<s>
In_II this_DD1 essay_NN1 I_PPIS1 will_VM discuss_VVI the_AT topic_NN1 of_IO human-wildlife_JJ conflicts_NN2 ,_, it_PPH1 will_VM clarify_VVI the_AT definition_NN1 of_IO the_AT phenomenon_NN1 ,_, its_APPGE present_JJ condition_NN1 ,_, where_CS it_PPH1 occurs_VVZ ,_, and_CC in_II what_DDQ form_VV0 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT term_NN1 Human-wildlife_NN1 conflict_NN1 refers_VVZ to_II the_AT situation_NN1 where_RRQ human_JJ and_CC animal_NN1 needs_NN2 and_CC actions_NN2 are_VBR in_II conflict_NN1 with_IW one_PPX121 another_PPX122 ._. 
</s>
<s>
It_PPH1 results_VVZ in_II disadvantages_NN2 for_IF local_JJ animal_NN1 populations_NN2 or_CC a_AT1 specific_JJ group_NN1 of_IO people_NN activities_NN2 ;_; it_PPH1 may_VM also_RR have_VHI an_AT1 impact_NN1 on_II the_AT local_JJ or_CC national_JJ economy_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Conflicts_NN2 between_II the_AT two_MC are_VBR on_II the_AT increase_NN1 due_II21 to_II22 the_AT growing_JJ population_NN1 in_II present_JJ day_NNT1 society_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT increasing_JJ population_NN1 puts_VVZ pressure_NN1 on_II the_AT land_NN1 and_CC wildlife_NN1 as_CSA we_PPIS2 are_VBR expanding_VVG into_II wilderness_NN1 areas_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
(_( Timm_UH ,_, 1996_MC &;_NULL Wildlife_NN1 Conservation_NN1 Society_NN1 )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
It_PPH1 is_VBZ not_XX an_AT1 issue_NN1 that_CST only_RR occurs_VVZ in_II tropical_JJ or_CC specific_JJ regions_NN2 of_IO the_AT world_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II most_DAT cases_NN2 ,_, wherever_RRQV humans_NN2 and_CC wildlife_NN1 interact_VV0 (_( which_DDQ is_VBZ worldwide_RL )_) ,_, conflicts_NN2 usually_RR arise_VV0 ._. 
</s>
<s>
(_( Conover_VV0 ,_, 2002_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 issue_NN1 of_IO conflict_NN1 is_VBZ not_XX just_RR a_AT1 one-way_JJ problem_NN1 ,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ n't_XX always_RR human_JJ actions_NN2 creating_VVG the_AT issues_NN2 nor_CC is_VBZ it_PPH1 always_RR animals_NN2 aggravating_VVG humans_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
There_EX are_VBR countless_JJ types_NN2 of_IO human-wildlife_JJ conflicts_NN2 that_CST affect_VV0 both_RR humans_NN2 and_CC animals_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT main_JJ conflicts_NN2 occur_VV0 as_II a_AT1 result_NN1 from_II :_: crop_NN1 damage_NN1 and_CC crop_NN1 raiding_VVG ,_, hunting_NN1 ,_, the_AT killing_NN1 of_IO livestock_NN by_II predators_NN2 ,_, loss_NN1 of_IO habitat_NN1 ,_, and_CC the_AT exclusion_NN1 of_IO humans_NN2 from_II resources_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Crop_NN1 damage/raiding_NN1 is_VBZ an_AT1 odd_JJ issue_NN1 as_II the_AT closing_JJ conflict_NN1 is_VBZ wildlife_NN1 damaging_VVG human_JJ crops_NN2 ,_, however_RRQV this_DD1 is_VBZ often_RR the_AT result_NN1 of_IO human_JJ interference_NN1 or_CC development_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
For_REX21 example_REX22 animals_NN2 will_VM damage_VVI crops_NN2 as_II a_AT1 result_NN1 of_IO becoming_VVG fearless_JJ of_IO and_CC accustomed_JJ to_II human_JJ presence_NN1 ,_, maybe_RR from_II the_AT introduction_NN1 of_IO tourism_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
An_AT1 example_NN1 of_IO this_DD1 is_VBZ the_AT boreal_JJ forests_NN2 in_II Alberta_NP1 in_II Canada_NP1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
As_CSA tourism_NN1 has_VHZ increased_VVN here_RL ,_, the_AT grizzly_JJ bears_NN2 (_( usually_RR apprehensive_JJ of_IO humans_NN2 )_) are_VBR becoming_VVG comfortable_JJ with_IW human_JJ presence_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
They_PPHS2 often_RR take_VV0 advantage_NN1 of_IO having_VHG humans_NN2 around_RP by_II feeding_VVG on_II crops_NN2 and_CC even_RR on_II garbage_NN1 at_II campsites_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 causes_VVZ conflicts_NN2 in_II both_DB2 directions_NN2 :_: the_AT bears_NN2 are_VBR being_VBG unnaturally_RR exposed_VVN to_II a_AT1 lot_NN1 of_IO human_JJ company_NN1 and_CC in_II turn_NN1 are_VBR getting_VVG relocated_VVN or_CC killed_VVN when_CS they_PPHS2 go_VV0 to_II areas_NN2 inhabited_VVN by_II people_NN ._. 
</s>
<s>
There_EX is_VBZ a_AT1 danger_NN1 for_IF humans_NN2 of_IO being_VBG approached_VVN by_II the_AT dangerous_JJ animal_NN1 and_CC having_VHG their_APPGE crops_NN2 damaged_VVN ._. 
</s>
<s>
A_AT1 step_NN1 is_VBZ being_VBG taken_VVN to_TO introduce_VVI Karelian_JJ bear_NN1 dogs_NN2 from_II Finland_NP1 and_CC Russia_NP1 that_CST are_VBR trained_VVN to_TO be_VBI aggressive_JJ towards_II bears_NN2 and_CC scare_VV0 them_PPHO2 off_RP ._. 
</s>
<s>
If_CS dogs_NN2 are_VBR aggressive_JJ towards_II bears_NN2 ,_, the_AT issue_NN1 arises_VVZ of_IO whether_CSW they_PPHS2 can_VM be_VBI dangerous_JJ to_II humans_NN2 ?_? 
</s>
<s>
._. (_( Worldwide_JJ life_NN1 ,_, no_AT date_NN1 )_) This_DD1 example_NN1 shows_VVZ that_CST the_AT problem_NN1 of_IO crop_NN1 damage_NN1 and_CC raiding_VVG is_VBZ a_AT1 result_NN1 of_IO human_JJ interference_NN1 ,_, like_II tourism_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Another_DD1 example_NN1 resulting_VVG in_II wildlife_NN1 raiding_VVG crops_NN2 is_VBZ the_AT exclusion_NN1 of_IO humans_NN2 from_II resources_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 national_JJ parks_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
A_AT1 savannah/_NN1 grassland_NN1 example_NN1 is_VBZ Kenya_NP1 ,_, which_DDQ is_VBZ one_MC1 of_IO many_DA2 countries_NN2 where_RRQ few_DA2 of_IO the_AT parks_NN2 designated_VVN to_II conserving_VVG wildlife_NN1 ,_, permits_VVZ human_JJ activity_NN1 ,_, apart_II21 from_II22 tourists_NN2 who_PNQS bring_VV0 money_NN1 to_II the_AT areas_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Some_DD of_IO these_DD2 include_VV0 ;_; The_AT National_JJ parks_NN2 of_IO Mt_NNL1 Kenya_NP1 ,_, Lake_NNL1 Nakuru_NP1 ,_, Tsavo_NP1 ,_, and_CC Nairobi_NP1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
As_II the_AT wildlife_NN1 is_VBZ boxed_VVN in_RP and_CC separate_VV0 from_II human_JJ activities_NN2 (_( i.e_REX hunting_NN1 )_) wildlife_NN1 numbers_NN2 are_VBR increasing_VVG ,_, resulting_VVG in_II more_DAR competition_NN1 for_IF food_NN1 resources_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 compels_VVZ them_PPHO2 to_TO look_VVI for_IF food_NN1 outside_II21 of_II22 the_AT parks_NN2 in_BCL21 order_BCL22 to_TO survive_VVI ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 has_VHZ harsh_JJ effects_NN2 on_II farmers_NN2 ,_, cattle_NN2 herdsmen_NN2 ,_, and_CC landowners_NN2 as_CSA they_PPHS2 are_VBR loosing_VVG crops_NN2 ,_, such_II21 as_II22 maize_NN1 ,_, beans_NN2 ,_, potatoes_NN2 ,_, and_CC fruit_NN ._. 
</s>
<s>
They_PPHS2 also_RR loose_VV0 their_APPGE cattle_NN2 ,_, sheep_NN and_CC goats_NN2 to_II the_AT carnivores_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
It_PPH1 has_VHZ been_VBN noted_VVN that_CST some_DD of_IO the_AT poorest_JJT rural_JJ communities_NN2 in_II Kenya_NP1 live_VV0 near_II21 to_II22 the_AT National_JJ parks_NN2 ,_, maybe_RR this_DD1 is_VBZ due_II21 to_II22 the_AT severe_JJ results_NN2 of_IO this_DD1 particular_JJ human-wildlife_JJ conflict_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
(_( Kimega_NN1 ,_, 2003_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Predators_NN2 on_II livestock_NN create_VV0 another_DD1 significant_JJ human-wildlife_JJ conflict_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Predators_NN2 that_CST exist_VV0 in_II areas_NN2 other_II21 than_II22 tropical_JJ regions_NN2 include_VV0 Golden_JJ Eagles_NN2 ,_, Foxes_NN2 and_CC the_AT Hen_NN1 Harrier_NN1 (_( a_AT1 bird_NN1 of_IO prey_NN1 )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Red_JJ Foxes_NN2 inhabit_VV0 Europe_NP1 ,_, North_ND1 Africa_NP1 ,_, and_CC America_NP1 ,_, they_PPHS2 are_VBR a_AT1 problem_NN1 for_IF urban_JJ and_CC rural_JJ communities_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
They_PPHS2 scavenge_VV0 through_II trash_NN1 in_II towns_NN2 and_CC cities_NN2 ,_, some_DD carry_VV0 diseases_NN2 ,_, and_CC will_VM prey_VVI on_II small_JJ livestock_NN ,_, including_II chickens_NN2 ,_, geese_NN2 ,_, young_JJ lambs_NN2 ,_, and_CC ducks_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
(_( Working_VVG for_IF wildlife_NN1 ,_, no_AT date_NN1 )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Golden_JJ Eagles_NN2 are_VBR a_AT1 less_RGR apparent_JJ predator_NN1 ,_, but_CCB do_VD0 prey_VVI on_II livestock_NN ,_, particularly_RR where_CS large_JJ populations_NN2 of_IO Eagles_NN2 exist_VV0 ._. 
</s>
<s>
They_PPHS2 generally_RR prey_VV0 on_II young_JJ animals_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 lambs_NN2 and_CC goats_NN2 but_CCB are_VBR capable_JJ of_IO killing_VVG the_AT adult_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
(_( Hadidian_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ,_, no_AT date_NN1 )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
live_JJ Hen_NN1 harriers_NN2 exist_VV0 in_II heather_NN1 moorland_NN1 ,_, and_CC prey_NN1 on_II grouse_NN ;_; the_AT game_NN1 managers_NN2 experience_VV0 a_AT1 dilemma_NN1 with_IW this_DD1 particular_JJ bird_NN1 of_IO prey_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
A_AT1 good_JJ example_NN1 of_IO the_AT conflict_NN1 is_VBZ seen_VVN in_II the_AT uplands_NN2 of_IO the_AT United_NP1 Kingdom_NP1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT Hen_NN1 Harrier_NN1 reduces_VVZ the_AT grouse_NN harvest_VV0 and_CC in_II turn_NN1 the_AT Hen_NN1 harriers_NN2 are_VBR killed_VVN ._. 
</s>
<s>
High_JJ numbers_NN2 of_IO this_DD1 bird_NN1 of_IO prey_NN1 will_VM result_VVI in_II a_AT1 loss_NN1 of_IO income_NN1 for_IF the_AT grouse_NN moor_VV0 owners_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 is_VBZ classed_VVN as_II a_AT1 'predator_NN1 on_II livestock_NN conflict'_VV0 as_II the_AT grouse_NN owners_NN2 raise_VV0 them_PPHO2 for_IF food_NN1 and_CC shooting_VVG purposes_NN2 in_BCL21 order_BCL22 to_TO make_VVI a_AT1 living_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
A_AT1 further_JJR conflict_NN1 arises_VVZ from_II this_DD1 issue_NN1 ,_, conservationists_NN2 are_VBR trying_VVG to_TO protect_VVI this_DD1 bird_NN1 ,_, and_CC grouse_NN managers_NN2 want_VV0 to_TO reduce_VVI them_PPHO2 in_II numbers_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Management_NN1 actions_NN2 are_VBR being_VBG undertaken_VVN at_RR21 present_RR22 to_TO help_VVI reduce_VVI the_AT human-wildlife_JJ issue_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
(_( Redpath_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ,_, 2004_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Maybe_RR more_RGR obviously_RR ,_, predators_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 lions_NN2 and_CC other_JJ large_JJ cats_NN2 cause_VV0 a_AT1 great_JJ loss_NN1 of_IO livestock_NN in_II tropical_JJ and_CC grassland_NN1 regions_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Unlike_JJ other_JJ designated_JJ areas_NN2 in_II Kenya_NP1 that_CST were_VBDR discussed_VVN earlier_RRR ,_, the_AT Laikipia_NP1 District_NN1 in_II Northern_JJ Kenya_NP1 sees_VVZ Masai_NP1 herding_VVG people_NN ,_, commercial_JJ cattle_NN2 ranchers_NN2 ,_, predators_NN2 and_CC livestock_NN coexisting_VVG ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT predators_NN2 do_VD0 however_RR pose_VVI threat_NN1 on_II the_AT peoples_NN2 livelihoods_NN2 and_CC safety_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_BCL21 order_BCL22 for_IF them_PPHO2 to_TO protect_VVI themselves_PPX2 and_CC their_APPGE animals_NN2 ,_, guns_NN2 and_CC poison_NN1 have_VH0 come_VVN into_II use_NN1 on_II the_AT lions_NN2 ,_, leopards_NN2 ,_, cheetahs_NN2 ,_, hyenas_NN2 ,_, and_CC wild_JJ dogs_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 seems_VVZ to_TO be_VBI becoming_VVG more_DAR of_IO an_AT1 issue_NN1 as_CSA predator_NN1 numbers_NN2 are_VBR declining_VVG and_CC conservationists_NN2 wish_VV0 to_TO protect_VVI them_PPHO2 more_RRR ._. 
</s>
<s>
(_( Wildlife_NN1 Conservation_NN1 Society_NN1 ,_, no_AT date_NN1 )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Hunting_NN1 animals_NN2 is_VBZ another_DD1 factor_NN1 contributing_VVG to_II declining_JJ wildlife_NN1 populations_NN2 thus_RR creating_VVG a_AT1 further_JJR human-wildlife_JJ conflict_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Hunting_NN1 can_VM be_VBI divided_VVN into_II a_AT1 few_DA2 areas_NN2 :_: subsistence_NN1 hunting_NN1 ,_, hunting_VVG for_IF trade_NN1 and_CC trophy_NN1 hunting/sport_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT bush_NN1 meat_NN1 trade_NN1 in_II Africa_NP1 is_VBZ seeing_VVG an_AT1 unsustainable_JJ resource_NN1 ,_, as_CSA human_JJ populations_NN2 are_VBR increasing_VVG which_DDQ coincide_VV0 with_IW wildlife_NN1 populations_NN2 declining_VVG ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT income_NN1 from_II trading_VVG in_II bush_NN1 meat_NN1 can_VM exceed_VVI the_AT national_JJ wage_NN1 ,_, making_VVG it_PPH1 a_AT1 worthwhile_JJ livelihood_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Commercial_JJ logging_NN1 has_VHZ seemed_VVN to_TO intensify_VVI the_AT problems_NN2 in_II the_AT bush_NN1 meat_NN1 trade_NN1 and_CC it_PPH1 's_VBZ negative_JJ effects_NN2 ,_, not_XX only_RR by_II destroying_VVG wildlife_NN1 and_CC their_APPGE habitats_NN2 but_CCB also_RR opening_VVG up_RP transport_NN1 links_VVZ for_IF trading_VVG the_AT meat_NN1 to_II markets_NN2 and_CC cities_NN2 ,_, thus_RR increasing_JJ consumer_NN1 numbers_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
(_( Eves_NP1 ,_, 2000_MC )_) It_PPH1 has_VHZ been_VBN predicted_VVN that_CST within_II the_AT next_MD fifteen_MC to_II fifty_MC years_NNT2 wild_JJ apes_NN2 in_II Africa_NP1 will_VM be_VBI gone_VVN altogether_RR if_CS things_NN2 continue_VV0 as_CSA they_PPHS2 are_VBR ._. 
</s>
<s>
(_( Bush_NP1 meat_NN1 Project_NN1 ,_, no_AT date_NN1 )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Despite_II the_AT prohibition_NN1 on_II trading_NN1 bush_NN1 meat_NN1 ,_, up_RG21 to_RG22 five_MC million_NNO tonnes_NNU2 from_II the_AT tropical_JJ and_CC subtropical_JJ forests_NN2 on_II the_AT Congo_NP1 basin_NN1 is_VBZ traded_VVN each_DD1 year_NNT1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 has_VHZ resulted_VVN in_II increased_JJ threats_NN2 to_II endangered_JJ species_NN such_II21 as_II22 the_AT great_JJ ape_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
(_( Kirby_NP1 ,_, 2003_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
However_RRQV it_PPH1 's_VBZ not_XX as_RG easy_JJ as_CSA just_RR cracking_VVG down_RP and_CC banning_VVG the_AT killing_NN1 of_IO bush_NN1 meat_NN1 altogether_RR ,_, as_CSA so_RG many_DA2 depend_VV0 on_II it_PPH1 as_II a_AT1 source_NN1 of_IO food_NN1 ,_, and_CC a_AT1 meat_NN1 for_IF trading_VVG to_TO make_VVI a_AT1 living_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Hunting_NN1 as_II a_AT1 sport_NN1 occurs_VVZ in_II tropical_JJ regions_NN2 of_IO the_AT world_NN1 as_II31 well_II32 as_II33 westernised_JJ countries_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Parks_NN2 and_CC ranches_NN2 in_II tropical_JJ and_CC grassland_NN1 regions_NN2 make_VV0 good_JJ incomes_NN2 from_II allowing_VVG people_NN ,_, a_AT1 lot_NN1 of_IO them_PPHO2 tourists_NN2 ,_, to_TO kill_VVI game_NN1 ,_, ranging_VVG from_II kudu_NN1 and_CC springbok_NN1 to_II zebra_NN1 and_CC leopards_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
(_( Namibia_NP1 Hunting_NN1 ,_, no_AT date_NN1 )_) This_DD1 type_NN1 of_IO hunting_NN1 is_VBZ classed_VVN as_CSA trophy_NN1 hunting_NN1 ,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ a_AT1 form_NN1 of_IO sport_NN1 ,_, partakers_NN2 will_VM hunt_VVI the_AT wild_JJ game_NN1 and_CC parts_NN2 of_IO the_AT animal_NN1 ,_, such_II21 as_II22 the_AT antlers_NN2 ,_, may_VM be_VBI kept_VVN as_II a_AT1 trophy_NN1 or_CC memorial_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
An_AT1 example_NN1 is_VBZ the_AT Klawerberg_NP1 Game_NN1 ranch_NN1 in_II Namibia_NP1 ,_, where_RRQ tourists_NN2 will_VM pay_VVI a_AT1 entrance_NN1 fee_NN1 and_CC either_RR buy_VV0 a_AT1 package_NN1 which_DDQ includes_VVZ slaying_VVG five_MC specific_JJ game_NN1 ,_, or_CC pay_VV0 individually_RR ,_, a_AT1 baboon_NN1 will_VM cost_VVI $180_NNU ,_, a_AT1 giraffe_NN1 $4000_NNU ,_, a_AT1 Duiker_NN1 $300_NNU and_CC a_AT1 leopard_NN1 $4000_NNU ._. 
</s>
<s>
(_( Namibia_NP1 Hunting_NN1 ,_, no_AT date_NN1 )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
A_AT1 different_JJ type_NN1 of_IO hunting_NN1 in_II the_AT form_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 sport_NN1 is_VBZ :_: fox_NN1 hunting_NN1 ,_, this_DD1 has_VHZ caused_VVN many_DA2 debates_NN2 in_II present-day_JJ society_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II the_AT UK_NP1 ,_, the_AT sport_NN1 has_VHZ been_VBN recently_RR banned_VVN ,_, even_RR with_IW strong_JJ opposition_NN1 from_II pro-hunters_NN2 who_PNQS want_VV0 the_AT tradition_NN1 to_TO continue_VVI ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II banning_VVG this_DD1 sport_NN1 to_TO ease_VVI the_AT human-wildlife_JJ conflict_NN1 ,_, the_AT problem_NN1 of_IO wild_JJ animals_NN2 preying_VVG on_II livestock_NN may_VM arise_VVI ,_, with_IW foxes_NN2 killing_VVG poultry_NN etc_RA ._. 
</s>
<s>
As_II a_AT1 result_NN1 of_IO banning_VVG the_AT sport_NN1 solely_RR in_II the_AT UK_NP1 ,_, South-west_ND1 France_NP1 has_VHZ seen_VVN an_AT1 increase_NN1 in_II tourists_NN2 wanting_VVG to_TO fox_VVI hunt_NN1 there_RL ,_, as_CSA it_PPH1 is_VBZ legal_JJ ._. 
</s>
<s>
(_( 123_MC Voyage_NN1 ,_, no_AT date_NN1 )_) Many_DA2 of_IO the_AT residents_NN2 ,_, in_II towns_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 Pau_NP1 in_II the_AT Pyrenees_NP2 ,_, are_VBR against_II tourists_NN2 coming_VVG over_RP and_CC escalating_VVG the_AT sport_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
It_PPH1 is_VBZ predicted_VVN that_DD1 Fox_NN1 hunting_NN1 in_II France_NP1 may_VM also_RR be_VBI banned_VVN in_II the_AT near_JJ future_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
(_( Countryfile_NP1 BBC1_NP1 ,_, 2005_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
These_DD2 two_MC types_NN2 of_IO hunting_NN1 as_II a_AT1 sport_NN1 show_VV0 how_RGQ human-wildlife_JJ conflicts_NN2 can_VM vary_VVI a_RR31 great_RR32 deal_RR33 depending_VVG on_II the_AT country_NN1 ,_, its_APPGE economy_NN1 and_CC its_APPGE wildlife_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Finally_RR ,_, there_EX is_VBZ the_AT human-wildlife_JJ conflict_NN1 of_IO habitat_NN1 loss_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Where_CS wildlife_NN1 suffers_VVZ the_AT consequences_NN2 of_IO human_JJ advancement_NN1 and_CC growth_NN1 ,_, it_PPH1 occurs_VVZ all_RR over_II the_AT world_NN1 ,_, in_II areas_NN2 were_VBDR humans_NN2 subsist_VV0 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Logging_VVG results_NN2 in_II enormous_JJ loss_NN1 of_IO habitats_NN2 and_CC wildlife_NN1 itself_PPX1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT Amazon_NP1 rainforest_NN1 is_VBZ a_AT1 prime_JJ example_NN1 ,_, where_CS deforestation_NN1 and_CC logging_NN1 is_VBZ having_VHG huge_JJ effects_NN2 on_II the_AT biodiversity_NN1 and_CC social_JJ framework_NN1 of_IO the_AT forest_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Even_CS21 though_CS22 laws_NN2 have_VH0 been_VBN laid_VVN out_RP to_TO reduce_VVI the_AT negative_JJ effects_NN2 of_IO logging_NN1 ,_, many_DA2 of_IO them_PPHO2 are_VBR ignored_VVN ._. 
</s>
<s>
(_( Amazon_NP1 Destruction_NN1 ,_, 2003_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Unfortunately_RR like_VV0 in_II other_JJ cases_NN2 ,_, one_MC1 conflict_NN1 often_RR leads_VVZ to_II another_DD1 ,_, logging_NN1 is_VBZ closely_RR linked_VVN to_II road_NN1 construction-_NN1 which_DDQ results_VVZ in_II more_DAR habitat_NN1 loss_NN1 as_II31 well_II32 as_II33 increased_JJ access_NN1 for_IF more_DAR logging_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Those_DD2 who_PNQS do_VD0 n't_XX work_VVI in_II the_AT logging_NN1 trade_NN1 also_RR have_VH0 conflicting_JJ issues_NN2 with_IW loggers-_NN1 who_PNQS are_VBR destroying_VVG their_APPGE habitats_NN2 ,_, resources_NN2 and_CC livelihoods_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
(_( Solon_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ,_, 1995_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II the_AT United_NP1 States_NP1 ,_, humans_NN2 are_VBR creating_VVG problems_NN2 for_IF themselves_PPX2 by_II invading_VVG and_CC destroying_VVG the_AT deer_NN 's_GE habitats_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
As_CSA suburban_JJ development_NN1 extends_VVZ into_II rural_JJ areas_NN2 ,_, wildlife_NN1 is_VBZ forced_VVN into_II smaller_JJR and_CC smaller_JJR parts_NN2 of_IO their_APPGE natural_JJ environment_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 has_VHZ resulted_VVN in_II deer_NN especially_RR ,_, to_TO be_VBI forced_VVN to_TO find_VVI food_NN1 sources_NN2 in_II residential_JJ areas_NN2 ,_, grazing_VVG on_II lawns_NN2 and_CC gardens_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 creates_VVZ two_MC human-wildlife_JJ conflicts_NN2 ,_, habitat_NN1 loss_NN1 for_IF the_AT deer_NN and_CC in_II turn_NN1 loss_NN1 or_CC damage_NN1 to_II crops_NN2 or_CC gardens_NN2 for_IF humans_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
As_II the_AT deer_NN 's_GE habitat_NN1 is_VBZ being_VBG converted_VVN into_II roads_NN2 and_CC housing_NN1 ,_, perhaps_RR surprisingly_RR their_APPGE population_NN1 size_NN1 has_VHZ increased_VVN ,_, this_DD1 is_VBZ due_II21 to_II22 the_AT them_PPHO2 finding_VVG the_AT short-cropped_JJ lawns_NN2 and_CC flowers_VVZ an_AT1 easy_JJ and_CC attractive_JJ ,_, year_NNT1 round_II food_NN1 source_NN1 ._. 
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Another_DD1 reason_NN1 for_IF the_AT population_NN1 increase_NN1 may_VM be_VBI due_II21 to_II22 humans_NN2 forcing_VVG out_RP potential_JJ deer_NN predators_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 wolves_NN2 and_CC bobcats_NN2 ._. 
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(_( Lavendel_VV0 ,_, 2002_MC )_) ._. 
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This_DD1 type_NN1 of_IO habitat_NN1 loss_NN1 conflict_NN1 can_VM be_VBI seen_VVN in_II all_DB developed_VVN and_CC developing_JJ regions_NN2 as_CSA they_PPHS2 expand_VV0 their_APPGE urban_JJ areas_NN2 ._. 
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In_II answering_VVG the_AT original_JJ question_NN1 ,_, human-wildlife_JJ conflict_NN1 refers_VVZ to_II situations_NN2 where_RRQ humans_NN2 and_CC wildlife_NN1 needs_NN2 and_CC actions_NN2 are_VBR in_II conflict_NN1 ._. 
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As_CSA shown_VVN in_II my_APPGE examples_NN2 ,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ not_XX an_AT1 occurrence_NN1 solely_RR in_II tropical_JJ regions_NN2 of_IO the_AT world_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT main_JJ reason_NN1 why_RRQ it_PPH1 is_VBZ n't_XX defined_VVN to_II certain_JJ areas_NN2 of_IO the_AT globe_NN1 is_VBZ because_CS these_DD2 conflicts_NN2 will_VM arise_VVI wherever_RRQV humans_NN2 and_CC animals_NN2 co-exist_VV0 and_CC interact_VV0 ,_, which_DDQ is_VBZ worldwide_RL ._. 
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As_CSA has_VHZ been_VBN discussed_VVN ,_, the_AT main_JJ conflicts_NN2 include_VV0 :_: crop_NN1 raiding_VVG and_CC damage_NN1 ,_, predators_NN2 on_II livestock_NN ,_, hunting_NN1 and_CC the_AT loss_NN1 of_IO habitat_NN1 ._. 
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Crop_NN1 damage_NN1 can_VM often_RR be_VBI a_AT1 result_NN1 of_IO human_JJ interference_NN1 ,_, the_AT grizzly_JJ bears_NN2 in_II Canada_NP1 have_VH0 become_VVN used_VVN to_II human_JJ presence_NN1 due_II21 to_II22 tourism_NN1 and_CC now_RT raid_VV0 trash_NN1 and_CC crops_NN2 ._. 
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As_CSA talked_VVN about_II prior_II21 to_II22 this_DD1 conclusion_NN1 ,_, in_II North_ND1 America_NP1 ,_, deer_NN 's_VBZ now_RT raid_VV0 and_CC eat_VV0 the_AT crops_NN2 of_IO humans_NN2 who_PNQS have_VH0 invaded_VVN their_APPGE natural_JJ habitat_NN1 ._. 
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Predators_NN2 are_VBR always_RR at_II the_AT top_NN1 of_IO the_AT food_NN1 chain_NN1 ,_, without_IW them_PPHO2 biodiversity_NN1 's_VBZ would_VM n't_XX be_VBI as_CSA they_PPHS2 are_VBR ._. 
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Predators_NN2 can_VM range_VVI from_II lions_NN2 in_II Kenya_NP1 killing_VVG the_AT Masai_NP1 's_GE livestock_NN ,_, to_II foxes_NN2 in_II the_AT UK_NP1 preying_JJ on_II chickens_NN2 and_CC ducks_NN2 ._. 
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Hunting_NN1 can_VM be_VBI in_II different_JJ forms_NN2 ,_, killing_VVG bush_NN1 meat_NN1 in_II Cameroon_NP1 for_IF subsistence_NN1 and_CC trade_NN1 is_VBZ one_MC1 form_NN1 ,_, hunting_VVG as_II a_AT1 sport_NN1 is_VBZ another_DD1 one_PN1 ,_, this_DD1 may_VM be_VBI trophy_NN1 hunting_NN1 in_II Namibia_NP1 or_CC fox_NN1 hunting_NN1 in_II Europe_NP1 ._. 
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Destroying_VVG habitats_NN2 is_VBZ a_AT1 critical_JJ issue_NN1 and_CC can_VM bring_VVI about_RP numerous_JJ conflicts_NN2 ._. 
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Commercial_JJ logging_NN1 is_VBZ one_MC1 of_IO the_AT world_NN1 's_GE most_RGT significant_JJ reasons_NN2 for_IF habitat_NN1 loss_NN1 ._. 
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As_CSA discussed_VVN earlier_RRR ,_, in_II the_AT Amazon_NP1 ,_, conflicts_NN2 arise_VV0 with_IW the_AT wildlife_NN1 ,_, the_AT loggers_NN2 and_CC local_JJ communities_NN2 ,_, due_II21 to_II22 loss_NN1 of_IO resources_NN2 ,_, land_NN1 right_NN1 issues_NN2 ,_, and_CC the_AT loss_NN1 of_IO habitats_NN2 ._. 
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All_DB these_DD2 examples_NN2 outline_VV0 the_AT types_NN2 of_IO conflicts_NN2 that_CST arise_VV0 between_II wildlife_NN1 and_CC humans_NN2 ,_, where_CS they_PPHS2 occur_VV0 ,_, ranging_VVG from_II tropical_JJ forests_NN2 and_CC savannah_NN1 grasslands_NN2 to_II boreal_JJ and_CC developed_JJ regions_NN2 ,_, and_CC in_II what_DDQ form_VV0 ._. 
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