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Introduction_NN1 Urban_JJ growth_NN1 or_CC sprawl_NN1 is_VBZ the_AT process_NN1 of_IO cities_NN2 spreading_VVG outwards_RL into_II the_AT surrounding_JJ countryside_NN1 (_( Drake_NN1 and_CC Lee_NP1 ,_, 2000_MC ._. )_) 
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This_DD1 essay_NN1 aims_VVZ to_TO ;_; a_ZZ1 )_) Examine_VV0 the_AT problems_NN2 and_CC reasons_NN2 for_IF urban_JJ sprawl_NN1 and_CC why_RRQ it_PPH1 needs_VVZ to_TO be_VBI contained.b_NNU )_) Look_VV0 at_II some_DD of_IO the_AT ways_NN2 planners_NN2 have_VH0 tried_VVN to_TO address_VVI these_DD2 problems_NN2 and_CC discuss_VVI how_RGQ successful_JJ they_PPHS2 have_VH0 been.Urban_NNU Growth_NN1 and_CC its_APPGE effectsIn_NN1 Britain_NP1 the_AT development_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 cheap_JJ and_CC effective_JJ public_JJ transport_NN1 system_NN1 has_VHZ greatly_RR influenced_VVN the_AT spatial_JJ organisation_NN1 of_IO cities_NN2 ._. 
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It_PPH1 has_VHZ allowed_VVN people_NN to_TO live_VVI further_RRR away_II21 from_II22 their_APPGE place_NN1 of_IO work_NN1 ,_, and_CC is_VBZ one_MC1 of_IO the_AT factors_NN2 that_CST have_VH0 facilitated_VVN urban_JJ growth_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT map_NN1 below_RL demonstrates_VVZ this_DD1 :_: Population_NN1 growth_NN1 and_CC the_AT subsequent_JJ need_NN1 for_IF new_JJ housing_NN1 also_RR contributes_VVZ to_II urban_JJ spread_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT development_NN1 of_IO land_NN1 at_II the_AT fringe_NN1 of_IO cities_NN2 can_VM lead_VVI to_II the_AT availability_NN1 of_IO higher_JJR quality_NN1 housing_VVG at_II a_AT1 lower_JJR density_NN1 than_CSN could_VM be_VBI built_VVN in_II the_AT city_NN1 ._. 
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For_IF those_DD2 who_PNQS want_VV0 and_CC can_VM afford_VVI it_PPH1 ,_, this_DD1 suburban_JJ housing_NN1 ,_, spacious_JJ and_CC close_RR to_II the_AT countryside_NN1 is_VBZ very_RG desirable_JJ ._. 
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However_RR ,_, urban_JJ growth_NN1 can_VM also_RR have_VHI negative_JJ impacts_NN2 ._. 
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These_DD2 include_VV0 the_AT loss_NN1 of_IO the_AT countryside_NN1 and_CC rural_JJ habitats_NN2 ._. 
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This_DD1 land_NN1 could_VM otherwise_RR have_VHI a_AT1 recreational_JJ use_NN1 ,_, or_CC it_PPH1 may_VM be_VBI valuable_JJ agricultural_JJ land_NN1 ._. 
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By_II the_AT mid_JJ 1930_MC 's_VBZ some_DD 60,000_MC acres_NNU2 per_II year_NNT1 were_VBDR being_VBG taken_VVN from_II agriculture_NN1 in_II England_NP1 and_CC Wales_NP1 ._. 
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'The_VV0 suburban_JJ spread_NN1 of_IO London_NP1 took_VVD much_DA1 of_IO the_AT finest_JJT market_NN1 gardening_NN1 land_NN1 in_II all_DB England_NP1 ._. '_" 
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(_( Hall_NN1 ,_, 2002_MC p23_FO )_) Urban_JJ spread_NN1 can_VM also_RR lead_VVI to_II the_AT swallowing_VVG up_RP of_IO villages_NN2 and_CC the_AT loss_NN1 of_IO character_NN1 of_IO urban_JJ areas_NN2 as_CSA they_PPHS2 merge_VV0 into_II each_PPX221 other_PPX222 ._. 
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As_CSA quoted_VVN by_II a_AT1 campaigner_NN1 for_IF the_AT protection_NN1 of_IO the_AT countryside_NN1 ,_, 'without_VV0 open_JJ spaces_NN2 between_II communities_NN2 it_PPH1 is_VBZ extremely_RR difficult_JJ ..._... to_TO create_VVI communities_NN2 and_CC they_PPHS2 become_VV0 soulless_JJ and_CC lost_VVD ._. '_" 
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(_( Ollie_NP1 Stone-Lee_NP1 ,_, 2004_MC )_) ._. 
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In_II some_DD cases_NN2 ,_, urban_JJ sprawl_NN1 may_VM contribute_VVI to_II inner_JJ city_NN1 decline_NN1 ,_, if_CS the_AT wealthier_JJR move_NN1 into_II the_AT new_JJ suburbs_NN2 and_CC those_DD2 who_PNQS are_VBR left_VVN behind_RL become_VV0 'trapped'_NN1 in_II inner_JJ cities_NN2 ._. 
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As_II a_AT1 result_NN1 of_IO these_DD2 concerns_NN2 a_AT1 growing_JJ movement_NN1 campaigning_VVG against_II urban_JJ sprawl_NN1 developed_VVN and_CC planners_NN2 introduced_VVD measures_NN2 to_TO try_VVI and_CC control_VVI it_PPH1 ._. 
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The_AT Green_JJ BeltIn_NP1 1955_MC ,_, a_AT1 green_JJ belt_NN1 policy_NN1 was_VBDZ introduced_VVN in_II the_AT UK_NP1 ;_; to_TO try_VVI to_TO limit_VVI urban_JJ growth_NN1 ._. 
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A_AT1 green_JJ belt_NN1 is_VBZ 'an_CSN area_NN1 of_IO land_NN1 encircling_VVG an_AT1 urban_JJ area_NN1 within_II which_DDQ it_PPH1 is_VBZ very_RG difficult_JJ to_TO obtain_VVI planning_NN1 permission_NN1 for_IF new_JJ developments_NN2 '_GE (_( Drake_NN1 and_CC Lee_NP1 ,_, 2000_MC ,_, p60_FO )_) ._. 
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Green_JJ belts_NN2 are_VBR designated_VVN by_II local_JJ planning_NN1 authorities_NN2 ,_, and_CC now_RT cover_VV0 13%_NNU of_IO England_NP1 (_( Ollie_NP1 Stone-Lee_NP1 ,_, 2004_MC )_) ._. 
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Green_JJ belts_NN2 have_VH0 been_VBN a_AT1 useful_JJ tool_NN1 for_IF planners_NN2 and_CC ,_, as_CSA a_AT1 planning_NN1 official_NN1 commented_VVD ,_, 'probably_RR no_AT planning_NN1 circular_NN1 has_VHZ ever_RR been_VBN so_RG popular_JJ with_IW the_AT public_NN1 ._. '_" 
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(_( Cullingworth_NP1 and_CC Nadin_NP1 ,_, 2002_MC )_) However_RR ,_, they_PPHS2 are_VBR not_XX without_IW their_APPGE critics_NN2 ._. 
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One_MC1 of_IO the_AT criticisms_NN2 if_CS green_JJ belts_NN2 are_VBR that_DD1 development_NN1 may_VM simply_RR 'leap_VVI frog'_VV0 the_AT green_JJ belt_NN1 ._. 
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People_NN may_VM commute_VVI through_II it_PPH1 to_II the_AT town_NN1 centre_NN1 ,_, resulting_VVG in_II increased_JJ traffic_NN1 ,_, congestion_NN1 and_CC inefficiency_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT type_NN1 of_IO countryside_NN1 found_VVN in_II green_JJ belt_NN1 may_VM not_XX be_VBI particularly_RR attractive_JJ or_CC environmentally_RR important_JJ ._. 
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The_AT vice-president_NN1 of_IO the_AT RTPI_NN1 is_VBZ quoted_VVN as_CSA saying_VVG 'a_UH lot_NN1 of_IO it_PPH1 is_VBZ "_" awful_JJ land_NN1 "_" containing_VVG quarries_NN2 or_CC landfill_NN1 sites_NN2 '_GE (_( Ollie_NP1 Stone-Lee_NP1 ,_, 2004_MC )_) ._. 
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Given_VVN the_AT enormous_JJ pressures_NN2 on_II land_NN1 for_IF housing_VVG and_CC other_JJ developments_NN2 it_PPH1 is_VBZ questionable_JJ whether_CSW such_DA a_AT1 blanket_NN1 approach_NN1 is_VBZ still_RR appropriate_JJ ._. 
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The_AT Barker_NP1 report_NN1 (_( 2004_MC )_) says_VVZ that_CST 140,000_MC new_JJ homes_NN2 need_VV0 to_TO be_VBI built_VVN each_DD1 year_NNT1 ._. 
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Limited_JJ housing_NN1 stock_NN1 can_VM lead_VVI to_II reduced_JJ labour_NN1 mobility_NN1 and_CC to_II increased_JJ house_NN1 prices_NN2 ,_, making_VVG home_NN1 ownership_NN1 out_II21 of_II22 the_AT reach_NN1 for_IF an_AT1 increasing_JJ proportion_NN1 of_IO society_NN1 ._. 
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Another_DD1 possible_JJ way_NN1 to_II safe_JJ guard_NN1 areas_NN2 of_IO countryside_NN1 and_CC to_TO allow_VVI certain_JJ amount_NN1 of_IO development_NN1 could_VM be_VBI the_AT introduction_NN1 of_IO 'green_JJ wedges_NN2 '_GE as_II an_AT1 alternative_NN1 to_II the_AT green_JJ belt_NN1 ._. 
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New_JJ TownsAnother_NN1 measure_NN1 used_VVN by_II planners_NN2 to_TO contain_VVI urban_JJ growth_NN1 was_VBDZ the_AT development_NN1 of_IO new_JJ or_CC satellite_NN1 towns_NN2 ._. 
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These_DD2 were_VBDR built_VVN to_TO take_VVI overspill_NN1 populations_NN2 from_II large_JJ cities_NN2 and_CC 'used_VVN as_II a_AT1 conscious_JJ strategy_NN1 for_IF metropolitan_JJ de-centralisation'_NN1 (_( Purdom_NP1 ,_, 1925_MC )_) cited_VVD in_II (_( Ward_NP1 ,_, 1994_MC ,_, p52_FO ._. )_) 
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In_II 1946_MC the_AT New_JJ Towns_NN2 Act_NN1 was_VBDZ passed_VVN into_II law_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT first_MD new_JJ town_NN1 was_VBDZ Stevenage_NP1 ,_, which_DDQ was_VBDZ designated_VVN in_II 1946_MC ._. 
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By_II 1980_MC there_EX were_VBDR 28_MC New_JJ Towns_NN2 in_II Britain_NP1 accounting_NN1 for_IF over_II one_MC1 million_NNO people_NN ._. 
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New_JJ Towns_NN2 were_VBDR planned_VVN to_TO be_VBI 'self_PPX1 contained_VVN communities_NN2 for_IF living_VVG and_CC working_VVG ._. '_" 
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(_( Hall_NN1 ,_, 2002_MC ,_, p64_FO )_) They_PPHS2 were_VBDR sometimes_RT developed_VVN in_II31 conjunction_II32 with_II33 green_JJ belts_NN2 ;_; as_CSA shown_VVN below_RL around_II London_NP1 :_: It_PPH1 was_VBDZ reasoned_VVN that_CST the_AT width_NN1 of_IO the_AT green_JJ belt_NN1 would_VM put_VVI commuting_VVG to_II London_NP1 far_RR beyond_II the_AT means_NN of_IO most_DAT people_NN at_II the_AT time_NNT1 ,_, encouraging_JJ self_NN1 -_- containment_NN1 ._. 
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As_CSA discussed_VVN by_II Nicholson_NP1 (_( 1961_MC )_) providing_VVG an_AT1 adequate_JJ volume_NN1 or_CC balance_NN1 of_IO employment_NN1 for_IF the_AT different_JJ sectors_NN2 of_IO the_AT community_NN1 proved_VVD difficult_JJ ._. 
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He_PPHS1 also_RR stated_VVD that_CST 'the_VV0 principle_NN1 of_IO self_NN1 containment_NN1 should_VM not_XX be_VBI pressed_VVN too_RG far'_JJ as_CSA 'at_NN1 Hatfield_NP1 ,_, over_RG half_DB the_AT dwellings_NN2 are_VBR occupied_VVN by_II workers_NN2 for_IF one_MC1 firm_NN1 ;_; a_AT1 recession_NN1 in_II that_DD1 industry_NN1 would_VM hit_VVI the_AT town_NN1 hard_RR ._. '_" 
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New_JJ Towns_NN2 often_RR incorporated_VVN existing_JJ settlements_NN2 in_II the_AT area_NN1 ;_; 'Basildon_NN1 had_VHD to_TO link_VVI up_RP the_AT two_MC widely_RR separated_JJ settlements_NN2 and_CC their_APPGE populations_NN2 and_CC to_TO absorb_VVI ,_, as_II31 well_II32 as_II33 re-house_NN1 ,_, those_DD2 displaced_VVN by_II the_AT demolitions_NN2 '_GE (_( Nicholson_NP1 ,_, 1961_MC )_) ._. 
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The_AT lives_NN2 of_IO the_AT original_JJ populations_NN2 were_VBDR greatly_RR affected_VVN by_II the_AT new_JJ developments_NN2 ._. 
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This_DD1 sometimes_RT led_VVN to_II problems_NN2 integrating_VVG old_JJ and_CC new_JJ residents_NN2 and_CC to_II tensions_NN2 between_II them_PPHO2 especially_RR initially_RR ._. 
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New_JJ towns_NN2 achieved_VVN the_AT aim_NN1 of_IO establishing_VVG new_JJ settlements_NN2 ,_, providing_VVG housing_NN1 ,_, jobs_NN2 and_CC facilities_NN2 for_IF people_NN in_II a_AT1 very_RG short_JJ time_NNT1 ,_, helping_VVG somewhat_RR to_TO relieve_VVI the_AT pressure_NN1 of_IO urban_JJ sprawl_NN1 ._. 
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Their_APPGE development_NN1 did_VDD result_VVI in_II some_DD conflicts_NN2 ;_; for_REX21 example_REX22 there_EX were_VBDR objections_NN2 to_II some_DD of_IO the_AT land_NN1 designated_VVN for_IF use_NN1 ,_, e.g._REX in_II Stevenage_NP1 where_RRQ the_AT land_NN1 included_VVD some_DD good_JJ quality_NN1 farm_NN1 land_NN1 ._. 
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There_EX is_VBZ currently_RR resurgence_NN1 in_II interest_NN1 in_II the_AT potential_NN1 of_IO new_JJ towns_NN2 for_IF development_NN1 ._. 
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A_ZZ1 2004_MC report_NN1 commissioned_VVN by_II the_AT Government_NN1 recommends_VVZ that_CST 'the_VV0 government_NN1 promotes_VVZ further_JJR expansion_NN1 in_II the_AT existing_JJ new_JJ towns_NN2 to_TO help_VVI meet_VVI its_APPGE housing_NN1 targets_NN2 ,_, particularly_RR where_CS new_JJ towns_NN2 have_VH0 not_XX meet_VV0 their_APPGE critical_JJ mass_NN1 ._. '_" 
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(_( Government_NN1 Report_NN1 ,_, 2004_MC )_) The_AT new_JJ towns_NN2 may_VM have_VHI a_AT1 role_NN1 in_II the_AT future_NN1 for_IF helping_VVG accommodate_VVI the_AT growing_JJ population_NN1 ._. 
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Urban_JJ RegenerationAnother_NN1 measure_NN1 to_TO help_VVI reduce_VVI the_AT pressure_NN1 on_II greenfield_NN1 sites_NN2 at_II the_AT urban_JJ fringe_NN1 is_VBZ to_TO encourage_VVI urban_JJ regeneration_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT government_NN1 currently_RR has_VHZ a_AT1 target_NN1 of_IO building_NN1 60%_NNU of_IO new_JJ dwellings_NN2 on_II previously_RR developed_JJ land_NN1 (_( Urban_JJ Task_NN1 force_NN1 ,_, 1999_MC )_) and_CC is_VBZ encouraging_VVG the_AT idea_NN1 of_IO an_AT1 urban_JJ renaissance_NN1 ._. 
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This_DD1 involves_VVZ having_VHG high_JJ density_NN1 cities_NN2 which_DDQ have_VH0 mixed_VVN uses_NN2 ,_, good_JJ transport_NN1 links_NN2 and_CC that_CST are_VBR desirable_JJ places_NN2 to_TO live_VVI :_: For_IF those_DD2 people_NN that_CST want_VV0 to_TO live_VVI in_II the_AT cities_NN2 ,_, these_DD2 would_VM once_RR21 again_RR22 provide_VVI attractive_JJ places_NN2 for_IF them_PPHO2 to_TO live_VVI and_CC work_NN1 and_CC reduce_VVI pressure_NN1 for_IF housing_VVG at_II the_AT urban_JJ fringes_NN2 ._. 
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Compact_JJ cities_NN2 that_CST have_VH0 good_JJ public_JJ transport_NN1 links_NN2 would_VM help_VVI reduce_VVI adverse_JJ environmental_JJ effects_NN2 In_II the_AT 1960_MC221 's_MC222 during_II a_AT1 phase_NN1 of_IO urban_JJ renewal_NN1 ,_, slums_NN2 were_VBDR cleared_VVN and_CC replaced_VVN with_IW high_JJ density_NN1 housing_NN1 ,_, namely_REX tower_NN1 blocks_NN2 ._. 
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Due_II21 to_II22 bad_JJ design_NN1 and_CC low_JJ structural_JJ quality_NN1 inhabitants_NN2 were_VBDR rarely_RR happy_JJ and_CC the_AT schemes_NN2 were_VBDR not_XX a_AT1 success_NN1 ._. 
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This_DD1 demonstrates_VVZ that_CST a_AT1 key_JJ part_NN1 of_IO making_VVG cities_NN2 places_NN2 where_RRQ people_NN want_VV0 to_TO live_VVI ,_, especially_RR where_CS high_JJ densities_NN2 are_VBR being_VBG encouraged_VVN is_VBZ good_JJ quality_NN1 design_NN1 ._. 
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Although_CS city_NN1 centre_NN1 renewal_NN1 may_VM be_VBI way_NN1 of_IO providing_VVG housing_NN1 for_IF many_DA2 people_NN ,_, not_XX everyone_PN1 wants_VVZ to_TO live_VVI in_II city_NN1 centres_NN2 ;_; families_NN2 often_RR want_VV0 to_TO move_VVI to_II the_AT suburbs_NN2 ,_, especially_RR those_DD2 with_IW children_NN2 ,_, so_CS21 that_CS22 they_PPHS2 are_VBR close_JJ to_II countryside_NN1 and_CC have_VH0 space_NN1 for_IF gardens_NN2 etc_RA ._. 
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So_RR no_AT matter_NN1 how_RRQ successful_JJ the_AT urban_JJ renaissance_NN1 is_VBZ ,_, some_DD people_NN may_VM always_RR want_VVI to_TO live_VVI in_II the_AT suburbs_NN2 ._. 
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ConclusionThe_VV0 problem_NN1 of_IO urban_JJ sprawl_NN1 is_VBZ an_AT1 ongoing_JJ one_PN1 ._. 
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Different_JJ measures_NN2 have_VH0 been_VBN taken_VVN by_II planners_NN2 both_RR at_II the_AT local_JJ and_CC national_JJ level_NN1 ._. 
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They_PPHS2 have_VH0 had_VHN a_AT1 varying_JJ degree_NN1 of_IO success_NN1 ;_; whilst_CS they_PPHS2 may_VM reduce_VVI urban_JJ sprawl_NN1 ,_, all_DB schemes_NN2 have_VH0 costs_NN2 and_CC benefits_NN2 to_II different_JJ sectors_NN2 of_IO the_AT population_NN1 ,_, the_AT environment_NN1 and_CC the_AT economy_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT continuing_JJ growth_NN1 of_IO the_AT population_NN1 and_CC the_AT demand_NN1 for_IF affordable_JJ housing_NN1 means_VVZ this_DD1 is_VBZ an_AT1 issue_NN1 that_CST faces_VVZ planners_NN2 both_RR currently_RR and_CC in_II the_AT future_NN1 ._. 
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As_CSA stated_VVN by_II Martin_NP1 Wolf_NN1 'we_NN1 can_VM not_XX have_VHI a_AT1 rising_JJ population_NN1 ,_, spacious_JJ housing_NN1 for_IF each_DD1 household_NN1 and_CC an_AT1 unchanged_JJ quantity_NN1 of_IO un-developed_JJ countryside_NN1 ._. '_" 
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(_( Cited_VVN in_II Barker_NP1 ,_, 2004_MC )_) 
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