJ set_NN1 of_IO processes_NN2 that_CST highlight_VV0 how_RGQ frequent_JJ and_CC negative_JJ interactions_NN2 with_IW authority_NN1 ._. gures_NN2 and_CC the_AT experience_NN1 of_IO discrimination_NN1 can_VM undermine_VVI educational_JJ and_CC potentially_RR other_JJ outcomes_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT second_MD mode_NN1 of_IO action_NN1 is_VBZ characterized_VVN by_II the_AT acknowledgment_NN1 of_IO gender_NN1 habits_NN2 as_CSA available_JJ strategies_NN2 that_CST can_VM (_( at_II will_NN1 )_) be_VBI applied_VVN in_RP ,_, for_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, how_RRQ to_TO dress_VVI or_CC how_RRQ to_TO behave_VVI in_II a_AT1 specific_JJ situation_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Although_CS the_AT authors_NN2 acknowledge_VV0 it_PPH1 at_II the_AT edges_NN2 of_IO their_APPGE argument_NN1 ,_, since_CS the_AT early_JJ 1990s_MC2 ,_, Instead_RR ,_, a_AT1 racial_JJ order_NN1 structures_VVZ the_AT socioeconomic_JJ conditions_NN2 of_IO black_JJ versus_II white_JJ communities_NN2 in_II fundamental_JJ ways_NN2 (_( Peterson_NP1 &;_NULL Krivo_NP1 2010_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 personal_JJ story_NN1 should_VM include_VVI a_AT1 self-critical_JJ evaluation_NN1 of_IO your_APPGE prior_JJ knowledge_NN1 of_IO and_CC reactions_NN2 to_II the_AT content_NN1 we_PPIS2 have_VH0 covered_VVN in_II weeks_NNT2 1-5_MCMC of_IO this_DD1 course_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Similarly_RR ,_, Schwartzman_NP1 (_( 2007_MC )_) found_VVD that_CST highly_RR educated_JJ nonwhite_NN1 parents_NN2 in_II Brazil_NP1 are_VBR more_RGR likely_JJ than_CSN their_APPGE less-educated_JJ counterparts_NN2 to_TO categorize_VVI their_APPGE children_NN2 as_CSA white_JJ ._. 
</s>
<s>
As_II an_AT1 additional_JJ test_NN1 ,_, I_PPIS1 include_VV0 a_AT1 Muslim_JJ background_NN1 dummy_NN1 (_( those_DD2 from_II where_RRQ more_DAR than_CSN 80%_NNU of_IO the_AT population_NN1 follows_VVZ Islam_NN1 ,_, or_CC one_MC1 of_IO the_AT parents_NN2 is_VBZ from_II these_DD2 countries_NN2 )_) ,_, and_CC an_AT1 Eastern-European_JJ background_NN1 dummy_NN1 (_( i.e._REX ,_, Bulgaria_NP1 ,_, the_AT Czech_JJ Republic_NN1 ,_, Hungary_NP1 ,_, Latvia_NP1 ,_, Poland_NP1 ,_, Slovakia_NP1 ,_, and_CC Slovenia_NP1 )_) in_BCL21 order_BCL22 to_TO test_VVI whether_CSW the_AT effect_NN1 of_IO European/non-European_NN1 is_VBZ eliminated_VVN by_II these_DD2 variables_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
After_II reporting_VVG these_DD2 results_NN2 ,_, we_PPIS2 examine_VV0 whether_CSW these_DD2 associations_NN2 are_VBR mediated_VVN through_II the_AT household_NN1 economic_JJ insecurity_NN1 pathway_NN1 or_CC the_AT work-life_JJ conflict_NN1 pathway_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Vertovec_NN1 has_VHZ observed_VVN that_CST multicultural_JJ policies_NN2 "_" had_VHD as_II their_APPGE overall_JJ goal_NN1 the_AT promotion_NN1 of_IO tolerance_NN1 and_CC respect_NN1 for_IF collective_JJ identities_NN2 "_" ;_; but_CCB since_CS the_AT influx_NN1 of_IO immigrants_NN2 in_II the_AT 1990s_MC2 ,_, "_" new_JJ ,_, smaller_JJR ,_, less_RRR organized_VVN ,_, legally_RR differentiated_VVN and_CC non-citizen_JJ immigrant_JJ groups_NN2 have_VH0 hardly_RR gained_VVN attention_NN1 or_CC a_AT1 place_NN1 on_II the_AT public_JJ agenda_NN1 "_" (_( 2007_MC ,_, 1027–_VV0 1028_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Some_DD studies_NN2 have_VH0 emphasised_VVN the_AT importance_NN1 of_IO civic_JJ integration_NN1 (_( Ersanilli_NP1 and_CC Koopmans_NN2 2011_MC ;_; Koopmans_NN2 2013_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II resegregation_NN1 ,_, LD1_FO share_NN1 among_II blacks_NN2 dropped_VVN to_II 0.9%_FO by_II 1993_MC ,_, resembling_VVG its_APPGE pre-desegregation_JJ level_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
And_CC she_PPHS1 knows_VVZ how_RRQ to_TO discipline_NN1 these_DD2 kids_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
These_DD2 innovations_NN2 spurred_VVD scholarship_NN1 on_II cohabitation_NN1 and_CC on_II transitions_NN2 into_II and_CC out_II21 of_II22 different_JJ union_NN1 types_NN2 (_( e.g._REX ,_, Axinn_NP1 &;_NULL Thornton_NP1 1992_MC ,_, Rindfuss_NP1 &;_NULL VandenHeuvel_NP1 1990_MC ,_, Teachman_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
1991_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Perhaps_RR the_AT most_RGT general_JJ of_IO these_DD2 is_VBZ the_AT correlation_NN1 clustering_NN1 problem_NN1 ,_, where_CS the_AT goal_NN1 is_VBZ to_TO partition_VVI the_AT vertex_NN1 set_VVN into_II clusters_NN2 to_TO minimize_VVI the_AT total_JJ level_NN1 of_IO frustration_NN1 or_CC inconsistency_NN1 in_II the_AT network_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT existence_NN1 of_IO observed_JJ measures_NN2 of_IO associated_JJ processes_NN2 has_VHZ two_MC advantages_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
These_DD2 accounts_NN2 suggest_VV0 that_CST different_JJ evaluations_NN2 about_II what_DDQ "_" dying_JJ ideals_NN2 "_" really_RR mean_VV0 (_( Timmermans_NN2 2005:1000_MC )_) impinge_VV0 on_II workers_NN2 '_NULL economic_JJ practices_NN2 ,_, but_CCB the_AT underlying_JJ interpretive_JJ work_NN1 remains_VVZ under-theorized_JJ ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 means_VVZ designing_VVG policies_NN2 to_TO provide_VVI caregivers_NN2 with_IW greater_JJR support_NN1 and_CC mobilizing_VVG resources_NN2 to_TO alleviate_VVI their_APPGE stress_NN1 and_CC burdens_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
US_NP1 mortality_NN1 among_II adults_NN2 with_IW diabetes_NN1 from_II 1988_MC to_II 2015_MC decreased_VVD 20%_NNU every_AT1 10_MC years_NNT2 ,_, reflecting_VVG better_JJR diagnosis_NN1 and_CC treatment_NN1 (_( Gregg_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
2018_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II the_AT worlds_NN2 of_IO art_NN1 and_CC literature_NN1 ,_, some_DD practitioners_NN2 are_VBR enshrined_VVN ,_, such_II21 as_II22 Vincent_NP1 van_NP1 Gogh_NP1 (_( Heinich_NP1 1996_MC )_) ,_, while_CS others_NN2 ,_, perhaps_RR even_RR more_RGR widely_RR popular_JJ ,_, such_II21 as_II22 the_AT artist_NN1 Thomas_NP1 Kinkade_NP1 ,_, are_VBR scorned_VVN (_( Anthony_NP1 &;_NULL Joshi_NP1 2017_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
However_RR ,_, whereas_CS the_AT rate_NN1 of_IO counterdemonstration_NN1 is_VBZ negatively_RR associated_VVN with_IW SMI_JJ focus_NN1 ,_, In_II an_AT1 early_JJ entry_NN1 to_II this_DD1 arena_NN1 ,_, Judis_NP1 (_( 2016_MC )_) ,_, a_AT1 progressive_JJ journalist_NN1 ,_, warns_VVZ of_IO a_AT1 populist_JJ explosion_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Caldwell_VV0 and_CC colleagues_NN2 proposed_VVD that_CST these_DD2 patterns_NN2 were_VBDR an_AT1 indicator_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 distinctive_JJ sub-Saharan_JJ model_NN1 ,_, driven_VVN by_II delaying_VVG first_MD births_NN2 ,_, extending_VVG birth_NN1 intervals_NN2 ,_, and_CC stopping_VVG for_IF reasons_NN2 other_II21 than_II22 parity-specific_JJ control_NN1 (_( e.g._REX ,_, age_NN1 norms_NN2 ,_, marital_JJ instability_NN1 )_) (_( Caldwell_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
1992_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
To_TO evaluate_VVI these_DD2 hypotheses_NN2 ,_, this_DD1 study_NN1 used_VVD data_NN from_II Wave_NN1 1_MC1 of_IO The_AT Netherlands_NP1 Longitudinal_JJ Lifecourse_NN1 Study_NN1 (_( NELLS_NP2 ;_; Tolsma_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2014_MC )_) ,_, collected_VVN between_II December_NPM1 2008_MC and_CC May_NPM1 2010_MC ._. 
</s>
<s>
Most_DAT agencies_NN2 had_VHD a_AT1 pattern_NN1 of_IO inequality_NN1 that_CST remained_VVD fairly_RR constant_JJ across_II the_AT years_NNT2 of_IO observation_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Data_NN from_II the_AT National_JJ Longitudinal_JJ Study_NN1 of_IO Adolescent_NN1 to_II Adult_NN1 Health_NN1 offer_VV0 an_AT1 opportunity_NN1 to_TO compare_VVI same-sex_JJ and_CC different-sex_JJ relationships_NN2 with_II31 respect_II32 to_II33 commitment_NN1 ,_, satisfaction_NN1 ,_, emotional_JJ intimacy_NN1 ,_, sexual_JJ frequency_NN1 ,_, and_CC sexual_JJ exclusivity_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 suggests_VVZ moderation_NN1 of_IO the_AT parenthood–time_NNT1 pressure_NN1 association_NN1 by_II factors_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 paid_JJ work_NN1 hours_NNT2 ,_, housework_NN1 hours_NNT2 ,_, and_CC relative_JJ child-care_NN1 contributions_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Why_RRQ not_XX mention_VVI –_- in_II scientific_JJ documents_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 the_AT Intergovernmental_JJ Panel_NN1 on_II Climate_NN1 Change_NN1 (_( IPCC_NP1 )_) but_CCB also_RR moral-theological_JJ documents_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 Laudato_NP1 Si_FW –_- the_AT fact_NN1 that_CST it_PPH1 will_VM likely_RR take_VVI 400,000_MC years_NNT2 ,_, or_CC 16,000_MC generations_NN2 ,_, for_IF atmospheric_JJ CO2_FO to_TO return_VVI to_II pre-industrial_JJ levels_NN2 ?_? 
</s>
<s>
At_II the_AT individual_JJ level_NN1 ,_, categorisations_NN2 of_IO immigrants_NN2 are_VBR a_AT1 primary_JJ predictor_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
We_PPIS2 restrict_VV0 the_AT sample_NN1 to_II areas_NN2 designated_VVN as_CSA impact_NN1 zones_NN2 at_II some_DD point_NN1 over_II the_AT almost_RR 10_MC year_NNT1 duration_NN1 of_IO the_AT program_NN1 to_TO ensure_VVI a_AT1 comparison_NN1 between_II similar_JJ neighborhoods.4_FO As_II a_AT1 result_NN1 ,_, our_APPGE approach_NN1 com_NN1 pares_VVZ changes_NN2 in_II test_NN1 scores_NN2 before_RT ,_, during_II ,_, and_CC after_II Operation_NN1 Impact_NN1 for_IF students_NN2 in_II areas_NN2 affected_VVN by_II the_AT intervention_NN1 to_II the_AT same_DA difference_NN1 for_IF students_NN2 in_II areas_NN2 designated_VVN as_CSA impact_NN1 zones_NN2 at_II a_AT1 different_JJ point_NN1 in_II time_NNT1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
These_DD2 environments_NN2 allow_VV0 populist_JJ ideologies_NN2 to_TO emerge_VVI ,_, as_CSA politicians_NN2 offer_VV0 simple_JJ solutions_NN2 to_II complex_JJ problems_NN2 without_IW providing_VVG any_DD evidence_NN1 that_CST they_PPHS2 will_VM be_VBI successful_JJ ._. 
</s>
<s>
Our_APPGE organizational_JJ approach_NN1 ,_, in_II which_DDQ we_PPIS2 find_VV0 complex_JJ interactions_NN2 between_II field-level_JJ cultures_NN2 and_CC local_JJ practices_NN2 ,_, suggests_VVZ that_DD1 gender_NN1 inequities_NN2 can_VM not_XX be_VBI challenged_VVN simply_RR with_IW formal_JJ policies_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
These_DD2 two_MC points_NN2 are_VBR empirically_RR substantiated_VVN in_II a_AT1 recent_JJ study_NN1 by_II Perry_NP1 etal._NNU (_( 2017_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Women_NN2 '_NULL s_ZZ1 probabilities_NN2 of_IO repartnering_VVG through_II remarriage_NN1 and_CC cohabitation_NN1 were_VBDR largely_RR similar_JJ to_II each_PPX221 other_PPX222 ,_, although_CS during_II the_AT first_MD five_MC or_CC so_RR years_NNT2 following_RA divorce_VV0 ,_, women_NN2 were_VBDR more_RGR likely_JJ to_TO form_VVI a_AT1 cohabiting_JJ union_NN1 than_CSN to_TO remarry_VVI ._. 
</s>
<s>
SML_NP1 is_VBZ a_AT1 useful_JJ tool_NN1 for_IF policy_NN1 predictions_NN2 if_CS the_AT researcher_NN1 is_VBZ not_XX immediately_RR interested_JJ in_II understanding_VVG the_AT relationship_NN1 between_II X_ZZ1 and_CC Y_ZZ1 ,_, but_CCB rather_RR in_II using_VVG X_ZZ1 to_TO predict_VVI Y_ZZ1 in_II new_JJ data_NN ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II fact_NN1 ,_, the_AT network_NN1 size_NN1 was_VBDZ remarkably_RR high_JJ in_II31 comparison_II32 with_II33 studies_NN2 ,_, such_II21 as_II22 the_AT German_JJ General_JJ Social_JJ Survey_NN1 (_( Allbus_NP1 )_) and_CC the_AT General_JJ Social_JJ Survey_NN1 (_( GSS_NP1 )_) in_II the_AT United_NP1 States_NP1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Turning_VVG to_II populism_NN1 ,_, the_AT common_JJ definitional_JJ trope_NN1 of_IO people_NN versus_II elites_NN2 lacks_VVZ precision_NN1 ,_, as_CSA it_PPH1 could_VM also_RR describe_VVI the_AT French_JJ Revolution_NN1 (_( Berman_NP1 2019_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT module_NN1 encompasses_VVZ different_JJ measures_NN2 ,_, e.g._REX a_AT1 repetition_NN1 of_IO the_AT feeling_NN1 thermometer_NN1 already_RR included_VVN in_II earlier_JJR waves_NN2 ,_, which_DDQ asks_VVZ how_RRQ respondents_NN2 feel_VV0 about_II different_JJ ethnic_JJ groups_NN2 (_( including_II the_AT majority_NN1 population_NN1 )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Following_VVG Li_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
(_( 2013_MC )_) and_CC Robins_NN2 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
(_( 1995_MC )_) ,_, I_PPIS1 adjust_VV0 the_AT fixed-effect_JJ models_NN2 with_IW weighting_NN1 based_VVN on_II a_AT1 propensity_NN1 score_NN1 for_IF experiencing_VVG discrimination_NN1 ,_, where_CS the_AT propensity_NN1 score_NN1 is_VBZ obtained_VVN by_II probit_NN1 regressions_NN2 on_II the_AT set_NN1 of_IO covariates_NN2 potentially_RR related_VVN to_II the_AT experience_NN1 of_IO discrimination_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
To_TO give_VVI a_AT1 preview_NN1 ,_, the_AT results_NN2 suggest_VV0 that_CST rising_VVG inequalities_NN2 in_II the_AT distribution_NN1 of_IO volatility_NN1 are_VBR driven_VVN by_II a_AT1 rising_JJ probability_NN1 of_IO high_JJ volatility_NN1 among_II 6.1_MC Distribution_NN1 of_IO volatility_NN1 The_AT results_NN2 of_IO the_AT variance_NN1 function_NN1 regression_NN1 formally_RR quantify_VV0 the_AT relationship_NN1 between_II the_AT distribution_NN1 of_IO volatility_NN1 and_CC the_AT level_NN1 of_IO volatility_NN1 ,_, as_CSA shown_VVN in_II table_NN1 2_MC ._. 
</s>
<s>
Given_VVN the_AT moral_JJ clashes_NN2 that_CST discharge_VV0 timing_NN1 and_CC conditions_NN2 created_VVN along_II occupational_JJ boundaries_NN2 ,_, it_PPH1 might_VM seem_VVI surprising_JJ that_CST staff_NN members_NN2 ever_RR agreed_VVN on_II what_DDQ to_TO do_VDI with_IW patients_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Field_NN1 observations_NN2 of_IO doctors_NN2 in_II the_AT workplace_NN1 revealed_VVD that_CST they_PPHS2 spent_VVD much_DA1 of_IO their_APPGE time_NNT1 seeing_VVG patients_NN2 only_RR after_II nurses_NN2 did_VDD most_DAT of_IO the_AT preliminary_JJ work_NN1 with_IW patients_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Among_II those_DD2 who_PNQS attend_VV0 college_NN1 ,_, family_NN1 background_NN1 continues_VVZ to_TO play_VVI an_AT1 important_JJ role_NN1 in_II sorting_VVG students_NN2 into_II different_JJ tiers_NN2 of_IO schools_NN2 (_( Wu_NP1 2017_MC )_) and_CC different_JJ fields_NN2 of_IO study_NN1 (_( Hu_NP1 &;_NULL Wu_NP1 2019_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Online_JJ Table_NN1 B3_FO gives_VVZ descriptive_JJ statistics_NN for_IF all_DB of_IO our_APPGE key_JJ variables_NN2 and_CC controls_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II so_RR doing_VDG ,_, we_PPIS2 are_VBR able_JK to_TO decompose_VVI income_NN1 change_NN1 into_II both_DB2 amount_NN1 (_( i.e._REX volatility_NN1 )_) and_CC direction_NN1 (_( i.e._REX mobility_NN1 )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Figure_VV0 1_MC1 illustrates_VVZ that_CST the_AT probability_NN1 of_IO unintended_JJ pregnancy_NN1 was_VBDZ higher_JJR for_IF women_NN2 with_IW less_DAR than_CSN a_AT1 high_JJ school_NN1 education_NN1 ,_, particularly_RR at_II low_JJ unemployment_NN1 rates_NN2 ,_, but_CCB converged_VVD with_IW women_NN2 with_IW higher_JJR education_NN1 as_II the_AT unemployment_NN1 rate_NN1 rose_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT bootstrapped_JJ standard_JJ errors_NN2 changed_VVD slightly_RR but_CCB were_VBDR consistent_JJ with_IW the_AT standard_JJ errors_NN2 presented_VVN below_RL ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 age_NN1 range_NN1 covers_VVZ an_AT1 important_JJ part_NN1 of_IO the_AT adult_NN1 life_NN1 course_NN1 during_II which_DDQ education_NN1 differences_NN2 in_II health_NN1 unfold_VV0 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT results_NN2 from_II fixed_JJ effects_NN2 regression_NN1 models_NN2 were_VBDR robust_JJ to_II all_DB time-invariant_JJ unobserved_JJ factors_NN2 that_CST may_VM have_VHI biased_VVN the_AT estimates_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT latter_DA decision_NN1 is_VBZ admittedly_RR arbitrary_JJ ._. 
</s>
<s>
Table_NN1 2_MC also_RR shows_VVZ that_CST when_CS arbitrators_NN2 decided_VVD that_CST a_AT1 case_NN1 had_VHD merit_NN1 ,_, Primary_JJ information_NN1 sources_NN2 include_VV0 coroner/medical_NN1 examiner_NN1 (_( CME_NP1 )_) records_NN2 ;_; law_NN1 enforcement_NN1 (_( LE_FW )_) reports_VVZ ,_, including_II National_JJ Incident-Based_JJ Reporting_NN1 System_NN1 (_( NIBRS_NP2 )_) and_CC Supplementary_JJ Homicide_NN1 Reports_NN2 (_( SHR_NP1 )_) ;_; and_CC death_NN1 certificates_NN2 (_( DC_NP1 )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT rise_NN1 of_IO nativist_NN1 and_CC culturalist_NN1 populisms_NN2 to_II political_JJ prominence_NN1 demands_NN2 analysis_NN1 of_IO the_AT politics_NN1 and_CC discourses_NN2 that_CST inform_VV0 the_AT reconstruction_NN1 and_CC politicization_NN1 of_IO majoritarian_JJ identities_NN2 in_II Europe_NP1 (_( Mepschen_NP1 2016a_FO ,_, 2016b_FO )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 combination_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 low_JJ flat-rate_JJ ,_, means-tested_JJ pension_NN1 ,_, and_CC a_AT1 slowly_RR developing_VVG compulsory_JJ superannuation_NN1 system_NN1 is_VBZ reflected_VVN in_II net_JJ income_NN1 replacement_NN1 rates_NN2 in_II retirement_NN1 that_CST are_VBR relatively_RR lowjust_VV0 43_MC per_NNU21 cent_NNU22 ,_, compared_VVN to_II an_AT1 OECD_NP1 average_NN1 of_IO 63_MC per_NNU21 cent_NNU22 (_( OECD_NP1 ,_, 2017_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Our_APPGE approach_NN1 ,_, in_II contrast_NN1 ,_, focuses_VVZ on_II the_AT structural_JJ aspects_NN2 that_CST might_VM affect_VVI the_AT likelihood_NN1 and_CC labor_NN1 market_NN1 effects_NN2 of_IO making_VVG a_AT1 match_NN1 ,_, and_CC thereby_RR goes_VVZ beyond_II the_AT somewhat_RR artificial_JJ distinction_NN1 between_II vertical_JJ and_CC horizontal_JJ mismatches_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Items_NN2 were_VBDR coded_VVN in_II such_DA a_AT1 way_NN1 that_CST higher_JJR values_NN2 indicate_VV0 better_JJR parenting_NN1 and_CC were_VBDR then_RT summed_VVN ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II their_APPGE work_NN1 on_II recent_JJ immigrants_NN2 ,_, Painter_NN1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
(_( 2016_MC )_) found_VVD that_CST darker-skinned_JJR immigrants_NN2 are_VBR less_RGR wealthy_JJ than_CSN their_APPGE lighter-complected_JJR counterparts_NN2 and_CC that_CST this_DD1 association_NN1 is_VBZ independent_JJ of_IO racial_JJ affiliation_NN1 (_( i.e._REX ,_, it_PPH1 operates_VVZ both_RR within_RL and_CC across_II discrete_JJ race_NN1 categories_NN2 )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
At_II age_NN1 45_MC ,_, slightly_RR more_DAR than_CSN 7%_NNU of_IO women_NN2 and_CC 8%_NNU of_IO men_NN2 were_VBDR in_II cohabiting_VVG relationships_NN2 ;_; the_AT remainder_NN1 were_VBDR in_II marital_JJ unions_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
For_REX21 instance_REX22 ,_, jobs_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 "_" diversity_NN1 consultants_NN2 "_" combined_VVD racial_JJ meanings_NN2 with_IW newly_RR granted_VVN access_NN1 to_TO work_VVI opportunities_NN2 ;_; but_CCB ,_, because_CS these_DD2 jobs_NN2 are_VBR segregated_VVN from_II central_JJ organizational_JJ functions_NN2 ,_, workers_NN2 are_VBR less_RGR likely_JJ to_TO move_VVI up_RP the_AT organizational_JJ hierarchy_NN1 (_( Collins_NP1 1997_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Without_IW this_DD1 extension_NN1 ,_, inquiry_NN1 can_VM overlook_VVI a_AT1 key_JJ modality_NN1 by_II which_DDQ dominant_JJ group_NN1 interests_NN2 are_VBR protected_VVN ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 review_NN1 first_MD considers_VVZ organizational_JJ sorting_NN1 and_CC horizontal_JJ stratification_NN1 within_II the_AT educational_JJ system_NN1 ,_, followed_VVN by_II returns_NN2 to_II education_NN1 in_II the_AT labor_NN1 market_NN1 and_CC then_RT the_AT inequality_NN1 of_IO educational_JJ opportunity_NN1 ,_, with_IW special_JJ attention_NN1 to_II the_AT nominal_JJ versus_II positional_JJ approaches_NN2 to_II measuring_VVG education_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II some_DD parts_NN2 of_IO Birmingham_NP1 ,_, for_REX21 example_REX22 Handsworth_NP1 ,_, the_AT majority_NN1 population_NN1 is_VBZ superdiverse_JJ with_IW only_RR 10_MC per_NNU21 cent_NNU22 white_JJ British_JJ residents_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
As_II a_AT1 choice_NN1 of_IO social_JJ affiliation_NN1 that_CST did_VDD not_XX suit_VVI the_AT institutional_JJ culture_NN1 ,_, black_JJ minority_NN1 teachers_NN2 were_VBDR being_VBG called_VVN into_II account_NN1 to_TO "_" do_VDI race_NN1 "_" in_II an_AT1 institutionally_RR acceptable_JJ way_NN1 (_( West_ND1 and_CC Zimmerman_NP1 1987_MC ;_; Fenstermaker_NP1 ,_, West_ND1 ,_, and_CC Zimmerman_NP1 2002_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 expectation_NN1 that_CST higher-status_JJ actors_NN2 are_VBR likely_JJ to_TO receive_VVI "_" hate_NN1 "_" Problem-oriented_JJ policing_NN1 concepts_NN2 can_VM also_RR be_VBI applied_VVN to_TO economize_VVI on_II the_AT use_NN1 of_IO enforcement_NN1 in_II crime-control_JJ strategies_NN2 targeting_VVG repeat_VV0 offenders_NN2 ,_, gangs_NN2 ,_, and_CC other_JJ kinds_NN2 of_IO criminally_RR active_JJ groups_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Evaluating_VVG the_AT coefficients_NN2 for_IF weeks_NNT2 postJude_VV0 with_IW and_CC without_IW the_AT outlier_JJR week_NNT1 (_( as_CSA Zoorob_NP1 does_VDZ in_II his_APPGE first_MD table_NN1 )_) simply_RR shows_VVZ that_CST the_AT function_NN1 changes_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT three_MC countries_NN2 have_VH0 very_RG different_JJ skill-formation_JJ sys-tems_NN2 ,_, particularly_RR with_II31 regard_II32 to_II33 occupationally_RR specific_JJ learning_NN1 (_( Bol_NP1 and_CC Van_NP1 de_NP1 Werfhorst_NP1 2013_MC ;_; DiPrete_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
2017_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT following_JJ variables_NN2 are_VBR used_VVN as_CSA controls_VVZ because_CS research_NN1 shows_VVZ that_CST each_DD1 is_VBZ correlated_VVN with_IW both_DB2 volunteering_VVG and_CC earnings_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Some_DD works_NN have_VH0 specifically_RR examined_VVN the_AT idea_NN1 that_CST focused_VVD activity_NN1 is_VBZ part_NN1 of_IO how_RRQ establishments_NN2 and_CC similar_JJ fixed_JJ locations_NN2 contribute_VV0 to_TO tie_VVI formation_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT link_NN1 to_II '_NULL client_NN1 outcomes_NN2 '_NULL is_VBZ an_AT1 important_JJ aspect_NN1 of_IO child_NN1 protection_NN1 ,_, as_CSA the_AT role_NN1 means_VVZ that_CST ,_, when_CS a_AT1 child_NN1 fatality_NN1 happens_VVZ ,_, social_JJ workers_NN2 are_VBR held_VVN publicly_RR accountable_JJ for_IF not_XX '_NULL preventing_VVG '_NULL the_AT incident_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
S_NP1 Turner_NP1 (_( 2007_MC )_) goes_VVZ even_RR further_RRR when_CS he_PPHS1 claims_VVZ that_CST social_JJ theory_NN1 must_VM reconsider_VVI its_APPGE basic_JJ concepts_NN2 (_( such_II21 as_II22 the_AT commonly_RR used_JJ notion_NN1 of_IO '_NULL culture_NN1 '_NULL )_) ,_, since_CS most_DAT of_IO them_PPHO2 are_VBR '_NULL fictional_JJ '_NULL and_CC have_VH0 no_AT reference_NN1 in_II reality_NN1 ,_, particularly_RR in_II the_AT human_JJ brain_NN1 ;_; in_II his_APPGE view_NN1 ,_, sociology_NN1 needs_VVZ to_TO rely_VVI on_II the_AT methods_NN2 of_IO cognitive_JJ neuroscience_NN1 ,_, in_II order_NN1 to_TO simply_RR be_VBI realistic_JJ about_II human_JJ nature_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
According_II21 to_II22 this_DD1 model_NN1 ,_, a_AT1 higher_JJR level_NN1 of_IO incongruence_NN1 is_VBZ directly_RR related_VVN to_II an_AT1 increased_JJ risk_NN1 in_II burnout_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
We_PPIS2 also_RR propose_VV0 that_CST the_AT structure_NN1 of_IO link-ages_NN2 at_II the_AT national_JJ level_NN1 influences_VVZ the_AT extent_NN1 to_II which_DDQ educational_JJ (_( mis_NN1 )_) matches_VVZ affect_NN1 labor_NN1 market_NN1 outcomes_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT NSFG_NP1 data_NN do_VD0 not_XX have_VHI information_NN1 on_II any_DD other_JJ measure_NN1 of_IO socioeconomic_JJ status_NN1 that_CST also_RR contains_VVZ dates_NN2 that_CST could_VM be_VBI tracked_VVN prior_II21 to_II22 the_AT start_NN1 of_IO the_AT union_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
INSPIRE_VV0 sought_VVN to_TO extend_VVI Indigenous_JJ innovation_NN1 by_II weaving_VVG Samoan_JJ and_CC Western_JJ ways_NN2 of_IO knowing_VVG by_II tailoring_VVG communications_NN2 to_TO promote_VVI community_NN1 access_NN1 of_IO the_AT resource_NN1 hub_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Performance_NN1 evaluations_NN2 are_VBR ubiquitous_JJ in_II contemporary_JJ organizations_NN2 (_( Castilla_NP1 2008_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Table_NN1 1_MC1 indicates_VVZ results_NN2 from_II the_AT regression_NN1 analyses_VVZ for_IF each_DD1 of_IO the_AT five_MC indicators_NN2 of_IO labour_NN1 market_NN1 success_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
These_DD2 cultural_JJ stereotypes_NN2 about_II blacks_NN2 persist_VV0 deep_RR in_II people_NN '_NULL s_ZZ1 minds_NN2 and_CC affect_VV0 people_NN '_NULL s_ZZ1 perceptions_NN2 ,_, feelings_NN2 ,_, and_CC behaviors_NN2 (_( Duncan_NP1 1976_MC ;_; Sagar_NP1 and_CC Schofield_NP1 1980_MC ;_; Devine_NP1 1989_MC ;_; Bobo_NP1 and_CC Kluegel_NP1 1993_MC ;_; Devine_NP1 and_CC Elliot_NP1 1995_MC ;_; Fiske_NP1 1998_MC ;_; Peffley_NP1 and_CC Hurwitz_NP1 1998_MC ;_; Payne_NP1 2001_MC ;_; Correll_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
2002_MC ;_; Greenwald_NP1 ,_, Oakes_NP1 ,_, and_CC Hoffman_NP1 2003_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Early_RR social_JJ network_NN1 scholarship_NN1 examined_VVD both_RR positive_JJ and_CC negative_JJ relations_NN2 and_CC recognized_VVD the_AT importance_NN1 of_IO both_DB2 types_NN2 of_IO ties_NN2 in_II constituting_VVG social_JJ dynamics_NN (_( Cartwright_NP1 and_CC Harary_NP1 ,_, 1956_MC ;_; Heider_NP1 ,_, 1958_MC ;_; Thibaut_NP1 and_CC Kelley_NP1 ,_, 1959_MC ;_; White_NP1 ,_, 1961_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II a_AT1 series_NN of_IO articles_NN2 ,_, Timus_NP1 ,_, Moultrie_NP1 ,_, and_CC colleagues_NN2 drew_VVD on_II qualitative_JJ and_CC ethnographic_JJ research_NN1 to_TO demonstrate_VVI the_AT existence_NN1 of_IO postponement_NN1 desires_VVZ as_RG distinct_JJ from_II spacing_NN1 or_CC stopping_VVG desires_NN2 ;_; developed_VVD a_AT1 theoretical_JJ framework_NN1 linking_VVG postponement_NN1 desires_VVZ with_IW economic_JJ ,_, political_JJ ,_, and_CC social_JJ uncertainties_NN2 in_II the_AT region_NN1 ;_; and_CC used_JJ census_NN1 and_CC survey_NN1 data_NN to_TO show_VVI that_DD1 fertility_NN1 behavior_NN1 in_II several_DA2 sub-Saharan_JJ countries_NN2 is_VBZ consistent_JJ with_IW a_AT1 postponement_NN1 model_NN1 (_( Moultrie_NP1 and_CC Timus_NP1 2017_MC ;_; Moultrie_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
2012_MC ;_; Timus_NP1 and_CC Moultrie_NP1 2008_MC ,_, 2013_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II speaking_VVG to_II this_DD1 sentiment_NN1 ,_, Bilal_NP1 explained_VVD that_CST he_PPHS1 felt_VVD lost_VVN after_II the_AT death_NN1 of_IO his_APPGE father_NN1 ,_, having_VHG little_DA1 guidance_NN1 for_IF how_RRQ to_TO be_VBI a_AT1 man:The_FO thing_NN1 is_VBZ ,_, you_PPY don_VV0 '_NULL t_ZZ1 have_VH0 anybody_PN1 to_TO ask_VVI for_IF advice_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Hourihan_NN1 1987_MC ;_; Rosenbaum_NP1 1987_MC ;_; Skogan_NP1 1988_MC ;_; Hope_NP1 1995_MC ;_; Laycock_NP1 and_CC Tilley_NP1 1995_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
From_II the_AT outset_NN1 ,_, young_JJ adults_NN2 in_II this_DD1 first_MD group_NN1 were_VBDR fairly_RR independent_JJ for_IF two_MC of_IO the_AT three_MC familial_JJ support_NN1 items_NN2 and_CC stayed_VVD independent_JJ during_II this_DD1 life_NN1 stage_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II LAC_NP1 the_AT needs_NN2 of_IO the_AT dependent_JJ elderly_JJ are_VBR covered_VVN mostly_RR by_II the_AT family_NN1 ,_, in_RR21 particular_RR22 by_II transfers_NN2 of_IO resources_NN2 and_CC time_NNT1 of_IO children_NN2 to_II parents_NN2 and_CC grandchildren_NN2 to_II grandparents_NN2 ,_, as_II31 well_II32 as_II33 other_JJ relatives_NN2 who_PNQS can_VM collaborate_VVI ._. 
</s>
<s>
Systems_NN2 theory_NN1 (_( Bronfenbrenner_NP1 ,_, 1979_MC )_) was_VBDZ applied_VVN as_II a_AT1 framework_NN1 for_IF analysing_VVG the_AT connections_NN2 between_II these_DD2 sets_NN2 of_IO factors_NN2 and_CC their_APPGE relationship_NN1 to_II contextual_JJ issues_NN2 at_II the_AT micro-_NN1 ,_, meso-_NN1 ,_, macro-_JJ and_CC chronosystemic_JJ (_( age-related_NN1 )_) levels_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT available_JJ data_NN do_VD0 not_XX contain_VVI incomes_NN2 from_II sources_NN2 other_II21 than_II22 employment_NN1 nor_CC education_NN1 levels_NN2 for_IF the_AT complete_JJ population_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT research_NN1 was_VBDZ approved_VVN by_II the_AT Institutional_JJ Review_NN1 Board_NN1 at_II North_ND1 Carolina_NP1 State_NN1 University_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Note_VV0 :_: Models_NN2 1_MC1 and_CC 3_MC (_( secondary_NN1 )_) include_VV0 3C_FO to_II 4A_FO ._. 
</s>
<s>
Models_NN2 2_MC ,_, 4_MC ,_, and_CC 6_MC (_( tertiary_JJ )_) include_VV0 5B_FO to_II 6B_FO ._. 
</s>
<s>
Model_NN1 5_MC includes_VVZ 5B_FO and_CC 5A_FO (_( four-year_JJ )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT MBI_NP1 (_( Maslach_NP1 and_CC Jackson_NP1 ,_, 1986_MC )_) measures_VVZ self-perception_NN1 of_IO experienced_JJ emotional_JJ exhaustion_NN1 ,_, depersonalisation_NN1 and_CC personal_JJ accomplishment_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Despite_II the_AT advantages_NN2 of_IO the_AT PSID_NN1 ,_, there_EX are_VBR disadvantages_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
It_PPH1 is_VBZ important_JJ to_TO note_VVI that_CST since_CS the_AT early_JJ 1970s_MC2 ,_, a_AT1 group_NN1 of_IO scientists_NN2 began_VVD to_TO socialize_VVI the_AT effects_NN2 of_IO climate_NN1 change_NN1 and_CC global_JJ warming_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
In_II turn_NN1 ,_, it_PPH1 should_VM also_RR be_VBI noted_VVN that_CST the_AT distinction_NN1 in_II terminology_NN1 (_( '_NULL issued_VVN '_NULL ,_, '_NULL received_VVD '_NULL ,_, '_NULL charged_VVN for_IF '_NULL and_CC '_NULL accrued_JJ '_NULL )_) is_VBZ important_JJ (_( the_AT figure_NN1 for_IF tribunal_NN1 fees_NN2 ,_, e.g._REX ,_, Furthermore_RR ,_, the_AT dummy_JJ variables_NN2 for_IF offense_NN1 severity_NN1 generally_RR indicate_VV0 that_CST the_AT odds_NN2 of_IO imprisonment_NN1 increase_NN1 with_IW the_AT severity_NN1 level_NN1 of_IO the_AT offense.9_FO Notably_RR ,_, the_AT coefficient_NN1 for_IF year_NNT1 declines_VVZ only_RR modestly_RR ,_, from_II .014_MC to_II .010_MC ,_, in_II model_NN1 2_MC ._. 
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<s>
Therefore_RR ,_, in_II31 regard_II32 to_II33 the_AT exposure_NN1 effect_NN1 ,_, having_VHG two_MC grandparents_NN2 alive_JJ may_VM have_VHI a_AT1 greater_JJR effect_NN1 on_II the_AT grandchild_NN1 than_CSN having_VHG only_RR one_MC1 grandparent_NN1 alive_JJ ._. 
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<s>
Since_II then_RT ,_, and_CC gradually_RR ,_, new_JJ schools_NN2 were_VBDR created_VVN mainly_RR within_II university_NN1 centres_NN2 located_VVN in_II the_AT major_JJ cities_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Such_DA a_AT1 transition_NN1 could_VM occur_VVI because_II21 of_II22 the_AT influence_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 third_MD party_NN1 ,_, for_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, when_CS a_AT1 married_JJ couple_NN1 quarrels_NN2 over_II their_APPGE mis-behaving_VVG child_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Thus_RR ,_, the_AT advantaged_JJ residential_JJ attainment_NN1 situation_NN1 of_IO black_JJ second-generation_JJ migrants_NN2 and_CC northern_JJ stayers_NN2 ,_, with_II31 respect_II32 to_II33 neighborhood_NN1 education_NN1 levels_NN2 ,_, appears_VVZ to_TO be_VBI largely_RR explained_VVN by_II their_APPGE parents_NN2 '_NULL sociodemographic_JJ characteristics_NN2 ,_, consistent_JJ with_IW the_AT spatial_JJ assimilation_NN1 perspective_NN1 and_CC our_APPGE second_MD hypothesis_NN1 ,_, although_CS metropolitan_JJ residence_NN1 in_II 1940_MC also_RR plays_VVZ an_AT1 important_JJ explanatory_JJ role_NN1 in_II these_DD2 relationships_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Importantly_RR ,_, high_JJ status_NN1 culture_NN1 is_VBZ seen_VVN a_AT1 monolithic_JJ ,_, with_IW all_DB the_AT aspects_NN2 from_II reading_NN1 to_II attendance_NN1 at_II art_NN1 galleries_NN2 being_VBG interchangeable_JJ indicators_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Vulnerable_JJ residents_NN2 of_IO high-violence_JJ areas_NN2 may_VM feel_VVI the_AT need_NN1 to_TO take_VVI responsibility_NN1 for_IF their_APPGE own_DA personal_JJ safety_NN1 by_II developing_VVG a_AT1 tough_JJ reputation_NN1 ,_, picking_VVG fights_NN2 ,_, and_CC carrying_VVG a_AT1 gun_NN1 (_( Anderson_NP1 1999_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
In_II pooled_JJ analysis_NN1 we_PPIS2 rely_VV0 on_II senate_NN1 weights_NN2 which_DDQ adjust_VV0 for_IF complex_JJ sample_NN1 design_NN1 and_CC ensure_VV0 that_CST each_DD1 society_NN1 contributes_VVZ equally_RR to_II the_AT analysis_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT digital_JJ story_NN1 process_NN1 led_VVD students_NN2 to_TO explore_VVI their_APPGE environments_NN2 and_CC do_VD0 things_NN2 they_PPHS2 would_VM not_XX normally_RR do_VDI ._. 
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<s>
The_AT current_JJ study_NN1 suggests_VVZ the_AT link_NN1 between_II prevention_NN1 of_IO infectious_JJ disease_NN1 due_II21 to_II22 the_AT Swedish_JJ primary_JJ care_NN1 reform_NN1 and_CC old-age_JJ survival_NN1 and_CC income_NN1 benefits_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Gender_NN1 is_VBZ included_VVN as_II the_AT distinguishing_JJ variable_NN1 in_II each_DD1 model_NN1 (_( 1_MC1 =_FO female/mother_NN1 )_) to_TO assess_VVI variations_NN2 in_II fathers_NN2 '_NULL and_CC mothers_NN2 '_NULL relationship_NN1 satisfaction_NN1 and_CC conflict_NN1 (_( Kenny_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2006_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
Black_JJ Doctors_NN2 :_: "_" The_AT Difficulty_NN1 Is_VBZ Getting_VVG In_II "_" The_AT most_RGT important_JJ factor_NN1 explaining_VVG the_AT gap_NN1 is_VBZ marital_JJ status_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Estimating_VVG the_AT effect_NN1 of_IO policing_VVG on_II educational_JJ performance_NN1 is_VBZ challenging_JJ considering_CS21 that_CS22 police_NN2 activity_NN1 is_VBZ closely_RR linked_VVN to_II crime_NN1 and_CC other_JJ neighborhood_NN1 characteristics_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
When_CS pressed_VVN to_TO elaborate_VVI ,_, he_PPHS1 explained_VVD :_: "_" During_II the_AT war_NN1 ,_, people_NN had_VHD great_JJ empathy_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
For_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, economic_JJ uncertainty_NN1 may_VM increase_VVI anxiety_NN1 about_II the_AT future_NN1 and_CC perceptions_NN2 of_IO economic_JJ strain_NN1 even_RR among_II those_DD2 who_PNQS remain_VV0 continuously_RR employed_VVN (_( Kalil_NP1 ,_, 2013_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
According_II21 to_II22 their_APPGE estimates_NN2 ,_, if_CS obesity_NN1 disappeared_VVD ,_, LE_NP1 of_IO the_AT population_NN1 would_VM rise_VVI by_RP between_II one-third_MF and_CC three-quarters_MF of_IO a_AT1 year_NNT1 ,_, and_CC LE_NP1 for_IF African_JJ American_JJ men_NN2 would_VM rise_VVI by_RP between_II 0.30_MC and_CC 1.08_MC years_NNT2 ._. 
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<s>
Much_DA1 of_IO the_AT work_NN1 centered_VVD on_II how_RRQ space_NN1 structured_JJ opportunities_NN2 for_IF contact_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Alternatively_RR ,_, if_CS the_AT trend_NN1 in_II criminal_JJ records_NN2 reverses_VVZ ,_, then_RT this_DD1 could_VM signal_VVI a_AT1 potential_JJ reduction_NN1 in_II prison_NN1 admissions_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Role_NN1 strain_NN1 ,_, or_CC "_" the_AT felt_NN1 difficulty_NN1 in_II fulfilling_VVG role_NN1 obligations_NN2 "_" (_( Goode_NP1 ,_, 1960_MC ,_, p._NN1 483_MC )_) ,_, contributes_VVZ to_TO stress_VVI and_CC is_VBZ a_AT1 central_JJ mechanism_NN1 in_II the_AT stress_NN1 process_NN1 model_NN1 (_( Pearlin_NP1 ,_, 1989_MC ;_; Pearlin_NP1 ,_, Lieberman_NP1 ,_, Menaghan_NP1 ,_, &;_NULL Mullan_NP1 ,_, 1981_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 inquiry_NN1 aims_VVZ to_TO explain_VVI the_AT emergence_NN1 of_IO an_AT1 underground_JJ social_JJ movement_NN1 by_II examining_VVG how_RRQ individuals_NN2 get_VV0 involved_JJ in_II high-risk_JJ activism_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Manumissionists_NN2 lean_VV0 strongly_RR Federalist_JJ in_II both_DB2 periods_NN2 ,_, signaling_VVG that_CST positions_NN2 towards_II slavery_NN1 influenced_VVN one_MC1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 political_JJ affiliation_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Children_NN2 need_VV0 to_TO be_VBI protected_VVN from_II the_AT health_NN1 adversity_NN1 that_CST can_VM affect_VVI their_APPGE entire_JJ lives_NN2 ;_; studying_VVG resilience_NN1 or_CC higher-than-expected_JJR survival_NN1 in_II some_DD groups_NN2 may_VM point_VVI to_II mechanisms_NN2 for_IF reducing_VVG any_DD adverse_JJ effects_NN2 of_IO childhood_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Jacobs_NP2 ,_, 2004_MC ;_; Gerstel_NP1 &;_NULL Clawson_NP1 ,_, 2018_MC ;_; Moen_NP1 ,_, They_PPHS2 conclude_VV0 from_II all_DB these_DD2 analyses_NN2 that_CST religious_JJ participation_NN1 likely_RR has_VHZ a_AT1 real_JJ impact_NN1 on_II youth_NN1 outcomes_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Juvenile_JJ confinement_NN1 as_II a_AT1 parenting_NN1 strategy_NN1 of_IO last_MD resort_NN1 speaks_VVZ to_II the_AT extensive_JJ role_NN1 of_IO the_AT criminal_JJ justice_NN1 system_NN1 in_II the_AT lives_NN2 of_IO low-income_JJ urban_JJ families_NN2 of_IO color_NN1 (_( see_VV0 also_RR Jones_NP1 2010_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
These_DD2 results_NN2 are_VBR consistent_JJ when_CS logged_JJ individual_JJ income_NN1 ,_, rather_II21 than_II22 educational_JJ attainment_NN1 ,_, is_VBZ interacted_VVN with_IW migration_NN1 status_NN1 (_( results_VVZ available_JJ upon_II request_NN1 )_) ._. 
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<s>
As_CSA Tait_NP1 (_( 2011_MC :_: 1222_MC )_) reminds_VVZ us_PPIO2 ,_, to_TO bear_VVI is_VBZ to_TO assume_VVI a_AT1 burden_NN1 ,_, and_CC when_CS we_PPIS2 see_VV0 the_AT suffering_NN1 of_IO others_NN2 –_- on_II our_APPGE televisions_NN2 ,_, say_VV0 –_- we_PPIS2 are_VBR called_VVN to_TO take_VVI on_RP the_AT burden_NN1 of_IO responsibility_NN1 ,_, to_TO respond_VVI to_II what_DDQ we_PPIS2 see_VV0 :_: to_TO do_VDI something_PN1 ._. 
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<s>
Table_NN1 1_MC1 describes_VVZ sample_NN1 outcome_NN1 distributions_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
They_PPHS2 allow_VV0 for_IF clustering_NN1 of_IO observations_NN2 by_II individual_JJ and_CC control_VV0 for_IF between-individual_JJ variation_NN1 (_( Singer_NP1 &;_NULL Willett_NP1 ,_, 2003_MC )_) by_II producing_VVG estimates_NN2 that_CST are_VBR net_JJ of_IO all_DB time-invariant_JJ observed_JJ and_CC unobserved_JJ differences_NN2 between_II individuals_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Compared_VVN with_IW a_AT1 hierarchical_JJ chain_NN1 of_IO command_NN1 and_CC clear_JJ line_NN1 of_IO authority_NN1 ,_, Hypothesis_NN1 2_MC (_( H2_FO ;_; Stabilizer_NP1 hypothesis_NN1 )_) :_: The_AT socio-economic_JJ resources_NN2 of_IO grandparents_NN2 are_VBR positively_RR associated_VVN with_IW grandchildren_NN2 '_NULL s_ZZ1 educational_JJ attainment_NN1 when_CS parental_JJ resources_NN2 are_VBR low_JJ or_CC parents_NN2 have_VH0 separated_VVN ._. 
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<s>
What_DDQ varies_VVZ is_VBZ the_AT typical_JJ level_NN1 of_IO these_DD2 skills_NN2 in_II different_JJ respondent_NN1 groups_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT model_NN1 assumes_VVZ that_CST three_MC central_JJ factors_NN2 influence_VV0 citizens_NN2 '_NULL participation_NN1 in_II politics_NN1 :_: access_NN1 to_II resources_NN2 ,_, psychological_JJ engagement_NN1 and_CC participation_NN1 in_II recruitment_NN1 networks_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Of_IO the_AT women_NN2 who_PNQS married_VVD for_IF the_AT first_MD time_NNT1 in_II 1970_MC ,_, 11%_NNU had_VHD cohabited_VVN with_IW the_AT marital_JJ partner_NN1 before_II marriage_NN1 according_II21 to_II22 the_AT NSFG_NP1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT technical_JJ ability_NN1 to_TO grant_VVI a_AT1 higher_JJR proportion_NN1 of_IO divorce_NN1 petitions_NN2 ,_, particularly_RR to_II plaintiffs_NN2 claiming_VVG domestic_JJ abuse_NN1 ,_, does_VDZ not_XX imply_VVI sufficient_JJ motivation_NN1 on_II41 the_II42 part_II43 of_II44 judges_NN2 to_TO do_VDI so_RR ._. 
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<s>
Our_APPGE research_NN1 design_NN1 raises_VVZ several_DA2 ethical_JJ concerns_NN2 as_CSA it_PPH1 imposes_VVZ an_AT1 additional_JJ burden_NN1 on_II employers_NN2 who_PNQS review_VV0 fictitious_JJ job_NN1 applications_NN2 and_CC participate_VV0 in_II an_AT1 experiment_NN1 without_IW giving_VVG informed_JJ consent_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
We_PPIS2 also_RR relied_VVD on_II interview_NN1 and_CC other_JJ archival_JJ data_NN (_( media_NN accounts_NN2 ,_, court_NN1 reports_NN2 )_) to_TO show_VVI that_DD1 white_JJ resistance_NN1 to_II sharing_VVG special_JJ education_NN1 services_NN2 for_IF "_" quality_NN1 education_NN1 "_" was_VBDZ a_AT1 principal_JJ factor_NN1 in_II migration_NN1 to_II LD3_FO ._. 
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<s>
Social_JJ scientists_NN2 have_VH0 largely_RR defined_VVN adulthood_NN1 in_II31 terms_II32 of_II33 what_DDQ Settersten_NP1 (_( 2012_MC ,_, p._NN1 172_MC )_) has_VHZ described_VVN as_II the_AT Big_JJ Five_MC life_NN1 events_NN2 :_: leaving_VVG home_RL ,_, school_NN1 completion_NN1 ,_, employment_NN1 ,_, marriage_NN1 ,_, and_CC parenthood_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
In_II a_AT1 similar_JJ vein_NN1 ,_, to_TO examine_VVI the_AT moderating_JJ role_NN1 of_IO remittances_NN2 ,_, we_PPIS2 expanded_VVD the_AT typology_NN1 of_IO left-behind_JJ categories_NN2 to_TO include_VVI information_NN1 on_II the_AT frequency_NN1 of_IO remittances_NN2 ,_, through_II a_AT1 question_NN1 that_CST asked_VVD how_RGQ often_RR the_AT migrant_NN1 parent_NN1 sent_VVD monetary_JJ remittances_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
When_CS assessed_VVN alongside_II other_JJ work_NN1 on_II the_AT census_NN1 ,_, the_AT book_NN1 motivates_VVZ scholars_NN2 to_TO ask_VVI new_JJ questions_NN2 about_II the_AT nature_NN1 of_IO racial_JJ taxonomies_NN2 and_CC classification_NN1 struggles_VVZ more_RGR broadly_RR ._. 
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<s>
Traditional_JJ propensity_NN1 score_NN1 methods_NN2 ignore_VV0 uncertainty_NN1 in_II the_AT propensity_NN1 score_NN1 :_: One_MC1 model_NN1 is_VBZ estimated_VVN in_BCL21 order_BCL22 to_TO obtain_VVI propensity_NN1 score_NN1 estimates_NN2 ,_, but_CCB no_AT compensation_NN1 is_VBZ made_VVN for_IF the_AT fact_NN1 that_CST these_DD2 scores_NN2 are_VBR only_JJ estimates_NN2 ._. 
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Was_VBDZ this_RG always_RR the_AT case_NN1 over_II the_AT last_MD century_NNT1 ?_? 
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<s>
For_IF individuals_NN2 from_II a_AT1 deprived_JJ parental_JJ neighbourhood_NN1 with_IW a_AT1 non-Western_JJ ethnic_JJ minority_NN1 background_NN1 ,_, higher_JJR educational_JJ attainment_NN1 did_VDD not_XX decrease_VVI their_APPGE chance_NN1 of_IO living_VVG in_II concentrated_JJ poverty_NN1 as_II an_AT1 adult_NN1 (_( de_NP1 Vuijst_NP1 ,_, van_NP1 Ham_NP1 and_CC Kleinhans_NP2 ,_, 2017_MC )_) ,_, which_DDQ was_VBDZ substantially_RR higher_JJR than_CSN that_DD1 of_IO the_AT native_JJ Dutch_JJ ._. 
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<s>
Members_NN2 of_IO communities_NN2 b_ZZ1 and_CC c_ZZ1 exhibited_JJ significant_JJ self-selection_NN1 in_II their_APPGE exposure_NN1 to_II current_JJ health_NN1 information_NN1 ,_, and_CC members_NN2 of_IO community_NN1 a_AT1 were_VBDR primarily_RR exposed_VVN to_II tweets_NN2 on_II the_AT harms_NN2 of_IO HPV_NP1 vaccines_NN2 ,_, which_DDQ included_VVD links_NN2 to_II specific_JJ antivaccine_NN1 websites_NN2 ._. 
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Yet_RR ,_, access_NN1 to_II paternity_NN1 leave_NN1 is_VBZ limited_VVN in_II the_AT United_NP1 States_NP1 ,_, as_CSA national_JJ policies_NN2 only_RR provide_VV0 unpaid_JJ leave_NN1 to_II eligible_JJ workers_NN2 ,_, only_RR four_MC states_NN2 offer_VV0 paid_JJ parental_JJ leave_NN1 ,_, and_CC only_RR 16%_NNU of_IO workers_NN2 have_VH0 access_NN1 to_II paid_JJ family_NN1 leave_NN1 from_II their_APPGE employers_NN2 (_( Bureau_NN1 of_IO Labor_NN1 Statistics_NN ,_, 2018_MC ;_; National_JJ Partnership_NN1 for_IF Women_NN2 and_CC Families_NN2 ,_, 2018_MC )_) ._. 
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However_RR ,_, the_AT processes_NN2 that_CST generate_VV0 pay_NN1 gaps_NN2 are_VBR local_JJ and_CC play_VV0 out_RP in_II organizations_NN2 ;_; macrolevel_VV0 change_NN1 is_VBZ produced_VVN in_II large_JJ part_NN1 by_II mesolevel_NN1 processes_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT coding_NN1 and_CC descriptive_JJ statistics_NN for_IF all_DB variables_NN2 in_II the_AT analysis_NN1 are_VBR shown_VVN in_II the_AT appendix_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Criticisms_NN2 of_IO the_AT role_NN1 of_IO austerity_NN1 policies_NN2 in_II the_AT worsening_JJ of_IO poverty_NN1 in_II the_AT UK_NP1 highlight_VV0 the_AT disproportionate_JJ impact_NN1 on_II particular_JJ groups_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Empirical_JJ tests_NN2 of_IO these_DD2 hypotheses_NN2 have_VH0 focused_VVN on_II aggregate-level_JJ patterns_NN2 rather_II21 than_II22 directly_RR testing_VVG the_AT individual-level_JJ mechanisms_NN2 proposed_VVN by_II these_DD2 hypotheses_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Some_DD studies_NN2 have_VH0 shown_VVN that_CST people_NN select_VV0 into_II areas_NN2 that_CST are_VBR supportive_JJ of_IO their_APPGE political_JJ views_NN2 (_( Tam_NP1 Cho_NP1 ,_, Gimpel_NP1 and_CC Hui_NP1 ,_, 2013_MC ;_; Gallego_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2016_MC )_) ,_, and_CC the_AT patterns_NN2 found_VVN here_RL may_VM thus_RR be_VBI the_AT result_NN1 of_IO the_AT selective_JJ migration_NN1 of_IO PVV_NP1 supporters_NN2 into_II residential_JJ areas_NN2 that_CST are_VBR supportive_JJ of_IO PRRP_NP1 ideology_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 is_VBZ particularly_RR problematic_JJ when_CS migrant_NN1 children_NN2 are_VBR compared_VVN to_II urban_JJ children_NN2 ,_, which_DDQ conflates_VVZ the_AT effect_NN1 of_IO migration_NN1 with_IW long-standing_JJ socioeconomic_JJ disparities_NN2 between_II rural_JJ and_CC urban_JJ areas_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
To_II date_NN1 ,_, the_AT marginal_JJ man_NN1 thesis_NN1 has_VHZ been_VBN used_VVN somewhat_RR cavalierly_RR in_II the_AT literature_NN1 ,_, In_RR21 part_RR22 1_MC1 ,_, "_" Inside_II the_AT Facility_NN1 ,_, "_" Lopez-_JJ Aguado_NN1 traces_VVZ the_AT process_NN1 by_II which_DDQ state_VV0 prisons_NN2 and_CC local_JJ juvenile_JJ justice_NN1 facilities_NN2 structure_VV0 daily_JJ operations_NN2 around_II race-based_JJ segregation_NN1 ._. 
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Error_NN1 terms_NN2 of_IO observed_JJ variables_NN2 are_VBR omitted_VVN in_II the_AT figure_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Survey_NN1 data_NN was_VBDZ collected_VVN in_II June_NPM1 ,_, September_NPM1 ,_, and_CC October_NPM1 2016_MC ;_; March_NPM1 ,_, May_NPM1 ,_, and_CC June_NPM1 2017_MC ;_; and_CC late_JJ August_NPM1 ,_, September_NPM1 ,_, and_CC October_NPM1 2017_MC ._. 
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<s>
We_PPIS2 paused_VVD our_APPGE data_NN collection_NN1 between_II November_NPM1 2016_MC and_CC February_NPM1 2017_MC ,_, and_CC July_NPM1 to_II early_JJ August_NPM1 2017_MC ,_, to_TO avoid_VVI the_AT seasonal_JJ effects_NN2 of_IO holiday_NN1 shopping_NN1 and_CC changes_NN2 to_II family_NN1 routines_NN2 due_II21 to_II22 the_AT school_NN1 summer_NNT1 break_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT counts_NN2 contain_VV0 the_AT occupation_NN1 names_NN2 ,_, their_APPGE historical_JJ international_JJ classification_NN1 of_IO occupations_NN2 (_( HISCO_NP1 )_) ,_, and_CC status_NN1 codes_NN2 ,_, which_DDQ I_PPIS1 further_RRR standardize_VV0 into_II a_AT1 historical_JJ international_JJ social_JJ class_NN1 scheme_NN1 and_CC obtain_VV0 a_AT1 measure_NN1 of_IO socio-economic_JJ status_NN1 consistent_JJ between_II the_AT cohorts_NN2 (_( HISCLASS_NP1 ;_; van_NP1 Leeuwen_NP1 and_CC Maas_NN2 2011_MC )_) ._. 
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Second_MD ,_, whereas_CS by_II design_NN1 ,_, this_DD1 study_NN1 was_VBDZ limited_VVN to_II a_AT1 sample_NN1 of_IO men_NN2 ,_, the_AT findings_NN2 from_II prior_JJ work_NN1 demonstrate_VV0 that_CST the_AT implications_NN2 of_IO exposure_NN1 to_II war-related_JJ violence_NN1 are_VBR uniquely_RR gendered_VVN ,_, with_IW girls_NN2 being_VBG more_RGR likely_JJ to_TO display_VVI internalizing_VVG behaviors_NN2 (_( e.g._REX ,_, substance_NN1 abuse_NN1 and_CC depression_NN1 )_) ,_, whereas_CS boys_NN2 are_VBR more_RGR apt_JJ to_TO respond_VVI with_IW externalizing_VVG behaviors_NN2 ,_, including_II aggression_NN1 and_CC violence_NN1 (_( French_JJ &;_NULL Nikolic-Novakovic_NN1 ,_, 2011_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
In_II garnering_VVG elective_JJ cooperation_NN1 ,_, fraud_NN1 units_NN2 invoke_VV0 their_APPGE enforcement_NN1 power_NN1 ,_, encouraging_JJ members_NN2 of_IO clients_NN2 '_NULL social_JJ networks_NN2 to_TO deploy_VVI the_AT state_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 power_NN1 to_TO punish_VVI through_II sharing_VVG what_DDQ they_PPHS2 know_VV0 ._. 
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<s>
Lastly_RR ,_, previous_JJ research_NN1 has_VHZ centered_VVN on_II children_NN2 '_NULL s_ZZ1 outcomes_NN2 and_CC has_VHZ paid_VVN less_DAR attention_NN1 to_II mediating_VVG and_CC moderating_VVG factors_NN2 that_CST can_VM explain_VVI or_CC condition_NN1 the_AT effects_NN2 of_IO migration_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
I_PPIS1 want_VV0 to_TO form_VVI relationships_NN2 with_IW people_NN ,_, Hochschild(2016)and_FO Anderson(2016)argue_FO that_DD1 Whites_VVZ '_NULL sense_NN1 of_IO lost_JJ cultural_JJ cachet_NN1 has_VHZ resulted_VVN in_II White_JJ emotional_JJ reactions_NN2 that_CST have_VH0 shaped_VVN the_AT national_JJ political_JJ landscape_NN1 ._. 
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Even_RR as_CSA women_NN2 became_VVD more_RGR involved_JJ in_II paid_JJ work_NN1 ,_, they_PPHS2 did_VDD not_XX become_VVI less_RRR engaged_VVN in_II caregiving_VVG ._. 
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<s>
Families_NN2 are_VBR also_RR collections_NN2 of_IO individuals_NN2 whose_DDQGE lives_NN2 are_VBR linked_VVN to_TO form_VVI units_NN2 (_( Burch_NP1 1979_MC ;_; Glick_NP1 1959_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
Australian_JJ fathers_NN2 make_VV0 far_RR fewer_DAR work–family_RR transitions_NN2 and_CC adjustments_NN2 than_CSN mothers_NN2 ,_, which_DDQ both_RR reflects_VVZ and_CC perpetuates_VVZ their_APPGE role_NN1 as_CSA primary_JJ breadwinner_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Repartnering_VVG in_II later_JJR life_NN1 is_VBZ a_AT1 distinctive_JJ process_NN1 in_II large_JJ part_NN1 because_CS older_JJR adults_NN2 face_VV0 a_AT1 unique_JJ set_NN1 of_IO structural_JJ constraints_NN2 (_( Schimmele_NP1 and_CC Wu_NP1 2016_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
I_PPIS1 have_VH0 had_VHN one_MC1 SPAD_NN1 ,_, but_CCB I_PPIS1 was_VBDZ not_XX punished_VVN because_CS the_AT signal_NN1 had_VHD a_AT1 technical_JJ fault_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Definition_NN1 :_: Learning_NN1 draws_VVZ upon_II collective_JJ experiences_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT sixteen_MC randomly_RR selected_JJ networks_NN2 from_II one_MC1 region_NN1 generated_VVD stronger_JJR results_NN2 than_CSN a_AT1 case_NN1 study_NN1 of_IO only_RR a_AT1 few_DA2 handpicked_JJ networks_NN2 would_VM provide_VVI ._. 
</s>
<s>
Within_II the_AT American_JJ context_NN1 ,_, we_PPIS2 wrestle_VV0 with_IW how_RRQ to_TO think_VVI about_II Southern_JJ history_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II the_AT section_NN1 titled_VVN Part_NN1 2_MC :_: Laborism_NN1 Without_IW Labor_NN1 ?_? ,_, 
</s>
<s>
I_PPIS1 show_VV0 how_RRQ this_DD1 scholarship_NN1 helps_VVZ us_PPIO2 understand_VVI current_JJ developments_NN2 involving_VVG labor_NN1 ,_, especially_RR the_AT political_JJ and_CC workplace_NN1 activism_NN1 to_TO help_VVI low-wage_JJ workers_NN2 ,_, and_CC ,_, more_RGR recently_RR ,_, public_JJ school_NN1 teachers_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_RR21 particular_RR22 ,_, by_II recognising_VVG care_NN1 as_CSA labour_NN1 and_CC interdependency_NN1 as_II a_AT1 normative_JJ aspect_NN1 of_IO the_AT human_JJ condition_NN1 ,_, the_AT ethics_NN of_IO care_NN1 renders_VVZ visible_JJ the_AT semiotic_JJ substratum_NN1 upon_II which_DDQ symbolic_JJ economic_JJ systems_NN2 function_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
By_II combining_VVG these_DD2 two_MC approaches_NN2 ,_, we_PPIS2 can_VM test_VVI the_AT relationship_NN1 between_II personality_NN1 traits_NN2 and_CC egocentric_JJ network_NN1 structures_NN2 from_II different_JJ angles_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Paying_VVG close_JJ attention_NN1 to_II how_RRQ NGOs_NP2 gather_VV0 ,_, analyze_VV0 ,_, and_CC present_JJ data_NN ,_, this_DD1 chapter_NN1 questions_NN2 the_AT alleged_JJ transparency_NN1 that_CST this_DD1 information_NN1 intends_VVZ to_TO bring_VVI about_RP and_CC concludes_VVZ that_CST "_" data_NN remain_VV0 a_AT1 scarce_JJ and_CC elusive_JJ resource_NN1 in_II the_AT humanitarian_JJ world_NN1 and_CC accurate_JJ information_NN1 is_VBZ always_RR difficult_JJ to_TO establish_VVI "_" (_( p._NNU 33_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Migration_NN1 has_VHZ been_VBN ,_, for_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, divided_VVN into_II three_MC periods_NN2 :_: the_AT initial_NN1 or_CC pioneer_NN1 stage_NN1 ,_, the_AT early_JJ adopter_NN1 or_CC group_NN1 migration_NN1 stage_NN1 and_CC the_AT mature_JJ or_CC mass_JJ migration_NN1 stage_NN1 (_( Jones_NP1 1998_MC ;_; Petersen_NP1 1958_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT interaction_NN1 effect_NN1 for_IF being_VBG a_AT1 woman_NN1 and_CC having_VHG children_NN2 is_VBZ -0.47_MC (_( standard_NN1 error=0.35_FO )_) for_IF the_AT contrast_NN1 between_II being_VBG called_VVN in_II the_AT last_MD place_NN1 and_CC -0.77_MC (_( standard_JJ error_NN1 ?_? 
</s>
<s>
Parallels_NN2 may_VM also_RR be_VBI drawn_VVN between_II incarceration_NN1 experiences_NN2 and_CC military_JJ deployments_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Economics_NN1 also_RR significantly_RR impacted_VVD other_JJ disciplines_NN2 ,_, as_CSA rational_JJ choice_NN1 theory_NN1 gained_VVD increasing_JJ prominence_NN1 in_II sociology_NN1 (_( e.g._REX ,_, Coleman_NP1 1990_MC )_) and_CC political_JJ science_NN1 ,_, with_IW political_JJ scientist_NN1 Elinor_NN1 Ostrom_NN1 becoming_VVG ,_, in_II 2008_MC ,_, the_AT first_MD woman_NN1 awarded_VVN the_AT Nobel_NP1 Prize_NN1 in_II Economics_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Both_DB2 partners_NN2 in_II the_AT couple_NN1 were_VBDR presented_VVN as_CSA working_VVG 40_MC hours_NNT2 a_AT1 week_NNT1 ,_, the_AT most_RGT common_JJ employment_NN1 arrangement_NN1 for_IF couples_NN2 in_II which_DDQ both_DB2 are_VBR employed_VVN and_CC as_II a_AT1 way_NN1 to_TO hold_VVI constant_JJ the_AT hours_NNT2 spent_VVN in_II paid_JJ labor_NN1 for_IF each_DD1 partner_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Scholars_NN2 also_RR generally_RR have_VH0 agreed_VVN that_DD1 homicide-suicide_NN1 shares_VVZ a_AT1 common_JJ set_NN1 of_IO risk_NN1 factors_NN2 with_IW intimate_JJ partner_NN1 homicide_NN1 and_CC family_NN1 homicide_NN1 (_( Haines_NP1 ,_, Williams_NP1 ,_, &;_NULL Lester_NP1 ,_, 2010_MC ;_; Heron_NN ,_, 2017_MC ;_; Manning_NP1 ,_, 2014_MC ;_; Salari_NP1 &;_NULL Sillito_NP1 ,_, 2016_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Before_II turning_VVG to_II our_APPGE review_NN1 of_IO the_AT ways_NN2 in_II which_DDQ technology_NN1 is_VBZ changing_JJ individuals_NN2 '_NULL experience_NN1 of_IO the_AT boundaries_NN2 between_II work_NN1 and_CC family_NN1 ,_, we_PPIS2 briefly_RR synthesize_VV0 how_RRQ technology_NN1 is_VBZ changing_JJ work_NN1 and_CC the_AT family_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
France_NP1 among_II a_AT1 few_DA2 other_JJ Organization_NN1 for_IF Economic_JJ Cooperation_NN1 and_CC Development_NN1 countries_NN2 ,_, But_CCB the_AT relationship_NN1 between_II property_NN1 maintenance_NN1 and_CC landlord_NN1 resources_NN2 is_VBZ not_XX determinative_JJ ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 interpretation_NN1 is_VBZ substantially_RR different_JJ from_II that_DD1 of_IO a_AT1 classical_JJ confidence_NN1 interval_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ is_VBZ that_CST "_" this_DD1 interval_NN1 either_RR captures_VVZ the_AT parameter_NN1 or_CC it_PPH1 does_VDZ not_XX ,_, but_CCB in_II repeated_JJ samples_NN2 ,_, 95%_NNU of_IO such_DA intervals_NN2 constructed_VVN in_II this_DD1 fashion_NN1 will_VM contain_VVI the_AT parameter_NN1 ._. "_" 
</s>
<s>
While_CS the_AT study_NN1 of_IO social_JJ networks_NN2 among_II schoolchildren_NN2 has_VHZ proliferated_VVN in_II recent_JJ years_NNT2 ,_, this_DD1 research_NN1 has_VHZ largely_RR overlooked_VVN that_CST schools_NN2 and_CC school_NN1 systems_NN2 are_VBR institutions_NN2 of_IO categorical_JJ inequality_NN1 that_CST create_VV0 social_JJ categories_NN2 by_II sorting_VVG students_NN2 among_II and_CC within_II schools_NN2 (_( e.g._REX ,_, into_II age_NN1 grades_NN2 ,_, ability_NN1 groups_NN2 ,_, or_CC tracks_NN2 )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT influence_NN1 of_IO undersampling_NN1 of_IO potential_JJ offenders_NN2 ,_, such_II21 as_II22 males_NN2 ,_, was_VBDZ reduced_VVN by_II using_VVG the_AT NELLS_NP2 population_NN1 weights_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Women_NN2 who_PNQS remarried_VVD had_VHD been_VBN in_II marriages_NN2 of_IO shorter_JJR average_JJ duration_NN1 prior_II21 to_II22 gray_JJ divorce_NN1 (_( 17.6_MC years_NNT2 )_) than_CSN either_RR those_DD2 who_PNQS formed_VVD a_AT1 cohabiting_JJ union_NN1 (_( 23.8_MC years_NNT2 )_) or_CC those_DD2 who_PNQS formed_VVD no_AT union_NN1 at_RR21 all_RR22 (_( 21.5_MC years_NNT2 )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Transformative_JJ immersive_JJ learning_NN1 is_VBZ often_RR induced_VVN through_II cultural_JJ immersion_NN1 trips_VVZ that_CST require_VV0 costly_JJ and_CC lengthy_JJ trips_NN2 to_II foreign_JJ countries_NN2 or_CC contexts_NN2 that_CST are_VBR different_JJ to_II students_NN2 '_NULL home_RL contexts_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
You_PPY need_VV0 to_TO learn_VVI things_NN2 to_TO survive_VVI ._. 
</s>
<s>
Most_RGT strikingly_RR ,_, the_AT overall_JJ pay_NN1 gap_NN1 varies_VVZ substantially_RR across_II individual_JJ agencies_NN2 ,_, ranging_VVG in_II 1994_MC from_II women_NN2 earning_VVG $0.58_NNU on_II the_AT male_JJ dollar_NNU1 at_II NSF_NP1 to_II $0.78_NNU at_II NIH_NP1 ,_, and_CC in_II 2007–8_MCMC from_II women_NN2 earning_VVG $0.73_NNU on_II the_AT male_JJ dollar_NNU1 at_II NSF_NP1 to_II $0.89_NNU at_II USDA_NP1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II this_DD1 telling_JJ case_NN1 ,_, an_AT1 intermediary_NN1 purchased_VVD the_AT manuscript_NN1 of_IO an_AT1 author_NN1 with_IW whom_PNQO he_PPHS1 shared_VVD little_RR in_II common:the_FO intermediary_NN1 was_VBDZ a_AT1 Jewish_JJ male_NN1 in_II his_APPGE mid-20s_MC2 who_PNQS enjoyed_VVD playing_VVG and_CC watching_VVG basketball_NN1 ;_; the_AT author_NN1 was_VBDZ a_AT1 Presbyterian_JJ woman_NN1 in_II her_APPGE early_JJ 60s_MC2 who_PNQS enjoyed_VVD watching_VVG and_CC competing_VVG in_II dressage_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Estonians_NN2 grew_VVD up_RP with_IW 218_MC books_NN2 on_II average_NN1 and_CC the_AT Czechs_NN2 with_IW 204_MC ._. 
</s>
<s>
Based_VVN on_II human_JJ capital_NN1 and_CC closure_NN1 arguments_NN2 ,_, we_PPIS2 expect_VV0 the_AT benefits_NN2 of_IO strong_JJ linkage_NN1 primarily_RR exist_VV0 for_IF individuals_NN2 who_PNQS work_VV0 in_II jobs_NN2 that_CST strongly_RR match_VV0 their_APPGE education_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
For_IF too_RG long_RR ,_, Salvatore_NP1 argued_VVD ,_, civilization_NN1 has_VHZ been_VBN characterized_VVN as_II a_AT1 single_JJ set_NN1 of_IO (_( Euro-American_JJ )_) cases_NN2 with_IW "_" defective_JJ imitations_NN2 "_" in_II Muslim_JJ and_CC other_JJ societies_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Negative_JJ ties_NN2 likely_JJ are_VBR relevant_JJ for_IF understanding_VVG status_NN1 structures_NN2 ,_, but_CCB they_PPHS2 are_VBR not_XX simply_RR mirror-image_JJ indicators_NN2 of_IO positive-tie-based_JJ status_NN1 measures_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
But_CCB the_AT fact_NN1 that_CST different_JJ affluent_JJ Americans_NN2 have_VH0 different_JJ orientations_NN2 toward_II inequality_NN1 seems_VVZ to_TO suggest_VVI that_DD1 culture_NN1 is_VBZ at_RR21 least_RR22 partially_RR responsible_JJ ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT organizational_JJ embeddedness_NN1 perspective_NN1 sheds_NN2 light_VV0 on_RP how_RGQ social_JJ capital_NN1 is_VBZ expanded_VVN or_CC reduced_VVN through_II organizational_JJ practices_NN2 distal_JJ to_II the_AT ties_NN2 themselves_PPX2 (_( Small_NP1 2009b_FO )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
A_AT1 further_JJR nascent_JJ development_NN1 suggested_VVN by_II Ms_NNB MojoMathers_NP1 (_( the_AT Green_JJ Party_NN1 animal_NN1 welfare_NN1 spokesperson_NN1 )_) (_( personal_JJ com_NN1 munication_NN1 ,_, 2016_MC )_) is_VBZ the_AT possible_JJ drafting_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 code_NN1 of_IO welfare_NN1 covering_VVG the_AT use_NN1 of_IO non-human_JJ animals_NN2 in_II therapeutic_JJ and_CC service_NN1 settings_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Among_II those_DD2 who_PNQS selected_VVD partial_JJ pooling_NN1 ,_, a_AT1 significantly_RR greater_JJR proportion_NN1 of_IO income_NN1 was_VBDZ allocated_VVN to_II the_AT shared_JJ account_NN1 with_IW each_DD1 relationship_NN1 investment_NN1 ,_, although_CS the_AT proportion_NN1 shared_VVD was_VBDZ greater_JJR than_CSN 50%_NNU of_IO the_AT total_JJ household_NN1 income_NN1 for_IF all_DB fictional_JJ couples_NN2 and_CC the_AT magnitude_NN1 of_IO the_AT differences_NN2 were_VBDR small_JJ ._. 
</s>
<s>
Previous_JJ literature_NN1 has_VHZ pointed_VVN to_II infectious_JJ diseases_NN2 ,_, nutritional_JJ deficits_NN2 ,_, childhood_NN1 poverty_NN1 ,_, and_CC stressful_JJ family_NN1 conditions_NN2 in_II early_JJ life_NN1 as_CSA those_DD2 strongly_RR related_VVN to_II longer-term_JJ outcomes_NN2 (_( Lynch_NP1 and_CC Davey_NP1 Smith_NP1 2005_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_RR21 addition_RR22 ,_, we_PPIS2 expect_VV0 future_JJ research_NN1 to_TO develop_VVI novel_JJ ways_NN2 to_TO further_RRR reduce_VVI measurement_NN1 error_NN1 introduced_VVN by_II opacity_NN1 and_CC the_AT EAA_NP1 rule_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
It_PPH1 is_VBZ a_AT1 continuous_JJ variable_NN1 defined_VVN as_II the_AT number_NN1 of_IO days_NNT2 an_AT1 area_NN1 was_VBDZ part_NN1 of_IO Operation_NN1 Impact_NN1 during_II the_AT school_NN1 year_NNT1 scaled_VVN to_II one_MC1 year_NNT1 ,_, so_CS it_PPH1 ranges_VVZ from_II 0_MC (_( not_XX exposed_VVN )_) to_II 1_MC1 (_( exposed_VVN for_IF the_AT entire_JJ school_NN1 year_NNT1 )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
It_PPH1 is_VBZ important_JJ to_TO note_VVI that_DD1 increased_JJ age_NN1 at_II first_MD marriage_NN1 (_( Manning_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
2014_MC )_) might_VM account_VVI for_IF part_NN1 of_IO the_AT reduced_JJ rate_NN1 of_IO transitioning_VVG to_II marriage_NN1 from_II first_MD premarital_JJ cohabitation_NN1 found_VVN in_II this_DD1 study_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Religion_NN1 is_VBZ often_RR seen_VVN as_II a_AT1 source_NN1 of_IO values_NN2 ,_, but_CCB Evans_NP1 argues_VVZ that_DD1 science_NN1 is_VBZ also_RR associated_VVN with_IW a_AT1 normative_JJ orientation_NN1 ,_, and_CC that_DD1 science_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 normative_JJ orientation_NN1 ,_, not_XX its_APPGE epistemological_JJ one_PN1 ,_, is_VBZ at_II the_AT heart_NN1 of_IO its_APPGE conflict_NN1 with_IW religion_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT authors_NN2 believe_VV0 that_CST this_DD1 primary_JJ focus_NN1 on_II places_NN2 that_CST attract_VV0 people_NN is_VBZ undeserved_JJ :_: "_" Attraction_NN1 theories_NN2 say_VV0 little_RR about_II the_AT spatial_JJ configuration_NN1 of_IO the_AT urban_JJ grid_NN1 ,_, that_REX21 is_REX22 ,_, about_II the_AT way_NN1 in_II which_DDQ the_AT spatial_JJ elements_NN2 through_II which_DDQ people_NN movestreets_NN2 ,_, squares_NN2 ,_, alleys_NN2 ,_, and_CC so_RR onare_VV0 linked_VVN together_RL to_TO form_VVI some_DD kind_NN1 of_IO global_JJ pattern_NN1 "_" (_( Hillier_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
1993_MC ,_, p._NN1 29_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Thus_RR ,_, the_AT results_NN2 further_RRR suggest_VV0 that_CST the_AT duration_NN1 of_IO unemployment_NN1 before_II retirement_NN1 also_RR affects_VVZ people_NN '_NULL s_ZZ1 access_NN1 to_II resources_NN2 ,_, and_CC hence_RR their_APPGE prospects_NN2 of_IO quality_NN1 of_IO life_NN1 in_II retirement_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Indeed_RR ,_, evidence_NN1 from_II European_JJ studies_NN2 suggests_VVZ that_DD1 paternity_NN1 leave_NN1 may_VM help_VVI to_TO reduce_VVI mothers_NN2 '_NULL stress_NN1 and_CC facilitate_VVI a_AT1 quicker_JJR return_NN1 to_II the_AT labor_NN1 force_NN1 for_IF working_JJ mothers_NN2 (_( Gault_NN1 ,_, Hartmann_NP1 ,_, Hegewisch_NP1 ,_, Milli_NP1 ,_, &;_NULL Reichlin_NP1 ,_, 2014_MC ;_; Johansson_NP1 ,_, 2010_MC ;_; Sejourne_NP1 ,_, Beaume_NP1 ,_, Goutaudier_NP1 ,_, &;_NULL Chabrol_NP1 ,_, 2012_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
A_AT1 large_JJ body_NN1 of_IO literature_NN1 provides_VVZ conclusive_JJ evidence_NN1 that_CST parental_JJ absence_NN1 leads_VVZ to_TO lower_VVI educational_JJ attainment_NN1 ,_, reduced_VVD cognitive_JJ development_NN1 ,_, and_CC diminished_VVD physical_JJ and_CC psychological_JJ well-being_NN1 of_IO children_NN2 (_( Demuth_NP1 and_CC Brown_NP1 ,_, 2004_MC ;_; Duncan_NP1 and_CC Brooks-Gunn_NP1 ,_, 1997_MC ;_; McLanahan_NP1 and_CC Sandefur_NP1 ,_, 1994_MC ;_; Strohschein_NP1 ,_, 2005_MC ;_; Teachman_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 1998_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II the_AT latter_DA couples_NN2 ,_, it_PPH1 was_VBDZ more_RGR common_JJ for_IF interviewees_NN2 to_TO express_VVI uncertainty_NN1 about_II having_VHG two_MC children_NN2 ,_, with_IW several_DA2 commenting_VVG that_CST they_PPHS2 hoped_VVD to_TO have_VHI "_" one_MC1 or_CC two_MC "_" children_NN2 or_CC qualifying_VVG their_APPGE intention_NN1 to_TO have_VHI two_MC children_NN2 by_II saying_VVG that_CST it_PPH1 depends_VVZ on_II how_RRQ things_NN2 work_VV0 out_RP ._. 
</s>
<s>
Nonmarital_JJ births_NN2 are_VBR associated_VVN with_IW lower_JJR marriage_NN1 rates_NN2 and_CC marriage_NN1 quality_NN1 (_( Graefe_NP1 &;_NULL Lichter_NP1 2008_MC )_) and_CC increased_JJ likelihood_NN1 of_IO multiple-partner_JJ fertility_NN1 and_CC the_AT formation_NN1 of_IO complex_JJ cross-household_JJ family_NN1 relationships_NN2 (_( Guzzo_NP1 2014a_FO )_) ._. 
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<s>
Just_RR how_RGQ big_JJ are_VBR these_DD2 effects_NN2 ?_? 
</s>
<s>
Using_VVG data_NN from_II the_AT NSLY79_FO ,_, Schneider_NP1 and_CC Reich_NP1 (_( 2014_MC )_) found_VVD that_DD1 union_NN1 membership_NN1 is_VBZ a_AT1 significant_JJ predictor_NN1 of_IO first_MD marriage_NN1 for_IF mena_NN1 relationship_NN1 they_PPHS2 attributed_VVD to_II the_AT health_NN1 insurance_NN1 benefits_NN2 and_CC longer_JJR job_NN1 tenure_NN1 that_CST union_NN1 membership_NN1 can_VM help_VVI workers_NN2 secure_VVI ._. 
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<s>
Therefore_RR ,_, we_PPIS2 settled_VVD on_II using_VVG the_AT natural_JJ log_NN1 of_IO books_NN2 as_CSA our_APPGE key_JJ independent_JJ variable_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Third_MD ,_, the_AT current_JJ sample_NN1 was_VBDZ limited_VVN to_II Hong_NP1 Kong_NP1 Chinese_JJ adolescents_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II the_AT interviews_NN2 ,_, I_PPIS1 sought_VVD access_NN1 to_II the_AT bureaucrats_NN2 '_NULL '_NULL work_VV0 knowledge_NN1 '_NULL (_( Smith_NP1 2005_MC ,_, As_II a_AT1 result_NN1 ,_, efforts_NN2 to_TO capture_VVI auto-matic_JJ cognition_NN1 in_II any_DD of_IO its_APPGE downstream_JJ forms_NN2 (_( like_II talk_NN1 or_CC behavior_NN1 )_) risk_VV0 capturing_VVG deliberate_JJ influences_NN2 in_II31 addition_II32 to_II33 the_AT initial_JJ automatic_JJ impulse_NN1 (_( Vila-Henninger_NP1 2015_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
Odds_NN2 ratios_NN2 of_IO labor_NN1 force_NN1 exit_NN1 from_II discrete_JJ time_NNT1 logit_NN1 models_NN2 stratified_VVN into_II four_MC levels_NN2 of_IO education_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
To_TO assert_VVI that_CST the_AT media_NN ought_VMK to_TO be_VBI action-guiding_JJ or_CC else_RR it_PPH1 can_VM not_XX be_VBI said_VVN to_TO dispose_VVI the_AT viewer_NN1 to_TO act_VVI ,_, as_CSA Chouliaraki_NP1 does_VDZ (_( see_VV0 2006a_FO :_: 277_MC )_) ,_, is_VBZ to_TO assume_VVI that_DD1 moral_JJ disposition_NN1 is_VBZ dependent_JJ on_II guidance_NN1 ,_, or_CC on_II practicability_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 "_" politics_NN1 of_IO practice_NN1 "_" laid_VVD the_AT groundwork_NN1 for_IF women_NN2 '_NULL s_ZZ1 increasing_JJ participation_NN1 in_II "_" informal_JJ politics_NN1 ,_, "_" as_CSA hyper-local_JJ mutual_JJ support_NN1 networks_NN2 evolved_VVN into_II INGO-funded_JJ community-based_JJ organizations_NN2 (_( CBOs_NP2 )_) and_CC women_NN2 '_NULL s_ZZ1 advocacy_NN1 groups_NN2 (_( p._NNU 14_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
Much_DA1 of_IO the_AT literature_NN1 on_II migration_NN1 and_CC migrant_NN1 settlement_NN1 has_VHZ looked_VVN at_II migrants_NN2 who_PNQS form_VV0 part_NN1 of_IO larger_JJR and_CC longer-established_JJR migration_NN1 movements_NN2 ,_, assuming_VVG that_DD1 social_JJ relations_NN2 upon_II settlement_NN1 are_VBR primarily_RR defined_VVN by_II ethnicity_NN1 and_CC nationality_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Findings_NN2 pertaining_II21 to_II22 wages_NN2 and_CC retail_JJ jobs_NN2 in_RR21 particular_RR22 have_VH0 been_VBN mixed_VVN ,_, owing_II21 to_II22 variations_NN2 in_II geography_NN1 ,_, timeframe_VV0 ,_, and_CC methods_NN2 of_IO controlling_VVG for_IF endogeneity_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Benjamin_NP1 acknowledged_VVD a_AT1 flaw_NN1 in_II his_APPGE attitude_NN1 ,_, The_AT fertility_NN1 context_NN1 has_VHZ changed_VVN considerably_RR over_II the_AT last_MD century_NNT1 in_II France_NP1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT remaining_JJ variation_NN1 at_II both_DB2 the_AT municipal_JJ and_CC district_NN1 levels_NN2 can_VM be_VBI explained_VVN by_II contextual_JJ characteristics_NN2 at_II the_AT district_NN1 level_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ we_PPIS2 turn_VV0 to_II next_MD ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT visible_JJ nature_NN1 of_IO race_NN1 ,_, in_RR21 particular_RR22 ,_, makes_VVZ it_PPH1 easier_JJR for_IF neighborhood_NN1 residents_NN2 to_TO construct_VVI a_AT1 link_NN1 between_II what_DDQ is_VBZ seen_VVN in_II the_AT neighborhood_NN1 and_CC a_AT1 racial_JJ group_NN1 ,_, contributing_VVG to_II the_AT formation_NN1 ,_, durability_NN1 ,_, and_CC persistence_NN1 of_IO racial_JJ stereotypes_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
However_RR ,_, previous_JJ studies_NN2 in_II European_JJ countries_NN2 largely_RR considered_VVN only_JJ differences_NN2 in_II religion_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
By_II potentially_RR increasing_VVG the_AT likelihood_NN1 that_CST fathers_NN2 more_RGR equally_RR share_VV0 parenting_NN1 tasks_NN2 and_CC allowing_VVG fathers_NN2 and_CC mothers_NN2 time_VV0 to_TO learn_VVI how_RRQ to_II coparent_NN1 together_RL from_II birth_NN1 ,_, paternity_NN1 leave_NN1 may_VM help_VVI to_TO strengthen_VVI parental_JJ relationships_NN2 (_( Galovan_NP1 ,_, Holmes_NP1 ,_, Schramm_NP1 ,_, &;_NULL Lee_NP1 ,_, 2014_MC ;_; Kotsadam_NP1 &;_NULL Finseraas_NP2 ,_, 2011_MC ;_; Newkirk_NP1 ,_, Perry-Jenkins_NP1 ,_, &;_NULL Sayer_NP1 ,_, 2017_MC ;_; Rehel_NP1 ,_, 2014_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Our_APPGE use_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 mild_JJ definition_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 negative_JJ tie_NN1 is_VBZ designed_VVN to_TO be_VBI encompassing_VVG ,_, but_CCB replication_NN1 using_VVG other_JJ ,_, ideally_RR multiple_JJ ,_, negative_JJ tie_NN1 definitions_NN2 would_VM be_VBI helpful_JJ ._. 
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<s>
Yet_RR ,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ important_JJ not_XX to_TO confuse_VVI style_NN1 with_IW substance_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 article_NN1 contributes_VVZ to_II sociological_JJ understanding_NN1 of_IO the_AT effects_NN2 of_IO organizational_JJ context_NN1 on_II gender_NN1 inequality_NN1 by_II examining_VVG variation_NN1 in_II the_AT composition_NN1 of_IO the_AT pay_NN1 gap_NN1 at_II seven_MC U.S._NP1 science-based_JJ government_NN1 agencies_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Accounting_VVG for_IF structural_JJ effects_NN2 in_II network_NN1 analysis_NN1 is_VBZ essential_JJ when_CS evaluating_VVG the_AT role_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 nodal_JJ characteristic_NN1 like_II social_JJ status_NN1 in_II31 terms_II32 of_II33 either_RR individual_JJ or_CC dyadic_JJ effects_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Where_CS Durkheim_NP1 saw_VVD punishment_NN1 as_II a_AT1 passionate_JJ reaction_NN1 to_II nonrational_JJ motivations_NN2 (_( e.g._REX ,_, emotion_NN1 )_) ,_, Weber_NP1 suggests_VVZ that_CST this_DD1 view_NN1 no_RR21 longer_RR22 holds_VVZ in_II modern_JJ societies_NN2 where_CS there_EX has_VHZ been_VBN a_AT1 fundamental_JJ shift_NN1 toward_II the_AT increasingly_RR formal_JJ rationalization_NN1 and_CC bureaucratization_NN1 of_IO the_AT penal_JJ process_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
More_RGR generally_RR ,_, there_EX is_VBZ little_DA1 evidence_NN1 for_IF Mexican_JJ or_CC Latino_NP1 stagnation_NN1 or_CC decline_VV0 across_II generations_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Similarly_RR ,_, religion_NN1 is_VBZ negatively_RR associated_VVN with_IW suicide_NN1 ideation_NN1 and_CC attempts_NN2 among_II heterosexuals_NN2 but_CCB not_XX sexual_JJ minorities_NN2 ,_, and_CC religion_NN1 is_VBZ in_II fact_NN1 positively_RR associated_VVN with_IW suicide_NN1 ideation_NN1 among_II lesbian_NN1 and_CC gay_JJ youth_NN1 (_( Lytle_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
2018_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
It_PPH1 indicates_VVZ that_CST the_AT distinct_JJ race_NN1 ,_, gen_NN1 der_FU ,_, and_CC age_NN1 specific_JJ patterns_NN2 for_IF the_AT effect_NN1 of_IO Operation_NN1 Impact_NN1 are_VBR not_XX driven_VVN by_II underlying_JJ crime_NN1 rates_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
For_IF these_DD2 reasons_NN2 ,_, we_PPIS2 hypothesize_VV0 that_CST boys_NN2 '_NULL reading_VVG performance_NN1 is_VBZ more_RGR negatively_RR affected_VVN by_II standardized_JJ educational_JJ curricula_NN2 than_CSN girls_NN2 '_NULL reading_VVG performance_NN1 (_( Hypothesis_NN1 1_MC1 )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Autochthony_NN1 denotes_VVZ a_AT1 bright_JJ ,_, powerful_JJ boundary_NN1 between_II those_DD2 who_PNQS come_VV0 from_II elsewhere_RL and_CC those_DD2 who_PNQS can_VM claim_VVI to_TO be_VBI "_" born_VVN of_IO the_AT soil_NN1 "_" and_CC thus_RR the_AT nation_NN1 as_CSA their_APPGE home_NN1 (_( cf._VV0 The_AT starting_NN1 point_NN1 of_IO the_AT study_NN1 was_VBDZ prompted_VVN by_II fieldwork_NN1 conducted_VVN by_II Tremblay(2011)_FO ,_, who_PNQS traced_VVD the_AT emergence_NN1 of_IO Haitian_JJ street_NN1 gangs_NN2 to_II the_AT mid-1980s_NN2 ,_, a_AT1 period_NN1 during_II which_DDQ a_AT1 large_JJ wave_NN1 of_IO young_JJ ,_, male_JJ immigrants_NN2 moved_VVN to_II Montreal_NP1 from_II Haiti_NP1 ._. 
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<s>
But_CCB partisan_JJ politics_NN1 ,_, in_II New_NP1 York_NP1 especially_RR ,_, would_VM only_RR evolve_VVI further_RRR ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 difference_NN1 in_II findings_NN2 more_RGR generally_RR supports_VVZ the_AT idea_NN1 that_CST different_JJ mechanisms_NN2 underlie_VV0 gender_NN1 gaps_NN2 in_II reading_VVG and_CC gender_NN1 gaps_NN2 in_II math_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
My_APPGE concern_NN1 there_EX was_VBDZ to_TO show_VVI that_DD1 computation_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 preprogrammed_JJ procedures_NN2 should_VM be_VBI understood_VVN not_XX as_II an_AT1 all-encompassing_NN1 and_CC preformed_JJ total_JJ determinism_NN1 ,_, but_CCB as_CSA processes_NN2 of_IO determination_NN1 that_CST are_VBR always_RR exposed_VVN to_II ,_, and_CC in_II fact_NN1 ingressed_VVD by_RP ,_, indeterminacy_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Had_VHD I_PPIS1 assessed_VVN Chinese_JJ court_NN1 behavior_NN1 according_II21 to_II22 vignettes_NN2 presented_VVN to_II lawyers_NN2 or_CC to_II ordinary_JJ citizens_NN2 (_( most_DAT of_IO whom_PNQO had_VHD never_RR been_VBN to_II court_NN1 ;_; Wang_NP1 2014_MC ;_; Negro_NN1 and_CC Longhofer_VV0 2018_MC )_) ,_, or_CC according_II21 to_II22 panels_NN2 of_IO regional_JJ and_CC country_NN1 "_" experts_NN2 "_" (_( Cole_NP1 2012_MC ,_, 2015_MC ;_; Hafner-Burton_NP1 and_CC Tsutsui_NP1 2005_MC ;_; Htun_NP1 and_CC Weldon_NP1 2018_MC )_) ,_, my_APPGE conclusions_NN2 would_VM likewise_RR have_VHI been_VBN different_JJ ._. 
</s>
<s>
Counterfactual_JJ A_ZZ1 simulates_VVZ the_AT employment_NN1 rates_NN2 of_IO the_AT highly_RR skilled_JJ women_NN2 in_II Belgium_NP1 if_CS there_EX was_VBDZ a_AT1 takeup_NN1 of_IO the_AT scheme_NN1 at_II the_AT rate_NN1 observed_VVN in_II the_AT quarter_NN1 in_II which_DDQ it_PPH1 was_VBDZ enacted_VVN (_( the_AT first_MD quarter_NN1 of_IO 2004_MC )_) ,_, but_CCB then_RT no_AT additional_JJ growth_NN1 in_II the_AT number_NN1 of_IO users_NN2 after_II this_DD1 quarter_NN1 ,_, i.e._REX this_DD1 rate_NN1 remains_VVZ constant_JJ in_II all_DB the_AT quarters_NN2 that_CST follow_VV0 ._. 
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<s>
In_II Figure_NN1 7b_FO ,_, we_PPIS2 assume_VV0 that_CST the_AT linear_JJ effect_NN1 for_IF age_NN1 is_VBZ nonnegative_JJ ,_, reflecting_VVG a_AT1 basic_JJ assumption_NN1 that_CST the_AT verbal_JJ ability_NN1 variable_NN1 in_II the_AT GSS_NP1 captures_NN2 crystallized_VVN rather_II21 than_II22 fluid_NN1 intelligence_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Centola_NP1 (_( 2018_MC )_) used_VVD a_AT1 simulation_NN1 approach_NN1 to_TO identify_VVI effective_JJ strategies_NN2 for_IF seeding_VVG behavioral_JJ interventions_NN2 into_II the_AT Add_VV0 Health_NN1 and_CC Framingham_NP1 Heart_NN1 Study_NN1 social_JJ networks_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Despite_II this_DD1 ,_, both_DB2 the_AT great-grandparents_NN2 appeared_VVD to_TO have_VHI a_AT1 direct_JJ influence_NN1 on_II the_AT great-grandchildren_NN2 '_NULL sstatus_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Alexander_NP1 enlivens_VVZ actors_NN2 ,_, audience_NN1 ,_, script_NN1 ,_, and_CC scenes_NN2 ,_, showing_VVG they_PPHS2 are_VBR more_DAR than_CSN inert_JJ parts_NN2 of_IO drama_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Social_JJ incivilities_NN2 (_( Figure_NN1 1a_FO )_) are_VBR the_AT most_RGT frequent_JJ call_NN1 for_IF service_NN1 ,_, with_IW approximately_RR 120_MC calls_NN2 for_IF service_NN1 per_II month_NNT1 ,_, ranging_VVG between_II 100_MC and_CC 200_MC calls_NN2 per_II month_NNT1 ,_, almost_RR one-quarter_MF of_IO the_AT calls_NN2 for_IF service_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
An_AT1 important_JJ confluence_NN1 of_IO feminist_NN1 ,_, new_JJ materialist_NN1 and_CC post-humanist_JJ thought_NN1 is_VBZ providing_VVG responses_NN2 to_II this_DD1 question_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Jessica_NP1 McCrory_NP1 Calarco_NP1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 detailed_JJ ethnography_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 cohort_NN1 of_IO elementary_JJ school_NN1 students_NN2 draws_VVZ the_AT sociological_JJ gaze_NN1 to_II the_AT development_NN1 of_IO cultural_JJ practices_NN2 in_II these_DD2 early_JJ years_NNT2 and_CC shows_VVZ that_DD1 childhood_NN1 is_VBZ not_XX just_RR a_AT1 time_NNT1 when_RRQ good_JJ and_CC bad_JJ things_NN2 are_VBR happening_VVG to_II children_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Our_APPGE focus_NN1 on_II the_AT highly_RR educated_VVN is_VBZ consistent_JJ with_IW McDonald_NP1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 (_( 2013_MC )_) suggestion_NN1 that_CST these_DD2 are_VBR the_AT women_NN2 who_PNQS face_VV0 the_AT greatest_JJT opportunity_NN1 costs_VVZ in_II remaining_VVG out_II21 of_II22 the_AT labor_NN1 force_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT average_JJ mental_JJ health_NN1 symptom_NN1 score_NN1 for_IF current_JJ inmates_NN2 is_VBZ 38.3_MC ,_, which_DDQ corresponds_VVZ to_II approximately_RR the_AT 65th_MD to_II 70th_MD percentile_NN1 of_IO MHI-5_MC scores_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Yes_UH –_- and_CC at_II one_MC1 point_NN1 that_CST changed_VVD very_RG quickly_RR to_II allochtoon_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
These_DD2 differences_NN2 between_II waves_NN2 2_MC and_CC 3_MC were_VBDR significant_JJ for_IF respondents_NN2 who_PNQS reported_VVD 1_MC1 ,_, 5_MC ,_, or_CC 7_MC friends_NN2 in_II the_AT second_MD wave_NN1 (_( p_ZZ1 <_FO .05_MC ,_, see_VV0 Table_NN1 4_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Contextual_JJ knowledge_NN1 is_VBZ required_VVN to_TO make_VVI the_AT appropriate_JJ interpretation_NN1 of_IO what_DDQ it_PPH1 means_VVZ for_IF a_AT1 case_NN1 to_TO be_VBI '_NULL opened_VVN for_IF further_JJR intervention_NN1 '_NULL or_CC '_NULL substantiated_VVD '_NULL ._. 
</s>
<s>
Of_RR21 course_RR22 ,_, these_DD2 occupational_JJ categories_NN2 contain_VV0 subgroupseven_NN1 among_II doctors_NN2 ,_, surgeons_NN2 enjoy_VV0 more_DAR status_NN1 ,_, higher_JJR wages_NN2 ,_, and_CC greater_JJR prestige_NN1 than_CSN pediatricians_NN2 (_( Cassel_NP1 1998_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
As_CSA time_NNT1 passes_NN2 ,_, properties_NN2 acquired_VVN by_II LLCs_NP1 become_VV0 increasingly_RR likely_JJ to_TO receive_VVI a_AT1 code_NN1 violation_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Important_JJ questions_NN2 remain_VV0 unanswered_JJ ,_, such_II21 as_II22 if_CSW the_AT effects_NN2 are_VBR cumulative_JJ ._. 
</s>
<s>
Previous_JJ studies_NN2 have_VH0 shown_VVN that_CST the_AT cultural_JJ distance_NN1 between_II the_AT origin_NN1 of_IO immigrants_NN2 and_CC the_AT host_NN1 society_NN1 is_VBZ transmitted_VVN across_II generations_NN2 (_( Chirkov_NP1 ,_, Lynch_NP1 ,_, and_CC Niwa_NP1 2005_MC ;_; Gerhards_NP2 and_CC Hans_NP1 2009_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Federal_JJ judges_NN2 ,_, therefore_RR ,_, need_VV0 not_XX be_VBI responsive_JJ to_II changes_NN2 in_II either_RR punitive_JJ or_CC political_JJ sentiment_NN1 and_CC ,_, as_II a_AT1 consequence_NN1 ,_, are_VBR free_JJ to_TO dispassionately_RR apply_VVI the_AT principles_NN2 and_CC procedures_NN2 set_VV0 forth_RR in_II the_AT sentencing_JJ guidelines_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
At_II the_AT same_DA time_NNT1 ,_, the_AT increase_NN1 in_II life_NN1 expectancy_NN1 leads_VVZ to_II displacements_NN2 toward_II the_AT cusps_NN2 that_CST reflect_VV0 the_AT aging_NN1 of_IO the_AT population_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II both_RR WVS_NP1 and_CC ESS_VV0 respondents_NN2 reported_VVD whether_CSW they_PPHS2 agreed_VVD with_IW the_AT statement_NN1 '_NULL Men_NN2 should_VM have_VHI more_DAR right_NN1 to_II a_AT1 job_NN1 than_CSN women_NN2 when_RRQ jobs_NN2 are_VBR scarce_JJ '_NULL answer_NN1 categories_NN2 were_VBDR :_: agree_VV0 (_( 0_MC )_) ,_, neither_RR agree_VV0 nor_CC disagree_VV0 (_( 1_MC1 )_) ,_, or_CC disagree_VV0 (_( 2_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
Consequently_RR ,_, there_EX are_VBR more_DAR women_NN2 working_VVG as_CSA nurses_NN2 than_CSN as_II doctors_NN2 ,_, but_CCB structural_JJ and_CC institutional_JJ processes_NN2 (_( e.g._REX ,_, barriers_NN2 in_II hiring_VVG and_CC education_NN1 )_) mean_VV0 black_JJ women_NN2 remain_VV0 underrepresented_JJ in_II the_AT profession_NN1 ,_, and_CC black_JJ men_NN2 even_RR more_RGR so_RR ._. 
</s>
<s>
Established_VVN by_II the_AT Centers_NN2 for_IF Disease_NN1 Control_NN1 and_CC Prevention_NN1 (_( CDC_NP1 )_) ,_, the_AT NVDRS_NP1 was_VBDZ designed_VVN as_II a_AT1 pooled_JJ ,_, cross-sectional_JJ time_NNT1 series_NN ,_, with_IW death_NN1 records_NN2 nested_VVN within_II census_NN1 places_NN2 and_CC states_NN2 by_II year_NNT1 of_IO death_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
It_PPH1 presumes_VVZ prior_JJ knowledge_NN1 not_XX only_RR of_IO Santos_NP1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 own_VV0 work_NN1 but_CCB also_RR of_IO many_DA2 of_IO the_AT concepts_NN2 and_CC ideasboth_NN1 "_" Northern_JJ "_" and_CC "_" Southern_JJ "_" that_CST he_PPHS1 references_VVZ ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 underscores_VVZ an_AT1 important_JJ point_NN1 :_: however_RRQV useful_JJ the_AT AMP_NN1 is_VBZ ,_, it_PPH1 should_VM be_VBI seen_VVN as_II a_AT1 start-ing_NN1 point_NN1 and_CC one_MC1 tool_NN1 among_II (_( potentially_RR )_) many_DA2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT data_NN are_VBR drawn_VVN from_II the_AT complete_JJ circulation_NN1 records_NN2 for_IF all_DB books_NN2 held_VVN in_II the_AT New_NP1 York_NP1 Society_NN1 Library_NN1 (_( NYSL_NP1 2011_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Longer_JJR sentences_NN2 are_VBR associated_VVN with_IW increased_JJ misconduct_NN1 and_CC prison_NN1 infractions_NN2 as_RR21 well_RR22 (_( Dhami_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2007_MC ;_; Thompson_NP1 &;_NULL Loper_NP1 ,_, 2005_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
One_MC1 of_IO these_DD2 parents_NN2 (_( one_MC1 of_IO the_AT five_MC mentioned_VVN above_RL )_) was_VBDZ open_JJ about_II such_DA efforts_NN2 :_: "_" We_PPIS2 had_VHD to_TO do_VDI something_PN1 !_! 
</s>
<s>
Because_CS citizenship_NN1 is_VBZ not_XX randomly_RR assigned_VVN ,_, this_DD1 raises_VVZ the_AT possibility_NN1 of_IO imbalances_NN2 in_II the_AT data_NN that_CST can_VM undermine_VVI the_AT integrity_NN1 of_IO regression_NN1 results_NN2 by_II estimating_VVG differences_NN2 between_II two_MC potentially_RR nonanalogous_JJ groups_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
In_II fact_NN1 ,_, studies_NN2 examining_VVG citizen_NN1 perceptions_NN2 of_IO police_NN2 underscore_VV0 that_CST racial_JJ differences_NN2 in_II attitudes_NN2 toward_II police_NN2 have_VH0 been_VBN among_II the_AT most_RGT robust_JJ findings_NN2 in_II criminal_JJ justice_NN1 research_NN1 (_( see_VV0 ,_, e.g._REX ,_, Taylor_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
2001_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
These_DD2 two_MC states_NN2 also_RR pursue_VV0 criminal_JJ charges_NN2 less_RGR aggressively_RR than_CSN do_VD0 their_APPGE fieldwork-emphasizing_JJ counterparts_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 article_NN1 addresses_VVZ the_AT aforementioned_JJ issues_NN2 by_II using_VVG longitudinally_RR linked_JJ registry_NN1 micro-data_NN to_TO identify_VVI ,_, explore_VVI ,_, and_CC compare_VVI the_AT school-to-work_JJ transition_NN1 trajectories_NN2 of_IO a_AT1 cohort_NN1 of_IO Dutch_JJ school-leavers_NN2 with_IW upper-secondary_JJ level_JJ diplomas_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Sample_VV0 1_MC1 contained_VVD all_DB these_DD2 most_RRT frequent_JJ clusters_NN2 and_CC can_VM be_VBI regarded_VVN as_II the_AT most_RGT representative_JJ sample_NN1 for_IF the_AT full_JJ typology_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Still_RR others_NN2 mostly_RR disregard_VV0 the_AT fact_NN1 that_CST the_AT data_NN they_PPHS2 use_VV0 were_VBDR collected_VVN during_II a_AT1 period_NN1 of_IO exceptionally_RR poor_JJ economic_JJ conditions_NN2 (_( e.g._REX ,_, Di_NP1 Stasio_NP1 ,_, Bol_NP1 and_CC van_NP1 de_NP1 Werfhorst_NP1 ,_, 2016_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT teaching_NN1 profession_NN1 offers_VVZ an_AT1 ideal_JJ case_NN1 for_IF examining_VVG demographic_JJ composition_NN1 effects_NN2 in_II the_AT workplace_NN1 for_IF two_MC reasons_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
For_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, unintended_JJ pregnancies_NN2 are_VBR more_RGR likely_JJ to_TO result_VVI in_II abortion_NN1 compared_VVN to_II intended_JJ pregnancies_NN2 (_( Finer_JJR &;_NULL Henshaw_NN1 ,_, 2006_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
In_II any_DD case_NN1 ,_, whereas_CS the_AT physicists_NN2 Alan_NP1 Sokal_NP1 and_CC Jean_NP1 Bricmont_NP1 (_( 1998_MC )_) came_VVD to_TO regard_VVI Latour_NP1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 metaphysical_JJ speculation_NN1 and_CC engagement_NN1 with_IW the_AT natural_JJ sciences_NN2 as_CSA '_NULL fashionable_JJ nonsense_NN1 '_NULL ,_, Strum_VV0 successfully_RR collaborated_VVD with_IW him_PPHO1 ._. 
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<s>
However_RR ,_, this_DD1 research_NN1 has_VHZ not_XX reached_VVN a_AT1 uniform_JJ outcome_NN1 :_: some_DD studies_NN2 find_VV0 that_CST temporary_JJ jobs_NN2 function_VV0 as_CSA stepping_VVG stones_NN2 ,_, whereas_CS others_NN2 conclude_VV0 that_CST they_PPHS2 lead_VV0 to_II traps_NN2 of_IO repeated_JJ temporary_JJ jobs_NN2 and_CC unemployment_NN1 spells_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
More_RGR generally_RR ,_, features_NN2 of_IO educational_JJ systems_NN2 not_XX only_RR seem_VV0 to_TO affect_VVI inequality_NN1 between_II students_NN2 from_II different_JJ social_JJ backgrounds_NN2 ,_, but_CCB also_RR between_II girls_NN2 and_CC boys_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Many_DA2 researchers_NN2 regard_VV0 the_AT cooperative_JJ solution_NN1 of_IO adaptive_JJ problems_NN2 (_( such_II21 as_II22 hunting_NN1 or_CC defense_NN1 )_) as_II a_AT1 key_JJ driver_NN1 of_IO human_JJ evolution_NN1 (_( e.g._REX ,_, Cosmides_NP1 and_CC Tooby_NP1 ,_, 1992_MC ;_; Kiyonari_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2000_MC ;_; Fehr_NP1 and_CC Fischbacher_NP1 ,_, 2003_MC ;_; Nowak_NP1 ,_, 2006_MC ;_; Mesterton-Gibbons_NP1 and_CC Dugatkin_NP1 ,_, 1992_MC ;_; Trivers_NP1 ,_, 2006_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
We_PPIS2 are_VBR therefore_RR always_RR teaching_VVG and_CC practicing_VVG across_II different_JJ intersectional_JJ identities_NN2 and_CC will_VM always_RR require_VVI a_AT1 culturally_RR conscious_JJ and_CC responsive_JJ lens_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
We_PPIS2 include_VV0 forced-choice_NN1 (_( FC_NP1 )_) measures_NN2 for_IF comparison_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
We_PPIS2 seek_VV0 only_RR to_TO establish_VVI empirical_JJ regularities_NN2 at_II the_AT level_NN1 of_IO associations_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 means_VVZ that_CST the_AT channels_NN2 are_VBR linked_VVN ,_, which_DDQ in_II our_APPGE case_NN1 means_VVZ that_CST the_AT labour_NN1 market_NN1 position_NN1 of_IO person_NN1 1_MC1 in_II time_NNT1 point_NN1 1_MC1 in_II the_AT first_MD channel_NN1 occurs_VVZ at_II the_AT same_DA time_NNT1 as_CSA the_AT income_NN1 of_IO person_NN1 1_MC1 in_II time_NNT1 point_NN1 1_MC1 in_II the_AT second_MD channel_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Yang_NP1 did_VDD not_XX explicitly_RR explore_VVI the_AT role_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 range_NN1 of_IO covariates_NN2 in_II reducing_VVG or_CC ameliorating_JJ the_AT gap_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Consistent_JJ with_IW investment_NN1 theories_NN2 ,_, ECEC_NP1 may_VM be_VBI understood_VVN as_II an_AT1 educational_JJ treatment_NN1 providing_VVG instructional_JJ inputs_NN2 to_II children_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
A_AT1 lightbulb_NN1 could_VM burn_VVI out_RP over_II the_AT basement_NN1 stairs_NN2 and_CC your_APPGE tenant_NN1 could_VM trip_NN1 and_CC fall_VV0 in_II the_AT dark_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Mothers_NN2 '_NULL greater_JJR time_NNT1 pressure_NN1 following_VVG second_MD births_NN2 may_VM help_VVI explain_VVI Australian_JJ mothers_NN2 '_NULL employment_NN1 patterns_NN2 (_( notably_RR ,_, their_APPGE concentration_NN1 in_II part-time_JJ work_NN1 )_) ._. 
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Those_DD2 aged_VVN between_II thirty-six_MC and_CC forty-five_MC years_NNT2 were_VBDR more_RGR likely_JJ to_TO want_VVI to_TO retire_VVI after_II their_APPGE anticipated_JJ pension_NN1 age_NN1 than_CSN others_NN2 (_( OR_CC =_FO 2.43_MC ,_, 95%_NNU CI_NN1 1.02–5.81_MCMC )_) or_CC to_TO state_VVI that_CST they_PPHS2 did_VDD not_XX know_VVI when_RRQ they_PPHS2 would_VM retire_VVI (_( OR_CC =_FO 2.4_MC ,_, 95%_NNU CI_NN1 1.24–4.66_MCMC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Silhouettes_NN2 are_VBR calculated_VVN at_II the_AT observation_NN1 level_NN1 and_CC represent_VV0 the_AT average_JJ distance_NN1 of_IO an_AT1 observation_NN1 from_II the_AT other_JJ members_NN2 of_IO its_APPGE group_NN1 compared_VVN to_II the_AT average_JJ distance_NN1 to_II the_AT members_NN2 of_IO the_AT adjacent_JJ group_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Mika_NN1 and_CC Tai_NP1 did_VDD not_XX respond_VVI ,_, and_CC although_CS their_APPGE facial_JJ expressions_NN2 and_CC body_NN1 language_NN1 betrayed_JJ irritation_NN1 ,_, they_PPHS2 removed_VVD the_AT recycled_JJ water_NN1 bottle_NN1 and_CC found_VVD small_JJ popsicle_NN1 sticks_NN2 and_CC twine_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Generally_RR ,_, this_DD1 perspective_NN1 is_VBZ seen_VVN as_CSA striving_VVG for_IF autonomy_NN1 from_II behavioural_JJ sciences_NN2 ,_, and_CC as_CSA such_DA could_VM be_VBI relatively_RR more_RGR theory-driven_JJ ._. 
</s>
<s>
Dissociating_VVG automatic_JJ from_II deliberate_JJ cognition_NN1 requires_VVZ observing_VVG conditions_NN2 in_II which_DDQ deliberate_VV0 and_CC automatic_JJ influences_NN2 work_VV0 in_II tandem_NN1 (_( called_VVN an_AT1 inclusion_NN1 condition_NN1 )_) and_CC conditions_NN2 in_II which_DDQ these_DD2 influences_NN2 have_VH0 opposite_JJ implications_NN2 for_IF behavior_NN1 (_( an_AT1 exclusion_NN1 condition_NN1 )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Studying_VVG the_AT development_NN1 of_IO these_DD2 policies_NN2 and_CC evaluating_VVG their_APPGE efficacy_NN1 seem_VV0 to_TO be_VBI promising_JJ lines_NN2 of_IO inquiry_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Information_NN1 on_II all_DB variables_NN2 ,_, definitions_NN2 and_CC descriptive_JJ statistics_NN pre_II and_CC post_NN1 multiple_NN1 imputation_NN1 can_VM be_VBI found_VVN in_II the_AT Appendix_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Why_RRQ have_VH0 both_RR younger_JJR and_CC older_JJR Americans_NN2 become_VV0 more_RGR liberal_JJ over_II the_AT last_MD 30_MC years_NNT2 ?_? 
</s>
<s>
Secondly_RR ,_, other_JJ priorities_NN2 stood_VVD higher_JJR on_II the_AT agenda_NN1 of_IO law_NN1 enforcement_NN1 personnel_NN2 and_CC there_EX were_VBDR insufficient_JJ resources_NN2 and_CC staff_NN to_II police_NN2 pamphlet_NN1 production_NN1 and_CC distribution_NN1 (_( Raymond_NP1 ,_, 2003_MC :_: 154_MC ,_, 197_MC ;_; Carrier_NN1 ,_, 1991_MC :_: 299_MC ,_, 312_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
Accordingly_RR ,_, the_AT primary_JJ objective_NN1 of_IO this_DD1 study_NN1 is_VBZ to_TO determine_VVI how_RRQ the_AT effects_NN2 of_IO adolescent_JJ violent_JJ victimization_NN1 on_II problematic_JJ outcomes_NN2 in_II early_JJ adulthood_NN1 vary_VV0 by_II youths_NN2 "_" differential_JJ risks_NN2 of_IO being_VBG victimized_VVN ._. 
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The_AT local_JJ health_NN1 administration_NN1 instructions_NN2 ,_, introduced_VVN in_II the_AT 1870s_MC2 ,_, prescribed_VVN each_DD1 parish_NN1 or_CC group_NN1 of_IO parishes_NN2 to_TO set_VVI up_RP a_AT1 local_JJ public_JJ committee_NN1 to_TO address_VVI health_NN1 matters_NN2 ,_, in_RR21 particular_RR22 by_II controlling_VVG the_AT spread_NN1 of_IO infectious_JJ diseases_NN2 (_( Lindblom_NP1 1967_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
Wilkis_NN1 extends_VVZ this_DD1 tradition_NN1 in_II two_MC primary_JJ ways_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT 20_MC %_NNU increase_NN1 in_II the_AT predicted_JJ probability_NN1 of_IO separation_NN1 ,_, from_II 44_MC %_NNU in_II 19831988_MC to_II 53_MC %_NNU in_II 2006_MC 2013_MC ,_, would_VM have_VHI been_VBN higher_JJR (_( 23_MC %_NNU )_) if_CS there_EX had_VHD been_VBN no_AT change_NN1 in_II the_AT sociodemographic_JJ composition_NN1 of_IO first_MD premarital_JJ cohabitors_NN2 (_( i.e._REX ,_, all_DB covariates_NN2 held_VVN at_II their_APPGE 19831988_MC mean_JJ values_NN2 )_) ._. 
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<s>
Given_VVN the_AT potential_NN1 for_IF educational_JJ attainment_NN1 to_TO confound_VVI the_AT relationship_NN1 between_II incarceration_NN1 exposure_NN1 and_CC mental_JJ health_NN1 ,_, we_PPIS2 also_RR control_VV0 for_IF whether_CSW respondents_NN2 possess_VV0 a_AT1 high_JJ school_NN1 degree_NN1 at_II the_AT time_NNT1 of_IO the_AT interview_NN1 ._. 
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Meanwhile_RR ,_, plaintiffs_NN2 '_NULL claims_NN2 of_IO defendants_NN2 '_NULL unknown_JJ whereabouts_NN2 are_VBR often_RR supported_VVN by_II similarly_RR shaky_JJ evidence_NN1 ,_, such_II21 as_II22 defendants_NN2 '_NULL failure_NN1 to_TO be_VBI found_VVN when_CS court_NN1 personnel_NN2 attempt_VV0 to_TO serve_VVI their_APPGE court_NN1 summons_NN1 at_II the_AT official_JJ addresses_NN2 listed_VVN on_II their_APPGE citizen_NN1 identity_NN1 cards_NN2 ,_, letters_NN2 (_( of_IO sometimes_RT dubious_JJ provenance_NN1 )_) from_II villagers_NN2 '_NULL committees_NN2 or_CC residents_NN2 '_NULL committees_NN2 ,_, or_CC witness_VV0 testimony_NN1 from_II neighbors_NN2 and_CC relatives_NN2 (_( Sun_NN1 2006_MC ,_, p._NN1 122_MC ;_; Dong_NP1 and_CC Ji_NP1 2016_MC ,_, p._NN1 91_MC ;_; Zhao_NP1 2018_MC )_) ._. 
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I_PPIS1 also_RR attempted_VVD to_TO give_VVI the_AT respondents_NN2 enough_DD time_NNT1 before_II answering_VVG to_TO reflect_VVI and_CC think_VVI through_RP the_AT sequencing_NN1 of_IO events_NN2 in_II their_APPGE life_NN1 history_NN1 ._. 
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In_II cities_NN2 like_II New_NP1 York_NP1 City_NN1 or_CC Los_NP1 Angeles_NP1 ,_, Finally_RR ,_, we_PPIS2 corroborate_VV0 well-known_JJ patterns_NN2 of_IO social_JJ disparity_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
In_II PIAAC_NP1 ,_, individual_JJ occupational_JJ attainment_NN1 is_VBZ indexed_VVN by_II various_JJ variables_NN2 ,_, including_II the_AT four_MC categories_NN2 based_VVN on_II the_AT International_JJ Standard_JJ Classification_NN1 of_IO Occupations_NN2 (_( ISCO_NP1 )_) (_( International_JJ Labour_JJ Office_NN1 2012_MC )_) ,_, Similar_JJ to_II PSM_NP1 ,_, this_DD1 approach_NN1 estimates_VVZ average_JJ treatment_NN1 effects_NN2 accounting_VVG for_IF covariates_NN2 that_CST may_VM select_VVI people_NN into_II certain_JJ treatments_NN2 (_( i.e._REX ,_, lengths_NN2 of_IO paternity_NN1 leave_NN1 )_) ,_, yet_RR differs_VVZ in_II that_DD1 AIPW_NN1 estimators_NN2 can_VM be_VBI used_VVN when_CS there_EX are_VBR multiple_JJ treatments_NN2 (_( Cattaneo_NP1 ,_, 2010_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
MinHa_NN1 ,_, a_AT1 32-year-old_JJ Korean_JJ woman_NN1 with_IW one_MC1 child_NN1 ,_, comments_NN2 ,_, "_" I_PPIS1 think_VV0 an_AT1 ideal_JJ father_NN1 is_VBZ a_AT1 person_NN1 who_PNQS is_VBZ responsible_JJ as_II the_AT financial_JJ provider_NN1 for_IF the_AT family_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT income_NN1 of_IO the_AT self-employed_JJ includes_VVZ also_RR income_NN1 from_II other_JJ activities_NN2 ,_, such_II21 as_II22 freelancing_VVG (_( 19.9%_FO of_IO the_AT records_NN2 )_) ._. 
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Not_XX all_DB scholars_NN2 have_VH0 assumed_VVN that_DD1 modernization_NN1 undermines_VVZ human_JJ relations_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Social_JJ psychological_JJ research_NN1 has_VHZ long_RR known_VVN that_CST negative_JJ ties_NN2 are_VBR a_AT1 tool_NN1 for_IF group_NN1 boundary_NN1 maintenance_NN1 and_CC identification_NN1 (_( Sherif_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 1961_MC )_) ._. 
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Bullies_NN2 are_VBR at_II increased_JJ risk_NN1 of_IO engaging_VVG in_II substance_NN1 abuse_NN1 ,_, Their_APPGE analyses_NN2 show_VV0 that_CST such_DA a_AT1 penalty_NN1 can_VM be_VBI offset_VVN only_RR if_CS the_AT applicant_NN1 is_VBZ a_AT1 highly_RR trained_VVN professional_JJ ,_, such_II21 as_II22 a_AT1 medical_JJ doctor_NN1 ,_, or_CC a_AT1 victim_NN1 of_IO torture_NN1 ._. 
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In_RR21 part_RR22 this_DD1 reflected_VVD the_AT London_NP1 borough_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 history_NN1 of_IO migration_NN1 settlement_NN1 and_CC its_APPGE often_RR intense_JJ levels_NN2 of_IO ethnic_JJ and_CC social_JJ difference_NN1 but_CCB it_PPH1 also_RR reflected_VVD the_AT particularities_NN2 of_IO the_AT group_NN1 –_- see_VV0 below_RL ._. 
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Additionally_RR ,_, the_AT consequences_NN2 of_IO undocumented_JJ status_NN1 can_VM vary_VVI widely_RR across_II geographies_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
We_PPIS2 first_MD control_NN1 for_IF the_AT ethnic_JJ composition_NN1 in_II the_AT class_NN1 to_TO account_VVI for_IF varying_JJ opportunities_NN2 for_IF intergroup_JJ contact_NN1 (_( in_II31 terms_II32 of_II33 the_AT share_NN1 of_IO one_MC1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 ethnic_JJ in-group_NN1 ,_, the_AT majority_NN1 share_NN1 ,_, and_CC the_AT extent_NN1 of_IO ethnic_JJ diversity_NN1 )_) ._. 
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Adding_VVG controls_NN2 reduces_VVZ this_DD1 association_NN1 to_II 0.121_MC ,_, but_CCB both_RR estimates_NN2 have_VH0 p_NN1 values_NN2 below_RG .001_MC ._. 
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The_AT growth_NN1 in_II cohabitation_NN1 over_II the_AT past_JJ quarter-century_NNT1 ,_, popularly_RR referred_VVN to_II as_II the_AT cohabitation_NN1 revolution_NN1 (_( Smock_NN1 and_CC Manning_NP1 2010_MC )_) ,_, has_VHZ been_VBN well_RR documented_VVN ._. 
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And_CC the_AT growing_JJ importance_NN1 of_IO economic_JJ determinants_NN2 accelerated_VVD exponentially_RR after_II World_NN1 War_NN1 II_MC ,_, when_CS U.S._NP1 race_NN1 relations_NN2 entered_VVD the_AT final_JJ modern_JJ industrial_JJ stage_NN1 ._. 
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Here_RL ,_, we_PPIS2 use_VV0 the_AT Karlson_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
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(_( 2012_MC )_) method_NN1 to_TO decompose_VVI the_AT total_JJ effects_NN2 of_IO education_NN1 (_( after_II conditioning_VVG on_II our_APPGE controls_NN2 and_CC our_APPGE measure_NN1 of_IO employment/earnings_FU )_) into_II an_AT1 indirect_JJ effect_NN1 of_IO job_NN1 quality_NN1 and_CC the_AT remaining_JJ direct_JJ effect_NN1 ._. 
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We_PPIS2 acknowledge_VV0 research_NN1 funding_NN1 from_II the_AT Social_JJ Sciences_NN2 and_CC Humanities_NN2 Research_VV0 Council_NN1 of_IO Canada_NP1 (_( Insight_NN1 Development_NN1 Grant_NP1 430–2017-00357_MCMC )_) ;_; research_NN1 support_NN1 from_II Natalie_NP1 Iciaszczyk_NP1 ;_; and_CC helpful_JJ comments_NN2 from_II Rod_NN1 Beaujot_NN1 ,_, David_NP1 Calnitsky_NP1 ,_, and_CC Sarah_NP1 E._NP1 Patterson_NP1 at_II the_AT University_NN1 of_IO Western_NP1 Ontario_NP1 and_CC Mathieu_NP1 Coutu_NP1 ,_, Dag-_NN1 mar_VV0 Dyck_NP1 ,_, Seda_NP1 Gunduz_NP1 ,_, Sunita_NP1 Patel_NP1 ,_, Edith_NP1 Duclos_NP1 ,_, Lei_FW Pang_NN1 ,_, and_CC Gabriela_NP1 Hanca_NP1 from_II Employment_NN1 and_CC Social_JJ Development_NN1 Canada_NP1 ._. 
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First_MD ,_, the_AT period_NN1 has_VHZ been_VBN intensively_RR studied_VVN by_II multiple_JJ generations_NN2 of_IO historians_NN2 with_IW access_NN1 to_II myriad_NN1 archives_NN2 ,_, and_CC its_APPGE political_JJ history_NN1 has_VHZ been_VBN particularly_RR salient_JJ to_II historical_JJ research_NN1 (_( Waldstreicher_NP1 ,_, Pasley_NP1 ,_, and_CC Robertson_NP1 2009_MC )_) ._. 
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Employment_NN1 status_NN1 between_II the_AT annual_JJ interviews_NN2 is_VBZ not_XX known_VVN ,_, and_CC hence_RR the_AT sequences_NN2 are_VBR constructed_VVN from_II incomplete_JJ histories_NN2 ._. 
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The_AT background_NN1 toany_NN1 police_NN2 reform_VV0 ,_, therefore_RR ,_, remains_VVZ a_AT1 history_NN1 of_IO arbitrary_JJ arrests_NN2 ,_, violence_NN1 and_CC rape_NN1 ._. 
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Conversely_RR ,_, in_II environments_NN2 where_RRQ violence_NN1 is_VBZ strongly_RR condemned_VVN ,_, individuals_NN2 engaging_VVG in_II violence_NN1 are_VBR likely_JJ to_TO be_VBI perceived_VVN as-and_CC to_TO perceive_VVI themselves_PPX2 as-_JJ "_" bad_JJ apples_NN2 ,_, "_" which_DDQ is_VBZ an_AT1 internal_JJ attribution_NN1 ._. 
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In_II 2013_MC ,_, lower_JJR cancer_NN1 mortality_NN1 accounted_VVN for_IF 0.7_MC years_NNT2 of_IO the_AT advantage_NN1 Hispanics_NN2 had_VHD in_II life_NN1 expectancy_NN1 relative_II21 to_II22 non-Hispanic_JJ whites_NN2 and_CC 1.4_MC years_NNT2 of_IO the_AT advantage_NN1 they_PPHS2 had_VHD relative_II21 to_II22 non-Hispanic_JJ African_JJ Americans_NN2 ._. 
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Given_VVN the_AT robust_JJ literature_NN1 showing_VVG that_DD1 employment_NN1 and_CC earnings_NN2 encourage_VV0 marriage_NN1 ,_, we_PPIS2 could_VM reasonably_RR expect_VVI differences_NN2 in_II job_NN1 quality_NN1 by_II education_NN1 to_TO contribute_VVI to_II the_AT higher_JJR rates_NN2 of_IO marriage_NN1 for_IF those_DD2 with_IW college_NN1 education_NN1 who_PNQS enjoy_VV0 the_AT best-quality_JJ jobs_NN2 ._. 
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However_RR ,_, lack_NN1 of_IO resources_NN2 meant_VVD that_CST thiscould_VV0 never_RR be_VBI realized_VVN and_CC so_RR the_AT state_NN1 needed_VVD partners_NN2 ._. 
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The_AT remainder_NN1 of_IO the_AT model_NN1 was_VBDZ similar_JJ to_II that_DD1 reported_VVD in_II table_NN1 5_MC ;_; specifically_RR ,_, the_AT BWC_NP1 condition_NN1 (_( b_ZZ1 =_FO 6.3_MC ;_; p_ZZ1 <_FO .001_MC )_) remained_VVD statistically_RR significant_JJ ._. 
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Studies_NN2 from_II The_AT Netherlands_NP1 ,_, Sweden_NP1 ,_, and_CC the_AT United_NP1 States_NP1 have_VH0 shown_VVN that_CST children_NN2 who_PNQS grew_VVD up_RP in_II deprived_JJ parental_JJ neighbourhoods_NN2 are_VBR more_RGR likely_JJ to_TO reside_VVI in_RP similarly_RR poor_JJ neighbourhoods_NN2 as_CSA adults_NN2 over_II their_APPGE life_NN1 course_NN1 (_( Sharkey_NP1 and_CC Elwert_NP1 ,_, 2011_MC ;_; Hedmanet_NP1 al._NNU ,_, 2013_MC ;_; van_NP1 Ham_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2014_MC ;_; de_NP1 Vuijst_NP1 ,_, van_NP1 Hamand_NP1 Kleinhans_NP2 ,_, 2017_MC )_) ._. 
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Prognoses_NN2 ,_, or_CC predictions_NN2 regarding_II the_AT patient_NN1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 likely_JJ life_NN1 span_NN1 or_CC the_AT probability_NN1 that_CST the_AT patient_NN1 will_VM die_VVI from_II a_AT1 particular_JJ illness_NN1 within_II a_AT1 given_JJ time_NNT1 period_NN1 ,_, can_VM be_VBI critical_JJ to_II patient_NN1 and_CC family_NN1 well-being_NN1 (_( Lamont_NP1 &;_NULL Christakis_NP1 2001_MC )_) ._. 
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But_CCB I_PPIS1 did_VDD excellent_JJ on_II this_DD1 interview_NN1 and_CC that_CST '_NULL s_ZZ1 what_DDQ shocked_VVD her_PPHO1 ._. 
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<s>
Low-skilled_JJ immigrants_NN2 ,_, such_II21 as_II22 Mexicans_NN2 ,_, America_NP1 '_NULL s_ZZ1 largest_JJT immigrant_JJ group_NN1 ,_, are_VBR especially_RR at_II risk_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Organizations_NN2 help_VV0 launder_VVI racial_JJ domination_NN1 by_II obscuring_NN1 or_CC legitimating_VVG unequal_JJ processes_NN2 ._. 
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We_PPIS2 then_RT address_VV0 conditions_NN2 under_II which_DDQ categorical_JJ manipulation_NN1 is_VBZ more_RGR likely_JJ ._. 
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<s>
However_RR ,_, in_II most_DAT cases_NN2 ,_, these_DD2 discovered_VVD platforms_NN2 of_IO similarity_NN1 did_VDD not_XX lend_VVI themselves_PPX2 to_II or_CC develop_VV0 further_RRR outside_II21 of_II22 the_AT workplace_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Our_APPGE results_NN2 are_VBR based_VVN on_II a_AT1 survey_NN1 administered_VVN face-to-face_JJ by_II trained_JJ interviewers_NN2 to_II a_AT1 large_JJ ,_, representative_JJ sample_NN1 of_IO the_AT national_JJ population_NN1 of_IO Spain_NP1 ._. 
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Put_VV0 in_II a_AT1 different_JJ way_NN1 ,_, the_AT inequality_NN1 of_IO volatility_NN1 is_VBZ rising_VVG ._. 
</s>
<s>
Yet_RR the_AT arguments_NN2 about_II their_APPGE similarity_NN1 to_II railroads_NN2 ,_, Finally_RR ,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ well_RR established_VVN that_CST immigrant_JJ families_NN2 have_VH0 lower_JJR probabilities_NN2 to_TO attain_VVI paid_JJ employment_NN1 in_II many_DA2 Western_JJ welfare_NN1 states_NN2 ,_, Half_DB of_IO the_AT federal_JJ budget_NN1 is_VBZ spent_VVN on_II the_AT Department_NN1 of_IO Defense_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT median_JJ annual_JJ household_NN1 income_NN1 was_VBDZ more_RRR than_CSN $70,000_NNU ._. 
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<s>
When_CS his_APPGE claim_NN1 was_VBDZ refused_VVN ,_, he_PPHS1 had_VHD nowhere_RL to_TO go_VVI but_CCB London_NP1 ,_, which_DDQ was_VBDZ the_AT only_JJ place_NN1 where_CS he_PPHS1 could_VM imagine_VVI finding_VVG help_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Given_CS21 that_CS22 ,_, there_EX are_VBR few_DA2 proposals_NN2 ,_, and_CC the_AT contribution_NN1 of_IO Ramsay_NP1 and_CC Boddy_NP1 (_( 2017_MC )_) ,_, which_DDQ identify_VV0 four_MC key_JJ points_NN2 to_TO define_VVI environmental_JJ social_JJ work_NN1 ._. 
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And_CC from_II there_RL ,_, it_PPH1 quickly_RR grows_VVZ to_II hundreds_NNO2 of_IO thousands_NNO2 ._. 
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<s>
Some_DD evidence_NN1 suggests_VVZ that_CST individuals_NN2 attitudes_NN2 about_II family_NN1 obligations_NN2 predict_VV0 their_APPGE behavior_NN1 (_( Ganong_NP1 and_CC Coleman_NP1 2005_MC ;_; Silverstein_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
2006_MC )_) ,_, but_CCB the_AT relationship_NN1 between_II obligations_NN2 and_CC family_NN1 support_NN1 is_VBZ not_XX well_RR understood_VVN (_( Seltzer_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
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<s>
2012_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II 1962_MC ,_, legislation_NN1 established_VVD a_AT1 system_NN1 of_IO 19_MC technical_JJ colleges_NN2 to_TO train_VVI midlevel_NN1 technicians_NN2 with_IW both_DB2 specialized_JJ skills_NN2 and_CC well-rounded_JJ general_JJ knowledge_NN1 ,_, developing_VVG a_AT1 highly_RR differentiated_VVN system_NN1 of_IO technical_JJ education_NN1 in_II Japan_NP1 (_( Beauchamp_NP1 1998_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
Many_DA2 important_JJ research_NN1 questions_NN2 in_II this_DD1 realm_NN1 deserve_VV0 attention_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Table_NN1 3_MC shows_VVZ that_CST grandparental_JJ exposure_NN1 is_VBZ statistically_RR significant_JJ in_II all_DB models_NN2 ,_, although_CS adding_VVG the_AT control_NN1 variables_NN2 doubles_VVZ the_AT standard_JJ errors_NN2 ._. 
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