<s>
Introduction_NN1 The_AT last_MD fifty_MC years_NNT2 have_VH0 seen_VVN a_AT1 great_JJ many_DA2 changes_NN2 in_II the_AT social_JJ ,_, political_JJ and_CC economic_JJ status_NN1 of_IO women_NN2 in_II Britain_NP1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 has_VHZ led_VVN to_II a_AT1 change_NN1 in_II the_AT pattern_NN1 of_IO their_APPGE daily_JJ lives_NN2 and_CC the_AT way_NN1 they_PPHS2 use_VV0 urban_JJ space_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 essay_NN1 aims_VVZ to_II :_: examine_VV0 what_DDQ some_DD of_IO the_AT changes_NN2 in_II women_NN2 's_GE roles_NN2 have_VH0 been_VBN and_CC at_II present_JJ patterns_NN2 of_IO women_NN2 's_GE lives_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
discuss_VV0 how_RRQ the_AT changes_NN2 examined_VVN in_II a_ZZ1 )_) have_VH0 affected_VVN their_APPGE use_NN1 and_CC expectations_NN2 of_IO urban_JJ space_NN1 for_IF certain_JJ activities_NN2 and_CC how_RRQ these_DD2 are_VBR constrained/_JJ promoted_VVN by_II the_AT spatial_JJ organisation_NN1 of_IO cities_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Discuss_VV0 solutions_NN2 to_II the_AT constraints_NN2 found_VVN in_II b_ZZ1 )_) and_CC how_RRQ in_II the_AT future_JJ urban_JJ space_NN1 could_VM be_VBI organised_VVN for_IF greater_JJR gender_NN1 equality_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
There_EX are_VBR huge_JJ variations_NN2 between_II the_AT lives_NN2 of_IO different_JJ women_NN2 at_II any_DD one_MC1 time_NNT1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
However_RR ,_, due_II21 to_II22 the_AT limitation_NN1 of_IO space_NN1 I_PPIS1 will_VM concentrate_VVI on_II the_AT main_JJ "_" stereotypes_NN2 "_" ._. 
</s>
<s>
a_ZZ1 )_) Changes_NN2 in_II women_NN2 's_GE roles_NN2 In_II the_AT 1950_MC221 's_MC222 women_NN2 's_GE main_JJ roles_NN2 were_VBDR as_CSA mothers_NN2 and_CC carers_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
It_PPH1 was_VBDZ generally_RR assumed_VVN that_CST they_PPHS2 would_VM stay_VVI at_II home_NN1 and_CC look_VVI after_II the_AT children_NN2 whilst_CS the_AT men/fathers_NN2 went_VVD out_RP to_II work_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Women_NN2 who_PNQS did_VDD work_VVI did_VDD so_RG mainly_RR in_II jobs_NN2 that_CST were_VBDR subsidiary_JJ to_II men_NN2 and_CC there_EX was_VBDZ also_RR large_JJ pay_NN1 differential_NN1 between_II the_AT sexes_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Over_II the_AT last_MD fifty_MC years_NNT2 more_RRR and_CC more_DAR women_NN2 are_VBR working_VVG both_RR before_CS they_PPHS2 have_VH0 children_NN2 and_CC through_RP out_RP the_AT rest_NN1 of_IO their_APPGE lives_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT types_NN2 of_IO jobs_NN2 women_NN2 work_VV0 in_II have_VH0 changed_VVN ;_; they_PPHS2 are_VBR more_RGR likely_JJ to_TO have_VHI careers_NN2 although_CS women_NN2 are_VBR more_RGR likely_JJ to_TO work_VVI part_NN1 time_NNT1 than_CSN men_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
There_EX has_VHZ been_VBN a_AT1 decline_NN1 in_II the_AT nuclear_JJ family_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Women_NN2 are_VBR marrying_VVG later_RRR ,_, having_VHG fewer_DAR children_NN2 and_CC starting_VVG their_APPGE families_NN2 later_RRR in_II their_APPGE lives_NN2 as_CSA demonstrated_VVN below_RL :_: The_AT 2001_MC Census_NN1 data_NN shows_VVZ that_DD1 number_NN1 of_IO lone_JJ parents_NN2 has_VHZ also_RR increased_VVN ,_, 9_MC out_II21 of_II22 10_MC of_IO whom_PNQO are_VBR women_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Women_NN2 still_RR on_II average_NN1 earn_VV0 less_DAR than_CSN men_NN2 ,_, although_CS the_AT gap_NN1 as_CSA narrowed_VVN as_II the_AT graph_NN1 below_II shows_NN2 :_: Despite_II their_APPGE greater_JJR participation_NN1 in_II the_AT workforce_NN1 they_PPHS2 still_RR spend_VV0 more_DAR time_NNT1 caring_VVG for_IF children_NN2 than_CSN men_NN2 ;_; an_AT1 average_NN1 of_IO 4.5_MC hours_NNT2 per_II day_NNT1 in_II comparison_NN1 to_II men_NN2 's_GE 3.5_MC hours_NNT2 per_II day_NNT1 (_( Office_NN1 for_IF National_JJ Statistics_NN ,_, 2004_MC ._. )_) 
</s>
<s>
The_AT graph_NN1 below_RL from_II the_AT ONS_NP2 (_( 2004_MC )_) demonstrates_VVZ the_AT effects_NN2 the_AT age_NN1 of_IO parent_NN1 's_GE youngest_JJT dependent_JJ child_NN1 has_VHZ on_II their_APPGE economic_JJ activity_NN1 :_: This_DD1 demonstrates_VVZ women_NN2 's_GE working_JJ lives_NN2 are_VBR influenced_VVN more_RRR by_II child_NN1 care_NN1 than_CSN men_NN2 's_GE ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT data_NN discussed_VVN above_RL indicates_VVZ that_CST in_II some_DD ways_NN2 the_AT lives_NN2 of_IO men_NN2 and_CC women_NN2 have_VH0 become_VVN more_RGR similar_JJ as_CSA women_NN2 participate_VV0 more_RRR in_II the_AT workforce_NN1 However_RR ,_, many_DA2 differences_NN2 remain_VV0 largely_RR due_II21 to_II22 the_AT responsibility_NN1 for_IF child_NN1 care_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
b_ZZ1 )_) EmploymentAs_NN2 women_NN2 's_GE participation_NN1 in_II the_AT workforce_NN1 has_VHZ increased_VVN ,_, they_PPHS2 spend_VV0 more_DAR time_NNT1 out_II21 of_II22 the_AT home_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Their_APPGE use_NN1 of_IO the_AT urban_JJ environment_NN1 for_IF work_NN1 ,_, leisure_NN1 and_CC travel_NN1 has_VHZ changed_VVN and_CC they_PPHS2 now_RT expect_VV0 equal_JJ access_NN1 to_II the_AT work_NN1 space_NN1 ,_, services_NN2 and_CC other_JJ facilities_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
'For_NN1 many_DA2 women_NN2 employment_NN1 ..._... brings_VVZ them_PPHO2 into_II the_AT centre_NN1 of_IO city_NN1 life_NN1 as_CSA workers_NN2 ,_, travellers_NN2 ,_, consumers_NN2 ,_, and_CC customers_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Women_NN2 workers_NN2 fill_VV0 shops_NN2 banks_NN2 and_CC street_NN1 during_II their_APPGE midday_NNT1 break_NN1 when_CS they_PPHS2 are_VBR often_RR doing_VDG domestic_JJ chores_NN2 essential_JJ to_II family_NN1 living'_NN1 (_( Booth_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 1996_MC ,_, page_NN1 30_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Fewer_DAR women_NN2 of_IO working_VVG age_NN1 are_VBR therefore_RR shopping_VVG locally_RR and_CC social_JJ interaction_NN1 in_II local_JJ communities_NN2 has_VHZ seen_VVN changes_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
As_CSA discussed_VVN by_II Watson_NP1 (_( 2002_MC ,_, page_NN1 290_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
'Urban_JJ planning_NN1 and_CC development_NN1 have_VH0 tended_VVN to_TO reflect_VVI and_CC also_RR reinforce_VVI traditional_JJ assumptions_NN2 about_II gender'_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT design_NN1 and_CC layout_NN1 of_IO cities_NN2 has_VHZ been_VBN influenced_VVN by_II the_AT older_JJR norms_NN2 of_IO a_AT1 society_NN1 which_DDQ assumed_VVD that_CST men_NN2 were_VBDR the_AT main_JJ bread_NN1 winners_NN2 and_CC women_NN2 carers_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Urban_JJ areas_NN2 are_VBR often_RR zoned_VVN according_II21 to_II22 the_AT assumption_NN1 that_CST men_NN2 go_VV0 to_II work_NN1 in_II the_AT morning_NNT1 and_CC back_RP in_II the_AT evening_NNT1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Women_NN2 's_GE work_NN1 patterns_NN2 need_VV0 to_TO be_VBI more_RGR flexible_JJ when_CS trying_VVG to_TO balance_VVI many_DA2 roles_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
As_CSA demonstrated_VVN earlier_RRR ,_, women_NN2 tend_VV0 to_TO bear_VVI the_AT main_JJ responsibility_NN1 for_IF childcare_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Access_NN1 to_II childcare_NN1 facilities_NN2 is_VBZ important_JJ in_II allowing_VVG women_NN2 to_TO participate_VVI in_II the_AT work_NN1 force_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
As_CSA discussed_VVN in_II the_AT Financial_JJ Times_NNT2 (_( Turner_NP1 ,_, 2004_MC )_) the_AT Equal_JJ Opportunities_NN2 Commission_NN1 has_VHZ found_VVN that_CST the_AT difficulty_NN1 mothers_NN2 face_VV0 in_II juggling_VVG care_NN1 and_CC paid_JJ work_NN1 accounts_VVZ for_IF more_RRR then_RT a_AT1 third_MD of_IO the_AT pay_NN1 gap_NN1 between_II women_NN2 and_CC men_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT provision_NN1 of_IO child_NN1 care_NN1 facilities_NN2 in_II accessible_JJ localities_NN2 at_II an_AT1 affordable_JJ price_NN1 can_VM be_VBI important_JJ factor_NN1 in_II influencing_VVG women_NN2 's_GE ability_NN1 to_TO participate_VVI in_II the_AT work_NN1 force_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
TransportAccess_VV0 to_II adequate_JJ effective_JJ and_CC affordable_JJ transport_NN1 is_VBZ vital_JJ to_TO give_VVI women_NN2 freedom_NN1 and_CC flexibility_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT growth_NN1 in_II car_NN1 ownership_NN1 over_II the_AT last_MD fifty_MC years_NNT2 has_VHZ provided_VVN those_DD2 with_IW access_NN1 to_II a_AT1 car_NN1 with_IW greater_JJR freedom_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
However_RR ,_, as_CSA stated_VVN by_II the_AT ONS_NP2 in_II 2004_MC ,_, 'Women_NN2 are_VBR more_RGR likely_JJ to_TO live_VVI in_II households_NN2 with_IW no_AT access_NN1 to_II car_NN1 (_( 25%_NNU compared_VVN with_IW 17%_NNU of_IO men_NN2 )_) ._. '_" 
</s>
<s>
Women_NN2 are_VBR more_RGR likely_JJ to_TO be_VBI reliant_JJ on_II public_JJ transport_NN1 and_CC walking_NN1 than_CSN men_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Arguably_RR ,_, the_AT public_JJ transport_NN1 system_NN1 is_VBZ built_VVN on_II stereotyped_JJ male_JJ use_NN1 patterns_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 can_VM make_VVI it_PPH1 difficult_JJ for_IF some_DD women_NN2 working_VVG and_CC trying_VVG to_TO carry_VVI out_RP other_JJ tasks_NN2 to_TO access_VVI shops_NN2 ,_, services_NN2 and_CC other_JJ facilities_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT school_NN1 run_NN1 ,_, other_JJ escort_NN1 duties_NN2 and_CC shopping_NN1 are_VBR still_RR mainly_RR women_NN2 's_GE responsibility_NN1 :_: As_CSA discussed_VVN by_II John_NP1 Whitelegg_NP1 (_( 1993_MC ,_, page_NN1 83_MC )_) 'transport_VV0 policies_NN2 which_DDQ influence_VV0 location_NN1 and_CC accessibility_NN1 will_VM steal_VVI time_NNT1 from_II the_AT different_JJ groups_NN2 and_CC reallocate_VV0 it_PPH1 to_II (_( usually_RR )_) richer_JJR groups_NN2 ._. '_" 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 "_" time_NNT1 penalty_NN1 "_" will_VM be_VBI felt_VVN most_DAT by_II those_DD2 less_DAR well_JJ21 off_JJ22 in_II society_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT impact_NN1 of_IO spatial_JJ organisation_NN1 in_II cities_NN2 may_VM have_VHI a_AT1 disproportionately_JJ negative_JJ effect_NN1 on_II the_AT lives_NN2 of_IO the_AT poorest_JJT ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT poorest_JJT women_NN2 may_VM be_VBI those_DD2 who_PNQS have_VH0 more_RGR extensive_JJ responsibilities_NN2 for_IF daily_JJ care_NN1 of_IO other_JJ kin_NN than_CSN more_RGR affluent_JJ women_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
As_CSA discussed_VVN below_RL ,_, safety_NN1 fears_VVZ when_RRQ travelling_NN1 can_VM also_RR limit_VVI women_NN2 's_GE freedom_NN1 ,_, especially_RR when_CS walking/using_VVG public_JJ transport_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Personal_JJ Safety'The_NN1 fear_NN1 of_IO crime_NN1 can_VM severely_RR inhibit_VVI and_CC restrict_VVI women_NN2 's_GE freedom_NN1 of_IO movement'_NN1 (_( Booth_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, 1996_MC ,_, p107_FO ._. )_) 
</s>
<s>
A_ZZ1 1989_MC MORI_NP1 poll_NN1 found_VVD that_CST 90%_NNU of_IO women_NN2 interviewed_VVD were_VBDR afraid_JJ to_TO go_VVI on_II their_APPGE own_DA at_II night_NNT1 and_CC 70%_NNU avoided_VVD going_VVG out_RP after_II dark_NN1 (_( Hanna_NP1 ,_, 1990_MC )_) Women_NN2 may_VM forgo_VVI certain_JJ activities_NN2 ,_, or_CC have_VH0 to_TO modify/adapt_VVI their_APPGE behaviour_NN1 to_TO reduce_VVI the_AT risk_NN1 of_IO crime_NN1 ,_, especially_RR after_II dark_NN1 and_CC when_CS using_VVG public_JJ transport_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Some_DD writers_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 Bell_NP1 (_( 1998_MC )_) believe_VV0 that_CST public_JJ safety_NN1 i.e._REX the_AT risk_NN1 of_IO assault_NN1 by_II another_DD1 person_NN1 and_CC the_AT fear_NN1 this_DD1 type_NN1 of_IO crime_NN1 can_VM be_VBI increased_VVN or_CC reduced_VVN according_II21 to_II22 the_AT design_NN1 and_CC layout_NN1 of_IO urban_JJ spaces_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Factors_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 the_AT location_NN1 and_CC layout_NN1 of_IO public_JJ transport_NN1 stops_VVZ and_CC levels_NN2 of_IO surveillance_NN1 and_CC maintenance_NN1 can_VM all_DB contribute_VVI to/reduce_FU the_AT feeling_NN1 of_IO safety_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Areas_NN2 which_DDQ are_VBR isolated_VVN and_CC have_VH0 bad_JJ lighting_NN1 and_CC visibility_NN1 such_II21 as_II22 pedestrian_NN1 subways_NN2 ,_, foot_NN1 paths_NN2 ,_, lifts_NN2 ,_, stairwells_NN2 and_CC alleyways_NN2 have_VH0 increased_VVN risk_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Areas_NN2 which_DDQ have_VH0 a_AT1 mix_NN1 of_IO uses_NN2 and_CC are_VBR busy_JJ at_II all_DB times_NNT2 are_VBR more_RGR likely_JJ to_TO be_VBI accessible_JJ to_II women_NN2 ;_; 'A_UH well_RR used_JJ city_NN1 street_NN1 is_VBZ apt_JJ to_TO be_VBI a_AT1 safe_JJ street_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
A_AT1 deserted_JJ street_NN1 is_VBZ apt_JJ to_TO be_VBI unsafe_JJ ._. '_" 
</s>
<s>
(_( Jacobs_NP2 ,_, 1961_MC ,_, page_NN1 34_MC )_) c_ZZ1 )_) Is_VBZ it_PPH1 Possible_JJ to_II Design_NN1 a_AT1 Truly_RR Inclusive_JJ City_NN1 ?_? 
</s>
<s>
A_AT1 truly_RR inclusive_JJ city_NN1 would_VM be_VBI one_PN1 where_RRQ men_NN2 and_CC women_NN2 had_VHD the_AT same_DA access_NN1 and_CC employment_NN1 opportunities_NN2 ,_, freedom_NN1 of_IO movement_NN1 and_CC life_NN1 style_NN1 choices_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
They_PPHS2 should_VM both_RR feel_VVI safe_JJ in_II the_AT urban_JJ environment_NN1 and_CC be_VBI able_JK to_TO use_VVI space_NN1 equally_RR for_IF work_NN1 ,_, rest_NN1 and_CC play_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT ability_NN1 for_IF both_DB2 parents_NN2 to_TO work_VVI flexibly_RR and_CC share_VVI the_AT child_NN1 care_NN1 responsibilities_NN2 is_VBZ critical_JJ for_IF this_DD1 equality_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Some_DD writers_NN2 argue_VV0 that_CST a_AT1 city_NN1 where_CS there_EX is_VBZ a_AT1 mix_NN1 of_IO uses_NN2 ,_, not_XX zoning_NN1 ,_, may_VM make_VVI it_PPH1 easier_JJR for_IF people_NN to_TO carry_VVI out_RP multiple_JJ roles_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
A_AT1 balance_NN1 of_IO work_NN1 ,_, housing_VVG ,_, shopping_VVG ,_, schools_NN2 ,_, childcare_NN1 and_CC leisure_NN1 activities_NN2 which_DDQ have_VH0 good_JJ safe_JJ transport_NN1 links_VVZ between_II them_PPHO2 could_VM allow_VVI people_NN to_TO use_VVI urban_JJ space_NN1 more_RGR flexibly_RR ._. 
</s>
<s>
A_AT1 compact_JJ city_NN1 (_( see_VV0 diagram_NN1 in_II appendix_NN1 )_) with_IW good_JJ public_JJ transport_NN1 networks_NN2 and_CC that_CST are_VBR pedestrian_JJ friendly_JJ ,_, would_VM make_VVI it_PPH1 easier_JJR for_IF those_DD2 who_PNQS do_VD0 not_XX have_VHI access_NN1 to_II a_AT1 car_NN1 to_TO get_VVI around_RP ._. 
</s>
<s>
Safety_NN1 needs_VVZ to_TO be_VBI planned_VVN into_II urban_JJ space_NN1 ,_, street_NN1 lighting_NN1 ,_, location_NN1 and_CC design_NN1 of_IO walk_NN1 ways_NN2 ,_, bus_NN1 stops_NN2 etc_RA ._. 
</s>
<s>
As_CSA J_NP1 Jacobs_NP2 (_( 1961_MC )_) explains_VVZ having_VHG buildings_NN2 that_CST are_VBR oriented_VVN to_II the_AT street_NN1 and_CC a_AT1 city_NN1 that_CST is_VBZ alive_JJ at_II night_NNT1 all_DB increase_VV0 safety_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
ConclusionChanges_NN2 in_II women_NN2 's_GE roles_NN2 over_II the_AT last_MD fifty_MC years_NNT2 have_VH0 meant_VVN women_NN2 's_GE use_NN1 of_IO urban_JJ space_NN1 has_VHZ altered_VVN ._. 
</s>
<s>
Men_NN2 and_CC women_NN2 have_VH0 increasingly_RR complex_JJ and_CC flexible_JJ working_JJ patterns_NN2 ,_, whilst_CS women_NN2 still_RR have_VH0 the_AT major_JJ responsibility_NN1 for_IF childcare_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT spatial_JJ organisation_NN1 of_IO cities_NN2 often_RR does_VDZ not_XX reflect/_VVI facilitate_VV0 these_DD2 changed_JJ roles_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Both_RR men_NN2 and_CC women_NN2 would_VM benefit_VVI from_II living_VVG in_II urban_JJ space_NN1 which_DDQ was_VBDZ planned_VVN taking_VVG into_II consideration_NN1 these_DD2 new_JJ patterns_NN2 rather_II21 than_II22 old_JJ assumptions_NN2 of_IO gender_NN1 roles_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Involving_VVG more_DAR women_NN2 in_II planning_VVG the_AT built_VVN environment_NN1 professions_NN2 could_VM help_VVI produce_VVI more_DAR gender_NN1 balance_NN1 in_II the_AT future_NN1 ._. 
</s>
