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It_PPH1 is_VBZ often_RR argued_VVN by_II both_DB2 academic_JJ and_CC popular_JJ writers_NN2 alike_RR that_CST males_NN2 and_CC females_NN2 have_VH0 different_JJ ways_NN2 of_IO talking_VVG and_CC evidence_NN1 certainly_RR points_VVZ to_II this_DD1 ._. 
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What_DDQ is_VBZ more_RGR contentious_JJ however_RR are_VBR the_AT reasons_NN2 given_VVN for_IF this_DD1 ._. 
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I_PPIS1 intend_VV0 to_TO give_VVI an_AT1 overview_NN1 of_IO the_AT differences_NN2 between_II male_NN1 and_CC female_JJ speech_NN1 highlighting_VVG some_DD of_IO the_AT studies_NN2 into_II this_DD1 area_NN1 ._. 
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Having_VHG described_VVN the_AT differences_NN2 I_PPIS1 will_VM move_VVI on_RP to_II the_AT reasons_NN2 suggested_VVN for_IF these_DD2 and_CC look_VV0 at_II the_AT three_MC main_JJ arguments_NN2 suggested_VVN ;_; difference_NN1 theory_NN1 ,_, deficiency_NN1 theory_NN1 and_CC dominance_NN1 theory_NN1 before_II arguing_VVG that_CST these_DD2 theories_NN2 tend_VV0 to_TO be_VBI too_RG constricted_JJ in_II their_APPGE scope_NN1 and_CC that_DD1 gender_NN1 is_VBZ simply_RR part_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 wider_JJR theory_NN1 of_IO language_NN1 differences_NN2 ,_, that_DD1 of_IO accommodation_NN1 ._. 
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Different_JJ use_NN1 of_IO language_NN1 for_IF reasons_NN2 of_IO sex_NN1 and_CC gender_NN1 are_VBR often_RR placed_VVN into_II two_MC categories_NN2 ,_, sex-exclusive_JJ differences_NN2 and_CC sex-preferential_JJ differences_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Differences_NN2 which_DDQ are_VBR used_VVN exclusively_RR by_II one_MC1 sex_NN1 or_CC the_AT other_JJ nearly_RR all_DB of_IO the_AT time_NNT1 are_VBR sex-exclusive_JJ differences_NN2 whereas_CS sex-preferential_JJ differences_NN2 are_VBR those_DD2 which_DDQ are_VBR slightly_RR less_RGR concrete_JJ in_II their_APPGE usage_NN1 and_CC are_VBR more_RRR a_AT1 question_NN1 of_IO frequency_NN1 of_IO usage_NN1 ._. 
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Some_DD of_IO the_AT most_RGT dramatic_JJ examples_NN2 of_IO sex_NN1 exclusive_JJ language_NN1 within_II a_AT1 community_NN1 can_VM be_VBI found_VVN in_II American_JJ Indian_JJ languages_NN2 ._. 
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The_AT classic_JJ example_NN1 is_VBZ Yana_NP1 where_RRQ an_AT1 extra_JJ suffix_NN1 is_VBZ added_VVN to_II the_AT male_JJ form_NN1 of_IO words_NN2 to_TO make_VVI them_PPHO2 longer_RRR ,_, for_REX21 example_REX22 the_AT female_NN1 for_IF "_" deer_NN "_" is_VBZ "_" ba_NN1 "_" whereas_CS the_AT male_JJ form_NN1 is_VBZ "_" ba-na_FW "_" (_( Holmes_NP1 '_GE 01:151_MC )_) ._. 
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This_DD1 only_RR really_RR takes_VVZ into_II consideration_NN1 the_AT speaker_NN1 's_GE sex_NN1 however_RR ._. 
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As_CSA Bodine_NP1 (_( article_NN1 in_II Thorne_NP1 +_FO Henley'75:142_FO )_) has_VHZ noted_VVN :_: "_" a_AT1 language_NN1 in_II which_DDQ the_AT sex_NN1 of_IO the_AT speaker_NN1 and_CC the_AT sex_NN1 of_IO the_AT person_NN1 spoken_VVN to_II are_VBR both_RR involved_JJ in_II the_AT determination_NN1 of_IO what_DDQ form_VV0 will_VM be_VBI employed_VVN could_VM logically_RR have_VHI four_MC variations_NN2 ,_, "_" namely_REX male_NN1 speaking_VVG to_II male_NN1 (_( MM_NNU )_) ,_, male_NN1 to_II female_NN1 (_( MF_NP1 )_) ,_, female_NN1 to_II female_NN1 (_( FF_NNU )_) and_CC female_NN1 to_II male_NN1 (_( FM_NN1 )_) ._. 
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In_II practise_VV0 no_AT language_NN1 differentiates_VVZ between_II all_DB four_MC of_IO these_DD2 possible_JJ forms_NN2 (_( article_NN1 in_II Thorne_NP1 and_CC Henley'75:142_FO )_) ._. 
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Biloxi_NN2 however_RR ,_, part_NN1 of_IO the_AT Siouan_JJ family_NN1 of_IO languages_NN2 and_CC the_AT language_NN1 of_IO the_AT American_JJ Indian_JJ Biloxi_JJ tribe_NN1 (_( web_NN1 ref_NN1 1_MC1 )_) ,_, is_VBZ one_MC1 language_NN1 that_CST does_VDZ differentiate_VVI between_II three_MC of_IO the_AT possible_JJ four_MC forms_NN2 ._. 
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Even_RR in_II Biloxi_NP1 however_RRQV these_DD2 three_MC forms_NN2 of_IO differentiation_NN1 are_VBR only_RR in_II the_AT imperative_JJ form_NN1 of_IO verbs_NN2 ,_, in_II direct_JJ address_NN1 ,_, where_CS FF_NNU and_CC MF_NP1 speech_NN1 use_NN1 one_MC1 form_NN1 and_CC FM_NN1 and_CC MM_UH both_RR use_VV0 other_JJ different_JJ forms_NN2 (_( Dorsey_NP1 and_CC Swanton_NP1 ,_, 1912_MC cited_VVD by_II Bodine_NP1 in_II Thorne+Henley'75:143_FO )_) ._. 
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Even_RR more_RGR dramatic_JJ differences_NN2 than_CSN these_DD2 however_RR occur_VV0 in_II Amazon_NP1 Indian_JJ languages_NN2 where_RRQ men_NN2 and_CC women_NN2 actually_RR speak_VV0 different_JJ languages_NN2 rather_II21 than_II22 just_RR using_VVG varying_JJ forms_NN2 of_IO one_MC1 language_NN1 ._. 
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This_DD1 is_VBZ because_CS in_II this_DD1 type_NN1 of_IO community_NN1 men_NN2 must_VM marry_VVI outside_II21 of_II22 their_APPGE own_DA tribe_NN1 to_TO avoid_VVI problems_NN2 with_IW incest_NN1 for_REX21 example_REX22 and_CC as_CSA each_DD1 tribe_NN1 has_VHZ a_AT1 different_JJ language_NN1 the_AT woman_NN1 will_VM speak_VVI a_AT1 different_JJ language_NN1 to_II the_AT man_NN1 ._. 
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There_EX have_VH0 been_VBN many_DA2 different_JJ investigations_NN2 into_II sex-preferential_JJ language_NN1 ._. 
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One_MC1 area_NN1 that_CST has_VHZ been_VBN studied_VVN many_DA2 times_NNT2 is_VBZ that_DD1 of_IO male_NN1 and_CC female_JJ use_NN1 of_IO the_AT vernacular_NN1 or_CC the_AT standard_JJ form_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 language_NN1 ._. 
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Trudgill_NP1 's_GE Norwich_NP1 study_NN1 (_( article_NN1 by_II Trudgill_NP1 in_II Thorne_NP1 +_FO Henley'75:89_FO )_) covered_VVD 20_MC variables_NN2 including_II the_AT "_" -ng_JJ "_" variable_NN1 (_( whether_CSW the_AT "_" -ng_NN1 "_" at_II the_AT end_NN1 of_IO words_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 "_" talking_VVG "_" was_VBDZ pronounced_VVN in_II the_AT standard_JJ English_JJ form_NN1 &lsqb;_( ?_? &rsqb;_) or_CC in_II the_AT vernacular_NN1 &lsqb;_( n_ZZ1 &rsqb;_) ._. )_) 
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He_PPHS1 recorded_VVD an_AT1 equal_JJ number_NN1 of_IO males_NN2 and_CC females_NN2 of_IO a_AT1 number_NN1 of_IO different_JJ classes_NN2 speaking_VVG in_II 4_MC different_JJ contexts_NN2 ;_; reading_VVG from_II a_AT1 word_NN1 list_NN1 ,_, reading_VVG a_AT1 passage_NN1 ,_, formal_JJ speech_NN1 and_CC casual_JJ speech_NN1 ._. 
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For_IF the_AT "_" -ng_JJ "_" variable_NN1 and_CC in_II fact_NN1 "_" the_AT vast_JJ majority_NN1 of_IO the_AT other_JJ nineteen_MC variables_NN2 ,_, "_" (_( Trudgill'75:91_FO in_II Thorne+Henley_FO )_) it_PPH1 was_VBDZ observed_VVN that_CST women_NN2 throughout_II all_DB the_AT different_JJ classes_NN2 and_CC speech_NN1 styles_NN2 ,_, used_VVD the_AT standard_JJ English_NN1 forms_VVZ much_DA1 more_DAR than_CSN men_NN2 who_PNQS by_II contrast_NN1 used_VVD more_RGR vernacular_JJ forms_NN2 ._. 
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Tag_VV0 questions_NN2 are_VBR another_DD1 variable_NN1 that_CST has_VHZ been_VBN looked_VVN at_II lots_PN by_II linguists_NN2 ._. 
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It_PPH1 was_VBDZ believed_VVN by_II linguists_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 Lakoff_NN1 that_CST tags_NN2 showed_VVD women_NN2 's_GE hesitancy_NN1 and_CC lack_NN1 of_IO assertiveness_NN1 in_II language_NN1 ._. 
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By_II using_VVG tag_NN1 questions_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 "_" They_PPHS2 played_VVD badly_RR today_RT ,_, did_VDD n't_XX they_PPHS2 ?_? "_" women_NN2 were_VBDR seen_VVN as_CSA failing_VVG to_TO assert_VVI themselves_PPX2 ._. 
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Hedges_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 "_" you_PPY know_VV0 "_" and_CC fillers_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 "_" um_UH 's_GE and_CC er_FU 's_VBZ "_" were_VBDR also_RR identified_VVN as_CSA characteristics_NN2 of_IO female_JJ speech_NN1 and_CC female_JJ tentativeness_NN1 ._. 
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Whilst_CS the_AT (_( relatively_RR little_RR )_) follow_VV0 up_RP data_NN collected_VVD does_VDZ seem_VVI to_TO show_VVI that_CST women_NN2 use_VV0 more_DAR tags_NN2 and_CC hedges_NN2 than_CSN men_NN2 ,_, the_AT interpretation_NN1 of_IO this_DD1 can_VM be_VBI challenged_VVN ._. 
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Whilst_CS tags_NN2 do_VD0 sometimes_RT show_VVI hesitancy_NN1 ,_, with_IW the_AT right_JJ prosodic_JJ markers_NN2 they_PPHS2 can_VM just_RR as_RG easily_RR be_VBI used_VVN for_IF the_AT opposite_JJ purpose_NN1 ;_; "_" You_PPY wo_VM n't_XX do_VDI that_DD1 again_RT ,_, will_VM you_PPY ?_? "_" or_CC "_" You_PPY 're_VBR a_AT1 nasty_JJ piece_NN1 of_IO work_NN1 ,_, are_VBR n't_XX you_PPY ?_? 
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<s>
"_" (_( Goddard_NP1 2000:97_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Janet_NP1 Holmes_NP1 has_VHZ supported_VVN Lakoff_NP1 's_GE assertions_NN2 that_CST women_NN2 used_VVD more_DAR tag_NN1 questions_NN2 than_CSN men_NN2 but_CCB also_RR showed_VVD that_CST only_RR 35%_NNU of_IO tags_NN2 used_VVN by_II women_NN2 could_VM be_VBI associated_VVN with_IW uncertainty_NN1 compared_VVN with_IW 61%_NNU of_IO mens_58 '_GE tags_NN2 (_( Holmes_NP1 '_GE 01:290_MC )_) ._. 
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Instead_RR women_NN2 used_JJ tags_NN2 as_II what_DDQ Holmes_NP1 termed_VVD "_" positive_JJ politeness_NN2 devices_NN2 "_" (_( Holmes_NP1 01:290_MC )_) such_II21 as_II22 when_RRQ a_AT1 teacher_NN1 prompts_VVZ a_AT1 child_NN1 's_GE answer_NN1 in_II class_NN1 ;_; "_" It_PPH1 's_VBZ 36_MC ,_, is_VBZ n't_XX it_PPH1 ?_? 
</s>
<s>
"_" This_DD1 shows_VVZ not_XX only_RR how_RRQ tags_NN2 can_VM have_VHI different_JJ purposes_NN2 but_CCB perhaps_RR that_CST women_NN2 's_GE language_NN1 aims_VVZ to_TO be_VBI more_RGR polite_JJ than_CSN men_NN2 's_GE ._. 
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Interruptions_NN2 are_VBR another_DD1 area_NN1 that_CST has_VHZ been_VBN investigated_VVN ,_, most_RGT famously_RR by_II Zimmerman_NP1 and_CC West_ND1 whose_DDQGE research_NN1 showed_VVD that_CST men_NN2 interrupted_VVD women_NN2 more_RRR than_CSN women_NN2 interrupted_VVD men_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
They_PPHS2 argued_VVD that_CST men_NN2 denied_VVD women_NN2 the_AT rights_NN2 "_" to_II the_AT full_JJ utilization_NN1 of_IO their_APPGE turns_NN2 and_CC support_VV0 for_IF the_AT development_NN1 of_IO topics_NN2 "_" (_( article_NN1 in_II Thorne_NP1 and_CC Henley1975:125_FO )_) by_II using_VVG a_AT1 mixture_NN1 of_IO interruptions_NN2 to_TO break_VVI off_RP female_JJ speech_NN1 and_CC minimal_JJ responses_NN2 to_TO discourage_VVI women_NN2 from_II carrying_VVG on_RP with_IW a_AT1 topic_NN1 they_PPHS2 've_VH0 initiated_VVN ._. 
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Their_APPGE experiment_NN1 showed_VVD that_CST in_II mixed-sex_JJ conversations_NN2 men_NN2 interrupted_VVD overwhelmingly_RR more_RRR ,_, being_VBG responsible_JJ for_IF 100%_NNU of_IO the_AT overlaps_NN2 and_CC 96%_NNU of_IO the_AT interruptions_NN2 (_( article_NN1 in_II Thorne_NP1 and_CC Henley1975:116_FO )_) ._. 
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<s>
As_CSA with_IW tag_NN1 questions_NN2 ,_, not_XX all_DB incidents_NN2 of_IO simultaneous_JJ speech_NN1 are_VBR detrimental_JJ to_II the_AT original_JJ speaker_NN1 and_CC can_VM instead_RR be_VBI used_VVN to_TO facilitate_VVI conversation_NN1 ,_, for_REX21 instance_REX22 a_AT1 person_NN1 saying_VVG "_" uhuh_NN1 "_" or_CC similar_JJ to_TO indicate_VVI agreement_NN1 and_CC encourage_VVI the_AT speaker_NN1 to_TO continue_VVI ._. 
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<s>
However_RRQV Zimmerman_NN1 and_CC West_ND1 went_VVD on_RP to_TO show_VVI that_DD1 male_NN1 's_GE minimal_JJ responses_NN2 had_VHD a_AT1 mainly_RR negative_JJ effect_NN1 on_II conversation_NN1 ._. 
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Based_VVN on_II the_AT assumption_NN1 that_CST there_EX was_VBDZ nothing_PN1 inherent_JJ in_II conversation_NN1 that_CST makes_VVZ it_PPH1 more_RGR likely_JJ that_CST one_MC1 speaker_NN1 would_VM fall_VVI silent_JJ before_II replying_VVG to_II an_AT1 utterance_NN1 more_RRR than_CSN the_AT other_JJ they_PPHS2 found_VVD that_CST 62%_NNU of_IO the_AT females_NN2 '_GE aggregate_JJ silence_NN1 followed_VVD three_MC types_NN2 of_IO events_NN2 in_II the_AT preceding_JJ turns_NN2 :_: "_" (_( 1_MC1 )_) a_AT1 delayed_JJ 'minimal-response'_NN1 by_II the_AT male_NN1 ;_; (_( 2_MC )_) an_AT1 overlap_NN1 by_II the_AT male_NN1 ;_; (_( 3_MC )_) an_AT1 interruption_NN1 by_II the_AT male_NN1 "_" (_( article_NN1 in_II Thorne_NP1 and_CC Henley1975:125_FO )_) ._. 
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<s>
Long_RR silences_VVZ in_II conversation_NN1 are_VBR not_XX normal_JJ or_CC indeed_RR desirable_JJ and_CC therefore_RR we_PPIS2 can_VM say_VVI that_CST the_AT male_JJ simultaneous_JJ speech_NN1 is_VBZ having_VHG a_AT1 detrimental_JJ effect_NN1 on_II the_AT speech_NN1 of_IO females_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT reasons_NN2 suggested_VVN for_IF these_DD2 sex-preferential_JJ differences_NN2 are_VBR often_RR fitted_VVN into_II three_MC broad_JJ categories_NN2 ,_, deficiency_NN1 theory_NN1 ,_, difference_NN1 theory_NN1 and_CC dominance_NN1 theory_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Deficiency_NN1 theory_NN1 argues_VVZ that_CST females_NN2 speak_VV0 a_AT1 different_JJ version_NN1 of_IO the_AT language_NN1 spoken_VVN by_II men_NN2 and_CC crucially_RR ,_, that_CST this_DD1 separate_JJ version_NN1 is_VBZ inferior_JJ to_II the_AT male_JJ version_NN1 ._. 
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Women_NN2 are_VBR seen_VVN to_TO have_VHI an_AT1 inferior_JJ status_NN1 in_II society_NN1 and_CC their_APPGE language_NN1 reflects_VVZ this_DD1 as_II the_AT styles_NN2 they_PPHS2 used_VVD led_VVN to_II them_PPHO2 "_" colluding_VVG in_II their_APPGE own_DA subordination_NN1 by_II the_AT way_NN1 they_PPHS2 spoke_VVD "_" (_( Lakoff_NP1 quoted_VVD in_II Holmes'01:284_FO )_) ._. 
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However_RRQV it_PPH1 is_VBZ slightly_RR misleading_JJ to_TO categorise_VVI the_AT features_NN2 Lakoff_VV0 identifies_NN1 as_CSA showing_VVG subordination_NN1 ._. 
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As_CSA I_PPIS1 showed_VVD above_RL ,_, forms_VVZ such_II21 as_II22 tag_NN1 questions_NN2 can_VM be_VBI used_VVN in_II many_DA2 different_JJ manners_NN2 and_CC can_VM even_RR assert_VVI a_AT1 point_NN1 like_II the_AT "_" You_PPY wo_VM n't_XX do_VDI that_DD1 again_RT ,_, will_VM you_PPY ?_? "_" example_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Other_JJ examples_NN2 show_VV0 tags_NN2 and_CC hedges_NN2 to_TO be_VBI more_RGR polite_JJ and_CC facilitative_JJ to_II conversation_NN1 than_CSN negative_JJ and_CC uncertain_JJ ._. 
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Clearly_RR there_EX is_VBZ more_RRR at_II work_NN1 here_RL than_CSN has_VHZ been_VBN allowed_VVN for_IF ._. 
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O'Barr_NP1 and_CC Atkins_NP1 '_GE 1980_MC research_NN1 into_II courtroom_NN1 language_NN1 concluded_VVD that_CST to_TO label_VVI tags_NN2 and_CC other_JJ such_DA variables_NN2 as_CSA 'women_NN2 's_GE language'_NN1 is_VBZ inaccurate_JJ and_CC that_CST instead_RR they_PPHS2 were_VBDR features_NN2 of_IO powerless_JJ language_NN1 which_DDQ can_VM apply_VVI to_II both_DB2 sexes_NN2 ._. 
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(_( Coates_NP1 '_GE 04:109_MC ._. )_) 
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<s>
Dale_NP1 Spender_NP1 outlined_VVD her_APPGE dominance_NN1 theory_NN1 in_II her_APPGE 1980_MC work_NN1 "_" Man_NN1 Made_VVN Language_NN1 ._. "_" 
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<s>
She_PPHS1 argued_VVD inequalities_NN2 between_II the_AT sexes_NN2 in_II society_NN1 were_VBDR both_RR reflected_VVN and_CC constructed_VVN by_II inequalities_NN2 in_II language_NN1 ._. 
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This_DD1 is_VBZ seen_VVN firstly_RR by_II the_AT fact_NN1 that_CST the_AT language_NN1 system_NN1 was_VBDZ constructed_VVN by_II man_NN1 and_CC is_VBZ biased_VVN towards_II males_NN2 and_CC secondly_RR that_CST males_NN2 have_VH0 a_AT1 dominant_JJ speech_NN1 style_NN1 compared_VVN to_II female_NN1 's_VBZ more_RGR supportive_JJ and_CC submissive_JJ style_NN1 ._. 
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This_DD1 first_MD idea_NN1 ,_, whilst_CS certainly_RR interesting_JJ is_VBZ not_XX relevant_JJ here_RL ,_, I_PPIS1 am_VBM more_RGR concerned_JJ with_IW the_AT different_JJ way_NN1 men_NN2 and_CC women_NN2 use_VV0 the_AT same_DA linguistic_JJ variables_NN2 rather_II21 than_II22 how_RRQ this_DD1 language_NN1 was_VBDZ constructed_VVN in_II the_AT first_MD place_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT second_MD part_NN1 of_IO the_AT argument_NN1 is_VBZ essentially_RR a_AT1 repeat_NN1 of_IO the_AT ideas_NN2 of_IO deficiency_NN1 theory_NN1 ._. 
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Difference_NN1 theory_NN1 challenges_VVZ the_AT idea_NN1 that_CST women_NN2 's_GE speech_NN1 is_VBZ unequal_JJ to_II that_DD1 of_IO males_NN2 ._. 
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It_PPH1 claims_VVZ that_CST males_NN2 and_CC females_NN2 have_VH0 different_JJ speech_NN1 goals_NN2 and_CC hence_RR different_JJ speech_NN1 styles_NN2 ,_, but_CCB that_CST these_DD2 are_VBR equal_JJ ._. 
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It_PPH1 characterises_VVZ male_JJ language_NN1 as_CSA being_VBG competitive_JJ ,_, assertive_JJ and_CC direct_JJ whereas_CS female_JJ language_NN1 tends_VVZ to_TO be_VBI more_RGR co-operative_JJ ,_, affective_JJ and_CC supportive_JJ but_CCB crucially_RR -_- not_XX submissive_JJ ._. 
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Despite_II often_RR being_VBG seen_VVN as_CSA one_MC1 of_IO the_AT main_JJ proponents_NN2 of_IO difference_NN1 theory_NN1 ,_, Jennifer_NP1 Coates_NP1 '_GE "_" Women_NN2 ,_, Men_NN2 and_CC Language_NN1 "_" actually_RR seems_VVZ in_II places_NN2 to_TO accept_VVI that_CST women_NN2 are_VBR dominated_VVN in_II their_APPGE interaction_NN1 with_IW men_NN2 ._. 
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In_II summing_VVG up_RP her_APPGE chapter_NN1 on_II mixed-sex_JJ conversation_NN1 she_PPHS1 says_VVZ "_" The_AT research_NN1 referred_VVN to_II in_II this_DD1 chapter_NN1 presents_VVZ a_AT1 consistent_JJ picture_NN1 of_IO male-female_JJ relations_NN2 ,_, with_IW men_NN2 dominating_VVG talk_NN1 in_II a_AT1 range_NN1 of_IO environments_NN2 "_" and_CC then_RT goes_VVZ on_RP to_TO comment_VVI "_" by_RR31 and_RR32 large_RR33 ,_, sociolinguistic_JJ research_NN1 into_II mixed_JJ (_( sex_NN1 )_) talk_NN1 exposes_VVZ the_AT fact_NN1 that_CST men_NN2 and_CC women_NN2 do_VD0 not_XX have_VHI equal_JJ rights_NN2 to_II the_AT conversational_JJ floor_NN1 "_" (_( Coates2004:124_FO )_) ._. 
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<s>
I_PPIS1 find_VV0 it_PPH1 hard_RR to_TO see_VVI that_CST if_CS you_PPY accept_VV0 that_CST men_NN2 dominate_VV0 the_AT conversational_JJ floor_NN1 how_RRQ you_PPY can_VM then_RT argue_VVI that_CST men_NN2 's_GE and_CC women_NN2 's_GE conversational_JJ styles_NN2 are_VBR different_JJ but_CCB equal_JJ ._. 
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Whilst_CS interesting_JJ in_II their_APPGE own_DA rights_NN2 ,_, I_PPIS1 believe_VV0 all_DB three_MC theories_NN2 are_VBR flawed_JJ in_CS21 that_CS22 they_PPHS2 do_VD0 n't_XX satisfactorily_RR realise_VVI the_AT idea_NN1 that_CST other_JJ factors_NN2 could_VM be_VBI involved_JJ in_II these_DD2 differences_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Language_NN1 is_VBZ not_XX a_AT1 constant_JJ ,_, men_NN2 and_CC women_NN2 do_VD0 not_XX talk_VVI to_II each_PPX221 other_PPX222 the_AT same_DA way_NN1 all_DB of_IO the_AT time_NNT1 and_CC therefore_RR it_PPH1 is_VBZ wrong_JJ to_TO simply_RR argue_VVI that_CST men_NN2 talk_VV0 one_MC1 way_NN1 and_CC women_NN2 talk_VV0 another_DD1 ._. 
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<s>
I_PPIS1 am_VBM likely_JJ to_TO talk_VVI to_II a_AT1 female_JJ friend_NN1 and_CC a_AT1 female_JJ employer_NN1 in_II a_AT1 different_JJ style_NN1 and_CC surely_RR therefore_RR other_JJ factors_NN2 aside_II21 from_II22 gender_NN1 must_VM affect_VVI speech_NN1 such_II21 as_II22 power_NN1 as_CSA O'barr_NP1 and_CC Atkins_NP1 realised_VVD ._. 
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We_PPIS2 need_VV0 to_TO look_VVI at_II the_AT bigger_JJR picture_NN1 of_IO why_RRQ people_NN as_II a_AT1 whole_JJ talk_NN1 differently_RR ._. 
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Certainly_RR some_DD of_IO the_AT time_NNT1 ,_, differences_NN2 between_II male_NN1 and_CC female_JJ speech_NN1 will_VM be_VBI most_RRT influenced_VVN by_II the_AT sex_NN1 of_IO the_AT participants_NN2 but_CCB we_PPIS2 must_VM accept_VVI that_CST there_EX are_VBR other_JJ factors_NN2 which_DDQ also_RR influence_VV0 differences_NN2 ._. 
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These_DD2 factors_NN2 are_VBR part_NN1 of_IO the_AT interlinked_JJ concepts_NN2 of_IO power_NN1 ,_, context_NN1 and_CC accommodation_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
In_II all_DB speech_NN1 ,_, whether_CSW consciously_RR or_CC not_XX ,_, we_PPIS2 tailor_VV0 our_APPGE speech_NN1 to_TO fit_VVI the_AT occasion_NN1 ._. 
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We_PPIS2 can_VM see_VVI an_AT1 example_NN1 of_IO this_DD1 by_II the_AT fact_NN1 that_CST we_PPIS2 notice_VV0 when_RRQ people_NN do_VD0 n't_XX do_VDI this_DD1 and_CC speak_VV0 inappropriately_RR for_IF the_AT situation_NN1 ._. 
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Sometimes_RT it_PPH1 is_VBZ gender_NN1 stereotypes_NN2 that_CST we_PPIS2 accommodate_VV0 to_II most_DAT and_CC other_JJ times_NNT2 it_PPH1 is_VBZ other_JJ things_NN2 ._. 
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Before_CS I_PPIS1 go_VV0 any_DD further_JJR into_II this_DD1 ,_, a_AT1 look_NN1 at_II the_AT idea_NN1 of_IO gender_NN1 stereotypes_NN2 and_CC constructs_NN2 is_VBZ necessary_JJ ._. 
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Gender_NN1 stereotypes_NN2 pervade_VV0 people_NN 's_GE consciousness_NN1 from_II a_AT1 young_JJ age_NN1 ,_, informing_VVG the_AT way_NN1 we_PPIS2 act_VV0 as_II31 well_II32 as_II33 speak_VV0 ._. 
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Whilst_CS maybe_RR not_XX as_RG blatantly_RR obvious_JJ as_CSA times_VVZ in_II the_AT past_NN1 it_PPH1 would_VM be_VBI wrong_JJ to_TO think_VVI these_DD2 no_RR21 longer_RR22 exist_VV0 ,_, for_IF evidence_NN1 we_PPIS2 need_VV0 only_RR to_II look_NN1 at_II the_AT reaction_NN1 of_IO people_NN when_CS these_DD2 stereotypes_NN2 are_VBR subverted_VVN ;_; we_PPIS2 think_VV0 it_PPH1 odd_JJ and_CC as_CSA such_DA prove_VV0 their_APPGE existence_NN1 ._. 
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As_CSA Coates_NP1 comments_NN2 ;_; "_" in_II their_APPGE talk_NN1 ,_, men_NN2 and_CC women_NN2 can_VM be_VBI seen_VVN to_TO align_VVI themselves_PPX2 with_IW dominant_JJ norms_NN2 of_IO masculinity_NN1 and_CC femininity_NN1 "_" and_CC adds_VVZ "_" speakers_NN2 are_VBR not_XX free_JJ agents_NN2 "_" and_CC that_CST "_" it_PPH1 is_VBZ more_RGR difficult_JJ to_TO do_VDI masculinity_NN1 or_CC femininity_NN1 in_II ways_NN2 which_DDQ challenge_VV0 or_CC subvert_VV0 the_AT dominant_JJ gender_NN1 norms_NN2 "_" (_( Coates2004:143_FO )_) ._. 
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Trudgill_NP1 's_GE Norwich_NP1 study_NN1 revealed_VVD men_NN2 and_CC women_NN2 trying_VVG to_TO conform_VVI to_II their_APPGE gender_NN1 norms_NN2 ._. 
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When_CS asked_VVN to_TO say_VVI how_RGQ many_DA2 standard_JJ forms_NN2 they_PPHS2 thought_VVD they_PPHS2 had_VHD used_VVN in_II their_APPGE speech_NN1 ,_, males_NN2 under-reported_JJ the_AT number_NN1 ,_, (_( they_PPHS2 said_VVD they_PPHS2 had_VHD used_VVN less_RRR than_CSN they_PPHS2 had_VHD )_) and_CC women_NN2 over-reported_VVD the_AT number_NN1 (_( they_PPHS2 said_VVD they_PPHS2 had_VHD used_VVN more_RRR than_CSN they_PPHS2 actually_RR had_VHD )_) ._. 
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This_DD1 behaviour_NN1 can_VM be_VBI explained_VVN by_II the_AT ideas_NN2 of_IO gender_NN1 stereotypes_NN2 ._. 
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Men_NN2 it_PPH1 would_VM seem_VVI ,_, prefer_VV0 to_TO be_VBI seen_VVN using_VVG the_AT more_RGR rough_JJ and_CC ready_JJ non-standard_JJ forms_NN2 which_DDQ they_PPHS2 associate_VV0 with_IW a_AT1 macho_JJ image_NN1 and_CC masculinity_NN1 ,_, whereas_CS women_NN2 wish_VV0 to_TO be_VBI seen_VVN to_TO be_VBI using_VVG the_AT standard_JJ forms_NN2 which_DDQ correspond_VV0 with_IW the_AT stereotype_NN1 of_IO femininity_NN1 ._. 
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Edelsky_NP1 's_GE research_NN1 (_( cited_VVN in_II Coates2004:159_FO )_) into_II child_NN1 language_NN1 shows_VVZ how_RRQ from_II a_AT1 relatively_RR young_JJ age_NN1 children_NN2 can_VM associate_VVI certain_JJ types_NN2 of_IO language_NN1 with_IW the_AT different_JJ genders_NN2 further_RRR proving_VVG the_AT existence_NN1 of_IO gender_NN1 stereotypes_NN2 ._. 
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As_CSA children_NN2 grew_VVD older_JJR they_PPHS2 got_VVD better_RRR at_II identifying_VVG examples_NN2 of_IO speech_NN1 traditionally_RR associated_VVN with_IW either_RR males_NN2 or_CC females_NN2 ._. 
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The_AT fact_NN1 that_CST they_PPHS2 could_VM n't_XX identify_VVI all_DB of_IO these_DD2 at_II earlier_JJR ages_NN2 shows_VVZ how_RRQ children_NN2 "_" learn_VV0 "_" the_AT appropriate_JJ gender_NN1 norms_NN2 as_CSA they_PPHS2 grow_VV0 up_RP rather_II21 than_II22 being_VBG born_VVN with_IW them_PPHO2 ingrained_JJ ,_, that_REX41 is_REX42 to_REX43 say_REX44 that_CST rather_II21 than_II22 gender_NN1 differences_NN2 simply_RR being_VBG part_NN1 of_IO human_JJ nature_NN1 and_CC something_PN1 we_PPIS2 are_VBR born_VVN with_IW an_AT1 innate_JJ sense_NN1 of_IO ,_, they_PPHS2 are_VBR actually_RR something_PN1 we_PPIS2 are_VBR socialised_VVN into_II as_RG get_VV0 older_JJR ._. 
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I_PPIS1 claimed_VVD earlier_RRR that_DD1 language_NN1 differences_NN2 are_VBR caused_VVN by_II people_NN accommodating_VVG to_II a_AT1 number_NN1 of_IO different_JJ norms_NN2 ._. 
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We_PPIS2 can_VM see_VVI gender_NN1 as_II part_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 bigger_JJR picture_NN1 as_CSA in_II certain_JJ contexts_NN2 role_NN1 reversal_NN1 occurs_VVZ ,_, and_CC men_NN2 will_VM find_VVI themselves_PPX2 using_VVG forms_NN2 associated_VVN with_IW female_JJ talk_NN1 and_CC vice_RR21 versa_RR22 indicating_VVG that_CST there_EX is_VBZ something_PN1 bigger_JJR than_CSN gender_NN1 causing_VVG language_NN1 differences_NN2 ._. 
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This_DD1 idea_NN1 of_IO accommodation_NN1 manifests_VVZ itself_PPX1 in_II many_DA2 ways_NN2 ._. 
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If_CS we_PPIS2 look_VV0 at_II the_AT data_NN from_II Trudgill_NP1 's_GE Norwich_NP1 study_NN1 we_PPIS2 can_VM see_VVI that_DD1 for_IF every_AT1 class_NN1 and_CC gender_NN1 ,_, the_AT standard_JJ form_NN1 is_VBZ used_VVN more_RRR for_IF formal_JJ speech_NN1 than_CSN in_II casual_JJ speech_NN1 (_( Trudgill_NP1 in_II Thorne+Henley'75:91_FO )_) ._. 
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The_AT only_JJ thing_NN1 to_TO change_VVI between_II the_AT two_MC situations_NN2 is_VBZ the_AT formality_NN1 of_IO the_AT setting_NN1 and_CC so_RR we_PPIS2 can_VM surmise_VVI that_CST it_PPH1 is_VBZ the_AT context_NN1 (_( i.e._REX the_AT formality_NN1 )_) of_IO the_AT situation_NN1 that_CST made_VVD people_NN change_VVI their_APPGE language_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT context_NN1 of_IO the_AT situation_NN1 is_VBZ made_VVN up_RP of_IO many_DA2 things_NN2 ._. 
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Precisely_RR because_CS it_PPH1 is_VBZ made_VVN up_RP of_IO so_RG many_DA2 strands_NN2 is_VBZ why_RRQ it_PPH1 is_VBZ misleading_JJ to_TO simply_RR look_VVI at_II gender_NN1 as_CSA being_VBG the_AT sole_JJ reason_NN1 why_RRQ men_NN2 and_CC women_NN2 speak_VV0 differently_RR ._. 
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This_DD1 interpretation_NN1 of_IO accommodation_NN1 is_VBZ a_AT1 broadening_NN1 out_II21 of_II22 the_AT theory_NN1 laid_VVN out_RP by_II Howard_NP1 Giles_NP1 and_CC his_APPGE colleagues_NN2 ._. 
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Whereas_CS Giles_NP1 has_VHZ often_RR looked_VVN at_II specific_JJ situations_NN2 where_RRQ accommodation_NN1 occurs_VVZ I_PPIS1 believe_VV0 that_CST it_PPH1 applies_VVZ much_RR more_RGR generally_RR and_CC that_CST people_NN are_VBR accommodating_VVG all_DB of_IO the_AT time_NNT1 ,_, often_RR completely_RR subconsciously_RR ._. 
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I_PPIS1 believe_VV0 Giles_NP1 '_GE basic_JJ principle_NN1 "_" an_AT1 individual_NN1 can_VM induce_VVI another_DD1 to_TO evaluate_VVI him_PPHO1 more_RGR favourably_RR by_II reducing_VVG dissimilarities_NN2 between_II them_PPHO2 "_" (_( Giles_NP1 and_CC Powesland1975:157_FO )_) is_VBZ applied_VVN more_RGR broadly_RR across_II conversation_NN1 as_II a_AT1 whole_NN1 ._. 
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Whilst_CS illustrating_VVG the_AT process_NN1 of_IO accommodation_NN1 well_RR ,_, this_DD1 phrase_NN1 sounds_VVZ a_RR21 little_RR22 manipulative_JJ for_IF my_APPGE liking_NN1 ,_, I_PPIS1 believe_VV0 the_AT process_NN1 of_IO accommodation_NN1 to_TO be_VBI much_RR more_RGR subconscious_JJ and_CC wide-ranging_JJ ._. 
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We_PPIS2 seem_VV0 to_TO be_VBI socialised_VVN into_II knowing_VVG the_AT norms_NN2 and_CC expectations_NN2 of_IO certain_JJ situations_NN2 and_CC tailor_VV0 our_APPGE language_NN1 accordingly_RR to_II ._. 
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This_DD1 is_VBZ why_RRQ we_PPIS2 feel_VV0 awkward_JJ when_CS people_NN break_VV0 these_DD2 'rules_NN2 '_GE or_CC when_CS we_PPIS2 are_VBR presented_VVN with_IW an_AT1 entirely_RR new_JJ situation_NN1 which_DDQ we_PPIS2 do_VD0 n't_XX know_VVI the_AT 'rules_NN2 '_GE of_IO ._. 
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In_II conclusion_NN1 ,_, men_NN2 and_CC women_NN2 often_RR talk_VV0 differently_RR ._. 
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The_AT reason_NN1 for_IF this_DD1 is_VBZ large_JJ and_CC complicated_JJ but_CCB I_PPIS1 believe_VV0 it_PPH1 is_VBZ based_VVN on_II accommodation_NN1 ._. 
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People_NN are_VBR constantly_RR accommodating_VVG and_CC tailoring_VVG their_APPGE language_NN1 to_TO meet_VVI the_AT context_NN1 of_IO the_AT situation_NN1 ._. 
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There_EX are_VBR many_DA2 other_JJ factors_NN2 apart_II21 from_II22 gender_NN1 that_CST affect_VV0 language_NN1 and_CC that_CST we_PPIS2 accommodate_VV0 to_TO ._. 
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Even_CS21 when_CS22 gender_NN1 is_VBZ the_AT main_JJ factor_NN1 affecting_VVG our_APPGE speech_NN1 it_PPH1 is_VBZ still_JJ to_TO do_VDI with_IW accommodation_NN1 -_- we_PPIS2 are_VBR talking_VVG differently_RR not_XX due_II21 to_II22 differences_NN2 of_IO sex_NN1 but_CCB due_II21 to_II22 differences_NN2 of_IO gender_NN1 ;_; we_PPIS2 are_VBR accommodating_VVG to_II gender_NN1 stereotypes_NN2 ._. 
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The_AT three_MC major_JJ theories_NN2 ignore_VV0 the_AT idea_NN1 that_CST other_JJ factors_NN2 could_VM be_VBI involved_VVN ._. 
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When_CS they_PPHS2 talk_VV0 about_II gender_NN1 stereotypes_NN2 they_PPHS2 ignore_VV0 the_AT root_NN1 of_IO the_AT matter_NN1 ;_; yes_UH ,_, gender_NN1 stereotypes_NN2 are_VBR important_JJ but_CCB our_APPGE conforming_VVG to_II them_PPHO2 is_VBZ part_NN1 of_IO the_AT process_NN1 of_IO accommodation_NN1 ._. 
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The_AT theorists_NN2 do_VD0 n't_XX acknowledge_VVI this_DD1 and_CC as_CSA such_DA are_VBR guilty_JJ of_IO observing_VVG an_AT1 effect_NN1 without_IW truly_RR acknowledging_VVG what_DDQ is_VBZ causing_VVG it_PPH1 ._. 
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Deficiency_NN1 theory_NN1 for_REX21 instance_REX22 argues_VVZ that_CST women_NN2 's_GE language_NN1 reflects_VVZ their_APPGE subordinate_JJ situation_NN1 in_II society_NN1 ._. 
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This_DD1 may_VM be_VBI the_AT case_NN1 but_CCB this_DD1 is_VBZ a_AT1 theory_NN1 based_VVN more_RRR on_II the_AT outcome_NN1 of_IO men_NN2 's_GE and_CC women_NN2 's_GE language_NN1 rather_II21 than_II22 the_AT causes_NN2 of_IO it_PPH1 ._. 
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In_II this_DD1 case_NN1 the_AT norm_NN1 to_II which_DDQ people_NN are_VBR seen_VVN to_TO be_VBI conforming_VVG to_TO is_VBZ that_DD1 of_IO old_JJ gender_NN1 stereotypes_NN2 ._. 
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Arguments_NN2 over_II the_AT positive_JJ or_CC negative_JJ outcomes_NN2 of_IO this_DD1 accommodation_NN1 process_NN1 are_VBR fascinating_JJ but_CCB the_AT root_NN1 of_IO the_AT process_NN1 is_VBZ ignored_VVN as_CSA are_VBR other_JJ factors_NN2 which_DDQ can_VM turn_VVI gender_NN1 stereotypes_NN2 on_II their_APPGE head_NN1 ._. 
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As_II such_DA ,_, the_AT theories_NN2 often_RR do_VD0 n't_XX recognise_VVI the_AT fact_NN1 that_CST both_DB2 sexes_NN2 talk_VV0 differently_RR in_II different_JJ contexts_NN2 and_CC rather_RR seem_VV0 to_TO treat_VVI language_NN1 as_II a_AT1 constant_JJ where_CS men_NN2 and_CC women_NN2 talk_VV0 in_II the_AT same_DA way_NN1 at_II all_DB times_NNT2 ._. 
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What_DDQ is_VBZ exciting_JJ about_II the_AT idea_NN1 of_IO accommodation_NN1 is_VBZ that_CST the_AT things_NN2 we_PPIS2 accommodate_VV0 to_II are_VBR constantly_RR changing_VVG and_CC evolving_VVG ._. 
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Our_APPGE idea_NN1 of_IO gender_NN1 stereotypes_NN2 for_REX21 instance_REX22 are_VBR constantly_RR slowly_RR changing_VVG even_RR over_RP relatively_RR short_JJ time_NNT1 periods_NN2 ._. 
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Therefore_RR we_PPIS2 can_VM see_VVI language_NN1 differences_NN2 between_II men_NN2 's_GE and_CC women_NN2 's_GE speech_NN1 as_II a_AT1 product_NN1 of_IO accommodation_NN1 and_CC tailoring_VVG of_IO language_NN1 to_II different_JJ norms_NN2 ._. 
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These_DD2 different_JJ norms_NN2 encompass_VV0 many_DA2 different_JJ areas_NN2 and_CC build_VV0 up_RP the_AT context_NN1 the_AT conversation_NN1 is_VBZ being_VBG held_VVN in_RP ._. 
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Sometimes_RT this_DD1 tailoring_NN1 of_IO language_NN1 is_VBZ mainly_RR affected_VVN by_II gender_NN1 and_CC sometimes_RT other_JJ factors_NN2 affect_VV0 it_PPH1 more_RRR ._. 
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It_PPH1 is_VBZ probable_JJ that_CST some_DD norms_NN2 are_VBR in_II fact_NN1 more_RGR normal_JJ than_CSN others_NN2 ,_, and_CC affect_VV0 speech_NN1 more_RGR often_RR but_CCB it_PPH1 is_VBZ enough_DD to_TO simply_RR say_VVI :_: Men_NN2 's_GE and_CC women_NN2 's_GE speech_NN1 is_VBZ affected_VVN by_II a_AT1 number_NN1 of_IO different_JJ norms_NN2 of_IO which_DDQ gender_NN1 is_VBZ an_AT1 important_JJ ,_, but_CCB not_XX absolute_JJ ,_, part_NN1 ._. 
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