<s>
The_AT new_JJ English_NN1 Penguin_NP1 dictionary_NN1 defines_VVZ a_AT1 computer_NN1 as_II a_AT1 'programmable_JJ electronic_JJ device_NN1 that_CST can_VM store_VVI ,_, retrieve_VVI and_CC process_VVI data'_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Outlined_VVN in_II this_DD1 way_NN1 it_PPH1 means_VVZ that_CST when_CS talking_VVG about_II what_DDQ computers_NN2 can_VM not_XX do_VDI one_PN1 has_VHZ to_TO take_VVI into_II account_NN1 that_CST there_EX are_VBR computers_NN2 in_II most_DAT electronic_JJ equipment_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Electronic_JJ chips_NN2 are_VBR devices_NN2 that_CST have_VH0 been_VBN designed_VVN to_TO store_VVI different_JJ input_NN1 and_CC output_NN1 voltages_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Hence_RR ,_, all_DB silicon_NN1 chips_NN2 are_VBR forms_NN2 of_IO a_AT1 computer_NN1 and_CC these_DD2 are_VBR placed_VVN inside_II televisions_NN2 ,_, video_NN1 recorders_NN2 ,_, microwaves_NN2 etc_RA ._. 
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<s>
Another_DD1 point_NN1 to_TO make_VVI is_VBZ that_CST when_CS discussing_VVG what_DDQ computers_NN2 can_VM not_XX do_VDI some_DD boundaries_NN2 have_VHI to_TO be_VBI defined_VVN ._. 
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<s>
It_PPH1 will_VM be_VBI very_RG easy_JJ to_TO say_VVI computers_NN2 can_VM not_XX change_VVI into_II frogs_NN2 and_CC such_DA but_CCB this_DD1 would_VM lead_VVI to_II very_RG disorganised_JJ arguments_NN2 and_CC structure_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
In_II this_DD1 essay_NN1 when_CS discussing_VVG what_DDQ computers_NN2 can_VM not_XX do_VDI ,_, the_AT computers_NN2 will_VM be_VBI mainly_RR compared_VVN to_II humans_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Discovering_VVG what_DDQ computers_NN2 can_VM not_XX do_VDI will_VM have_VHI to_TO be_VBI tackled_VVN in_II a_AT1 different_JJ way_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Firstly_RR it_PPH1 may_VM be_VBI important_JJ to_TO see_VVI what_DDQ computers_NN2 can_VM do_VDI in_BCL21 order_BCL22 to_TO find_VVI out_RP what_DDQ they_PPHS2 can_VM not_XX do_VDI ._. 
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<s>
Computers_NN2 were_VBDR designed_VVN to_TO solve_VVI mathematical_JJ problems_NN2 much_RR faster_RRR than_CSN humans_NN2 could_VM ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 slowly_RR progressed_VVN onto_II storage_NN1 of_IO data_NN and_CC then_RT became_VVD the_AT tool_NN1 of_IO our_APPGE everyday_JJ lives_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT typical_JJ 'personal_JJ computer'_NN1 can_VM perform_VVI activities_NN2 ,_, which_DDQ entertain_VV0 ,_, organise_VV0 and_CC help_VV0 the_AT lives_NN2 of_IO people_NN ._. 
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<s>
These_DD2 computers_NN2 can_VM run_VVI software_NN1 ,_, such_II21 as_II22 games_NN2 ,_, and_CC can_VM assist_VVI with_IW normal_JJ daily_JJ activities_NN2 ,_, such_II21 as_II22 writing_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
At_II a_AT1 basic_JJ level_JJ computers_NN2 can_VM be_VBI described_VVN as_CSA fast_JJ processors_NN2 of_IO information_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
However_RR remembering_VVG the_AT definition_NN1 of_IO the_AT word_NN1 'computer'_NN1 means_VVZ that_CST computers_NN2 are_VBR in_II most_DAT electronic_JJ items_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Computers_NN2 are_VBR integrated_VVN in_RP to_II the_AT lifestyle_NN1 of_IO humans_NN2 in_II such_DA a_AT1 way_NN1 that_CST computers_NN2 are_VBR designed_VVN to_TO help_VVI in_II daily_JJ activities_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Computers_NN2 can_VM do_VDI most_DAT actions_NN2 for_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, vacuuming_VVG or_CC fly_VV0 planes_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Computers_NN2 can_VM perform_VVI most_DAT operations_NN2 involving_VVG electronics_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
However_RR not_XX all_DB actions_NN2 involve_VV0 electronics_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Some_DD actions_NN2 that_CST do_VD0 not_XX involve_VVI electronics_NN1 involve_VV0 some_DD form_NN1 of_IO simple_JJ movement_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Eating_NN1 requires_VVZ the_AT contraction_NN1 and_CC dilation_NN1 of_IO muscles_NN2 in_II the_AT arm_NN1 to_TO move_VVI food_NN1 to_II the_AT mouth_NN1 ;_; running_NN1 requires_VVZ the_AT contraction_NN1 and_CC dilation_NN1 of_IO muscles_NN2 in_II the_AT legs_NN2 ;_; movement_NN1 in_RR21 general_RR22 requires_VVZ the_AT contraction_NN1 and_CC dilation_NN1 of_IO muscles_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Computers_NN2 do_VD0 no_RR have_VHI any_DD muscles_NN2 and_CC so_RR can_VM not_XX move_VVI in_II this_DD1 way_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
They_PPHS2 do_VD0 not_XX have_VHI other_JJ forms_NN2 of_IO movement_NN1 either_RR ._. 
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<s>
Cars_NN2 move_VV0 by_II converting_VVG the_AT chemical_JJ energy_NN1 stored_VVN in_II petrol_NN1 to_II kinetic_JJ energy_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 energy_NN1 drives_VVZ the_AT engine_NN1 ,_, rotating_VVG the_AT wheels_NN2 ,_, moving_VVG the_AT car_NN1 forward_RL ._. 
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<s>
There_EX are_VBR many_DA2 types_NN2 of_IO movement_NN1 but_CCB computers_NN2 do_VD0 not_XX have_VHI any_DD of_IO them_PPHO2 ._. 
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<s>
Since_CS computers_NN2 do_VD0 not_XX have_VHI muscles_NN2 ,_, or_CC their_APPGE equivalents_NN2 ,_, they_PPHS2 can_VM not_XX physically_RR move_VVI by_II themselves_PPX2 ._. 
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<s>
Other_JJ actions_NN2 that_CST do_VD0 not_XX require_VVI electronics_NN1 are_VBR actions_NN2 of_IO the_AT mind_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
At_II this_DD1 moment_NN1 in_II time_NNT1 computers_NN2 can_VM not_XX 'think'_VVI in_II the_AT way_NN1 that_CST humans_NN2 do_VD0 ._. 
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<s>
Computers_NN2 are_VBR designed_VVN by_II humans_NN2 to_TO take_VVI inputs_NN2 ,_, process_VV0 these_DD2 inputs_NN2 ,_, and_CC then_RT carry_VV0 out_RP an_AT1 action_NN1 based_VVN on_II the_AT input_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Computers_NN2 do_VD0 not_XX act_VVI without_IW some_DD form_NN1 of_IO input_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
When_RRQ humans_NN2 think_VV0 they_PPHS2 can_VM think_VVI creatively_RR and_CC produce_VVI new_JJ ideas_NN2 without_IW any_DD real_JJ input_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Computers_NN2 can_VM only_RR produce_VVI ideas_NN2 based_VVN on_II what_DDQ has_VHZ been_VBN programmed_VVN into_II them_PPHO2 ._. 
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<s>
In_II the_AT 1950_MC221 's_MC222 ,_, Alan_NP1 Turing_NP1 ,_, a_AT1 computer_NN1 scientist_NN1 and_CC mathematician_NN1 ,_, designed_VVD Turing_NP1 's_GE test_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 test_NN1 was_VBDZ composed_VVN to_TO test_VVI the_AT artificial_JJ intelligence_NN1 of_IO computers_NN2 based_VVN on_II verbal_JJ response_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT test_NN1 can_VM be_VBI described_VVN as_II follows_VVZ :_: 'A_UH person_NN1 and_CC a_AT1 machine_NN1 each_DD1 communicate_VV0 with_IW an_AT1 inquisitor_NN1 ,_, who_PNQS must_VM decide_VVI which_DDQ is_VBZ the_AT human_NN1 and_CC which_DDQ is_VBZ the_AT computer_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
If_CS they_PPHS2 guess_VV0 wrong_RR half_DB the_AT time_NNT1 ,_, the_AT computer_NN1 is_VBZ essentially_RR indistinguishable_JJ from_II a_AT1 human_NN1 and_CC passes_VVZ Turing_NP1 's_GE test_NN1 ._. '_" 
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<s>
&lsqb;_( 2_MC &rsqb;_) No_AT computer_NN1 has_VHZ ever_RR passed_VVN this_DD1 test_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
One_MC1 of_IO the_AT highest_JJT scores_NN2 was_VBDZ by_II the_AT computer_NN1 ALBERT_NP1 which_DDQ was_VBDZ deemed_VVN human_JJ only_JJ 11%_NNU of_IO the_AT time_NNT1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT score_NN1 itself_PPX1 is_VBZ not_XX high_RR yet_RR it_PPH1 is_VBZ the_AT one_PN1 of_IO the_AT highest_JJT scores_NN2 for_IF this_DD1 test_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
'Computers_NN2 still_RR lack_VV0 the_AT human_JJ touch'_NN1 &lsqb;_( 3_MC &rsqb;_) says_VVZ Charles_NP1 Seife_NP1 of_IO New_JJ Scientist_NN1 magazine_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Computers_NN2 ,_, at_RR21 present_RR22 ,_, do_VD0 not_XX have_VHI the_AT intelligence_NN1 to_TO think_VVI like_II humans_NN2 or_CC even_RR imitate_VV0 them_PPHO2 ._. 
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<s>
As_CSA computers_NN2 can_VM not_XX think_VVI in_RP they_PPHS2 way_RR that_CST humans_NN2 do_VD0 they_PPHS2 do_VDI not_XX also_RR possess_VVI 'feelings_NN2 '_GE or_CC emotions_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Emotions_NN2 are_VBR felt_VVN in_II reaction_NN1 to_II an_AT1 event_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
If_CS one_PN1 thought_VVD that_DD1 man_NN1 landing_VVG on_II the_AT moon_NN1 was_VBDZ a_AT1 great_JJ achievement_NN1 ,_, then_RT one_PN1 would_VM feel_VVI happy_JJ ._. 
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<s>
If_CS one_PN1 thought_VVD that_DD1 man_NN1 landing_VVG on_II the_AT moon_NN1 was_VBDZ not_XX a_AT1 great_JJ achievement_NN1 then_RT one_PN1 would_VM not_XX feel_VVI happy_JJ as_CSA result_NN1 ;_; more_DAR likely_JJ one_PN1 would_VM feel_VVI indifferent_JJ ._. 
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<s>
The_AT way_NN1 we_PPIS2 react_VV0 to_II events_NN2 is_VBZ based_VVN on_II our_APPGE ideologies_NN2 and_CC beliefs_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Emotions_NN2 are_VBR activated_VVN in_II a_AT1 similar_JJ way_NN1 to_II computers_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Computers_NN2 act_VV0 based_VVN on_II their_APPGE inputs_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Emotion_NN1 is_VBZ conveyed_VVN due_II21 to_II22 an_AT1 input_NN1 of_IO some_DD sort_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT difference_NN1 between_II these_DD2 is_VBZ that_CST computers_NN2 have_VH0 not_XX been_VBN programmed_VVN to_TO show_VVI emotion_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
To_TO do_VDI so_RR would_VM require_VVI a_AT1 programmer_NN1 to_TO tell_VVI the_AT computer_NN1 to_TO react_VVI to_TO input_VVI of_IO certain_JJ events_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT programmer_NN1 would_VM then_RT have_VHI to_TO tell_VVI the_AT computer_NN1 how_RRQ to_TO react_VVI to_II the_AT event_NN1 ,_, react_VV0 happily_RR ,_, angrily_RR and_CC such_DA ._. 
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<s>
But_CCB to_TO do_VDI this_DD1 would_VM take_VVI an_AT1 incredible_JJ amount_NN1 of_IO time_NNT1 ,_, deciding_VVG on_II all_DB the_AT situations_NN2 and_CC reactions_NN2 ,_, which_DDQ is_VBZ why_RRQ it_PPH1 has_VHZ not_XX be_VBI implemented_VVN in_II the_AT computers_NN2 we_PPIS2 have_VH0 today_RT ._. 
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<s>
A_AT1 different_JJ method_NN1 would_VM be_VBI to_TO design_VVI a_AT1 learning_NN1 computer_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 would_VM have_VHI to_TO be_VBI similar_JJ to_II humans_NN2 and_CC animals_NN2 and_CC would_VM require_VVI the_AT use_NN1 of_IO artificial_JJ intelligence_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Artificial_JJ intelligence_NN1 is_VBZ difficult_JJ to_TO use_VVI because_CS the_AT boundaries_NN2 are_VBR not_XX clearly_RR defined_VVN ._. 
</s>
<s>
'Artificial_JJ intelligence_NN1 is_VBZ as_RG much_RR a_AT1 ragbag_NN1 collection_NN1 of_IO differing_JJ opinions_NN2 as_CSA it_PPH1 is_VBZ scientific_JJ inquiry_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Few_DA2 agree_VV0 even_RR on_II the_AT meaning_NN1 of_IO the_AT word_NN1 intelligence_NN1 ;_; fewer_DAR still_RR on_II consciousness_NN1 ._. '_" 
</s>
<s>
&lsqb;_( 4_MC &rsqb;_) Artificial_JJ intelligence_NN1 involves_VVZ programming_VVG a_AT1 computer_NN1 to_TO have_VHI intelligence_NN1 ,_, when_CS intelligence_NN1 is_VBZ not_XX clearly_RR defined_VVN ._. 
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<s>
Artificial_JJ intelligence_NN1 is_VBZ still_RR in_II its_APPGE early_JJ stages_NN2 and_CC has_VHZ not_XX yet_RR been_VBN completely_RR researched_VVN ._. 
</s>
<s>
At_RR21 present_RR22 there_EX is_VBZ no_AT adequate_JJ artificial_JJ intelligence_NN1 software_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Since_II programming_VVG every_AT1 scenario_NN1 into_II a_AT1 computer_NN1 is_VBZ arduous_JJ ,_, and_CC artificial_JJ intelligence_NN1 is_VBZ not_XX fully_RR developed_VVN ,_, computers_NN2 can_VM not_XX show_VVI anger_NN1 ,_, sadness_NN1 or_CC any_DD other_JJ emotion_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Personal_JJ computers_NN2 are_VBR designed_VVN to_TO improve_VVI the_AT quality_NN1 of_IO lives_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
However_RRQV this_DD1 design_NN1 is_VBZ not_XX always_RR successful_JJ ._. 
</s>
<s>
Many_DA2 people_NN do_VD0 not_XX use_VVI computers_NN2 ,_, some_DD because_CS they_PPHS2 find_VV0 computers_NN2 difficult_JJ to_TO use_VVI others_NN2 because_CS they_PPHS2 do_VD0 not_XX find_VVI computers_NN2 user_NN1 friendly_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II an_AT1 attempt_NN1 to_TO overcome_VVI this_DD1 problem_NN1 software_NN1 companies_NN2 like_II Microsoft_NP1 have_VH0 tried_VVN to_TO portray_VVI their_APPGE products_NN2 with_IW a_AT1 certain_JJ image_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
They_PPHS2 have_VH0 lots_PN of_IO bright_JJ colours_NN2 to_TO appeal_VVI to_II one_MC1 type_NN1 of_IO person_NN1 ,_, claim_VV0 ease_NN1 of_IO use_NN1 to_TO appeal_VVI to_II another_DD1 ,_, and_CC still_RR say_VV0 that_CST their_APPGE product_NN1 is_VBZ the_AT most_RGT powerful_JJ tool_NN1 to_II date_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT result_NN1 is_VBZ that_CST many_DA2 people_NN get_VV0 frustrated_VVN by_II too_RG much_DA1 help_NN1 ,_, whilst_CS others_NN2 can_VM not_XX find_VVI the_AT right_JJ help_NN1 for_IF the_AT right_JJ places_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Computers_NN2 also_RR have_VH0 a_AT1 tendency_NN1 to_TO 'crash'_VVI losing_VVG large_JJ amounts_NN2 of_IO data_NN in_II the_AT process_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 has_VHZ caused_VVN many_DA2 people_NN to_TO become_VVI upset_JJ and_CC display_VVI a_AT1 form_NN1 of_IO computer_NN1 rage_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 occurs_VVZ in_II a_AT1 range_NN1 of_IO environments_NN2 ,_, from_II workplace_NN1 to_II bedroom_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Computers_NN2 can_VM not_XX always_RR bring_VVI happiness_NN1 to_II the_AT lives_NN2 of_IO humans_NN2 ,_, giving_VVG as_RG much_DA1 trouble_NN1 as_CSA help_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II conclusion_NN1 computers_NN2 can_VM not_XX do_VDI everything_PN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Since_CS they_PPHS2 are_VBR present_JJ in_II most_DAT electronic_JJ items_NN2 they_PPHS2 can_VM carry_VVI out_RP a_AT1 huge_JJ number_NN1 of_IO actions_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
However_RR not_XX every_AT1 action_NN1 involves_VVZ electronics_NN1 and_CC so_RR there_EX are_VBR still_RR some_DD actions_NN2 that_CST computers_NN2 can_VM not_XX do_VDI ._. 
</s>
<s>
Most_DAT actions_NN2 that_CST computers_NN2 can_VM not_XX do_VDI have_VHI a_AT1 relation_NN1 to_II humans_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Humans_NN2 can_VM move_VVI whereas_CS computers_NN2 can_VM not_XX ._. 
</s>
<s>
Humans_NN2 can_VM think_VVI and_CC feel_VVI whereas_CS computers_NN2 can_VM not_XX ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 may_VM only_RR be_VBI true_JJ for_IF the_AT present_JJ time_NNT1 since_CS research_NN1 is_VBZ being_VBG carried_VVN out_RP all_DB the_AT time_NNT1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
However_RR ,_, computers_NN2 will_VM not_XX bring_VVI happiness_NN1 to_II the_AT lives_NN2 of_IO people_NN for_IF a_AT1 very_RG long_JJ time_NNT1 ,_, due_II21 to_II22 its_APPGE annoying_JJ habit_NN1 of_IO letting_VVG people_NN down_RP ._. 
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