<s>
Watching_VVG television_NN1 has_VHZ become_VVN an_AT1 increasingly_RR popular_JJ leisure_NN1 activity_NN1 in_II recent_JJ times_NNT2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
It_PPH1 has_VHZ become_VVN especially_RR popular_JJ among_II children_NN2 with_IW more_DAR children_NN2 's_GE programmes_NN2 available_JJ ,_, and_CC the_AT introduction_NN1 of_IO entire_JJ channels_NN2 dedicated_VVN to_II them_PPHO2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
As_II31 well_II32 as_II33 violent_JJ and_CC aggressive_JJ images_NN2 that_CST some_DD children_NN2 's_GE programmes_NN2 contain_VV0 ,_, children_NN2 are_VBR also_RR exposed_VVN to_II adult_NN1 programmes_NN2 that_CST are_VBR violent_JJ and_CC aggressive_JJ in_II nature_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
As_II a_AT1 result_NN1 of_IO this_DD1 viewing_NN1 ,_, there_EX are_VBR increasing_JJ concerns_NN2 about_II how_RRQ these_DD2 aggressive_JJ images_NN2 affect_VV0 children_NN2 's_GE development_NN1 and_CC whether_CSW they_PPHS2 encourage_VV0 children_NN2 to_TO be_VBI more_RGR aggressive_JJ ._. 
</s>
<s>
Psychological_JJ research_NN1 provides_VVZ an_AT1 attempt_NN1 to_TO address_VVI these_DD2 concerns_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
One_MC1 area_NN1 of_IO relevant_JJ research_NN1 is_VBZ the_AT proposition_NN1 of_IO theories_NN2 to_TO explain_VVI ways_NN2 that_CST children_NN2 may_VM learn_VVI to_TO be_VBI more_RGR aggressive_JJ through_II watching_VVG aggression_NN1 in_II films_NN2 and_CC on_II television_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
One_MC1 theory_NN1 about_II the_AT learning_NN1 of_IO aggression_NN1 was_VBDZ proposed_VVN by_II Huesmann_NP1 (_( as_CSA cited_VVN in_II Josephson_NP1 ,_, 1987_MC )_) and_CC was_VBDZ concerned_JJ with_IW the_AT formation_NN1 of_IO social_JJ scripts_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Social_JJ scripts_NN2 are_VBR ways_NN2 of_IO solving_VVG problems_NN2 and_CC are_VBR learnt_VVN by_II observing_VVG the_AT behaviour_NN1 of_IO others_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT following_JJ of_IO a_AT1 script_NN1 is_VBZ almost_RR automatic_JJ and_CC tends_VVZ to_TO be_VBI spontaneous_JJ ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II the_AT case_NN1 of_IO watching_VVG aggressive_JJ television_NN1 ,_, children_NN2 who_PNQS watch_VV0 it_PPH1 frequently_RR will_VM acquire_VVI social_JJ scripts_NN2 about_II aggressive_JJ behaviour_NN1 ,_, and_CC with_IW the_AT right_JJ retrieval_NN1 cues_NN2 in_II a_AT1 particular_JJ situation_NN1 will_VM exhibit_VVI aggressive_JJ behaviour_NN1 themselves_PPX2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Berkowitz_NP1 (_( as_CSA cited_VVN in_II Josephson_NP1 ,_, 1987_MC )_) also_RR provided_VVN a_AT1 theory_NN1 that_CST could_VM explain_VVI how_RRQ aggression_NN1 could_VM be_VBI learnt_VVN ._. 
</s>
<s>
He_PPHS1 hypothesised_VVD that_CST networks_NN2 are_VBR produced_VVN with_IW associative_JJ pathways_NN2 linking_VVG feelings_NN2 ,_, emotions_NN2 and_CC action_NN1 tendencies_NN2 and_CC these_DD2 pathways_NN2 can_VM be_VBI strengthened_VVN through_II activation_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 strengthening_NN1 of_IO pathways_NN2 is_VBZ called_VVN priming_VVG ,_, and_CC he_PPHS1 proposed_VVD that_DD1 television_NN1 violence_NN1 can_VM prime_JJ pathways_NN2 so_CS21 that_CS22 associations_NN2 can_VM be_VBI made_VVN between_II objects_NN2 or_CC situations_NN2 and_CC aggressive_JJ feelings_NN2 and_CC actions_NN2 ,_, even_CS21 if_CS22 the_AT objects_NN2 or_CC situations_NN2 are_VBR completely_RR neutral_JJ ._. 
</s>
<s>
These_DD2 theories_NN2 are_VBR only_RR useful_JJ if_CS they_PPHS2 can_VM be_VBI applied_VVN to_II experimental_JJ research_NN1 to_TO answer_VVI the_AT question_NN1 of_IO whether_CSW television_NN1 and_CC film_NN1 violence_NN1 is_VBZ harmful_JJ to_II children_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Josephson_NP1 (_( 1987_MC )_) attempted_VVD to_TO test_VVI these_DD2 theories_NN2 by_II investigating_VVG the_AT effects_NN2 of_IO television_NN1 violence_NN1 on_II the_AT aggression_NN1 of_IO second_NNT1 and_CC third_MD grade_NN1 boys_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT boys_NN2 '_GE classroom_NN1 teacher_NN1 was_VBDZ asked_VVN to_TO give_VVI measures_NN2 of_IO characteristic_JJ aggressiveness_NN1 for_IF each_DD1 boy_NN1 and_CC the_AT boys_NN2 were_VBDR then_RT shown_VVN a_AT1 television_NN1 programme_NN1 with_IW violent_JJ content_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT programme_NN1 included_VVD images_NN2 of_IO people_NN using_VVG walkie-talkies_NN2 because_CS these_DD2 would_VM be_VBI used_VVN as_II a_AT1 neutral_JJ retrieval_NN1 cue_NN1 later_RRR on_RP ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT children_NN2 were_VBDR then_RT asked_VVN to_TO take_VVI part_NN1 in_II a_AT1 game_NN1 of_IO floor_NN1 hockey_NN1 ,_, but_CCB before_CS the_AT game_NN1 they_PPHS2 had_VHD to_TO give_VVI a_AT1 pre-game_NN1 interview_NN1 that_CST was_VBDZ recorded_VVN on_II either_RR a_AT1 walkie-talkie_NN1 or_CC a_AT1 radio_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT boys_NN2 '_GE subsequent_JJ aggression_NN1 level_NN1 in_II the_AT hockey_NN1 game_NN1 was_VBDZ then_RT recorded_VVN ._. 
</s>
<s>
It_PPH1 was_VBDZ found_VVN that_CST the_AT violent_JJ television_NN1 content_NN1 only_RR increased_JJ aggression_NN1 levels_NN2 in_II those_DD2 boys_NN2 that_CST had_VHD been_VBN given_VVN high_JJ scores_NN2 of_IO characteristic_JJ aggressiveness_NN1 by_II their_APPGE teacher_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Their_APPGE increased_JJ aggression_NN1 levels_NN2 were_VBDR immediate_JJ and_CC were_VBDR only_RR observed_VVN in_II the_AT pre-game_NN1 interview_NN1 and_CC the_AT first_MD three_MC minutes_NNT2 of_IO the_AT hockey_NN1 game_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Also_RR ,_, these_DD2 boys_NN2 were_VBDR more_RGR aggressive_JJ if_CS they_PPHS2 were_VBDR given_VVN the_AT retrieval_NN1 cue_NN1 in_II the_AT form_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 walkie-talkie_NN1 in_II the_AT interview_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT results_NN2 support_VV0 the_AT two_MC theories_NN2 of_IO learned_JJ aggression_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT aggression-prone_JJ boys_NN2 may_VM have_VHI displayed_VVN more_DAR aggression_NN1 because_CS the_AT violent_JJ images_NN2 cued_VVD the_AT recall_NN1 of_IO aggressive_JJ social_JJ scripts_NN2 that_CST they_PPHS2 would_VM have_VHI had_VHN a_AT1 larger_JJR abundance_NN1 of_IO than_CSN the_AT other_JJ boys_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT fact_NN1 that_CST the_AT aggression_NN1 was_VBDZ immediate_JJ also_RR supports_VVZ the_AT scripts_NN2 theory_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT priming_NN1 effect_NN1 is_VBZ supported_VVN because_CS an_AT1 associative_JJ pathway_NN1 was_VBDZ formed_VVN between_II aggressive_JJ behaviour_NN1 and_CC the_AT walkie-talkie_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 study_NN1 provides_VVZ substantial_JJ evidence_NN1 for_IF violent_JJ television_NN1 having_VHG negative_JJ effects_NN2 on_II children_NN2 's_GE behaviour_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
However_RR ,_, this_DD1 behaviour_NN1 is_VBZ only_RR immediate_JJ and_CC it_PPH1 is_VBZ important_JJ to_TO investigate_VVI the_AT more_RGR long-term_JJ effects_NN2 on_II children_NN2 's_GE aggressiveness_NN1 ,_, as_CSA this_DD1 is_VBZ of_IO greater_JJR concern_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT study_NN1 only_RR looked_VVN at_II the_AT effects_NN2 of_IO one_MC1 incident_NN1 of_IO television_NN1 violence_NN1 viewing_NN1 and_CC did_VDD not_XX cover_VVI the_AT effects_NN2 of_IO regular_JJ viewing_NN1 which_DDQ may_VM produce_VVI more_RGR permanent_JJ priming_NN1 effects_NN2 and_CC aggressive_JJ scripts_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT study_NN1 provided_VVD a_AT1 detailed_JJ evaluation_NN1 of_IO physical_JJ aggression_NN1 displayed_VVN and_CC boys_NN2 may_VM have_VHI been_VBN used_VVN as_CSA participants_NN2 as_CSA they_PPHS2 are_VBR viewed_VVN as_RG more_RGR physically_RR aggressive_JJ than_CSN girls_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
However_RR ,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ important_JJ to_TO know_VVI how_RRQ television_NN1 violence_NN1 affects_VVZ both_RR sexes_NN2 and_CC to_TO note_VVI that_CST girls_NN2 may_VM show_VVI aggression_NN1 in_II different_JJ ways_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Coyne_NP1 ,_, Archer_NP1 and_CC Eslea_NP1 (_( 2004_MC )_) conducted_VVD an_AT1 investigation_NN1 into_II the_AT aggression_NN1 of_IO adolescent_JJ boys_NN2 and_CC girls_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
They_PPHS2 were_VBDR interested_JJ in_II the_AT effects_NN2 of_IO children_NN2 viewing_VVG indirect_JJ aggression_NN1 on_II television_NN1 and_CC how_RRQ this_DD1 influences_VVZ their_APPGE own_DA indirect_JJ aggression_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Indirect_JJ aggression_NN1 is_VBZ more_RGR verbal_JJ and_CC often_RR performed_VVN behind_II someone_PN1 's_GE back_NN1 rather_CS21 than_CS22 face_VVI to_TO face_VVI and_CC is_VBZ much_RR more_RGR common_JJ in_II females_NN2 than_CSN males_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Coyne_NP1 ,_, Archer_NP1 and_CC Eslea_NP1 (_( 2004_MC )_) found_VVD that_CST the_AT majority_NN1 of_IO programmes_NN2 watched_VVN by_II adolescents_NN2 contain_VV0 indirect_JJ aggression_NN1 and_CC young_JJ girls_NN2 may_VM imitate_VVI key_JJ characters_NN2 they_PPHS2 observe_VV0 solving_VVG problems_NN2 using_VVG indirect_JJ aggression_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II this_DD1 study_NN1 the_AT participants_NN2 were_VBDR only_RR given_VVN the_AT opportunity_NN1 to_TO act_VVI in_II an_AT1 indirectly_RR aggressive_JJ way_NN1 and_CC not_XX in_II a_AT1 physically_RR aggressive_JJ way_NN1 after_II viewing_VVG the_AT aggressive_JJ images_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
It_PPH1 was_VBDZ found_VVN that_CST both_RR boys_NN2 and_CC girls_NN2 showed_VVD more_RGR indirect_JJ aggression_NN1 after_II viewing_VVG physically_RR aggressive_JJ or_CC indirectly_RR aggressive_JJ images_NN2 than_CSN viewing_VVG neutral_JJ images_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Investigating_VVG indirect_JJ aggression_NN1 is_VBZ more_RGR appropriate_JJ to_II everyday_JJ life_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
If_CS children_NN2 see_VV0 a_AT1 violent_JJ murder_NN1 on_II television_NN1 they_PPHS2 are_VBR unlikely_JJ to_TO copy_VVI it_PPH1 because_II21 of_II22 the_AT consequences_NN2 ,_, but_CCB may_VM act_VVI in_II an_AT1 indirectly_RR aggressive_JJ way_NN1 instead_RR ._. 
</s>
<s>
It_PPH1 is_VBZ interesting_JJ to_TO know_VVI that_DD1 television_NN1 can_VM affect_VVI levels_NN2 of_IO indirect_JJ aggression_NN1 ,_, but_CCB is_VBZ there_RL as_RG much_DA1 concern_NN1 about_II this_DD1 type_NN1 of_IO aggression_NN1 as_CSA physical_JJ aggression_NN1 ?_? 
</s>
<s>
Children_NN2 may_VM cause_VVI more_RGR emotional_JJ harm_NN1 to_II others_NN2 through_II indirect_JJ aggression_NN1 and_CC in_II some_DD cases_NN2 this_DD1 may_VM be_VBI worse_JJR than_CSN the_AT consequences_NN2 of_IO types_NN2 of_IO physical_JJ aggression_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Both_DB2 of_IO the_AT studies_NN2 mentioned_VVD were_VBDR carried_VVN out_RP on_II children_NN2 over_II a_AT1 short_JJ period_NN1 of_IO time_NNT1 and_CC studied_VVD the_AT immediate_JJ effects_NN2 on_II their_APPGE aggression_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Parents_NN2 are_VBR likely_JJ to_TO be_VBI more_RGR concerned_JJ about_II any_DD harmful_JJ long-term_JJ effects_NN2 on_II their_APPGE child_NN1 's_GE development_NN1 and_CC how_RRQ it_PPH1 affects_VVZ the_AT person_NN1 they_PPHS2 become_VV0 as_II an_AT1 adult_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
A_AT1 longitudinal_JJ study_NN1 was_VBDZ carried_VVN out_RP by_II Huesmann_NP1 ,_, Moise-Titus_NP1 ,_, Podolski_NP1 and_CC Eron_NP1 (_( 2003_MC )_) to_TO address_VVI these_DD2 concerns_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
They_PPHS2 studied_VVD children_NN2 's_GE television_NN1 violence_NN1 viewing_VVG between_II the_AT ages_NN2 of_IO six_MC and_CC nine_MC and_CC then_RT carried_VVD out_RP a_AT1 follow-up_JJ study_NN1 when_CS the_AT children_NN2 had_VHD reached_VVN their_APPGE early_JJ twenties_MC2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT main_JJ aim_NN1 of_IO this_DD1 study_NN1 was_VBDZ to_TO investigate_VVI aspects_NN2 of_IO Bandura_NP1 's_GE (_( cited_VVN in_II Hogg_NP1 and_CC Vaughan_NP1 ,_, 2002_MC )_) social_JJ learning_NN1 theory_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 theory_NN1 predicts_VVZ that_CST children_NN2 can_VM learn_VVI aggressive_JJ behaviour_NN1 by_II imitating_VVG aggressive_JJ acts_NN2 performed_VVN by_II people_NN they_PPHS2 identify_VV0 with_IW ._. 
</s>
<s>
These_DD2 people_NN could_VM be_VBI same-sex_JJ television_NN1 characters_NN2 who_PNQS appear_VV0 heroic_JJ and_CC are_VBR not_XX punished_VVN for_IF using_VVG aggression_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Another_DD1 concern_NN1 is_VBZ that_CST children_NN2 may_VM incorrectly_RR learn_VVI that_DD1 what_DDQ they_PPHS2 view_VV0 on_II television_NN1 is_VBZ an_AT1 accurate_JJ picture_NN1 of_IO real_JJ life_NN1 and_CC an_AT1 example_NN1 of_IO how_RRQ society_NN1 and_CC therefore_RR they_PPHS2 themselves_PPX2 should_VM behave_VVI ._. 
</s>
<s>
Huesmann_VV0 ,_, Moise-Titus_NP1 ,_, Podolski_NP1 and_CC Eron_NP1 's_GE (_( 2003_MC )_) study_NN1 found_VVD that_DD1 aggression_NN1 in_II adulthood_NN1 was_VBDZ significantly_RR correlated_VVN with_IW the_AT amount_NN1 of_IO violent_JJ television_NN1 viewed_VVD ,_, the_AT degree_NN1 of_IO identification_NN1 with_IW characters_NN2 ,_, and_CC the_AT degree_NN1 to_II which_DDQ violent_JJ programmes_NN2 were_VBDR perceived_VVN as_CSA realistic_JJ in_II childhood_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
These_DD2 three_MC variables_NN2 predicted_VVD aggression_NN1 in_II adulthood_NN1 ,_, regardless_RR of_IO how_RGQ aggressive_JJ each_DD1 individual_NN1 was_VBDZ in_II childhood_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT validity_NN1 of_IO this_DD1 study_NN1 was_VBDZ significantly_RR increased_VVN by_II the_AT attempt_NN1 to_TO control_VVI other_JJ influencing_VVG variables_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
There_EX are_VBR many_DA2 other_JJ social_JJ factors_NN2 which_DDQ may_VM contribute_VVI to_II aggression_NN1 levels_NN2 ,_, including_II socio-economic_JJ status_NN1 ,_, poor_JJ child_NN1 rearing_VVG and_CC drug_NN1 and_CC alcohol_NN1 abuse_NN1 ,_, and_CC many_DA2 of_IO these_DD2 were_VBDR taken_VVN into_II account_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Even_RR after_II accounting_VVG for_IF these_DD2 variables_NN2 the_AT researchers_NN2 still_RR found_VVN that_DD1 television_NN1 violence_NN1 viewing_VVG in_II childhood_NN1 was_VBDZ significantly_RR related_VVN to_II aggression_NN1 in_II adulthood_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Huesmann_VV0 et_RA21 al_RA22 's_GE (_( 2003_MC )_) study_NN1 shows_VVZ that_CST we_PPIS2 should_VM be_VBI concerned_JJ about_II effects_NN2 on_II children_NN2 's_GE long-term_JJ development_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
If_CS this_DD1 is_VBZ the_AT case_NN1 ,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ important_JJ to_TO try_VVI and_CC reduce_VVI these_DD2 effects_NN2 with_IW a_AT1 type_NN1 of_IO intervention_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Rosenkoetter_VV0 ,_, Rosenkoetter_NP1 ,_, Ozretich_NP1 and_CC Acock_NP1 (_( 2004_MC )_) did_VDD precisely_RR this_DD1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
They_PPHS2 wished_VVD to_TO devise_VVI an_AT1 intervention_NN1 program_NN1 that_CST would_VM reduce_VVI the_AT amount_NN1 of_IO violent_JJ television_NN1 that_CST children_NN2 watch_VV0 and_CC decrease_VV0 their_APPGE identification_NN1 with_IW television_NN1 characters_NN2 that_CST would_VM also_RR reduce_VVI their_APPGE tendency_NN1 to_TO solve_VVI problems_NN2 with_IW violence_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
They_PPHS2 also_RR wished_VVD to_TO change_VVI children_NN2 's_GE attitudes_NN2 towards_II violent_JJ television_NN1 by_II convincing_VVG them_PPHO2 that_CST it_PPH1 is_VBZ less_RGR attractive_JJ than_CSN they_PPHS2 originally_RR thought_VVN ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT curriculum_NN1 was_VBDZ named_VVN 'REViEW'_NN1 (_( Reducing_VVG Early_JJ Violence_NN1 :_: Education_NN1 Works_VVZ )_) and_CC consisted_VVD of_IO thirty-one_MC lessons_NN2 of_IO about_RG half_DB an_AT1 hour_NNT1 each_DD1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 lengthy_JJ duration_NN1 was_VBDZ considered_VVN appropriate_JJ because_CS children_NN2 were_VBDR more_RGR likely_JJ to_TO internalise_VVI the_AT ideas_NN2 presented_VVD which_DDQ would_VM not_XX be_VBI the_AT case_NN1 if_CS only_RR given_VVN one_MC1 lesson_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT lessons_NN2 incorporated_VVN many_DA2 methods_NN2 of_IO learning_VVG including_II role-playing_NN1 ,_, reviewing_VVG film_NN1 clips_NN2 and_CC playing_VVG games_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT curriculum_NN1 had_VHD a_AT1 different_JJ effect_NN1 on_II girls_NN2 than_CSN boys_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
After_II taking_VVG part_NN1 in_II the_AT program_NN1 ,_, girls_NN2 considered_VVD violent_JJ television_NN1 to_TO be_VBI less_RGR attractive_JJ ,_, identified_VVN less_RRR with_IW the_AT characters_NN2 and_CC reduced_VVN their_APPGE viewing_NN1 of_IO violent_JJ television_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 was_VBDZ not_XX the_AT case_NN1 for_IF boys_NN2 ,_, but_CCB their_APPGE behavioural_JJ aggression_NN1 was_VBDZ reduced_VVN ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT intervention_NN1 had_VHD positive_JJ effects_NN2 on_II both_DB2 sexes_NN2 but_CCB it_PPH1 is_VBZ debateable_JJ which_DDQ effect_NN1 is_VBZ the_AT most_RGT useful_JJ ._. 
</s>
<s>
Reducing_VVG behavioural_JJ aggression_NN1 ,_, as_CSA with_IW the_AT boys_NN2 ,_, is_VBZ important_JJ and_CC is_VBZ exactly_RR what_DDQ parents_NN2 want_VV0 to_TO achieve_VVI in_II the_AT short-term_JJ ._. 
</s>
<s>
However_RR ,_, as_CSA Huesmannal._NP1 (_( 2003_MC )_) have_VH0 shown_VVN ,_, identifying_VVG with_IW violent_JJ characters_NN2 and_CC finding_VVG television_NN1 aggression_NN1 attractive_JJ are_VBR the_AT factors_NN2 that_CST lead_VV0 to_II aggression_NN1 in_II adulthood_NN1 ,_, not_XX childhood_NN1 behavioural_JJ aggression_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Intervention_NN1 programs_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 Rosenkoetter_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 's_GE (_( 2004_MC )_) REViEW_NN1 do_VD0 help_VVI to_TO reduce_VVI some_DD of_IO the_AT harmful_JJ effects_NN2 of_IO violent_JJ television_NN1 viewing_NN1 ,_, but_CCB a_AT1 more_RGR effective_JJ approach_NN1 may_VM be_VBI to_TO limit_VVI or_CC even_RR completely_RR eliminate_VVI the_AT viewing_NN1 of_IO violent_JJ television_NN1 by_II children_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 would_VM mean_VVI reducing_VVG the_AT amount_NN1 of_IO violence_NN1 in_II children_NN2 's_GE programmes_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Wilson_NP1 ,_, Smith_NP1 ,_, Potter_NP1 ,_, Kunkel_NP1 ,_, Linz_NP1 ,_, Colvin_NP1 and_CC Donnerstein_NP1 (_( 2002_MC )_) found_VVD that_DD1 television_NN1 programmes_NN2 targeted_VVN at_II children_NN2 contain_VV0 more_RGR violent_JJ scenes_NN2 than_CSN other_JJ types_NN2 of_IO programmes_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Because_CS violence_NN1 tends_VVZ to_TO be_VBI less_RGR graphic_JJ and_CC realistic_JJ in_II children_NN2 's_GE programmes_NN2 ,_, such_II21 as_II22 that_DD1 found_VVN in_II cartoons_NN2 ,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ more_RGR likely_JJ to_TO be_VBI trivialised_VVN ._. 
</s>
<s>
Children_NN2 will_VM learn_VVI aggressive_JJ acts_NN2 from_II watching_VVG these_DD2 programmes_NN2 because_CS the_AT aggression_NN1 they_PPHS2 see_VV0 is_VBZ unpunished_JJ and_CC has_VHZ no_AT negative_JJ consequences_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Viewing_VVG a_AT1 large_JJ amount_NN1 of_IO aggression_NN1 can_VM lead_VVI to_II desensitisation_NN1 (_( Wilson_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 2002_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Desensitisation_NN1 is_VBZ where_RRQ a_AT1 child_NN1 no_RR21 longer_RR22 has_VHZ a_AT1 negative_JJ emotional_JJ response_NN1 to_II violence_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Not_XX having_VHG this_DD1 response_NN1 may_VM lead_VVI to_TO lack_VVI of_IO emotion_NN1 when_CS planning_VVG or_CC carrying_VVG out_RP violent_JJ acts_NN2 themselves_PPX2 ,_, making_VVG it_PPH1 easier_JJR to_TO perform_VVI them_PPHO2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
If_CS eliminating_VVG the_AT viewing_NN1 of_IO violent_JJ television_NN1 is_VBZ something_PN1 that_CST parents_NN2 want_VV0 to_TO adopt_VVI then_RT they_PPHS2 may_VM want_VVI to_TO consider_VVI eliminating_VVG other_JJ possible_JJ influences_NN2 on_II their_APPGE child_NN1 's_GE aggressive_JJ behaviour_NN1 such_II21 as_II22 violent_JJ video_NN1 games_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Anderson_NP1 and_CC Bushman_NP1 (_( 2001_MC )_) conducted_VVD a_AT1 meta-analysis_NN1 of_IO research_NN1 on_II the_AT relationship_NN1 between_II the_AT playing_NN1 of_IO violent_JJ video_NN1 games_NN2 and_CC aggressive_JJ behaviour_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
They_PPHS2 found_VVD that_DD1 exposure_NN1 to_II violent_JJ video_NN1 games_NN2 increases_VVZ aggressive_JJ behaviour_NN1 in_II children_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Long-term_JJ effects_NN2 on_II aggressive_JJ behaviour_NN1 are_VBR caused_VVN by_II the_AT development_NN1 of_IO aggressive_JJ cognition_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 is_VBZ aggressive_JJ thoughts_NN2 and_CC feelings_NN2 produced_VVN by_II role-playing_NN1 as_II an_AT1 aggressive_JJ character_NN1 in_II a_AT1 video_NN1 game_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT makers_NN2 of_IO video_NN1 games_NN2 would_VM argue_VVI that_CST they_PPHS2 protect_VV0 children_NN2 from_II more_RGR harmful_JJ games_NN2 by_II giving_VVG the_AT games_NN2 ratings_NN2 ._. 
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However_RR ,_, this_DD1 is_VBZ not_XX effective_JJ because_CS parents_NN2 rarely_RR check_VV0 the_AT ratings_NN2 before_II buying_VVG games_NN2 for_IF their_APPGE children_NN2 (_( Anderson_NP1 &;_NULL Bushman_NP1 ,_, 2001_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
There_EX has_VHZ been_VBN extensive_JJ research_NN1 on_II the_AT effects_NN2 of_IO violent_JJ and_CC aggressive_JJ images_NN2 on_II film_NN1 and_CC television_NN1 on_II children_NN2 and_CC overall_RR there_EX is_VBZ a_AT1 firm_JJ conclusion_NN1 that_CST these_DD2 images_NN2 can_VM be_VBI harmful_JJ ._. 
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<s>
We_PPIS2 should_VM be_VBI worried_VVN about_II children_NN2 's_GE television_NN1 viewing_NN1 ,_, not_XX only_RR because_II21 of_II22 the_AT immediate_JJ effects_NN2 on_II their_APPGE behaviour_NN1 that_CST are_VBR obvious_JJ to_II us_PPIO2 ,_, but_CCB because_II21 of_II22 the_AT long-term_JJ consequences_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 developing_VVG into_II more_RGR violent_JJ adults_NN2 ._. 
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There_EX is_VBZ also_RR evidence_NN1 to_TO support_VVI the_AT theory_NN1 that_CST video_NN1 games_NN2 have_VH0 similar_JJ effects_NN2 and_CC more_DAR research_NN1 is_VBZ needed_VVN in_II this_DD1 area_NN1 to_TO reveal_VVI how_RGQ serious_JJ these_DD2 effects_NN2 are_VBR ._. 
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<s>
It_PPH1 is_VBZ possible_JJ to_TO reduce_VVI the_AT effects_NN2 of_IO violent_JJ media_NN ,_, but_CCB perhaps_RR the_AT best_JJT way_NN1 of_IO dealing_VVG with_IW the_AT situation_NN1 would_VM be_VBI to_TO reduce_VVI the_AT amount_NN1 of_IO violence_NN1 and_CC aggression_NN1 in_II the_AT media_NN so_RR children_NN2 would_VM have_VHI less_DAR exposure_NN1 to_II it_PPH1 ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 would_VM involve_VVI producing_VVG children_NN2 's_GE programmes_NN2 with_IW a_AT1 more_RGR positive_JJ attitude_NN1 to_II prosocial_JJ behaviour_NN1 where_CS heroic_JJ characters_NN2 are_VBR rewarded_VVN for_IF not_XX acting_VVG aggressively_RR and_CC dealing_VVG with_IW problems_NN2 in_II alternative_JJ ways_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
However_RR ,_, it_PPH1 has_VHZ to_TO be_VBI questioned_VVN whether_CSW this_DD1 proposal_NN1 is_VBZ realistic_JJ considering_II how_RGQ much_DA1 aggression_NN1 is_VBZ featured_VVN in_II film_NN1 and_CC television_NN1 entertainment_NN1 in_II modern_JJ society_NN1 ._. 
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