<time>2_00:00:18,360 --> 00:00:18,720</time>
<s>大家好</s>
<time>3_00:00:19,080 --> 00:00:19,800</time>
<s>我叫王芳</s>
<time>4_00:00:20,160 --> 00:00:22,320</time>
<s>来自北京师范大学心理学部</s>
<time>5_00:00:23,040 --> 00:00:25,200</time>
<s>是一名人格与社会心理学研究者</s>
<time>6_00:00:25,920 --> 00:00:27,360</time>
<s>现场在座的各位</s>
<time>7_00:00:28,080 --> 00:00:30,960</time>
<s>在过去的一年里曾经搬过家的</s>
<time>8_00:00:31,320 --> 00:00:32,400</time>
<s>请举手我看一下</s>
<time>9_00:00:33,120 --> 00:00:33,480</time>
<s>有不少</s>
<time>10_00:00:34,560 --> 00:00:35,640</time>
<s>我想再接着问</s>
<time>11_00:00:36,360 --> 00:00:38,520</time>
<s>有没有人不止搬过一次家的</s>
<time>12_00:00:39,600 --> 00:00:40,680</time>
<s>也有一些</s>
<time>13_00:00:41,040 --> 00:00:42,120</time>
<s>谢谢大家</s>
<time>14_00:00:42,840 --> 00:00:44,640</time>
<s>我自己生活在北京</s>
<time>15_00:00:45,000 --> 00:00:47,160</time>
<s>我看到一些统计数据说</s>
<time>16_00:00:47,520 --> 00:00:51,120</time>
<s>在北京上海这样的一线大城市内部</s>
<time>17_00:00:51,480 --> 00:00:56,160</time>
<s>平均有超过八成的人在过去的一年内更换过住所</s>
<time>18_00:00:57,240 --> 00:00:59,040</time>
<s>就更不用说在更广大的中国</s>
<time>19_00:00:59,760 --> 00:01:01,200</time>
<s>每年都有数以亿计的人</s>
<time>20_00:01:01,920 --> 00:01:04,440</time>
<s>离开自己的家乡去到陌生的地方打拼</s>
<time>21_00:01:05,160 --> 00:01:07,320</time>
<s>搬迁本来是一个个人事件</s>
<time>22_00:01:07,680 --> 00:01:08,760</time>
<s>但是当很多人</s>
<time>23_00:01:09,120 --> 00:01:11,280</time>
<s>都在变换他们的居住地点时</s>
<time>24_00:01:11,640 --> 00:01:13,800</time>
<s>就可能成为了一个社会事件</s>
<time>25_00:01:14,520 --> 00:01:15,600</time>
<s>而我们关心的是</s>
<time>26_00:01:15,960 --> 00:01:18,120</time>
<s>对于个体的心理与行为而言</s>
<time>27_00:01:18,840 --> 00:01:22,440</time>
<s>这种流动的社会状态以及流动的具体行动</s>
<time>28_00:01:23,160 --> 00:01:24,240</time>
<s>到底意味着什么呢</s>
<time>29_00:01:25,320 --> 00:01:26,760</time>
<s>不知道大家在经历搬家</s>
<time>30_00:01:27,480 --> 00:01:28,920</time>
<s>或者一想到搬家的时候</s>
<time>31_00:01:29,280 --> 00:01:31,080</time>
<s>马上会出一些什么样的念头</s>
<time>32_00:01:32,160 --> 00:01:33,600</time>
<s>是收拾东西很烦燥</s>
<time>33_00:01:33,960 --> 00:01:36,120</time>
<s>还是扔东西特别开心</s>
<time>34_00:01:36,840 --> 00:01:39,000</time>
<s>又或者马上要开始一段新生活了</s>
<time>35_00:01:39,720 --> 00:01:40,440</time>
<s>会觉得特别地兴奋</s>
<time>36_00:01:41,160 --> 00:01:41,880</time>
<s>可能都有可能</s>
<time>37_00:01:42,600 --> 00:01:45,840</time>
<s>在这个时候常常会有一些人出来告诚我们</s>
<time>38_00:01:46,200 --> 00:01:48,360</time>
<s>说一定要小心处理好</s>
<time>39_00:01:48,720 --> 00:01:50,520</time>
<s>我们与物品之间的关系</s>
<time>40_00:01:51,240 --> 00:01:52,320</time>
<s>做到三个字</s>
<time>41_00:01:53,040 --> 00:01:55,920</time>
<s>就是断舍离</s>
<time>42_00:01:57,000 --> 00:01:58,440</time>
<s>搬迁所涉及到的断舍离</s>
<time>43_00:01:59,160 --> 00:02:01,680</time>
<s>绝不仅仅是我们跟物品之间的关系</s>
<time>44_00:02:02,040 --> 00:02:04,560</time>
<s>更重要的是我们跟这个居住地的</s>
<time>45_00:02:04,920 --> 00:02:07,800</time>
<s>环境、社群以及他人之间的关系</s>
<time>46_00:02:08,160 --> 00:02:11,040</time>
<s>当你从一个地方流动到了另外一个地方</s>
<time>47_00:02:11,400 --> 00:02:14,640</time>
<s>可能带来原有社会网络的中断</s>
<time>48_00:02:15,000 --> 00:02:16,800</time>
<s>原有人际关系的割舍</s>
<time>49_00:02:17,160 --> 00:02:19,320</time>
<s>以及原有情感连接的疏离</s>
<time>50_00:02:20,040 --> 00:02:22,920</time>
<s>这是一种心理意义上的断舍离</s>
<time>51_00:02:23,640 --> 00:02:26,160</time>
<s>哲学家和社会学家其实都讨论过这个问题</s>
<time>52_00:02:26,880 --> 00:02:27,960</time>
<s>普遍观点是</s>
<time>53_00:02:28,320 --> 00:02:30,840</time>
<s>流动使人们从有根走向无根</s>
<time>54_00:02:31,200 --> 00:02:32,640</time>
<s>从稳定走向自由</s>
<time>55_00:02:33,720 --> 00:02:35,160</time>
<s>现代人都特别热衰于怀旧</s>
<time>56_00:02:35,520 --> 00:02:38,040</time>
<s>比如我们都很喜欢木心先生的诗</s>
<time>57_00:02:39,840 --> 00:02:40,920</time>
<s>从前日色变得慢</s>
<time>58_00:02:41,280 --> 00:02:42,720</time>
<s>车马邮件都慢</s>
<time>59_00:02:43,080 --> 00:02:44,520</time>
<s>一生只够爱一个人业</s>
<time>60_00:02:45,600 --> 00:02:46,320</time>
<s>想一想以前</s>
<time>61_00:02:46,680 --> 00:02:47,760</time>
<s>比如我们父母那一代</s>
<time>62_00:02:48,480 --> 00:02:50,640</time>
<s>他们可能一辈子在同元个单位工作</s>
<time>63_00:02:51,720 --> 00:02:53,520</time>
<s>一辈子生活在同元个地方</s>
<time>64_00:02:54,240 --> 00:02:55,680</time>
<s>可能一辈子都碰不到多少人</s>
<time>65_00:02:56,400 --> 00:02:57,480</time>
<s>朋友是这些人</s>
<time>66_00:02:57,840 --> 00:02:58,920</time>
<s>优人也是这些人</s>
<time>67_00:02:59,640 --> 00:03:02,880</time>
<s>所以真的有可能一生只够爱一个人</s>
<time>68_00:03:03,600 --> 00:03:05,040</time>
<s>但是随着社会发展</s>
<time>69_00:03:05,760 --> 00:03:07,560</time>
<s>人的自由度大大提高了</s>
<time>70_00:03:07,920 --> 00:03:09,720</time>
<s>我们现在得以自由地流动</s>
<time>71_00:03:10,080 --> 00:03:12,960</time>
<s>自由地选择自己的工作地点和居住地点</s>
<time>72_00:03:13,320 --> 00:03:15,120</time>
<s>这在以前是不可想象的</s>
<time>73_00:03:15,840 --> 00:03:16,200</time>
<s>因为流动</s>
<time>74_00:03:16,920 --> 00:03:18,720</time>
<s>我们被打碎成了一颗颗原子</s>
<time>75_00:03:19,080 --> 00:03:21,240</time>
<s>主动或者被动地投身于</s>
<time>76_00:03:21,600 --> 00:03:23,400</time>
<s>这个高歌猛进的时代激流中</s>
<time>77_00:03:24,120 --> 00:03:25,920</time>
<s>我们现在一天碰到的陌生人</s>
<time>78_00:03:26,640 --> 00:03:27,360</time>
<s>可能比以前的人一辈子碰到的都还多</s>
<time>79_00:03:29,160 --> 00:03:31,320</time>
<s>比如说今天大家就碰到了好几百个</s>
<time>80_00:03:32,040 --> 00:03:33,840</time>
<s>所以在这种情况下</s>
<time>81_00:03:34,200 --> 00:03:36,360</time>
<s>整个社会可能都会发生了改变</s>
<time>82_00:03:36,720 --> 00:03:38,160</time>
<s>具体体现在哪里呢</s>
<time>83_00:03:38,520 --> 00:03:42,120</time>
<s>我们以中国传统的乡土社会作一个对比</s>
<time>84_00:03:42,840 --> 00:03:44,280</time>
<s>在以前的传统社会中</s>
<time>85_00:03:44,640 --> 00:03:46,800</time>
<s>人们通常是以家族宗族</s>
<time>86_00:03:47,160 --> 00:03:50,400</time>
<s>在解放以后在城市里以单位成群聚居</s>
<time>87_00:03:50,760 --> 00:03:52,560</time>
<s>安土众迁的意识很浓</s>
<time>88_00:03:52,920 --> 00:03:55,080</time>
<s>可能终其一生都不会流动</s>
<time>89_00:03:55,800 --> 00:03:56,880</time>
<s>在这样的社会里</s>
<time>90_00:03:57,240 --> 00:03:59,760</time>
<s>人与人之间的关系是极其稳定的</s>
<time>91_00:04:00,840 --> 00:04:03,000</time>
<s>不是乡里乡亲就是楼上楼下</s>
<time>92_00:04:03,720 --> 00:04:04,800</time>
<s>拾头不见低头见</s>
<time>93_00:04:05,520 --> 00:04:07,320</time>
<s>隔壁老王就是那一个老王</s>
<time>94_00:04:08,040 --> 00:04:11,640</time>
<s>彼此之间是完全熟悉并旦知根知底的</s>
<time>95_00:04:12,000 --> 00:04:14,160</time>
<s>所以大家之间的那个情感联结</s>
<time>96_00:04:14,520 --> 00:04:15,960</time>
<s>非常地紧密而旦深厚</s>
<time>97_00:04:16,680 --> 00:04:17,400</time>
<s>但是现在呢</s>
<time>98_00:04:17,760 --> 00:04:20,640</time>
<s>现在是一个现代的流动的社会</s>
<time>99_00:04:21,000 --> 00:04:22,080</time>
<s>比如大家住在商品房里</s>
<time>100_00:04:22,800 --> 00:04:24,960</time>
<s>你的隔离邻居到底是些什么人</s>
<time>101_00:04:25,320 --> 00:04:27,120</time>
<s>恐怕没有几个人能说得出来</s>
<time>102_00:04:28,200 --> 00:04:29,280</time>
<s>我们身边好像来来回回</s>
<time>103_00:04:30,000 --> 00:04:31,080</time>
<s>都变成了一些陌生人</s>
<time>104_00:04:32,160 --> 00:04:34,680</time>
<s>熟人反而变成了远在干里之外</s>
<time>105_00:04:35,400 --> 00:04:36,480</time>
<s>在你需要帮助的时候</s>
<time>106_00:04:37,200 --> 00:04:39,360</time>
<s>他可能没有办法第一时间给予你支持</s>
<time>107_00:04:40,080 --> 00:04:42,600</time>
<s>甚至你述需要额外地付出时间精力</s>
<time>108_00:04:42,960 --> 00:04:45,480</time>
<s>去跟他刻意保持联络的交往对象</s>
<time>109_00:04:46,200 --> 00:04:46,560</time>
<s>换言之</s>
<time>110_00:04:47,280 --> 00:04:49,800</time>
<s>原有紧密的情感联结现在就变得疏离了</s>
<time>111_00:04:50,880 --> 00:04:51,240</time>
<s>其次</s>
<time>112_00:04:51,600 --> 00:04:54,120</time>
<s>在以前相对稳固的社会关系网中</s>
<time>113_00:04:55,200 --> 00:04:55,560</time>
<s>人与人的交往</s>
<time>114_00:04:56,280 --> 00:04:59,160</time>
<s>可能你总是跟同一群人在打交道</s>
<time>115_00:04:59,880 --> 00:05:01,680</time>
<s>这就好像总在跟有限的人</s>
<time>116_00:05:02,040 --> 00:05:03,840</time>
<s>进行无限次的重复博奔</s>
<time>117_00:05:04,560 --> 00:05:06,720</time>
<s>为了长远利益最大化</s>
<time>118_00:05:07,080 --> 00:05:10,680</time>
<s>双方都必须要恪守一个信任和合作的原则</s>
<time>119_00:05:11,760 --> 00:05:13,200</time>
<s>如果有人违反怎么办呢</s>
<time>120_00:05:13,560 --> 00:05:13,920</time>
<s>也没有关系</s>
<time>121_00:05:14,280 --> 00:05:16,800</time>
<s>在传统的社会有一套非常强大的</s>
<time>122_00:05:17,520 --> 00:05:18,960</time>
<s>声誉监控系统</s>
<time>123_00:05:19,680 --> 00:05:22,200</time>
<s>这个系统可以通过一传十十传百</s>
<time>124_00:05:22,560 --> 00:05:24,000</time>
<s>我们讲的“睡沫星子淹死人”</s>
<time>125_00:05:24,720 --> 00:05:27,600</time>
<s>而且反正跑得了和尚也跑不了庙</s>
<time>126_00:05:28,320 --> 00:05:29,400</time>
<s>于是在这种情况下</s>
<time>127_00:05:29,760 --> 00:05:32,640</time>
<s>可能大家都会愿意去跟熟人</s>
<time>128_00:05:33,720 --> 00:05:35,880</time>
<s>保持一个比较信任和联结的关系</s>
<time>129_00:05:36,600 --> 00:05:40,200</time>
<s>但是现在的社会是大家都可以随意地流动</s>
<time>130_00:05:40,560 --> 00:05:43,800</time>
<s>取而代之的就是大量和陌生贝之间的互动</s>
<time>131_00:05:44,160 --> 00:05:48,120</time>
<s>这种互动往往是一次性的匿名的松散的</s>
<time>132_00:05:48,480 --> 00:05:50,640</time>
<s>你可能对你的互动对象的背景信息</s>
<time>133_00:05:51,000 --> 00:05:53,160</time>
<s>知之基少甚至一无所知</s>
<time>134_00:05:53,880 --> 00:05:55,680</time>
<s>而且在这种情况下</s>
<time>135_00:05:56,040 --> 00:05:57,480</time>
<s>原有的熟人网络中的</s>
<time>136_00:05:58,200 --> 00:06:00,720</time>
<s>名声的约束作用也会大打折扣</s>
<time>137_00:06:01,440 --> 00:06:03,240</time>
<s>也就是你上一次博奔做了什么</s>
<time>138_00:06:03,600 --> 00:06:05,040</time>
<s>可能在下一次互动的时候</s>
<time>139_00:06:05,760 --> 00:06:07,200</time>
<s>是可以完全不被知晓的</s>
<time>140_00:06:07,920 --> 00:06:10,800</time>
<s>换句话说声誉监控机制也失效了</s>
<time>141_00:06:11,880 --> 00:06:15,480</time>
<s>于是我们就认为像搬家这样的居住流动</s>
<time>142_00:06:15,840 --> 00:06:19,440</time>
<s>事实上强烈改变了我们所处的人际环境</s>
<time>143_00:06:20,520 --> 00:06:22,680</time>
<s>那么人们要如何去适应</s>
<time>144_00:06:23,040 --> 00:06:24,840</time>
<s>这样的一种新的流变的环境</s>
<time>145_00:06:25,200 --> 00:06:27,000</time>
<s>他们会在心理和行为上</s>
<time>146_00:06:27,360 --> 00:06:28,800</time>
<s>采用一些什么样的策略</s>
<time>147_00:06:29,520 --> 00:06:30,600</time>
<s>去跟这样的环境互动呢</s>
<time>148_00:06:31,680 --> 00:06:34,200</time>
<s>我们就在当下快速变化的中国</s>
<time>149_00:06:34,560 --> 00:06:35,280</time>
<s>做了一系列的研究</s>
<time>150_00:06:36,000 --> 00:06:37,800</time>
<s>想要尝试来回应这样的问题</s>
<time>151_00:06:38,520 --> 00:06:40,680</time>
<s>我们会把主题比较聚焦于</s>
<time>152_00:06:41,040 --> 00:06:43,200</time>
<s>跟道德有关的心理与行为上</s>
<time>153_00:06:43,560 --> 00:06:44,280</time>
<s>为什么选道德</s>
<time>154_00:06:44,640 --> 00:06:47,880</time>
<s>也是注意到在这些年大规模流动的同时</s>
<time>155_00:06:48,240 --> 00:06:51,480</time>
<s>中国正在经历着一场严重的道德危机</s>
<time>156_00:06:51,840 --> 00:06:52,200</time>
<s>大家都有感觉</s>
<time>157_00:06:52,560 --> 00:06:54,000</time>
<s>比如说欺骗造假</s>
<time>158_00:06:54,720 --> 00:06:55,800</time>
<s>一不小心就被套路</s>
<time>159_00:06:56,520 --> 00:06:58,320</time>
<s>冷漠戒备开启互害模式</s>
<time>160_00:06:59,040 --> 00:07:00,840</time>
<s>成为了一种有点普遍的社会心态</s>
<time>161_00:07:01,920 --> 00:07:04,800</time>
<s>我们就想知道这种流动和道德的共变</s>
<time>162_00:07:05,160 --> 00:07:08,040</time>
<s>到底是一种巧合还是真的存在某种关联</s>
<time>163_00:07:09,120 --> 00:07:10,560</time>
<s>接下来我会给大家分享</s>
<time>164_00:07:10,920 --> 00:07:12,720</time>
<s>我们在近两年做的四个研究</s>
<time>165_00:07:13,080 --> 00:07:16,320</time>
<s>这四个研究的主题总结一下就是</s>
<time>166_00:07:17,040 --> 00:07:20,640</time>
<s>我们这几年在讨论很多社会现象的时候</s>
<time>167_00:07:21,000 --> 00:07:22,800</time>
<s>经常发出的几大感慨</s>
<time>168_00:07:23,160 --> 00:07:24,960</time>
<s>就是环境越来越糟了</s>
<time>169_00:07:25,680 --> 00:07:26,760</time>
<s>坏人越来越多了</s>
<time>170_00:07:27,120 --> 00:07:28,200</time>
<s>骗子哪哪都是呀</s>
<time>171_00:07:28,560 --> 00:07:30,360</time>
<s>人与人之间基本的信任呢</s>
<time>172_00:07:31,080 --> 00:07:32,160</time>
<s>大概是这几个主题</s>
<time>173_00:07:32,880 --> 00:07:35,400</time>
<s>在讲具体的研究之前我还想先交代一点</s>
<time>174_00:07:36,120 --> 00:07:39,360</time>
<s>就是当我们在说一个流动的环境的时候</s>
<time>175_00:07:40,080 --> 00:07:41,520</time>
<s>其实它有两个层面上的含义</s>
<time>176_00:07:42,240 --> 00:07:44,040</time>
<s>第一个层面是个体水平上的</s>
<time>177_00:07:44,400 --> 00:07:47,280</time>
<s>也就是说有一个个体他自己总在流动</s>
<time>178_00:07:47,640 --> 00:07:50,880</time>
<s>他就会给自己创设出一个流动的小环境</s>
<time>179_00:07:51,600 --> 00:07:53,760</time>
<s>而另一个层面是地区水平上的</s>
<time>180_00:07:54,120 --> 00:07:55,920</time>
<s>比如说在某一个地方</s>
<time>181_00:07:56,280 --> 00:07:58,440</time>
<s>这个地方里头有很多人都在流动</s>
<time>182_00:07:58,800 --> 00:08:00,960</time>
<s>即便其中的某一个特定的个体</s>
<time>183_00:08:01,320 --> 00:08:01,680</time>
<s>比如说你</s>
<time>184_00:08:02,040 --> 00:08:02,760</time>
<s>你并没有在流动</s>
<time>185_00:08:03,480 --> 00:08:06,360</time>
<s>但是你依然会生活在一个流动的大环境里</s>
<time>186_00:08:06,720 --> 00:08:08,520</time>
<s>这个环境依然会影响你</s>
<time>187_00:08:09,240 --> 00:08:10,320</time>
<s>在我们后面的研究中</s>
<time>188_00:08:10,680 --> 00:08:12,480</time>
<s>我们基本都会同时考虑</s>
<time>189_00:08:12,840 --> 00:08:16,080</time>
<s>个体和地区这两个水平上的流动性的影响</s>
<time>190_00:08:16,440 --> 00:08:19,680</time>
<s>好接下来我们关心的第一个问题是</s>
<time>191_00:08:20,040 --> 00:08:22,560</time>
<s>处在一个高居住流动性的环境中</s>
<time>192_00:08:22,920 --> 00:08:26,520</time>
<s>人们会如何与所处的自然环境互动</s>
<time>193_00:08:27,240 --> 00:08:29,760</time>
<s>比如说他们会爱护当地的环境吗</s>
<time>194_00:08:30,120 --> 00:08:31,200</time>
<s>要不要保护环境</s>
<time>195_00:08:31,560 --> 00:08:33,360</time>
<s>其实是一个心理决策过程</s>
<time>196_00:08:34,440 --> 00:08:36,240</time>
<s>它主要涉及到两个权衡</s>
<time>197_00:08:36,960 --> 00:08:39,840</time>
<s>第一个权衡就是个人利益和公共利益的权衡</s>
<time>198_00:08:40,560 --> 00:08:41,280</time>
<s>一些环保行为</s>
<time>199_00:08:42,000 --> 00:08:43,080</time>
<s>比如说垃圾分类</s>
<time>200_00:08:43,800 --> 00:08:44,880</time>
<s>可能对于个人来讲</s>
<time>201_00:08:45,240 --> 00:08:46,680</time>
<s>是一件非常麻烦的事情</s>
<time>202_00:08:47,400 --> 00:08:48,840</time>
<s>甚至会有损个人的利益</s>
<time>203_00:08:49,560 --> 00:08:50,280</time>
<s>但是对于公众来讲</s>
<time>204_00:08:51,000 --> 00:08:52,440</time>
<s>肯定是一件集体受益的事情</s>
<time>205_00:08:52,800 --> 00:08:56,400</time>
<s>第二个权衡则是短期利益和长期利益的权衡</s>
<time>206_00:08:57,120 --> 00:08:58,200</time>
<s>就是当下可能很痛苦</s>
<time>207_00:08:58,560 --> 00:08:59,640</time>
<s>但是功在干秋</s>
<time>208_00:09:00,720 --> 00:09:02,880</time>
<s>对于一个总在流动的人来说</s>
<time>209_00:09:03,240 --> 00:09:07,200</time>
<s>首先他可能不会在任何一个地方停留太久</s>
<time>210_00:09:08,280 --> 00:09:10,440</time>
<s>也就是说他可能跟任何一个地方的</s>
<time>211_00:09:10,800 --> 00:09:12,240</time>
<s>环境社群和个人</s>
<time>212_00:09:12,600 --> 00:09:15,120</time>
<s>都不会产生太深的情感依恋</s>
<time>213_00:09:15,840 --> 00:09:18,720</time>
<s>于是当个人利益和公共利益发生冲突的时候</s>
<time>214_00:09:19,440 --> 00:09:21,960</time>
<s>他可能会优先选择个人利益</s>
<time>215_00:09:22,680 --> 00:09:27,000</time>
<s>其次高流动性同时也意味着高不确定性</s>
<time>216_00:09:28,080 --> 00:09:29,520</time>
<s>比如如果你今天碰到了一个</s>
<time>217_00:09:29,880 --> 00:09:31,320</time>
<s>有一定吸引力的东西</s>
<time>218_00:09:32,040 --> 00:09:33,480</time>
<s>你可以选择再等一等</s>
<time>219_00:09:33,840 --> 00:09:36,000</time>
<s>等它变得更好你再去得到它</s>
<time>220_00:09:36,720 --> 00:09:38,160</time>
<s>这个叫做延迟满足</s>
<time>221_00:09:39,240 --> 00:09:41,400</time>
<s>但是如果你不知道过一阵子</s>
<time>222_00:09:42,120 --> 00:09:43,200</time>
<s>你自己还会不会在这里</s>
<time>223_00:09:43,920 --> 00:09:45,720</time>
<s>或者这个东西会不会就已经被别人抢走了</s>
<time>224_00:09:46,440 --> 00:09:48,240</time>
<s>这个时候你就会想那我等不了了</s>
<time>225_00:09:48,960 --> 00:09:51,120</time>
<s>我现在立刻马上就要</s>
<time>226_00:09:51,840 --> 00:09:54,720</time>
<s>也就是他就会更关注当下即时的得失</s>
<time>227_00:09:55,440 --> 00:09:57,600</time>
<s>于是在短期利益和长期利益</s>
<time>228_00:09:57,960 --> 00:09:58,680</time>
<s>发生冲突的时候</s>
<time>229_00:09:59,400 --> 00:10:01,920</time>
<s>他们可能会更优先选择短期利益</s>
<time>230_00:10:02,640 --> 00:10:04,440</time>
<s>综合这两个方面我们就预期</s>
<time>231_00:10:05,160 --> 00:10:05,880</time>
<s>高居住流动性</s>
<time>232_00:10:06,600 --> 00:10:09,840</time>
<s>会降低人们做出亲环境行为的可能</s>
<time>233_00:10:10,560 --> 00:10:11,640</time>
<s>我们做了三个小研</s>
<time>234_00:10:12,000 --> 00:10:13,440</time>
<s>来检验这样的一个假设</s>
<time>235_00:10:13,800 --> 00:10:15,240</time>
<s>我逐一来给大家做一个介绍</s>
<time>236_00:10:15,960 --> 00:10:18,480</time>
<s>在第一个研究里我们首先关注的是一个</s>
<time>237_00:10:18,840 --> 00:10:20,280</time>
<s>地区层面的居住流动性</s>
<time>238_00:10:21,000 --> 00:10:24,600</time>
<s>跟这个地区环境的整体状况之间的一个关系</s>
<time>239_00:10:25,320 --> 00:10:27,480</time>
<s>我们用到了第六次人口查中</s>
<time>240_00:10:27,840 --> 00:10:29,640</time>
<s>全国31个省市自治区</s>
<time>241_00:10:30,360 --> 00:10:32,880</time>
<s>迁入和迁出该地区的人口</s>
<time>242_00:10:33,240 --> 00:10:34,680</time>
<s>占到总人口的比例</s>
<time>243_00:10:35,040 --> 00:10:36,840</time>
<s>作为一个地区居住流动性的指标</s>
<time>244_00:10:37,200 --> 00:10:39,360</time>
<s>大家可以看一下这张地图</s>
<time>245_00:10:39,720 --> 00:10:45,120</time>
<s>颜色越深就代表着总体的流动性是比较高的</s>
<time>246_00:10:45,840 --> 00:10:47,640</time>
<s>同时我们又去</s>
<time>247_00:10:48,360 --> 00:10:51,960</time>
<s>找到了国家统计局发布的2011年到2014年</s>
<time>248_00:10:52,320 --> 00:10:53,040</time>
<s>各个地方</s>
<time>249_00:10:53,760 --> 00:10:57,720</time>
<s>人均生活污水和人均生活废气的</s>
<time>250_00:10:58,080 --> 00:10:58,800</time>
<s>排放量的指标</s>
<time>251_00:10:59,160 --> 00:11:00,600</time>
<s>同时我们控制了</s>
<time>252_00:11:00,960 --> 00:11:03,840</time>
<s>地区的经济发展水平这样的一个因素</s>
<time>253_00:11:04,200 --> 00:11:04,560</time>
<s>我们都知道</s>
<time>254_00:11:05,280 --> 00:11:07,440</time>
<s>如果一个地方越发达的话经济越好</s>
<time>255_00:11:07,800 --> 00:11:08,880</time>
<s>那么可能它本来</s>
<time>256_00:11:09,600 --> 00:11:11,760</time>
<s>人均生活污水和废气的排放量</s>
<time>257_00:11:12,120 --> 00:11:12,840</time>
<s>就是会比较高</s>
<time>258_00:11:13,560 --> 00:11:15,360</time>
<s>所以我们会把这个潜在的影响因素</s>
<time>259_00:11:16,080 --> 00:11:16,800</time>
<s>作为一个统计的控制</s>
<time>260_00:11:17,880 --> 00:11:19,320</time>
<s>经过一番计算之后</s>
<time>261_00:11:19,680 --> 00:11:21,120</time>
<s>我们来看一下这个结果</s>
<time>262_00:11:21,480 --> 00:11:24,720</time>
<s>也就是说在居住流动性比较高的地区</s>
<time>263_00:11:25,800 --> 00:11:27,240</time>
<s>环境整体的污染状况</s>
<time>264_00:11:27,600 --> 00:11:29,400</time>
<s>会有一个越严重的趋势</s>
<time>265_00:11:30,120 --> 00:11:30,840</time>
<s>具体就会表现为</s>
<time>266_00:11:31,200 --> 00:11:34,440</time>
<s>人均污水和废气的排放量是相对比较高的</s>
<time>267_00:11:35,520 --> 00:11:37,680</time>
<s>接下来我们还想进一步地来看一下</s>
<time>268_00:11:38,400 --> 00:11:39,840</time>
<s>这种地区整体层面的关联</s>
<time>269_00:11:40,200 --> 00:11:42,720</time>
<s>会不会体现在个体身上</s>
<time>270_00:11:43,080 --> 00:11:44,520</time>
<s>我们还是用了刚才的</s>
<time>271_00:11:45,240 --> 00:11:47,040</time>
<s>第六次全国人口普查的地区居住流动性的指标</s>
<time>272_00:11:47,760 --> 00:11:49,920</time>
<s>我们借用了《中国综合社会调查》中</s>
<time>273_00:11:50,640 --> 00:11:52,800</time>
<s>一个严格抽样的公开数据</s>
<time>274_00:11:53,160 --> 00:11:54,240</time>
<s>在里面它询问了</s>
<time>275_00:11:54,600 --> 00:11:56,760</time>
<s>来自全国各地的一万多居民</s>
<time>276_00:11:57,120 --> 00:11:59,640</time>
<s>在日常做出亲环境行为的频率</s>
<time>277_00:12:00,000 --> 00:12:02,880</time>
<s>同时我们也把地区层面的经济各种因素</s>
<time>278_00:12:03,240 --> 00:12:03,600</time>
<s>还有个体层面</s>
<time>279_00:12:04,320 --> 00:12:05,040</time>
<s>比如性别年龄</s>
<time>280_00:12:05,760 --> 00:12:07,920</time>
<s>受教育程度社会阶层等等因素</s>
<time>281_00:12:10,080 --> 00:12:11,520</time>
<s>最后我们也来看一下这个结果</s>
<time>282_00:12:12,240 --> 00:12:13,320</time>
<s>这个结果也是符合我们预期</s>
<time>283_00:12:13,680 --> 00:12:16,200</time>
<s>它是有一个负相关的关联</s>
<time>284_00:12:16,560 --> 00:12:17,280</time>
<s>也就是说</s>
<time>285_00:12:17,640 --> 00:12:21,240</time>
<s>那些来自居住流动性比较高地区的被调查者</s>
<time>286_00:12:21,960 --> 00:12:23,400</time>
<s>他们会倾向于回答</s>
<time>287_00:12:24,120 --> 00:12:26,280</time>
<s>他们更少从事亲环境行为</s>
<time>288_00:12:27,000 --> 00:12:29,880</time>
<s>刚才这两个研究得出的还只是一个相关而已</s>
<time>289_00:12:30,600 --> 00:12:32,040</time>
<s>接下来我们还想看一着</s>
<time>290_00:12:32,400 --> 00:12:34,200</time>
<s>会不会有这种因果的联系</s>
<time>291_00:12:34,920 --> 00:12:37,440</time>
<s>于是我们就把一些大学生请到了实验室</s>
<time>292_00:12:38,160 --> 00:12:39,960</time>
<s>把他们随机分成了两组</s>
<time>293_00:12:40,680 --> 00:12:43,200</time>
<s>其中一组我们就让他们想象</s>
<time>294_00:12:43,920 --> 00:12:45,720</time>
<s>就是他们大学毕业以后</s>
<time>295_00:12:46,440 --> 00:12:47,880</time>
<s>找到了一份心仪的工作</s>
<time>296_00:12:48,600 --> 00:12:51,480</time>
<s>这份工作会要求他在未来的十年里</s>
<time>297_00:12:52,200 --> 00:12:52,920</time>
<s>—每一年更换一个不同的城市居住席</s>
<time>298_00:12:53,280 --> 00:12:55,080</time>
<s>每一年更换一个不同的城市居住</s>
<time>299_00:12:55,800 --> 00:12:57,240</time>
<s>我们把它叫做流动组</s>
<time>300_00:12:57,960 --> 00:13:00,120</time>
<s>而另外一组我们则让他想象</s>
<time>301_00:13:00,480 --> 00:13:02,280</time>
<s>同样是找到了这份心仪的工作</s>
<time>302_00:13:03,000 --> 00:13:04,440</time>
<s>但这份工作在未来的十年里</s>
<time>303_00:13:04,800 --> 00:13:07,320</time>
<s>可以稳定在同一个城市生活</s>
<time>304_00:13:07,680 --> 00:13:09,120</time>
<s>我们把它叫做稳定组</s>
<time>305_00:13:09,840 --> 00:13:12,360</time>
<s>之后我们还会让他们回答一些相关的问题</s>
<time>306_00:13:13,080 --> 00:13:15,960</time>
<s>来加强这种代入和想象的效果</s>
<time>307_00:13:17,040 --> 00:13:18,120</time>
<s>之后我们会给每一个被试</s>
<time>308_00:13:18,480 --> 00:13:21,360</time>
<s>发一把全新的剪刀和一叠A4纸</s>
<time>309_00:13:22,080 --> 00:13:22,800</time>
<s>我们跟他们说</s>
<time>310_00:13:23,160 --> 00:13:24,960</time>
<s>我们想调查一个新产品</s>
<time>311_00:13:25,320 --> 00:13:28,560</time>
<s>就是这个剪刃它的使用的这种感受</s>
<time>312_00:13:29,280 --> 00:13:30,360</time>
<s>使用的方式就是</s>
<time>313_00:13:30,720 --> 00:13:32,160</time>
<s>你用这把剪刀和这叠纸</s>
<time>314_00:13:32,880 --> 00:13:35,400</time>
<s>剪出以下我们指定的五种图形</s>
<time>315_00:13:36,120 --> 00:13:37,200</time>
<s>比如说圆的三角的</s>
<time>316_00:13:37,560 --> 00:13:38,640</time>
<s>怎么剪随便你</s>
<time>317_00:13:39,360 --> 00:13:41,160</time>
<s>之后我们会假装问一下他们</s>
<time>318_00:13:41,880 --> 00:13:42,240</time>
<s>这个剪刀好不好月</s>
<time>319_00:13:42,600 --> 00:13:43,680</time>
<s>把我们这个目的给圆回来</s>
<time>320_00:13:44,400 --> 00:13:45,120</time>
<s>大家可以想象</s>
<time>321_00:13:45,480 --> 00:13:46,560</time>
<s>每个人在剪的时候</s>
<time>322_00:13:46,920 --> 00:13:49,080</time>
<s>可能是一个很无意识的行为</s>
<time>323_00:13:49,800 --> 00:13:52,320</time>
<s>你可能只用一张纸就完成了所有任务</s>
<time>324_00:13:53,040 --> 00:13:54,480</time>
<s>你也可以用很多张纸</s>
<time>325_00:13:55,200 --> 00:13:58,800</time>
<s>我们会认为后者也许是有一点点浪费</s>
<time>326_00:13:59,160 --> 00:14:02,040</time>
<s>对环境不那么友好的一种倾向的表现</s>
<time>327_00:14:02,760 --> 00:14:04,560</time>
<s>经过一番计算之后</s>
<time>328_00:14:04,920 --> 00:14:06,000</time>
<s>我们来看一下这个结果</s>
<time>329_00:14:06,720 --> 00:14:08,160</time>
<s>可以很清楚地看到</s>
<time>330_00:14:08,520 --> 00:14:11,040</time>
<s>红色的是流动组绿色的是稳定组</s>
<time>331_00:14:11,760 --> 00:14:14,280</time>
<s>我们发现相比稳定组的被试</s>
<time>332_00:14:14,640 --> 00:14:17,160</time>
<s>流动组的被试会在刚才的剪纸任务中</s>
<time>333_00:14:17,880 --> 00:14:18,600</time>
<s>消耗更多的纸</s>
<time>334_00:14:19,680 --> 00:14:21,480</time>
<s>这个研究也是再次地证明了</s>
<time>335_00:14:22,200 --> 00:14:25,080</time>
<s>居住流动性对于亲环境行为的一个</s>
<time>336_00:14:25,440 --> 00:14:26,520</time>
<s>潜在的抑制作用</s>
<time>337_00:14:27,600 --> 00:14:30,480</time>
<s>破坏环境似乎是对环境本身的不友好</s>
<time>338_00:14:31,200 --> 00:14:32,640</time>
<s>那么对于环境中的人呢</s>
<time>339_00:14:33,360 --> 00:14:35,880</time>
<s>我们关心的第二个问题是欺骗</s>
<time>340_00:14:36,600 --> 00:14:38,400</time>
<s>大家都知道囚徒困境游戏</s>
<time>341_00:14:39,120 --> 00:14:41,280</time>
<s>也知道互惠合作</s>
<time>342_00:14:41,640 --> 00:14:44,880</time>
<s>是让双方利益最大化的一个最优选择</s>
<time>343_00:14:45,600 --> 00:14:47,400</time>
<s>但其实这个最优选择要成立</s>
<time>344_00:14:47,760 --> 00:14:48,480</time>
<s>它是有一个前提的</s>
<time>345_00:14:49,200 --> 00:14:51,360</time>
<s>这个前提就是我们双方有一个</s>
<time>346_00:14:51,720 --> 00:14:54,960</time>
<s>我们会长期交往重复接触的预期</s>
<time>347_00:14:55,680 --> 00:14:57,480</time>
<s>也就是说我今天跟你合作了</s>
<time>348_00:14:58,200 --> 00:15:00,000</time>
<s>我期待你明天还会跟我合作</s>
<time>349_00:15:01,080 --> 00:15:02,880</time>
<s>但是如果这个游戏只玩一次呢</s>
<time>350_00:15:03,960 --> 00:15:05,760</time>
<s>那么实际上最优选是代么</s>
<time>351_00:15:07,560 --> 00:15:08,640</time>
<s>其实是背叛</s>
<time>352_00:15:09,360 --> 00:15:10,080</time>
<s>或者是欺骗</s>
<time>353_00:15:10,800 --> 00:15:11,880</time>
<s>因为只玩一次</s>
<time>354_00:15:12,240 --> 00:15:12,960</time>
<s>一锤子买卖</s>
<time>355_00:15:14,040 --> 00:15:15,480</time>
<s>我们令后老死不相往来</s>
<time>356_00:15:15,840 --> 00:15:17,280</time>
<s>那我今天拿到了就是拿到了</s>
<time>357_00:15:18,720 --> 00:15:19,440</time>
<s>大家想一想W</s>
<time>358_00:15:19,800 --> 00:15:22,320</time>
<s>高流动的环境是不是就是这样的一种环境</s>
<time>359_00:15:23,040 --> 00:15:24,840</time>
<s>就是我们总是在跟陌生人接触</s>
<time>360_00:15:25,560 --> 00:15:27,360</time>
<s>接触了一次可能就没有下一次了</s>
<time>361_00:15:28,080 --> 00:15:28,440</time>
<s>这就破坏了</s>
<time>362_00:15:29,160 --> 00:15:32,040</time>
<s>要合作不要欺骗这样的一个心理基础</s>
<time>363_00:15:32,760 --> 00:15:33,840</time>
<s>其次在以前</s>
<time>364_00:15:34,560 --> 00:15:37,800</time>
<s>我们有一个很强有力的声誉监控机制</s>
<time>365_00:15:38,520 --> 00:15:42,120</time>
<s>它可以通过名声的约束让骗子名声扫地</s>
<time>366_00:15:42,840 --> 00:15:46,080</time>
<s>让他们在欺骗之前想一想我要付出的成本代价</s>
<time>367_00:15:46,440 --> 00:15:48,600</time>
<s>但是流动使得社会关系网络松散</s>
<time>368_00:15:49,320 --> 00:15:50,040</time>
<s>谁也不认识谁</s>
<time>369_00:15:50,760 --> 00:15:52,560</time>
<s>如果我做出欺骗行为</s>
<time>370_00:15:52,920 --> 00:15:55,080</time>
<s>我受到惩罚的可能性是变小的</s>
<time>371_00:15:55,440 --> 00:15:58,320</time>
<s>于是我要付出的人际成本代价也在下降</s>
<time>372_00:15:59,040 --> 00:16:00,840</time>
<s>因此综合起来我们就认为</s>
<time>373_00:16:01,560 --> 00:16:02,640</time>
<s>这种居住流动性</s>
<time>374_00:16:03,000 --> 00:16:06,960</time>
<s>可能会提升人们做出欺骗行为的可能</s>
<time>375_00:16:07,680 --> 00:16:09,480</time>
<s>我们同样也是做了三个研究</s>
<time>376_00:16:09,840 --> 00:16:12,000</time>
<s>在每个研究里头我们都创设了一个</s>
<time>377_00:16:12,720 --> 00:16:15,240</time>
<s>可以让被试有机会通过欺骗</s>
<time>378_00:16:15,600 --> 00:16:17,400</time>
<s>来获取更高报酬的任务</s>
<time>379_00:16:18,120 --> 00:16:19,560</time>
<s>比如说我们在第一个研究里</s>
<time>380_00:16:19,920 --> 00:16:21,720</time>
<s>出了一系列的知识问答题</s>
<time>381_00:16:22,440 --> 00:16:24,960</time>
<s>好比历史地理生物科学数学等等</s>
<time>382_00:16:25,680 --> 00:16:27,480</time>
<s>每一题都有三个选项</s>
<time>383_00:16:28,200 --> 00:16:30,360</time>
<s>其中有一个选项是我不知道</s>
<time>384_00:16:31,080 --> 00:16:33,240</time>
<s>系统会提示给被试说</s>
<time>385_00:16:33,960 --> 00:16:36,840</time>
<s>如果你答对了一题会给你三毛钱</s>
<time>386_00:16:37,560 --> 00:16:39,000</time>
<s>如果答错了不会扣钱</s>
<time>387_00:16:39,720 --> 00:16:42,600</time>
<s>但是如果你不知道请你诚实回答</s>
<time>388_00:16:43,320 --> 00:16:43,680</time>
<s>我不知道</s>
<time>389_00:16:45,120 --> 00:16:46,560</time>
<s>比如其中一题是这样的</s>
<time>390_00:16:47,640 --> 00:16:49,440</time>
<s>黑色盆地在哪个大洲</s>
<time>391_00:16:50,160 --> 00:16:53,040</time>
<s>是非洲还是美洲还是我不知道</s>
<time>392_00:16:53,400 --> 00:16:53,760</time>
<s>请回答</s>
<time>393_00:16:56,640 --> 00:16:57,720</time>
<s>各位都非常诚实</s>
<time>394_00:16:58,080 --> 00:17:01,320</time>
<s>这个问题唯一的正确答案是我不知道</s>
<time>395_00:17:01,680 --> 00:17:02,040</time>
<s>为什么呢</s>
<time>396_00:17:02,400 --> 00:17:05,280</time>
<s>因为根本没有黑色盆地这个地方</s>
<time>397_00:17:05,640 --> 00:17:06,720</time>
<s>这一题是我们编的</s>
<time>398_00:17:07,080 --> 00:17:09,600</time>
<s>我们编了一堆这样真真假假的题</s>
<time>399_00:17:10,320 --> 00:17:11,040</time>
<s>最后我们会计算</s>
<time>400_00:17:11,400 --> 00:17:14,280</time>
<s>被试会在多少类似这样的题目中</s>
<time>401_00:17:14,640 --> 00:17:16,080</time>
<s>不是诚实地回答我不知道</s>
<time>402_00:17:16,800 --> 00:17:18,960</time>
<s>而是为了多拿奖励而胡乱作答</s>
<time>403_00:17:19,680 --> 00:17:21,120</time>
<s>之后我们也会询问他们</s>
<time>404_00:17:21,480 --> 00:17:22,920</time>
<s>过往搬家的一个经验</s>
<time>405_00:17:23,640 --> 00:17:26,160</time>
<s>然后我们来看一下这个研究的结果</s>
<time>406_00:17:26,520 --> 00:17:27,600</time>
<s>这也是一个示意图</s>
<time>407_00:17:28,320 --> 00:17:29,400</time>
<s>也就是说那些</s>
<time>408_00:17:29,760 --> 00:17:33,000</time>
<s>在个人层面上经常流动的人</s>
<time>409_00:17:33,360 --> 00:17:34,800</time>
<s>他们会更倾向于</s>
<time>410_00:17:35,160 --> 00:17:38,400</time>
<s>在这样的无解任务中通过欺骗来作答</s>
<time>411_00:17:38,760 --> 00:17:40,200</time>
<s>同时获取更高的收益</s>
<time>412_00:17:41,280 --> 00:17:42,000</time>
<s>这也是一个相关</s>
<time>413_00:17:42,360 --> 00:17:44,160</time>
<s>我们也想看一看存不存在因果</s>
<time>414_00:17:44,880 --> 00:17:47,040</time>
<s>于是我们叉在实验室重复做这个研究</s>
<time>415_00:17:47,400 --> 00:17:49,920</time>
<s>我们还是把被试按照那个想象任务</s>
<time>416_00:17:50,280 --> 00:17:52,440</time>
<s>区分成了流动组和稳定组</s>
<time>417_00:17:52,800 --> 00:17:54,600</time>
<s>接着给了他们另外一个</s>
<time>418_00:17:55,320 --> 00:17:57,480</time>
<s>就是不一样但是还是可以通过欺骗</s>
<time>419_00:17:57,840 --> 00:17:59,640</time>
<s>来获取更高被试费的一个任务</s>
<time>420_00:18:00,000 --> 00:18:02,160</time>
<s>我们也简单地来看一下这个结果</s>
<time>421_00:18:02,520 --> 00:18:03,600</time>
<s>这个结果也非常明显</s>
<time>422_00:18:03,960 --> 00:18:04,680</time>
<s>我们可以看到</s>
<time>423_00:18:05,040 --> 00:18:05,760</time>
<s>相比稳定组</s>
<time>424_00:18:06,480 --> 00:18:07,560</time>
<s>那些被激活了</s>
<time>425_00:18:07,920 --> 00:18:10,440</time>
<s>一个高居住流动性思维定势的被试</s>
<time>426_00:18:10,800 --> 00:18:12,240</time>
<s>他们也会更倾向于</s>
<time>427_00:18:12,600 --> 00:18:15,840</time>
<s>通过不诚实的回答来获取更高的被试费</s>
<time>428_00:18:16,560 --> 00:18:18,360</time>
<s>做到这里我们就会想问那怎么办呢</s>
<time>429_00:18:19,440 --> 00:18:21,240</time>
<s>有没有什么可以使用的方法</s>
<time>430_00:18:21,960 --> 00:18:24,120</time>
<s>来去管束一下这样的欺骗倾向</s>
<time>431_00:18:25,200 --> 00:18:28,080</time>
<s>我们在之前讲到一个高居佳流动性的环境里</s>
<time>432_00:18:28,440 --> 00:18:30,240</time>
<s>声誉监控机制是失效的</s>
<time>433_00:18:30,960 --> 00:18:34,560</time>
<s>那换成社会监控有没有可能有效呢</s>
<time>434_00:18:34,920 --> 00:18:37,440</time>
<s>我们在第三个研究当中做了一个尝试</s>
<time>435_00:18:38,160 --> 00:18:40,320</time>
<s>我们首先还是把被试请到实验室</s>
<time>436_00:18:40,680 --> 00:18:43,560</time>
<s>把他们分成流动组和稳定组两组</s>
<time>437_00:18:44,640 --> 00:18:47,520</time>
<s>接着又给了他们一个跟前两个又不一样</s>
<time>438_00:18:47,880 --> 00:18:49,320</time>
<s>但是依然可以通过欺骗</s>
<time>439_00:18:50,040 --> 00:18:51,840</time>
<s>来获取更高报酬的一个任务</s>
<time>440_00:18:52,560 --> 00:18:54,360</time>
<s>在他们做这个任务的时候</s>
<time>441_00:18:54,720 --> 00:18:56,160</time>
<s>我们给了他们一个特别的设置</s>
<time>442_00:18:57,240 --> 00:18:58,320</time>
<s>其中有一半的被试</s>
<time>443_00:18:59,040 --> 00:19:00,480</time>
<s>他们在做那个题目的时候</s>
<time>444_00:19:00,840 --> 00:19:04,800</time>
<s>电脑背景上会有一张很像眼睛一样的图案</s>
<time>445_00:19:05,160 --> 00:19:05,880</time>
<s>就是这个</s>
<time>446_00:19:06,240 --> 00:19:06,960</time>
<s>这是什么感觉呢</s>
<time>447_00:19:07,680 --> 00:19:09,840</time>
<s>就好像你在答题的时候有人在看着你</s>
<time>448_00:19:10,920 --> 00:19:13,800</time>
<s>就是你在考试有老师在监考的这个感觉</s>
<time>449_00:19:14,160 --> 00:19:16,680</time>
<s>我们把它叫做社会监控线索</s>
<time>450_00:19:17,400 --> 00:19:19,560</time>
<s>而另外一半的人他们在做题的时候</s>
<time>451_00:19:19,920 --> 00:19:21,000</time>
<s>背景上也有一个图案</s>
<time>452_00:19:21,360 --> 00:19:24,240</time>
<s>但这个图案是一个抽象的无意义的图形</s>
<time>453_00:19:24,600 --> 00:19:26,040</time>
<s>我们是用来拿来做对照的</s>
<time>454_00:19:26,760 --> 00:19:27,840</time>
<s>最后我们来看一下这个结果</s>
<time>455_00:19:28,200 --> 00:19:29,280</time>
<s>这个结果非常有意思</s>
<time>456_00:19:29,640 --> 00:19:31,440</time>
<s>我们先来看屏幕</s>
<time>457_00:19:31,800 --> 00:19:33,600</time>
<s>就是左边的这部分</s>
<time>458_00:19:33,960 --> 00:19:35,760</time>
<s>就是流动组的这两个柱子</s>
<time>459_00:19:36,480 --> 00:19:40,080</time>
<s>我们可以看到社会监控这个线索组</s>
<time>460_00:19:40,800 --> 00:19:43,320</time>
<s>就是眼睛的这个组是绿色的那个柱子</s>
<time>461_00:19:43,680 --> 00:19:45,480</time>
<s>红色的那个更高的就是</s>
<time>462_00:19:46,200 --> 00:19:47,280</time>
<s>无意义的那个对照组</s>
<time>463_00:19:48,000 --> 00:19:51,240</time>
<s>我们可以看到这种社会监控线索的出现</s>
<time>464_00:19:51,960 --> 00:19:52,320</time>
<s>确实有效</s>
<time>465_00:19:53,040 --> 00:19:56,640</time>
<s>它有效的方式就是让流动组的欺骗行为</s>
<time>466_00:19:57,000 --> 00:19:58,440</time>
<s>显著地有一个下降</s>
<time>467_00:19:59,160 --> 00:19:59,520</time>
<s>它是OK的</s>
<time>468_00:20:00,600 --> 00:20:04,920</time>
<s>但是我们来看一下稳定组的结果</s>
<time>469_00:20:05,640 --> 00:20:08,160</time>
<s>这个结果居然是匪夷所思的</s>
<time>470_00:20:08,520 --> 00:20:09,600</time>
<s>就是这个眼睛的图案</s>
<time>471_00:20:09,960 --> 00:20:11,400</time>
<s>社会监控线索的出现</s>
<time>472_00:20:11,760 --> 00:20:14,280</time>
<s>居然让稳定组的欺骗行为</s>
<time>473_00:20:14,640 --> 00:20:18,960</time>
<s>有一个小幅但是也显著的提升</s>
<time>474_00:20:19,320 --> 00:20:20,760</time>
<s>这是一件有点说异的事情</s>
<time>475_00:20:21,480 --> 00:20:22,560</time>
<s>我们也想了想</s>
<time>476_00:20:22,920 --> 00:20:24,720</time>
<s>到底可能是什么样的原因</s>
<time>477_00:20:25,080 --> 00:20:25,800</time>
<s>导致了这个结果</s>
<time>478_00:20:26,520 --> 00:20:28,320</time>
<s>现在给出了一个可能的解释</s>
<time>479_00:20:29,040 --> 00:20:33,000</time>
<s>这个解释总结起来大概是这张图</s>
<time>480_00:20:35,880 --> 00:20:40,200</time>
<s>我们就认为当社会监控线索存在的时候</s>
<time>481_00:20:40,920 --> 00:20:43,440</time>
<s>如果这个环境是不那么稳定的</s>
<time>482_00:20:44,160 --> 00:20:45,960</time>
<s>其中那些在鑫鑫欲动的人</s>
<time>483_00:20:46,680 --> 00:20:47,760</time>
<s>他们就会被蓝管佳了</s>
<time>484_00:20:48,480 --> 00:20:48,840</time>
<s>这是成功的</s>
<time>485_00:20:49,560 --> 00:20:52,440</time>
<s>但是如果这个环境本来就非常稳定呢</s>
<time>486_00:20:53,160 --> 00:20:54,960</time>
<s>老有人这么看看你你什么感觉</s>
<time>487_00:20:55,680 --> 00:20:56,040</time>
<s>TU</s>
<time>488_00:20:56,400 --> 00:20:58,560</time>
<s>他其实是一种有罪推定</s>
<time>489_00:20:59,280 --> 00:21:01,080</time>
<s>也就是说他默认这个环境里</s>
<time>490_00:21:01,440 --> 00:21:02,880</time>
<s>所有人都是不诚实的</s>
<time>491_00:21:03,240 --> 00:21:04,320</time>
<s>都是需要被监管的</s>
<time>492_00:21:05,400 --> 00:21:06,840</time>
<s>于是我们就有一个猜想</s>
<time>493_00:21:07,560 --> 00:21:09,000</time>
<s>我们觉得那种小幅的反弹</s>
<time>494_00:21:09,720 --> 00:21:11,160</time>
<s>有可能是稳定环境中</s>
<time>495_00:21:11,880 --> 00:21:14,040</time>
<s>这种有罪推定的不被信任感</s>
<time>496_00:21:14,400 --> 00:21:15,840</time>
<s>可能会激起人们</s>
<time>497_00:21:16,200 --> 00:21:19,440</time>
<s>通过破坏规则的行为来以示一种反抗</s>
<time>498_00:21:20,160 --> 00:21:21,600</time>
<s>当然这只是一个猜想</s>
<time>499_00:21:22,320 --> 00:21:24,840</time>
<s>这种猜想如果再延伸下去的话</s>
<time>500_00:21:25,200 --> 00:21:26,280</time>
<s>就会涉及到另外十个问题</s>
<time>501_00:21:27,000 --> 00:21:30,600</time>
<s>我们会说我们现在生活在十介监控社会里</s>
<time>502_00:21:31,320 --> 00:21:32,040</time>
<s>有很多人会认为</s>
<time>503_00:21:32,760 --> 00:21:35,640</time>
<s>这种监控是对我们自由的一种侵犯</s>
<time>504_00:21:36,720 --> 00:21:40,680</time>
<s>而事实上流动本身就是自由和安全的博奔</s>
<time>505_00:21:41,400 --> 00:21:42,480</time>
<s>流动让我们更自由了</s>
<time>506_00:21:42,840 --> 00:21:43,560</time>
<s>我们可以去到任何的地方</s>
<time>507_00:21:44,280 --> 00:21:47,520</time>
<s>但是同时也让你暴露在不安全当中</s>
<time>508_00:21:48,240 --> 00:21:49,680</time>
<s>于是我们又有另外个想法</s>
<time>509_00:21:50,400 --> 00:21:54,360</time>
<s>就是那些居住在高居住流动性环境当中的人</s>
<time>510_00:21:54,720 --> 00:21:55,800</time>
<s>他们有可能</s>
<time>511_00:21:56,520 --> 00:21:59,400</time>
<s>会更愿意去栖牲自己干部分隐私</s>
<time>512_00:21:59,760 --> 00:22:01,560</time>
<s>或者是让渡自己一部分自由</s>
<time>513_00:22:01,920 --> 00:22:04,800</time>
<s>去换取对于自己所处境的那种</s>
<time>514_00:22:05,160 --> 00:22:05,520</time>
<s>掌控感和安全感</s>
<time>515_00:22:06,960 --> 00:22:09,480</time>
<s>当然这还有待未来研究去检验</s>
<time>516_00:22:09,840 --> 00:22:12,720</time>
<s>大家也可以惊就这个问题来去思考一下</s>
<time>517_00:22:13,440 --> 00:22:15,600</time>
<s>接下来我们还感兴趣的是</s>
<time>518_00:22:15,960 --> 00:22:18,480</time>
<s>我们还想知道这种欺骗的倾向</s>
<time>519_00:22:19,200 --> 00:22:22,080</time>
<s>会不会继续泛化成一系列的行为模式</s>
<time>520_00:22:22,440 --> 00:22:24,240</time>
<s>表现为特定的人格</s>
<time>521_00:22:25,320 --> 00:22:30,360</time>
<s>心理学上把一系列具有反社会性的人格特质</s>
<time>522_00:22:30,720 --> 00:22:31,440</time>
<s>综合到一起</s>
<time>523_00:22:31,800 --> 00:22:34,320</time>
<s>统称为暗黑人格</s>
<time>524_00:22:35,040 --> 00:22:38,280</time>
<s>它有三个最主要的代表性的体现</s>
<time>525_00:22:38,640 --> 00:22:41,160</time>
<s>第一个就是大家都很熟悉的自恋</s>
<time>526_00:22:41,880 --> 00:22:42,960</time>
<s>也就是自我中心</s>
<time>527_00:22:43,680 --> 00:22:45,840</time>
<s>第二个叫做马基雅维利圭义</s>
<time>528_00:22:46,200 --> 00:22:49,440</time>
<s>就是那种为达具的不择手段</s>
<time>529_00:22:49,800 --> 00:22:53,760</time>
<s>非常擅长操纵和利用并且剥削他人的人</s>
<time>530_00:22:54,480 --> 00:22:55,920</time>
<s>第三个叫精神病卷</s>
<time>531_00:22:56,640 --> 00:22:59,520</time>
<s>是那种冲动险冷酷无情的人</s>
<time>532_00:23:00,600 --> 00:23:01,320</time>
<s>进化心理学认为</s>
<time>533_00:23:02,040 --> 00:23:05,280</time>
<s>不同的人格对于不同的环境具有不同的适应性</s>
<time>534_00:23:06,360 --> 00:23:09,600</time>
<s>比如说如果这个环境是非常安全稳定的</s>
<time>535_00:23:10,320 --> 00:23:12,120</time>
<s>那么就可以慢慢来没关系</s>
<time>536_00:23:12,480 --> 00:23:14,280</time>
<s>我们就可以徐徐图之</s>
<time>537_00:23:15,000 --> 00:23:19,320</time>
<s>在这种情况下那种注重成长延迟满足</s>
<time>538_00:23:19,680 --> 00:23:22,200</time>
<s>做长期规划的人格就会比较适应</s>
<time>539_00:23:22,920 --> 00:23:24,360</time>
<s>这我们把它叫做慢策略</s>
<time>540_00:23:25,440 --> 00:23:25,800</time>
<s>但是相反</s>
