<s>
Describe_VV0 and_CC critically_RR evaluate_VV0 the_AT Social_JJ Learning_NN1 Theory_NN1 of_IO the_AT acquisition_NN1 of_IO Gender_NN1 Identity_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Social_JJ Learning_NN1 Theory_NN1 is_VBZ one_MC1 of_IO the_AT four_MC theories_NN2 of_IO gender_NN1 acquisition_NN1 and_CC relies_VVZ on_II imitation_NN1 and_CC conditioning_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 child_NN1 as_II the_AT main_JJ forces_NN2 behind_II the_AT acquisition_NN1 of_IO gender_NN1 identity_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Gender_NN1 identity_NN1 is_VBZ dependent_JJ on_II the_AT personality_NN1 of_IO the_AT individual_NN1 and_CC refers_VVZ to_II our_APPGE inner_JJ feeling_NN1 of_IO being_VBG masculine_JJ or_CC feminine_JJ in_II outlook_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Unlike_JJ sex_NN1 identity_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ is_VBZ fixed_VVN at_II conception_NN1 and_CC can_VM not_XX be_VBI changed_VVN ,_, gender_NN1 identity_NN1 can_VM change_VVI and_CC a_AT1 woman_NN1 may_VM have_VHI a_AT1 masculine_JJ identity_NN1 and_CC vice_RR21 versa_RR22 ._. 
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<s>
Social_JJ learning_NN1 theory_NN1 refers_VVZ to_II the_AT nurture_NN1 side_NN1 of_IO the_AT nature-nurture_JJ debate_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 asks_VVZ whether_CSW a_AT1 child_NN1 's_GE identity_NN1 is_VBZ influenced_VVN by_II nature_NN1 &mdash;_- through_II hormone_NN1 levels_NN2 and_CC other_JJ biological_JJ aspects_NN2 or_CC by_II nurturing_NN1 &mdash;_- through_II socialisation_NN1 and_CC the_AT way_NN1 a_AT1 child_NN1 is_VBZ treated_VVN by_II its_APPGE parents_NN2 and_CC other_JJ influential_JJ people_NN ._. 
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<s>
Social_JJ learning_NN1 theorists_NN2 say_VV0 that_CST everything_PN1 you_PPY are_VBR is_VBZ a_AT1 result_NN1 of_IO socialisation_NN1 &mdash;_- everything_PN1 is_VBZ learnt_VVN and_CC nothing_PN1 is_VBZ innate_JJ ._. 
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<s>
Imitation_NN1 or_CC role_NN1 modelling_VVG by_II children_NN2 describes_VVZ the_AT way_NN1 that_CST they_PPHS2 copy_VV0 the_AT actions_NN2 or_CC behaviour_NN1 of_IO someone_PN1 they_PPHS2 admire_VV0 ,_, usually_RR of_IO their_APPGE own_DA sex_NN1 and_CC possibly_RR a_AT1 parent_NN1 or_CC even_RR a_AT1 tv_NNU character_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Conditioning_NN1 describes_VVZ the_AT way_NN1 that_CST continually_RR carrying_VVG out_RP a_AT1 task_NN1 in_II a_AT1 set_NN1 way_NN1 can_VM teach_VVI a_AT1 child_NN1 how_RRQ to_TO act_VVI ,_, and_CC can_VM be_VBI divided_VVN into_II two_MC variants_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Operant_JJ conditioning_NN1 relies_VVZ on_II positive_JJ and_CC negative_JJ reward_NN1 for_IF reinforcement_NN1 of_IO values_NN2 and_CC actions_NN2 ,_, whilst_CS Classical_JJ conditioning_NN1 consists_VVZ of_IO association_NN1 of_IO an_AT1 event_NN1 with_IW a_AT1 stimulus_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
One_MC1 of_IO the_AT classic_JJ studies_NN2 of_IO imitation_NN1 by_II children_NN2 was_VBDZ carried_VVN out_RP by_II Bandura_NP1 ._. 
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<s>
He_PPHS1 took_VVD a_AT1 group_NN1 of_IO young_JJ boys_NN2 and_CC monitored_VVD their_APPGE play_NN1 ,_, divided_VVD them_PPHO2 into_II three_MC groups_NN2 and_CC showed_VVD each_DD1 group_NN1 one_MC1 of_IO three_MC scenarios_NN2 and_CC then_RT monitored_VVD them_PPHO2 again_RT ._. 
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<s>
The_AT first_MD showed_VVD an_AT1 adult_NN1 playing_VVG peacefully_RR with_IW a_AT1 doll_NN1 ,_, the_AT second_NNT1 an_AT1 adult_NN1 playing_VVG aggressively_RR with_IW the_AT doll_NN1 and_CC the_AT third_MD an_AT1 adult_NN1 playing_VVG aggressively_RR and_CC being_VBG rewarded_VVN ._. 
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<s>
The_AT first_MD group_NN1 remained_VVD unmoved_JJ ,_, the_AT second_MD group_NN1 were_VBDR more_RGR aggressive_JJ and_CC the_AT third_MD group_NN1 even_RR more_RGR so_RR ,_, proving_VVG the_AT influence_NN1 of_IO aggressive_JJ acts_NN2 on_II young_JJ children_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 suggests_VVZ that_CST violent_JJ television_NN1 programmes_NN2 have_VH0 an_AT1 effect_NN1 on_II children_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
What_DDQ is_VBZ also_RR interesting_JJ is_VBZ the_AT way_NN1 that_CST stereotypes_NN2 are_VBR portrayed_VVN on_II tv_NNU with_IW the_AT males_NN2 being_VBG strong_JJ ,_, sometimes_RT violent_JJ ,_, sometimes_RT very_RG intelligent_JJ ,_, characters_NN2 and_CC the_AT females_NN2 being_VBG shown_VVN as_CSA helpless_JJ ,_, stupid_JJ ,_, domesticated_JJ and_CC neurotic_JJ ._. 
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<s>
According_II21 to_II22 studies_NN2 by_II Goldberg_NP1 and_CC Lewis_NP1 and_CC by_II Fagot_NP1 ,_, mothers_NN2 automatically_RR treat_VV0 boy_NN1 and_CC girl_NN1 babies_NN2 differently_RR ._. 
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<s>
Goldberg_NP1 and_CC Lewis_NP1 sampled_VVD very_RG young_JJ babies_NN2 between_II 6_MC and_CC 13_MC months_NNT2 and_CC they_PPHS2 observed_VVD that_CST mothers_NN2 of_IO female_JJ babies_NN2 were_VBDR more_RGR protective_JJ of_IO them_PPHO2 ,_, keeping_VVG them_PPHO2 close_RR to_II their_APPGE side_NN1 ,_, cuddling_VVG them_PPHO2 a_AT1 lot_NN1 and_CC that_CST the_AT babies_NN2 liked_VVD to_TO play_VVI quietly_RR with_IW soft_JJ toys_NN2 and_CC absorbing_JJ tasks_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT male_JJ babies_NN2 were_VBDR encouraged_VVN to_TO explore_VVI ,_, to_TO bang_VVI things_NN2 and_CC make_VVI a_AT1 lot_NN1 of_IO noise_NN1 and_CC generally_RR be_VBI more_RGR active_JJ ._. 
</s>
<s>
Fagot_NP1 's_GE sample_NN1 24_MC families_NN2 were_VBDR observed_VVN while_CS the_AT children_NN2 were_VBDR between_II 20_MC and_CC 24_MC months_NNT2 old_JJ ._. 
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<s>
By_II this_DD1 time_NNT1 their_APPGE personalities_NN2 were_VBDR being_VBG deliberately_RR shaped_VVN by_II their_APPGE parents_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Girls_NN2 were_VBDR encouraged_VVN to_TO ask_VVI for_IF help_NN1 ,_, play_VV0 with_IW dolls_NN2 ,_, take_VV0 an_AT1 interest_NN1 in_II clothes_NN2 and_CC dressing_VVG up_RP and_CC stay_VV0 close_RR to_II parents_NN2 and_CC discouraged_VVN from_II being_VBG noisy_JJ and_CC playing_VVG rough_JJ games_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Boys_NN2 were_VBDR encouraged_VVN to_TO explore_VVI toys_NN2 like_II trucks_NN2 and_CC bricks_NN2 and_CC build_VV0 their_APPGE strength_NN1 ,_, and_CC discouraged_VVN from_II needing_VVG help_NN1 ,_, doing_VDG anything_PN1 &bquo;_" feminine_JJ &equo;_" and_CC playing_VVG with_IW dolls_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
These_DD2 are_VBR examples_NN2 of_IO Operant_JJ conditioning_NN1 and_CC show_VV0 the_AT power_NN1 of_IO parents_NN2 in_II shaping_VVG the_AT personality_NN1 of_IO the_AT child_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
That_DD1 mothers_NN2 treat_VV0 the_AT sexes_NN2 differently_RR is_VBZ confirmed_VVN by_II the_AT study_NN1 in_II which_DDQ toddlers_NN2 were_VBDR dressed_VVN in_II clothes_NN2 belonging_VVG to_II the_AT opposite_JJ sex_NN1 and_CC then_RT were_VBDR observed_VVN whilst_CS being_VBG looked_VVN after_II by_II a_AT1 woman_NN1 who_PNQS was_VBDZ not_XX their_APPGE mother_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
In_II all_DB cases_NN2 the_AT &bquo;_" boys_NN2 &equo;_" were_VBDR given_VVN more_DAR freedom_NN1 to_TO explore_VVI whilst_CS the_AT &bquo;_" girls_NN2 &equo;_" were_VBDR kept_VVN close_JJ and_CC scolded_VVN for_IF being_VBG noisy_JJ and_CC for_IF &bquo;_" tomboyish_JJ &equo;_" behaviour_NN1 !_! 
</s>
<s>
Margaret_NP1 Mead_NN1 's_GE study_NN1 of_IO three_MC tribes_NN2 in_II Papua_NP1 New_NP1 Guinea_NP1 in_II the_AT 1920_MC221 's_MC222 emphasizes_VVZ the_AT power_NN1 of_IO socialisation_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT first_MD tribe_NN1 took_VVD equal_JJ shares_NN2 in_II child_NN1 rearing_VVG and_CC produced_VVD caring_NN1 ,_, gentle_JJ children_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT second_MD tribe_NN1 was_VBDZ aggressive_JJ and_CC war-like_JJ and_CC children_NN2 were_VBDR largely_RR ignored_VVN ,_, and_CC left_VVN to_II their_APPGE own_DA devices_NN2 and_CC grew_VVN up_RP like_II their_APPGE parents_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II the_AT third_MD tribe_NN1 ,_, the_AT women_NN2 looked_VVN after_II all_DB the_AT children_NN2 together_RL and_CC the_AT men_NN2 's_GE lives_NN2 revolved_VVD around_II the_AT women_NN2 who_PNQS did_VDD all_DB the_AT trading_NN1 and_CC decision-making_NN1 ,_, the_AT boys_NN2 would_VM join_VVI the_AT men_NN2 who_PNQS were_VBDR very_RG artistic_JJ and_CC gentle_JJ ,_, when_CS they_PPHS2 were_VBDR of_IO age_NN1 ,_, while_CS the_AT girls_NN2 were_VBDR encouraged_VVN to_TO be_VBI competitive_JJ and_CC strong_JJ ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT third_MD tribe_NN1 showed_VVD a_AT1 complete_JJ role_NN1 reversal_NN1 to_II the_AT Western_JJ model_NN1 of_IO sex_NN1 stereotyping_NN1 which_DDQ had_VHD nothing_PN1 to_TO do_VDI with_IW biological_JJ or_CC genetic_JJ factors_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT second_MD showed_VVD a_AT1 definite_JJ tendency_NN1 towards_II a_AT1 masculine_JJ outlook_NN1 within_II the_AT whole_JJ tribe_NN1 and_CC the_AT first_MD showed_VVD what_DDQ co-operation_NN1 between_II the_AT two_MC sexes_NN2 could_VM achieve_VVI ,_, with_IW a_AT1 more_RGR feminine_JJ outlook_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Social_JJ learning_NN1 theory_NN1 does_VDZ not_XX take_VVI into_II account_NN1 the_AT biological_JJ and_CC genetic_JJ factors_NN2 of_IO nature_NN1 however_RR ,_, in_II believing_VVG that_CST everything_PN1 is_VBZ learnt_VVN and_CC nothing_PN1 is_VBZ innate_JJ and_CC sometimes_RT these_DD2 must_VM be_VBI taken_VVN into_II account_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
It_PPH1 does_VDZ not_XX take_VVI into_II account_NN1 that_CST in_II a_AT1 group_NN1 of_IO nursery_NN1 children_NN2 each_DD1 will_VM be_VBI happy_JJ to_TO play_VVI with_IW the_AT others_NN2 '_GE toys_NN2 until_CS stopped_VVN by_II peer_NN1 group_NN1 pressure_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Why_RRQ should_VM not_XX a_AT1 little_JJ boy_NN1 with_IW a_AT1 feminine_JJ side_NN1 play_NN1 dollies_NN2 with_IW the_AT girls_NN2 ?_? 
</s>
<s>
Professor_NNB Dabs_NP1 's_GE study_NN1 of_IO cases_NN2 of_IO female_JJ prisoners_NN2 ,_, convicted_VVN of_IO violent_JJ crimes_NN2 ,_, in_II America_NP1 ,_, showed_VVD they_PPHS2 had_VHD unusually_RR high_JJ levels_NN2 of_IO the_AT male_JJ sex_NN1 hormone_NN1 testosterone_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 suggests_VVZ that_CST the_AT violence_NN1 might_VM have_VHI been_VBN caused_VVN by_II these_DD2 high_JJ hormone_NN1 levels_NN2 ,_, not_XX conditioning_JJ ._. 
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<s>
Bouchard_NP1 's_GE studies_NN2 of_IO identical_JJ twins_NN2 separated_VVN at_II birth_NN1 and_CC brought_VVN up_RP in_II different_JJ countries_NN2 ,_, classes_NN2 and_CC cultures_NN2 ,_, showed_VVD that_CST they_PPHS2 still_RR shared_JJ similarities_NN2 in_II actions_NN2 and_CC habits_NN2 despite_II separation_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
One_MC1 set_NN1 wore_VVD the_AT same_DA number_NN1 of_IO rings_NN2 ,_, another_DD1 shared_VVD the_AT curious_JJ habit_NN1 of_IO flushing_VVG the_AT lavatory_NN1 before_II using_VVG it_PPH1 while_CS others_NN2 married_VVN on_II the_AT same_DA day_NNT1 ,_, had_VHD the_AT same_DA jobs_NN2 and_CC had_VHD spouses_NN2 of_IO the_AT same_DA name_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 suggests_VVZ that_CST there_EX are_VBR some_DD innate_JJ instincts_NN2 in_II human_JJ beings_NN2 to_TO do_VDI things_NN2 whatever_DDQV the_AT socialisation_NN1 says_VVZ ._. 
</s>
<s>
Social_JJ learning_NN1 theory_NN1 can_VM be_VBI applied_VVN in_II many_DA2 cases_NN2 but_CCB is_VBZ too_RG extensive_JJ when_CS it_PPH1 says_VVZ that_CST nothing_PN1 in_II the_AT human_JJ being_NN1 is_VBZ innate_JJ and_CC that_CST everything_PN1 must_VM be_VBI learnt_VVN ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT nature-nurture_JJ debate_NN1 can_VM not_XX therefore_RR be_VBI readily_RR resolved_VVN and_CC gender_NN1 identity_NN1 is_VBZ heavily_RR influenced_VVN by_II parental_JJ treatment_NN1 and_CC socialisation_NN1 ,_, but_CCB also_RR is_VBZ influenced_VVN by_II the_AT genetic_JJ make-up_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 person_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Essay_NN1 II_MC Have_VH0 Post-war_JJ changes_NN2 in_II educational_JJ policy_NN1 and_CC provision_NN1 brought_VVD Britain_NP1 closer_RRR to_II realising_VVG the_AT vision_NN1 of_IO the_AT meritocratic_JJ society_NN1 ?_? 
</s>
<s>
Education_NN1 in_II Britain_NP1 has_VHZ always_RR been_VBN considered_VVN some_DD of_IO the_AT best_RRT in_II the_AT world_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT provision_NN1 of_IO free_JJ education_NN1 up_II21 to_II22 University_NN1 level_NN1 is_VBZ something_PN1 that_CST is_VBZ taken_VVN for_IF granted_VVN ._. 
</s>
<s>
Since_CS the_AT World_NN1 War_NN1 II_MC ,_, it_PPH1 has_VHZ gradually_RR changed_VVN from_II being_VBG selective_JJ ,_, non-selective_JJ and_CC then_RT selective_JJ again_RT ,_, according_II21 to_II22 the_AT Government_NN1 and_CC has_VHZ been_VBN used_VVN as_II a_AT1 great_JJ political_JJ tool_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II many_DA2 ways_NN2 it_PPH1 has_VHZ failed_VVN to_TO realise_VVI the_AT changes_NN2 in_II British_JJ society_NN1 and_CC has_VHZ had_VHN problems_NN2 in_II providing_VVG a_AT1 service_NN1 for_IF ethnic_JJ minorities_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Education_NN1 is_VBZ a_AT1 great_JJ political_JJ issue_NN1 today_RT ,_, but_CCB it_PPH1 was_VBDZ not_XX until_CS the_AT second_MD quarter_NN1 of_IO the_AT 19th_MD century_NNT1 that_CST the_AT government_NN1 had_VHD any_DD interest_NN1 in_II it_PPH1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT schools_NN2 that_CST existed_VVD were_VBDR run_VVN by_II either_RR the_AT Church_NN1 or_CC private_JJ individuals_NN2 and_CC education_NN1 was_VBDZ for_IF the_AT rich_JJ or_CC those_DD2 able_JJ enough_RR to_TO get_VVI scholarships_NN2 ,_, and_CC women_NN2 's_GE education_NN1 was_VBDZ not_XX an_AT1 issue_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT Industrial_JJ Revolution_NN1 brought_VVD about_RP educational_JJ awareness_NN1 in_II the_AT working_JJ classes_NN2 and_CC the_AT government_NN1 started_VVD to_TO give_VVI small_JJ amounts_NN2 of_IO funding_NN1 to_II the_AT schools_NN2 run_VVN by_II charitable_JJ religious_JJ societies_NN2 in_II 1833_MC ._. 
</s>
<s>
By_II 1870_MC elementary_JJ education_NN1 was_VBDZ compulsory_JJ for_IF all_DB ,_, with_IW low_JJ fees_NN2 made_VVD possible_JJ by_II government_NN1 funding_NN1 with_IW a_AT1 school_NN1 leaving_NN1 age_NN1 of_IO 14_MC ._. 
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<s>
The_AT Board_NN1 schools_NN2 were_VBDR set_VVN up_RP ,_, governed_VVN by_II local_JJ worthies_NN2 ,_, creating_VVG a_AT1 dual_JJ system_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Elementary_JJ education_NN1 was_VBDZ made_VVN free_JJ in_II 1891_MC and_CC 1899_MC saw_VVD the_AT creation_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 government_NN1 Education_NN1 Department_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT Education_NN1 Act_NN1 of_IO 1902_MC brought_VVD about_RP the_AT establishment_NN1 of_IO secondary_JJ schools_NN2 with_IW 25_MC per_NNU21 cent_NNU22 of_IO places_NN2 going_VVG as_CSA scholarships_NN2 to_II children_NN2 who_PNQS had_VHD passed_VVN an_AT1 exam_NN1 at_II the_AT elementary_JJ schools_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 was_VBDZ the_AT first_MD selective_JJ exam_NN1 and_CC was_VBDZ the_AT precursor_NN1 of_IO the_AT 11-plus_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Rab_NP1 Butler_NP1 's_GE 1944_MC Education_NN1 Act_NN1 created_VVD the_AT Ministry_NN1 of_IO Education_NN1 ,_, saw_VVD education_NN1 in_II three_MC stages_NN2 &mdash;_- primary_JJ ,_, secondary_JJ and_CC tertiary_JJ &mdash;_- and_CC raised_VVD the_AT school_NN1 leaving_NN1 age_NN1 to_II 15_MC ._. 
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<s>
But_CCB more_RGR importantly_RR it_PPH1 brought_VVD free_JJ secondary_JJ education_NN1 for_IF all_DB ._. 
</s>
<s>
It_PPH1 created_VVD three_MC different_JJ kinds_NN2 of_IO school_NN1 with_IW &bquo;_" parity_NN1 of_IO esteem_NN1 &equo;_" and_CC children_NN2 were_VBDR allocated_VVN according_II21 to_II22 the_AT result_NN1 of_IO the_AT 11-plus_NN1 examination_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT Grammar_NN1 schools_NN2 were_VBDR for_IF the_AT most_RGT able_JJ ,_, bright_JJ academic_JJ pupils_NN2 and_CC were_VBDR run_VVN along_II private_JJ school_NN1 lines_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT Technical_JJ schools_NN2 were_VBDR for_IF those_DD2 who_PNQS had_VHD a_AT1 technical_JJ ,_, practical_JJ bent_JJ ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT Secondary_JJ Modern_JJ schools_NN2 were_VBDR &bquo;_" for_IF the_AT rest_NN1 &equo;_" ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT principle_NN1 which_DDQ inspired_VVD this_DD1 was_VBDZ the_AT idea_NN1 of_IO giving_VVG children_NN2 equal_JJ opportunities_NN2 to_TO aspire_VVI to_II higher_JJR education_NN1 and_CC higher_JJR social_JJ status_NN1 as_II a_AT1 result_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT Tripartite_JJ system_NN1 ,_, as_CSA it_PPH1 is_VBZ known_VVN ,_, effectively_RR segregated_VVN the_AT high_JJ achievers_NN2 from_II the_AT others_NN2 ,_, but_CCB also_RR managed_VVN to_TO segregate_VVI children_NN2 socially_RR ._. 
</s>
<s>
Researchers_NN2 in_II the_AT 50_MC221 's_MC222 showed_VVD that_CST children_NN2 from_II middle-class_JJ families_NN2 were_VBDR far_RG more_RGR likely_JJ to_TO gain_VVI a_AT1 place_NN1 at_II grammar_NN1 school_NN1 than_CSN the_AT children_NN2 of_IO the_AT working-class_JJ and_CC the_AT system_NN1 was_VBDZ not_XX therefore_RR providing_VVG equality_NN1 of_IO opportunity_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Suspicion_NP1 fell_VVD on_II the_AT 11-plus_NN1 exam_NN1 and_CC research_NN1 showed_VVD there_EX was_VBDZ a_AT1 large_JJ margin_NN1 of_IO error_NN1 and_CC mis-selection_NN1 and_CC that_CST in_II some_DD parts_NN2 of_IO the_AT country_NN1 it_PPH1 was_VBDZ easier_JJR to_TO get_VVI into_II grammar_NN1 school_NN1 than_CSN in_II other_JJ areas_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
As_II a_AT1 result_NN1 of_IO the_AT problems_NN2 with_IW the_AT tripartite_JJ system_NN1 the_AT Labour_JJ government_NN1 of_IO 1965_MC ,_, issued_VVD guidelines_NN2 for_IF the_AT local_JJ authorities_NN2 ,_, creating_VVG Comprehensive_JJ schools_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT idea_NN1 behind_II the_AT comprehensive_NN1 was_VBDZ the_AT belief_NN1 that_CST within_II a_AT1 school_NN1 there_EX should_VM be_VBI an_AT1 absence_NN1 of_IO privilege_NN1 ,_, there_EX should_VM be_VBI social_JJ cohesion_NN1 and_CC social_JJ justice_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
By_II the_AT early_JJ 80_MC221 's_MC222 80_MC per_NNU21 cent_NNU22 of_IO children_NN2 were_VBDR in_II comprehensive_JJ schools_NN2 &mdash;_- the_AT system_NN1 not_XX having_VHG been_VBN adopted_VVN by_II all_DB education_NN1 authorities_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT Labour_JJ government_NN1 of_IO 74&ndash;79_MCMC had_VHD made_VVN it_PPH1 compulsory_JJ for_IF local_JJ education_NN1 authorities_NN2 to_TO reorganise_VVI secondary_JJ schools_NN2 along_II comprehensive_JJ lines_NN2 in_II the_AT 1976_MC Education_NN1 Act_NN1 ,_, but_CCB one_MC1 of_IO the_AT first_MD acts_NN2 of_IO the_AT Conservative_JJ government_NN1 of_IO 1979_MC was_VBDZ to_TO repeal_VVI this_DD1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Throughout_II this_DD1 ,_, the_AT Independent/Private_JJ sector_NN1 has_VHZ continued_VVN ,_, with_IW few_DA2 governments_NN2 willing_JJ to_TO bring_VVI it_PPH1 into_II line_NN1 or_CC abolish_VV0 it_PPH1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Although_CS fee_NN1 paying_VVG ,_, through_II the_AT assisted_JJ places_NN2 scheme_VV0 they_PPHS2 provide_VV0 places_NN2 for_IF pupils_NN2 unable_JK to_TO pay_VVI fees_NN2 &mdash;_- this_DD1 money_NN1 comes_VVZ from_II public_JJ funds_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Although_CS only_RR 6_MC per_NNU21 cent_NNU22 of_IO children_NN2 are_VBR educated_VVN in_II them_PPHO2 ,_, they_PPHS2 exert_VV0 considerable_JJ power_NN1 ,_, because_CS the_AT social_JJ elite_NN1 are_VBR amongst_II those_DD2 educated_VVN there_RL and_CC they_PPHS2 in_II turn_NN1 become_VV0 successful_JJ in_II industry_NN1 and_CC business_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Over_II the_AT past_JJ 20_MC years_NNT2 ,_, there_EX has_VHZ been_VBN a_AT1 growth_NN1 in_II the_AT number_NN1 of_IO these_DD2 schools_NN2 ,_, because_CS many_DA2 parents_NN2 have_VH0 felt_VVN that_CST governments_NN2 have_VH0 not_XX been_VBN providing_VVG the_AT quality_NN1 of_IO education_NN1 once_RR found_VVN in_II grammar_NN1 schools_NN2 ,_, and_CC are_VBR willing_JJ to_TO forgo_VVI expensive_JJ holidays_NN2 and_CC luxuries_NN2 ,_, in_BCL21 order_BCL22 to_TO provide_VVI the_AT education_NN1 they_PPHS2 want_VV0 for_IF their_APPGE children_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Today_RT ,_, the_AT State_NN1 secondary_NN1 sector_NN1 faces_NN2 underfunding_VVG as_II a_AT1 result_NN1 of_IO successive_JJ Conservative_JJ government_NN1 education_NN1 cuts_NN2 ,_, but_CCB at_II the_AT same_DA time_NNT1 have_VH0 been_VBN forced_VVN to_TO change_VVI the_AT curriculum_NN1 to_TO take_VVI into_II account_NN1 the_AT GCSE_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 has_VHZ left_VVN morale_NN1 and_CC funds_NN2 low_JJ and_CC has_VHZ resulted_VVN in_II schools_NN2 having_VHG to_TO turn_VVI to_II Parent-Teacher_NN1 Associations_NN2 and_CC businesses_NN2 ,_, in_BCL21 order_BCL22 to_TO provide_VVI bare_JJ essentials_NN2 like_II textbooks_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
As_II a_AT1 result_NN1 schools_NN2 in_II leafy_JJ ,_, middle-class_JJ ,_, suburbs_NN2 have_VH0 become_VVN richer_JJR and_CC more_RGR successful_JJ ,_, whilst_CS those_DD2 in_II the_AT inner-cities_NN2 have_VH0 become_VVN poorer_JJR and_CC more_RGR deprived_JJ ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 has_VHZ naturally_RR had_VHN an_AT1 effect_NN1 on_II the_AT quality_NN1 of_IO education_NN1 found_VVN in_II these_DD2 schools_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT inner-city_JJ schools_NN2 are_VBR most_RGT likely_JJ to_TO have_VHI larger_JJR numbers_NN2 of_IO Afro-Caribbean_JJ and_CC Asian_JJ pupils_NN2 ,_, and_CC the_AT education_NN1 system_NN1 is_VBZ failing_VVG to_TO provide_VVI for_IF their_APPGE special_JJ needs_NN2 because_II21 of_II22 underfunding_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT GCSE_NN1 was_VBDZ supposed_JJ to_TO be_VBI the_AT great_JJ leveller_NN1 of_IO examinations_NN2 ,_, a_AT1 combination_NN1 of_IO the_AT GCE_NN1 O-Level_NN1 &mdash;_- the_AT grammar_NN1 school_NN1 exam_NN1 &mdash;_- and_CC the_AT CSE_NN1 &mdash;_- the_AT comprehensive/secondary_JJ modern_JJ exam_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT results_NN2 coming_VVG out_RP show_VV0 that_CST some_DD inner_JJ city_NN1 schools_NN2 are_VBR failing_VVG to_TO achieve_VVI the_AT results_NN2 found_VVN in_II the_AT suburbs_NN2 ,_, providing_VVG little_RR hope_VV0 for_IF school_NN1 leavers_NN2 ,_, fighting_VVG for_IF jobs_NN2 in_II a_AT1 fiercely_RR competitive_JJ market_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT move_NN1 by_II the_AT present_JJ government_NN1 to_TO encourage_VVI Schools_NN2 to_TO &bquo;_" opt_VVI out_RP &equo;_" and_CC take_VVI charge_NN1 of_IO their_APPGE own_DA funds_NN2 ,_, can_VM only_RR compound_VVI this_DD1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Already_RR some_DD of_IO the_AT wealthier_JJR comprehensives_NN2 have_VH0 become_VVN selective_JJ ,_, and_CC are_VBR only_RR taking_VVG high-achievers_NN2 and_CC are_VBR depriving_VVG local_JJ children_NN2 of_IO a_AT1 good_JJ education_NN1 and_CC taking_VVG more_RGR able_JJ pupils_NN2 from_II outside_RL their_APPGE catchment_NN1 areas_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Streaming_VVG is_VBZ appearing_VVG again_RT and_CC the_AT government_NN1 seem_VV0 to_TO be_VBI encouraging_VVG this_DD1 with_IW the_AT creation_NN1 of_IO City_NN1 Technology_NN1 Colleges_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT CTCs_NN2 are_VBR highly_RR selective_JJ ,_, interviewing_VVG parents_NN2 as_II31 well_II32 as_II33 pupils_NN2 and_CC place_VV0 emphasis_NN1 on_II high_JJ level_JJ technology_NN1 and_CC business_NN1 skills_NN2 ,_, and_CC are_VBR full_JJ of_IO middle_JJ class_NN1 pupils_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT British_JJ education_NN1 system_NN1 is_VBZ failing_VVG to_TO provide_VVI equality_NN1 of_IO education_NN1 for_IF its_APPGE pupils_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT underfunding_NN1 has_VHZ resulted_VVN in_II poor_JJ provision_NN1 of_IO essentials_NN2 ,_, like_II text_NN1 books_NN2 and_CC stationery_NN1 and_CC a_AT1 lack_NN1 of_IO computers_NN2 for_IF the_AT teaching_NN1 of_IO information_NN1 technology_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II many_DA2 schools_NN2 ,_, teachers_NN2 are_VBR spending_VVG their_APPGE spare_JJ time_NNT1 fund-raising_NN1 and_CC making_VVG equipment_NN1 to_TO support_VVI the_AT new_JJ Curriculum_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT post-war_JJ changes_NN2 were_VBDR designed_VVN to_TO encourage_VVI equality_NN1 for_IF all_DB ,_, but_CCB successive_JJ governments_NN2 appear_VV0 to_TO have_VHI seen_VVN education_NN1 as_II a_AT1 vote_NN1 winner_NN1 and_CC have_VH0 made_VVN promises_NN2 which_DDQ they_PPHS2 have_VH0 failed_VVN to_TO keep_VVI ._. 
</s>
<s>
We_PPIS2 are_VBR no_AT closer_JJR to_II a_AT1 meritocratic_JJ society_NN1 than_CSN we_PPIS2 were_VBDR in_II 1944_MC ._. 
</s>
<s>
Social_JJ stratification_NN1 still_RR exists_VVZ and_CC the_AT middle-classes_NN2 still_RR dominate_VV0 business_NN1 and_CC industry_NN1 &mdash;_- as_II31 well_II32 as_II33 the_AT government_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Essay_NN1 III_MC The_AT Dependency_NN1 Ratio_NN1 1_MC1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
What_DDQ are_VBR the_AT causes_NN2 of_IO an_AT1 increase_NN1 in_II the_AT Dependency_NN1 Ratio_NN1 ?_? 
</s>
<s>
The_AT Dependency_NN1 Ratio_NN1 ,_, refers_VVZ to_II the_AT ratio_NN1 between_II those_DD2 in_II employment_NN1 and_CC those_DD2 dependent_JJ on_II them_PPHO2 for_IF financial_JJ support_NN1 ,_, &mdash;_- directly_RR or_CC indirectly_RR eg_REX children_NN2 ,_, the_AT elderly_JJ and_CC the_AT unemployed_JJ ._. 
</s>
<s>
There_EX has_VHZ been_VBN an_AT1 increase_NN1 in_II the_AT dependency_NN1 ratio_NN1 because_II21 of_II22 several_DA2 factors_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Firstly_RR people_NN are_VBR living_VVG longer_RRR ,_, there_EX is_VBZ low_JJ infant_NN1 mortality_NN1 ,_, but_CCB the_AT average_JJ age_NN1 of_IO the_AT population_NN1 is_VBZ rising_VVG as_RR21 well_RR22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II 1911_MC only_RR 5_MC per_NNU21 cent_NNU22 of_IO the_AT population_NN1 were_VBDR over_RG 65_MC ,_, today_RT the_AT over_RG 65_MC 's_GE account_NN1 for_IF 15_MC per_NNU21 cent_NNU22 of_IO the_AT population_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Secondly_RR ,_, there_EX has_VHZ been_VBN a_AT1 drop_NN1 in_II the_AT number_NN1 of_IO school_NN1 leavers_NN2 as_II a_AT1 result_NN1 of_IO the_AT fall_NN1 in_II the_AT birth_NN1 rate_NN1 between_II 1964_MC and_CC 1977_MC causing_VVG a_AT1 drop_NN1 in_II the_AT number_NN1 of_IO workers_NN2 from_II this_DD1 age_NN1 group_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Thirdly_RR the_AT recession_NN1 has_VHZ created_VVN high_JJ unemployment_NN1 ,_, with_IW an_AT1 increase_NN1 in_II demand_NN1 for_IF social_JJ security_NN1 and_CC unemployment_NN1 benefit_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
These_DD2 factors_NN2 have_VH0 created_VVN a_AT1 demographic_JJ time_NNT1 bomb_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
2_MC ._. 
</s>
<s>
What_DDQ are_VBR the_AT implications_NN2 for_IF a_ZZ1 )_) Welfare_NN1 b_ZZ1 )_) Employment_NN1 c_ZZ1 )_) Recruitment_NN1 d_ZZ1 )_) Marketing_NN1 a_ZZ1 )_) The_AT implications_NN2 for_IF welfare_NN1 are_VBR immense_JJ ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT increase_NN1 in_II the_AT dependency_NN1 ratio_NN1 has_VHZ created_VVN a_AT1 demographic_JJ time_NNT1 bomb_NN1 ,_, with_IW the_AT dependency_NN1 ratio_NN1 getting_VVG out_II21 of_II22 hand_NN1 through_II the_AT difficulty_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 smaller_JJR tax_NN1 base_NN1 supporting_VVG a_AT1 larger_JJR welfare_NN1 burden_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT tax_NN1 base_NN1 represents_VVZ the_AT number_NN1 of_IO workers_NN2 and_CC taxpayers_NN2 in_II the_AT country_NN1 ,_, and_CC all_DB welfare_NN1 payments_NN2 are_VBR made_VVN from_II the_AT taxes_NN2 taken_VVN from_II the_AT employed_JJ ._. 
</s>
<s>
If_CS the_AT tax_NN1 base_NN1 is_VBZ too_RG small_JJ to_TO support_VVI the_AT welfare_NN1 burden_NN1 ,_, there_EX is_VBZ not_XX enough_DD money_NN1 to_TO provide_VVI for_IF the_AT demand_NN1 of_IO welfare_NN1 services_NN2 and_CC people_NN have_VH0 to_TO do_VDI without_IW ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT aging_JJ population_NN1 creates_VVZ a_AT1 greater_JJR strain_NN1 on_II the_AT Health_NN1 Service_NN1 ,_, with_IW the_AT need_NN1 to_TO provide_VVI more_DAR day_NNT1 centres_NN2 and_CC more_DAR hospital_NN1 beds_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT high_JJ unemployment_NN1 creates_VVZ a_AT1 strain_NN1 on_II the_AT DHSS_NP1 and_CC the_AT aging_JJ population_NN1 needs_VVZ pension_NN1 payments_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 all_DB adds_VVZ up_II21 to_II22 huge_JJ difficulties_NN2 in_II providing_VVG for_IF the_AT population_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
b_ZZ1 )_) The_AT difficulties_NN2 for_IF employment_NN1 ,_, are_VBR that_CST due_II21 to_II22 the_AT drop_NN1 in_II the_AT birth_NN1 rate_NN1 in_II 64&ndash;77_MCMC the_AT number_NN1 of_IO school_NN1 leavers_NN2 has_VHZ dropped_VVN &mdash;_- 5.7_MC million_NNO in_II 1991_MC compared_VVN with_IW 6.2_MC million_NNO in_II 1986_MC ,_, with_IW a_AT1 projected_JJ drop_NN1 to_II 4.9_MC million_NNO by_II 1996_MC ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 means_VVZ that_CST employers_NN2 who_PNQS traditionally_RR take_VV0 on_RP school_NN1 leavers_NN2 are_VBR having_VHG to_TO look_VVI elsewhere_RL to_TO augment_VVI their_APPGE staff_NN ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT fact_NN1 that_CST there_EX are_VBR fewer_DAR young_JJ workers_NN2 could_VM mean_VVI that_CST people_NN have_VH0 to_TO retire_VVI later_RRR in_II the_AT future_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT nature_NN1 of_IO employment_NN1 is_VBZ also_RR being_VBG affected_VVN by_II the_AT increase_NN1 in_II the_AT dependency_NN1 ratio_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT building_NN1 industry_NN1 has_VHZ been_VBN cashing_VVG in_RP by_II providing_VVG sheltered_JJ housing_NN1 schemes_NN2 for_IF elderly_JJ people_NN ,_, there_EX is_VBZ a_AT1 whole_JJ holiday_NN1 industry_NN1 built_VVN around_II holidays_NN2 for_IF the_AT elderly_JJ and_CC more_RRR and_CC more_RGR private_JJ nursing_JJ homes_NN2 are_VBR springing_VVG up_RP ._. 
</s>
<s>
c_ZZ1 )_) The_AT drop_NN1 in_II school_NN1 leavers_NN2 means_VVZ that_CST employers_NN2 are_VBR anxious_JJ to_TO keep_VVI existing_JJ staff_NN for_IF as_RG long_RR as_CSA possible_JJ ._. 
</s>
<s>
Some_DD ,_, like_II Marks_NP1 and_CC Spencer_NP1 ,_, are_VBR doing_VDG this_DD1 by_II increasing_JJ pay_NN1 ,_, others_NN2 by_II providing_VVG creches_NN2 and_CC care_NN1 facilities_NN2 to_TO encourage_VVI mothers_NN2 to_TO return_VVI to_TO work_VVI after_II starting_VVG families_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Maternity_NN1 benefits_NN2 and_CC an_AT1 increase_NN1 in_II maternity_NN1 leave_NN1 are_VBR also_RR being_VBG offered_VVN by_II some_DD companies_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
There_EX are_VBR also_RR job_NN1 share_NN1 schemes_NN2 ,_, with_IW two_MC people_NN sharing_VVG the_AT same_DA job_NN1 to_TO fit_VVI in_RP with_IW collecting_VVG children_NN2 from_II school_NN1 and_CC home_RL working_VVG is_VBZ being_VBG developed_VVN with_IW the_AT aid_NN1 of_IO technology_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Other_JJ firms_NN2 ,_, like_II B&amp;Q_NP1 ,_, are_VBR employing_VVG retired_JJ people_NN and_CC &bquo;_" mature_JJ workers_NN2 &equo;_" in_II their_APPGE businesses_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
However_RR ,_, unemployment_NN1 and_CC the_AT recession_NN1 mean_VV0 that_CST many_DA2 firms_NN2 can_VM no_RR21 longer_RR22 afford_VVI the_AT creches_NN2 and_CC bonuses_NN2 ,_, and_CC are_VBR reluctantly_RR having_VHG to_TO curtail_VVI them_PPHO2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
d_ZZ1 )_) The_AT marketing_NN1 people_NN are_VBR keeping_VVG a_AT1 close_JJ eye_NN1 on_II the_AT demographic_JJ changes_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Shops_NN2 like_II Top_JJ Shop_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ were_VBDR once_RR designed_VVN to_TO appeal_VVI to_II teenagers_NN2 ,_, are_VBR being_VBG forced_VVN to_TO look_VVI to_II older_JJR markets_NN2 in_BCL21 order_BCL22 to_TO retain_VVI profits_NN2 ,_, due_II21 to_II22 the_AT drop_NN1 in_II the_AT birth_NN1 rate_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Toy_NN1 manufacturers_NN2 also_RR have_VH0 to_TO think_VVI ahead_RL in_BCL21 order_BCL22 to_TO cater_VVI for_IF the_AT numbers_NN2 of_IO school_NN1 children_NN2 and_CC babies_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
But_CCB the_AT over_JJ 50_MC221 's_MC222 have_VH0 the_AT lion_NN1 's_GE share_NN1 of_IO the_AT savings_NN2 &mdash;_- more_DAR than_CSN 70_MC per_NNU21 cent_NNU22 &mdash;_- and_CC this_DD1 market_NN1 is_VBZ gradually_RR being_VBG tapped_VVN into_II ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT marketing_NN1 people_NN predict_VV0 that_CST in_II the_AT future_NN1 ,_, the_AT country_NN1 will_VM become_VVI more_RGR &bquo;_" user-friendly_JJ &equo;_" for_IF elderly_JJ people_NN ,_, with_IW telephones_NN2 with_IW large_JJ buttons_NN2 ,_, cars_NN2 with_IW larger_JJR wing-mirrors_NN2 and_CC clearer_JJR dash_NN1 boards_NN2 and_CC simpler_JJR ,_, easier_RRR ,_, household_NN1 appliances_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Even_RR television_NN1 programmes_NN2 will_VM have_VHI fewer_DAR scene_NN1 changes_NN2 ,_, and_CC already_RR many_DA2 of_IO them_PPHO2 deal_VV0 with_IW retirement_NN1 in_II a_AT1 humorous_JJ way_NN1 &mdash;_- &bquo;_" Waiting_VVG for_IF God_NP1 &equo;_" and_CC &bquo;_" One_MC1 Foot_NN1 in_II the_AT Grave_NN1 &equo;_" for_REX21 example_REX22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
There_EX are_VBR more_RGR and_CC more_DAR opticians_NN2 springing_VVG up_RP in_II the_AT High_JJ Street_NN1 ,_, shops_NN2 selling_VVG healthcare_NN1 equipment_NN1 and_CC equipment_NN1 for_IF the_AT elderly_JJ are_VBR on_II the_AT increase_NN1 and_CC shops_NN2 are_VBR becoming_VVG more_RGR aware_JJ of_IO deaf_JJ and_CC disabled_JJ customers_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Mature_JJ customers_NN2 are_VBR also_RR being_VBG offered_VVN good_JJ deals_NN2 on_II insurance_NN1 policies_NN2 and_CC short_JJ term_NN1 loans_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Essay_NN1 IV_MC Women_NN2 in_II Management_NN1 Women_NN2 are_VBR still_RR something_PN1 of_IO a_AT1 rarity_NN1 in_II senior_JJ positions_NN2 within_II business_NN1 and_CC industry_NN1 ,_, despite_II efforts_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Recent_JJ reports_NN2 by_II a_AT1 number_NN1 of_IO organisations_NN2 have_VH0 urged_VVN companies_NN2 to_TO address_VVI this_DD1 problem_NN1 seriously_RR ._. 
</s>
<s>
Women_NN2 account_VV0 for_IF only_RR one_MC1 in_II four_MC junior_JJ managers_NN2 and_CC at_II senior_JJ management_NN1 this_DD1 drops_VVZ to_II one_MC1 or_CC two_MC per_II hundred_NNO ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT Industrial_JJ Society_NN1 has_VHZ suggested_VVN half_DB the_AT management_NN1 positions_NN2 should_VM be_VBI filled_VVN by_II women_NN2 by_II the_AT year_NNT1 2000_MC ._. 
</s>
<s>
Those_DD2 companies_NN2 and_CC organisations_NN2 successful_JJ in_II this_DD1 sphere_NN1 ,_, use_VV0 it_PPH1 increasingly_RR for_IF publicity_NN1 purposes_NN2 &mdash;_- hiding_VVG the_AT facts_NN2 to_II a_AT1 certain_JJ extent_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT &bquo;_" glass_NN1 ceiling_NN1 &equo;_" &mdash;_- the_AT invisible_JJ barrier_NN1 to_II high_JJ promotion_NN1 &mdash;_- has_VHZ however_RR been_VBN breached_VVN and_CC the_AT numbers_NN2 are_VBR rising_VVG steadily_RR ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT fact_NN1 is_VBZ that_CST many_DA2 still_JJ fall_NN1 on_II the_AT way_NN1 ,_, due_JJ to_TO lack_VVI of_IO provision_NN1 for_IF maternity_NN1 leave_NN1 and_CC child_NN1 care_NN1 &mdash;_- among_II other_JJ problems_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Losses_NN2 of_IO women_NN2 on_II graduate_NN1 management_NN1 training_NN1 programmes_NN2 are_VBR high_JJ ,_, &mdash;_- Unilever_NP1 lost_VVD 75_MC per_NNU21 cent_NNU22 within_II 5_MC years_NNT2 &mdash;_- causing_VVG special_JJ concern_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT Civil_JJ Service_NN1 experiences_NN2 similar_JJ problems_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
1_MC1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Organisations_NN2 '_GE reasons_NN2 for_IF wanting_VVG more_DAR women_NN2 a_ZZ1 )_) There_EX has_VHZ been_VBN an_AT1 increase_NN1 in_II suitable_JJ candidates_NN2 ,_, with_IW women_NN2 becoming_VVG more_RGR highly_RR qualified_VVN through_II educational_JJ opportunities_NN2 &mdash;_- businesses_NN2 realise_VV0 they_PPHS2 can_VM not_XX afford_VVI to_TO cut_VVI themselves_PPX2 off_RP from_II 50_MC per_NNU21 cent_NNU22 of_IO the_AT market_NN1 eg_REX IBM_NP1 ,_, Unilever_NP1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
b_ZZ1 )_) The_AT decline_NN1 of_IO traditional_JJ industries_NN2 ,_, and_CC the_AT development_NN1 of_IO the_AT service_NN1 sector_NN1 &mdash;_- which_DDQ realises_VVZ it_PPH1 is_VBZ necessary_JJ to_TO use_VVI women_NN2 's_GE experience_NN1 to_TO get_VVI ahead_RL &mdash;_- eg_REX new_JJ opportunities_NN2 ,_, development_NN1 of_IO new_JJ business_NN1 ,_, women_NN2 's_GE purchasing_NN1 power_NN1 and_CC Courtaulds_NP1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
c_ZZ1 )_) Social_JJ attitudes_NN2 have_VH0 changed_VVN towards_II women_NN2 ,_, organisations_NN2 need_VV0 to_TO appear_VVI progressive_JJ and_CC support_VVI equal_JJ opportunities_NN2 ,_, eg_REX women_NN2 's_GE economic_JJ power_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
2_MC ._. 
</s>
<s>
Strategies_NN2 for_IF getting_VVG women_NN2 in_II a_ZZ1 )_) By_II setting_VVG targets_NN2 publicly_RR eg_REX BBC_NP1 &mdash;_- 40_MC per_NNU21 cent_NNU22 middle_NN1 &amp;_CC 30_MC per_NNU21 cent_NNU22 senior_JJ management_NN1 by_II 1996._MC b_ZZ1 )_) Increasing_JJ intake_NN1 and_CC hoping_VVG for_IF movement_NN1 up_II21 to_II22 management_NN1 level_NN1 eg_REX Unilever_NP1 !_! 3_MC ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT Future_NN1 Retaining_VVG women_NN2 within_II an_AT1 organisation_NN1 may_VM be_VBI the_AT strategy_NN1 to_TO adopt_VVI ,_, to_TO fulfil_VVI the_AT Industrial_JJ Society_NN1 's_GE targets_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT basic_JJ problem_NN1 is_VBZ a_AT1 lack_NN1 of_IO women_NN2 in_II a_AT1 position_NN1 for_IF management_NN1 promotion_NN1 ,_, because_CS they_PPHS2 are_VBR leaving_VVG before_CS they_PPHS2 get_VV0 the_AT opportunity_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Essay_NN1 V_II Development_NN1 Policy_NN1 towards_II women_NN2 in_II less_RGR developed_JJ countries_NN2 has_VHZ changed_VVN from_II one_PN1 which_DDQ saw_VVD them_PPHO2 only_RR as_CSA mothers_NN2 ,_, to_II a_AT1 more_RGR holistic_JJ approach_NN1 which_DDQ emphasizes_VVZ both_RR the_AT productive_JJ and_CC reproductive_JJ roles_NN2 of_IO Women_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Comment_VV0 ._. 
</s>
<s>
&bquo;_" They_PPHS2 were_VBDR shocked_VVN ._. 
</s>
<s>
We_PPIS2 were_VBDR looking_VVG at_II summaries_NN2 of_IO the_AT agency_NN1 's_GE projects_NN2 in_II Africa_NP1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
But_CCB here_RL was_VBDZ I_MC1 ,_, an_AT1 African_JJ woman_NN1 on_II the_AT grants_NN2 committee_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 British_JJ aid_NN1 agency_NN1 ,_, suggesting_VVG that_CST we_PPIS2 scrap_VV0 a_AT1 paragraph_NN1 that_CST dealt_VVD with_IW &bquo;_" gender_NN1 implications_NN2 &equo;_" ._. 
</s>
<s>
My_APPGE colleagues_NN2 protested_VVD ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT paragraph_NN1 was_VBDZ very_RG important_JJ ,_, they_PPHS2 said_VVD ._. 
</s>
<s>
At_RR21 least_RR22 it_PPH1 forced_JJ project_NN1 officers_NN2 to_TO consider_VVI the_AT role_NN1 of_IO women_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
I_PPIS1 argued_VVD that_CST in_II most_DAT cases_NN2 it_PPH1 was_VBDZ quite_RG clear_JJ that_CST the_AT projects_NN2 officers_NN2 had_VHD not_XX paid_VVN any_DD serious_JJ attention_NN1 to_II gender_NN1 issues_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
So_RR why_RRQ pretend_VVI ?_? &equo;_" 
</s>
<s>
Wanjiru_NP1 Kihoro_NP1 The_AT Underdeveloped_JJ countries_NN2 of_IO the_AT world_NN1 contain_VV0 over_RG two_MC thirds_MF of_IO the_AT world_NN1 's_GE population_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Statistically_RR ,_, half_DB of_IO them_PPHO2 are_VBR women_NN2 ,_, and_CC that_DD1 third_MD of_IO the_AT world_NN1 's_GE population_NN1 is_VBZ only_RR now_RT beginning_VVG to_TO feel_VVI that_CST they_PPHS2 have_VH0 a_AT1 say_NN1 in_II the_AT running_NN1 of_IO their_APPGE lives_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Development_NN1 planning_VVG first_MD became_VVD widely_RR known_VVN about_RP in_II the_AT 1950_MC 's_GE and_CC since_II then_RT various_JJ attempts_NN2 have_VH0 been_VBN made_VVN to_TO help_VVI women_NN2 ,_, specifically_RR ,_, in_II underdeveloped_JJ countries_NN2 with_IW varying_JJ degrees_NN2 of_IO success_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT first_MD of_IO these_DD2 was_VBDZ the_AT Welfare_NN1 approach_NN1 which_DDQ was_VBDZ in_II vogue_NN1 from_II 1950_MC to_II the_AT early_JJ 70_MC 's_GE and_CC still_RR exists_VVZ in_II areas_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 took_VVD the_AT approach_NN1 that_CST mother_NN1 and_CC baby_NN1 health_NN1 and_CC welfare_NN1 was_VBDZ what_DDQ the_AT women_NN2 wanted_VVD ,_, seeing_VVG the_AT woman_NN1 's_GE main_JJ role_NN1 in_II society_NN1 was_VBDZ as_II a_AT1 breeder_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Then_RT came_VVD the_AT UN_NP1 Decade_NNT1 for_IF Women_NN2 (_( 1976&ndash;1985_MCMC )_) ,_, which_DDQ highlighted_VVD and_CC publicized_VVD the_AT important_JJ and_CC unacknowledged_JJ role_NN1 which_DDQ women_NN2 had_VHD to_TO play_VVI in_II economic_JJ and_CC social_JJ development_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 idea_NN1 came_VVD out_II21 of_II22 Women_NN2 in_II Development_NN1 ,_, and_CC the_AT Equity_NN1 approach_NN1 saw_VVD women_NN2 as_CSA active_JJ members_NN2 of_IO a_AT1 developing_JJ society_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT WID_NP1 then_RT went_VVD on_RP to_TO encourage_VVI women_NN2 to_TO increase_VVI their_APPGE productivity_NN1 and_CC saw_VVD their_APPGE poverty_NN1 as_II a_AT1 reflection_NN1 on_II underdevelopment_NN1 ,_, and_CC not_XX a_AT1 result_NN1 of_IO their_APPGE social_JJ status_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Today_RT ,_, women_NN2 's_GE development_NN1 planning_NN1 is_VBZ approached_VVN in_II a_AT1 more_RGR aware_JJ manner_NN1 and_CC the_AT two_MC approaches_VVZ used_JJ aim_NN1 to_TO give_VVI the_AT women_NN2 control_VV0 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT Efficiency_NN1 approach_NN1 seeks_VVZ to_TO determine_VVI that_DD1 development_NN1 is_VBZ effective_JJ and_CC that_CST women_NN2 's_GE roles_NN2 as_CSA contributors_NN2 to_II development_NN1 and_CC managers_NN2 of_IO poverty_NN1 are_VBR encouraged_VVN ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT Empowerment_NN1 approach_NN1 is_VBZ however_RR the_AT one_PN1 which_DDQ the_AT women_NN2 themselves_PPX2 subscribe_VV0 to_II and_CC is_VBZ supported_VVN by_II groups_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 the_AT feminist_JJ group_NN1 ,_, Women_NN2 in_II Nigeria_NP1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT idea_NN1 is_VBZ to_TO make_VVI women_NN2 self-reliant_JJ and_CC visible_JJ ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_BCL21 order_BCL22 to_TO appreciate_VVI this_DD1 strong_JJ feminist_JJ stance_NN1 that_CST is_VBZ being_VBG taken_VVN it_PPH1 is_VBZ necessary_JJ to_TO understand_VVI a_AT1 few_DA2 of_IO the_AT problems_NN2 of_IO women_NN2 in_II the_AT Developing_JJ World_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
One_MC1 of_IO the_AT major_JJ problems_NN2 is_VBZ foreign_JJ aid_NN1 agencies_NN2 failing_VVG to_TO find_VVI out_RP what_DDQ roles_NN2 women_NN2 play_VV0 within_II society_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Colonialism_NN1 is_VBZ responsible_JJ for_IF the_AT position_NN1 of_IO women_NN2 in_II developing_JJ countries_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
It_PPH1 established_VVD a_AT1 capitalist_JJ economy_NN1 ,_, produced_VVD urban_JJ migration_NN1 and_CC left_JJ women_NN2 doing_VDG the_AT men_NN2 's_GE work_NN1 as_II31 well_II32 as_II33 their_APPGE own_DA in_II areas_NN2 where_RRQ the_AT men_NN2 had_VHD departed_VVN for_IF the_AT cities_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT supposed_JJ inferiority_NN1 of_IO women_NN2 to_II men_NN2 ,_, although_CS it_PPH1 existed_VVD in_II developing_JJ countries_NN2 before_II colonialism_NN1 ,_, was_VBDZ reinforced_VVN by_II Victorian_JJ colonists_NN2 and_CC through_II Christianity_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Independence_NN1 has_VHZ brought_VVN some_DD improvement_NN1 in_II status_NN1 ,_, but_CCB women_NN2 are_VBR still_RR not_XX recognised_VVN for_IF the_AT important_JJ role_NN1 they_PPHS2 play_VV0 in_II society_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Indicative_JJ of_IO this_DD1 is_VBZ the_AT fact_NN1 that_CST in_II most_DAT African_JJ countries_NN2 ,_, issues_NN2 of_IO women_NN2 and_CC development_NN1 are_VBR dealt_VVN with_IW by_II a_AT1 Ministry_NN1 of_IO Culture_NN1 and_CC Social_JJ Development_NN1 &mdash;_- the_AT same_DA ministry_NN1 that_CST deals_VVZ with_IW destitutes_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Women_NN2 are_VBR not_XX only_RR responsible_JJ for_IF the_AT care_NN1 ,_, education_NN1 and_CC development_NN1 of_IO their_APPGE children_NN2 ,_, but_CCB also_RR for_IF the_AT maintenance_NN1 of_IO the_AT family_NN1 circle_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Wage_NN1 cuts_VVZ in_II developing_JJ countries_NN2 have_VH0 caused_VVN the_AT employment_NN1 of_IO women_NN2 as_II a_AT1 cheap_JJ source_NN1 of_IO labour_NN1 ,_, and_CC have_VH0 forced_VVN men_NN2 to_TO move_VVI to_II the_AT cities_NN2 to_TO find_VVI work_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 leaves_VVZ women_NN2 as_CSA heads_NN2 of_IO households_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
As_CSA can_VM be_VBI seen_VVN by_II figure_NN1 1_MC1 ,_, the_AT number_NN1 of_IO households_NN2 headed_VVN by_II women_NN2 in_II Latin_JJ America_NP1 and_CC the_AT Caribbean_NP1 ,_, accounts_VVZ for_IF 25_MC per_NNU21 cent_NNU22 of_IO the_AT region_NN1 's_GE households_NN2 ,_, and_CC in_II Africa_NP1 17_MC per_NNU21 cent_NNU22 ,_, whilst_CS those_DD2 of_IO the_AT developed_JJ regions_NN2 only_RR account_VV0 for_IF 20_MC per_NNU21 cent_NNU22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
As_II the_AT head_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 household_NN1 ,_, these_DD2 women_NN2 must_VM work_VVI in_BCL21 order_BCL22 to_TO feed_VVI her_APPGE family_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
She_PPHS1 will_VM most_RGT probably_RR be_VBI involved_JJ in_II agriculture_NN1 ,_, in_II subsistence_NN1 farming_NN1 of_IO crops_NN2 like_II rice_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 is_VBZ the_AT principal_JJ economic_JJ activity_NN1 in_II Africa_NP1 and_CC is_VBZ carried_VVN out_RP almost_RR exclusively_RR by_II women_NN2 ,_, whilst_CS men_NN2 engage_VV0 in_II cash_NN1 crop_NN1 production_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
It_PPH1 is_VBZ in_II this_DD1 area_NN1 that_CST a_AT1 classic_JJ example_NN1 of_IO planners_NN2 failing_VVG to_TO see_VVI what_DDQ contribution_NN1 women_NN2 are_VBR making_VVG occurred_VVD ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II Gambia_NP1 in_II the_AT mid_JJ '80_MC221 's_MC222 ,_, a_AT1 number_NN1 of_IO well-known_JJ aid_NN1 agencies_NN2 and_CC charities_NN2 set_VV0 up_RP a_AT1 rice_NN1 production_NN1 project_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
They_PPHS2 automatically_RR assumed_VVD the_AT households_NN2 were_VBDR headed_VVN by_II men_NN2 ,_, who_PNQS managed_VVD resources_NN2 on_II31 behalf_II32 of_II33 the_AT other_JJ members_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
They_PPHS2 also_RR assumed_VVD the_AT rice-growers_NN2 were_VBDR men_NN2 ,_, and_CC credits_NN2 and_CC loans_NN2 were_VBDR offered_VVN to_II the_AT men_NN2 ,_, who_PNQS accepted_VVD them_PPHO2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
They_PPHS2 had_VHD not_XX taken_VVN the_AT time_NNT1 to_TO find_VVI out_RP that_CST it_PPH1 was_VBDZ actually_RR the_AT women_NN2 who_PNQS traditionally_RR grew_VVD the_AT rice_NN1 for_IF domestic_JJ consumption_NN1 and_CC then_RT exchanged_VVD the_AT surplus_NN1 for_IF other_JJ goods_NN2 or_CC services_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
To_TO make_VVI matters_NN2 worse_JJR the_AT scheme_NN1 included_VVD an_AT1 irrigation_NN1 scheme_NN1 on_II common_JJ land_NN1 used_VVN by_II the_AT women_NN2 and_CC with_IW the_AT help_NN1 of_IO the_AT government_NN1 ,_, the_AT men_NN2 gained_VVD exclusive_JJ use_NN1 of_IO these_DD2 lands_NN2 ,_, pushing_VVG women_NN2 onto_II inferior_JJ ,_, poorer_JJR quality_NN1 land_NN1 where_CS they_PPHS2 had_VHD to_TO continue_VVI to_TO try_VVI and_CC grow_VVI the_AT traditional_JJ rice_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT women_NN2 ended_VVD up_RP having_VHG to_TO negotiate_VVI everything_PN1 through_II their_APPGE husbands_NN2 ,_, and_CC when_CS they_PPHS2 were_VBDR expected_VVN to_TO work_VVI for_IF nothing_PN1 on_II their_APPGE husbands_NN2 '_GE plots_NN2 they_PPHS2 refused_VVD and_CC demanded_VVD full_JJ payment_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Once_CS they_PPHS2 have_VH0 finished_VVN their_APPGE paid_JJ work_NN1 ,_, women_NN2 in_II developing_JJ countries_NN2 spend_VV0 a_AT1 large_JJ amount_NN1 of_IO time_NNT1 on_II domestic_JJ tasks_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 cooking_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Low_JJ pay_NN1 and_CC high_JJ prices_NN2 mean_VV0 they_PPHS2 have_VH0 to_TO walk_VVI further_RRR to_TO find_VVI cheaper_JJR goods_NN2 ,_, which_DDQ take_VV0 longer_RRR to_TO prepare_VVI ,_, and_CC men_NN2 sometimes_RT feel_VVI marginalised_JJ and_CC turn_VV0 to_TO drink_VVI and_CC violence_NN1 when_CS their_APPGE women_NN2 are_VBR too_RG tired_JJ or_CC busy_JJ to_TO give_VVI them_PPHO2 attention_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
As_CSA can_VM be_VBI seen_VVN in_II figure_NN1 women_NN2 in_II Nepal_NP1 and_CC the_AT Ivory_NP1 Coast_NP1 spend_VV0 the_AT majority_NN1 of_IO their_APPGE time_NNT1 in_II housework_NN1 ,_, whilst_CS the_AT men_NN2 spend_VV0 very_RG little_DA1 time_NNT1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
It_PPH1 is_VBZ interesting_JJ to_TO note_VVI however_RR that_CST Nepalese_JJ men_NN2 and_CC women_NN2 spend_VV0 almost_RR equal_JJ amounts_NN2 of_IO time_NNT1 involved_JJ in_II their_APPGE own_DA activities_NN2 and_CC with_IW their_APPGE family_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Women_NN2 as_RG much_DA1 or_CC more_DAR than_CSN men_NN2 everywhere_RL in_II the_AT world_NN1 &mdash;_- up_RG21 to_RG22 13_MC hours_NNT2 more_RRR than_CSN men_NN2 in_II Africa_NP1 and_CC Asia_NP1 and_CC very_RG poor_JJ women_NN2 are_VBR working_VVG 60&ndash;90_MCMC hours_NNT2 per_II week_NNT1 just_RR to_TO maintain_VVI their_APPGE living_NN1 standards_NN2 of_IO a_AT1 decade_NNT1 ago_RA ._. 
</s>
<s>
It_PPH1 is_VBZ also_RR interesting_JJ to_TO note_VVI that_CST the_AT value_NN1 of_IO women_NN2 's_GE unpaid_JJ housework_NN1 as_II a_AT1 percentage_NN1 of_IO GNP_NN1 is_VBZ estimated_VVN at_II 33_MC per_NNU21 cent_NNU22 in_II India_NP1 ,_, this_DD1 is_VBZ compared_VVN with_IW 23_MC per_NNU21 cent_NNU22 in_II the_AT US_NP1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Women_NN2 in_II developing_JJ countries_NN2 are_VBR generally_RR undereducated_JJ because_CS young_JJ girls_NN2 are_VBR often_RR taken_VVN out_II21 of_II22 schools_NN2 as_RG early_RR as_CSA possible_JJ to_TO allow_VVI their_APPGE mothers_NN2 to_TO work_VVI whilst_CS they_PPHS2 take_VV0 care_NN1 of_IO younger_JJR siblings_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
There_EX has_VHZ been_VBN an_AT1 improvement_NN1 however_RR ,_, as_CSA can_VM be_VBI seen_VVN from_II figure_NN1 3_MC ,_, which_DDQ shows_VVZ a_AT1 notable_JJ drop_NN1 in_II illiteracy_NN1 levels_NN2 amongst_II women_NN2 between_II 1970_MC and_CC 1990_MC ._. 
</s>
<s>
Education_NN1 is_VBZ also_RR aiding_VVG the_AT take-up_NN1 of_IO birth_NN1 control_NN1 ,_, and_CC use_NN1 has_VHZ increased_VVN from_II under_RG 15_MC per_NNU21 cent_NNU22 of_IO sexually_RR active_JJ women_NN2 in_II 1960/5_MC to_II 33_MC per_NNU21 cent_NNU22 in_II the_AT early_JJ 80_MC 's_GE ._. 
</s>
<s>
As_II a_AT1 result_NN1 women_NN2 are_VBR having_VHG fewer_DAR children_NN2 &mdash;_- from_II 5&ndash;7_MCMC in_II 1970_MC to_II 3&ndash;6_MCMC in_II 1990_MC ._. 
</s>
<s>
Caribbean_JJ women_NN2 have_VH0 the_AT fewest_DAT children_NN2 ,_, and_CC in_II Cuba_NP1 the_AT average_NN1 is_VBZ 1.7_MC ._. 
</s>
<s>
So_RR what_DDQ are_VBR women_NN2 doing_VDG to_TO help_VVI themselves_PPX2 ?_? 
</s>
<s>
The_AT problem_NN1 of_IO lack_NN1 of_IO time_NNT1 has_VHZ been_VBN eased_VVN to_II some_DD degree_NN1 by_II the_AT setting_NN1 up_RP of_IO communal_JJ kitchens_NN2 like_II those_DD2 in_II Lima_NP1 ,_, Peru_NP1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
These_DD2 enable_VV0 women_NN2 to_TO spend_VVI more_DAR time_NNT1 working_VVG for_IF gain_NN1 ,_, increasing_VVG the_AT family_NN1 income_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Women_NN2 are_VBR being_VBG encouraged_VVN to_TO set_VVI up_RP their_APPGE own_DA small_JJ co-operatives_NN2 ,_, such_II21 as_II22 Saptagram_NP1 in_II Bangladesh_NP1 ,_, with_IW capital_NN1 donated_VVN by_II agencies_NN2 like_II Oxfam_NP1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
It_PPH1 consisted_VVD of_IO 10&ndash;15_MCMC women_NN2 who_PNQS trade_VV0 various_JJ goods_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Their_APPGE main_JJ problem_NN1 was_VBDZ breaking_VVG cultural_JJ taboos_NN2 about_II women_NN2 attending_VVG markets_NN2 unaccompanied_JJ and_CC trading_VVG alone_RR ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 was_VBDZ solved_VVN by_II setting_VVG up_RP the_AT first_MD stall_NN1 run_VVN by_II the_AT eldest_JJT most_RGT respected_JJ woman_NN1 in_II the_AT village_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
They_PPHS2 gained_VVD respect_NN1 and_CC money_NN1 ,_, and_CC began_VVD to_TO branch_VVI out_RP ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 attracted_VVD the_AT attention_NN1 of_IO the_AT local_JJ landowning_JJ family_NN1 who_PNQS were_VBDR not_XX at_RR21 all_RR22 happy_JJ with_IW this_DD1 and_CC threatened_VVD the_AT founders_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT dispute_NN1 was_VBDZ settled_VVN and_CC they_PPHS2 started_VVD travelling_VVG right_RR through_II Bangladesh_NP1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Their_APPGE husbands_NN2 objected_VVD at_RR21 first_RR22 ,_, but_CCB soon_RR stopped_VVN when_CS the_AT money_NN1 started_VVD coming_VVG in_RP and_CC anyway_RR a_AT1 quarter_NN1 of_IO the_AT women_NN2 were_VBDR on_II their_APPGE own_DA ,_, who_PNQS had_VHD been_VBN abandoned_VVN or_CC divorced_VVD ._. 
</s>
<s>
Problems_NN2 encountered_VVN included_JJ rape_NN1 and_CC wife_NN1 beating_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
They_PPHS2 decided_VVD they_PPHS2 could_VM n't_XX do_VDI much_DA1 about_II the_AT rape_NN1 ,_, but_CCB they_PPHS2 dealt_VVD with_IW the_AT wife_NN1 beating_VVG by_II publicly_RR humiliating_JJ and_CC parading_VVG the_AT culprits_NN2 !_! 
</s>
<s>
The_AT organisation_NN1 now_RT has_VHZ around_RG 300,000_MC women_NN2 in_II it_PPH1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II31 addition_II32 to_II33 trading_NN1 ,_, the_AT women_NN2 go_VV0 to_II cities_NN2 to_TO demonstrate_VVI against_II domestic_JJ violence_NN1 or_CC to_TO show_VVI solidarity_NN1 with_IW women_NN2 working_VVG in_II the_AT poor_JJ conditions_NN2 in_II textiles_NN2 factories_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT women_NN2 have_VH0 become_VVN more_RGR feminist_JJ in_II their_APPGE outlook_NN1 and_CC this_DD1 has_VHZ helped_VVN them_PPHO2 to_TO stand_VVI up_RP against_II the_AT men_NN2 of_IO the_AT villages_NN2 and_CC take_VV0 a_AT1 firm_JJ stance_NN1 in_II their_APPGE lives_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 suggests_VVZ feminism_NN1 is_VBZ crucial_JJ to_TO attain_VVI women_NN2 's_GE real_JJ and_CC recognised_JJ participation_NN1 in_II development_NN1 ,_, and_CC that_CST it_PPH1 is_VBZ the_AT way_NN1 forward_RL for_IF women_NN2 's_GE development_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Men_NN2 are_VBR seen_VVN as_II the_AT enemy_NN1 and_CC are_VBR fought_VVN through_II re-education_NN1 away_II21 from_II22 the_AT colonialist_JJ ideas_NN2 that_CST women_NN2 should_VM be_VBI quiet_JJ and_CC biddable_JJ ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT energy_NN1 to_TO be_VBI found_VVN in_II projects_NN2 of_IO this_DD1 type_NN1 is_VBZ dissipated_VVN by_II the_AT IMF_NP1 and_CC World_NN1 Bank_NN1 strangle-hold_NN1 on_II developing_JJ countries_NN2 ,_, which_DDQ means_VVZ that_CST wages_NN2 are_VBR kept_VVN low_JJ ._. 
</s>
<s>
So_RR although_CS agencies_NN2 can_VM now_RT see_VVI what_DDQ sort_RR21 of_RR22 approach_VV0 they_PPHS2 should_VM be_VBI making_VVG in_II women_NN2 's_GE development_NN1 policy_NN1 ,_, and_CC are_VBR looking_VVG at_II their_APPGE lives_NN2 in_II their_APPGE entirety_NN1 &mdash;_- not_XX just_RR as_CSA baby_NN1 machines_NN2 ,_, the_AT agencies_NN2 are_VBR restricted_VVN by_II the_AT IMF_NP1 and_CC World_NN1 Bank_NN1 conditions_NN2 in_II what_DDQ they_PPHS2 can_VM do_VDI ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT IMF_NP1 emphasis_NN1 on_II export-oriented_JJ policies_NN2 has_VHZ increased_VVN women_NN2 's_GE participation_NN1 in_II cash_NN1 crop_NN1 production_NN1 at_II the_AT expense_NN1 of_IO those_DD2 who_PNQS are_VBR subsistence_NN1 farmers_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_RR21 short_RR22 foreign_JJ debts_NN2 must_VM be_VBI cancelled_VVN ._. 
</s>
<s>
African_JJ women_NN2 see_VV0 no_AT point_NN1 in_II being_VBG integrated_VVN into_II Western-influenced_JJ developments_NN2 in_II which_DDQ they_PPHS2 have_VH0 no_RR say_VV0 and_CC see_VV0 that_CST strong_JJ social_JJ movements_NN2 with_IW social_JJ cohesion_NN1 between_II men_NN2 and_CC women_NN2 interested_JJ in_II equality_NN1 and_CC re-distribution_NN1 of_IO wealth_NN1 are_VBR required_VVN ._. 
</s>
<s>
Women_NN2 themselves_PPX2 feel_VV0 they_PPHS2 are_VBR the_AT group_NN1 most_RRT at_II the_AT mercy_NN1 of_IO current_JJ development_NN1 strategies_NN2 and_CC are_VBR willing_JJ and_CC keen_JJ to_TO create_VVI their_APPGE own_DA people-centred_JJ ,_, self-sufficient_JJ development_NN1 schemes_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
All_DB they_PPHS2 need_VV0 is_VBZ the_AT support_NN1 of_IO the_AT West_ND1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Essay_NN1 VI_MC REVISIONISM_NN1 &mdash;_- THE_AT MOVE_NN1 TOWARDS_II SYNTHESIS_NN1 A_ZZ1 i_ZZ1 )_) &equo;_" The_AT principle_NN1 of_IO spheres_NN2 of_IO interest_NN1 &equo;_" means_VVZ an_AT1 acceptance_NN1 of_IO the_AT division_NN1 of_IO European_JJ countries_NN2 between_II the_AT causes_NN2 of_IO Capitalism_NN1 and_CC Communism_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
&equo;_" Europe_NP1 's_GE main_JJ economic_JJ wounds_NN2 &equo;_" refers_VVZ to_II the_AT destruction_NN1 of_IO industry_NN1 and_CC agriculture_NN1 and_CC hence_RR the_AT economy_NN1 brought_VVN about_RP by_II World_NN1 War_NN1 II_MC ._. 
</s>
<s>
&equo;_" Police_NN2 Governments_NN2 &equo;_" refers_VVZ to_II the_AT Western_JJ interpretation_NN1 of_IO the_AT strict_JJ governments_NN2 set_VVN up_RP by_II the_AT Soviet_JJ Union_NN1 in_II the_AT countries_NN2 in_II Eastern_JJ Europe_NP1 within_II its_APPGE sphere_NN1 of_IO interest_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
&equo;_" The_AT Berlin_NP1 Blockade_NN1 &equo;_" refers_VVZ to_II an_AT1 episode_NN1 in_II the_AT Cold_JJ War_NN1 when_CS the_AT Russians_NN2 closed_VVD all_DB rail_NN1 ,_, road_NN1 and_CC air_NN1 links_VVZ with_IW the_AT Western_JJ half_NN1 of_IO Berlin_NP1 ,_, in_II retaliation_NN1 for_IF the_AT West_ND1 's_GE imposition_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 new_JJ currency_NN1 in_II West_NP1 Germany_NP1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
&equo;_" The_AT policy_NN1 of_IO containment_NN1 &equo;_" refers_VVZ to_II a_AT1 period_NN1 between_II 1946_MC and_CC 1949_MC when_RRQ the_AT Western_JJ powers_NN2 had_VHD decided_VVN that_CST a_AT1 stalemate_NN1 had_VHD been_VBN reached_VVN ,_, with_IW the_AT Soviet_JJ Union_NN1 and_CC that_CST the_AT power_NN1 of_IO communism_NN1 had_VHD ceased_VVN to_TO grow_VVI and_CC expand_VVI ._. 
</s>
<s>
Europe_NP1 felt_VVD it_PPH1 had_VHD contained_VVN this_DD1 communist_JJ menace_NN1 within_II itself_PPX1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
A_ZZ1 ii_MC )_) The_AT Second_MD World_NN1 War_NN1 was_VBDZ different_JJ from_II the_AT previous_JJ wars_NN2 in_CS21 that_CS22 the_AT Soviets_NN2 as_II the_AT occupying_JJ power_NN1 ,_, were_VBDR imposing_VVG their_APPGE ideology_NN1 on_II the_AT people_NN they_PPHS2 had_VHD taken_VVN control_NN1 of_IO in_II Eastern_JJ Europe_NP1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
They_PPHS2 were_VBDR taking_VVG over_RP forcefully_RR ,_, changing_VVG the_AT social_JJ system_NN1 and_CC controlling_VVG people_NN ._. 
</s>
<s>
Most_DAT other_JJ wars_NN2 prior_RR had_VHD been_VBN over_II land_NN1 or_CC religion_NN1 ,_, this_DD1 was_VBDZ over_II ideology_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
A_ZZ1 iii_MC )_) The_AT Stalinist_JJ system_NN1 can_VM be_VBI said_VVN to_TO be_VBI &bquo;_" Based_VVN on_II a_AT1 state_NN1 of_IO siege_NN1 mentality_NN1 &equo;_" ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 is_VBZ because_CS he_PPHS1 asked_VVD from_II the_AT people_NN a_AT1 level_NN1 of_IO commitment_NN1 that_CST meant_VVD even_RR in_II peacetime_NN1 they_PPHS2 were_VBDR subjected_VVN to_II strict_JJ rule_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Russia_NP1 felt_VVD under_II threat_NN1 from_II attack_NN1 constantly_RR ,_, and_CC the_AT Russian_JJ people_NN had_VHD many_DA2 sacrifices_NN2 demanded_VVN on_II them_PPHO2 ,_, and_CC were_VBDR kept_VVN lean_JJ and_CC hungry_JJ ._. 
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<s>
A_ZZ1 iv_MC )_) The_AT Statement_NN1 &bquo;_" The_AT Soviet_JJ Union_NN1 refused_VVD to_TO withdraw_VVI from_II Persia_NP1 and_CC put_VVI growing_JJ pressure_NN1 on_II Turkey_NP1 &equo;_" ,_, describes_VVZ how_RRQ Stalin_NP1 was_VBDZ desperate_JJ to_TO secure_VVI the_AT Soviet_JJ Union_NN1 from_II attack_NN1 from_II Europe_NP1 and_CC Asia_NP1 ._. 
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<s>
Iran_NP1 (_( Persia_NP1 )_) and_CC Turkey_NP1 were_VBDR of_IO great_JJ strategic_JJ importance_NN1 to_II the_AT Iron_NN1 curtain_NN1 countries_NN2 because_II21 of_II22 their_APPGE borders_NN2 with_IW Russia_NP1 ._. 
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<s>
A_ZZ1 v_ZZ1 )_) The_AT statement_NN1 &bquo;_" there_EX was_VBDZ a_AT1 tendency_NN1 to_TO view_VVI largely_RR in_II military_JJ terms_NN2 a_AT1 struggle_NN1 that_CST was_VBDZ essentially_RR political_JJ in_II nature_NN1 &equo;_" describes_VVZ how_RRQ the_AT West_ND1 viewed_VVD Marxism_NN1 as_II a_AT1 military_JJ struggle_NN1 in_II31 accordance_II32 with_II33 Marx_NP1 's_GE prediction_NN1 of_IO revolution_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT West_ND1 saw_NN1 revolution_NN1 coming_VVG through_II military_JJ struggle_NN1 ,_, misunderstanding_VVG that_CST the_AT appeal_NN1 of_IO Communism_NN1 was_VBDZ sociological_JJ and_CC thus_RR the_AT struggle_NN1 was_VBDZ political_JJ ._. 
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<s>
Communism_NN1 was_VBDZ about_II equal_JJ rights_NN2 and_CC division_NN1 of_IO land_NN1 ,_, appealing_VVG to_II the_AT poor_JJ and_CC the_AT oppressed_JJ ._. 
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<s>
B_ZZ1 )_) Laquer_NP1 refers_VVZ to_II the_AT Reformation_NN1 because_II21 of_II22 certain_JJ similarities_NN2 between_II the_AT problems_NN2 caused_VVN by_II the_AT Reformation_NN1 and_CC the_AT Cold_JJ War_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Like_II the_AT Reformation_NN1 ,_, the_AT Cold_JJ War_NN1 caused_VVD a_AT1 split_NN1 within_II Europe_NP1 ._. 
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<s>
In_II the_AT Reformation_NN1 this_DD1 had_VHD been_VBN North-South_ND1 between_II Protestants_NN2 and_CC Catholics_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Now_RT it_PPH1 was_VBDZ East-West_JJ between_II Communism_NN1 and_CC Capitalism_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT religious_JJ intolerance_NN1 of_IO the_AT Reformation_NN1 became_VVD Political_JJ intolerance_NN1 in_II the_AT Cold_JJ War_NN1 &mdash;_- a_AT1 hate_NN1 of_IO each_PPX221 other_PPX222 's_GE ideology_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT Reformation_NN1 however_RR ,_, also_RR caused_VVN &bquo;_" hot_JJ &equo;_" wars_NN2 in_II Europe_NP1 ,_, whereas_CS the_AT Cold_JJ War_NN1 avoided_VVD this_DD1 ._. 
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<s>
C_ZZ1 )_) Co-operation_NN1 with_IW the_AT West_ND1 by_II the_AT Soviet_JJ Union_NN1 may_VM be_VBI said_VVN to_TO put_VVI the_AT entire_JJ political_JJ structure_NN1 of_IO the_AT Soviet_JJ Union_NN1 in_II jeopardy_NN1 because_CS i_ZZ1 )_) Stalin_NP1 's_GE entire_JJ system_NN1 was_VBDZ based_VVN on_II hostility_NN1 to_II the_AT West_ND1 and_CC capitalism_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
ii_MC )_) The_AT Soviet_JJ people_NN could_VM only_RR be_VBI made_VVN to_TO make_VVI sacrifices_NN2 if_CS Stalin_NP1 had_VHD the_AT threat_NN1 of_IO capitalism_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
iii_MC )_) Co-operation_NN1 would_VM have_VHI meant_VVN Stalin_NP1 liberalising_VVG his_APPGE rule_NN1 ,_, the_AT people_NN would_VM have_VHI demanded_VVN more_DAR freedom_NN1 from_II the_AT State_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
D_ZZ1 )_) There_EX could_VM be_VBI said_VVN to_TO be_VBI a_AT1 &bquo;_" Structural_JJ crisis_NN1 &equo;_" for_IF Europe_NP1 over_II its_APPGE position_NN1 in_II the_AT World_NN1 in_II the_AT immediate_JJ post-war_JJ period_NN1 because_CS it_PPH1 had_VHD become_VVN as_CSA Churchill_NP1 said_VVD &bquo;_" A_AT1 rubble_NN1 heap_NN1 ,_, a_AT1 charnel_JJ house_NN1 ,_, a_AT1 breeding_NN1 ground_NN1 of_IO pestilence_NN1 and_CC hate_NN1 &equo;_" ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 was_VBDZ because_CS once_RR economic_JJ stability_NN1 had_VHD been_VBN regained_VVN it_PPH1 was_VBDZ doubtful_JJ whether_CSW Europe_NP1 would_VM ever_RR become_VVI the_AT significant_JJ world_NN1 power_NN1 it_PPH1 had_VHD once_RR been_VBN ._. 
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<s>
World_NN1 War_NN1 II_MC had_VHD shown_VVN America_NP1 and_CC Russia_NP1 to_TO be_VBI the_AT important_JJ world_NN1 political_JJ powers_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Europe_NP1 had_VHD been_VBN divided_VVN by_II these_DD2 two_MC into_II spheres_NN2 of_IO influence_NN1 and_CC had_VHD been_VBN weakened_VVN as_II a_AT1 result_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
E_ZZ1 )_) Laquer_NP1 's_GE theories_NN2 for_IF the_AT causes_NN2 of_IO the_AT Cold_JJ War_NN1 are_VBR Theory_NN1 1_MC1 &mdash;_- Many_DA2 in_II the_AT West_ND1 felt_VVD that_CST the_AT presence_NN1 of_IO police_NN2 governments_NN2 in_II the_AT West_ND1 did_VDD not_XX represent_VVI what_DDQ the_AT people_NN of_IO Europe_NP1 had_VHD fought_VVN for_IF &mdash;_- they_PPHS2 had_VHD been_VBN fighting_VVG for_IF freedom_NN1 of_IO speech_NN1 and_CC democracy_NN1 and_CC the_AT communist_JJ presence_NN1 meant_VVD they_PPHS2 had_VHD failed_VVN ._. 
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<s>
They_PPHS2 feared_VVD as_CSA Truman_NP1 did_VDD ,_, that_CST the_AT Russians_NN2 would_VM cause_VVI another_DD1 war_NN1 unless_CS dealt_VVN with_IW in_II a_AT1 firm_JJ manner_NN1 ._. 
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Theory_NN1 2_MC &mdash;_- The_AT West_ND1 had_VHD overreacted_VVN to_II the_AT communists_NN2 through_II fear_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT Communists_NN2 ,_, critics_NN2 argued_VVD ,_, were_VBDR merely_RR in_II31 search_II32 of_II33 political_JJ stability_NN1 ,_, and_CC security_NN1 and_CC were_VBDR not_XX attempting_VVG a_AT1 world_NN1 takeover_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Theory_NN1 3_MC &mdash;_- That_CST the_AT West_ND1 had_VHD been_VBN too_RG lax_JJ in_II the_AT post-war_JJ years_NNT2 and_CC had_VHD blind_JJ faith_NN1 in_II the_AT hope_NN1 that_CST the_AT unity_NN1 achieved_VVN after_II the_AT first_MD World_NN1 War_NN1 would_VM be_VBI re-kindled_VVN ._. 
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<s>
Essay_NN1 VII_MC Urban_JJ Research_NN1 Total_NN1 Aim_VV0 The_AT aim_NN1 of_IO the_AT investigation_NN1 was_VBDZ to_TO investigate_VVI how_RRQ land-use_NN1 changes_NN2 with_IW distance_NN1 from_II the_AT centre_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 city_NN1 and_CC to_TO thus_RR determine_VVI which_DDQ model_NN1 of_IO urban_JJ structure_NN1 best_RRT fits_VVZ Nottingham_NP1 ._. 
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<s>
Aim_VV0 1_MC1 Firstly_RR the_AT general_JJ observation_NN1 of_IO land-use_NN1 change_NN1 from_II the_AT centre_NN1 of_IO Nottingham_NP1 ,_, in_II the_AT determination_NN1 of_IO the_AT limits_NN2 of_IO the_AT Central_JJ Business_NN1 District_NN1 or_CC CBD_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
METHOD_NN1 The_AT differences_NN2 were_VBDR observed_VVN and_CC noted_VVN from_II journeys_NN2 out_II21 of_II22 Nottingham_NP1 via_II the_AT main_JJ roads_NN2 leading_VVG out_II21 of_II22 the_AT centre_NN1 of_IO the_AT city_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT main_JJ routes_NN2 chosen_VVN were_VBDR Derby_NP1 Road_NNL1 Mansfield_NP1 Road_NNL1 Carrington_NP1 Street_NNL1 Carlton_NP1 Road_NNL1 RESULT_VV0 The_AT information_NN1 was_VBDZ pooled_VVN and_CC the_AT following_JJ results_NN2 emerged_VVD and_CC were_VBDR recorded_VVN (_( see_VV0 fig_NN1 1_MC1 )_) The_AT CBD_NN1 was_VBDZ distinguished_VVN by_II a_AT1 dominance_NN1 of_IO shops_NN2 and_CC offices_NN2 which_DDQ was_VBDZ followed_VVN by_II an_AT1 area_NN1 of_IO mixed_JJ or_CC changed_JJ land-use_NN1 ,_, showing_VVG signs_NN2 of_IO transition_NN1 which_DDQ was_VBDZ difficult_JJ to_TO give_VVI a_AT1 name_NN1 to_II ._. 
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<s>
Aim_VV0 2_MC To_TO delimit_VVI (_( find_VV0 extent_NN1 of_IO )_) the_AT CBD_NN1 using_VVG more_RGR quantifiable_JJ methods_NN2 than_CSN the_AT general_JJ observation_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
METHOD_NN1 Various_JJ methods_NN2 may_VM be_VBI used_VVN to_TO delimit_VVI the_AT CBD_NN1 and_CC these_DD2 include_VV0 1_MC1 )_) Building_NN1 use_NN1 2_MC )_) Building_NN1 height_NN1 3_MC )_) Pedestrian_NN1 count_NN1 1_MC1 )_) Building_NN1 use_VV0 This_DD1 is_VBZ by_II general_JJ observation_NN1 as_CSA described_VVN in_II Aim_NN1 1_MC1 2_MC )_) Building_NN1 height_NN1 May_VM be_VBI recorded_VVN by_II drawing_VVG a_AT1 profile_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 major_JJ route_NN1 out_II21 of_II22 the_AT city_NN1 ,_, noting_VVG the_AT changes_NN2 in_II height_NN1 of_IO the_AT buildings_NN2 from_II the_AT centre_NN1 out_RP ._. 
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<s>
3_MC )_) Pedestrian_NN1 count_VV0 This_DD1 was_VBDZ made_VVN in_II the_AT following_JJ way_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT route_NN1 chosen_VVN was_VBDZ Mansfield_NP1 Road_NNL1 ,_, and_CC starting_VVG at_II the_AT North-East_ND1 corner_NN1 of_IO Market_NP1 Square_NNL1 ,_, the_AT count_NN1 was_VBDZ made_VVN for_IF 2_MC mins_NNT2 every_AT1 200_MC yards_NN2 up_II Clumber_NP1 Street_NN1 ,_, Milton_NP1 Street_NNL1 and_CC Mansfield_NP1 Road_NNL1 ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 continued_VVD until_II a_AT1 drop-off_NN1 in_II the_AT number_NN1 of_IO pedestrians_NN2 was_VBDZ found_VVN and_CC was_VBDZ then_RT recorded_VVN on_II a_AT1 graph_NN1 and_CC in_II a_AT1 table_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
RESULTS_NN2 1_MC1 )_) Building_NN1 use_NN1 &mdash;_- these_DD2 were_VBDR the_AT same_DA as_CSA for_IF Aim_NN1 1_MC1 with_IW an_AT1 estimated_JJ extent_NN1 of_IO the_AT CBD_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
2_MC )_) Building_NN1 height_NN1 &mdash;_- although_CS a_AT1 profile_NN1 was_VBDZ not_XX made_VVN ,_, it_PPH1 was_VBDZ observed_VVN that_CST the_AT further_RRR into_II the_AT centre_NN1 ,_, the_AT higher_JJR the_AT buildings_NN2 got_VVD ,_, due_II21 to_II22 the_AT high_JJ price_NN1 of_IO land_NN1 in_II the_AT centre_NN1 of_IO the_AT CBD_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 was_VBDZ coupled_VVN with_IW an_AT1 increase_NN1 in_II building_NN1 density_NN1 towards_II the_AT centre_NN1 ,_, fewer_DAR open_JJ spaces_NN2 and_CC a_AT1 mixture_NN1 of_IO older_JJR buildings_NN2 and_CC new_JJ shopping_NN1 and_CC office_NN1 complexes_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
These_DD2 factors_NN2 together_RL show_VV0 the_AT &bquo;_" Bid-Rent_JJ &equo;_" Curve_NN1 ,_, with_IW the_AT high_JJ land_NN1 values_NN2 in_II the_AT centre_NN1 of_IO the_AT City_NN1 and_CC land_NN1 values_NN2 decreasing_VVG rapidly_RR at_II the_AT edge_NN1 of_IO the_AT CBD_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
3_MC )_) The_AT Pedestrian_NN1 count_NN1 &mdash;_- the_AT results_NN2 of_IO the_AT count_NN1 taken_VVN from_II the_AT North-East_ND1 corner_NN1 of_IO Old_NP1 Market_NP1 Square_NNL1 and_CC up_RP the_AT Mansfield_NP1 Road_NNL1 ,_, showed_VVD a_AT1 notable_JJ drop-off_NN1 at_II Bluecoat_NP1 Street/York_FU House_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ means_VVZ a_AT1 reduction_NN1 in_II people_NN using_VVG this_DD1 route_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 suggests_VVZ that_CST the_AT CBD_NN1 ends_VVZ around_RP here_RL and_CC not_XX as_RG previously_RR observed_VVN ,_, at_II Forest_NP1 Road_NNL1 East_ND1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
One_MC1 indicator_NN1 of_IO this_DD1 is_VBZ that_CST there_EX is_VBZ a_AT1 branch_NN1 of_IO Lloyds_NP1 Bank_NN1 at_II this_DD1 point_NN1 and_CC after_CS this_DD1 the_AT shops_NN2 are_VBR generally_RR a_AT1 mixture_NN1 of_IO restaurants_NN2 and_CC speciality_NN1 shops_NN2 (_( see_VV0 fig_NN1 2_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
AIM_NP1 3_MC Can_VM other_JJ zones_NN2 be_VBI identified_VVN ?_? 
</s>
<s>
If_CS so_RR what_DDQ can_VM we_PPIS2 call_VVI the_AT second_MD zone_NN1 if_CS we_PPIS2 consider_VV0 the_AT CBD_NN1 as_II the_AT first_MD ?_? 
</s>
<s>
METHOD_NN1 Various_JJ models_NN2 of_IO urban_JJ structure_NN1 were_VBDR looked_VVN at_II ,_, and_CC the_AT possibility_NN1 of_IO applying_VVG the_AT Burgess_NP1 model_NN1 and_CC using_VVG the_AT &bquo;_" Transitional_JJ Zone_NN1 &equo;_" as_II the_AT second_MD zone_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT transitional_JJ zone_NN1 in_II Burgess_NP1 '_GE model_NN1 ,_, consists_VVZ of_IO mixed_JJ and_CC changing_JJ land-use_NN1 ,_, with_IW terrace_NN1 housing_NN1 being_VBG encroached_VVN upon_II by_II light_JJ industry_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
RECORDING_VVG A_AT1 land-use_NN1 survey_NN1 was_VBDZ made_VVN on_II a_AT1 route_NN1 out_II21 of_II22 the_AT city_NN1 centre_NN1 &mdash;_- in_II this_DD1 case_NN1 Mansfield_NP1 Road_NNL1 ,_, and_CC the_AT land_NN1 use_NN1 and_CC building_NN1 use_NN1 were_VBDR noted_VVN on_II a_AT1 rough_JJ map_NN1 (_( see_VV0 fig_NN1 3_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 information_NN1 was_VBDZ then_RT transferred_VVN to_II a_AT1 new_JJ map_NN1 using_VVG Briggs_NP1 '_GE Key_NN1 to_TO give_VVI an_AT1 impression_NN1 of_IO where_RRQ the_AT second_MD zone_NN1 might_VM possibly_RR be_VBI (_( fig_NN1 4_MC )_) ._. 
</s>
<s>
RESULTS_NN2 The_AT information_NN1 was_VBDZ then_RT pooled_VVN and_CC the_AT information_NN1 was_VBDZ transferred_VVN to_II a_AT1 map_NN1 (_( see_VV0 fig_NN1 5_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
CONCLUSION/EVALUATION_NN1 There_EX was_VBDZ very_RG definitely_RR evidence_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 zone_NN1 in_II transition_NN1 and_CC these_DD2 were_VBDR marked_VVN as_CSA limits_VVZ on_II the_AT map_NN1 ,_, by_II observation_NN1 of_IO where_RRQ the_AT CBD_NN1 finished_VVN and_CC where_CS there_EX was_VBDZ a_AT1 mixture_NN1 of_IO houses_NN2 ,_, shops_NN2 and_CC offices_NN2 before_II the_AT area_NN1 became_VVD wholly_RR residential_JJ ._. 
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<s>
By_II linking_VVG these_DD2 limits_NN2 according_II21 to_II22 the_AT pattern_NN1 of_IO the_AT street_NN1 layout_NN1 ,_, bearing_VVG in_II mind_NN1 that_CST roads_NN2 were_VBDR laid_VVN out_RP in_II a_AT1 grid-pattern_NN1 in_II the_AT 19th_MD C_ZZ1 and_CC in_II cul-de-sacs_NN2 ,_, crescents_NN2 and_CC curves_NN2 in_II the_AT 20th_MD C_ZZ1 ,_, we_PPIS2 could_VM see_VVI the_AT growth_NN1 patterns_NN2 from_II the_AT centre_NN1 of_IO Nottingham_NP1 outwards_RL ._. 
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<s>
After_CS the_AT Cemetery_NN1 ,_, there_EX are_VBR a_AT1 large_JJ number_NN1 of_IO extensive_JJ private_JJ houses_NN2 in_II their_APPGE own_DA grounds_NN2 ,_, and_CC this_DD1 suggests_VVZ an_AT1 city_NN1 boundary_NN1 with_IW the_AT expensive_JJ houses_NN2 closer_RRR to_II the_AT countryside_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
As_II the_AT city_NN1 has_VHZ grown_VVN it_PPH1 has_VHZ almost_RR swallowed_VVN up_II Carrington_NP1 ,_, and_CC Sherwood_NP1 and_CC there_EX have_VH0 been_VBN further_JJR houses_NN2 built_VVN between_II the_AT city_NN1 and_CC Carrington_NP1 making_VVG distinction_NN1 between_II the_AT districts_NN2 difficult_JJ ._. 
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<s>
The_AT biggest_JJT anomaly_NN1 is_VBZ the_AT residential_JJ Park_NN1 district_NN1 of_IO Nottingham_NP1 ,_, which_DDQ consists_VVZ of_IO high-class_JJ ,_, extensive_JJ housing_NN1 but_CCB is_VBZ right_JJ in_II the_AT centre_NN1 of_IO the_AT town_NN1 ,_, below_II the_AT castle_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 is_VBZ unusual_JJ for_IF a_AT1 city_NN1 ,_, because_II21 of_II22 the_AT normal_JJ desire_NN1 of_IO the_AT wealthy_JJ to_TO live_VVI outside_II the_AT city_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
AIM4_FO Is_VBZ there_EX evidence_NN1 for_IF the_AT rest_NN1 of_IO the_AT Burgess_NP1 Model_NN1 ?_? 
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<s>
METHOD_NN1 A_ZZ1 land_NN1 use_NN1 and_CC growth_NN1 map_NN1 was_VBDZ used_VVN in_II31 conjunction_II32 with_II33 the_AT evidence_NN1 so_RG far_RR gathered_VVN ,_, and_CC was_VBDZ compared_VVN with_IW the_AT Burgess_NP1 Model_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 consists_VVZ of_IO concentric_JJ circles_NN2 defining_VVG the_AT limits_NN2 of_IO different_JJ groups_NN2 of_IO housing_NN1 (_( see_VV0 fig_NN1 6_MC )_) ._. 
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<s>
These_DD2 are_VBR as_CSA follows_VVZ :_: 1_MC1 )_) CBD_NN1 &mdash;_- Central_JJ Business_NN1 District_NN1 ,_, discussed_VVD earlier_RRR ._. 
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<s>
2_MC )_) Transition_NN1 zone_NN1 &mdash;_- mix_NN1 of_IO old_JJ housing_NN1 and_CC light_JJ industry_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
3_MC )_) Low_JJ class_NN1 housing_NN1 &mdash;_- inner_JJ city-type_JJ housing_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
4_MC )_) Medium_JJ class_NN1 housing_NN1 &mdash;_- higher_JJR quality_NN1 ,_, semi_NN1 's_VBZ etc_RA 5_MC )_) High_JJ class_NN1 housing_NN1 &mdash;_- on_II outskirts_NN2 for_IF richer_JJR commuters_NN2 etc_RA RESULTS_NN2 Firstly_RR ,_, it_PPH1 must_VM be_VBI noted_VVN that_CST Burgess_NP1 created_VVD his_APPGE model_NN1 in_II 1924_MC ._. 
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<s>
Burgess_NP1 himself_PPX1 stated_VVD that_CST its_APPGE creation_NN1 was_VBDZ specific_JJ to_II one_MC1 city_NN1 &mdash;_- Chicago_NP1 ,_, however_RGQV even_RR then_RT it_PPH1 can_VM be_VBI seen_VVN as_CSA too_RG simplistic_JJ ._. 
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<s>
It_PPH1 suggests_VVZ zones_NN2 are_VBR well_RR defined_VVN &mdash;_- which_DDQ they_PPHS2 rarely_RR are_VBR ._. 
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<s>
These_DD2 zones_NN2 may_VM be_VBI made_VVN up_RP of_IO a_AT1 mixture_NN1 of_IO land_NN1 uses_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
Transport_NN1 and_CC edge_NN1 of_IO city_NN1 shopping_NN1 centres_NN2 were_VBDR not_XX taken_VVN into_II account_NN1 because_CS they_PPHS2 did_VDD not_XX exist_VVI ._. 
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<s>
The_AT oldest_JJT housing_NN1 is_VBZ not_XX always_RR near_II the_AT City_NN1 centre_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
In_II comparing_VVG Nottingham_NP1 to_II this_DD1 model_NN1 ,_, some_DD major_JJ differences_NN2 may_VM be_VBI seen_VVN ._. 
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<s>
The_AT Park_NN1 is_VBZ an_AT1 estate_NN1 of_IO older_JJR high-class_JJ housing_NN1 ,_, right_RR in_II the_AT centre_NN1 of_IO town_NN1 &mdash;_- according_II21 to_II22 Burgess_NP1 this_DD1 should_VM be_VBI newer_JJR and_CC on_II the_AT outskirts_NN2 of_IO town_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
What_DDQ you_PPY do_VD0 have_VHI on_II the_AT furthest_JJT extent_NN1 of_IO Nottingham_NP1 ,_, are_VBR the_AT council_NN1 estates_NN2 of_IO Rise_NN1 Park_NN1 ,_, Bestwood_NP1 Park_NN1 ,_, and_CC Top_JJ Valley_NN1 in_II the_AT North_ND1 ._. 
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<s>
In_II the_AT city_NN1 centre_NN1 however_RR ,_, St_NP1 Anne_NP1 's_GE ,_, Radford_NP1 and_CC Sneinton_NP1 are_VBR all_DB former_DA slum_NN1 areas_NN2 which_DDQ are_VBR consistent_JJ with_IW Burgess_NP1 '_GE low_JJ class_NN1 residential_JJ zone_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Interestingly_RR ,_, at_II the_AT time_NNT1 of_IO Burgess_NP1 '_GE model_NN1 ,_, Sneinton_NP1 and_CC Radford_NP1 were_VBDR still_RR on_II the_AT outskirts_NN2 of_IO the_AT city_NN1 and_CC this_DD1 housing_NN1 was_VBDZ for_IF the_AT workers_NN2 at_II the_AT Players_NN2 ,_, clothing_NN1 ,_, and_CC Raleigh_NP1 factories_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
CONCLUSION_NN1 That_CST Burgess_NP1 '_GE model_NN1 can_VM not_XX really_RR be_VBI accurately_RR applied_VVN to_II Nottingham_NP1 because_CS it_PPH1 is_VBZ too_RG rigid_JJ in_II its_APPGE form_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
US_NP1 cities_NN2 are_VBR different_JJ from_II British_JJ cities_NN2 in_II that_DD1 ,_, housing_NN1 goes_VVZ down_RP a_AT1 long_JJ chain_NN1 of_IO ownership_NN1 ,_, becoming_VVG more_RRR downgraded_VVN with_IW each_DD1 owner_NN1 ,_, because_CS the_AT wealthy_JJ continually_RR build_VV0 new_JJ houses_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 is_VBZ different_JJ in_II England_NP1 ,_, where_RRQ districts_NN2 remain_VV0 virtually_RR unchanged_JJ in_II social_JJ composition_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
AIM_NP1 5_MC This_DD1 was_VBDZ to_TO look_VVI at_II another_DD1 model_NN1 to_TO try_VVI to_TO assess_VVI which_DDQ model_NN1 suits_VVZ Nottingham_NP1 best_RRT ._. 
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<s>
METHOD_NN1 The_AT Ullmann-Harris_NP1 multiple_JJ nuclei_NN2 model_NN1 was_VBDZ assessed_VVN ._. 
</s>
<s>
Multiple_JJ nuclei_NN2 describes_VVZ a_AT1 big_JJ city_NN1 that_CST has_VHZ expanded_VVN and_CC absorbed_JJ small_JJ towns_NN2 and_CC villages_NN2 and_CC has_VHZ thus_RR created_VVN outlying_JJ service_NN1 areas_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT model_NN1 was_VBDZ tried_VVN using_VVG Nottingham_NP1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
RESULT_VV0 (_( see_VV0 fig_NN1 7_MC )_) This_DD1 can_VM be_VBI applied_VVN much_RR more_RGR easily_RR because_CS it_PPH1 is_VBZ not_XX rigidly_RR defined_VVN in_II the_AT way_NN1 that_CST Burgess_NP1 '_GE model_NN1 is_VBZ ._. 
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<s>
The_AT different_JJ sectors_NN2 are_VBR like_JJ jigsaw_NN1 pieces_NN2 and_CC can_VM be_VBI moved_VVN around_RP to_TO fit_VVI the_AT particular_JJ city_NN1 being_VBG dealt_VVN with_IW ._. 
</s>
<s>
There_EX is_VBZ a_AT1 greater_JJR variety_NN1 of_IO descriptions_NN2 to_TO apply_VVI to_II the_AT different_JJ areas_NN2 this_DD1 model_NN1 takes_VVZ into_II account_NN1 outlying_JJ business_NN1 districts_NN2 which_DDQ Burgess_NP1 '_GE did_VDD not_XX ._. 
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<s>
Towns_NN2 like_II Sherwood_NP1 ,_, Arnold_NP1 and_CC Beeston_NP1 ,_, have_VH0 to_II a_AT1 certain_JJ extent_NN1 been_VBN absorbed_VVN by_II the_AT City_NN1 and_CC this_DD1 is_VBZ visible_JJ in_II the_AT application_NN1 of_IO the_AT model_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
CONCLUSION_NN1 That_CST Ullmann-Harris_NP1 model_NN1 can_VM be_VBI fitted_VVN quite_RG nicely_RR to_II Nottingham_NP1 ,_, because_CS it_PPH1 does_VDZ allow_VVI for_IF anomalies_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 the_AT Park_NN1 ,_, and_CC is_VBZ flexible_JJ in_II its_APPGE approach_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
It_PPH1 takes_VVZ into_II account_NN1 that_CST modern_JJ cities_NN2 have_VH0 grown_VVN from_II several_DA2 points_NN2 ,_, not_XX one_MC1 and_CC because_II21 of_II22 this_DD1 growth_NN1 and_CC the_AT resulting_JJ congestion_NN1 in_II the_AT city_NN1 itself_PPX1 ,_, these_DD2 nuclei_NN2 develop_VV0 out_II21 of_II22 town_NN1 shopping_NN1 centres_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
OVERALL_JJ VIEW_NN1 Of_IO the_AT models_NN2 looked_VVN at_II ,_, the_AT Ullmann-Harris_NP1 model_NN1 seems_VVZ to_TO be_VBI most_RGT adaptable_JJ to_II the_AT layout_NN1 of_IO Nottingham_NP1 as_CSA it_PPH1 is_VBZ ._. 
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<s>
Nottingham_NP1 can_VM be_VBI seen_VVN however_RR to_TO have_VHI originally_RR developed_VVN from_II the_AT centre_NN1 ,_, by_II looking_VVG at_II the_AT development_NN1 map_NN1 of_IO the_AT city_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
It_PPH1 is_VBZ only_RR in_II the_AT last_MD 40_MC years_NNT2 with_IW the_AT growth_NN1 of_IO commuting_VVG that_CST the_AT towns_NN2 on_II the_AT outskirts_NN2 &mdash;_- like_RR say_VV0 Arnold_NP1 &mdash;_- have_VH0 developed_VVN and_CC grown_VVN ._. 
</s>
<s>
So_RR the_AT flexibility_NN1 of_IO the_AT model_NN1 makes_VVZ it_PPH1 the_AT easiest_JJT to_TO apply_VVI ,_, but_CCB the_AT assumption_NN1 that_CST Nottingham_NP1 has_VHZ grown_VVN as_II a_AT1 Multiple_JJ nuclei_NN2 model_NN1 may_VM be_VBI incorrect_JJ ._. 
</s>
<s>
Essay_NN1 VIII_MC Reviving_VVG the_AT inner_JJ city_NN1 in_II Bristol_NP1 1_MC1 PROBLEMS_NN2 The_AT main_JJ priorities_NN2 for_IF community_NN1 and_CC economic_JJ development_NN1 in_II the_AT inner_JJ Bristol_NP1 waterside_NN1 area_NN1 must_VM first_MD be_VBI looked_VVN at_II when_CS deciding_VVG how_RRQ to_TO improve_VVI the_AT area_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
First_MD ,_, we_PPIS2 must_VM look_VVI at_II the_AT present_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT area_NN1 contains_VVZ much_DA1 sub-standard_JJ terraced_JJ housing_NN1 which_DDQ is_VBZ in_II31 need_II32 of_II33 repair_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
There_EX are_VBR many_DA2 derelict_JJ and_CC run-down_JJ houses_NN2 and_CC empty_JJ spaces_NN2 where_RRQ houses_NN2 have_VH0 had_VHN to_TO be_VBI pulled_VVN down_RP for_IF safety_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
There_EX is_VBZ much_RR derelict_JJ land_NN1 and_CC many_DA2 decaying_JJ industrial_JJ sites_NN2 ,_, all_DB creating_VVG dangerous_JJ playgrounds_NN2 for_IF gangs_NN2 of_IO children_NN2 and_CC eyesores_NN2 for_IF residents_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 discourages_VVZ people_NN from_II taking_VVG pride_NN1 in_II the_AT area_NN1 and_CC attempting_VVG to_TO improve_VVI their_APPGE environment_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
It_PPH1 means_VVZ that_CST even_RR gardens_NN2 are_VBR no_RR21 longer_RR22 cared_VVN for_IF in_II the_AT despair_NN1 that_CST is_VBZ felt_VVN ._. 
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<s>
There_EX are_VBR few_DA2 jobs_NN2 and_CC unemployment_NN1 stands_VVZ at_II 24.3_MC per_NNU21 cent_NNU22 for_IF males_NN2 and_CC 10.4_MC per_NNU21 cent_NNU22 for_IF females_NN2 compared_VVN to_II 12.5_MC and_CC 6.8_MC respectively_RR in_II the_AT rest_NN1 of_IO Bristol_NP1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 is_VBZ creating_VVG an_AT1 underclass_NN1 ,_, fuelled_VVN by_II poverty_NN1 and_CC deprivation_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
There_EX is_VBZ a_AT1 strong_JJ ethnic_JJ community_NN1 and_CC this_DD1 causes_VVZ friction_NN1 in_II the_AT community_NN1 because_II21 of_II22 the_AT lack_NN1 of_IO jobs_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
There_EX is_VBZ also_RR a_AT1 lack_NN1 of_IO ready_JJ access_NN1 and_CC there_EX are_VBR poor_JJ transport_NN1 links_NN2 ,_, for_IF a_AT1 community_NN1 where_CS 68.4_MC per_NNU21 cent_NNU22 have_VH0 no_AT car_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT future_NN1 must_VM bring_VVI increased_JJ availability_NN1 of_IO housing_NN1 and_CC social_JJ facilities_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 must_VM be_VBI coupled_VVN with_IW the_AT creation_NN1 of_IO an_AT1 attractive_JJ environment_NN1 ,_, through_II the_AT transformation_NN1 of_IO derelict_JJ sites_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
This_DD1 would_VM attract_VVI industry_NN1 and_CC commerce_NN1 ,_, and_CC hence_RR bring_VVI about_RP the_AT creation_NN1 of_IO jobs_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
However_RR ,_, in_BCL21 order_BCL22 for_IF this_DD1 to_TO be_VBI successful_JJ ,_, the_AT transport_NN1 network_NN1 of_IO the_AT area_NN1 must_VM be_VBI greatly_RR improved_VVN ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT Urban_JJ Development_NN1 Corporation_NN1 ,_, are_VBR targeting_VVG four_MC initiatives_NN2 in_II the_AT first_MD phase_NN1 of_IO development_NN1 ,_, to_TO bring_VVI jobs_NN2 into_II the_AT area_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
They_PPHS2 are_VBR ,_, the_AT encouragement_NN1 and_CC growth_NN1 of_IO the_AT financial_JJ services_NN2 sector_NN1 ,_, the_AT increase_NN1 in_II high_JJ technology_NN1 industry_NN1 ,_, an_AT1 increase_NN1 and_CC development_NN1 of_IO the_AT leisure_NN1 and_CC tourism_NN1 industries_NN2 and_CC the_AT nurturing_NN1 of_IO the_AT biotechnology_NN1 research_NN1 based_VVN at_II Bristol_NP1 and_CC Bath_NP1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Through_II these_DD2 they_PPHS2 hope_VV0 to_TO breathe_VVI new_JJ life_NN1 into_II the_AT inner_JJ cities_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
2_MC CONFLICTS_NN2 The_AT establishment_NN1 of_IO an_AT1 Urban_JJ Development_NN1 Corporation_NN1 ,_, created_VVD many_DA2 conflicts_NN2 in_II Bristol_NP1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT UDC_NP1 is_VBZ controlled_VVN by_II the_AT Department_NN1 of_IO the_AT Environment_NN1 and_CC not_XX the_AT local_JJ council_NN1 and_CC this_DD1 was_VBDZ the_AT major_JJ area_NN1 of_IO conflict_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT Labour_JJ controlled_JJ council_NN1 did_VDD not_XX like_VVI the_AT Tory_JJ government_NN1 intervening_VVG ,_, and_CC butting_VVG in_RP on_II its_APPGE own_DA inner_JJ city_NN1 policy_NN1 and_CC development_NN1 plans_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT council_NN1 could_VM also_RR not_XX understand_VVI why_RRQ Bristol_NP1 had_VHD been_VBN chosen_VVN as_II a_AT1 UDC_NN1 area_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Bristol_NP1 is_VBZ a_AT1 fairly_RR prosperous_JJ southern_JJ city_NN1 with_IW little_DA1 council_NN1 owned_VVD derelict_JJ land_NN1 in_II the_AT area_NN1 of_IO the_AT UDC_NP1 ,_, situated_VVN in_II the_AT second_MD fastest_JJT growing_JJ region_NN1 in_II Britain_NP1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
It_PPH1 has_VHZ a_AT1 shortage_NN1 of_IO office_NN1 space_NN1 ,_, soaring_JJ property_NN1 prices_NN2 ,_, huge_JJ traffic_NN1 problems_NN2 and_CC relatively_RR high_JJ unemployment_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT derelict_JJ land_NN1 in_II the_AT area_NN1 chosen_VVN only_JJ amounts_NN2 to_II 150_MC acres_NNU2 and_CC of_IO this_DD1 ,_, only_RR 8_MC acres_NNU2 are_VBR council_NN1 owned_VVN and_CC this_DD1 is_VBZ out_II21 of_II22 a_AT1 total_JJ UDC_NN1 area_NN1 of_IO 1038_MC acres_NNU2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_RR21 addition_RR22 ,_, because_CS there_EX are_VBR only_RR a_AT1 very_RG few_DA2 ,_, small_JJ sites_NN2 available_JJ for_IF redevelopment_NN1 ,_, new_JJ investors_NN2 would_VM be_VBI pushing_VVG out_RP present_JJ occupiers_NN2 if_CS the_AT development_NN1 were_VBDR to_TO be_VBI economically_RR viable_JJ ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT UDC_NP1 seems_VVZ to_TO be_VBI intent_JJ on_II creating_VVG inner_JJ city_NN1 science_NN1 parks_NN2 and_CC industrial_JJ estates_NN2 ,_, which_DDQ would_VM push_VVI even_RR more_DAR people_NN out_II21 of_II22 the_AT city_NN1 &mdash;_- already_RR the_AT young_JJ people_NN are_VBR moving_VVG out_RP ,_, leaving_VVG the_AT middle-aged_JJ and_CC the_AT elderly_JJ ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT new_JJ developments_NN2 would_VM mean_VVI other_JJ businesses_NN2 relocating_VVG outside_II the_AT city_NN1 ,_, the_AT increase_NN1 in_II traffic_NN1 in_II an_AT1 already_RR strained_JJ road_NN1 network_NN1 and_CC an_AT1 even_RR worse_JJR deal_NN1 for_IF the_AT residents_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_RR21 addition_RR22 ,_, the_AT creation_NN1 of_IO the_AT UDC_NP1 has_VHZ pushed_VVN up_RP property_NN1 prices_NN2 in_II the_AT area_NN1 ,_, making_VVG it_PPH1 even_RR more_RGR difficult_JJ for_IF the_AT residents_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT UDC_NP1 does_VDZ not_XX seem_VVI to_TO appreciate_VVI that_CST most_DAT of_IO the_AT derelict_JJ land_NN1 in_II the_AT area_NN1 is_VBZ in_II private_JJ hands_NN2 and_CC the_AT underdevelopment_NN1 is_VBZ not_XX the_AT councils_NN2 fault_VV0 ,_, but_CCB is_VBZ actually_RR due_II21 to_II22 the_AT failure_NN1 of_IO government_NN1 enterprise_NN1 policies_NN2 to_TO encourage_VVI private_JJ investors_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_RR21 addition_RR22 ,_, the_AT UDC_NP1 have_VH0 not_XX thought_VVN about_II the_AT impact_NN1 of_IO their_APPGE plans_NN2 on_II the_AT residents_NN2 of_IO the_AT community_NN1 ,_, many_DA2 of_IO whom_PNQO have_VH0 been_VBN born_VVN and_CC brought_VVN up_RP there_RL ._. 
</s>
<s>
These_DD2 people_NN need_VV0 unskilled_JJ jobs_NN2 ,_, pleasant_JJ homes_NN2 and_CC a_AT1 better_JJR environment_NN1 ,_, not_XX business_NN1 parks_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
3_MC THE_AT DERELICT_JJ SITES_NN2 AREA_NN1 A_ZZ1 at_II Crew_NP1 's_GE hole_NN1 ,_, is_VBZ 4_MC hectares_NNU2 currently_RR owned_VVN by_II a_AT1 housing_NN1 developer_NN1 ,_, but_CCB because_II21 of_II22 the_AT former_DA industrial_JJ use_NN1 as_II a_AT1 Tar_NN1 Distillery_NN1 ,_, may_VM suffer_VVI from_II severe_JJ pollution_NN1 problems_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Because_II21 of_II22 this_DD1 it_PPH1 would_VM not_XX be_VBI suitable_JJ for_IF housing_VVG because_II21 of_II22 the_AT danger_NN1 to_II the_AT population_NN1 and_CC the_AT expense_NN1 necessary_JJ to_TO clean_VVI it_PPH1 up_RP ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT development_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 business_NN1 park_NN1 on_II this_DD1 site_NN1 would_VM not_XX help_VVI the_AT local_JJ community_NN1 because_II21 of_II22 the_AT need_NN1 for_IF unskilled/semi-skilled_JJ work_NN1 ,_, and_CC it_PPH1 would_VM do_VDI nothing_PN1 to_TO improve_VVI the_AT environment_NN1 for_IF the_AT residents_NN2 of_IO this_DD1 area_NN1 ,_, with_IW the_AT use_NN1 of_IO the_AT water_NN1 frontage_NN1 lost_VVD ._. 
</s>
<s>
Likewise_RR ,_, small_JJ start_NN1 up_II workshops_NN2 would_VM not_XX be_VBI useful_JJ here_RL because_II21 of_II22 the_AT small_JJ revenue_NN1 they_PPHS2 attract_VV0 ._. 
</s>
<s>
They_PPHS2 would_VM become_VVI too_RG expensive_JJ if_CS the_AT clean_JJ up_RP were_VBDR needed_VVN ,_, and_CC again_RT ,_, would_VM not_XX benefit_VVI the_AT community_NN1 widely_RR ._. 
</s>
<s>
If_CS the_AT site_NN1 were_VBDR to_TO be_VBI developed_VVN privately_RR ,_, the_AT investment_NN1 may_VM pay_VVI for_IF the_AT reclamation_NN1 of_IO the_AT land_NN1 which_DDQ may_VM be_VBI necessary_JJ ._. 
</s>
<s>
Apart_II21 from_II22 this_DD1 ,_, the_AT area_NN1 would_VM seem_VVI to_TO be_VBI an_AT1 excellent_JJ site_NN1 for_IF shopping_NN1 ,_, leisure_NN1 and_CC community_NN1 facilities_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Firstly_RR it_PPH1 is_VBZ close_JJ to_II the_AT residential_JJ areas_NN2 of_IO St_NP1 George_NP1 's_GE and_CC St_NP1 Anne_NP1 's_GE ,_, which_DDQ would_VM benefit_VVI from_II shopping_NN1 and_CC leisure_NN1 facilities_NN2 ,_, especially_RR in_II an_AT1 area_NN1 where_CS 68.4_MC per_NNU21 cent_NNU22 of_IO people_NN have_VH0 no_AT car_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT proximity_NN1 to_II these_DD2 residential_JJ areas_NN2 also_RR provides_VVZ a_AT1 good_JJ workforce_NN1 for_IF the_AT development_NN1 and_CC the_AT construction_NN1 work_NN1 would_VM also_RR provide_VVI jobs_NN2 for_IF local_JJ residents_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT River_NN1 frontage_NN1 would_VM also_RR be_VBI exploited_VVN and_CC used_VVN to_II good_JJ effect_NN1 creating_VVG a_AT1 pleasant_JJ &bquo;_" shopping_NN1 experience_NN1 &equo;_" ,_, possibly_RR even_RR encouraging_JJ tourists_NN2 into_II the_AT area_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT area_NN1 also_RR has_VHZ the_AT advantage_NN1 of_IO the_AT open_JJ spaces_NN2 surrounding_VVG it_PPH1 ,_, giving_VVG a_AT1 spacious_JJ feel_VV0 to_II the_AT development_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT leisure_NN1 facilities_NN2 would_VM provide_VVI activities_NN2 to_TO encourage_VVI the_AT youngsters_NN2 to_TO remain_VVI in_II the_AT area_NN1 ,_, and_CC the_AT addition_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 small_JJ health_NN1 centre_NN1 would_VM be_VBI invaluable_JJ for_IF the_AT elderly_JJ and_CC the_AT young_JJ mothers_NN2 in_II the_AT area_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
If_CS planning_VVG regulations_NN2 allowed_VVN ,_, a_AT1 small_JJ number_NN1 of_IO starter_NN1 flats_NN2 could_VM be_VBI built_VVN on_II31 top_II32 of_II33 the_AT centre_NN1 ,_, providing_VVG housing_NN1 for_IF single_JJ people_NN ,_, this_DD1 would_VM ease_VVI the_AT housing_NN1 shortage_NN1 in_II the_AT area_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
AREA_NN1 B_ZZ1 's_VBZ main_JJ problem_NN1 is_VBZ the_AT lack_NN1 of_IO access_NN1 it_PPH1 accords_VVZ ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 means_VVZ that_CST any_DD development_NN1 would_VM have_VHI to_TO create_VVI little_DA1 traffic_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Surrounded_VVN on_II three_MC sides_NN2 by_II railway_NN1 ,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ not_XX suitable_JJ for_IF housing_VVG because_II21 of_II22 the_AT large_JJ concentration_NN1 of_IO industry_NN1 around_II that_DD1 area_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Neither_DD1 is_VBZ it_PPH1 suitable_JJ for_IF shopping_NN1 ,_, leisure_NN1 and_CC community_NN1 facilities_NN2 because_II21 of_II22 the_AT lack_NN1 of_IO access_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT area_NN1 would_VM also_RR be_VBI unsuitable_JJ for_IF a_AT1 business_NN1 park_NN1 ,_, because_CS it_PPH1 is_VBZ only_RR 1.8_MC hectares_NNU2 in_II size_NN1 and_CC the_AT necessary_JJ development_NN1 would_VM be_VBI uneconomic_JJ ,_, considering_CS the_AT amount_NN1 of_IO traffic_NN1 that_CST would_VM have_VHI to_TO be_VBI accommodated_VVN ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT best_JJT solution_NN1 would_VM seem_VVI to_TO be_VBI the_AT creation_NN1 of_IO start-up_JJ workshops_NN2 for_IF small_JJ businesses_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT nurturing_NN1 of_IO new_JJ businesses_NN2 is_VBZ very_RG important_JJ ,_, because_CS today_RT 's_GE small_JJ business_NN1 may_VM be_VBI tomorrow_RT 's_GE Body_NN1 Shop_NN1 ,_, and_CC this_DD1 is_VBZ important_JJ for_IF the_AT economic_JJ development_NN1 of_IO the_AT city_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 would_VM encourage_VVI youngsters_NN2 to_TO try_VVI Young_JJ Enterprise_NN1 and_CC create_VVI their_APPGE own_DA jobs_NN2 ,_, and_CC aid_NN1 unemployment_NN1 in_II the_AT area_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Success_NN1 would_VM encourage_VVI young_JJ people_NN to_TO stay_VVI in_II the_AT inner_JJ city_NN1 instead_II21 of_II22 moving_VVG out_II21 of_II22 the_AT area_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT workshops_NN2 would_VM n't_XX generate_VVI too_RG much_DA1 traffic_NN1 and_CC the_AT proximity_NN1 to_II Temple_NP1 Meads_NP1 station_NN1 and_CC the_AT rail_NN1 network_NN1 would_VM be_VBI useful_JJ for_IF despatching_VVG goods_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
4_MC THE_AT TRANSPORT_NN1 NETWORK_NN1 CRISIS_NN1 The_AT area_NN1 covered_VVN by_II the_AT UDC_NP1 has_VHZ various_JJ transport_NN1 weaknesses_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Many_DA2 of_IO these_DD2 are_VBR brought_VVN about_RP by_II the_AT presence_NN1 of_IO the_AT River_NNL1 Avon_NP1 ,_, cutting_VVG off_RP areas_NN2 ,_, and_CC the_AT railway_NN1 lines_NN2 and_CC sidings_NN2 that_CST criss-cross_VV0 the_AT area_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_RR21 addition_RR22 the_AT &bquo;_" boom_NN1 &equo;_" felt_VVD in_II the_AT town_NN1 in_II 80_MC 's_VBZ brought_VVN heavy_JJ traffic_NN1 weight_NN1 into_II the_AT city_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_BCL21 order_BCL22 to_TO improve_VVI matters_NN2 ,_, money_NN1 should_VM be_VBI invested_VVN in_II the_AT enlargement_NN1 of_IO the_AT existing_JJ small_JJ ,_, narrow_JJ and_CC low_JJ bridges_NN2 and_CC on_II the_AT building_NN1 of_IO more_DAR bridges_NN2 at_II strategic_JJ sites_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT M32_FO links_NN2 should_VM be_VBI developed_VVN to_TO increase_VVI the_AT access_NN1 to_II the_AT rest_NN1 of_IO the_AT country_NN1 ,_, to_TO aid_VVI the_AT creation_NN1 of_IO new_JJ business_NN1 in_II the_AT area_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
The_AT present_JJ roads_NN2 should_VM be_VBI widened_VVN and_CC their_APPGE quality_NN1 improved_VVN and_CC a_AT1 ring-road_NN1 link_NN1 should_VM be_VBI incorporated_VVN to_TO help_VVI circulation_NN1 of_IO traffic_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT introduction_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 light_JJ rail_NN1 link_NN1 or_CC tram_NN1 system_NN1 should_VM be_VBI considered_VVN &mdash;_- especially_RR in_II an_AT1 area_NN1 where_CS a_AT1 large_JJ percentage_NN1 have_VH0 no_AT car_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT public_JJ transport_NN1 network_NN1 should_VM also_RR be_VBI improved_VVN to_TO encourage_VVI people_NN to_TO use_VVI this_DD1 instead_II21 of_II22 a_AT1 car_NN1 and_CC a_AT1 park_NN1 and_CC ride_VV0 system_NN1 might_VM be_VBI introduced_VVN to_TO keep_VVI traffic_NN1 out_II21 of_II22 the_AT centre_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
These_DD2 measures_NN2 would_VM help_VVI to_TO open_VVI up_RP the_AT UDC_NP1 area_NN1 ,_, and_CC encourage_VV0 more_DAR people_NN to_TO live_VVI and_CC work_VVI in_II the_AT area_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
5_MC ENVIRONMENTAL_JJ IMPROVEMENT_NN1 The_AT UDC_NP1 could_VM be_VBI improved_VVN environmentally_RR in_II several_DA2 ways_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
One_MC1 way_NN1 would_VM be_VBI to_TO concentrate_VVI all_DB the_AT industrial_JJ activity_NN1 in_II the_AT region_NN1 around_II the_AT railways_NN2 ,_, in_II the_AT west_ND1 of_IO the_AT region_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT underused/unused_JJ land_NN1 to_II the_AT east_ND1 ,_, along_II the_AT water_NN1 front_NN1 should_VM be_VBI used_VVN for_IF new_JJ housing_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
These_DD2 two_MC actions_NN2 would_VM provide_VVI a_AT1 separation_NN1 of_IO industrial_JJ and_CC residential_JJ areas_NN2 to_II a_AT1 degree_NN1 ,_, creating_VVG a_AT1 better_JJR environment_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT run-down_JJ housing_NN1 stock_NN1 should_VM be_VBI demolished_VVN and_CC redeveloped_VVN after_II people_NN have_VH0 been_VBN moved_VVN into_II the_AT new_JJ and_CC attractive_JJ riverside_NN1 developments_NN2 ,_, built_VVN by_II the_AT council_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT open_JJ spaces_NN2 in_II the_AT north-north_ND1 east_ND1 of_IO the_AT area_NN1 should_VM be_VBI made_VVN into_II parkland_NN1 and_CC sports_NN2 fields_NN2 created_VVN for_IF leisure_NN1 activities_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_RR21 addition_RR22 a_AT1 new_JJ community_NN1 school_NN1 and_CC music_NN1 venue_NN1 should_VM be_VBI built_VVN to_TO attract_VVI young_JJ families_NN2 ,_, in_BCL21 order_BCL22 to_TO revitalise_VVI the_AT population_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT railways_NN2 should_VM be_VBI cleaned_VVN up_RP ,_, and_CC the_AT embankments_NN2 declared_VVD nature_NN1 reservations_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
More_DAR trees_NN2 should_VM be_VBI planted_VVN along_II roads_NN2 and_CC in_II parks_NN2 and_CC play_VV0 facilities_NN2 for_IF children_NN2 should_VM be_VBI created_VVN ._. 
</s>
<s>
These_DD2 changes_NN2 will_VM help_VVI to_TO rebuild_VVI a_AT1 fragmented_JJ community_NN1 and_CC create_VVI an_AT1 environment_NN1 suitable_JJ for_IF children_NN2 to_TO grow_VVI up_RP in_II ._. 
</s>
<s>
Essay_NN1 IX_MC A_ZZ1 Comparison_NN1 of_IO Girls_NN2 '_GE Comics_NN2 from_II 1983_MC and_CC 1993_MC AIM_VV0 The_AT aim_NN1 of_IO this_DD1 observation_NN1 was_VBDZ to_TO study_VVI the_AT changes_NN2 ,_, if_CS any_DD ,_, in_II the_AT role_NN1 and_CC content_NN1 of_IO girls_NN2 comic_JJ papers_NN2 over_II a_AT1 period_NN1 of_IO ten_MC years_NNT2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Two_MC editions_NN2 of_IO one_MC1 comic_NN1 were_VBDR compared_VVN ,_, a_AT1 &bquo;_" BUNTY_NP1 &equo;_" from_II 1983_MC and_CC one_MC1 from_II 1993_MC ._. 
</s>
<s>
INTRODUCTION_NN1 &bquo;_" Bunty_NP1 &equo;_" was_VBDZ first_MD published_VVN in_II 1958_MC ,_, when_RRQ the_AT picture_NN1 paper_NN1 market_NN1 was_VBDZ at_II a_AT1 boom_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
These_DD2 comics_NN2 were_VBDR widely_RR read_VVN by_II middle_JJ class_NN1 children_NN2 ,_, and_CC amongst_II them_PPHO2 were_VBDR such_DA notable_JJ worthies_NN2 as_CSA The_AT Dandy_NP1 ,_, The_AT Beano_NP1 ,_, and_CC The_AT Eagle_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT stories_NN2 in_II these_DD2 comics_NN2 reflected_VVD the_AT social_JJ attitudes_NN2 and_CC aspirations_NN2 of_IO the_AT times_NNT2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II the_AT case_NN1 of_IO girls_NN2 &equo;_" comic_NN1 ,_, they_PPHS2 dealt_VVD with_IW boarding_NN1 schools_NN2 a_II21 la_II22 Angela_NP1 Brazil_NP1 ,_, stories_NN2 of_IO ballerinas_NN2 ,_, horses_NN2 and_CC adventures_NN2 by_II the_AT sea_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II this_DD1 they_PPHS2 reflected_VVD the_AT children_NN2 's_GE literature_NN1 of_IO the_AT time_NNT1 as_CSA created_VVN by_II authors_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 Noel_NP1 Streatfield_NP1 ,_, Christine_NP1 Pullien-Thompson_NP1 and_CC Enid_NP1 Blyton_NP1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Characters_NN2 were_VBDR always_RR white_JJ ,_, middle_NN1 to_II upper_JJ class_NN1 and_CC were_VBDR representative_JJ of_IO the_AT British_JJ &bquo;_" stiff_JJ upper_JJ lip_NN1 &equo;_" and_CC &bquo;_" playing_VVG the_AT game_NN1 &equo;_" attitudes_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT good_JJ always_RR overcame_VVD the_AT evil_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT poor_JJ ,_, when_CS portrayed_VVN ,_, were_VBDR usually_RR &bquo;_" rescued_VVN &equo;_" or_CC adopted_VVD somehow_RR ,_, alternatively_RR they_PPHS2 turned_VVD out_RP to_TO be_VBI long_RR lost_VVN daughters_NN2 of_IO land-owners_NN2 ,_, princes_NN2 ,_, or_CC millionaires_NN2 ,_, stolen_VVN at_II birth_NN1 by_II gypsies_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Over_II the_AT years_NNT2 ,_, many_DA2 of_IO these_DD2 papers_NN2 have_VH0 dropped_VVN in_II popularity_NN1 ,_, possibly_RR because_II21 of_II22 their_APPGE unwillingness_NN1 to_TO change_VVI their_APPGE stories_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
As_II a_AT1 result_NN1 ,_, many_DA2 of_IO them_PPHO2 have_VH0 fallen_VVN by_II the_AT wayside_NN1 or_CC have_VH0 been_VBN merged_VVN ._. 
</s>
<s>
THE_AT COMICS_NN2 BUNTY_NP1 January_NPM1 15_MC 1983_MC age_NN1 7&ndash;12_MCMC approx_RR 14p_NNU Published_VVN by_II D_ZZ1 C_ZZ1 Thomson_NP1 Ltd_JJ Bunty_NP1 is_VBZ a_AT1 weekly_JJ comic_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 edition_NN1 happens_VVZ to_TO be_VBI Bunty_NP1 's_GE 25th_MD Anniversary_NN1 edition_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
There_EX is_VBZ normally_RR a_AT1 strip_NN1 on_II the_AT front_JJ cover_NN1 ,_, about_II the_AT comic_NN1 's_GE namesake_NN1 ,_, Bunty_NP1 ,_, and_CC the_AT pranks_NN2 and_CC scrapes_NN2 she_PPHS1 gets_VVZ into_II ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT back_NN1 page_NN1 has_VHZ a_AT1 strip_NN1 called_VVN Haggis_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ is_VBZ about_II a_AT1 black_JJ highland_NN1 terrier_NN1 and_CC his_APPGE adventures_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 is_VBZ accompanied_VVN by_II a_AT1 cut-out_JJ wardrobe_NN1 and_CC figure_NN1 of_IO Bunty_NP1 to_TO stick_VVI onto_II card_NN1 and_CC play_VVI with_IW ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT stories_NN2 ,_, to_II my_APPGE mind_NN1 were_VBDR always_RR better_JJR in_II Bunty_NP1 than_CSN in_II other_JJ comics_NN2 ,_, and_CC this_DD1 is_VBZ probably_RR why_RRQ it_PPH1 has_VHZ continued_VVN without_IW merger_NN1 ,_, where_CS others_NN2 have_VH0 failed_VVN ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT normal_JJ overload_NN1 of_IO ponies_NN2 ,_, ballerinas_NN2 and_CC school_NN1 girls_NN2 is_VBZ not_XX to_TO be_VBI found_VVN here_RL ._. 
</s>
<s>
They_PPHS2 do_VD0 exist_VVI ,_, but_CCB not_XX all_RR31 at_RR32 once_RR33 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Stories_NN2 of_IO events_NN2 in_II occupied_JJ countries_NN2 during_II the_AT Second_MD World_NN1 War_NN1 ,_, such_II21 as_II22 The_AT Travelling_JJ Winstons_NP2 ,_, extend_VV0 the_AT range_NN1 of_IO the_AT adventure_NN1 story_NN1 ,_, as_CSA does_VDZ the_AT story_NN1 of_IO Flopear_NP1 the_AT space-ship_NN1 come_VV0 rabbit_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II a_AT1 sense_NN1 you_PPY can_VM see_VVI they_PPHS2 have_VHI tried_VVN to_TO introduce_VVI stories_NN2 which_DDQ would_VM normally_RR be_VBI &bquo;_" boy_NN1 's_GE &equo;_" stories_NN2 ,_, and_CC have_VH0 adapted_VVN them_PPHO2 to_TO appeal_VVI to_II girls_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
All_DB the_AT stories_NN2 are_VBR drawn_VVN and_CC there_EX are_VBR none_PN of_IO the_AT photo_NN1 stories_NN2 which_DDQ are_VBR to_TO be_VBI found_VVN in_II the_AT magazines_NN2 for_IF older_JJR girls_NN2 of_IO the_AT time_NNT1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT format_NN1 is_VBZ A4_FO on_II newsprint_NN1 ,_, and_CC is_VBZ mainly_RR black_JJ and_CC white_JJ ,_, with_IW colour_NN1 covers_NN2 ,_, keeping_VVG costs_NN2 low_JJ ._. 
</s>
<s>
At_II the_AT top_NN1 of_IO each_DD1 page_NN1 is_VBZ a_AT1 comment_NN1 about_II Bunty_NP1 ,_, such_II21 as_II22 &bquo;_" Fourteen_MC pence_NNU well_RR spent_VVN &mdash;_- on_II hours_NNT2 of_IO content_NN1 &mdash;_- that_DD1 's_VBZ &bquo;_" BUNTY_NP1 &equo;_" &equo;_" or_CC a_AT1 bit_NN1 of_IO advice_NN1 on_II safety_NN1 ,_, &bquo;_" Do_VD0 n't_XX forget_VVI girls_NN2 ,_, never_RR accept_VV0 lifts_NN2 from_II strangers_NN2 !_! &equo;_" ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 is_VBZ an_AT1 interesting_JJ and_CC useful_JJ way_NN1 of_IO using_VVG the_AT pages_NN2 and_CC is_VBZ not_XX apparent_JJ in_II any_DD other_JJ girls_NN2 &equo;_" comic_NN1 of_IO the_AT period_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT predominance_NN1 of_IO white_JJ ,_, middle-class_JJ characters_NN2 ,_, is_VBZ disappointing_JJ ,_, although_CS I_PPIS1 do_VD0 recall_VVI a_AT1 ballet_NN1 story_NN1 with_IW black_JJ dancers_NN2 &mdash;_- strangely_RR enough_RR around_II the_AT time_NNT1 of_IO the_AT tv_NNU series_NN &bquo;_" Fame_NN1 &equo;_" !_! 
</s>
<s>
The_AT language_NN1 of_IO the_AT comic_NN1 is_VBZ an_AT1 interesting_JJ feature_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Where_CS a_AT1 character_NN1 is_VBZ obviously_RR working_JJ class_NN1 ,_, such_II21 as_II22 in_II &bquo;_" It_PPH1 Takes_VVZ Two_MC to_II Tango_NN1 &equo;_" ,_, where_CS the_AT heiress_NN1 '_GE dancing_NN1 partner_NN1 is_VBZ a_AT1 bit_NN1 of_IO &bquo;_" rough_JJ &equo;_" ,_, the_AT dialogue_NN1 is_VBZ written_VVN as_CSA Cockney_NN1 !_! 
</s>
<s>
The_AT majority_NN1 of_IO the_AT writing_NN1 is_VBZ standard_JJ English_NN1 ,_, with_IW no_AT swear_NN1 words_NN2 or_CC slang_NN1 and_CC sounds_VVZ like_II received_JJ pronunciation_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
BUNTY_NP1 April_NPM1 1993_MC age_NN1 7&ndash;12_MCMC approx_RR 45p_NNU Published_VVN by_II D_ZZ1 C_ZZ1 Thomson_NP1 Ltd_JJ Bunty_NP1 has_VHZ survived_VVN another_DD1 ten_MC years_NNT2 without_IW merger_NN1 ,_, unlike_II Mandy_NP1 and_CC Judy_NP1 ,_, and_CC is_VBZ now_RT 35_MC !_! 
</s>
<s>
There_EX are_VBR about_RG three_MC comics_NN2 like_II this_DD1 left_JJ available_JJ to_II girls_NN2 now_RT &mdash;_- in_II 1983_MC there_EX were_VBDR at_RR21 least_RR22 six_MC ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 suggests_VVZ a_AT1 major_JJ drop_NN1 in_II popularity_NN1 ,_, and_CC it_PPH1 would_VM be_VBI interesting_JJ to_TO look_VVI at_II the_AT circulation_NN1 figures_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
It_PPH1 is_VBZ now_RT a_AT1 magazine_NN1 and_CC has_VHZ a_AT1 magazine_NN1 format_NN1 of_IO just_RR over_II A4_FO size_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT paper_NN1 is_VBZ now_RT glossy_JJ and_CC the_AT cover_NN1 has_VHZ a_AT1 fashion_NN1 model_NN1 on_II front_NN1 and_CC a_AT1 pin-up_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 teen_NN1 heart-throb_NN1 on_II the_AT back_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
All_DB stories_NN2 are_VBR now_RT drawn_VVN in_II colour_NN1 or_CC are_VBR photo_NN1 stories_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Some_DD of_IO the_AT original_JJ stories_NN2 and_CC characters_NN2 remain_VV0 ._. 
</s>
<s>
&bquo;_" The_AT Four_MC Marys_NP2 &equo;_" ,_, for_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, are_VBR still_RR in_II the_AT 3rd_MD Form_NN1 of_IO St_NP1 Elmos_NP1 ,_, and_CC despite_II new_JJ haircuts_NN2 for_IF them_PPHO2 and_CC their_APPGE arch_JJ enemy_NN1 Mabel_NP1 ,_, remain_VV0 the_AT same_DA ._. 
</s>
<s>
Obviously_RR ,_, the_AT name_NN1 Mabel_NP1 feels_VVZ a_RR21 bit_RR22 dated_VVN ,_, but_CCB they_PPHS2 have_VH0 managed_VVN to_TO update_VVI it_PPH1 pretty_RG well_RR ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT huge_JJ drafty_JJ dorms_NN2 of_IO ten_MC years_NNT2 ago_RA have_VH0 been_VBN replace_VV0 with_IW study_NN1 bedrooms_NN2 ,_, and_CC the_AT Four_MC Marys_NP2 no_RR21 longer_RR22 wear_VV0 school_NN1 uniform_NN1 all_DB the_AT time_NNT1 and_CC appear_VV0 to_TO have_VHI lost_VVN their_APPGE hats_NN2 as_RR21 well_RR22 !_! 
</s>
<s>
The_AT other_JJ boarding_NN1 school_NN1 story_NN1 is_VBZ a_AT1 photo-story_NN1 ,_, and_CC shows_VVZ that_CST headmistresses_NN2 have_VH0 got_VVN a_RR21@ lot_RR22 younger_JJR since_CS I_PPIS1 was_VBDZ at_II school_NN1 &mdash;_- and_CC a_RR21@ lot_RR22 nicer_JJR !_! 
</s>
<s>
But_CCB they_PPHS2 are_VBR still_RR single_JJ sex_NN1 boarding_NN1 schools_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
&bquo;_" The_AT Comp_NN1 &equo;_" goes_VVZ some_DD way_NN1 to_II redressing_VVG the_AT balance_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
It_PPH1 portrays_VVZ a_AT1 mixed_JJ comprehensive_JJ ,_, with_IW pupils_NN2 who_PNQS have_VH0 divorced_VVN parents_NN2 and_CC step_NN1 parents_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II this_DD1 edition_NN1 they_PPHS2 are_VBR all_DB on_II the_AT school_NN1 outward_RL bound_VVN course_NN1 ,_, and_CC experience_NN1 crushes_NN2 on_II instructors_NN2 and_CC fellow_JJ pupils_NN2 as_II31 well_II32 as_II33 the_AT usual_JJ pillow_NN1 fights_NN2 and_CC midnight_NNT1 feasts_NN2 !_! 
</s>
<s>
There_EX is_VBZ a_AT1 theme_NN1 running_VVG through_II the_AT magazine_NN1 of_IO crushes_NN2 on_II gorgeous_JJ men_NN2 ,_, and_CC mysterious_JJ romances_NN2 with_IW strange_JJ disappearing_JJ boys_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT flavour_NN1 is_VBZ altogether_RR more_RGR lower_JJR middle_JJ class_NN1 and_CC middle_JJ middle_JJ class_NN1 ,_, rather_II21 than_II22 middle_JJ middle_NN1 and_CC upper_JJ middle_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
One_MC1 photo_NN1 story_NN1 called_VVN &bquo;_" Luv_NN1 ,_, Lisa_NP1 &equo;_" ,_, describes_VVZ it_PPH1 perfectly_RR ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT girls_NN2 are_VBR dressed_VVN in_II baggy_JJ clothes_NN2 ,_, say_VV0 &bquo;_" yeah_UH &equo;_" ,_, &bquo;_" wicked_JJ &equo;_" and_CC call_VV0 each_PPX221 other_PPX222 &bquo;_" wally_NN1 &equo;_" ._. 
</s>
<s>
They_PPHS2 have_VH0 a_AT1 Philip_NP1 Schofield_NP1 fixation_NN1 ,_, and_CC talk_VV0 in_II slang_NN1 all_DB the_AT time_NNT1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Most_DAT of_IO the_AT stories_NN2 still_RR feature_VV0 close-knit_JJ two-parent_JJ ,_, white_JJ families_NN2 in_II work_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
the_AT only_JJ slight_JJ exception_NN1 is_VBZ &bquo;_" Marina_NP1 &equo;_" ,_, which_DDQ deals_VVZ with_IW a_AT1 girl_NN1 coming_VVG to_II terms_NN2 with_IW her_APPGE father_NN1 's_GE redundancy_NN1 ,_, and_CC his_APPGE setting_VVG up_RP a_AT1 new_JJ business_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT &bquo;_" Cosy_JJ Corner_NN1 &equo;_" letters_NN2 page_NN1 ,_, has_VHZ been_VBN replaced_VVN with_IW a_AT1 horoscope_NN1 column_NN1 &mdash;_- which_DDQ talks_VVZ about_II romance_NN1 and_CC boys_NN2 ,_, and_CC a_AT1 more_RGR serious_JJ letters_NN2 page_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
There_EX are_VBR also_RR personality_NN1 quizzes_NN2 and_CC features_NN2 on_II girls_NN2 at_II school_NN1 in_II other_JJ countries_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT most_RGT noticeable_JJ feature_NN1 is_VBZ that_CST there_EX is_VBZ still_RR little_JJ or_CC no_AT evidence_NN1 of_IO multi-culturalism_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
CONCLUSION_NN1 From_II examination_NN1 of_IO the_AT two_MC comics_NN2 ,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ really_RR very_RG difficult_JJ to_TO see_VVI many_DA2 major_JJ differences_NN2 which_DDQ have_VH0 taken_VVN place_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT format_NN1 and_CC style_NN1 are_VBR obvious_JJ ones_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT cheap_JJ and_CC cheerful_JJ rag_NN1 has_VHZ become_VVN a_AT1 glossy_JJ ,_, colourful_JJ and_CC stylish_JJ girls_NN2 magazine_NN1 ,_, complete_JJ with_IW the_AT pin_NN1 up_RP and_CC the_AT agony_NN1 column_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT school_NN1 stories_NN2 are_VBR still_RR the_AT major_JJ fodder_NN1 of_IO the_AT magazine_NN1 ,_, if_CS only_RR because_CS it_PPH1 is_VBZ something_PN1 universal_JJ to_II everyone_PN1 in_II this_DD1 country_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
There_EX are_VBR no_AT ballet_NN1 stories_NN2 to_TO be_VBI found_VVN in_II the_AT 1993_MC version_NN1 of_IO the_AT magazine_NN1 however_RR ._. 
</s>
<s>
Could_VM this_DD1 be_VBI because_CS ballet_NN1 lessons_NN2 are_VBR now_RT a_AT1 very_RG middle-class_JJ thing_NN1 ,_, like_II ponies_NN2 ?_? 
</s>
<s>
What_DDQ can_VM be_VBI seen_VVN is_VBZ that_DD1 young_JJ girls_NN2 are_VBR growing_VVG up_RP far_RG more_RGR quickly_RR ,_, and_CC expect_VV0 to_TO be_VBI treated_VVN like_II adult_NN1 earlier_RRR these_DD2 days_NNT2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
They_PPHS2 want_VV0 photo_NN1 stories_NN2 ,_, tales_NN2 of_IO holiday_NN1 romances_NN2 ,_, horoscopes_NN2 and_CC advice_NN1 columns_NN2 as_II31 well_II32 as_II33 free_JJ gifts_NN2 of_IO make-up_NN1 and_CC jewellery_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
There_EX are_VBR still_RR no_AT signs_NN2 of_IO multi-culturalism_NN1 to_TO be_VBI found_VVN which_DDQ is_VBZ disappointing_JJ and_CC worrying_JJ &mdash;_- surely_RR the_AT publishers_NN2 realise_VV0 we_PPIS2 live_VV0 in_II a_AT1 multi-racial_JJ society_NN1 ?_? 
</s>
<s>
By_II failing_VVG to_TO provide_VVI stories_NN2 for_IF a_AT1 significant_JJ proportion_NN1 of_IO the_AT population_NN1 ,_, are_VBR they_PPHS2 not_XX digging_VVG themselves_PPX2 a_AT1 grave_NN1 ?_? 
</s>
<s>
It_PPH1 would_VM be_VBI a_AT1 shame_NN1 ,_, but_CCB if_CS the_AT balance_NN1 is_VBZ not_XX redressed_VVN ,_, I_PPIS1 would_VM be_VBI surprised_JJ if_CS Bunty_NP1 were_VBDR around_RP in_II another_DD1 10_MC years_NNT2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Essay_NN1 X_ZZ1 Was_VBDZ the_AT Role_NN1 of_IO Women_NN2 in_II the_AT armies_NN2 of_IO the_AT English_JJ Civil_JJ Wars_NN2 significant_JJ ?_? 
</s>
<s>
Did_VDD it_PPH1 improve_VVI the_AT lot_NN1 of_IO 17th_MD Century_NNT1 women_NN2 ?_? 
</s>
<s>
Women_NN2 in_II most_DAT societies_NN2 have_VH0 been_VBN undervalued_VVN and_CC have_VH0 had_VHN little_DA1 freedom_NN1 in_II their_APPGE own_DA destinies_NN2 ,_, at_II sometime_JJ or_CC another_DD1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT role_NN1 of_IO women_NN2 in_II the_AT English_JJ Civil_JJ Wars_NN2 is_VBZ interesting_JJ ,_, because_CS the_AT fact_NN1 that_CST nearly_RR everyone_PN1 in_II the_AT country_NN1 took_VVD sides_NN2 either_RR for_IF Parliament_NN1 or_CC for_IF the_AT King_NN1 ,_, and_CC all_DB able-bodied_JJ men_NN2 would_VM be_VBI recruited_VVN and_CC this_DD1 meant_VVD that_CST women_NN2 were_VBDR left_VVN without_IW protection_NN1 ,_, and_CC had_VHD to_TO survive_VVI somehow_RR ._. 
</s>
<s>
Women_NN2 took_VVD this_DD1 opportunity_NN1 to_TO broaden_VVI their_APPGE horizons_NN2 ,_, and_CC many_DA2 of_IO the_AT women_NN2 of_IO the_AT English_JJ Civil_JJ War_NN1 distinguished_VVD themselves_PPX2 by_II great_JJ acts_NN2 of_IO heroism_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
But_CCB did_VDD this_DD1 new_RR found_VVN freedom_NN1 last_MD and_CC did_VDD it_PPH1 cause_VVI an_AT1 improvement_NN1 in_II their_APPGE lot_NN1 ?_? 
</s>
<s>
At_II the_AT beginning_NN1 of_IO the_AT 17th_MD century_NNT1 ,_, woman_NN1 was_VBDZ widely_RR agreed_VVN to_TO be_VBI the_AT weaker_JJR of_IO the_AT two_MC sexes_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Even_RR in_II the_AT age_NN1 of_IO Elizabeth_NP1 I_MC1 ,_, although_CS the_AT monarch_NN1 was_VBDZ well_RR versed_VVN in_II Latin_NN1 and_CC Greek_NN1 ,_, women_NN2 were_VBDR considered_VVN inferior_JJ in_II intellectual_JJ ability_NN1 to_II men_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Indeed_RR ,_, one_MC1 school_NN1 of_IO thought_NN1 believed_VVD that_CST the_AT female_JJ brain_NN1 was_VBDZ biologically_RR different_JJ from_II that_DD1 of_IO the_AT male_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Consequently_RR women_NN2 's_GE education_NN1 was_VBDZ seen_VVN as_CSA unimportant_JJ ,_, and_CC whilst_CS her_APPGE brothers_NN2 were_VBDR tutored_VVN and_CC sent_VVN to_II Oxford_NP1 ,_, the_AT merchant_NN1 's_GE or_CC Lord_NN1 of_IO the_AT Manor_NP1 's_GE daughter_NN1 would_VM learn_VVI to_TO read_VVI ,_, to_TO write_VVI and_CC do_VDI household_NN1 accounts_NN2 and_CC still-room_NN1 skills_NN2 ,_, as_II31 well_II32 as_II33 plain_JJ sewing_NN1 and_CC embroidery_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Women_NN2 were_VBDR still_RR seen_VVN as_II a_AT1 valuable_JJ commodity_NN1 ,_, to_TO be_VBI passed_VVN from_II father_NN1 to_II husband_NN1 ,_, and_CC at_II the_AT accession_NN1 of_IO James_NP1 I_MC1 ,_, any_DD property_NN1 a_AT1 woman_NN1 might_VM hold_VVI would_VM immediately_RR become_VVI her_APPGE husbands_NN2 on_II marriage_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
There_EX was_VBDZ no_AT form_NN1 of_IO contraception_NN1 and_CC many_DA2 women_NN2 would_VM spend_VVI their_APPGE entire_JJ adult_NN1 lives_VVZ pregnant_JJ and_CC would_VM probably_RR die_VVI in_II child-birth_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
A_AT1 woman_NN1 would_VM quite_RG likely_RR have_VHI ten_MC or_CC twelve_MC children_NN2 ,_, several_DA2 miscarriages_NN2 and_CC still-births_NN2 only_RR to_TO see_VVI about_II half_DB her_APPGE children_NN2 die_VV0 from_II common_JJ childhood_NN1 ailments_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Women_NN2 were_VBDR very_RG definitely_RR second-class_JJ citizens_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II 1642_MC the_AT First_MD English_JJ Civil_JJ War_NN1 broke_VVD out_RP ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT fabric_NN1 of_IO society_NN1 collapsed_VVD ,_, as_CSA people_NN sided_VVN with_IW the_AT King_NN1 or_CC Parliament_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Brothers_NN2 turned_VVN against_II brother_NN1 ,_, and_CC married_JJ women_NN2 could_VM find_VVI themselves_PPX2 in_II opposition_NN1 to_II their_APPGE own_DA family_NN1 ,_, in_II duty_NN1 to_II their_APPGE husband_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
As_II the_AT fighting_NN1 began_VVD ,_, women_NN2 found_VVD themselves_PPX2 in_II a_AT1 dilemma_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
They_PPHS2 could_VM either_RR follow_VVI their_APPGE husbands_NN2 into_II battle_NN1 ,_, taking_VVG their_APPGE children_NN2 with_IW them_PPHO2 ,_, or_CC they_PPHS2 could_VM stay_VVI at_II home_NN1 ,_, unprotected_JJ and_CC unsupported_JJ and_CC wait_VV0 for_IF the_AT pillaging_JJ Parliamentarians_NN2 or_CC the_AT papist_JJ Royalists_NN2 to_TO capture_VVI them_PPHO2 and_CC confiscate_VVI their_APPGE property_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT poorer_JJR women_NN2 especially_RR had_VHN little_DA1 choice_NN1 but_CCB to_TO follow_VVI their_APPGE husbands_NN2 and_CC sweethearts_NN2 into_II battle_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Women_NN2 of_RR21 course_RR22 ,_, were_VBDR considered_VVN to_TO lack_VVI courage_NN1 as_II31 well_II32 as_II33 intelligence_NN1 ,_, however_RRQV the_AT war_NN1 threw_VVD up_RP many_DA2 &bquo;_" Great_JJ Heroicks_NN2 &equo;_" of_IO the_AT weaker_JJR sex_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
One_MC1 such_DA was_VBDZ the_AT Countess_NN1 of_IO Portland_NP1 ,_, who_PNQS at_II Carisbrook_NP1 Castle_NN1 &bquo;_" declared_VVD she_PPHS1 would_VM fire_VVI the_AT first_MD cannon_NN &equo;_" rather_CS21 than_CS22 surrender_VVI ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT camp_NN1 followers_NN2 of_IO the_AT English_JJ Civil_JJ War_NN1 ,_, were_VBDR a_AT1 curious_JJ group_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
They_PPHS2 might_VM be_VBI from_II almost_RR any_DD walk_NN1 of_IO life_NN1 from_II whore_NN1 to_II female_NN1 preacher_NN1 ,_, and_CC would_VM follow_VVI their_APPGE army_NN1 (_( or_CC any_DD army_NN1 in_II some_DD cases_NN2 )_) throughout_II the_AT campaigns_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
As_II part_NN1 of_IO the_AT baggage_NN1 train_VV0 that_CST followed_VVD the_AT army_NN1 ,_, supplying_VVG support_NN1 ,_, women_NN2 would_VM nurse_VVI ,_, launder_VV0 for_IF ,_, comfort_NN1 and_CC feed_VV0 the_AT troops_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Their_APPGE support_NN1 role_NN1 was_VBDZ of_IO vital_JJ importance_NN1 and_CC they_PPHS2 would_VM be_VBI paid_VVN for_IF their_APPGE work_NN1 ,_, allowing_VVG them_PPHO2 to_TO keep_VVI themselves_PPX2 and_CC their_APPGE children_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
It_PPH1 was_VBDZ better_JJR to_TO be_VBI with_IW their_APPGE husbands_NN2 and_CC earning_VVG their_APPGE keep_NN1 ,_, however_RGQV difficult_JJ and_CC dangerous_JJ the_AT situation_NN1 than_CSN to_TO be_VBI left_VVN to_II the_AT charity_NN1 of_IO the_AT Parish_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Nearly_RR every_AT1 band_NN1 of_IO camp_NN1 followers_NN2 probably_RR had_VHN a_AT1 group_NN1 of_IO whores_NN2 in_II it_PPH1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Whores_NN2 would_VM sometimes_RT don_VVI men_NN2 's_GE apparel_NN1 ,_, leading_VVG to_II Charles_NP1 I_MC1 to_TO issue_VVI an_AT1 order_NN1 forbidding_VVG it_PPH1 ,_, because_CS it_PPH1 now_RT made_VVD whores_NN2 more_RGR difficult_JJ to_TO detect_VVI ,_, but_CCB this_DD1 was_VBDZ generally_RR ignored_VVN by_II the_AT soldiery_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Whores_NN2 however_RRQV spread_NN1 diseases_NN2 and_CC could_VM be_VBI treated_VVN harshly_RR ._. 
</s>
<s>
One_PN1 who_PNQS had_VHD followed_VVN the_AT King_NN1 's_GE army_NN1 from_II London_NP1 to_II Coventry_NP1 was_VBDZ &bquo;_" taken_VVN by_II the_AT soldiers_NN2 ,_, and_CC first_MD led_VVN about_II the_AT city_NN1 then_RT set_VVN in_II a_AT1 pillory_NN1 ,_, after_CS in_II a_AT1 cage_NN1 then_RT ducked_VVD in_II a_AT1 river_NN1 ,_, and_CC at_RR21 last_RR22 banished_VVD the_AT city_NN1 &equo;_" ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT majority_NN1 of_IO the_AT camp_NN1 followers_NN2 were_VBDR however_RR ,_, good_JJ honest_JJ women_NN2 who_PNQS were_VBDR the_AT wives_NN2 and_CC sweethearts_NN2 of_IO the_AT troops_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
They_PPHS2 would_VM look_VVI after_II the_AT wounded_JJ and_CC use_VVI their_APPGE still-room_NN1 skills_NN2 to_TO try_VVI to_TO contain_VVI the_AT multitude_NN1 of_IO diseases_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 consumption_NN1 and_CC fevers_NN2 ,_, that_DD1 would_VM follow_VVI a_AT1 travelling_NN1 army_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Others_NN2 might_VM be_VBI pedlars_NN2 ,_, moving_VVG between_II the_AT factions_NN2 selling_VVG wares_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
After_CS the_AT fighting_NN1 had_VHD ceased_VVN women_NN2 would_VM go_VVI out_RP and_CC scavenge_VVI amongst_II the_AT bodies_NN2 ,_, removing_VVG useful_JJ clothing_NN1 and_CC equipment_NN1 which_DDQ could_VM be_VBI passed_VVN on_II21 to_II22 others_NN2 ,_, They_PPHS2 became_VVD very_RG skilful_JJ in_II preparing_VVG food_NN1 with_IW few_DA2 resources_NN2 ,_, relying_VVG on_II the_AT plants_NN2 and_CC small_JJ animals_NN2 in_II the_AT area_NN1 they_PPHS2 were_VBDR camped_VVN ._. 
</s>
<s>
However_RR there_EX were_VBDR great_JJ risks_NN2 associated_VVN with_IW camp_NN1 following_VVG ,_, and_CC after_II a_AT1 battle_NN1 or_CC siege_NN1 ,_, the_AT women_NN2 of_IO the_AT losing_JJ side_NN1 would_VM be_VBI treated_VVN very_RG harshly_RR ._. 
</s>
<s>
Although_CS rape_NN1 and_CC looting_NN1 were_VBDR technically_RR crimes_NN2 according_II21 to_II22 both_DB2 armies_NN2 rules_NN2 of_IO conduct_NN1 ,_, the_AT commanders_NN2 considered_VVD it_PPH1 a_AT1 necessity_NN1 to_TO &bquo;_" cleanse_VVI &equo;_" their_APPGE enemies_NN2 of_IO their_APPGE women_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
One_MC1 of_IO the_AT worst_JJT examples_NN2 of_IO bad_JJ treatment_NN1 of_IO camp_NN1 followers_NN2 ,_, is_VBZ that_DD1 of_IO the_AT Battle_NN1 of_IO Naseby_NP1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
the_AT Rev._NNB Mastin_NP1 in_II his_APPGE &bquo;_" History_NN1 of_IO the_AT Rebellion_NN1 &equo;_" ,_, reports_VVZ &bquo;_" The_AT enemy_NN1 left_VVD no_AT manner_NN1 of_IO cruelty_NN1 unexercised_JJ that_DD1 day_NNT1 ;_; and_CC in_II the_AT pursuit_NN1 killed_VVN about_RG 100_MC women_NN2 ,_, whereof_RRQ some_DD were_VBDR the_AT wives_NN2 of_IO officers_NN2 of_IO quality_NN1 &equo;_" ._. 
</s>
<s>
Other_JJ sources_NN2 say_VV0 the_AT reason_NN1 for_IF the_AT massacre_NN1 was_VBDZ that_CST the_AT women_NN2 were_VBDR believed_VVN to_TO be_VBI Irish_JJ whores_NN2 ,_, armed_VVN to_TO fight_VVI ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II fact_NN1 the_AT women_NN2 were_VBDR mainly_RR wives_NN2 of_IO Welsh_JJ and_CC English_JJ soldiers_NN2 ,_, and_CC some_DD high-ranking_JJ officers_NN2 wives_NN2 ,_, who_PNQS were_VBDR preparing_VVG an_AT1 evening_NNT1 meal_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
They_PPHS2 may_VM have_VHI tried_VVN to_TO defend_VVI themselves_PPX2 with_IW cooking_NN1 implements_NN2 and_CC when_CS begging_VVG for_IF mercy_NN1 used_JJ prayers_NN2 in_II welsh_NN1 which_DDQ may_VM have_VHI sounded_VVN &bquo;_" foreign_JJ &equo;_" to_II the_AT attackers_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Whores_NN2 and_CC suspected_JJ whores_NN2 would_VM be_VBI cut_VVN to_TO stop_VVI their_APPGE trading_NN1 and_CC preachers_NN2 would_VM be_VBI executed_VVN as_CSA traitors_NN2 or_CC witches_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Skilled_JJ female_JJ doctors_NN2 would_VM also_RR be_VBI executed_VVN and_CC witches_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
When_CS all_DB else_RR failed_VVN ,_, or_CC it_PPH1 simply_RR appealed_VVN to_II her_PPHO1 a_AT1 woman_NN1 could_VM always_RR turn_VVI to_II the_AT ranks_NN2 for_IF employment_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Sometimes_RT ,_, devoted_JJ wives_NN2 or_CC sweethearts_NN2 would_VM dress_VVI in_II man_NN1 's_GE attire_NN1 in_BCL21 order_BCL22 to_TO seek_VVI out_RP their_APPGE loved_JJ one_PN1 ,_, disappearing_VVG into_II the_AT maelstrom_NN1 of_IO the_AT war_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT number_NN1 of_IO &bquo;_" Gallant_JJ She-Souldiers_NN2 &equo;_" involved_JJ in_II the_AT ECW_NP1 is_VBZ difficult_JJ to_TO calculate_VVI because_II21 of_II22 their_APPGE disguise_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Their_APPGE detection_NN1 normally_RR came_VVD about_RP as_II a_AT1 result_NN1 of_IO the_AT appearance_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 child_NN1 !_! 
</s>
<s>
One_MC1 example_NN1 being_VBG &bquo;_" Mr_NNB Clarke_NP1 &equo;_" ,_, who_PNQS was_VBDZ just_RR as_RG good_JJ at_II firing_VVG musket_NN1 or_CC beating_VVG a_AT1 drum_NN1 ,_, until_CS the_AT appearance_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 &bquo;_" pretty_JJ son_NN1 &equo;_" undid_VVD her_APPGE disguise_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
On_II being_VBG asked_VVN by_II her/his_APPGE commander_NN1 why_RRQ he_PPHS1 had_VHD become_VVN so_RG fat_JJ ,_, she_PPHS1 replied_VVD &bquo;_" 'T_PPH1 IS_VBZ strong_JJ beer_NN1 and_CC tobacco_NN1 which_DDQ is_VBZ the_AT cause_NN1 of_IO that_DD1 &equo;_" ._. 
</s>
<s>
Women_NN2 could_VM drum_VVI and_CC handle_VVI pistols_NN2 and_CC the_AT soldiers_NN2 swords_NN2 were_VBDR not_XX particularly_RR long_JJ or_CC heavy_JJ and_CC would_VM have_VHI presented_VVN no_AT problems_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Halberds_NN2 would_VM also_RR be_VBI easy_JJ enough_RR to_TO manage_VVI ,_, and_CC although_CS the_AT pike_NN was_VBDZ normally_RR eighteen_MC feet_NN2 long_JJ and_CC made_VVD of_IO ash_NN1 ,_, there_EX are_VBR records_NN2 of_IO women_NN2 engaging_VVG successfully_RR in_II pike-pushes_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT women_NN2 in_II the_AT ranks_NN2 were_VBDR generally_RR accustomed_VVN to_II hard_JJ manual_JJ labour_NN1 with_IW scythes_NN2 and_CC ploughs_NN2 and_CC would_VM have_VHI had_VHN the_AT physical_JJ strength_NN1 and_CC tenacity_NN1 to_TO wield_VVI weapons_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
One_MC1 notable_JJ later-day_JJ Boadicea_NP1 was_VBDZ Lady_NNB Anne_NP1 Cunningham_NP1 ,_, a_AT1 fervent_JJ Calvinist_NN1 who_PNQS not_XX only_RR succeeded_VVN in_II scaring_VVG the_AT English_NN1 ,_, but_CCB also_RR her_APPGE own_DA son_NN1 the_AT Marquess_NN1 of_IO Hamilton_NP1 when_RRQ she_PPHS1 rode_VVD into_II Berwick_NP1 with_IW a_AT1 brace_NN1 of_IO pistols_NN2 and_CC daggers_NN2 at_II her_APPGE saddle_NN1 ,_, at_II the_AT head_NN1 of_IO her_APPGE troop_NN1 of_IO horse_NN1 against_II Charles_NP1 I._MC1 Her_APPGE attendant_JJ women_NN2 were_VBDR obliged_VVN to_TO become_VVI expert_NN1 markswomen_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT camp_NN1 followers_NN2 however_RRQV caused_VVN problems_NN2 with_IW the_AT authorities_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
An_AT1 army_NN1 passing_VVG through_II towns_NN2 and_CC villages_NN2 would_VM require_VVI places_NN2 to_TO billet_VVI its_APPGE troops_NN2 ,_, and_CC with_IW the_AT camp_NN1 followers_NN2 swelling_VVG the_AT ranks_NN2 ,_, this_DD1 became_VVD difficult_JJ ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II 1647_MC ,_, the_AT army_NN1 of_IO Parliament_NN1 passed_VVN through_II St_NP1 Albans_NP1 en_RR21 route_RR22 to_II London_NP1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Although_CS loyal_JJ the_AT good_JJ people_NN of_IO St_NP1 Albans_NP1 were_VBDR somewhat_RR concerned_JJ with_IW the_AT sudden_JJ influx_NN1 of_IO 20,000_MC people_NN ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 turned_VVD to_TO despair_VVI when_RRQ they_PPHS2 discovered_VVD many_DA2 male_JJ and_CC female_JJ camp_NN1 followers_NN2 had_VHD not_XX left_VVN with_IW the_AT army_NN1 ,_, but_CCB had_VHD decided_VVN to_TO stay_VVI there_RL ._. 
</s>
<s>
There_EX were_VBDR many_DA2 complaints_NN2 about_II the_AT number_NN1 of_IO people_NN registering_VVG for_IF charity_NN1 ,_, and_CC the_AT Burgesses_NN2 ordered_VVD that_CST &bquo;_" in_II future_NN1 no_AT stranger_NN1 ,_, journeyman_NN1 or_CC servant_NN1 ,_, single_JJ or_CC married_JJ should_VM remain_VVI in_II the_AT borough_NN1 longer_RRR than_CSN six_MC days_NNT2 without_IW giving_VVG account_NN1 of_IO himself_PPX1 to_II the_AT Mayor_NN1 &equo;_" ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II Stafford_NP1 ,_, soldiers_NN2 were_VBDR forbidden_VVN from_II bring_VV0 their_APPGE families_NN2 into_II the_AT town_NN1 unless_CS they_PPHS2 had_VHD enough_DD funds_NN2 to_TO keep_VVI them_PPHO2 for_IF a_AT1 quarter_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 year_NNT1 ,_, due_II21 to_II22 the_AT large_JJ number_NN1 of_IO camp_NN1 followers_NN2 registering_VVG for_IF charity_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT aftermath_NN1 of_IO the_AT war_NN1 left_VVD many_DA2 displaced_JJ persons_NN2 ,_, and_CC towns_NN2 would_VM fine_JJ vagabonds_NN2 for_IF entering_VVG their_APPGE portals_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Many_DA2 ex-army_JJ tradeswomen_NN2 set_VVN up_RP in_II the_AT brewing_NN1 trade_NN1 ,_, opening_VVG licensed_JJ houses_NN2 where_CS they_PPHS2 could_VM ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 was_VBDZ naturally_RR unpopular_JJ with_IW the_AT existing_JJ brewers_NN2 and_CC in_II Hertfordshire_NP1 ,_, new_JJ regulations_NN2 were_VBDR put_VVN in_II place_NN1 ,_, restricting_VVG the_AT numbers_NN2 of_IO ale_NN1 houses_NN2 and_CC their_APPGE opening_NN1 hours_NNT2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
By_II the_AT time_NNT1 of_IO the_AT Restoration_NN1 in_II 1660_MC ,_, the_AT country_NN1 was_VBDZ beginning_VVG to_TO get_VVI back_RP to_II normal_JJ ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT husbands_NN2 had_VHD returned_VVN ,_, and_CC despite_II their_APPGE experiences_NN2 in_II the_AT war_NN1 ,_, women_NN2 were_VBDR once_RR21 again_RR22 the_AT &bquo;_" weaker_JJR vessel_NN1 &equo;_" ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT lot_NN1 of_IO women_NN2 definitely_RR did_VDD not_XX improve_VVI after_II the_AT war_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT war_NN1 years_NNT2 had_VHD certainly_RR elevated_VVN their_APPGE position_NN1 ,_, but_CCB this_DD1 was_VBDZ to_TO be_VBI only_RR temporary_JJ ,_, and_CC at_II the_AT end_NN1 of_IO the_AT 17th_MD Century_NNT1 women_NN2 were_VBDR as_RG badly_RR off_RP as_CS21 if_CS22 the_AT war_NN1 had_VHD never_RR happened_VVN ,_, worse_JJR in_II fact_NN1 because_CS their_APPGE position_NN1 declined_VVN after_II the_AT war_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
There_EX was_VBDZ an_AT1 improvement_NN1 in_II the_AT literacy_NN1 levels_NN2 amongst_II women_NN2 ,_, but_CCB they_PPHS2 were_VBDR handicapped_VVN by_II the_AT fact_NN1 that_CST they_PPHS2 were_VBDR generally_RR not_XX taught_VVN Latin_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
This_DD1 meant_VVD they_PPHS2 could_VM be_VBI midwives_NN2 or_CC nurses_NN2 ,_, but_CCB not_XX doctors_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Women_NN2 were_VBDR also_RR handicapped_VVN by_II the_AT constant_JJ cycle_NN1 of_IO pregnancy_NN1 and_CC childbirth_NN1 to_II which_DDQ they_PPHS2 had_VHD to_TO resign_VVI themselves_PPX2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Women_NN2 were_VBDR still_RR expected_VVN to_TO &bquo;_" love_VVI ,_, honour_NN1 and_CC obey_VVI &equo;_" their_APPGE husbands_NN2 and_CC were_VBDR not_XX allowed_VVN to_TO decide_VVI their_APPGE own_DA destinies_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
There_EX were_VBDR of_RR21 course_RR22 exceptions_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 Mrs_NNB Cellier_NP1 ,_, mid-wife_NN1 and_CC women_NN2 's_GE champion_NN1 who_PNQS against_II all_DB the_AT odds_NN2 managed_VVD to_TO carve_VVI a_AT1 niche_NN1 for_IF herself_PPX1 as_II a_AT1 nurse_NN1 ,_, to_TO hold_VVI her_APPGE own_DA whilst_CS on_II trial_NN1 at_II the_AT Old_JJ Bailey_NP1 ,_, calmly_RR storing_VVG in_II her_APPGE pocket_NN1 stones_NN2 thrown_VVN at_II her_PPHO1 whilst_CS in_II the_AT stocks_NN2 and_CC attempted_VVN to_II found_VVD a_AT1 college_NN1 of_IO therapeutic_JJ midwifery_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_RR21 general_RR22 however_RR ,_, women_NN2 were_VBDR sent_VVN back_RP to_II their_APPGE music_NN1 and_CC their_APPGE embroidery_NN1 and_CC were_VBDR told_VVN to_TO be_VBI submissive_JJ ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT women_NN2 in_II the_AT armies_NN2 of_IO the_AT English_JJ Civil_JJ Wars_NN2 played_VVD a_AT1 significant_JJ role_NN1 ,_, having_VHG shown_VVN great_JJ courage_NN1 ,_, determination_NN1 and_CC innovation_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Indeed_RR ,_, so_RR had_VHN those_DD2 left_VVN behind_RL to_TO defend_VVI their_APPGE houses_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT nursing_JJ skills_NN2 the_AT camp_NN1 followers_NN2 brought_VVN with_IW them_PPHO2 ,_, must_VM have_VHI reduced_VVN the_AT number_NN1 of_IO fatalities_NN2 and_CC the_AT contribution_NN1 made_VVN by_II those_DD2 who_PNQS donned_VVD male_JJ attire_NN1 ,_, and_CC fought_VVD along_II side_NN1 their_APPGE men_NN2 can_VM not_XX be_VBI counted_VVN ._. 
</s>
<s>
Women_NN2 had_VHD proved_VVN they_PPHS2 were_VBDR neither_RR cowards_NN2 nor_CC intellectually_RR lacking_VVG ._. 
</s>
<s>
It_PPH1 is_VBZ sad_JJ to_TO note_VVI then_RT ,_, that_CST their_APPGE lot_NN1 did_VDD not_XX improve_VVI substantially_RR ._. 
</s>
<s>
They_PPHS2 again_RT became_VVD the_AT &bquo;_" weaker_JJR sex_NN1 &equo;_" ,_, who_PNQS were_VBDR delicate_JJ and_CC fragile_JJ and_CC could_VM not_XX cope_VVI with_IW the_AT strains_NN2 of_IO learning_NN1 and_CC would_VM continue_VVI to_TO be_VBI mere_JJ property_NN1 to_TO be_VBI traded_VVN at_II will_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
On_II the_AT death_NN1 of_IO Queen_NNB Mary_NP1 in_II 1694_MC ,_, a_AT1 sermon_NN1 was_VBDZ preached_VVN noting_VVG how_RGQ rare_JJ it_PPH1 was_VBDZ to_TO find_VVI courage_NN1 and_CC heroism_NN1 in_II a_AT1 woman_NN1 and_CC relating_VVG this_DD1 to_II the_AT modesty_NN1 and_CC selfless_JJ nature_NN1 of_IO the_AT late_JJ queen_NN1 ,_, in_II abasing_VVG herself_PPX1 before_II her_APPGE husband_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Women_NN2 appeared_VVD to_TO have_VHI move_NN1 down_II the_AT scale_NN1 in_II men_NN2 's_GE esteem_NN1 ,_, rather_CS21 than_CS22 up_II it_PPH1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Essay_NN1 XI_NN1 Some_DD Theories_NN2 of_IO Child_NN1 Development_NN1 As_II31 well_II32 as_II33 the_AT Social-Learning_JJ approach_NN1 to_II child_NN1 development_NN1 ,_, there_EX are_VBR the_AT Psychoanalytic_JJ Approach_NN1 -begun_NN1 by_II Sigmund_NP1 Freud_NP1 ,_, Anna_NP1 Freud_NP1 's_GE development_NN1 of_IO this_DD1 approach_NN1 ,_, and_CC Piaget_NP1 's_GE and_CC Kohlberg_NP1 's_GE theories_NN2 of_IO Moral_JJ Development_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Sigmund_NP1 Freud_NP1 ,_, developed_VVD the_AT technique_NN1 of_IO &bquo;_" free-association_NN1 &equo;_" ,_, to_TO allow_VVI people_NN to_TO recall_VVI events_NN2 and_CC memories_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
From_II these_DD2 memories_NN2 he_PPHS1 developed_VVD a_AT1 theory_NN1 that_CST there_EX were_VBDR three_MC main_JJ stages_NN2 in_II a_AT1 child_NN1 's_GE development_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
These_DD2 were_VBDR the_AT Oral_JJ Stage_NN1 ,_, the_AT Anal_JJ Stage_NN1 and_CC the_AT Phallic_JJ Stage_NN1 ,_, and_CC the_AT Libido_NN1 &mdash;_- a_AT1 free_JJ floating_JJ sexual_JJ energy_NN1 &mdash;_- caused_VVD the_AT transition_NN1 through_II these_DD2 stages_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
He_PPHS1 also_RR developed_VVD a_AT1 theory_NN1 about_II adult_NN1 personality_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
He_PPHS1 said_VVD it_PPH1 was_VBDZ ruled_VVN by_II the_AT Id_NN1 &mdash;_- which_DDQ is_VBZ selfish_JJ ,_, the_AT Ego_NN1 &mdash;_- which_DDQ keeps_VVZ the_AT Id_NN1 in_II check_NN1 and_CC in_II31 touch_II32 with_II33 reality_NN1 ,_, and_CC by_II the_AT Super-ego_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ insists_VVZ that_CST social_JJ expectations_NN2 and_CC duties_NN2 are_VBR fulfilled_VVN ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT Ego_NN1 has_VHZ to_TO balance_VVI the_AT Id_NN1 and_CC the_AT Super-ego_NN1 and_CC keep_VV0 them_PPHO2 in_II check_NN1 and_CC this_DD1 is_VBZ the_AT Psycho-Dynamic_JJ theory_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Some_DD criticise_VV0 aspects_NN2 of_IO his_APPGE theories_NN2 ,_, for_REX21 example_REX22 that_CST the_AT first_MD 5_MC years_NNT2 of_IO childhood_NN1 are_VBR all_DB important_JJ and_CC say_VV0 that_CST all_DB years_NNT2 of_IO childhood_NN1 are_VBR vitally_RR important_JJ ._. 
</s>
<s>
Others_NN2 feel_VV0 that_CST Freud_NP1 used_VVD too_RG few_DA2 subjects_NN2 to_TO test_VVI his_APPGE theories_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Anna_NP1 Freud_NP1 ,_, Sigmund_NP1 's_GE daughter_NN1 developed_VVD her_APPGE father_NN1 's_GE ideas_NN2 further_RRR ,_, looking_VVG at_II children_NN2 coping_VVG with_IW their_APPGE Id_NN1 ,_, Ego_NN1 and_CC Super-ego_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
She_PPHS1 looked_VVD at_II the_AT &bquo;_" Ego_NN1 defence_NN1 mechanisms_NN2 &equo;_" ,_, that_CST protect_VV0 someone_PN1 if_CS their_APPGE Id_NN1 or_CC Super-ego_NN1 ask_VV0 too_RG much_DA1 ,_, and_CC the_AT way_NN1 children_NN2 will_VM create_VVI imaginary_JJ friends_NN2 to_TO defend_VVI their_APPGE Ego_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT Moral_JJ Development_NN1 theory_NN1 put_VVN forward_RL by_II Piaget_NP1 ,_, was_VBDZ based_VVN on_II observations_NN2 of_IO children_NN2 at_II play_NN1 and_CC clinical_JJ interviews_NN2 by_II him_PPHO1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
He_PPHS1 observed_VVD that_CST a_AT1 child_NN1 's_GE moral_JJ development_NN1 passed_VVN through_II three_MC main_JJ stages_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT first_MD (_( up_RG21 to_RG22 7/8_MF years_NNT2 )_) was_VBDZ moral_JJ realism_NN1 and_CC right_JJ and_CC wrong_JJ in_II the_AT child_NN1 's_GE eyes_NN2 depended_VVN on_II what_DDQ adults_NN2 told_VVD him_PPHO1 was_VBDZ right_JJ or_CC wrong_JJ ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II the_AT second_MD (_( 8&ndash;11_MCMC yrs_NNU2 )_) ,_, children_NN2 were_VBDR concerned_JJ about_II justice_NN1 and_CC things_NN2 being_VBG fair_JJ for_IF all_DB ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II the_AT third_MD (_( 11+_FO )_) ,_, children_NN2 realised_VVD that_DD1 equality_NN1 or_CC fairness_NN1 were_VBDR n't_XX always_RR enough_RR and_CC you_PPY sometimes_RT have_VH0 to_TO compensate_VVI for_IF circumstance_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Piaget_NP1 named_VVD this_DD1 approach_NN1 &bquo;_" moral_JJ realism_NN1 &equo;_" and_CC noted_VVD the_AT shift_NN1 during_II these_DD2 3_MC stages_NN2 from_II heteronomous_JJ morality_NN1 &mdash;_- dependent_JJ on_II external_JJ rules_NN2 ,_, to_II autonomous_JJ morality_NN1 &mdash;_- dependent_JJ on_II the_AT individuals_NN2 own_DA principles_NN2 of_IO justice_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
These_DD2 theories_NN2 were_VBDR backed_VVN by_II Durkin_NP1 and_CC others_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Kohlberg_NP1 's_GE theory_NN1 is_VBZ similar_JJ to_II Piaget_NP1 's_GE ,_, he_PPHS1 said_VVD that_CST Piaget_NP1 did_VDD not_XX go_VVI far_RR enough_RR ._. 
</s>
<s>
He_PPHS1 agreed_VVD that_CST moral_JJ development_NN1 was_VBDZ in_II 3_MC stages_NN2 ,_, but_CCB believed_VVD that_CST these_DD2 were_VBDR divided_VVN into_II two_MC parts_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT first_MD stage_NN1 is_VBZ the_AT premoral_JJ stage_NN1 and_CC the_AT child_NN1 starts_VVZ off_RP obeying_VVG to_TO avoid_VVI punishment_NN1 ,_, and_CC then_RT moves_VVZ onto_II obeying_VVG because_CS it_PPH1 understands_VVZ why_RRQ it_PPH1 should_VM ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II the_AT second_NNT1 the_AT &bquo;_" stage_NN1 of_IO conventional_JJ morality_NN1 &equo;_" ,_, the_AT child_NN1 judges_VVZ people_NN by_II their_APPGE intentions_NN2 in_II carrying_VVG out_RP something_PN1 ,_, and_CC then_RT moves_VVZ on_RP to_TO believe_VVI it_PPH1 is_VBZ a_AT1 persons_NN2 duty_NN1 to_TO do_VDI something_PN1 in_II a_AT1 particular_JJ way_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
At_II the_AT third_MD stage_NN1 &mdash;_- the_AT &bquo;_" stage_NN1 of_IO autonomous_JJ morality_NN1 &equo;_" ,_, the_AT person_NN1 considers_VVZ how_RRQ different_JJ societies_NN2 have_VH0 different_JJ rules_NN2 and_CC then_RT develop_VV0 a_AT1 universal_JJ ethical_JJ idea_NN1 ,_, equating_VVG goodness_NN1 with_IW freedom_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Essay_NN1 XII_MC &bquo;_" How_RRQ far_RR is_VBZ it_PPH1 true_JJ to_TO say_VVI that_CST VIETNAM_NP1 became_VVD a_AT1 quicksand_NN1 that_CST sucked_VVD the_AT USA_NP1 into_II an_AT1 unwanted_JJ war_NN1 ?_? &equo;_" 
</s>
<s>
Before_II discussing_VVG the_AT events_NN2 in_II the_AT Vietnam_NP1 War_NN1 it_PPH1 is_VBZ first_MD necessary_JJ to_TO define_VVI the_AT terms_NN2 used_VVN in_II the_AT question_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
A_AT1 &bquo;_" quicksand_NN1 &equo;_" is_VBZ defined_VVN in_II the_AT Oxford_NP1 English_JJ Dictionary_NN1 ,_, as_CSA &bquo;_" a_AT1 bed_NN1 of_IO loose_JJ wet_JJ sand_NN1 readily_RR swallowing_VVG up_RP heavy_JJ objects_NN2 &equo;_" ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT quicksand_NN1 in_II question_NN1 was_VBDZ the_AT boiling_JJ tumult_NN1 of_IO feeling_NN1 and_CC unrest_NN1 in_II post-war_JJ Vietnam_NP1 ,_, brought_VVN about_RP by_II the_AT confusion_NN1 caused_VVN by_II the_AT split_NN1 within_II the_AT country_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
It_PPH1 was_VBDZ powerful_JJ enough_RR to_TO swallow_VVI the_AT heavy_JJ might_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 world_NN1 superpower_NN1 ,_, and_CC to_TO affect_VVI that_DD1 country_NN1 so_RG greatly_RR ,_, that_CST it_PPH1 dominated_VVD the_AT politics_NN1 in_II the_AT States_NP1 for_IF over_RG ten_MC years_NNT2 and_CC massive_JJ pressure_NN1 was_VBDZ put_VVN on_II the_AT government_NN1 by_II the_AT US_NP1 people_NN ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT question_NN1 as_II21 to_II22 whether_CSW it_PPH1 was_VBDZ an_AT1 unwanted_JJ war_NN1 ,_, will_VM be_VBI dealt_VVN with_IW later_RRR on_RP ._. 
</s>
<s>
First_MD we_PPIS2 must_VM look_VVI at_II the_AT situation_NN1 in_II Vietnam_NP1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Vietnam_NP1 had_VHD been_VBN a_AT1 French_JJ colony_NN1 ,_, before_CS the_AT Second_MD World_NN1 War_NN1 ,_, when_CS it_PPH1 was_VBDZ invaded_VVN by_II Japan_NP1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
By_II 1945_MC ,_, there_EX were_VBDR various_JJ groups_NN2 in_II existence_NN1 ,_, whose_DDQGE aim_NN1 was_VBDZ to_TO gain_VVI independence_NN1 from_II France_NP1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
One_MC1 of_IO these_DD2 was_VBDZ the_AT Viet_NP1 Minh_NP1 ,_, and_CC it_PPH1 was_VBDZ led_VVN by_II Ho_NP1 Chi_NP1 Minh_NP1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Ho_NP1 Chi_NP1 Minh_NP1 was_VBDZ very_RG determined_JJ Communist_NN1 who_PNQS wanted_VVD a_AT1 united_JJ ,_, independent_JJ ,_, free_JJ and_CC Communist_JJ Vietnam_NP1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
He_PPHS1 wanted_VVD equality_NN1 and_CC freedom_NN1 for_IF all_DB and_CC believed_VVD no_AT other_JJ country_NN1 had_VHD the_AT right_NN1 to_TO rule_VVI it_PPH1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Before_CS the_AT War_NN1 ,_, he_PPHS1 had_VHD visited_VVN Europe_NP1 ,_, worked_VVD in_II the_AT kitchen_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 London_NP1 hotel_NN1 ,_, and_CC had_VHD then_RT gone_VVN to_II Moscow_NP1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II Moscow_NP1 he_PPHS1 became_VVD a_AT1 convert_NN1 to_II Marxism_NN1 ,_, having_VHG seen_VVN Capitalism_NN1 in_II action_NN1 in_II Europe_NP1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
On_II returning_VVG to_II Vietnam_NP1 ,_, he_PPHS1 wasted_VVD no_AT time_NNT1 in_II spreading_VVG his_APPGE knowledge_NN1 ,_, and_CC when_CS the_AT Japanese_NN1 invaded_VVD ,_, he_PPHS1 set_VVD up_RP a_AT1 guerrilla_NN1 resistance_NN1 force_NN1 ,_, the_AT Viet_NP1 Cong_NP1 ,_, to_TO fight_VVI the_AT invaders_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II 1946_MC his_APPGE group_NN1 ,_, the_AT Viet_NP1 Minh_NP1 ,_, took_VVD over_II North_NP1 Vietnam_NP1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
France_NP1 ,_, frightened_VVN by_II the_AT occupation_NN1 of_IO their_APPGE country_NN1 by_II Hitler_NP1 ,_, was_VBDZ determined_VVN to_TO hold_VVI onto_II what_DDQ was_VBDZ left_VVN of_IO her_APPGE empire_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
At_RR21 first_RR22 the_AT US_NP1 was_VBDZ sympathetic_JJ with_IW the_AT Viet_NP1 Minh_NP1 ,_, remembering_VVG her_APPGE own_DA struggle_NN1 for_IF independence_NN1 from_II colonial_JJ rule_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
But_CCB in_II 1949_MC ,_, after_CS the_AT Communist_JJ victory_NN1 in_II China_NP1 ,_, Ho_NP1 Chi_NP1 Minh_NP1 ,_, became_VVD even_RR more_RGR fervent_JJ in_II his_APPGE Marxist_JJ beliefs_NN2 and_CC the_AT US_NP1 attitude_NN1 changed_VVD ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT Americans_NN2 were_VBDR petrified_JJ of_IO Communism_NN1 ,_, and_CC believed_VVD Communists_NN2 were_VBDR aiming_VVG for_IF world_NN1 domination_NN1 ,_, via_II the_AT &bquo;_" domino_NN1 effect_NN1 &equo;_" of_IO one_MC1 country_NN1 after_II another_DD1 falling_VVG to_II it_PPH1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT US_NP1 stopped_VVD supporting_VVG Ho_NP1 Chi_NP1 Minh_NP1 ,_, believing_VVG him_PPHO1 to_TO be_VBI a_AT1 puppet_NN1 of_IO the_AT Chinese_JJ and_CC instead_RR gave_VVD their_APPGE support_NN1 to_II the_AT French_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
War_NN1 broke_VVD out_RP between_II the_AT French_NN1 and_CC the_AT Viet_NP1 Minh_NP1 forces_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
France_NP1 was_VBDZ to_TO struggle_VVI badly_RR and_CC by_II 1954_MC ,_, the_AT US_NP1 was_VBDZ paying_VVG 80%_NNU of_IO France_NP1 's_GE costs_NN2 for_IF the_AT conflict_NN1 in_BCL21 order_BCL22 to_TO keep_VVI the_AT French_NN1 in_II there_RL ,_, knowing_VVG that_CST France_NP1 would_VM withdraw_VVI its_APPGE colonials_NN2 if_CS things_NN2 got_VVD tricky_JJ ,_, leaving_VVG an_AT1 administrative_JJ void_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
They_PPHS2 had_VHD made_VVN their_APPGE first_MD venture_NN1 into_II the_AT quicksand_NN1 that_CST Vietnam_NP1 was_VBDZ to_TO become_VVI ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT French_NN1 were_VBDR crushed_VVN by_II the_AT native_JJ forces_NN2 and_CC the_AT Americans_NN2 were_VBDR forced_VVN to_TO move_VVI in_RP to_TO take_VVI their_APPGE place_NN1 in_BCL21 order_BCL22 to_TO safe-guard_VVI their_APPGE investment_NN1 ,_, going_VVG a_RR21 little_RR22 deeper_RRR into_II the_AT quicksand_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
A_AT1 right_JJ wing_NN1 military_JJ Government_NN1 was_VBDZ set_VVN up_RP in_II the_AT South_ND1 as_II a_AT1 result_NN1 of_IO the_AT peace_NN1 conference_NN1 was_VBDZ convened_VVN at_II Geneva_NP1 in_II 1954_MC ._. 
</s>
<s>
Vietnam_NP1 was_VBDZ split_VVN into_II two_MC independent_JJ states_NN2 and_CC elections_NN2 were_VBDR promised_VVN ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT North_ND1 was_VBDZ to_TO be_VBI Communist_JJ in_II ideology_NN1 ,_, and_CC led_VVN by_II Ho_NP1 Chi_NP1 Minh_NP1 and_CC the_AT South_ND1 non-Communist_JJ and_CC led_VVN by_II President_NNB Diem_NP1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT US_NP1 was_VBDZ determined_VVN to_TO stop_VVI the_AT domino_NN1 effect_NN1 by_II propping_VVG up_RP South_NP1 Vietnam_NP1 with_IW arms_NN2 and_CC money_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT Geneva_NP1 Conference_NN1 had_VHD been_VBN attended_VVN by_II many_DA2 SE_ND1 Asia_NP1 countries_NN2 who_PNQS wished_VVD to_TO see_VVI a_AT1 split_JJ Vietnam_NP1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT US_NP1 did_VDD not_XX want_VVI this_DD1 and_CC refused_VVD to_TO sign_VVI ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT elections_NN2 were_VBDR never_RR held_VVN and_CC Ho_NP1 Chi_NP1 Minh_NP1 and_CC Diem_NP1 remained_VVD in_II power_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT US_NP1 continued_VVD to_TO pour_VVI money_NN1 into_II the_AT South_ND1 to_TO keep_VVI it_PPH1 in_II power_NN1 ,_, again_RT sinking_VVG deeper_RRR into_II the_AT quicksand_NN1 in_II the_AT process_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Diem_NP1 was_VBDZ a_AT1 corrupt_JJ ,_, greedy_JJ and_CC self-interested_JJ leader_NN1 ,_, and_CC treated_VVD the_AT South_NP1 Vietnamese_NN very_RG shabbily_RR ._. 
</s>
<s>
Despite_II this_DD1 ,_, the_AT US_NP1 had_VHD to_TO continue_VVI to_TO support_VVI him_PPHO1 because_CS they_PPHS2 did_VDD n't_XX want_VVI to_TO get_VVI too_RG involved_JJ and_CC wanted_VVD South_NP1 Vietnam_NP1 to_TO have_VHI a_AT1 chance_NN1 to_TO make_VVI its_APPGE own_DA way_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT peasants_NN2 however_RR ,_, were_VBDR determined_VVN to_TO get_VVI rid_VVN of_IO Diem_NP1 ,_, and_CC Ho_NP1 Chi_NP1 Minh_NP1 took_VVD the_AT opportunity_NN1 to_TO offer_VVI his_APPGE help_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT US_NP1 Secretary_NN1 of_IO State_NN1 set_VVD up_RP SEATO_NP1 &mdash;_- the_AT South_ND1 East_ND1 Asia_NP1 Treaty_NN1 Organisation_NN1 &mdash;_- as_II a_AT1 forum_NN1 for_IF discussion_NN1 in_II South_ND1 East_ND1 Asia_NP1 ,_, in_BCL21 order_BCL22 to_TO show_VVI it_PPH1 was_VBDZ not_XX wielding_VVG its_APPGE power_NN1 without_IW consultation_NN1 ,_, to_TO try_VVI to_TO help_VVI sort_NN1 things_NN2 out_RP ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT US_NP1 still_RR did_VDD n't_XX want_VVI to_TO resort_NN1 to_II military_JJ means_NN and_CC wanted_VVD the_AT country_NN1 to_TO sort_VVI itself_PPX1 out_RP ._. 
</s>
<s>
But_CCB the_AT Vietcong_NP1 were_VBDR already_RR moving_VVG amongst_II the_AT peasants_NN2 of_IO the_AT South_ND1 ,_, who_PNQS were_VBDR now_RT supporters_NN2 of_IO Communism_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
For_IF nine_MC years_NNT2 the_AT US_NP1 supported_VVD the_AT corrupt_JJ Diem_NP1 regime_NN1 ,_, and_CC did_VDD everything_PN1 in_II their_APPGE power_NN1 to_TO keep_VVI Communism_NN1 at_II bay_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
By_II 1963_MC the_AT US_NP1 had_VHD had_VHN enough_DD of_IO Diem_NP1 and_CC encouraged_VVD his_APPGE overthrow_NN1 ,_, but_CCB the_AT military_JJ power_NN1 in_II the_AT South_ND1 was_VBDZ still_RR in_II Deim_NP1 's_GE hands_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Diem_NP1 was_VBDZ assassinated_VVN and_CC in_II the_AT space_NN1 of_IO 1962&ndash;64_MCMC ,_, South_NP1 Vietnam_NP1 had_VHD three_MC presidents_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT US_NP1 now_RT felt_VVD obliged_VVN to_TO dive_VVI whole_JJ heartedly_RR into_II the_AT Vietnam_NP1 quicksand_NN1 for_IF a_AT1 number_NN1 of_IO reasons_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Their_APPGE fear_NN1 of_IO Communism_NN1 and_CC the_AT domino_NN1 effect_NN1 ,_, had_VHD touched_VVN the_AT entire_JJ country_NN1 ,_, and_CC the_AT US_NP1 citizens_NN2 felt_VVD it_PPH1 was_VBDZ up_II21 to_II22 their_APPGE country_NN1 to_TO sort_VVI out_RP the_AT &bquo;_" Reds_NN2 &equo;_" once_RR41 and_RR42 for_RR43 all_RR44 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT US_NP1 was_VBDZ still_RR reeling_VVG from_II the_AT embarrassment_NN1 of_IO the_AT Cuban_JJ Missile_NN1 Crisis_NN1 and_CC needed_VVD to_TO boost_VVI morale_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_RR21 addition_RR22 there_EX was_VBDZ the_AT fear_NN1 of_IO puppet_NN1 rulers_NN2 &mdash;_- as_CSA they_PPHS2 believed_VVD Ho_NP1 Chi_NP1 Minh_NP1 to_TO be_VBI ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II 1964_MC ,_, the_AT US_NP1 stance_NN1 against_II Communism_NN1 backfired_VVD ,_, when_CS the_AT first_MD Vietcong_NP1 troops_NN2 from_II the_AT North_ND1 ,_, moved_VVD across_II the_AT border_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
It_PPH1 was_VBDZ obvious_JJ now_RT to_II the_AT World_NN1 that_CST America_NP1 's_GE involvement_NN1 had_VHD driven_VVN Kennedy_NP1 into_II supporting_VVG a_AT1 corrupt_JJ ,_, totalitarian_JJ government_NN1 because_CS the_AT US_NP1 felt_VVD that_CST stopping_VVG Communism_NN1 was_VBDZ more_RGR important_JJ than_CSN setting_VVG up_RP a_AT1 democratic_JJ government_NN1 in_II South_NP1 Vietnam_NP1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Kennedy_NP1 was_VBDZ assassinated_VVN ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT North_ND1 then_RT invaded_VVD the_AT South_ND1 and_CC the_AT Gulf_NN1 of_IO Tonkin_NP1 incident_NN1 followed_VVD ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT US_NP1 claimed_VVD its_APPGE battleship_NN1 the_AT Maddox_NP1 ,_, had_VHD been_VBN attacked_VVN ._. 
</s>
<s>
A_AT1 day_NNT1 later_RRR sixty-four_MC bombers_NN2 attacked_VVD North_NP1 Vietnam_NP1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
On_II 2nd_MD November_NPM1 1964_MC ,_, North_NP1 Vietnam_NP1 attacked_VVD the_AT American_JJ air_NN1 base_NN1 at_II Bien_NP1 Hoa_NP1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT US_NP1 retaliated_VVD by_II mounting_VVG operations_NN2 Flaming_VVG Dart_NN1 and_CC Rolling_JJ Thunder_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Johnson_NP1 took_VVD the_AT popular_JJ step_NN1 of_IO sending_VVG American_JJ troops_NN2 in_RP ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT US_NP1 was_VBDZ now_RT floundering_VVG in_II the_AT depths_NN2 of_IO the_AT quicksand_NN1 and_CC was_VBDZ being_VBG dragged_VVN down_RP ._. 
</s>
<s>
America_NP1 realised_VVD this_DD1 was_VBDZ not_XX going_VVGK to_TO be_VBI an_AT1 easy_JJ war_NN1 to_TO conclude_VVI ._. 
</s>
<s>
By_II March_NPM1 1965_MC 3,000_MC US_NP1 Marines_NN2 had_VHD landed_VVN in_II the_AT North_ND1 and_CC by_II May_NPM1 an_AT1 additional_JJ 72,000_MC troops_NN2 had_VHD been_VBN sent_VVN in_RP ._. 
</s>
<s>
South_NP1 Vietnam_NP1 was_VBDZ in_II complete_JJ chaos_NN1 ,_, caused_VVN by_II the_AT fall_NN1 of_IO the_AT corrupt_JJ government_NN1 and_CC in_II the_AT North_ND1 ,_, they_PPHS2 portrayed_VVD the_AT US_NP1 as_CSA foreign_JJ invaders_NN2 ,_, entering_VVG a_AT1 country_NN1 without_IW the_AT support_NN1 of_IO the_AT native_JJ population_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT US_NP1 troops_NN2 were_VBDR struggling_VVG against_II the_AT Viet_NP1 Cong_NP1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT Americans_NN2 had_VHD under_RG estimated_VVN the_AT fact_NN1 that_CST their_APPGE troops_NN2 were_VBDR trained_VVN for_IF battle_NN1 in_II Europe_NP1 ,_, against_II the_AT USSR_NP1 in_II tank_NN1 warfare_NN1 &mdash;_- not_XX jungle_NN1 warfare_NN1 in_II a_AT1 semi-tropical_JJ climate_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
They_PPHS2 were_VBDR convinced_VVN that_CST their_APPGE high-tech_JJ weapons_NN2 would_VM work_VVI against_II the_AT peasant_NN1 forces_NN2 ,_, however_RR ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT Americans_NN2 ,_, in_II desperation_NN1 to_TO end_VVI their_APPGE involvement_NN1 in_II this_DD1 pool_NN1 of_IO quicksand_NN1 that_CST was_VBDZ Vietnam_NP1 ,_, took_VVD to_II using_VVG defoliants_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 Agent_NN1 Orange_NN1 and_CC using_VVG Napalm_NP1 indiscriminately_RR ._. 
</s>
<s>
By_II 1969_MC 250,000_MC US_NP1 troops_NN2 were_VBDR in_II Vietnam_NP1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Their_APPGE determination_NN1 to_TO win_VVI at_II any_DD cost_NN1 ,_, brought_VVD world_NN1 criticism_NN1 as_II the_AT details_NN2 of_IO massacres_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 Mai_NP1 Lai_NP1 emerged_VVD ._. 
</s>
<s>
Johnson_NP1 's_GE popularity_NN1 slumped_VVD dramatically_RR ._. 
</s>
<s>
When_CS the_AT troops_NN2 had_VHD gone_VVN in_II 85%_NNU of_IO the_AT US_NP1 population_NN1 supported_VVD this_DD1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
There_EX were_VBDR now_RT violent_JJ protests_NN2 throughout_II the_AT nation_NN1 ,_, calling_VVG for_IF withdrawal_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II 1968_MC Nixon_NP1 won_VVD the_AT Presidential_JJ election_NN1 ,_, on_II his_APPGE promise_NN1 to_TO end_VVI the_AT war_NN1 ,_, but_CCB even_RR he_PPHS1 wanted_VVD victory_NN1 for_IF America_NP1 and_CC would_VM not_XX withdraw_VVI until_CS this_DD1 had_VHD been_VBN achieved_VVN ._. 
</s>
<s>
He_PPHS1 introduced_VVD the_AT policy_NN1 of_IO &bquo;_" Vietnamization_NN1 &equo;_" ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT South_NP1 Vietnamese_NN forces_NN2 ,_, the_AT ARVN_NP1 ,_, were_VBDR mustered_VVN ,_, and_CC armed_VVN by_II the_AT US_NP1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
They_PPHS2 would_VM go_VVI in_RP and_CC fight_VVI their_APPGE own_DA battle_NN1 and_CC US_NP1 forces_NN2 would_VM gradually_RR be_VBI withdrawn_VVN ._. 
</s>
<s>
The_AT US_NP1 army_NN1 were_VBDR now_RT in_II a_AT1 mess_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
By_II 1971_MC morale_NN1 was_VBDZ low_JJ and_CC discipline_NN1 was_VBDZ fragile_JJ ,_, there_EX was_VBDZ pressure_NN1 to_TO get_VVI the_AT troops_NN2 out_RP ._. 
</s>
<s>
They_PPHS2 were_VBDR tired_JJ of_IO being_VBG outwitted_VVN by_II peasants_NN2 and_CC desperately_RR wanted_VVN to_TO go_VVI home_RL ._. 
</s>
<s>
In_II 1972_MC peace_NN1 negotiations_NN2 took_VVD place_NN1 in_II Paris_NP1 and_CC finally_RR on_II 23_MC January_NPM1 1973_MC ,_, US_NP1 troops_NN2 were_VBDR withdrawn_VVN ._. 
</s>
<s>
America_NP1 had_VHD managed_VVN to_TO extract_VVI itself_PPX1 from_II the_AT quicksand_NN1 at_RR21 last_RR22 ._. 
</s>
<s>
Vietnam_NP1 was_VBDZ left_VVN to_TO decide_VVI its_APPGE own_DA fate_NN1 ,_, and_CC in_II 1975_MC ,_, North_NP1 Vietnam_NP1 took_VVD over_II the_AT South_ND1 and_CC declared_VVD it_PPH1 a_AT1 Communist_JJ state_NN1 ,_, causing_VVG thousands_NNO2 to_TO flee_VVI from_II the_AT South_ND1 as_CSA boat_NN1 people_NN refugees_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
No_AT war_NN1 is_VBZ really_RR a_AT1 wanted_JJ war_NN1 ,_, and_CC Vietnam_NP1 was_VBDZ no_AT exception_NN1 ,_, it_PPH1 was_VBDZ an_AT1 unwanted_JJ war_NN1 ,_, but_CCB the_AT US_NP1 felt_VVD obliged_VVN to_TO enter_VVI into_II it_PPH1 because_II21 of_II22 the_AT fear_NN1 it_PPH1 had_VHD of_IO Communism_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
They_PPHS2 felt_VVD it_PPH1 was_VBDZ the_AT duty_NN1 of_IO America_NP1 to_TO stop_VVI the_AT world_NN1 toppling_VVG to_II Communism_NN1 and_CC did_VDD everything_PN1 they_PPHS2 could_VM to_TO stop_VVI Ho_NP1 Chi_NP1 Minh_NP1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
They_PPHS2 needed_VVD a_AT1 boost_NN1 because_II21 of_II22 the_AT Cuban_JJ crisis_NN1 and_CC this_DD1 seemed_VVD to_TO be_VBI the_AT opportunity_NN1 ,_, so_CS they_PPHS2 had_VHD little_DA1 choice_NN1 but_CCB to_TO enter_VVI into_II the_AT quicksand_NN1 of_IO the_AT Vietnam_NP1 War_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
America_NP1 could_VM not_XX believe_VVI that_CST their_APPGE elite_NN1 fighting_VVG forces_NN2 could_VM be_VBI quashed_VVN by_II a_AT1 bunch_NN1 of_IO peasants_NN2 ,_, and_CC that_DD1 was_VBDZ why_RRQ they_PPHS2 were_VBDR so_RR determined_VVN to_TO win_VVI ._. 
</s>
<s>
It_PPH1 was_VBDZ this_DD1 desire_NN1 to_TO win_VVI that_CST dragged_VVD and_CC sucked_VVD them_PPHO2 into_II the_AT war_NN1 ._. 
</s>
<s>
They_PPHS2 had_VHD invested_VVN millions_NNO2 of_IO dollars_NNU2 and_CC lives_NN2 in_II this_DD1 war_NN1 ,_, and_CC this_DD1 meant_VVD that_CST they_PPHS2 could_VM not_XX extract_VVI themselves_PPX2 easily_RR ._. 
</s>
<s>
Their_APPGE pride_NN1 was_VBDZ at_II stake_NN1 and_CC they_PPHS2 could_VM not_XX believe_VVI it_PPH1 when_CS they_PPHS2 did_VDD not_XX win_VVI ,_, despite_II their_APPGE use_NN1 of_IO horrific_JJ tactics_NN2 ._. 
</s>
<s>
America_NP1 was_VBDZ broken_VVN ._. 
</s>
