<s>
Charisma_NN1 is_VBZ perceived_VVN by_II many_DA2 to_TO simply_RR be_VBI the_AT ability_NN1 to_TO positively_RR influence_VVI others_NN2 by_II connecting_VVG with_IW them_PPHO2 physically_RR ,_, emotionally_RR ,_, and_CC intellectually_RR ._. 
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<s>
It_PPH1 is_VBZ what_DDQ real_JJ leaders_NN2 have_VH0 that_DD1 can_VM inspire_VVI you_PPY and_CC draw_VVI you_PPY to_II them_PPHO2 that_DD1 can_VM cause_VVI you_PPY to_TO perform_VVI beyond_II expectations_NN2 to_TO accomplish_VVI their_APPGE goals_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
In_II my_APPGE answer_NN1 I_PPIS1 will_VM be_VBI examining_VVG the_AT different_JJ dimensions_NN2 to_II the_AT arguments_NN2 that_CST intend_VV0 to_TO investigate_VVI the_AT real_JJ meaning_NN1 of_IO charisma_NN1 ,_, its_APPGE relevance_NN1 today_RT and_CC in_II31 light_II32 of_II33 history_NN1 and_CC different_JJ traditions_NN2 of_IO philosophical_JJ thought_NN1 ,_, what_DDQ exactly_RR my_APPGE understanding_NN1 of_IO the_AT term_NN1 implies_VVZ ._. 
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<s>
Though_CS ,_, the_AT understanding_NN1 of_IO the_AT term_NN1 charisma_NN1 can_VM only_RR really_RR be_VBI established_VVN after_II placing_VVG it_PPH1 within_II a_AT1 theoretical_JJ and_CC contextual_JJ framework_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
To_II me_PPIO1 this_DD1 means_VVZ that_CST inherently_RR charisma_NN1 is_VBZ not_XX a_AT1 concept_NN1 based_VVN solely_RR on_II the_AT individual_JJ characteristics_NN2 of_IO a_AT1 person_NN1 but_CCB a_AT1 phenomenon_NN1 involving_VVG the_AT relationship_NN1 between_II a_AT1 charismatic_JJ leader_NN1 and_CC his_APPGE or_CC her_APPGE followers_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Probably_RR the_AT most_RGT famous_JJ and_CC widely_RR used_JJ definition_NN1 of_IO charisma_NN1 was_VBDZ written_VVN by_II Weber_NP1 ,_, meaning_VVG ,_, 'a_UH certain_JJ quality_NN1 of_IO an_AT1 individual_JJ personality_NN1 by_II virtue_NN1 of_IO which_DDQ he_PPHS1 is_VBZ considered_VVN extraordinary_JJ and_CC treated_VVN as_CSA endowed_VVN with_IW supernatural_JJ ,_, superhuman_JJ ,_, or_CC at_RR21 least_RR22 specifically_RR exceptional_JJ powers_NN2 or_CC qualities_NN2 ._. '_" 
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<s>
Thus_RR ,_, according_II21 to_II22 Weber_NP1 ,_, charismatic_JJ leadership_NN1 is_VBZ a_AT1 form_NN1 of_IO legitimate_JJ domination_NN1 basically_RR centred_VVN on_II the_AT belief_NN1 of_IO the_AT exceptional_JJ sanctity_NN1 of_IO one_MC1 person_NN1 ,_, not_XX accessible_JJ to_II the_AT ordinary_JJ person_NN1 ,_, and_CC their_APPGE ability_NN1 to_TO partake_VVI in_II heroic_JJ ,_, extraordinary_JJ acts_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
However_RR ,_, he_PPHS1 also_RR felt_VVD that_CST charismatic_JJ authorities_NN2 can_VM be_VBI precarious_JJ simply_RR because_CS if_CS their_APPGE charisma_NN1 is_VBZ not_XX proven_VVN they_PPHS2 may_VM be_VBI doubted_VVN ._. 
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<s>
'Before_RR receiving_VVG his_APPGE calling_NN1 ,_, the_AT leader_NN1 must_VM have_VHI some_DD germ_NN1 of_IO charisma_NN1 latent_JJ in_II him_PPHO1 (_( Weber_NP1 1968a_FO ,_, 400_MC )_) ,_, but_CCB later_RRR he_PPHS1 maintains_VVZ power_NN1 solely_RR by_II proving_VVG his_APPGE strength_NN1 in_II life_NN1 ;_; to_TO be_VBI a_AT1 prophet_NN1 ,_, he_PPHS1 must_VM perform_VVI miracles_NN2 '_GE (_( Weber_NP1 ,_, 1946_MC ,_, cited_VVN in_II Oakes_NP1 1997_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
With_IW no_AT specific_JJ qualifications_NN2 or_CC elections_NN2 the_AT charismatic_JJ system_NN1 of_IO domination_NN1 is_VBZ inherently_RR unstable_JJ and_CC short_RR lived_VVN ,_, but_CCB potentially_RR revolutionary_JJ ._. 
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<s>
Weber_NP1 referred_VVD to_II the_AT process_NN1 of_IO maintaining_VVG the_AT charismatic_JJ relationship_NN1 as_II the_AT routinisation_NN1 of_IO charisma_NN1 ,_, that_REX21 is_REX22 ,_, what_DDQ happens_VVZ when_RRQ a_AT1 leader_NN1 's_GE charisma_NN1 is_VBZ thinly_RR dispersed_VVN throughout_II the_AT followers_NN2 who_PNQS act_VV0 in_II the_AT leader_NN1 's_GE name_NN1 ,_, typically_RR after_CS he_PPHS1 has_VHZ died_VVN ._. 
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<s>
It_PPH1 may_VM survive_VVI many_DA2 generations_NN2 and_CC underlie_VVI a_AT1 stable_JJ social_JJ order_NN1 ,_, but_CCB it_PPH1 is_VBZ conservative_JJ and_CC is_VBZ not_XX a_AT1 force_NN1 for_IF social_JJ change_NN1 (_( Miyahara_NP1 1983_MC ,_, cited_VVN in_II Oakes_NP1 ,_, 1997_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
A_AT1 famous_JJ example_NN1 is_VBZ that_DD1 of_IO Christianity_NN1 where_CS a_AT1 small_JJ band_NN1 of_IO people_NN with_IW one_MC1 charismatic_JJ leader_NN1 led_VVN to_II the_AT establishment_NN1 of_IO the_AT Roman_JJ Catholic_JJ Church_NN1 as_II31 well_II32 as_II33 the_AT European_JJ Christian_JJ tradition_NN1 ,_, leading_VVG in_II turn_NN1 to_II bureaucracy_NN1 and_CC routinised_JJ events_NN2 and_CC celebrations_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Weber_NP1 wondered_VVD whether_CSW charisma_NN1 might_VM arise_VVI from_II some_DD mental_JJ illness_NN1 ,_, but_CCB he_PPHS1 rejected_VVD the_AT notion_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
'Instead_VV0 ,_, he_PPHS1 spoke_VVD of_IO an_AT1 "_" emotional_JJ seizure_NN1 "_" that_CST originates_VVZ in_II the_AT unconscious_NN1 of_IO the_AT leader_NN1 and_CC results_NN2 in_II three_MC "_" extraordinary_JJ "_" emotions_NN2 :_: ecstasy_NN1 ,_, euphoria_NN1 ,_, and_CC political_JJ passions_NN2 '_GE (_( Oaks_NN2 ,_, 1997_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
However_RR ,_, Weber_NP1 's_GE research_NN1 into_II charisma_NN1 and_CC charismatic_JJ authorities_NN2 has_VHZ been_VBN interpreted_VVN in_II various_JJ ways_NN2 and_CC when_CS expanding_VVG the_AT argument_NN1 as_II21 to_II22 whether_CSW charisma_NN1 is_VBZ based_VVN on_II characteristics_NN2 and_CC behaviour_NN1 of_IO the_AT individual_NN1 or_CC is_VBZ to_TO be_VBI understood_VVN as_II a_AT1 relational_JJ concept_NN1 one_PN1 would_VM most_RGT obviously_RR link_VVI it_PPH1 to_II the_AT arguments_NN2 between_II the_AT psychological_JJ and_CC sociological_JJ schools_NN2 of_IO thought_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT question_NN1 asked_VVD then_RT is_VBZ if_CS charisma_NN1 is_VBZ a_AT1 personality_NN1 attribute_NN1 or_CC the_AT social_JJ recognition_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 claim_NN1 ,_, that_REX21 is_REX22 ,_, if_CS charisma_NN1 is_VBZ a_AT1 psychological_JJ personality_NN1 type_NN1 or_CC indeed_RR simply_RR a_AT1 social_JJ phenomenon_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Weber_NP1 can_VM be_VBI said_VVN to_TO come_VVI close_RR to_II Freud_NP1 's_GE theory_NN1 of_IO society_NN1 in_II which_DDQ repression_NN1 is_VBZ seen_VVN as_CSA necessary_JJ for_IF civilized_JJ life_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Freud_NP1 suggested_VVD that_DD1 charisma_NN1 involves_VVZ a_AT1 transference_NN1 of_IO the_AT feelings_NN2 of_IO love_NN1 and_CC dependency_NN1 associated_VVN with_IW the_AT father_NN1 to_II the_AT leader_NN1 thus_RR by_II submitting_VVG to_II and_CC gaining_VVG the_AT acceptance_NN1 of_IO the_AT leader/father_NN1 ,_, the_AT follower_NN1 obtains_VVZ forgiveness_NN1 for_IF his_APPGE guilt_NN1 over_II his_APPGE Oedipal_JJ desires_NN2 and_CC so_RR the_AT rage_NN1 and_CC anger_NN1 associated_VVN with_IW the_AT father_NN1 are_VBR also_RR brought_VVN to_II light_NN1 in_II this_DD1 process_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Lindholm_NP1 ,_, another_DD1 prominent_JJ psychoanalyst_NN1 ,_, argues_VVZ that_DD1 charisma_NN1 is_VBZ a_AT1 response_NN1 to_II identity_NN1 dislocation_NN1 ;_; when_RRQ people_NN 's_GE identities_NN2 become_VV0 insecure_JJ or_CC unsatisfying_VVG ,_, they_PPHS2 long_VV0 for_IF the_AT kind_NN1 of_IO security_NN1 and_CC bliss_NN1 that_CST can_VM be_VBI achieved_VVN through_II romantic_JJ love_NN1 or_CC through_II charisma_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Deep_JJ problems_NN2 of_IO self-identity_NN1 tend_VV0 to_TO be_VBI latent_JJ within_II the_AT leader_NN1 who_PNQS gains_VVZ an_AT1 identity_NN1 by_II the_AT merger_NN1 with_IW his_APPGE or_CC her_APPGE followers_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Therefore_RR charisma_NN1 is_VBZ most_RGT likely_JJ to_TO arise_VVI in_II circumstances_NN2 where_RRQ identities_NN2 are_VBR fragmented_JJ and_CC insecure_JJ such_II21 as_II22 societies_NN2 in_II crisis_NN1 or_CC transition_NN1 ,_, people_NN in_II poorly-defined_JJ stages_NN2 of_IO life_NN1 (_( college_NN1 freshmen_NN2 ,_, adolescents_NN2 or_CC people_NN in_II mid-life_NN1 crises_NN2 ,_, )_) and_CC people_NN in_II highly_RR individualistic_JJ societies_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Both_DB2 arguments_NN2 from_II Lindholm_NP1 and_CC Freud_NP1 can_VM be_VBI said_VVN to_TO understand_VVI the_AT term_NN1 from_II the_AT point_NN1 of_IO view_NN1 that_CST circumstances_NN2 affecting_VVG the_AT individual_NN1 have_VH0 led_VVN to_II certain_JJ characteristics_NN2 and_CC behavioural_JJ patterns_NN2 making_VVG the_AT person_NN1 charismatic_JJ ._. 
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<s>
Oakes_NP1 ,_, a_AT1 psychologist_NN1 critically_RR analysing_VVG Weber_NP1 's_GE work_NN1 ,_, also_RR makes_VVZ an_AT1 interesting_JJ point_NN1 as_II a_AT1 critique_NN1 to_II Lindholm_NP1 's_GE writing_NN1 ,_, that_CST Weber_NP1 did_VDD not_XX celebrate_VVI charisma_NN1 as_II a_AT1 solution_NN1 to_II the_AT emotional_JJ emptiness_NN1 of_IO conformity_NN1 but_CCB saw_VVD its_APPGE value_NN1 as_II a_AT1 tool_NN1 for_IF social_JJ progress_NN1 Closely_RR linked_VVN to_II psychoanalysis_NN1 is_VBZ the_AT psychological_JJ school_NN1 of_IO thought_NN1 exhibited_VVD well_RR through_II Kohut_NP1 's_GE study_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 difficult_JJ class_NN1 of_IO disturbed_JJ patients_NN2 with_IW narcissistic_JJ disorders_NN2 ,_, noticing_VVG similarities_NN2 between_II them_PPHO2 and_CC charismatic_JJ leaders_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
While_CS initially_RR noticing_VVG extravagant_JJ self-confidence_NN1 and_CC an_AT1 extraordinary_JJ lack_NN1 of_IO self-doubt_NN1 they_PPHS2 were_VBDR often_RR clear-headed_JJ and_CC perceptive_JJ and_CC could_VM also_RR be_VBI very_RG persuasive_JJ or_CC even_RR accusative_JJ ._. 
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<s>
In_II time_NNT1 ,_, though_CS ,_, their_APPGE confidence_NN1 began_VVD to_TO give_VVI way_NN1 to_II vain_JJ boasting_NN1 and_CC a_AT1 naive_JJ sense_NN1 of_IO invincibility_NN1 ,_, unable_JK to_TO admit_VVI to_II a_AT1 gap_NN1 in_II their_APPGE knowledge_NN1 or_CC ask_VV0 for_IF advice_NN1 and_CC help_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
They_PPHS2 were_VBDR also_RR revealed_VVN to_TO have_VHI little_DA1 or_CC no_AT conscience_NN1 or_CC sense_NN1 of_IO guilt_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
'Their_NN1 relations_NN2 with_IW others_NN2 were_VBDR characterized_VVN by_II a_AT1 sense_NN1 that_CST others_NN2 were_VBDR merely_RR extensions_NN2 of_IO their_APPGE own_DA egos_NN2 ._. '_" 
</s>
<s>
Their_APPGE extreme_JJ self-containment_NN1 and_CC self-absorption_NN1 ,_, along_II21 with_II22 their_APPGE confident_JJ social_JJ manner_NN1 ,_, made_VVD them_PPHO2 very_RG appealing_JJ to_II others_NN2 ,_, who_PNQS seemed_VVD to_TO warm_VVI to_II some_DD part_NN1 of_IO themselves_PPX2 that_CST they_PPHS2 recognized_VVD in_II these_DD2 figures_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
It_PPH1 was_VBDZ this_DD1 "_" mirroring_VVG "_" process_NN1 in_II which_DDQ a_AT1 strong_JJ figure_NN1 sees_VVZ others_NN2 as_CSA parts_NN2 of_IO his_APPGE self_NN1 ,_, while_CS the_AT others_NN2 see_VV0 themselves_PPX2 in_II him_PPHO1 ,_, that_CST alerted_VVD Kohut_NP1 to_II a_AT1 narcissistic_JJ explanation_NN1 of_IO charisma_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 psychological_JJ interpretation_NN1 attempts_NN2 to_TO pin-point_VVI specific_JJ qualities_NN2 in_II individuals_NN2 that_CST makes_VVZ them_PPHO2 charismatic_JJ and_CC thus_RR understanding_VVG the_AT term_NN1 would_VM also_RR involve_VVI relying_VVG on_II the_AT notion_NN1 that_CST it_PPH1 is_VBZ only_RR personal_JJ characteristics_NN2 and_CC behaviour_NN1 that_CST make_VV0 an_AT1 individual_JJ charismatic_JJ ._. 
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<s>
However_RR ,_, the_AT 'failure_NN1 to_TO distinguish_VVI the_AT sociological_JJ concept_NN1 from_II personal_JJ attributes_NN2 is_VBZ at_II the_AT core_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 number_NN1 of_IO corrupt_JJ or_CC dilute_JJ applications_NN2 of_IO the_AT term'_NN1 (_( Wilson_NP1 ,_, 1975_MC )_) charisma_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Weber_NP1 's_GE concept_NN1 denotes_VVZ a_AT1 quality_NN1 not_XX of_IO the_AT individual_NN1 ,_, but_CCB of_IO a_AT1 relationship_NN1 between_II believers_NN2 and_CC the_AT person_NN1 they_PPHS2 believe_VV0 ._. 
</s>
<s>
If_CS one_PN1 adheres_VVZ to_II Weber_NP1 's_GE definition_NN1 of_IO charisma_NN1 one_PN1 could_VM also_RR argue_VVI that_CST while_CS some_DD individuals_NN2 who_PNQS enjoy_VV0 some_DD measure_NN1 of_IO marginal_JJ prestige_NN1 in_II the_AT eyes_NN2 of_IO their_APPGE fellows_NN2 have_VH0 a_AT1 'reputation_NN1 for_IF reliability_NN1 and_CC competence_NN1 as_CSA "_" charismatic_JJ "_" '_GE build_VV0 good_JJ social_JJ relationships_NN2 through_II these_DD2 personal_JJ qualities_NN2 ,_, no_AT element_NN1 of_IO the_AT supernatural_JJ is_VBZ involved_VVN ._. 
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<s>
In_II Wilson_NP1 's_GE opinion_NN1 ,_, though_CS ,_, Weber_NP1 gave_VVD relatively_RR little_JJ attention_NN1 to_II primitive_JJ cultures_NN2 ,_, as_CSA the_AT former_DA held_VVD the_AT notion_NN1 that_CST the_AT belief_NN1 that_CST a_AT1 charismatic_JJ leader_NN1 would_VM arise_VVI may_VM be_VBI a_AT1 tradition_NN1 ,_, and_CC may_VM indeed_RR have_VHI had_VHN its_APPGE origins_NN2 ,_, among_II such_DA people_NN ._. 
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<s>
Examining_VVG Wilson_NP1 's_GE text_NN1 gives_VVZ one_MC1 insight_NN1 not_XX only_RR from_II the_AT historical_JJ perspective_NN1 of_IO charisma_NN1 ,_, but_CCB also_RR ,_, interesting_JJ criticism_NN1 of_IO what_DDQ its_APPGE meaning_NN1 is_VBZ widely_RR believed_VVN to_TO be_VBI today_RT ._. 
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<s>
'The_VV0 utility_NN1 of_IO the_AT concept_NN1 implies_VVZ the_AT reality_NN1 of_IO the_AT phenomenon_NN1 -_- not_XX the_AT phenomenon_NN1 of_IO divinely_RR inspired_JJ men_NN2 ,_, but_CCB of_IO the_AT historical_JJ reality_NN1 of_IO widespread_JJ belief_NN1 in_II such_DA men_NN2 and_CC in_II the_AT transcendent_JJ nature_NN1 of_IO their_APPGE endowment_NN1 with_IW power_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
That_DD1 belief_NN1 is_VBZ an_AT1 important_JJ social_JJ fact_NN1 and_CC a_AT1 force_NN1 in_II social_JJ development'_NN1 (_( Wilson_NP1 ,_, 1975_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
Wilson_NP1 's_GE observations_NN2 can_VM be_VBI extended_VVN to_TO form_VVI a_AT1 basic_JJ criticism_NN1 against_II the_AT argument_NN1 of_IO charisma_NN1 as_II a_AT1 natural_JJ characteristic_JJ inherent_JJ in_II some_DD individuals_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT fact_NN1 that_CST few_DA2 of_IO us_PPIO2 today_RT believe_VV0 that_CST individuals_NN2 ever_RR receive_VV0 divine_JJ power_NN1 ,_, or_CC that_CST there_EX are_VBR fundamental_JJ ,_, mystically_RR determined_JJ unequal_JJ distributions_NN2 of_IO ability_NN1 among_II men_NN2 and_CC women_NN2 'reveals_NN2 an_AT1 irony'_JJ as_CSA many_DA2 in_II the_AT past_NN1 have_VH0 believed_VVN in_II what_DDQ he_PPHS1 calls_VVZ a_AT1 'superhuman_NN1 nobility'_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
While_CS it_PPH1 may_VM always_RR have_VHI been_VBN an_AT1 illusion_NN1 ,_, individuals_NN2 needed_VVN to_TO believe_VVI and_CC so_CS they_PPHS2 did_VDD ._. 
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<s>
One_PN1 could_VM argue_VVI that_CST in_II the_AT future_NN1 we_PPIS2 will_VM be_VBI better_RRR able_JK to_TO identify_VVI the_AT charismatic_JJ demand_NN1 before_II the_AT time_NNT1 of_IO a_AT1 charismatic_JJ leader_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Weber_NP1 saw_VVD charisma_NN1 as_CSA providing_VVG a_AT1 break_NN1 in_II existing_JJ social_JJ relationships_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
While_CS natural_JJ catastrophes_NN2 ,_, famine_NN1 ,_, plague_NN1 ,_, or_CC drought_NN1 may_VM have_VHI provided_VVN occasions_NN2 ,_, the_AT most_RGT frequently_RR observed_VVN circumstances_NN2 of_IO charismatic_JJ phenomena_NN2 appear_VV0 to_TO be_VBI the_AT conditions_NN2 promoted_VVN by_II wars_NN2 or_CC 'the_VV0 clash_NN1 of_IO cultures_NN2 ._. '_" 
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<s>
One_PN1 could_VM thus_RR argue_VVI that_CST while_CS charisma_NN1 is_VBZ undoubtedly_RR a_AT1 cause_NN1 of_IO social_JJ change_NN1 it_PPH1 also_RR strongly_RR appears_VVZ to_TO be_VBI a_AT1 response_NN1 to_II it_PPH1 ._. 
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<s>
Many_DA2 researchers_NN2 have_VH0 pointed_VVN out_RP that_CST at_II the_AT time_NNT1 Hitler_NP1 came_VVD to_II power_NN1 Germany_NP1 's_GE economy_NN1 was_VBDZ extremely_RR weak_JJ and_CC in_II31 need_II32 of_II33 a_AT1 turn-around_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Another_DD1 example_NN1 is_VBZ of_IO the_AT charismatic_JJ leader_NN1 Malcolm_NP1 X._NP1 While_CS many_DA2 believe_VV0 his_APPGE oratory_NN1 power_NN1 was_VBDZ the_AT main_JJ feature_NN1 of_IO his_APPGE charisma_NN1 ,_, it_PPH1 has_VHZ to_TO be_VBI acknowledged_VVN that_CST just_RR before_II the_AT Black_JJ Muslim_JJ movement_NN1 ,_, the_AT economic_JJ position_NN1 of_IO many_DA2 African_JJ Americans_NN2 in_II America_NP1 was_VBDZ appalling_VVG with_IW many_DA2 of_IO their_APPGE rights_NN2 being_VBG trampled_VVN on_RP and_CC thus_RR perhaps_RR Malcolm_NP1 X_MC 's_VBZ charismatic_JJ power_NN1 came_VVD more_RRR from_II the_AT fact_NN1 that_CST he_PPHS1 was_VBDZ simply_RR at_II the_AT right_JJ place_NN1 and_CC at_II the_AT right_JJ time_NNT1 ._. 
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Linked_VVN closely_RR to_II Weber_NP1 's_GE concept_NN1 of_IO charisma_NN1 are_VBR the_AT ideas_NN2 of_IO the_AT other_JJ founding_JJ fathers_NN2 of_IO sociology_NN1 :_: Marx_NP1 and_CC Durkheim_NP1 ._. 
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By_II combining_VVG Durkheimian_JJ notions_NN2 of_IO the_AT sacred_JJ and_CC of_IO 'collective_JJ effervescence'_NN1 with_IW the_AT Marxist_JJ view_NN1 of_IO Napoleon_NP1 's_GE coup_NN1 in_II France_NP1 &lsqb;_( where_CS it_PPH1 could_VM be_VBI argued_VVN that_CST Bonaparte_NP1 represented_VVD the_AT interests_NN2 of_IO the_AT poorest_JJT &rsqb;_) we_PPIS2 are_VBR able_JK to_TO see_VVI an_AT1 alternative_JJ view_NN1 of_IO charisma_NN1 ,_, not_XX as_CSA that_DD1 of_IO a_AT1 leader_NN1 but_CCB as_II a_AT1 quality_NN1 projected_VVN on_II21 to_II22 a_AT1 leader_NN1 by_II virtue_NN1 of_IO situation_NN1 ,_, opportunity_NN1 ,_, and_CC events_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
For_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, Bill_NP1 Clinton_NP1 was_VBDZ seen_VVN as_II a_AT1 great_JJ leader_NN1 who_PNQS possessed_VVD charisma_NN1 while_CS he_PPHS1 was_VBDZ initially_RR in_II power_NN1 ;_; however_RR ,_, while_CS charismatic_JJ power_NN1 was_VBDZ projected_VVN upon_II him_PPHO1 ,_, it_PPH1 was_VBDZ later_RRR retracted_VVN proving_VVG that_CST many_DA2 great_JJ leaders_NN2 are_VBR created_VVN only_RR by_II their_APPGE followers_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
While_CS most_DAT examples_NN2 of_IO charismatic_JJ leaders_NN2 may_VM be_VBI taken_VVN from_II various_JJ spheres_NN2 of_IO society_NN1 ,_, charisma_NN1 ,_, by_II Weber_NP1 was_VBDZ used_VVN fundamentally_RR as_II a_AT1 religious_JJ concept_NN1 ;_; although_CS in_II his_APPGE usage_NN1 it_PPH1 need_VM not_XX involve_VVI a_AT1 notion_NN1 of_IO the_AT divine_JJ ,_, nevertheless_RR it_PPH1 remains_VVZ a_AT1 form_NN1 of_IO spiritual_JJ energy_NN1 oriented_VVD to_II otherworldly_JJ ideals_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Today_RT ,_, however_RR ,_, the_AT concept_NN1 of_IO charisma_NN1 is_VBZ applied_VVN more_RGR widely_RR in_II the_AT political_JJ ,_, legal_JJ and_CC cultural_JJ institutions_NN2 of_IO our_APPGE society_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT problem_NN1 of_IO modern_JJ charisma_NN1 ,_, argued_VVN by_II Bensman_NP1 and_CC Givant_NP1 &lsqb;_( 1975_MC &rsqb;_) ,_, is_VBZ that_DD1 charisma_NN1 is_VBZ nowadays_RT manufactured_VVN by_II mass_JJ communications_NN2 which_DDQ rationally_RR create_VV0 an_AT1 image_NN1 of_IO the_AT leader_NN1 as_II a_AT1 charismatic_JJ figure_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
They_PPHS2 feel_VV0 that_CST to_II a_AT1 certain_JJ extent_NN1 ,_, this_DD1 'tendency_NN1 is_VBZ inevitable_JJ because_II21 of_II22 the_AT nature_NN1 of_IO modern_JJ bureaucratic_JJ societies_NN2 which_DDQ would_VM not_XX allow_VVI the_AT kind_NN1 of_IO personal_JJ relationship_NN1 between_II leaders_NN2 and_CC followers_NN2 about_II which_DDQ Weber_NP1 wrote'_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
It_PPH1 can_VM be_VBI argued_VVN that_CST today_RT ,_, charismatic_JJ leaders_NN2 are_VBR the_AT products_NN2 of_IO media_NN experts_NN2 who_PNQS constantly_RR train_VV0 them_PPHO2 in_II the_AT art_NN1 of_IO oratory_NN1 and_CC to_TO 'create_VVI an_AT1 aura_NN1 of_IO an_AT1 extraordinary_JJ person_NN1 in_BCL21 order_BCL22 to_TO enhance_VVI the_AT likelihood_NN1 of_IO the_AT imputation_NN1 of_IO charisma_NN1 occurring_VVG ..._... 
</s>
<s>
The_AT modern_JJ charismatic_JJ leader_NN1 simply_RR has_VHZ a_AT1 far_RG wider_JJR range_NN1 of_IO tools_NN2 with_IW which_DDQ to_TO project_VVI an_AT1 image'_NN1 (_( Bryman_NP1 ,_, 1992_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Most_RGT recently_RR ,_, 'One_VV0 World_NN1 Week'_NP1 ,_, an_AT1 event_NN1 organised_VVN by_II University_NN1 of_IO students_NN2 hosted_VVD a_AT1 talk_NN1 by_II Sri_NP1 Sri_NP1 Ravi_NP1 Shankar_NP1 ,_, believed_VVD to_TO be_VBI one_MC1 of_IO the_AT most_RGT recent_JJ charismatic_JJ leaders_NN2 today_RT ._. 
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Methods_NN2 ranging_VVG from_II a_AT1 large_JJ international_JJ following_NN1 created_VVD largely_RR through_II modern_JJ mass_JJ communication_NN1 to_II something_PN1 as_RG basic_JJ as_CSA a_AT1 large_JJ ,_, reclining_JJ chair_NN1 on_II stage_NN1 ,_, giving_VVG the_AT appearance_NN1 of_IO authority_NN1 ,_, have_VH0 been_VBN used_VVN to_TO promote_VVI the_AT feeling_NN1 of_IO power_NN1 extended_VVN through_II charisma_NN1 ._. 
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While_CS it_PPH1 is_VBZ very_RG feasible_JJ that_CST charisma_NN1 will_VM continue_VVI to_TO exist_VVI in_II our_APPGE society_NN1 ,_, one_PN1 where_RRQ 'the_NN1 element_NN1 of_IO personal_JJ trust_NN1 that_CST has_VHZ ,_, in_II so_RG many_DA2 respects_NN2 become_VV0 either_RR redundant_JJ or_CC increasingly_RR difficult_JJ in_II the_AT modern_JJ world'_NN1 (_( Wilson_NP1 ,_, 1975_MC )_) ,_, the_AT understanding_NN1 of_IO the_AT term_NN1 is_VBZ somewhat_RR less_RGR easy_JJ to_TO locate_VVI ._. 
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A_AT1 modern_JJ understanding_NN1 of_IO the_AT term_NN1 has_VHZ been_VBN examined_VVN in_II depth_NN1 by_II House_NN1 (_( 1977_MC )_) who_PNQS sees_VVZ it_PPH1 as_II an_AT1 'explicit_NN1 combination_NN1 of_IO personal_JJ traits_NN2 ,_, leader_NN1 behaviour_NN1 and_CC situational_JJ factors_NN2 '_GE (_( Bryman_NP1 ,_, 1992_MC )_) ._. 
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After_II viewing_VVG the_AT arguments_NN2 between_II prominent_JJ psychologists_NN2 and_CC psychoanalysts_VVZ versus_II sociologists_NN2 ,_, the_AT different_JJ institutions_NN2 of_IO our_APPGE society_NN1 that_CST charismatic_JJ authorities_NN2 can_VM be_VBI found_VVN to_TO exist_VVI in_RP and_CC with_IW the_AT perspective_NN1 of_IO time_NNT1 my_APPGE understanding_NN1 of_IO charisma_NN1 can_VM perhaps_RR be_VBI found_VVN inside_RL both_RR Weber_NP1 and_CC House_NN1 's_GE definition_NN1 ._. 
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While_CS I_PPIS1 believe_VV0 that_CST certain_JJ skills_NN2 of_IO persuasion_NN1 and_CC empathy_NN1 can_VM not_XX be_VBI learnt_VVN by_II just_RR anyone_PN1 ,_, the_AT emergence_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 charismatic_JJ leader_NN1 depends_VVZ largely_RR on_II the_AT situation_NN1 and_CC the_AT belief_NN1 of_IO his_APPGE of_IO her_APPGE followers_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Not_XX to_TO be_VBI located_VVN simply_RR with_IW a_AT1 religious_JJ connotation_NN1 the_AT term_NN1 charisma_NN1 can_VM also_RR perhaps_RR be_VBI applied_VVN to_II leaders_NN2 in_II other_JJ ,_, but_CCB especially_RR the_AT political_JJ context_NN1 ,_, most_RGT often_RR to_TO refer_VVI to_II those_DD2 who_PNQS have_VH0 helped_VVN bring_VVI about_RP some_DD of_IO the_AT greatest_JJT risings_NN2 and_CC revolutions_NN2 our_APPGE world_NN1 has_VHZ seen_VVN ._. 
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