<s>
The_AT concept_NN1 of_IO globalisation_NN1 is_VBZ an_AT1 ambiguous_JJ one_PN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Perhaps_RR the_AT most_RGT universal_JJ and_CC unbiased_JJ definition_NN1 states_VVZ that_CST it_PPH1 is_VBZ "_" the_AT closer_JJR integration_NN1 of_IO the_AT countries_NN2 and_CC peoples_NN2 of_IO the_AT world_NN1 ..._... brought_VVN about_RP by_II the_AT enormous_JJ reduction_NN1 of_IO costs_NN2 of_IO transportation_NN1 and_CC communication_NN1 and_CC the_AT breaking_VVG down_RP of_IO artificial_JJ barriers_NN2 to_II the_AT flows_NN2 of_IO goods_NN2 ,_, services_NN2 ,_, capital_NN1 ,_, knowledge_NN1 and_CC (_( to_II a_AT1 lesser_JJ extent_NN1 )_) people_NN across_II international_JJ borders_NN2 "_" (_( Stiglitz_NP1 ,_, 2002_MC ,_, 9_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
However_RR ,_, there_EX are_VBR those_DD2 who_PNQS claim_VV0 that_DD1 globalisation_NN1 is_VBZ not_XX as_RG new_JJ a_AT1 concept_NN1 as_CSA purported_VVN ._. 
</s>
<s>
Eslake_NN1 goes_VVZ as_CS31 far_CS32 as_CS33 saying_VVG that_DD1 "_" Globalization_NN1 is_VBZ the_AT logical_JJ extension_NN1 of_IO the_AT tendency_NN1 towards_II increased_JJ specialization_NN1 and_CC trade_NN1 which_DDQ has_VHZ been_VBN going_VVG on_II more_RGR or_CC less_RGR continually_RR since_CS humans_NN2 first_MD appeared_VVD on_II the_AT surface_NN1 of_IO the_AT earth_NN1 ._. "_" 
</s>
<s>
(_( Eslake_VV0 ,_, 2003_MC ,_, 2_MC )_) Whether_CSW31 or_CSW32 not_CSW33 globalisation_NN1 is_VBZ a_AT1 new_JJ phenomenon_NN1 ,_, its_APPGE costs_NN2 and_CC benefits_NN2 will_VM here_RL be_VBI analysed_VVN and_CC this_DD1 essay_NN1 will_VM conclude_VVI in_II arguing_VVG that_CST the_AT process_NN1 creates_VVZ losers_NN2 and_CC winners_NN2 and_CC what_DDQ is_VBZ important_JJ is_VBZ for_IF those_DD2 better_VV0 off_RP to_TO protect_VVI and_CC subsidise_VVI others_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Stiglitz_VV0 ,_, J._NP1 (_( 2002_MC )_) ,_, Globalization_NN1 and_CC its_APPGE Discontents_NN2 ,_, Norton_NP1 ,_, New_NP1 York_NP1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Eslake_VV0 ,_, S._NP1 (_( 2003_MC )_) ,_, The_AT Gains_NN2 and_CC Losses_NN2 from_II Globalization_NN1 ,_, Address_NN1 to_II the_AT 14th_MD International_JJ Farm_NN1 Management_NN1 Congress_NN1 Burswood_NP1 Resort_NN1 ,_, Perth_NP1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
There_EX are_VBR four_MC strands_NN2 of_IO thought_NN1 to_TO consider_VVI when_CS concerning_VVG the_AT effects_NN2 of_IO globalisation_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Sceptics_NN2 ,_, Deregulators_NP1 ,_, Reversers_NP1 and_CC Internationalists_NN2 all_DB have_VH0 diverse_JJ and_CC conflicting_JJ opinions_NN2 on_II the_AT causes_NN2 and_CC solutions_NN2 of_IO the_AT process_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Firstly_RR ,_, Sceptics_NN2 believe_VV0 that_CST the_AT international_JJ integration_NN1 arising_VVG as_II a_AT1 product_NN1 of_IO globalisation_NN1 has_VHZ in_II fact_NN1 not_XX reduced_VVN the_AT reallocative_JJ or_CC regulative_JJ competence_NN1 of_IO the_AT states_NN2 and_CC that_CST there_EX has_VHZ not_XX been_VBN a_AT1 devolution_NN1 of_IO state_NN1 sovereignty_NN1 to_II a_AT1 new_JJ global_JJ order_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT balance_NN1 of_IO power_NN1 between_II different_JJ groups_NN2 within_II countries_NN2 is_VBZ the_AT soul_NN1 cause_NN1 of_IO action_NN1 and_CC thus_RR states_NN2 are_VBR still_RR able_JK to_TO function_VVI ._. 
</s>
<s>
Deregulators_NN2 ,_, on_II the_AT other_JJ hand_NN1 ,_, contest_VV0 this_DD1 argument_NN1 but_CCB perceive_VV0 the_AT loss_NN1 of_IO state_NN1 jurisdiction_NN1 as_II a_AT1 beneficial_JJ process_NN1 that_CST allows_VVZ the_AT further_JJR allocation_NN1 of_IO resources_NN2 and_CC limits_NN2 state_VV0 interference_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Reversers_NN2 see_VV0 globalisation_NN1 as_II a_AT1 constraint_NN1 on_II public_JJ policy_NN1 making_VVG and_CC seek_VV0 to_TO reverse_VVI this_DD1 effect_NN1 through_II a_AT1 process_NN1 of_IO 'Renationalisation'_NN1 ,_, restoring_VVG national_JJ boundaries_NN2 ,_, protecting_VVG sovereignty_NN1 and_CC preserving_JJ democratic_JJ governance_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Finally_RR ,_, Internationalists_NN2 advocate_VV0 the_AT creation_NN1 of_IO an_AT1 effective_JJ system_NN1 of_IO global_JJ governance_NN1 aimed_VVN at_II making_VVG politics_NN1 as_RG global_JJ as_CSA economics_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Through_II the_AT cooperation_NN1 of_IO states_NN2 and_CC the_AT formulation_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 multifaceted_JJ cosmopolitan_JJ democracy_NN1 ,_, the_AT creation_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 global_JJ regulatory_JJ framework_NN1 that_CST functions_NN2 at_II the_AT same_DA level_NN1 as_CSA economic_JJ interaction_NN1 can_VM be_VBI achieved_VVN ._. 
</s>
<s>
When_CS considering_VVG globalisation_NN1 ,_, a_AT1 phenomenon_NN1 with_IW such_DA broad_JJ implications_NN2 in_II both_RR politics_NN1 and_CC economics_NN1 ,_, there_EX is_VBZ rare_JJ occasion_NN1 for_IF positive_JJ statements_NN2 and_CC often_RR one_PN1 is_VBZ left_VVN considering_II the_AT advantages_NN2 and_CC disadvantages_NN2 of_IO its_APPGE effects_NN2 in_BCL21 order_BCL22 to_TO form_VVI a_AT1 vague_JJ normative_JJ assertion_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_BCL21 order_BCL22 to_TO ascertain_VVI an_AT1 answer_NN1 to_II the_AT question_NN1 "_" Is_VBZ increased_JJ globalisation_NN1 a_AT1 good_JJ thing_NN1 ?_? "_" a_AT1 similar_JJ process_NN1 must_VM be_VBI followed_VVN ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT current_JJ effects_NN2 of_IO globalisation_NN1 on_II the_AT world_NN1 must_VM be_VBI considered_VVN ,_, and_CC a_AT1 balanced_JJ conclusion_NN1 must_VM be_VBI made_VVN as_II21 to_II22 whether_CSW furthering_VVG these_DD2 effects_NN2 would_VM be_VBI beneficial_JJ and_CC to_II whom_PNQO ._. 
</s>
<s>
Therefore_RR ,_, what_DDQ follows_VVZ is_VBZ an_AT1 analysis_NN1 of_IO the_AT positive_JJ and_CC negative_JJ effects_NN2 of_IO globalisation_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 is_VBZ not_XX exhaustive_JJ ,_, as_CSA the_AT full_JJ implications_NN2 of_IO globalisation_NN1 could_VM never_RR fully_RR be_VBI realised_VVN ,_, let_VVD alone_RR summarised_VVN in_II an_AT1 essay_NN1 of_IO this_DD1 length_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
One_MC1 of_IO the_AT optimistic_JJ intentions_NN2 of_IO globalisation_NN1 is_VBZ for_IF the_AT increase_NN1 in_II the_AT range_NN1 of_IO goods_NN2 and_CC services_NN2 available_JJ to_II the_AT world_NN1 consumer_NN1 ,_, the_AT increase_NN1 in_II the_AT distance_NN1 over_II which_DDQ such_DA transactions_NN2 can_VM be_VBI executed_VVN ,_, the_AT increase_NN1 in_II the_AT speed_NN1 with_IW which_DDQ they_PPHS2 occur_VV0 ,_, and_CC the_AT decrease_NN1 in_II the_AT overall_JJ cost_NN1 of_IO the_AT overall_JJ process_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 has_VHZ tended_VVN to_TO lead_VVI to_II the_AT evolution_NN1 of_IO individual_JJ and_CC indeed_RR social_JJ preferences_NN2 in_II31 favour_II32 of_II33 increasing_JJ diversity_NN1 in_II the_AT range_NN1 and_CC origin_NN1 of_IO goods_NN2 and_CC services_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Saul_NP1 Eslake_NP1 sees_VVZ this_DD1 process_NN1 as_CSA "_" facilitated_VVN by_II improvements_NN2 in_II education_NN1 and_CC in_II communications_NN2 technologies_NN2 ..._... &lsqb;_( and_CC &rsqb;_) self-_NN1 reinforcing_VVG "_" (_( Eslake_NP1 ,_, 2003_MC ,_, 1_MC1 )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 transnational_JJ flow_NN1 is_VBZ not_XX limited_VVN to_II goods_NN2 ;_; the_AT increased_JJ flow_NN1 in_II communication_NN1 between_II countries_NN2 and_CC across_II cultural_JJ boundaries_NN2 can_VM often_RR lead_VVI to_II a_AT1 mutual_JJ appreciation_NN1 of_IO 'universal'_JJ values_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 freedom_NN1 ,_, democracy_NN1 ,_, human_JJ rights_NN2 and_CC private_JJ economic_JJ enterprise_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Eslake_VV0 ,_, S._NP1 (_( 2003_MC )_) ,_, The_AT Gains_NN2 and_CC Losses_NN2 from_II Globalization_NN1 ,_, Address_NN1 to_II the_AT 14th_MD International_JJ Farm_NN1 Management_NN1 Congress_NN1 Burswood_NP1 Resort_NN1 ,_, Perth_NP1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 can_VM ,_, and_CC should_VM in_II the_AT eyes_NN2 of_IO Deregulators_NP1 ,_, have_VH0 the_AT affirmative_JJ outcome_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 further_JJR reduction_NN1 in_II trade_NN1 barriers_NN2 due_II21 to_II22 reciprocal_JJ agreements_NN2 between_II nations_NN2 ,_, or_CC even_RR as_II a_AT1 consequence_NN1 of_IO unilateral_JJ liberalisation_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT fact_NN1 that_CST this_DD1 process_NN1 is_VBZ a_AT1 product_NN1 of_IO sovereign_JJ states_NN2 exercising_VVG their_APPGE discretion_NN1 and_CC not_XX of_IO imperial_JJ conquest_NN1 ,_, may_VM suggest_VVI that_DD1 globalisation_NN1 is_VBZ a_AT1 tool_NN1 by_II which_DDQ the_AT self-perpetuating_JJ liberal_JJ west_ND1 'educates_NN2 '_GE other_JJ states_NN2 and_CC may_VM be_VBI paralleled_VVN to_II Gramsci_NP1 's_GE theory_NN1 of_IO the_AT Historic_JJ Bloc_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Indeed_RR ,_, Gramsci_NP1 recognised_VVD this_DD1 occurrence_NN1 when_CS writing_VVG "_" Every_AT1 relationship_NN1 of_IO 'hegemony'_NN1 is_VBZ necessarily_RR an_AT1 educational_JJ relationship_NN1 and_CC occurs_VVZ not_XX only_RR within_II a_AT1 nation_NN1 ..._... but_CCB in_II the_AT international_JJ and_CC world-wide_JJ field_NN1 "_" (_( Gramsci_NP1 ,_, 1996_MC ,_, 666_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Though_CS Gramsci_NP1 opposed_VVD the_AT process_NN1 of_IO the_AT Historic_JJ Bloc_NP1 ,_, his_APPGE theory_NN1 concurs_VVZ with_IW Friedman_NP1 's_GE definition_NN1 of_IO globalisation_NN1 as_CSA "_" the_AT spread_NN1 of_IO free_JJ market_NN1 capitalism_NN1 to_II virtually_RR every_AT1 country_NN1 in_II the_AT world_NN1 "_" (_( Friedman_NP1 ,_, 1999_MC ,_, 8_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Friedman_NN1 has_VHZ a_AT1 more_RGR positive_JJ outlook_NN1 on_II the_AT end_NN1 result_NN1 and_CC embraces_VVZ the_AT inevitability_NN1 of_IO the_AT subsequent_JJ manifestation_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 true_JJ world_NN1 culture_NN1 ,_, encompassing_VVG cultural_JJ products_NN2 ,_, languages_NN2 and_CC images_NN2 that_CST are_VBR shaped_VVN and_CC understood_VVN on_II a_AT1 global_JJ platform_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Gramsci_NN2 ,_, A._NNU (_( 1996_MC )_) ,_, Prison_NN1 Notebooks_NN2 ,_, New_NP1 York_NP1 :_: Columbia_NP1 University_NN1 Press_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Friedman_NN1 ,_, T._NP1 (_( 1999_MC )_) ,_, The_AT Lexus_NP1 and_CC the_AT Olive_JJ Tree_NN1 ,_, Harper_NP1 Collins_NP1 ,_, London_NP1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
One_MC1 of_IO the_AT main_JJ problems_NN2 associated_VVN with_IW this_DD1 effect_NN1 is_VBZ the_AT idea_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 homogenised_JJ world_NN1 ;_; whether_CSW Cultural_JJ Hegemony_NN1 ,_, Westernisation_NN1 or_CC Americanisation_NN1 ,_, the_AT idea_NN1 that_CST we_PPIS2 will_VM end_VVI up_RP in_II a_AT1 global_JJ monoculture_NN1 is_VBZ a_AT1 dangerous_JJ one_PN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
However_RR ,_, despite_II the_AT certain_JJ existence_NN1 of_IO this_DD1 global_JJ culture_NN1 ,_, there_EX should_VM not_XX be_VBI a_AT1 necessity_NN1 for_IF global_JJ uniformity_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT theory_NN1 of_IO comparative_JJ advantage_NN1 can_VM work_VVI in_II31 terms_II32 of_II33 culture_NN1 ,_, and_CC as_CSA each_DD1 specific_JJ culture_NN1 is_VBZ amalgamated_VVN into_II the_AT transnational_JJ structure_NN1 ,_, it_PPH1 will_VM bring_VVI with_IW it_PPH1 its_APPGE own_DA specific_JJ advantages_NN2 in_II31 terms_II32 of_II33 traditions_NN2 ,_, beliefs_NN2 and_CC values_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
It_PPH1 will_VM ,_, in_II fact_NN1 be_VBI beneficial_JJ to_TO be_VBI diverse_JJ and_CC distinguishing_JJ ;_; the_AT new_JJ world_NN1 economy_NN1 ,_, as_II31 opposed_II32 to_II33 the_AT current_JJ set_NN1 of_IO faintly_RR unified_VVN national_JJ economies_NN2 ,_, will_VM profit_VVI from_II an_AT1 increase_NN1 in_II prosperity_NN1 ,_, choice_NN1 and_CC range_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Though_CS states_NN2 may_VM benefit_VVI from_II a_AT1 global_JJ culture_NN1 ,_, they_PPHS2 may_VM also_RR profit_VVI from_II the_AT process_NN1 of_IO specialisation_NN1 and_CC comparative_JJ advantage_NN1 in_II an_AT1 economic_JJ sense_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Davies_NP1 states_VVZ that_CST "_" &lsqb;_( t_ZZ1 &rsqb;_) here_RL is_VBZ no_AT principle_NN1 in_II the_AT whole_NN1 of_IO the_AT social_JJ sciences_NN2 the_AT truth_NN1 of_IO which_DDQ has_VHZ been_VBN so_RG overwhelmingly_RR proved_VVN as_II the_AT principle_NN1 of_IO comparative_JJ advantage_NN1 ._. "_" 
</s>
<s>
(_( Davies_NP1 ,_, 2000_MC ,_, 3_MC )_) If_CS countries_NN2 specialise_VV0 in_II what_DDQ they_PPHS2 are_VBR best_JJT at_II ,_, the_AT global_JJ industry_NN1 will_VM benefit_VVI ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 is_VBZ facilitated_VVN namely_REX by_II low_JJ transport_NN1 costs_NN2 and_CC allows_VVZ companies_NN2 like_II Mattel_NP1 to_TO produce_VVI Barbie_NP1 dolls_NN2 through_II four_MC specialised_JJ countries_NN2 for_IF less_DAR than_CSN it_PPH1 would_VM cost_VVI to_TO manufacture_VVI entirely_RR in_II the_AT USA_NP1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
However_RR ,_, Davies_NP1 argues_VVZ that_DD1 specialisation_NN1 should_VM not_XX be_VBI limited_VVN to_II countries_NN2 and_CC that_DD1 internal_JJ specialisation_NN1 should_VM be_VBI encouraged_VVN as_RG much_DA1 as_CSA possible_JJ as_CSA this_DD1 leads_VVZ to_II further_JJR efficiency_NN1 in_II the_AT allocation_NN1 of_IO resources_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 is_VBZ a_AT1 view_NN1 shared_VVN by_II the_AT Sceptics_NN2 ,_, who_PNQS agree_VV0 that_DD1 globalisation_NN1 should_VM occur_VVI between_II different_JJ groups_NN2 ,_, individuals_NN2 and_CC firms_NN2 ,_, not_XX states_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Davies_NP1 ,_, S._NP1 (_( 2000_MC )_) ,_, Globalisation_NN1 is_VBZ Good_JJ !_! 
</s>
<s>
,_, Libertarian_JJ Alliance_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
It_PPH1 is_VBZ globalisation_NN1 that_CST allows_VVZ not_XX for_IF the_AT trade_NN1 between_II specialised_JJ countries_NN2 ,_, but_CCB between_II companies_NN2 and_CC individuals_NN2 that_CST gain_VV0 from_II comparative_JJ advantage_NN1 and_CC best_RRT utilise_VV0 resources_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Many_DA2 authors_NN2 believe_VV0 that_CST this_DD1 leads_VVZ to_II the_AT emergence_NN1 of_IO large_JJ cities_NN2 and_CC even_RR firms_NN2 becoming_VVG the_AT true_JJ units_NN2 of_IO the_AT new_JJ world_NN1 economy_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 emphasis_NN1 on_II the_AT individual_NN1 over_II the_AT state_NN1 may_VM have_VHI significant_JJ consequences_NN2 if_CS globalisation_NN1 were_VBDR to_TO continue_VVI ;_; it_PPH1 may_VM undermine_VVI the_AT necessity_NN1 for_IF a_AT1 nation_NN1 state_NN1 and_CC promote_VV0 decentralisation_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT result_NN1 of_IO this_DD1 may_VM be_VBI a_AT1 reduction_NN1 in_II nationalism_NN1 and_CC its_APPGE malign_JJ effects_NN2 ,_, a_AT1 theory_NN1 that_CST Cobden_NP1 raised_VVD during_II the_AT Crimean_JJ War_NN1 (_( 1854-1856_MCMC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT possible_JJ removal_NN1 of_IO the_AT capacity_NN1 for_IF states_NN2 to_TO go_VVI to_II war_NN1 as_II a_AT1 result_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 global_JJ economy_NN1 may_VM have_VHI caused_VVN many_DA2 state_VV0 elites_NN2 to_TO oppose_VVI free_JJ trade_NN1 after_II 1870_MC ._. 
</s>
<s>
Ohmae_NN2 ,_, K._NP1 (_( 1995_MC )_) ,_, The_AT End_NN1 of_IO the_AT Nation_NN1 State_NN1 ,_, Harper/Collins_NP1 ,_, London_NP1 ;_; Jacobs_NP2 ,_, J._NP1 (_( 1985_MC )_) ,_, Cities_NN2 and_CC the_AT Wealth_NN1 of_IO Nations_NN2 ,_, Random_JJ House_NN1 ,_, New_NP1 York_NP1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Richard_NP1 Cobden_NP1 argued_VVD that_CST international_JJ trade_NN1 and_CC integration_NN1 removed_VVD the_AT capacity_NN1 for_IF states_NN2 to_TO make_VVI war_NN1 and_CC was_VBDZ completely_RR opposed_VVN to_II the_AT aggressive_JJ foreign_JJ policy_NN1 of_IO Lord_NNB Palmerston_NP1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT principle_NN1 benefits_NN2 of_IO increased_JJ globalisation_NN1 are_VBR dependant_JJ on_II the_AT adoption_NN1 and_CC implementation_NN1 of_IO free_JJ trade_NN1 throughout_II the_AT world_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
However_RR ,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ this_DD1 very_JJ process_NN1 that_CST can_VM give_VVI rise_NN1 to_II some_DD of_IO the_AT most_RGT detrimental_JJ aspects_NN2 of_IO globalisation_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Though_CS the_AT reduction_NN1 in_II protectionist_JJ barriers_NN2 to_II entry_NN1 such_II21 as_II22 tariffs_NN2 and_CC quotas_NN2 can_VM further_RRR the_AT benefits_NN2 of_IO comparative_JJ advantage_NN1 ,_, it_PPH1 can_VM also_RR leave_VVI industries_NN2 within_II developing_JJ countries_NN2 open_VV0 to_II unwelcome_JJ competition_NN1 from_II abroad_RL ._. 
</s>
<s>
Though_CS it_PPH1 may_VM be_VBI said_VVN that_CST in_RR21 general_RR22 ,_, the_AT benefits_NN2 made_VVD available_JJ to_II consumers_NN2 as_II a_AT1 result_NN1 of_IO globalisation_NN1 outweigh_VV0 the_AT hardships_NN2 imposed_VVN on_II businesses_NN2 from_II foreign_JJ competition_NN1 ,_, there_EX is_VBZ still_RR the_AT problem_NN1 of_IO the_AT governments_NN2 inadequacy_NN1 in_II providing_VVG sufficient_JJ recompense_NN1 ,_, income_NN1 support_NN1 or_CC retraining_VVG services_NN2 for_IF those_DD2 negatively_RR affected_VVN in_II this_DD1 manner_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_BCL21 order_BCL22 to_TO protect_VVI their_APPGE internal_JJ economies_NN2 ,_, countries_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 North_ND1 Korea_NP1 ,_, Burma_NP1 ,_, China_NP1 and_CC Malaysia_NP1 maintain_VV0 many_DA2 of_IO the_AT trade_NN1 barriers_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
However_RR ,_, if_CS a_AT1 country_NN1 wishes_VVZ to_TO fully_RR embrace_VVI the_AT global_JJ market_NN1 and_CC utilise_VV0 thee_PPY benefit_VV0 of_IO comparative_JJ advantage_NN1 to_II its_APPGE full_JJ extent_NN1 ,_, it_PPH1 must_VM ,_, as_CS31 far_CS32 as_CS33 Reversers_NN2 are_VBR concerned_JJ ,_, sacrifice_VV0 some_DD of_IO its_APPGE economic_JJ sovereignty_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 procedure_NN1 makes_VVZ apparent_JJ the_AT fact_NN1 that_CST the_AT democratic_JJ state_NN1 willing_JJ to_TO join_VVI the_AT global_JJ market_NN1 inevitably_RR finds_VVZ itself_PPX1 less_RRR able_JK to_TO control_VVI its_APPGE own_DA economic_JJ sphere_NN1 when_CS placed_VVN in_II the_AT context_NN1 of_IO the_AT global_JJ economy_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Restraints_NN2 originating_VVG from_II the_AT international_JJ markets_NN2 ,_, as_II31 well_II32 as_II33 the_AT consideration_NN1 of_IO imports_NN2 ,_, exports_NN2 ,_, foreign_JJ direct_JJ investment_NN1 and_CC other_JJ transnational_JJ variables_NN2 ,_, ensure_VV0 that_CST there_EX is_VBZ a_AT1 continued_JJ reduction_NN1 in_II the_AT occasion_NN1 and_CC influence_NN1 of_IO collective_JJ self-governance_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 became_VVD a_AT1 major_JJ issue_NN1 for_IF Britain_NP1 when_CS its_APPGE membership_NN1 to_II the_AT Exchange_NN1 Rate_NN1 Mechanism_NN1 caused_VVD the_AT economic_JJ catastrophe_NN1 of_IO Black_JJ Wednesday_NPD1 and_CC epitomised_VVD the_AT dangers_NN2 of_IO devolving_VVG fiscal_JJ sovereignty_NN1 to_II a_AT1 global_JJ body_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT event_NN1 also_RR showed_VVD the_AT influence_NN1 of_IO individual_JJ investors_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 George_NP1 Soros_NP1 ,_, who_PNQS now_RT have_VH0 the_AT power_NN1 to_TO challenge_VVI governments_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
When_CS the_AT stability_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 nation_NN1 's_GE economy_NN1 lies_VVZ in_II the_AT hands_NN2 of_IO millions_NNO2 of_IO investors_NN2 and_CC borrowers_NN2 ,_, acting_VVG out_II21 of_II22 self-interest_NN1 ,_, this_DD1 may_VM be_VBI coined_JJ democracy_NN1 ,_, but_CCB their_APPGE true_JJ intentions_NN2 are_VBR often_RR detrimental_JJ to_II the_AT general_JJ public_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 relationship_NN1 between_II economic_JJ globalisation_NN1 and_CC democracy_NN1 is_VBZ furthered_VVN in_II works_NN by_II Held_VVD and_CC Archibugi_NP1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Held_VVN ,_, D._NP1 (_( 1995_MC )_) ,_, Democracy_NN1 and_CC the_AT Global_JJ Order_NN1 ,_, Polity_NP1 Press_NN1 ,_, Cambridge_NP1 ;_; Archibugi_NP1 ,_, D._NP1 (_( ed._NN1 )_) (_( 2003_MC )_) ,_, Debating_VVG Cosmopolitics_NN2 ,_, London_NP1 ,_, Verso_NP1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT emphasis_NN1 on_II private_JJ over_II public_JJ influence_NN1 in_II the_AT global_JJ market_NN1 can_VM often_RR lead_VVI to_II profit-maximising_JJ enterprises_NN2 causing_VVG a_AT1 "_" race_NN1 to_II the_AT bottom_NN1 "_" ._. 
</s>
<s>
That_REX21 is_REX22 ,_, multinational_JJ companies_NN2 ,_, unlike_JJ government_NN1 ,_, tend_VV0 to_TO seek_VVI the_AT cheapest_JJT way_NN1 of_IO manufacturing_NN1 products_NN2 and_CC care_VV0 little_RR for_IF ethics_NN ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 tends_VVZ to_TO result_VVI in_II outsourcing_VVG and_CC subcontracting_VVG to_II sweatshops_NN2 in_II developing_JJ countries_NN2 ,_, which_DDQ are_VBR therefore_RR drained_VVN of_IO both_DB2 their_APPGE natural_JJ resources_NN2 and_CC labour_NN1 ,_, preventing_VVG internal_JJ structural_JJ improvements_NN2 ._. 
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The_AT lack_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 global_JJ welfare_NN1 state_NN1 ensures_VVZ that_CST there_EX is_VBZ no_AT redistribution_NN1 of_IO wealth_NN1 and_CC there_EX is_VBZ further_JJR polarisation_NN1 between_II the_AT developing_JJ and_CC the_AT developed_JJ countries_NN2 ._. 
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This_DD1 concept_NN1 coincides_VVZ with_IW the_AT beliefs_NN2 of_IO the_AT World_NN1 System_NN1 Theory_NN1 and_CC is_VBZ a_AT1 typical_JJ Marxist_JJ approach_NN1 to_II the_AT concept_NN1 of_IO globalisation_NN1 ,_, where_CS there_EX is_VBZ an_AT1 exploitative_JJ but_CCB dependant_JJ relationship_NN1 between_II the_AT 'core'_NN1 (_( the_AT elite_NN1 west_ND1 )_) and_CC the_AT 'periphery'_NN1 (_( the_AT developing_JJ equatorial_JJ countries_NN2 )_) ._. 
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The_AT problem_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 global_JJ elite_NN1 or_CC 'overclass_NN1 '_GE is_VBZ a_AT1 serious_JJ threat_NN1 to_II the_AT reputation_NN1 of_IO globalisation_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT establishment_NN1 of_IO world_NN1 regulatory_JJ systems_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 the_AT World_NN1 Trade_NN1 Organisation_NN1 (_( WTO_NP1 )_) ,_, International_JJ Monetary_JJ Fund_NN1 (_( IMF_NP1 )_) ,_, and_CC World_NN1 Bank_NN1 helps_VVZ the_AT hegemonic_JJ power_NN1 maintain_VV0 the_AT aforementioned_JJ exploitative_JJ relations_NN2 with_IW the_AT poorest_JJT countries_NN2 ,_, also_RR often_RR most_RGT rich_JJ in_II primary_JJ resources_NN2 ._. 
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The_AT main_JJ policy_NN1 supposedly_RR implemented_VVN by_II these_DD2 institutions_NN2 is_VBZ 'regulated_JJ trade'_NN1 which_DDQ masquerades_VVZ as_RG free_JJ trade_NN1 but_CCB ensures_VVZ the_AT Hegemon_NN1 reserves_VVZ certain_JJ essential_JJ controls_NN2 over_II the_AT global_JJ economy_NN1 ._. 
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Perhaps_RR the_AT institution_NN1 that_RG best_RRT illustrates_VVZ the_AT existence_NN1 of_IO regulated_JJ trade_NN1 and_CC distortion_NN1 is_VBZ the_AT IMF_NP1 ._. 
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Vastly_RR over-representative_JJ of_IO wealthy_JJ countries_NN2 ,_, the_AT policies_NN2 it_PPH1 generates_VVZ often_RR have_VH0 detrimental_JJ effects_NN2 on_II poorer_JJR developing_JJ countries_NN2 ._. 
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Its_APPGE instruction_NN1 to_TO privatise_VVI social_JJ security_NN1 while_CS proscribing_VVG counter_JJ cyclical_JJ policies_NN2 contrasts_VVZ completely_RR what_DDQ developed_VVD countries_NN2 do_VD0 ,_, whilst_CS its_APPGE advocacy_NN1 of_IO economic_JJ liberalisation_NN1 forced_VVD financial_JJ crises_NN2 throughout_II the_AT 1990s_MC2 ._. 
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Furthermore_RR ,_, the_AT World_NN1 Bank_NN1 suggests_VVZ that_CST a_AT1 country_NN1 's_GE further_JJR integration_NN1 into_II the_AT global_JJ market_NN1 will_VM unconditionally_RR increase_VVI economic_JJ performance_NN1 ._. 
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However_RR ,_, there_EX are_VBR those_DD2 such_II21 as_II22 Wade_NP1 who_PNQS suggest_VV0 that_CST "_" international_JJ organisations_NN2 need_VV0 to_TO move_VVI beyond_II integration_NN1 into_II the_AT world_NN1 economy_NN1 as_II the_AT primary_JJ goal_NN1 of_IO policy_NN1 ._. "_" 
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(_( Wade_NP1 ,_, 2001_MC ,_, 2_MC )_) The_AT reduction_NN1 in_II inequality_NN1 is_VBZ ,_, for_IF Wade_NP1 ,_, a_AT1 more_RGR important_JJ aspiration_NN1 than_CSN a_AT1 fully_RR integrated_JJ economy_NN1 ,_, and_CC the_AT latter_DA should_VM certainly_RR not_XX be_VBI created_VVN to_II the_AT detriment_NN1 of_IO the_AT former_DA ._. 
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Wade_NP1 ,_, R._NP1 (_( 2001_MC )_) ,_, Poverty_NN1 or_CC Prosperity_NN1 ,_, The_AT very_JJ process_NN1 of_IO forming_VVG these_DD2 institutions_NN2 can_VM be_VBI damaging_VVG to_II the_AT Democratic_JJ Citizenship_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 nation_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT idea_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 polity_NN1 is_VBZ to_TO provide_VVI the_AT ability_NN1 for_IF the_AT exercise_NN1 of_IO self-governance_NN1 ._. 
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Therefore_RR ,_, in_BCL21 order_BCL22 to_TO preserve_VVI the_AT structure_NN1 of_IO the_AT state_NN1 ,_, the_AT main_JJ conditions_NN2 affecting_VVG the_AT social_JJ life_NN1 of_IO its_APPGE citizens_NN2 needs_VVZ to_TO be_VBI under_II their_APPGE control_NN1 ._. 
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Typically_RR ,_, this_DD1 can_VM be_VBI maintained_VVN by_II the_AT control_NN1 of_IO the_AT economic_JJ sphere_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ is_VBZ assumed_VVN to_TO depend_VVI on_II the_AT expressed_JJ will_NN1 of_IO the_AT majority_NN1 as_II a_AT1 result_NN1 of_IO policy_NN1 debate_NN1 by_II representatives_NN2 of_IO the_AT citizens_NN2 ._. 
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The_AT effective_JJ devolution_NN1 of_IO sovereignty_NN1 from_II states_NN2 to_II international_JJ regulatory_JJ institutions_NN2 can_VM challenge_VVI the_AT idea_NN1 of_IO Democratic_JJ Citizenship_NN1 and_CC reduce_VV0 the_AT influence_NN1 of_IO the_AT individual_JJ citizen_NN1 on_II the_AT nature_NN1 of_IO the_AT nation_NN1 ,_, placing_VVG more_DAR emphasis_NN1 on_II generic_JJ rules_NN2 and_CC regulations_NN2 set_VVN by_II many_DA2 countries_NN2 that_CST can_VM not_XX match_VVI the_AT bespoke_NN1 efficacy_NN1 of_IO democratic_JJ decisions_NN2 reached_VVN by_II individual_JJ polities_NN2 ._. 
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Held_VVN ,_, D._NP1 (_( 1995_MC )_) ,_, Democracy_NN1 and_CC the_AT Global_JJ Order_NN1 ,_, Polity_NP1 Press_NN1 ,_, Cambridge_NP1 ._. 
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Though_CS the_AT process_NN1 of_IO denationalisation_NN1 and_CC global_JJ liberalisation_NN1 can_VM ,_, as_CSA Cobden_NP1 asserts_VVZ ,_, reduce_VV0 the_AT ability_NN1 for_IF states_NN2 to_TO go_VVI to_II war_NN1 with_IW one_PPX121 another_PPX122 ,_, it_PPH1 may_VM have_VHI disadvantageous_JJ effects_NN2 ._. 
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It_PPH1 is_VBZ commonly_RR claimed_VVN that_CST no_AT two_MC countries_NN2 with_IW a_AT1 McDonalds_NP1 have_VH0 ever_RR gone_VVN to_II war_NN1 with_IW one_PPX121 another_PPX122 ._. 
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(_( Daily_JJ Telegraph_NN1 ,_, 21_MC December_NPM1 1996_MC )_) ._. 
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However_RR ,_, the_AT loss_NN1 of_IO patriotism_NN1 and_CC the_AT feeling_NN1 of_IO Alienation_NN1 that_CST is_VBZ commonly_RR associated_VVN with_IW the_AT loss_NN1 of_IO state_NN1 sovereignty_NN1 and_CC significance_NN1 can_VM cause_VVI other_JJ causes_NN2 of_IO conflict_NN1 ._. 
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Though_CS causing_VVG a_AT1 decrease_NN1 in_II inter-state_JJ wars_NN2 due_II21 to_II22 democratisation_NN1 and_CC decentralisation_NN1 ,_, the_AT process_NN1 of_IO globalisation_NN1 has_VHZ caused_VVN a_AT1 large_JJ increase_NN1 in_II the_AT inward_JJ application_NN1 of_IO armed_JJ violence_NN1 in_II the_AT form_NN1 of_IO intra-state_JJ civil_JJ wars_NN2 ._. 
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Of_IO the_AT 61_MC major_JJ conflicts_NN2 from_II 1989_MC to_II 1998_MC ,_, 58_MC were_VBDR civil_JJ wars_NN2 ._. 
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(_( UNDP_NP1 ,_, 1999_MC ,_, 5_MC )_) It_PPH1 seems_VVZ that_DD1 humankind_NN1 is_VBZ not_XX willing_JJ to_TO give_VVI up_RP its_APPGE capacity_NN1 for_IF war_NN1 that_CST easily_RR ,_, and_CC the_AT globalisation_NN1 phenomenon_NN1 has_VHZ ,_, whilst_CS amalgamating_VVG states_NN2 ,_, left_JJ conflict_NN1 where_CS there_EX was_VBDZ once_RR unity_NN1 ._. 
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UNDP_NP1 (_( 1999_MC )_) Human_JJ Development_NN1 Report_NN1 1999_MC ,_, New_NP1 York_NP1 :_: Oxford_NP1 University_NN1 Press_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT common_JJ misconception_NN1 that_CST globalisation_NN1 is_VBZ replacing_VVG traditional_JJ methods_NN2 of_IO international_JJ interaction_NN1 may_VM cause_VVI it_PPH1 to_TO appear_VVI threatening_VVG and_CC unfamiliar_JJ ._. 
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However_RR ,_, when_CS one_PN1 realises_VVZ ,_, as_CSA Koenig-Archibugi_NN1 does_VDZ ,_, that_DD1 "_" &lsqb;_( g_ZZ1 &rsqb;_) lobalization_NN1 is_VBZ not_XX supplanting_VVG traditional_JJ lines_NN2 of_IO social_JJ conflict_NN1 and_CC cooperation_NN1 ,_, but_CCB is_VBZ redrawing_VVG them_PPHO2 "_" (_( Koenig-Archibugi_NN1 ,_, 2003_MC ,_, 2_MC )_) it_PPH1 becomes_VVZ less_RRR a_AT1 case_NN1 of_IO understanding_VVG a_AT1 new_JJ phenomenon_NN1 than_CSN making_VVG sure_JJ that_CST the_AT global_JJ market_NN1 evolves_VVZ in_II the_AT right_JJ direction_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT desired_JJ direction_NN1 can_VM change_VVI in_II the_AT view_NN1 of_IO different_JJ groups_NN2 with_IW varying_JJ interests_NN2 ;_; the_AT 'overclass_NN1 '_GE ,_, as_CSA mentioned_VVN ,_, seek_VV0 to_TO maintain_VVI the_AT exploitative_JJ link_NN1 between_II the_AT 'core'_NN1 and_CC 'periphery'_VV0 through_II the_AT creation_NN1 of_IO elitist_JJ regulatory_JJ institutions_NN2 ._. 
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The_AT egalitarians_NN2 ,_, however_RR ,_, state_VV0 that_CST those_DD2 benefiting_VVG from_II globalisation_NN1 should_VM compensate_VVI those_DD2 who_PNQS do_VD0 not_XX gain_VVI from_II it_PPH1 ,_, perhaps_RR through_II the_AT creation_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 global_JJ welfare_NN1 state_NN1 ._. 
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Koenig-Archibugi_NN1 ,_, M._NN1 in_II Held_VVD ,_, D._NP1 and_CC Koenig-Archibugi_NN1 ,_, M._NNU (_( 2003_MC )_) ,_, Taming_VVG Globalization_NN1 ,_, Polity_NP1 Press_NN1 ,_, Cambridge_NP1 ._. 
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Stiglitz_NN1 offers_VVZ a_AT1 resolution_NN1 to_II the_AT current_JJ overclass_NN1 situation_NN1 :_: voting_NN1 power_NN1 in_II institutions_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 the_AT IMF_NP1 and_CC World_NN1 Bank_NN1 should_VM be_VBI less_RGR skewed_JJ ;_; there_EX should_VM be_VBI an_AT1 increase_NN1 in_II the_AT transparency_NN1 of_IO decision_NN1 making_VVG and_CC an_AT1 overall_JJ change_NN1 in_II the_AT approach_NN1 to_II crisis_NN1 management_NN1 ;_; a_AT1 change_NN1 in_II the_AT rules_NN2 on_II bankruptcy_NN1 when_RRQ countries_NN2 are_VBR unable_JK to_TO pay_VVI their_APPGE national_JJ debt_NN1 should_VM be_VBI considered_VVN and_CC there_EX should_VM be_VBI further_JJR concern_NN1 for_IF employment_NN1 and_CC working_VVG conditions_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
(_( Stiglitz_VV0 ,_, 2003_MC ,_, 47-67_MCMC )_) However_RR ,_, these_DD2 conditions_NN2 are_VBR fairly_RR Internationalist_JJ and_CC assume_VV0 that_DD1 politics_NN1 should_VM be_VBI as_RG flexible_JJ as_CSA economics_NN1 in_II the_AT global_JJ sphere_NN1 ._. 
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It_PPH1 can_VM also_RR be_VBI argued_VVN from_II a_AT1 Sceptic_NN1 point_NN1 of_IO view_NN1 that_CST globalisation_NN1 has_VHZ not_XX undermined_VVN nationhood_NN1 as_II a_AT1 primary_JJ framework_NN1 of_IO collective_JJ solidarity_NN1 ,_, but_CCB has_VHZ helped_VVN to_TO loosen_VVI some_DD links_NN2 between_II nations_NN2 and_CC states_NN2 for_IF the_AT better_JJR ._. 
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<s>
Therefore_RR ,_, the_AT question_NN1 of_IO whether_CSW31 or_CSW32 not_CSW33 globalisation_NN1 is_VBZ a_AT1 good_JJ thing_NN1 and_CC should_VM therefore_RR be_VBI increased_VVN is_VBZ almost_RR entirely_RR dependent_JJ on_II the_AT point_NN1 of_IO view_NN1 one_PN1 takes_VVZ ;_; whether_CSW a_AT1 Sceptic_NN1 ,_, Deregulator_NP1 ,_, Reverser_NP1 or_CC Internationalist_NN1 ,_, the_AT problems_NN2 and_CC solutions_NN2 of_IO globalisation_NN1 will_VM vary_VVI ._. 
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However_RR ,_, one_MC1 theme_NN1 is_VBZ clear_JJ throughout_II all_DB stems_NN2 of_IO thought_NN1 :_: globalisation_NN1 ,_, whether_CSW a_AT1 new_JJ phenomenon_NN1 or_CC not_XX ,_, needs_VVZ to_TO be_VBI treated_VVN with_IW great_JJ caution_NN1 and_CC respect_NN1 ,_, the_AT process_NN1 may_VM create_VVI losers_NN2 as_II31 well_II32 as_II33 winners_NN2 and_CC what_DDQ is_VBZ important_JJ is_VBZ for_IF those_DD2 better_VV0 off_RP to_TO protect_VVI and_CC subsidise_VVI others_NN2 in_BCL21 order_BCL22 to_TO maintain_VVI equality_NN1 and_CC preserve_VVI the_AT good_JJ name_NN1 of_IO globalisation_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Stiglitz_VV0 ,_, J._NP1 in_II Held_VVD ,_, D._NP1 and_CC Koenig-Archibugi_NN1 ,_, M._NNU (_( 2003_MC )_) ,_, Taming_VVG Globalization_NN1 ,_, Polity_NP1 Press_NN1 ,_, Cambridge_NP1 ._. 
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