<time>2144_01:04:12,000 --> 01:04:12,720</time>
<s>但是好在</s>
<time>2145_01:04:13,440 --> 01:04:15,600</time>
<s>爱因斯坦还有点不重要的成就</s>
<time>2146_01:04:15,960 --> 01:04:17,760</time>
<s>比如说光电效应足够拿诺奖了</s>
<time>2147_01:04:18,120 --> 01:04:18,480</time>
<s>对</s>
<time>2148_01:04:18,840 --> 01:04:20,640</time>
<s>杨振宁先生还有点不重要的成就</s>
<time>2149_01:04:21,000 --> 01:04:21,720</time>
<s>足够拿诺奖了</s>
<time>2150_01:04:22,080 --> 01:04:22,800</time>
<s>但他最重要的成就</s>
<time>2151_01:04:23,160 --> 01:04:24,600</time>
<s>杨-米尔斯理论没有拿诺奖</s>
<time>2152_01:04:24,960 --> 01:04:25,680</time>
<s>也拿不了</s>
<time>2153_01:04:26,040 --> 01:04:27,120</time>
<s>因为它这个方程</s>
<time>2154_01:04:27,480 --> 01:04:28,200</time>
<s>你说本质上来讲</s>
<time>2155_01:04:28,560 --> 01:04:30,720</time>
<s>它又不是完全正确的东西</s>
<time>2156_01:04:31,080 --> 01:04:31,800</time>
<s>不是完全正确</s>
<time>2157_01:04:32,160 --> 01:04:33,240</time>
<s>它又是我们这个</s>
<time>2158_01:04:33,600 --> 01:04:35,400</time>
<s>所有我们物理现在最</s>
<time>2159_01:04:35,760 --> 01:04:37,560</time>
<s>我们规范场论的底层的理论</s>
<time>2160_01:04:37,920 --> 01:04:39,000</time>
<s>它不正确在哪儿呢</s>
<time>2161_01:04:39,360 --> 01:04:40,440</time>
<s>这个方程当时写出来的时候</s>
<time>2162_01:04:40,800 --> 01:04:41,880</time>
<s>在会上讲的时候</s>
<time>2163_01:04:42,240 --> 01:04:43,680</time>
<s>这个方程预言</s>
<time>2164_01:04:44,040 --> 01:04:44,760</time>
<s>这个世界没有质量</s>
<time>2165_01:04:46,200 --> 01:04:48,720</time>
<s>所有的粒子的质量都是零</s>
<time>2166_01:04:49,080 --> 01:04:49,800</time>
<s>它如果不是零</s>
<time>2167_01:04:50,160 --> 01:04:50,880</time>
<s>这个方程不能对称</s>
<time>2168_01:04:51,960 --> 01:04:52,680</time>
<s>它就对称不了</s>
<time>2169_01:04:53,760 --> 01:04:55,560</time>
<s>所以这个像泡利</s>
<time>2170_01:04:55,920 --> 01:04:57,360</time>
<s>那个非常著名的物理学家就说</s>
<time>2171_01:04:57,720 --> 01:04:58,440</time>
<s>这是胡扯八道</s>
<time>2172_01:04:58,800 --> 01:04:59,160</time>
<s>这个方程</s>
<time>2173_01:04:59,520 --> 01:04:59,880</time>
<s>这是啥方程</s>
<time>2174_01:05:00,240 --> 01:05:00,960</time>
<s>就那个泡利</s>
<time>2175_01:05:01,320 --> 01:05:02,040</time>
<s>泡利不相容原理</s>
<time>2176_01:05:02,400 --> 01:05:03,120</time>
<s>他说这是啥呀</s>
<time>2177_01:05:03,480 --> 01:05:04,200</time>
<s>明摆着的</s>
<time>2178_01:05:04,560 --> 01:05:05,280</time>
<s>这个所有的粒子都有质量</s>
<time>2179_01:05:05,640 --> 01:05:06,360</time>
<s>都测出来了</s>
<time>2180_01:05:06,720 --> 01:05:07,800</time>
<s>再说我们也不是飘在那儿</s>
<time>2181_01:05:08,160 --> 01:05:08,880</time>
<s>它又不是幽灵</s>
<time>2182_01:05:09,240 --> 01:05:10,680</time>
<s>你这个方程说我们全是（没有质量）</s>
<time>2183_01:05:11,040 --> 01:05:11,760</time>
<s>那明显不对</s>
<time>2184_01:05:13,200 --> 01:05:14,280</time>
<s>杨振宁先生回答就说</s>
<time>2185_01:05:15,360 --> 01:05:17,520</time>
<s>这个方程只能这样子才最美</s>
<time>2186_01:05:17,880 --> 01:05:18,960</time>
<s>它一定是正确的</s>
<time>2187_01:05:19,320 --> 01:05:21,120</time>
<s>至于质量的问题以后再说吧</s>
<time>2188_01:05:22,200 --> 01:05:23,280</time>
<s>这个是个小事</s>
<time>2189_01:05:23,640 --> 01:05:24,720</time>
<s>这很难理解</s>
<time>2190_01:05:25,080 --> 01:05:26,160</time>
<s>他说这是小事</s>
<time>2191_01:05:26,520 --> 01:05:27,960</time>
<s>以后再说吧</s>
<time>2192_01:05:28,320 --> 01:05:29,760</time>
<s>这个方程肯定是对的</s>
<time>2193_01:05:30,120 --> 01:05:31,920</time>
<s>描述我们这个自然界的</s>
<time>2194_01:05:32,280 --> 01:05:33,360</time>
<s>最基本的事情</s>
<time>2195_01:05:33,720 --> 01:05:36,240</time>
<s>后来果然我们的这个规范场理论</s>
<time>2196_01:05:36,600 --> 01:05:38,040</time>
<s>我们粒子物理标准模型</s>
<time>2197_01:05:38,400 --> 01:05:39,120</time>
<s>这个统一场论</s>
<time>2198_01:05:39,480 --> 01:05:41,640</time>
<s>那么最重要的现代物理学的理论</s>
<time>2199_01:05:42,000 --> 01:05:43,440</time>
<s>它的最底层就是这玩意儿</s>
<time>2200_01:05:44,160 --> 01:05:45,240</time>
<s>所以他那会儿就搞出来了</s>
<time>2201_01:05:45,600 --> 01:05:47,040</time>
<s>这是典型的审美决定方程</s>
<time>2202_01:05:47,400 --> 01:05:48,120</time>
<s>审美决定</s>
<time>2203_01:05:48,480 --> 01:05:49,560</time>
<s>然后这个质量的事</s>
<time>2204_01:05:49,920 --> 01:05:50,640</time>
<s>后来就有人说</s>
<time>2205_01:05:51,000 --> 01:05:52,080</time>
<s>那既然这个方程</s>
<time>2206_01:05:52,440 --> 01:05:53,520</time>
<s>这个不能有质量</s>
<time>2207_01:05:53,880 --> 01:05:54,600</time>
<s>那这个方程还是对的</s>
<time>2208_01:05:54,960 --> 01:05:55,680</time>
<s>那质量问题</s>
<time>2209_01:05:56,040 --> 01:05:56,400</time>
<s>必须有反物质</s>
<time>2210_01:05:56,760 --> 01:05:57,120</time>
<s>想一个别的办法来解决</s>
<time>2211_01:05:57,480 --> 01:05:58,920</time>
<s>就是希格斯场</s>
<time>2212_01:05:59,280 --> 01:06:00,360</time>
<s>希格斯</s>
<time>2213_01:06:00,720 --> 01:06:01,800</time>
<s>希格斯玻色子</s>
<time>2214_01:06:02,160 --> 01:06:03,960</time>
<s>对它有杨先生这个方程</s>
<time>2215_01:06:04,320 --> 01:06:05,400</time>
<s>在这个方程的话</s>
<time>2216_01:06:05,760 --> 01:06:08,280</time>
<s>再有这个场和这个方程作用</s>
<time>2217_01:06:08,640 --> 01:06:09,720</time>
<s>咱就有质量了</s>
<time>2218_01:06:10,080 --> 01:06:10,800</time>
<s>所以这个方程没错</s>
<time>2219_01:06:11,160 --> 01:06:12,600</time>
<s>质量是别地儿来的</s>
<time>2220_01:06:12,960 --> 01:06:13,680</time>
<s>这事就行了</s>
<time>2221_01:06:14,040 --> 01:06:15,480</time>
<s>有人就说这不胡扯吗</s>
<time>2222_01:06:15,840 --> 01:06:16,200</time>
<s>那个事情对不对</s>
<time>2223_01:06:16,560 --> 01:06:17,280</time>
<s>它要加上质量</s>
<time>2224_01:06:17,640 --> 01:06:18,720</time>
<s>它这个方程就不对称</s>
<time>2225_01:06:19,080 --> 01:06:19,440</time>
<s>就不对称</s>
<time>2226_01:06:19,800 --> 01:06:20,520</time>
<s>所以这个方程不能有</s>
<time>2227_01:06:20,880 --> 01:06:22,320</time>
<s>但是这有另外一个机制</s>
<time>2228_01:06:22,680 --> 01:06:23,400</time>
<s>当时还不理解</s>
<time>2229_01:06:23,760 --> 01:06:25,200</time>
<s>就有人提出来有这个希格斯机制</s>
<time>2230_01:06:25,560 --> 01:06:26,280</time>
<s>就能有质量了</s>
<time>2231_01:06:26,640 --> 01:06:27,360</time>
<s>这样就都没问题了</s>
<time>2232_01:06:27,720 --> 01:06:28,800</time>
<s>杨先生那个也挺好</s>
<time>2233_01:06:29,160 --> 01:06:29,880</time>
<s>质量也就有了</s>
<time>2234_01:06:30,240 --> 01:06:30,960</time>
<s>那当然很多人觉得</s>
<time>2235_01:06:31,320 --> 01:06:32,400</time>
<s>这不是胡扯吗对不对</s>
<time>2236_01:06:32,760 --> 01:06:33,480</time>
<s>怎么就编出来一个东西</s>
<time>2237_01:06:34,200 --> 01:06:35,280</time>
<s>那最后发现了</s>
<time>2238_01:06:35,640 --> 01:06:37,440</time>
<s>这希格斯粒子就发现了</s>
<time>2239_01:06:37,800 --> 01:06:38,520</time>
<s>当然发现之前</s>
<time>2240_01:06:38,880 --> 01:06:40,320</time>
<s>我们的基本物理</s>
<time>2241_01:06:40,680 --> 01:06:41,760</time>
<s>基本粒子的标准模型</s>
<time>2242_01:06:42,120 --> 01:06:42,840</time>
<s>就已经这么写了</s>
<time>2243_01:06:43,200 --> 01:06:45,360</time>
<s>否则没别的办法这个事情</s>
<time>2244_01:06:45,720 --> 01:06:46,080</time>
<s>就这么写了</s>
<time>2245_01:06:46,440 --> 01:06:48,600</time>
<s>这个它背后的方程</s>
<time>2246_01:06:48,960 --> 01:06:50,760</time>
<s>是杨先生的这个理论</s>
<time>2247_01:06:51,120 --> 01:06:52,200</time>
<s>然后这些粒子都有质量</s>
<time>2248_01:06:52,560 --> 01:06:53,280</time>
<s>是希格斯质量</s>
<time>2249_01:06:53,640 --> 01:06:57,240</time>
<s>然后说这个玩意儿早晚得被发现</s>
<time>2250_01:06:57,600 --> 01:06:57,960</time>
<s>预言</s>
<time>2251_01:06:58,320 --> 01:06:58,680</time>
<s>否则就不行</s>
<time>2252_01:06:59,040 --> 01:07:00,480</time>
<s>所以这是可证伪的这个理论</s>
<time>2253_01:07:01,200 --> 01:07:02,280</time>
<s>要发现不了这个理论就麻烦了</s>
<time>2254_01:07:02,640 --> 01:07:03,000</time>
<s>对不对</s>
<time>2255_01:07:03,360 --> 01:07:04,440</time>
<s>然后后来果然就发现了</s>
<time>2256_01:07:04,800 --> 01:07:06,240</time>
<s>发现就获得了诺贝尔物理学奖</s>
<time>2257_01:07:06,600 --> 01:07:07,320</time>
<s>但杨先生没有因为</s>
<time>2258_01:07:07,680 --> 01:07:08,760</time>
<s>提出这个理论获奖</s>
<time>2259_01:07:09,120 --> 01:07:09,480</time>
<s>是因为这个理论</s>
<time>2260_01:07:09,840 --> 01:07:11,280</time>
<s>远远超过了这个东西</s>
<time>2261_01:07:11,640 --> 01:07:12,360</time>
<s>还是说诺贝尔奖</s>
<time>2262_01:07:12,720 --> 01:07:14,160</time>
<s>难以确认这个理论的</s>
<time>2263_01:07:14,520 --> 01:07:15,960</time>
<s>这是个理论框架</s>
<time>2264_01:07:16,320 --> 01:07:18,480</time>
<s>它不是一个很具体的一件事</s>
<time>2265_01:07:18,840 --> 01:07:20,280</time>
<s>所以这个诺奖</s>
<time>2266_01:07:20,640 --> 01:07:21,720</time>
<s>诺奖经常发给一些</s>
<time>2267_01:07:22,080 --> 01:07:22,440</time>
<s>特形而下的事</s>
<time>2268_01:07:22,800 --> 01:07:23,880</time>
<s>这个很具体的一件事</s>
<time>2269_01:07:24,240 --> 01:07:25,680</time>
<s>你比如说爱因斯坦提出了相对论</s>
<time>2270_01:07:26,040 --> 01:07:27,120</time>
<s>它是个框架</s>
<time>2271_01:07:27,840 --> 01:07:28,920</time>
<s>这个诺奖委员会就觉得</s>
<time>2272_01:07:29,280 --> 01:07:30,000</time>
<s>这很棘手这个事情</s>
<time>2273_01:07:30,360 --> 01:07:31,440</time>
<s>你怎么给呢这个奖</s>
<time>2274_01:07:31,800 --> 01:07:32,520</time>
<s>也没法弄</s>
<time>2275_01:07:32,880 --> 01:07:33,960</time>
<s>所以最后只好扒拉扒拉</s>
<time>2276_01:07:34,320 --> 01:07:35,040</time>
<s>在他那一堆科学成就里面</s>
<time>2277_01:07:35,400 --> 01:07:36,120</time>
<s>找了一个</s>
<time>2278_01:07:36,480 --> 01:07:37,560</time>
<s>就是这是一件事</s>
<time>2279_01:07:37,920 --> 01:07:39,000</time>
<s>光电效应这是一件事</s>
<time>2280_01:07:39,360 --> 01:07:40,440</time>
<s>这个事给诺奖</s>
<time>2281_01:07:40,800 --> 01:07:41,520</time>
<s>是一点问题都没有</s>
<time>2282_01:07:41,880 --> 01:07:42,600</time>
<s>没有任何问题</s>
<time>2283_01:07:42,960 --> 01:07:43,680</time>
<s>给就给了</s>
<time>2284_01:07:44,040 --> 01:07:44,760</time>
<s>结果爱因斯坦非常愤怒</s>
<time>2285_01:07:45,120 --> 01:07:45,840</time>
<s>因为这件事情</s>
<time>2286_01:07:46,560 --> 01:07:48,000</time>
<s>他觉得我这相对论的理论</s>
<time>2287_01:07:48,360 --> 01:07:49,440</time>
<s>这个拿诺奖</s>
<time>2288_01:07:49,800 --> 01:07:50,880</time>
<s>那多好对不对</s>
<time>2289_01:07:51,240 --> 01:07:52,320</time>
<s>给那个不重要的东西</s>
<time>2290_01:07:52,680 --> 01:07:53,760</time>
<s>你比如说霍金</s>
<time>2291_01:07:54,120 --> 01:07:55,560</time>
<s>霍金没有拿诺奖对吧</s>
<time>2292_01:07:55,920 --> 01:07:57,000</time>
<s>因为霍金肯定是科学很牛</s>
<time>2293_01:07:57,360 --> 01:07:58,080</time>
<s>大家都知道对不对</s>
<time>2294_01:07:58,440 --> 01:08:02,040</time>
<s>并不是说他由于这个写科普书</s>
<time>2295_01:08:02,400 --> 01:08:03,480</time>
<s>坐轮椅才变牛的</s>
<time>2296_01:08:03,840 --> 01:08:06,000</time>
<s>他在学术界就是牛得不得了</s>
<time>2297_01:08:06,360 --> 01:08:08,520</time>
<s>就是他的理论非常地厉害</s>
<time>2298_01:08:08,880 --> 01:08:09,240</time>
<s>但太厉害了</s>
<time>2299_01:08:09,600 --> 01:08:10,320</time>
<s>没法获诺奖</s>
<time>2300_01:08:10,680 --> 01:08:12,120</time>
<s>就是我们证实不了这个玩意儿</s>
<time>2301_01:08:12,480 --> 01:08:13,200</time>
<s>也证伪不了它</s>
<time>2302_01:08:13,560 --> 01:08:15,000</time>
<s>那就是说诺奖评审委员会</s>
<time>2303_01:08:15,360 --> 01:08:16,800</time>
<s>还是也是有您刚才说的</s>
<time>2304_01:08:17,160 --> 01:08:18,960</time>
<s>这个科学上的保守主义</s>
<time>2305_01:08:19,320 --> 01:08:20,040</time>
<s>保守主义者对</s>
<time>2306_01:08:20,400 --> 01:08:21,120</time>
<s>就是他觉得</s>
<time>2307_01:08:21,480 --> 01:08:22,560</time>
<s>听起来他必须得保守主义</s>
<time>2308_01:08:22,920 --> 01:08:23,280</time>
<s>必须得保守主义</s>
<time>2309_01:08:23,640 --> 01:08:24,360</time>
<s>不它还有个运气问题</s>
<time>2310_01:08:24,720 --> 01:08:26,520</time>
<s>有很多人是死人</s>
<time>2311_01:08:26,880 --> 01:08:27,600</time>
<s>那它只发给活人</s>
<time>2312_01:08:27,960 --> 01:08:29,400</time>
<s>就是说你不能太牛了</s>
<time>2313_01:08:29,760 --> 01:08:30,120</time>
<s>对</s>
<time>2314_01:08:30,480 --> 01:08:31,560</time>
<s>你提一个理论</s>
<time>2315_01:08:32,280 --> 01:08:33,360</time>
<s>得两百年才能证实</s>
<time>2316_01:08:33,720 --> 01:08:34,800</time>
<s>那你一点儿希望都没有了</s>
<time>2317_01:08:35,160 --> 01:08:36,240</time>
<s>咋获诺奖</s>
<time>2318_01:08:36,600 --> 01:08:37,320</time>
<s>你还得证实</s>
<time>2319_01:08:37,680 --> 01:08:39,480</time>
<s>你这个理论不能太牛了</s>
<time>2320_01:08:39,840 --> 01:08:41,280</time>
<s>就是像霍金杨振宁先生</s>
<time>2321_01:08:41,640 --> 01:08:42,360</time>
<s>这理论就太牛了</s>
<time>2322_01:08:42,720 --> 01:08:43,800</time>
<s>而且像刚才您说的一个</s>
<time>2323_01:08:44,160 --> 01:08:45,600</time>
<s>甚至还让我想起就是说</s>
<time>2324_01:08:45,960 --> 01:08:47,040</time>
<s>这个杨-米尔斯方程的</s>
<time>2325_01:08:47,400 --> 01:08:48,120</time>
<s>这个对称性</s>
<time>2326_01:08:48,480 --> 01:08:48,840</time>
<s>对</s>
<time>2327_01:08:49,200 --> 01:08:51,000</time>
<s>是不是你像爱因斯坦的</s>
<time>2328_01:08:51,360 --> 01:08:53,520</time>
<s>这个相对论的这个方程</s>
<time>2329_01:08:53,880 --> 01:08:55,680</time>
<s>他当时也引入了一个宇宙常数</s>
<time>2330_01:08:56,040 --> 01:08:56,400</time>
<s>也是这个问题</s>
<time>2331_01:08:56,760 --> 01:08:57,480</time>
<s>后来这个玩意儿</s>
<time>2332_01:08:57,840 --> 01:08:58,200</time>
<s>说是后来成了</s>
<time>2333_01:08:58,560 --> 01:09:00,720</time>
<s>暗物质暗能量的一个来源</s>
<time>2334_01:09:01,080 --> 01:09:01,800</time>
<s>暗能量成为暗能量的来源</s>
<time>2335_01:09:02,160 --> 01:09:02,880</time>
<s>就是他当时是不是</s>
<time>2336_01:09:03,240 --> 01:09:03,960</time>
<s>也为了一个方程的</s>
<time>2337_01:09:04,320 --> 01:09:05,400</time>
<s>一个自洽性</s>
<time>2338_01:09:05,760 --> 01:09:08,280</time>
<s>他当时没有这一项</s>
<time>2339_01:09:08,640 --> 01:09:10,440</time>
<s>是因为他有这一项这个方程不对称</s>
<time>2340_01:09:10,800 --> 01:09:12,240</time>
<s>爱因斯坦也是绝对相信对称的</s>
<time>2341_01:09:12,600 --> 01:09:13,320</time>
<s>所以他这里面就没有这个东西</s>
<time>2342_01:09:13,680 --> 01:09:14,760</time>
<s>就很对称嘛</s>
<time>2343_01:09:15,120 --> 01:09:16,200</time>
<s>很对称就后来遇到麻烦了嘛</s>
<time>2344_01:09:16,560 --> 01:09:18,360</time>
<s>就是说他不能解释这个宇宙</s>
<time>2345_01:09:18,720 --> 01:09:20,520</time>
<s>当时认为宇宙是静止的</s>
<time>2346_01:09:20,880 --> 01:09:22,320</time>
<s>所以他没有这一项的话</s>
<time>2347_01:09:22,680 --> 01:09:23,040</time>
<s>这个方程解出来</s>
<time>2348_01:09:23,760 --> 01:09:24,480</time>
<s>这个宇宙不能静止</s>
<time>2349_01:09:24,840 --> 01:09:25,560</time>
<s>要不就是膨胀</s>
<time>2350_01:09:25,920 --> 01:09:26,640</time>
<s>要不就是收缩</s>
<time>2351_01:09:27,360 --> 01:09:28,080</time>
<s>爱因斯坦说</s>
<time>2352_01:09:28,440 --> 01:09:31,320</time>
<s>只好引进这么一个丑陋的东西</s>
<time>2353_01:09:31,680 --> 01:09:33,120</time>
<s>按这一项宇宙常数进去</s>
<time>2354_01:09:33,480 --> 01:09:34,200</time>
<s>这宇宙就静止了</s>
<time>2355_01:09:34,560 --> 01:09:35,280</time>
<s>但这一项很丑</s>
<time>2356_01:09:35,640 --> 01:09:36,360</time>
<s>他也始终是不喜欢</s>
<time>2357_01:09:37,080 --> 01:09:37,440</time>
<s>很丑他就不喜欢</s>
<time>2358_01:09:37,800 --> 01:09:39,240</time>
<s>很丑不对称这个方程</s>
<time>2359_01:09:39,600 --> 01:09:41,760</time>
<s>那世界凭什么按照你的审美发展</s>
<time>2360_01:09:42,120 --> 01:09:42,480</time>
<s>这就是</s>
<time>2361_01:09:42,840 --> 01:09:43,920</time>
<s>审美是人的价值观</s>
<time>2362_01:09:44,280 --> 01:09:45,360</time>
<s>最后哈勃叫爱因斯坦去看望远镜</s>
<time>2363_01:09:45,720 --> 01:09:46,080</time>
<s>证明膨胀</s>
<time>2364_01:09:46,440 --> 01:09:46,800</time>
<s>他还道歉了</s>
<time>2365_01:09:47,160 --> 01:09:48,240</time>
<s>这个毕竟</s>
<time>2366_01:09:48,600 --> 01:09:50,040</time>
<s>这是我们的价值观</s>
<time>2367_01:09:50,400 --> 01:09:52,200</time>
<s>这不是宇宙的规律</s>
<time>2368_01:09:52,560 --> 01:09:52,920</time>
<s>审美本质上来讲</s>
<time>2369_01:09:53,280 --> 01:09:54,720</time>
<s>所以这是个主观的东西</s>
<time>2370_01:09:55,440 --> 01:09:56,160</time>
<s>所以有时候会对</s>
<time>2371_01:09:56,520 --> 01:09:57,600</time>
<s>有时候会不对</s>
<time>2372_01:09:57,960 --> 01:09:59,400</time>
<s>因为这不是个自然的东西</s>
<time>2373_01:09:59,760 --> 01:10:01,200</time>
<s>它就是个人为的东西</s>
<time>2374_01:10:01,560 --> 01:10:02,640</time>
<s>所以审美本质上来讲</s>
<time>2375_01:10:03,000 --> 01:10:04,080</time>
<s>它不是一个客观的</s>
<time>2376_01:10:04,440 --> 01:10:06,960</time>
<s>所以美它不是一个客观实在</s>
<time>2377_01:10:08,040 --> 01:10:11,280</time>
<s>它就是我们的主观里面的</s>
<time>2378_01:10:11,640 --> 01:10:12,360</time>
<s>价值观和见识</s>
<time>2379_01:10:12,720 --> 01:10:15,240</time>
<s>这两件事情通过贝叶斯定理</s>
<time>2380_01:10:15,600 --> 01:10:17,040</time>
<s>可以助我们大脑作为计算</s>
<time>2381_01:10:17,400 --> 01:10:19,200</time>
<s>计算结果是丑俗</s>
<time>2382_01:10:20,280 --> 01:10:20,640</time>
<s>这个美</s>
<time>2383_01:10:21,000 --> 01:10:21,720</time>
<s>计算出来的东西</s>
<time>2384_01:10:22,080 --> 01:10:23,160</time>
<s>但是为什么这个</s>
<time>2385_01:10:23,520 --> 01:10:26,400</time>
<s>他自己加的这么一个宇宙学常数</s>
<time>2386_01:10:26,760 --> 01:10:30,000</time>
<s>最后还真的引导出这个</s>
<time>2387_01:10:30,360 --> 01:10:31,440</time>
<s>他也没有引导出</s>
<time>2388_01:10:31,800 --> 01:10:33,960</time>
<s>他就是说这样宇宙就静态了</s>
<time>2389_01:10:34,320 --> 01:10:34,680</time>
<s>但是很快</s>
<time>2390_01:10:35,040 --> 01:10:37,200</time>
<s>哈勃就发现宇宙是膨胀的</s>
<time>2391_01:10:37,560 --> 01:10:39,000</time>
<s>他就说你看吧果然嘛</s>
<time>2392_01:10:39,360 --> 01:10:41,160</time>
<s>这很丑的这项就不该有对不对</s>
<time>2393_01:10:41,520 --> 01:10:42,240</time>
<s>没有这一项宇宙就膨胀</s>
<time>2394_01:10:42,600 --> 01:10:43,680</time>
<s>你看果然</s>
<time>2395_01:10:44,040 --> 01:10:45,120</time>
<s>他又把它拿掉了</s>
<time>2396_01:10:45,480 --> 01:10:45,840</time>
<s>拿掉不拿掉</s>
<time>2397_01:10:46,200 --> 01:10:47,280</time>
<s>但是大家就意识到</s>
<time>2398_01:10:47,640 --> 01:10:50,160</time>
<s>这个方程是可以有这一项</s>
<time>2399_01:10:50,880 --> 01:10:52,680</time>
<s>但是尽管爱因斯坦说大家忘了</s>
<time>2400_01:10:53,040 --> 01:10:53,400</time>
<s>别记得这事</s>
<time>2401_01:10:53,760 --> 01:10:55,200</time>
<s>我没引进来这个数</s>
<time>2402_01:10:55,560 --> 01:10:58,080</time>
<s>这个太丑了这个引进</s>
<time>2403_01:10:58,440 --> 01:11:01,320</time>
<s>但后来在1998年的时候</s>
<time>2404_01:11:01,680 --> 01:11:03,840</time>
<s>又发现这个宇宙是膨胀</s>
<time>2405_01:11:04,200 --> 01:11:06,360</time>
<s>但是它是在加速膨胀</s>
<time>2406_01:11:06,720 --> 01:11:08,160</time>
<s>膨胀越来越快</s>
<time>2407_01:11:08,520 --> 01:11:10,320</time>
<s>那这个方程里面非得有一项</s>
<time>2408_01:11:10,680 --> 01:11:11,760</time>
<s>额外的这一项不可</s>
<time>2409_01:11:12,120 --> 01:11:13,920</time>
<s>当然这一项也可以是别的形式</s>
<time>2410_01:11:14,280 --> 01:11:15,000</time>
<s>但是还是爱因斯坦</s>
<time>2411_01:11:15,360 --> 01:11:16,800</time>
<s>当年放进去的这个项</s>
<time>2412_01:11:17,520 --> 01:11:19,320</time>
<s>用这种方式描述得最好</s>
<time>2413_01:11:20,040 --> 01:11:21,120</time>
<s>所以他这个方程</s>
<time>2414_01:11:21,480 --> 01:11:23,640</time>
<s>确实是不对称</s>
<time>2415_01:11:24,000 --> 01:11:27,240</time>
<s>但是凭什么对称就是最美的呢</s>
<time>2416_01:11:27,600 --> 01:11:28,680</time>
<s>没有道理对不对</s>
<time>2417_01:11:29,040 --> 01:11:32,640</time>
<s>它并不反映一个真实的世界</s>
<time>2418_01:11:33,000 --> 01:11:35,880</time>
<s>这只是爱因斯坦的审美观</s>
<time>2419_01:11:36,240 --> 01:11:37,680</time>
<s>杨振宁先生的审美观</s>
<time>2420_01:11:38,040 --> 01:11:39,840</time>
<s>他就认为这个对称</s>
<time>2421_01:11:40,200 --> 01:11:41,280</time>
<s>简洁就是美的</s>
<time>2422_01:11:41,640 --> 01:11:43,800</time>
<s>但是我们也知道</s>
<time>2423_01:11:44,160 --> 01:11:46,320</time>
<s>完全对称在自然界中</s>
<time>2424_01:11:46,680 --> 01:11:48,120</time>
<s>它本来也是不存在的对不对</s>
<time>2425_01:11:48,840 --> 01:11:50,280</time>
<s>咱们这个化妆的时候</s>
<time>2426_01:11:50,640 --> 01:11:51,000</time>
<s>谁也没有给它</s>
<time>2427_01:11:51,360 --> 01:11:53,160</time>
<s>左右两面化得一模一样</s>
<time>2428_01:11:53,520 --> 01:11:54,240</time>
<s>可以做到</s>
<time>2429_01:11:54,600 --> 01:11:56,040</time>
<s>那你就看起来很呆对不对</s>
<time>2430_01:11:56,400 --> 01:11:57,120</time>
<s>那是整容了</s>
<time>2431_01:11:58,200 --> 01:12:00,360</time>
<s>整容师也不会把你弄成那样</s>
<time>2432_01:12:00,720 --> 01:12:01,800</time>
<s>他也知道那样不美对不对</s>
<time>2433_01:12:02,160 --> 01:12:03,960</time>
<s>那样人就没有精神嘛对吧</s>
<time>2434_01:12:04,320 --> 01:12:06,120</time>
<s>那看起来就很无聊嘛</s>
<time>2435_01:12:06,480 --> 01:12:10,440</time>
<s>所以它某种程度的对称是好的</s>
<time>2436_01:12:10,800 --> 01:12:11,520</time>
<s>我们觉得是好的</s>
<time>2437_01:12:11,880 --> 01:12:12,600</time>
<s>但是完全对称</s>
<time>2438_01:12:12,960 --> 01:12:13,680</time>
<s>为什么</s>
<time>2439_01:12:14,040 --> 01:12:16,200</time>
<s>我觉得这个就不美了呢</s>
<time>2440_01:12:16,560 --> 01:12:18,000</time>
<s>因为它就失去了</s>
<time>2441_01:12:18,360 --> 01:12:19,440</time>
<s>不常见的这个特性</s>
<time>2442_01:12:19,800 --> 01:12:20,520</time>
<s>完全对称就只有</s>
<time>2443_01:12:20,880 --> 01:12:21,960</time>
<s>一种可能性对吧</s>
<time>2444_01:12:22,320 --> 01:12:23,040</time>
<s>我左边脸什么样</s>
<time>2445_01:12:23,400 --> 01:12:24,120</time>
<s>右边就得什么样</s>
<time>2446_01:12:24,480 --> 01:12:26,280</time>
<s>否则我左右可以有点儿不同</s>
<time>2447_01:12:26,640 --> 01:12:28,080</time>
<s>这确实是最能够不常见的</s>
<time>2448_01:12:28,440 --> 01:12:29,520</time>
<s>所以说我前几天</s>
<time>2449_01:12:29,880 --> 01:12:31,680</time>
<s>听一个这个天文学家就讲</s>
<time>2450_01:12:32,040 --> 01:12:33,480</time>
<s>他就是搞观测的</s>
<time>2451_01:12:33,840 --> 01:12:36,720</time>
<s>他说所谓的暗物质暗能量</s>
<time>2452_01:12:37,080 --> 01:12:39,960</time>
<s>他说其实也完全可能是没有的</s>
<time>2453_01:12:41,040 --> 01:12:42,120</time>
<s>就是这个理论上</s>
<time>2454_01:12:42,480 --> 01:12:43,920</time>
<s>如果是数学上有点儿</s>
<time>2455_01:12:44,280 --> 01:12:45,360</time>
<s>将来有点儿什么问题的话</s>
<time>2456_01:12:45,720 --> 01:12:46,080</time>
<s>对</s>
<time>2457_01:12:46,440 --> 01:12:47,520</time>
<s>它可能确实宇宙里</s>
<time>2458_01:12:47,880 --> 01:12:48,960</time>
<s>没有暗物质暗能量</s>
<time>2459_01:12:49,320 --> 01:12:50,400</time>
<s>你相信有吗</s>
<time>2460_01:12:50,760 --> 01:12:51,480</time>
<s>您说的是对的</s>
<time>2461_01:12:51,840 --> 01:12:52,200</time>
<s>就是还是咱们回到</s>
<time>2462_01:12:52,560 --> 01:12:54,000</time>
<s>爱因斯坦这个方程</s>
<time>2463_01:12:54,360 --> 01:12:54,720</time>
<s>如果爱因斯坦这个方程里面</s>
<time>2464_01:12:55,080 --> 01:12:56,160</time>
<s>不加这一项</s>
<time>2465_01:12:57,600 --> 01:12:58,320</time>
<s>就是爱因斯坦放的那一项</s>
<time>2466_01:12:58,680 --> 01:13:00,840</time>
<s>现在就解释不了宇宙的数据</s>
<time>2467_01:13:01,200 --> 01:13:02,640</time>
<s>所以这个暗能量就是说</s>
<time>2468_01:13:03,000 --> 01:13:03,360</time>
<s>我要加上这一项</s>
<time>2469_01:13:03,720 --> 01:13:05,160</time>
<s>这一项咱们把它叫作暗能量</s>
<time>2470_01:13:05,520 --> 01:13:06,960</time>
<s>这是在爱因斯坦的</s>
<time>2471_01:13:07,320 --> 01:13:08,760</time>
<s>理论框架里面</s>
<time>2472_01:13:09,120 --> 01:13:10,560</time>
<s>咱们需要加这一项东西</s>
<time>2473_01:13:10,920 --> 01:13:12,000</time>
<s>暗物质也是一样</s>
<time>2474_01:13:12,360 --> 01:13:15,600</time>
<s>也是如果只用这个引力理论</s>
<time>2475_01:13:15,960 --> 01:13:16,320</time>
<s>只有这样的</s>
<time>2476_01:13:16,680 --> 01:13:17,760</time>
<s>爱因斯坦或者牛顿的</s>
<time>2477_01:13:18,120 --> 01:13:19,200</time>
<s>这个理论的话</s>
<time>2478_01:13:19,560 --> 01:13:21,000</time>
<s>解释不了比如星系里面</s>
<time>2479_01:13:21,360 --> 01:13:22,440</time>
<s>物质的运动</s>
<time>2480_01:13:22,800 --> 01:13:23,520</time>
<s>所以需要加上暗物质</s>
<time>2481_01:13:23,880 --> 01:13:24,240</time>
<s>就能够解释了</s>
<time>2482_01:13:24,600 --> 01:13:26,400</time>
<s>但是您刚才讲的</s>
<time>2483_01:13:26,760 --> 01:13:28,200</time>
<s>那位天文学家朋友说的是对的</s>
<time>2484_01:13:28,560 --> 01:13:31,080</time>
<s>如果说爱因斯坦的这个理论</s>
<time>2485_01:13:31,440 --> 01:13:33,240</time>
<s>在我们地球或者太阳系</s>
<time>2486_01:13:33,600 --> 01:13:34,320</time>
<s>或者我们附近</s>
<time>2487_01:13:34,680 --> 01:13:35,400</time>
<s>完全是对的</s>
<time>2488_01:13:36,480 --> 01:13:37,560</time>
<s>但是如果尺度再大一点</s>
<time>2489_01:13:37,920 --> 01:13:39,000</time>
<s>咱们也没有检验过</s>
<time>2490_01:13:39,360 --> 01:13:39,720</time>
<s>尺度更大对吧</s>
<time>2491_01:13:40,080 --> 01:13:41,160</time>
<s>咱们没有检验过</s>
<time>2492_01:13:41,520 --> 01:13:42,600</time>
<s>在那儿如果说</s>
<time>2493_01:13:42,960 --> 01:13:44,760</time>
<s>这个理论需要做一点修改</s>
<time>2494_01:13:45,120 --> 01:13:45,480</time>
<s>不完全是对的</s>
<time>2495_01:13:45,840 --> 01:13:48,360</time>
<s>那是不需要暗能量的</s>
<time>2496_01:13:48,720 --> 01:13:49,440</time>
<s>同样的原因</s>
<time>2497_01:13:49,800 --> 01:13:51,960</time>
<s>也是可以不需要暗物质的</s>
<time>2498_01:13:52,320 --> 01:13:55,560</time>
<s>所以可能是有我们不知道的</s>
<time>2499_01:13:55,920 --> 01:13:57,000</time>
<s>暗能量和暗物质</s>
<time>2500_01:13:57,360 --> 01:14:01,320</time>
<s>也可能是我们现在的引力理论</s>
<time>2501_01:14:02,760 --> 01:14:03,480</time>
<s>还有缺陷</s>
<time>2502_01:14:04,560 --> 01:14:05,280</time>
<s>所以或者是说</s>
<time>2503_01:14:05,640 --> 01:14:07,080</time>
<s>我们在天文发现的这件事情上</s>
<time>2504_01:14:07,440 --> 01:14:07,800</time>
<s>还有点缺陷</s>
<time>2505_01:14:08,160 --> 01:14:09,600</time>
<s>或者引力理论有点缺陷</s>
<time>2506_01:14:09,960 --> 01:14:11,400</time>
<s>但是你让我说是哪个</s>
<time>2507_01:14:11,760 --> 01:14:12,840</time>
<s>当然我不知道是哪个对吧</s>
<time>2508_01:14:13,200 --> 01:14:14,280</time>
<s>那就并不能说是</s>
<time>2509_01:14:14,640 --> 01:14:16,080</time>
<s>我们真的说宇宙当中</s>
<time>2510_01:14:16,440 --> 01:14:17,520</time>
<s>我们真正发现的</s>
<time>2511_01:14:17,880 --> 01:14:20,760</time>
<s>只是百分之几的物质和能量</s>
<time>2512_01:14:21,120 --> 01:14:21,840</time>
<s>大部分物质和能量</s>
<time>2513_01:14:22,200 --> 01:14:22,920</time>
<s>是“两暗"（暗物质暗能量）</s>
<time>2514_01:14:23,280 --> 01:14:26,160</time>
<s>这个也是一种审美观的解释</s>
<time>2515_01:14:26,520 --> 01:14:27,960</time>
<s>为什么又和审美观有关系了呢</s>
<time>2516_01:14:28,320 --> 01:14:29,400</time>
<s>就是说这种解释</s>
<time>2517_01:14:29,760 --> 01:14:31,920</time>
<s>是我们现在用的</s>
<time>2518_01:14:32,280 --> 01:14:34,080</time>
<s>假设最少的解释</s>
<time>2519_01:14:34,440 --> 01:14:36,600</time>
<s>就是假设有暗物质暗能量存在</s>
<time>2520_01:14:36,960 --> 01:14:38,760</time>
<s>然后引力理论仍然是对的</s>
<time>2521_01:14:39,120 --> 01:14:39,840</time>
<s>这最省事</s>
<time>2522_01:14:40,200 --> 01:14:41,280</time>
<s>这是最省事的解释</s>
<time>2523_01:14:41,640 --> 01:14:43,440</time>
<s>但是这个带来的麻烦</s>
<time>2524_01:14:43,800 --> 01:14:46,320</time>
<s>就是我的一个研究的项目</s>
<time>2525_01:14:46,680 --> 01:14:49,200</time>
<s>就是要在宇宙当中探测暗物质</s>
<time>2526_01:14:49,560 --> 01:14:50,280</time>
<s>带来的麻烦就是说</s>
<time>2527_01:14:50,640 --> 01:14:51,360</time>
<s>始终找不到这个玩意儿</s>
<time>2528_01:14:53,160 --> 01:14:55,680</time>
<s>所以如果说一直找不到</s>
<time>2529_01:14:56,040 --> 01:14:58,560</time>
<s>然后我们把暗物质存在的可能性</s>
<time>2530_01:14:58,920 --> 01:15:00,000</time>
<s>如果逐渐地排除掉</s>
<time>2531_01:15:00,360 --> 01:15:01,440</time>
<s>那可能就回来</s>
<time>2532_01:15:01,800 --> 01:15:03,960</time>
<s>要弄一个稍微丑一点的理论了</s>
<time>2533_01:15:04,320 --> 01:15:06,120</time>
<s>在理论里面多加一些东西</s>
<time>2534_01:15:06,480 --> 01:15:07,560</time>
<s>这个是我们不喜欢的</s>
<time>2535_01:15:07,920 --> 01:15:09,360</time>
<s>因为我们做科学研究</s>
<time>2536_01:15:09,720 --> 01:15:10,080</time>
<s>有一个所谓的</s>
<time>2537_01:15:10,440 --> 01:15:12,600</time>
<s>奥卡姆剃须刀原则</s>
<time>2538_01:15:12,960 --> 01:15:13,680</time>
<s>也就是我们的审美原则</s>
<time>2539_01:15:14,040 --> 01:15:14,400</time>
<s>简单地来讲</s>
<time>2540_01:15:14,760 --> 01:15:15,120</time>
<s>不增加实体</s>
<time>2541_01:15:15,480 --> 01:15:16,560</time>
<s>就是说我们希望</s>
<time>2542_01:15:16,920 --> 01:15:19,440</time>
<s>用尽可能少的元素</s>
<time>2543_01:15:19,800 --> 01:15:21,600</time>
<s>来解释尽可能多的东西</s>
<time>2544_01:15:22,320 --> 01:15:23,400</time>
<s>这是我们需要的</s>
<time>2545_01:15:23,760 --> 01:15:24,840</time>
<s>目前的这个模型</s>
<time>2546_01:15:25,200 --> 01:15:26,640</time>
<s>是符合我们这个审美的</s>
<time>2547_01:15:27,000 --> 01:15:29,160</time>
<s>但我们的审美毕竟不是真理</s>
<time>2548_01:15:29,520 --> 01:15:30,600</time>
<s>这只是我们的一种</s>
<time>2549_01:15:30,960 --> 01:15:31,680</time>
<s>价值观的判断</s>
<time>2550_01:15:32,040 --> 01:15:32,760</time>
<s>看您怎么舒服</s>
<time>2551_01:15:34,560 --> 01:15:35,640</time>
<s>我们现在这个价值观</s>
<time>2552_01:15:36,000 --> 01:15:37,440</time>
<s>就是我们的引力理论</s>
<time>2553_01:15:37,800 --> 01:15:39,960</time>
<s>我们现在在这个框架之下</s>
<time>2554_01:15:40,320 --> 01:15:41,400</time>
<s>认为有暗物质暗能量</s>
<time>2555_01:15:41,760 --> 01:15:43,200</time>
<s>那如果没有的话</s>
<time>2556_01:15:43,560 --> 01:15:45,360</time>
<s>那么我们需要接受一点</s>
<time>2557_01:15:45,720 --> 01:15:47,160</time>
<s>稍微丑一点的理论</s>
<time>2558_01:15:47,520 --> 01:15:48,240</time>
<s>对这些引力理论</s>
<time>2559_01:15:48,600 --> 01:15:50,400</time>
<s>做一些修改</s>
<time>2560_01:15:50,760 --> 01:15:52,920</time>
<s>我们可能是很勉强</s>
<time>2561_01:15:53,280 --> 01:15:53,640</time>
<s>才会这么做</s>
<time>2562_01:15:54,000 --> 01:15:55,440</time>
<s>这还是我们的保守主义</s>
<time>2563_01:15:55,800 --> 01:15:56,520</time>
<s>我们科学的保守主义</s>
<time>2564_01:15:56,880 --> 01:15:58,680</time>
<s>尽可能不动我们的理论</s>
<time>2565_01:15:59,040 --> 01:16:00,120</time>
<s>尽可能不动它</s>
<time>2566_01:16:00,480 --> 01:16:01,560</time>
<s>但是不得不动它的时候</s>
<time>2567_01:16:01,920 --> 01:16:02,640</time>
<s>那就去动了</s>
