<s>
Americans_NN2 often_RR say_VV0 that_CST they_PPHS2 fear_VV0 taxes_NN2 ,_, death_NN1 ,_, and_CC public_JJ speaking_NN1 ._. 
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It_PPH1 's_VBZ a_AT1 strange_JJ combination_NN1 of_IO fears_NN2 ._. 
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This_DD1 is_VBZ especially_RR true_JJ since_CS most_DAT elementary_JJ schools_NN2 ,_, high_JJ schools_NN2 ,_, colleges_NN2 ,_, and_CC universities_NN2 in_II America_NP1 provide_VV0 many_DA2 partial_JJ or_CC full_JJ courses_NN2 in_II public_JJ speaking_NN1 ._. 
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Many_DA2 universities_NN2 require_VV0 every_AT1 student_NN1 to_TO take_VVI a_AT1 course_NN1 in_II public_JJ speaking_NN1 ._. 
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In_II American_JJ business_NN1 ,_, the_AT Dale_NP1 Carnegie_NP1 Company_NN1 and_CC the_AT volunteer_NN1 Toastmasters_NN2 offer_VV0 much_DA1 training_NN1 in_II public_JJ speaking_NN1 ._. 
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So_RR ,_, why_RRQ do_VD0 so_RG many_DA2 Americans_NN2 fear_VV0 giving_VVG public_JJ speeches_NN2 ?_? 
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<s>
Perhaps_RR ,_, they_PPHS2 fear_VV0 seeming_VVG to_TO be_VBI foolish_JJ in_II31 front_II32 of_II33 others_NN2 ,_, or_CC lack_NN1 confidence_NN1 in_II their_APPGE own_DA abilities_NN2 ._. 
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As_RG early_RR as_CSA the_AT fifth_MD century_NNT1 before_II the_AT birth_NN1 of_IO Christ_NP1 or_CC the_AT common_JJ Era_NN1 ,_, Plato_NP1 ,_, Aristotle_NP1 ,_, and_CC other_JJ famous_JJ Green_JJ teachers_NN2 were_VBDR training_VVG young_JJ men_NN2 in_II effective_JJ public_JJ speeches_NN2 as_II a_AT1 standard_JJ part_NN1 of_IO becoming_VVG a_AT1 good_JJ citizen_NN1 in_II their_APPGE society_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Aristotle_NP1 said_VVD that_CST every_AT1 speech_NN1 is_VBZ like_II a_AT1 human_JJ body_NN1 ,_, with_IW a_AT1 head_NN1 (_( introduction_NN1 )_) body_NN1 (_( development_NN1 of_IO the_AT main_JJ ideas_NN2 )_) ,_, and_CC feet_NN2 (_( conclusion_NN1 )_) ._. 
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Rhetoric_NN1 ,_, seen_VVN then_RT as_CSA "_" finding_VVG all_DB of_IO the_AT available_JJ means_NN of_IO persuasion_NN1 "_" has_VHZ had_VHN a_AT1 2500_MC year_NNT1 history_NN1 for_IF the_AT effective_JJ preparation_NN1 and_CC presentation_NN1 of_IO oral_NN1 and_CC written_JJ messages_NN2 ._. 
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Aristotle_NP1 's_GE three_MC major_JJ proofs_NN2 in_II rhetoric_NN1 have_VH0 remained_VVN useful_JJ even_RR now_RT :_: ethos_NN1 he_PPHS1 credibility_NN1 ,_, knowledge_NN1 ,_, and_CC good_JJ will_NN1 of_IO the_AT message_NN1 presenter_NN1 ,_, logos_NN2 the_AT construction_NN1 of_IO arguments_NN2 and_CC threir_NN1 support_NN1 through_II reliable_JJ evidence_NN1 ,_, and_CC pathos-the_AT emotional_JJ appeals_NN2 which_DDQ can_VM be_VBI make_NN1 to_II members_NN2 of_IO an_AT1 audience_NN1 which_DDQ will_VM move_VVI them_PPHO2 toward_II belief_NN1 or_CC action_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
In_II modern_JJ persuasion_NN1 ,_, the_AT message_NN1 givers_NN2 are_VBR interested_JJ in_II identifying_VVG values_NN2 which_DDQ they_PPHS2 support_VV0 ,_, the_AT maintenance_NN1 or_CC change_NN1 of_IO policies_NN2 ;_; refutation_NN1 of_IO opposing_JJ arguments_NN2 ,_, and_CC advocacy_NN1 for_IF sustaining_VVG or_CC changing_JJ beliefs_NN2 ,_, and_CC calling_VVG people_NN to_II specific_JJ forms_NN2 of_IO action_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Today_RT ,_, there_EX are_VBR many_DA2 thousands_NNO2 of_IO public_NN1 speaking_VVG courses_NN2 in_II America_NP1 ._. 
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<s>
Thousands_NNO2 of_IO public_JJ speeches_NN2 are_VBR given_VVN annually_RR ._. 
</s>
<s>
A_ZZ1 US_NP1 presidential_JJ election_NN1 finds_VVZ the_AT candidates_NN2 of_IO the_AT major_JJ parties_NN2 giving_VVG perhaps_RR a_AT1 dozen_NNO speeches_NN2 a_AT1 day_NNT1 for_IF many_DA2 months_NNT2 ._. 
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<s>
On_II a_AT1 personal_JJ level_NN1 ,_, I_PPIS1 always_RR have_VH0 had_VHN great_JJ confidence_NN1 in_II myself_PPX1 as_II a_AT1 public_JJ speaker_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
I_PPIS1 involved_VVD myself_PPX1 in_II speaking_VVG contests_NN2 in_II high_JJ school_NN1 ,_, was_VBDZ a_AT1 university_NN1 debator_NN1 ,_, and_CC have_VH0 sometimes_RT given_VVN dozens_NNO2 of_IO speeches_NN2 a_AT1 year_NNT1 as_II a_AT1 university_NN1 professor_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
Naturally_RR ,_, I_PPIS1 also_RR give_VV0 many_DA2 lectures_NN2 or_CC mini_JJ lectures_NN2 in_II my_APPGE classes_NN2 over_II more_DAR than_CSN 40_MC years_NNT2 of_IO university_NN1 teaching_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
I_PPIS1 tell_VV0 my_APPGE students_NN2 that_CST good_JJ public_JJ speaking_NN1 requires_VVZ a_AT1 good_JJ sense_NN1 of_IO the_AT topic_NN1 ,_, an_AT1 interest_NN1 in_II the_AT topic_NN1 ,_, good_JJ research_NN1 on_II the_AT topic_NN1 and_CC lots_PN and_CC lots_PN of_IO experience_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
In_II this_DD1 way_NN1 ,_, practice_NN1 can_VM make_VVI perfect_JJ ,_, if_CS on_II practice_NN1 toward_II a_AT1 sense_NN1 of_IO personal_JJ excellence_NN1 in_II public_JJ speaking_NN1 ._. 
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<s>
In_II China_NP1 ,_, I_PPIS1 have_VH0 given_VVN many_DA2 speeches_NN2 ,_, and_CC would_VM much_RR prefer_VVI giving_VVG speeches_NN2 on_II topics_NN2 that_CST I_PPIS1 know_VV0 and_CC like_VV0 ,_, than_CSN doing_VDG many_DA2 other_JJ activities_NN2 ._. 
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<s>
You_PPY say_VV0 that_CST you_PPY want_VV0 to_TO give_VVI a_AT1 speech_NN1 to_II your_APPGE group_NN1 ?_? 
</s>
<s>
All_RR21 right_RR22 ,_, when_RRQ ?_? 
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