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Introduction_NN1 This_DD1 essay_NN1 aims_VVZ to_TO identify_VVI the_AT roles_NN2 and_CC interactions_NN2 of_IO different_JJ actors_NN2 in_II the_AT development_NN1 of_IO two_MC different_JJ urban_JJ areas_NN2 :_: the_AT Florence_NP1 Park_NN1 estate_NN1 in_II Cowley_NP1 ,_, Oxford_NP1 and_CC the_AT Byker_NN1 estate_NN1 in_II Newcastle_NP1 ._. 
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The_AT Florence_NP1 Park_NN1 estate_NN1 is_VBZ a_AT1 housing_NN1 development_NN1 in_II Cowley_NP1 ._. 
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The_AT area_NN1 developed_VVD rapidly_RR in_II the_AT 20_MC 's_GE and_CC 30_MC 's_VBZ with_IW the_AT arrival_NN1 of_IO the_AT Morris_NP1 Motors_VVZ car_NN1 works_VVZ ._. 
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The_AT Byker_NN1 estate_NN1 in_II Newcastle_NP1 is_VBZ a_AT1 planned_JJ social_JJ housing_NN1 development_NN1 built_VVN in_II the_AT 70_MC221 's_MC222 as_II part_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 slum_NN1 clearance_NN1 project_NN1 ._. 
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This_DD1 essay_NN1 will_VM examine_VVI each_DD1 example_NN1 in_II turn_NN1 and_CC then_RT draw_VV0 conclusions_NN2 about_II the_AT varying_JJ importance_NN1 of_IO different_JJ actors_NN2 in_II each_DD1 area_NN1 ._. 
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Cowley_NP1 ,_, East_ND1 Oxford_NP1 Up_II21 until_II22 the_AT 1920s_MC2 Cowley_NP1 was_VBDZ a_AT1 predominantly_RR rural_JJ area_NN1 with_IW only_RR a_AT1 few_DA2 small_JJ clustered_JJ settlements_NN2 ._. 
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Morris_NP1 motor_NN1 car_NN1 works_NN was_VBDZ established_VVN in_II the_AT area_NN1 in_II 1913_MC and_CC the_AT Pressed_JJ Steel_NP1 Co._NP1 followed_VVD ._. 
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There_EX was_VBDZ a_AT1 demand_NN1 for_IF housing_VVG close_RR to_II the_AT factories_NN2 for_IF the_AT workers_NN2 ,_, many_DA2 of_IO whom_PNQO had_VHD migrated_VVN to_II the_AT area_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT area_NN1 developed_VVD rapidly_RR from_II rural_JJ to_II urban_JJ ._. 
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The_AT housing_NN1 built_VVD still_RR remains_VVZ in_II Cowley_NP1 today_RT ,_, although_CS some_DD of_IO the_AT houses_NN2 have_VH0 been_VBN extended_VVN and_CC there_EX are_VBR areas_NN2 of_IO infill_NN1 ._. 
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Private_JJ housebuilders_NN2 bought_VVD areas_NN2 of_IO land_NN1 and_CC built_VVD large_JJ estate_NN1 of_IO houses_NN2 speculatively_RR ._. 
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Florence_NP1 Park_NN1 was_VBDZ built_VVN in_II 1934_MC by_II N._NP1 Moss_NP1 and_CC Son_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT houses_NN2 were_VBDR all_DB built_VVN to_II a_AT1 standard_JJ design_NN1 and_CC architects_NN2 were_VBDR not_XX used_VVN ._. 
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They_PPHS2 were_VBDR developed_VVN for_IF profit_NN1 and_CC were_VBDR either_RR sold_VVN or_CC let_VV0 ._. 
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Estate_NN1 agents_NN2 were_VBDR used_VVN to_TO sell_VVI properties_NN2 and_CC they_PPHS2 were_VBDR also_RR advertised_VVN in_II papers_NN2 and_CC magazines_NN2 ._. 
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There_EX was_VBDZ no_AT formal_JJ planning_NN1 system_NN1 at_II this_DD1 time_NNT1 although_CS the_AT housing_NN1 had_VHD to_TO adhere_VVI to_II certain_JJ bylaws_NN2 ._. 
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The_AT council_NN1 had_VHD a_AT1 role_NN1 in_II checking_VVG and_CC approving_VVG plans_NN2 before_II development_NN1 (_( the_AT Housing_NN1 Subcommittee_NN1 ._. )_) 
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Tenants_NN2 had_VHD little_DA1 power_NN1 and_CC conflicts_NN2 arose_VVD as_CSA they_PPHS2 united_VVD to_TO protest_VVI at_II the_AT high_JJ rents_NN2 and_CC poor_JJ design/quality_NN1 of_IO the_AT houses_NN2 ._. 
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They_PPHS2 felt_VVD that_CST they_PPHS2 had_VHD been_VBN built_VVN as_RG cheaply_RR as_CSA possible_JJ and_CC were_VBDR 'so_NN1 badly_RR built_VVD they_PPHS2 can_VM not_XX be_VBI said_VVN even_RR to_TO conform_VVI with_IW the_AT bylaws_NN2 ._. '_" 
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(_( Florence_NP1 Park_NN1 Tenants_NN2 Committee_NN1 ,_, n.d_NNU ._. 
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)_) They_PPHS2 also_RR felt_VVD that_CST the_AT council_NN1 had_VHD done_VDN little_DA1 to_TO protect_VVI their_APPGE interests_NN2 ,_, especially_RR as_CSA the_AT builder_NN1 of_IO Florence_NP1 Park_NN1 ,_, F.E._FO Moss_NP1 ,_, was_VBDZ also_RR a_AT1 city_NN1 councillor_NN1 ._. 
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Developers_NN2 seem_VV0 to_TO have_VHI the_AT most_DAT power_NN1 and_CC were_VBDR setting_VVG the_AT agenda_NN1 ._. 
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Byker_NN1 estate_NN1 ,_, NewcastleThis_NP1 area_NN1 of_IO Newcastle_NP1 was_VBDZ originally_RR a_AT1 working-class_JJ area_NN1 of_IO high_JJ density_NN1 back-to-back_JJ Victorian_JJ terraces_NN2 ._. 
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Many_DA2 of_IO these_DD2 were_VBDR in_II poor_JJ condition_NN1 and_CC lacked_VVD one_MC1 or_CC more_DAR basic_JJ household_NN1 amenities_NN2 ._. 
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In_II the_AT 1960s_MC2 Newcastle_NP1 City_NN1 Council_NN1 took_VVD the_AT decision_NN1 to_TO redevelop_VVI it_PPH1 ._. 
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80%_NNU of_IO the_AT residents_NN2 wanted_VVD to_TO stay_VVI in_II Byker_NP1 and_CC in_II 1968_MC the_AT Conservatives_NN2 won_VVD one_MC1 of_IO the_AT council_NN1 seats_NN2 after_II campaigning_VVG on_II the_AT slogan_NN1 'Byker_NN1 for_IF Byker_NN1 people_NN ._. '_" 
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The_AT council_NN1 decided_VVD to_TO clear_VVI the_AT slums_NN2 but_CCB to_TO try_VVI to_TO keep_VVI the_AT community_NN1 ._. 
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Ralph_NP1 Erskine_NP1 ,_, an_AT1 architect_NN1 ,_, was_VBDZ appointed_VVN by_II the_AT Housing_NN1 Committee_NN1 as_II the_AT master_NN1 planner_NN1 and_CC consultant_NN1 for_IF the_AT redevelopment_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT local_JJ authority_NN1 owned_VVD the_AT land_NN1 ,_, financed_VVD the_AT development_NN1 and_CC was_VBDZ responsible_JJ for_IF approving_VVG the_AT plans_NN2 ,_, and_CC giving_VVG planning_NN1 permission_NN1 ._. 
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Erskine_NP1 opened_VVD up_RP an_AT1 office_NN1 in_II an_AT1 old_JJ shop_NN1 in_II the_AT middle_NN1 of_IO the_AT redevelopment_NN1 area_NN1 ,_, and_CC there_EX was_VBDZ an_AT1 'open_VV0 house'_JJ policy_NN1 that_CST encouraged_VVD local_JJ people_NN to_TO drop_VVI in_RP and_CC talk_VVI to_II the_AT architects_NN2 and_CC get_VV0 involved_JJ with_IW the_AT design_NN1 team_NN1 ._. 
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At_II the_AT time_NNT1 there_EX were_VBDR plans_NN2 for_IF a_AT1 motorway_NN1 bypass_NN1 to_TO run_VVI through_II the_AT area_NN1 ._. 
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Part_NN1 of_IO the_AT design_NN1 solution_NN1 to_TO screen_VVI the_AT rest_NN1 of_IO the_AT site_NN1 from_II this_DD1 was_VBDZ the_AT Byker_NP1 Wall_NP1 :_: This_DD1 wall_NN1 is_VBZ a_AT1 block_NN1 of_IO flats/maisonettes_NN2 which_DDQ winds_VVZ around_II the_AT north_ND1 of_IO the_AT estate_NN1 ._. 
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Within_II the_AT wall_NN1 ,_, the_AT development_NN1 consists_VVZ of_IO low_JJ rise_NN1 housing_NN1 ,_, comprising_VVG of_IO a_AT1 mixture_NN1 of_IO terraces_NN2 and_CC maisonettes_NN2 for_IF 2_MC to_II 6_MC people_NN ._. 
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There_EX is_VBZ a_AT1 great_JJ mix_NN1 in_II textures_NN2 ,_, styles_NN2 ,_, scales_NN2 and_CC colour_NN1 of_IO the_AT housing_NN1 :_: Green_JJ spaces_NN2 and_CC landscaping_NN1 were_VBDR included_VVN in_II the_AT redevelopment_NN1 and_CC communal_JJ 'hobby_JJ rooms_NN2 '_GE were_VBDR provided_VVN for_IF each_DD1 group_NN1 of_IO residents_NN2 ._. 
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The_AT architects_NN2 had_VHD constant_JJ feedback_NN1 from_II tenants_NN2 and_CC many_DA2 changes_NN2 were_VBDR made_VVN to_II the_AT design_NN1 and_CC building_NN1 standards_NN2 in_II31 response_II32 to_II33 the_AT tenant_NN1 's_GE views_NN2 ._. 
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The_AT scheme_NN1 has_VHZ been_VBN heralded_VVN as_II the_AT first_MD example_NN1 of_IO 'community_NN1 architecture_NN1 ._. '_" 
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The_AT estate_NN1 still_RR remains_VVZ ,_, although_CS in_II recent_JJ years_NNT2 some_DD social_JJ problems_NN2 have_VH0 developed_VVN ,_, partly_RR due_II21 to_II22 poor_JJ maintenance_NN1 of_IO the_AT site_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT estate_NN1 was_VBDZ grade_NN1 II_MC listed_VVD in_II 2003_MC The_AT majority_NN1 view_NN1 seems_VVZ to_TO be_VBI that_CST the_AT Byker_NN1 development_NN1 was_VBDZ 'highly_RR successful'_JJ and_CC 'set_VV0 new_JJ standards_NN2 for_IF local_JJ authority_NN1 housing_NN1 ._. '_" 
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(_( Grundy_NN1 ,_, 1992_MC )_) However_RR due_II21 to_II22 the_AT fact_NN1 that_CST the_AT new_JJ housing_NN1 was_VBDZ at_II a_AT1 lower_JJR density_NN1 than_CSN the_AT slums_NN2 not_XX all_DB of_IO the_AT community_NN1 could_VM be_VBI rehoused_VVN in_II the_AT same_DA area_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT main_JJ actors_NN2 in_II this_DD1 development_NN1 were_VBDR the_AT architect_NN1 ,_, the_AT residents_NN2 and_CC the_AT local_JJ authority_NN1 ._. 
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Conclusion_NN1 The_AT Byker_NN1 estate_NN1 and_CC Florence_NP1 Park_NN1 estate_NN1 were_VBDR developed_VVN at_II different_JJ times_NNT2 and_CC in_II very_RG different_JJ ways_NN2 ._. 
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The_AT Florence_NP1 Park_NN1 estate_NN1 was_VBDZ developed_VVN on_II greenfield_NN1 land_NN1 ,_, speculatively_RR ,_, by_II private_JJ developers_NN2 for_IF profit_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT Byker_NN1 estate_NN1 was_VBDZ planned_VVN redevelopment_NN1 of_IO an_AT1 area_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT council_NN1 had_VHD several_DA2 roles_NN2 as_CSA it_PPH1 was_VBDZ the_AT landowner_NN1 and_CC client_NN1 for_IF the_AT project_NN1 and_CC the_AT development_NN1 was_VBDZ for_IF public_JJ housing_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT council_NN1 also_RR had_VHN a_AT1 role_NN1 as_II the_AT planning_NN1 authority_NN1 ._. 
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When_CS Florence_NP1 Park_NP1 was_VBDZ being_VBG developed_VVN there_RL was_VBDZ not_XX yet_RR such_DA a_AT1 formal_JJ planning_NN1 system_NN1 although_CS there_EX were_VBDR regulations_NN2 that_CST should_VM have_VHI been_VBN adhered_VVN to_II ._. 
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As_II the_AT developer_NN1 was_VBDZ also_RR a_AT1 councillor_NN1 ,_, there_EX was_VBDZ a_AT1 conflict_NN1 of_IO interest_NN1 ._. 
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Private_JJ developers_NN2 instigated_VVD the_AT development_NN1 of_IO Florence_NP1 Park_NN1 and_CC had_VHD a_AT1 lot_NN1 of_IO power_NN1 ._. 
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Tenants_NN2 had_VHD no_AT influence_NN1 whereas_CS at_II Byker_NP1 the_AT tenant_NN1 's_GE views_NN2 were_VBDR much_RR more_RGR influential_JJ ._. 
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The_AT Byker_NN1 estate_NN1 was_VBDZ designed_VVN by_II an_AT1 architect_NN1 ,_, and_CC was_VBDZ thought_VVN to_TO be_VBI very_RG innovative_JJ ._. 
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Housing_NN1 was_VBDZ individually_RR designed_VVN with_IW 300_MC different_JJ types_NN2 of_IO dwelling_NN1 which_DDQ were_VBDR of_IO good_JJ quality_NN1 ._. 
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Florence_NP1 Park_NN1 did_VDD not_XX use_VVI an_AT1 architect_NN1 ,_, housing_NN1 was_VBDZ uniform_JJ ,_, and_CC there_EX were_VBDR many_DA2 complaints_NN2 about_II the_AT standards_NN2 of_IO its_APPGE design_NN1 ._. 
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Tenants_NN2 were_VBDR much_RR more_RGR satisfied_JJ with_IW the_AT housing_NN1 at_II Byker_NP1 ._. 
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These_DD2 two_MC examples_NN2 demonstrate_VV0 that_CST urban_JJ areas_NN2 are_VBR shaped_VVN by_II a_AT1 combination_NN1 of_IO influences_NN2 and_CC interactions_NN2 between_II different_JJ actors_NN2 ,_, who_PNQS have_VH0 varying_JJ degrees_NN2 of_IO power_NN1 in_II the_AT development_NN1 process_NN1 ._. 
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These_DD2 different_JJ influences_NN2 are_VBR apparent_JJ in_II the_AT final_JJ form_NN1 of_IO the_AT built_VVN environment_NN1 ._. 
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