<s>
There_EX are_VBR about_RG 320_MC million_NNO people_NN worldwide_RL whose_DDQGE first_MD language_NN1 is_VBZ English_JJ ._. 
</s>
<s>
It_PPH1 is_VBZ about_RG 450_MC million_NNO people_NN 's_GE second_MD language_NN1 ,_, and_CC there_EX are_VBR around_RG a_AT1 billion_NNO people_NN who_PNQS understand_VV0 it_PPH1 (_( The_AT Sunday_NPD1 Times_NNT2 Word_NN1 Power_NN1 supplement_NN1 1993_MC part_NN1 3_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
However_RR ,_, all_DB these_DD2 people_NN do_VD0 not_XX speak_VVI an_AT1 invariant_JJ unchanging_JJ identical_JJ language_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
English_NN1 has_VHZ spread_VVN worldwide_RL and_CC with_IW it_PPH1 ,_, more_RRR and_CC more_DAR variations_NN2 have_VH0 been_VBN derived_VVN ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II this_DD1 essay_NN1 I_PPIS1 will_VM mainly_RR focus_VVI on_II spatial_JJ variations_NN2 of_IO English_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
I_PPIS1 will_VM focus_VVI on_II English_JJ as_CSA it_PPH1 is_VBZ used_VVN today_RT ,_, although_CS it_PPH1 must_VM be_VBI appreciated_VVN that_CST the_AT language_NN1 is_VBZ changing_VVG all_DB the_AT time_NNT1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT three_MC main_JJ areas_NN2 in_II which_DDQ there_EX is_VBZ variation_NN1 are_VBR ,_, as_CSA said_VVN by_II Paul_NP1 Kerswill_NP1 in_II his_APPGE article_NN1 "_" Language_NN1 Variation_NN1 and_CC its_APPGE Social_JJ Function_NN1 "_" (_( updated_JJ January_NPM1 2004_MC )_) ,_, phonetic_JJ variation_NN1 ,_, grammatical_JJ variation_NN1 and_CC discourse_NN1 strategies_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
These_DD2 are_VBR what_DDQ I_PPIS1 will_VM be_VBI concentrating_VVG on_RP in_II this_DD1 essay_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Equality_NN1 is_VBZ the_AT other_JJ main_JJ issue_NN1 in_II this_DD1 essay_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
As_CSA David_NP1 Crystal_NP1 says_VVZ "_" part_NN1 of_IO the_AT problem_NN1 is_VBZ that_CST the_AT word_NN1 'equal'_NN1 needs_VVZ to_TO be_VBI used_VVN very_RG carefully_RR ._. 
</s>
<s>
We_PPIS2 do_VD0 not_XX know_VVI how_RRQ to_TO quantify_VVI language_NN1 "_" 1_MC1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
I_PPIS1 will_VM however_RR ,_, use_VV0 the_AT following_JJ definition_NN1 that_CST I_PPIS1 have_VH0 concluded_VVN from_II the_AT definitions_NN2 I_PPIS1 have_VH0 read_VVN in_II research_NN1 :_: Varieties_NN2 are_VBR equal_JJ if_CS they_PPHS2 all_DB have_VH0 the_AT same_DA amount_NN1 of_IO success_NN1 communicating_VVG the_AT social_JJ and_CC psychological_JJ needs_NN2 of_IO the_AT communicator_NN1 to_II the_AT receiver_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Nevertheless_RR ,_, this_DD1 definition_NN1 is_VBZ not_XX without_IW its_APPGE problems_NN2 ,_, as_CSA will_VM be_VBI discussed_VVN in_II the_AT essay_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT phrase_NN1 'Good_NN1 English'_NP1 has_VHZ been_VBN used_VVN increasingly_RR over_II the_AT last_MD few_DA2 decades_NNT2 as_CSA new_JJ varieties_NN2 of_IO language_NN1 have_VH0 been_VBN coined_VVN such_II21 as_II22 'text-language'_NN1 and_CC the_AT non-standard_JJ spelling_NN1 ,_, grammar_NN1 and_CC syntax_NN1 used_VVN in_II e-mails_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
"_" You_PPY are_VBR reminded_VVN of_IO the_AT necessity_NN1 for_IF good_JJ English_NN1 and_CC orderly_JJ presentation_NN1 in_II your_APPGE answers_NN2 ,_, "_" 2_MC a_AT1 sentence_NN1 appearing_VVG on_II the_AT front_NN1 of_IO A-level_NN1 exam_NN1 papers_NN2 ;_; "_" Speaks_VVZ good_JJ English_NN1 ,_, "_" a_AT1 sentence_NN1 frequently_RR used_VMK to_TO describe_VVI people_NN ,_, especially_RR foreigners_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
These_DD2 are_VBR just_RR a_AT1 few_DA2 examples_NN2 ,_, and_CC although_CS we_PPIS2 know_VV0 what_DDQ is_VBZ meant_VVN by_II the_AT sentences_NN2 ,_, are_VBR we_PPIS2 really_RR sure_JJ of_IO what_DDQ 'Good_VV0 English'_NP1 is_VBZ ,_, and_CC would_VM it_PPH1 mean_VVI that_CST anything_PN1 else_RR is_VBZ 'bad_NN1 English'_NP1 ?_? 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 would_VM mean_VVI that_CST varieties_NN2 of_IO English_NN1 are_VBR not_XX equal_JJ and_CC that_CST there_EX is_VBZ a_AT1 definite_JJ distinction_NN1 between_II 'good'_NN1 and_CC 'bad'_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Good_JJ English_NN1 is_VBZ stereotypically_RR defined_VVN as_CSA using_VVG standard_JJ forms_NN2 of_IO the_AT language_NN1 (_( SE_NP1 )_) and_CC Received_JJ Pronunciation_NN1 (_( RP_NP1 )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
Received_JJ Pronunciation_NN1 is_VBZ defined_VVN as_CSA "_" The_AT accent_NN1 associated_VVN with_IW upper-class_JJ speakers_NN2 of_IO English_NN1 "_" ._. 
</s>
<s>
Standard_JJ English_NN1 is_VBZ defined_VVN as_CSA "_" The_AT vocabulary_NN1 and_CC grammar_NN1 associated_VVN with_IW educated_JJ users_NN2 of_IO the_AT language_NN1 "_" ._. 
</s>
<s>
It_PPH1 seems_VVZ from_II these_DD2 definitions_NN2 that_CST the_AT variety_NN1 of_IO language_NN1 is_VBZ defined_VVN by_II its_APPGE user_NN1 :_: 'upper_NN1 class_NN1 speakers_NN2 '_GE and_CC 'educated_VVD users_NN2 '_GE ,_, which_DDQ are_VBR often_RR socially_RR seen_VVN to_TO go_VVI hand_NN1 in_II hand_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Neither_RR SE_ND1 nor_CC RP_NP1 indicate_VV0 the_AT speaker_NN1 's_GE regional_JJ origin_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
However_RR ,_, they_PPHS2 do_VD0 seem_VVI to_TO suggest_VVI social_JJ class_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
They_PPHS2 are_VBR the_AT most_RGT prestigious_JJ form_NN1 of_IO English_NN1 promoted_VVN by_II education_NN1 and_CC used_VVN in_II government_NN1 ,_, law_NN1 and_CC the_AT media_NN ._. 
</s>
<s>
SE_NP1 is_VBZ the_AT most_RGT widely_RR understood_VVN form_NN1 of_IO English_JJ but_CCB is_VBZ used_VVN by_II only_RR a_AT1 minority_NN1 of_IO those_DD2 who_PNQS understand_VV0 it_PPH1 and_CC estimations_NN2 tell_VV0 us_PPIO2 that_CST only_RR 3%_NNU of_IO the_AT population_NN1 now_RT speak_VV0 pure_JJ RP_NP1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Standard_JJ English_NN1 is_VBZ what_DDQ prescriptivists_NN2 say_VV0 we_PPIS2 should_VM all_DB conform_VVI to_II ._. 
</s>
<s>
"_" Tongues_NN2 ,_, like_II Governments_NN2 ,_, have_VH0 a_AT1 natural_JJ tendency_NN1 to_II degeneration_NN1 :_: we_PPIS2 have_VH0 long_RR preserved_VVN our_APPGE constitution_NN1 ,_, let_VV0 us_PPIO2 make_VVI some_DD struggle_NN1 for_IF our_APPGE language_NN1 "_" (_( Dr._NNB Samuel_NP1 Johnson_NP1 ,_, preface_NN1 to_II A_AT1 Dictionary_NN1 of_IO the_AT English_JJ Language_NN1 )_) 3_MC Prescriptivists_NN2 ,_, like_II Dr._NNB Johnson_NP1 ,_, see_VV0 the_AT need_NN1 for_IF a_AT1 known_JJ distinction_NN1 between_II correct_JJ and_CC incorrect_JJ forms_NN2 of_IO English_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
They_PPHS2 would_VM argue_VVI for_IF inequality_NN1 in_II varieties_NN2 of_IO English_NN1 ,_, saying_VVG that_CST the_AT prestigious_JJ SE_ND1 and_CC RP_NP1 are_VBR better_RRR than_CSN non-standard_JJ English_NN1 and_CC regional_JJ dialects_NN2 and_CC accents_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Descriptivism_NN1 on_II the_AT other_JJ hand_NN1 takes_VVZ a_AT1 describing_VVG approach_NN1 to_II the_AT varieties_NN2 of_IO English_NN1 and_CC does_VDZ not_XX label_VVI them_PPHO2 correct_JJ or_CC incorrect_JJ ._. 
</s>
<s>
I_PPIS1 shall_VM now_RT look_VVI at_II some_DD of_IO the_AT deviations_NN2 away_II21 from_II22 Standard_JJ English_NN1 and_CC Received_JJ Pronunciation_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
I_PPIS1 will_VM firstly_RR look_VVI at_II language_NN1 variation_NN1 in_II England_NP1 (_( regional_JJ variation_NN1 )_) ;_; then_RT look_VV0 at_II World_NN1 English_NN1 (_( national_JJ variation_NN1 )_) ;_; and_CC finally_RR ,_, compare_VV0 the_AT two_MC ._. 
</s>
<s>
Kerswill_NN1 identifies_VVZ three_MC areas_NN2 of_IO variation_NN1 :_: phonetic_JJ ,_, grammatical_JJ ,_, and_CC discourse_NN1 strategies_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Phonetic_JJ variation_NN1 looks_VVZ at_II accents_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
There_EX is_VBZ a_AT1 definite_JJ hierarchy_NN1 of_IO how_RRQ people_NN evaluate_VV0 different_JJ accents_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 tends_VVZ to_TO flow_VVI as_CSA suggested_VVN in_II the_AT following_JJ diagram_NN1 (_( figure_NN1 1_MC1 )_) Bottom_NN1 of_IO the_AT list_NN1 are_VBR those_DD2 accents_NN2 associated_VVN with_IW large_JJ industrial_JJ cities_NN2 and_CC the_AT working_JJ class_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
However_RR ,_, research_NN1 shows_NN2 (_( Giles_NP1 and_CC Trudgill_NP1 1970s_MC2 )_) that_CST people_NN with_IW regional_JJ accents_NN2 are_VBR thought_VVN of_IO as_RG more_RGR down-to-earth_JJ ,_, friendly_JJ and_CC humorous_JJ than_CSN those_DD2 speaking_VVG RP_NP1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Non-standards_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 the_AT use_NN1 of_IO the_AT glottal_JJ stop_NN1 (_( e.g._REX 'Ga'wick_JJ airpor'_NN1 as_II31 opposed_II32 to_II33 'Gatwick_JJ airport'_NN1 )_) and_CC the_AT use_NN1 of_IO W_ZZ1 instead_II21 of_II22 L_ZZ1 (_( e.g._REX 'hiuw'_NN1 rather_CS21 than_CS22 'hill'_VVI )_) are_VBR features_NN2 of_IO the_AT lower_JJR variations_NN2 in_II the_AT hierarchy_NN1 especially_RR found_VVN in_II Estuary_NN1 English_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Grammatical_JJ variations_NN2 also_RR have_VH0 standard_JJ and_CC non-standards_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Examples_NN2 of_IO non-standards_NN2 are_VBR double_JJ negatives_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 "_" I_PPIS1 never_RR done_VDN nothing_PN1 "_" ;_; and_CC the_AT use_NN1 of_IO 'ain't'_JJ as_CSA in_II "_" I_ZZ1 ai_FU n't_XX done_VDN it_PPH1 "_" as_II31 opposed_II32 to_II33 the_AT standard_NN1 "_" I_PPIS1 have_VH0 n't_XX done_VDN it_PPH1 "_" or_CC even_RR used_VMK to_TO mean_VVI ,_, "_" I_PPIS1 did_VDD n't_XX do_VDI it_PPH1 "_" ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II the_AT regional_JJ varieties_NN2 of_IO English_NN1 other_II21 than_II22 standard_NN1 ,_, there_EX are_VBR features_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 Altered_JJ negatives-_NN1 the_AT use_NN1 of_IO never_RR to_TO refer_VVI to_II a_AT1 single_JJ occasion_NN1 ,_, e.g._REX 'You_NNU gave_VVD it_PPH1 to_TO me'_VVI 'I_UH never_RR did'Dropping_VVG the_AT -_- ly_RR from_II an_AT1 adverb_NN1 ,_, e.g._REX 'do_NN1 n't_XX do_VD0 that_DD1 so_RR slow'Tag_VVI questions_NN2 used_VVN in_II confrontation_NN1 ,_, e.g._REX 'I_JJ said_VVD I_PPIS1 was_VBDZ going_VVG ,_, did_VDD n't_XX I_PPIS1 ?_? 
</s>
<s>
"_" Double_JJ negatives_NN2 are_VBR the_AT probably_RR the_AT only_JJ variation_NN1 in_II grammar_NN1 which_DDQ could_VM cause_VVI confusion_NN1 to_II a_AT1 standard_JJ user_NN1 listening_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
If_CS someone_PN1 says_VVZ ,_, "_" I_PPIS1 did_VDD n't_XX do_VDI nothing_PN1 ,_, "_" it_PPH1 is_VBZ usually_RR presumed_VVN that_CST they_PPHS2 mean_VV0 they_PPHS2 did_VDD n't_XX do_VDI anything_PN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
However_RR ,_, the_AT meaning_NN1 could_VM in_II fact_NN1 be_VBI they_PPHS2 did_VDD something_PN1 rather_II21 than_II22 doing_VDG nothing_PN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Generally_RR the_AT phonological_JJ variation_NN1 will_VM tell_VVI us_PPIO2 which_DDQ meaning_NN1 is_VBZ being_VBG implied_VVN by_II certain_JJ intonation_NN1 and_CC stress_NN1 on_II either_RR the_AT 'do'_NN1 when_CS meaning_VVG 'I_UH did_VDD n't_XX do_VDI anything'_JJ or_CC on_II the_AT 'nothing'_NN1 when_CS meaning_VVG "_" I_PPIS1 did_VDD something_PN1 rather_II21 than_II22 nothing_PN1 ._. "_" 
</s>
<s>
So_RR all_DB these_DD2 grammatical_JJ variations_NN2 are_VBR not_XX too_RG difficult_JJ to_TO understand_VVI if_CSW someone_PN1 uses_VVZ them_PPHO2 even_CS21 if_CS22 you_PPY do_VD0 n't_XX use_VVI them_PPHO2 yourself_PPX1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Variation_NN1 in_II Discourse_NN1 Strategies_NN2 (_( as_CSA called_VVN by_II Gumperz_NP1 ,_, 1982_MC )_) looks_VVZ at_II dialects_NN2 and_CC idiolects_NN2 and_CC why_RRQ people_NN say_VV0 things_NN2 in_II a_AT1 certain_JJ way_NN1 to_TO communicate_VVI their_APPGE point_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Variation_NN1 has_VHZ occurred_VVN but_CCB understanding_NN1 of_IO different_JJ dialects_NN2 is_VBZ better_JJR now_RT than_CSN it_PPH1 was_VBDZ when_RRQ traditional_JJ dialects_NN2 were_VBDR very_RG regionally_RR pronounced_VVN and_CC definite_JJ borders_NN2 between_II regional_JJ dialects_NN2 existed_VVD ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 is_VBZ due_II21 to_II22 people_NN moving_VVG around_RP more_RRR ._. 
</s>
<s>
People_NN do_VD0 not_XX tend_VVI to_TO stay_VVI in_II the_AT place_NN1 in_II which_DDQ they_PPHS2 grew_VVD up_RP ._. 
</s>
<s>
They_PPHS2 move_VV0 either_RR for_IF work_NN1 or_CC for_IF education_NN1 or_CC due_II21 to_II22 relationships_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
They_PPHS2 are_VBR therefore_RR not_XX only_RR exposed_VVN to_II the_AT dialect_NN1 of_IO that_DD1 area_NN1 where_CS they_PPHS2 grew_VVD up_RP ._. 
</s>
<s>
Commuter-lifestyles_NN2 can_VM also_RR lead_VVI to_II exposure_NN1 to_II more_DAR than_CSN one_MC1 dialect_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Also_RR ,_, Compulsory_JJ education_NN1 has_VHZ meant_VVN that_CST everyone_PN1 is_VBZ taught_VVN in_II Standard_JJ English_NN1 ,_, so_RR even_CS21 if_CS22 they_PPHS2 have_VH0 regional_JJ dialect_NN1 ,_, they_PPHS2 are_VBR also_RR educated_VVN in_II the_AT standard_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Lastly_RR ,_, the_AT media_NN and_CC technological_JJ advances_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 the_AT Internet_NN1 use_VV0 a_AT1 variety_NN1 of_IO dialects_NN2 especially_RR the_AT e-mail_NN1 and_CC chat-room_JJ language_NN1 known_VVN as_II Leet_NP1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
We_PPIS2 would_VM be_VBI exposed_VVN to_II standard_NN1 in_II the_AT newspapers_NN2 and_CC television_NN1 news_NN1 ,_, but_CCB also_RR to_II regional_JJ dialects_NN2 in_II television_NN1 programmes_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 the_AT many_DA2 regional_JJ soap_NN1 operas_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Vocabulary_NN1 is_VBZ the_AT main_JJ variant_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Slang_NN1 and_CC colloquialisms_NN2 are_VBR commonly_RR used_VVN and_CC although_CS they_PPHS2 age_VV0 ,_, each_DD1 generation_NN1 will_VM have_VHI a_AT1 set_NN1 of_IO slang_NN1 words_NN2 that_CST they_PPHS2 understand_VV0 and_CC often_RR use_VV0 ._. 
</s>
<s>
"_" No_AT part_NN1 of_IO 'usage'_JJ changes_NN2 more_RGR quickly_RR than_CSN verbal_JJ currency_NN1 ._. "_" 4_MC Regions_NN2 have_VH0 different_JJ words_NN2 that_CST are_VBR not_XX in_II the_AT vocabulary_NN1 of_IO other_JJ regions_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
For_REX21 example_REX22 gym-shoes_NN2 are_VBR commonly_RR called_VVN 'plimsolls_NN2 '_GE in_II the_AT South_ND1 East_ND1 (_( London_NP1 ,_, Brighton_NP1 )_) ,_, but_CCB are_VBR called_VVN 'daps_NN2 '_GE in_II the_AT West_ND1 (_( Bristol_NP1 ,_, Gloucester_NP1 )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
World_NN1 English_NN1 is_VBZ even_RR more_RGR varied_JJ than_CSN the_AT regional_JJ variations_NN2 I_PPIS1 have_VH0 looked_VVN at_II ._. 
</s>
<s>
There_EX is_VBZ n't_XX really_RR one_MC1 'standard_NN1 English'_NP1 nationally_RR ._. 
</s>
<s>
There_EX is_VBZ a_AT1 Standard_JJ English_NN1 as_CSA we_PPIS2 know_VV0 it_PPH1 ,_, a_AT1 Standard_JJ American_JJ English_NN1 (_( SAE_NN1 )_) ,_, an_AT1 Australian_JJ SE_ND1 ,_, a_AT1 Caribbean_JJ SE_ND1 ,_, one_MC1 SE_NP1 for_IF East_ND1 Asia_NP1 and_CC one_PN1 for_IF South_ND1 ,_, and_CC more_RRR throughout_II the_AT world_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Most_DAT of_IO the_AT varieties_NN2 have_VH0 either_RR British_JJ SE_ND1 or_CC American_JJ SE_ND1 as_CSA their_APPGE basis_NN1 ,_, but_CCB as_CSA can_VM be_VBI seen_VVN in_II figure_NN1 2_MC ,_, there_EX are_VBR variations_NN2 in_II the_AT three_MC areas_NN2 looked_VVN at_II earlier_JJR from_II Kerswill_NP1 's_GE article_NN1 Variations_NN2 of_IO English_NN1 are_VBR often_RR used_VVN as_II a_AT1 Lingua_NN21 Franca_NN22 in_II trading_NN1 and_CC business_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Some_DD of_IO these_DD2 have_VH0 elements_NN2 of_IO other_JJ languages_NN2 in_II them_PPHO2 ,_, but_CCB still_RR manage_VV0 to_TO communicate_VVI successfully_RR ._. 
</s>
<s>
English_NN1 is_VBZ many_DA2 people_NN 's_GE second_MD language_NN1 ,_, and_CC is_VBZ learnt_VVN in_II a_AT1 basic_JJ form_NN1 at_II many_DA2 French_JJ ,_, German_JJ and_CC many_DA2 other_JJ nationality_NN1 's_GE schools_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Most_DAT of_IO what_DDQ is_VBZ learnt_VVN in_II foreign_JJ schools_NN2 will_VM be_VBI SBE_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
British_JJ Black_JJ English_NN1 has_VHZ become_VVN a_AT1 creole_NN1 language_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
It_PPH1 is_VBZ a_AT1 symbol_NN1 of_IO identity_NN1 for_IF black_JJ youth_NN1 culture_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
It_PPH1 is_VBZ yet_RR another_DD1 variety_NN1 of_IO English_JJ but_CCB is_VBZ broader_JJR than_CSN a_AT1 dialect_NN1 ,_, and_CC not_XX regional_JJ ._. 
</s>
<s>
Creoles_NN2 were_VBDR once_RR thought_VVN of_IO as_RG corrupt_JJ forms_NN2 of_IO a_AT1 language_NN1 ,_, but_CCB some_DD have_VH0 now_RT become_VV0 accepted_JJ and_CC are_VBR seen_VVN as_II an_AT1 important_JJ expression_NN1 of_IO personal_JJ and_CC national_JJ identity_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Therefore_RR ,_, unlike_JJ dialects_NN2 ,_, creoles_NN2 as_CSA language_NN1 variations_NN2 are_VBR not_XX generally_RR seen_VVN as_CSA inferior_JJ ._. 
</s>
<s>
Attempts_NN2 to_TO standardise_VVI English_NN1 have_VH0 been_VBN made_VVN by_II campaigns_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 the_AT 'Speak_NN1 Good_JJ English_JJ Campaign'_NN1 in_II Singapore_NP1 ,_, where_RRQ many_DA2 people_NN speak_VV0 a_AT1 cross_NN1 between_II Chinese_JJ dialects_NN2 and_CC English_NN1 known_VVN as_II 'Singlish'_JJ ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT government_NN1 are_VBR encouraging_JJ people_NN to_TO speak_VVI Standard_JJ English_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
There_EX is_VBZ an_AT1 example_NN1 of_IO this_DD1 sort_NN1 of_IO campaign_NN1 in_II England_NP1 also_RR ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT Plain_JJ English_JJ Campaign_NN1 does_VDZ not_XX campaign_VVI for_IF Standard_JJ English_NN1 ,_, but_CCB it_PPH1 calls_VVZ for_IF one_MC1 version_NN1 of_IO English_NN1 that_CST is_VBZ understandable_JJ to_II all_DB no_DDQV31 matter_DDQV32 what_DDQV33 their_APPGE social_JJ class_NN1 ,_, regional_JJ origin_NN1 or_CC background_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
They_PPHS2 say_VV0 that_CST ,_, "_" the_AT golden_JJ rule_NN1 is_VBZ that_DD1 plain_JJ English_NN1 should_VM be_VBI used_VVN in_II any_DD information_NN1 that_CST ordinary_JJ people_NN rely_VV0 on_RP when_CS they_PPHS2 make_VV0 decisions_NN2 ._. "_" 5_MC There_EX are_VBR linguistic_JJ hierarchies_NN2 nationally_RR and_CC regionally_RR ._. 
</s>
<s>
However_RR ,_, the_AT terms_NN2 of_IO equal_JJ change_NN1 according_II21 to_II22 social_JJ factors_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
For_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, SE_NP1 is_VBZ seen_VVN as_RG more_RGR prestigious_JJ and_CC formal_JJ ,_, whereas_CS some_DD regional_JJ dialects_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 Welsh_JJ and_CC Scottish_NN2 are_VBR seen_VVN as_RG more_RGR friendly_JJ ._. 
</s>
<s>
It_PPH1 depends_VVZ on_II the_AT factor_NN1 that_CST is_VBZ being_VBG researched_VVN as_II21 to_II22 which_DDQ languages_NN2 are_VBR at_II the_AT top_NN1 of_IO the_AT hierarchy_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Most_DAT people_NN generally_RR know_VV0 Standard_JJ English_NN1 ,_, being_VBG the_AT one_PN1 that_CST is_VBZ taught_VVN in_II schools_NN2 ,_, and_CC most_DAT people_NN can_VM use_VVI it_PPH1 when_CS called_VVN for_IF ._. 
</s>
<s>
However_RR ,_, as_CS31 long_CS32 as_CS33 the_AT dialect_NN1 they_PPHS2 use_VV0 relates_VVZ to_II the_AT situation_NN1 they_PPHS2 are_VBR in_RP ,_, it_PPH1 can_VM be_VBI understood_VVN ,_, and_CC that_DD1 ,_, to_II me_PPIO1 ,_, is_VBZ all_DB that_CST matters_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
It_PPH1 is_VBZ therefore_RR to_TO do_VDI with_IW register_NN1 and_CC style_NN1 according_II21 to_II22 circumstances_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Lingua_NP1 Francas_NP2 work_VV0 because_CS both_DB2 parties_NN2 understand_VV0 them_PPHO2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
They_PPHS2 do_VD0 not_XX need_VVI to_TO be_VBI Standard_JJ English_NN1 as_CS31 long_CS32 as_CS33 they_PPHS2 are_VBR understood_VVN ,_, and_CC since_CS both_DB2 parties_NN2 have_VH0 comprised_VVN them_PPHO2 ,_, both_DB2 parties_NN2 should_VM have_VHI understanding_NN1 of_IO it_PPH1 ._. 
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<s>
I_PPIS1 feel_VV0 therefore_RR that_CST the_AT conclusion_NN1 of_IO this_DD1 essay_NN1 should_VM be_VBI that_CST there_EX is_VBZ no_AT question_NN1 of_IO equality_NN1 in_II language_NN1 itself_PPX1 ,_, more_RRR a_AT1 question_NN1 of_IO equality_NN1 in_II society_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
As_CS31 long_CS32 as_CS33 there_EX is_VBZ understanding_VVG between_II the_AT participants_NN2 ,_, one_MC1 variety_NN1 is_VBZ equal_JJ to_II all_DB other_JJ varieties_NN2 as_CS31 long_CS32 as_CS33 they_PPHS2 are_VBR understood_VVN ._. 
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<s>
Standard_JJ English_NN1 can_VM be_VBI used_VVN when_CS called_VVN for_IF ,_, and_CC as_CS31 long_CS32 as_CS33 it_PPH1 is_VBZ still_RR taught_VVN as_II a_AT1 basis_NN1 ,_, there_EX can_VM be_VBI divergence_NN1 towards_II this_DD1 when_CS people_NN of_IO two_MC different_JJ dialects_NN2 conflict_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT increase_NN1 in_II mobility_NN1 of_IO people_NN also_RR means_VVZ that_CST we_PPIS2 are_VBR more_RGR knowledgeable_JJ of_IO other_JJ dialects_NN2 ,_, and_CC with_IW knowledge_NN1 comes_VVZ acceptance_NN1 ,_, and_CC therefore_RR 'equality'_VV0 ._. 
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