<time>1_00:00:07,920 --> 00:00:09,360</time>
<s>大家好我叫张依萌</s>
<time>2_00:00:09,720 --> 00:00:10,800</time>
<s>我的网名是「孟姜男』</s>
<time>3_00:00:11,880 --> 00:00:14,040</time>
<s>我毕业于北京大学的考古文博学院</s>
<time>4_00:00:14,760 --> 00:00:16,920</time>
<s>现在我在中国文化遗产研究院</s>
<time>5_00:00:17,280 --> 00:00:19,440</time>
<s>专门从事长城的保护研究工作</s>
<time>6_00:00:20,520 --> 00:00:22,680</time>
<s>下面我要跟大家分享的就是</s>
<time>7_00:00:23,040 --> 00:00:25,560</time>
<s>我这些年研究长城的一些感受和感想</s>
<time>8_00:00:26,640 --> 00:00:28,800</time>
<s>首先我想提到长城</s>
<time>9_00:00:29,160 --> 00:00:29,880</time>
<s>地球人应该都知道</s>
<time>10_00:00:30,600 --> 00:00:30,960</time>
<s>一提到长城</s>
<time>11_00:00:31,680 --> 00:00:34,560</time>
<s>大家首先想到的画面一定是现在大家看到的这个样子</s>
<time>12_00:00:35,640 --> 00:00:38,520</time>
<s>在崇山峻岭中有一道高大的城墙</s>
<time>13_00:00:38,880 --> 00:00:39,960</time>
<s>它有着整齐的垛口</s>
<time>14_00:00:40,680 --> 00:00:43,200</time>
<s>其间分布着一些高大的敌楼式的建筑</s>
<time>15_00:00:44,280 --> 00:00:45,360</time>
<s>除此之外</s>
<time>16_00:00:45,720 --> 00:00:48,240</time>
<s>我们的脑海中可能还会浮现出一些关键词</s>
<time>17_00:00:49,320 --> 00:00:51,840</time>
<s>我想这个一定是有人命中的</s>
<time>18_00:00:52,920 --> 00:00:56,160</time>
<s>比如说秦始皇八达岭烽火台</s>
<time>19_00:00:56,880 --> 00:01:00,120</time>
<s>再比如大家都知道长城是我们中华民族的象征</s>
<time>20_00:01:01,200 --> 00:01:03,000</time>
<s>好现在让我们的大脑休息一下</s>
<time>21_00:01:03,360 --> 00:01:05,520</time>
<s>我们用我们的肉眼去观察我们的身边</s>
<time>22_00:01:06,600 --> 00:01:08,040</time>
<s>平时大家可能不是很注意</s>
<time>23_00:01:08,400 --> 00:01:10,560</time>
<s>但实际上我们发现长城这个元素</s>
<time>24_00:01:10,920 --> 00:01:12,720</time>
<s>在我们的生活中是非常常见的</s>
<time>25_00:01:13,800 --> 00:01:15,600</time>
<s>我相信很多朋友都带了你们的身份证</s>
<time>26_00:01:15,960 --> 00:01:17,040</time>
<s>你们可以拿出来看一下</s>
<time>27_00:01:17,760 --> 00:01:19,920</time>
<s>身份证的背面同样画着长城</s>
<time>28_00:01:21,000 --> 00:01:23,880</time>
<s>长城是一个在中国乃至全世界非常著名的建筑</s>
<time>29_00:01:24,600 --> 00:01:26,760</time>
<s>我们每一个人都觉得我们可能对它有一些了解</s>
<time>30_00:01:27,840 --> 00:01:28,200</time>
<s>但是</s>
<time>31_00:01:28,920 --> 00:01:31,080</time>
<s>我们对它的了解可能实际上是很片面的</s>
<time>32_00:01:32,160 --> 00:01:34,320</time>
<s>甚至有一些我们认为是常识性的</s>
<time>33_00:01:35,040 --> 00:01:36,120</time>
<s>这样一些问题一些知识</s>
<time>34_00:01:36,840 --> 00:01:37,560</time>
<s>可能都是错的</s>
<time>35_00:01:38,280 --> 00:01:40,440</time>
<s>我研究长城有八年的时间了</s>
<time>36_00:01:41,160 --> 00:01:42,600</time>
<s>到现在我觉得我已经可以</s>
<time>37_00:01:43,680 --> 00:01:45,480</time>
<s>告诉大家一些长城真实的样子</s>
<time>38_00:01:46,200 --> 00:01:49,440</time>
<s>我们除了把长城当做中华民族的象征之外</s>
<time>39_00:01:49,800 --> 00:01:50,880</time>
<s>长城还可以是什么</s>
<time>40_00:01:51,600 --> 00:01:51,960</time>
<s>我们来看一下</s>
<time>41_00:01:53,760 --> 00:01:54,840</time>
<s>首先我问一个问题</s>
<time>42_00:01:57,000 --> 00:01:58,080</time>
<s>长城到底是谁修的</s>
<time>43_00:01:58,800 --> 00:01:59,520</time>
<s>我想这个问题我一问</s>
<time>44_00:01:59,880 --> 00:02:02,400</time>
<s>很多人不用思考就会回答秦始皇</s>
<time>45_00:02:03,840 --> 00:02:06,720</time>
<s>没错秦始皇跟长城的修建关系非常地大</s>
<time>46_00:02:07,440 --> 00:02:08,880</time>
<s>在秦始皇的主持下</s>
<time>47_00:02:09,240 --> 00:02:12,120</time>
<s>我们中国的万里长城我们为什么叫万里长城呢</s>
<time>48_00:02:13,200 --> 00:02:15,000</time>
<s>是因为在秦始皇的主持下</s>
<time>49_00:02:16,080 --> 00:02:17,880</time>
<s>长城作为一个单一的防御体系</s>
<time>50_00:02:18,600 --> 00:02:20,040</time>
<s>它首次超过了一万华里</s>
<time>51_00:02:21,120 --> 00:02:24,000</time>
<s>但实际上我要说的是长城并不是秦始皇一个人</s>
<time>52_00:02:24,720 --> 00:02:26,520</time>
<s>或者是秦朝一个朝代修成的</s>
<time>53_00:02:27,240 --> 00:02:29,760</time>
<s>甚至它不是秦始皇的发明创造</s>
<time>54_00:02:30,480 --> 00:02:33,360</time>
<s>早在秦始皇之前的两三百年时间</s>
<time>55_00:02:34,080 --> 00:02:34,800</time>
<s>长城就已经存在了</s>
<time>56_00:02:35,520 --> 00:02:39,120</time>
<s>我们现在看到的这个是一个战国时代的中国的地图</s>
<time>57_00:02:40,200 --> 00:02:41,280</time>
<s>我们中学课本里都学过</s>
<time>58_00:02:41,640 --> 00:02:42,360</time>
<s>战国有战国七雄</s>
<time>59_00:02:43,080 --> 00:02:44,520</time>
<s>齐楚燕韩赵魏秦</s>
<time>60_00:02:45,240 --> 00:02:46,680</time>
<s>根据现在的考古研究显示</s>
<time>61_00:02:47,400 --> 00:02:48,480</time>
<s>除了韩国之外</s>
<time>62_00:02:49,200 --> 00:02:49,920</time>
<s>其他的这些诸侯国</s>
<time>63_00:02:50,280 --> 00:02:52,800</time>
<s>都曾经有过大规模修建长城的举动</s>
<time>64_00:02:54,240 --> 00:02:54,960</time>
<s>比如说我们看一下</s>
<time>65_00:02:55,320 --> 00:02:56,760</time>
<s>战国时代的长城长什么样子</s>
<time>66_00:02:57,480 --> 00:03:01,080</time>
<s>我们在河南看到战国时代的楚国的长城现在是这个样子</s>
<time>67_00:03:01,800 --> 00:03:03,240</time>
<s>再比如说刚才我们看到地图上</s>
<time>68_00:03:03,600 --> 00:03:05,400</time>
<s>有一个小小的国家叫做中山国</s>
<time>69_00:03:06,120 --> 00:03:07,200</time>
<s>这个中山国很有意思</s>
<time>70_00:03:07,560 --> 00:03:10,800</time>
<s>实际上它的建立者并不是当时观念中的华夏民族</s>
<time>71_00:03:11,520 --> 00:03:14,040</time>
<s>而是我们讲蛮夷戎狄中的狄人</s>
<time>72_00:03:14,760 --> 00:03:15,840</time>
<s>狄人建立的中山国</s>
<time>73_00:03:16,560 --> 00:03:18,000</time>
<s>这个中山国非常地坚强</s>
<time>74_00:03:18,720 --> 00:03:23,040</time>
<s>在战国七雄的夹缝中它一直生存到了公元前296年</s>
<time>75_00:03:23,760 --> 00:03:26,640</time>
<s>也就是距秦统一只有半个世纪的时间才灭亡</s>
<time>76_00:03:27,360 --> 00:03:30,600</time>
<s>我想这个可能跟它修建长城是有很大的关系的</s>
<time>77_00:03:32,040 --> 00:03:34,200</time>
<s>不仅仅是我们中国的华夏民族</s>
<time>78_00:03:34,560 --> 00:03:36,000</time>
<s>或者说中国北方的少数民族</s>
<time>79_00:03:36,720 --> 00:03:38,520</time>
<s>如果我们放眼去望全世界的话</s>
<time>80_00:03:39,960 --> 00:03:43,200</time>
<s>实际上很多古代的民族它都曾经修建过长城</s>
<time>81_00:03:44,280 --> 00:03:47,160</time>
<s>比如说我们最熟悉的就是英国的哈德良长城</s>
<time>82_00:03:47,880 --> 00:03:50,760</time>
<s>它是由古罗马帝国在公元122年修建的</s>
<time>83_00:03:51,480 --> 00:03:53,280</time>
<s>它的总长度天概有100公里</s>
<time>84_00:03:54,000 --> 00:03:54,720</time>
<s>但是我们到现场去看</s>
<time>85_00:03:55,080 --> 00:03:57,240</time>
<s>实际上它跟中国的长城是非常相似的</s>
<time>86_00:03:58,320 --> 00:03:59,040</time>
<s>再比如说</s>
<time>87_00:03:59,400 --> 00:04:00,480</time>
<s>除了古代的民族之外</s>
<time>88_00:04:00,840 --> 00:04:01,560</time>
<s>包括到了当代</s>
<time>89_00:04:01,920 --> 00:04:02,640</time>
<s>到21世纪</s>
<time>90_00:04:03,000 --> 00:04:04,440</time>
<s>我们去看新闻会知道</s>
<time>91_00:04:05,520 --> 00:04:08,040</time>
<s>当今世界最强大的国家还在考虑修长城</s>
<time>92_00:04:08,400 --> 00:04:10,200</time>
<s>据说规划都已经做好了</s>
<time>93_00:04:10,560 --> 00:04:11,280</time>
<s>这个不知道真的假的</s>
<time>94_00:04:12,360 --> 00:04:13,440</time>
<s>但是它说明一个什么问题呢</s>
<time>95_00:04:13,800 --> 00:04:18,120</time>
<s>就是说修建长城或者说修建边疆的长的防御体系</s>
<time>96_00:04:18,480 --> 00:04:19,920</time>
<s>它并不是中华民族的专利</s>
<time>97_00:04:21,000 --> 00:04:22,800</time>
<s>我们人类人性都是相通的</s>
<time>98_00:04:23,160 --> 00:04:25,680</time>
<s>当大家在面对边疆危机的时候</s>
<time>99_00:04:26,400 --> 00:04:28,560</time>
<s>可能我们会做出相似或者相同的反应</s>
<time>100_00:04:30,000 --> 00:04:32,160</time>
<s>我们知道古今中外这么多国家和民族</s>
<time>101_00:04:32,880 --> 00:04:35,400</time>
<s>都曾经修建过长城或者类似长城的建筑</s>
<time>102_00:04:36,120 --> 00:04:36,840</time>
<s>但是我要问一个问题</s>
<time>103_00:04:37,560 --> 00:04:39,720</time>
<s>那就是为什么我们现在只记住了一个秦始皇</s>
<time>104_00:04:40,800 --> 00:04:42,240</time>
<s>我想这个要归功于一个人</s>
<time>105_00:04:42,960 --> 00:04:44,760</time>
<s>孟姜女的故事在中国是家喻户晓的</s>
<time>106_00:04:45,480 --> 00:04:46,920</time>
<s>她有一项丰功伟绩是什么呢</s>
<time>107_00:04:47,640 --> 00:04:48,720</time>
<s>就是她把长城哭塌了</s>
<time>108_00:04:49,800 --> 00:04:52,680</time>
<s>但是大家有没有想过这样一个问题</s>
<time>109_00:04:53,400 --> 00:04:54,840</time>
<s>长城是我们中华民族的象征</s>
<time>110_00:04:55,920 --> 00:04:57,720</time>
<s>孟姜女把我们中华民族的象征哭塌了</s>
<time>111_00:04:58,080 --> 00:04:59,160</time>
<s>为什么我们还要纪念她</s>
<time>112_00:05:00,240 --> 00:05:00,960</time>
<s>其实原因很简单</s>
<time>113_00:05:01,680 --> 00:05:03,480</time>
<s>就是孟姜女的故事诞生的时候</s>
<time>114_00:05:04,200 --> 00:05:06,000</time>
<s>我们中国人实际上是不喜欢长城的</s>
<time>115_00:05:06,720 --> 00:05:08,160</time>
<s>为什么我们现在记住了秦始皇</s>
<time>116_00:05:08,520 --> 00:05:09,240</time>
<s>就是因为她（孟姜女）</s>
<time>117_00:05:09,600 --> 00:05:12,840</time>
<s>因为在她的故事里就是秦始皇建造了长城</s>
<time>118_00:05:13,200 --> 00:05:15,000</time>
<s>秦始皇是一种什么形象出现的呢</s>
<time>119_00:05:15,720 --> 00:05:16,440</time>
<s>他是三个暴君</s>
<time>120_00:05:17,160 --> 00:05:19,680</time>
<s>所以这个故事带来的一个副产品就是</s>
<time>121_00:05:20,760 --> 00:05:22,920</time>
<s>我们在当时把长城</s>
<time>122_00:05:23,640 --> 00:05:27,240</time>
<s>和暴虐的统治和劳民伤财紧紧地绑在了一起</s>
<time>123_00:05:28,680 --> 00:05:31,920</time>
<s>我们知道中国古代有一个非常重要的诗歌体材</s>
<time>124_00:05:32,280 --> 00:05:33,000</time>
<s>叫做边塞诗</s>
<time>125_00:05:33,720 --> 00:05:35,520</time>
<s>它就是描写的是长城的成边生活</s>
<time>126_00:05:35,880 --> 00:05:37,680</time>
<s>包括长城的一些相关的内容</s>
<time>127_00:05:38,760 --> 00:05:40,560</time>
<s>以及可能把长城作为一些隐喻</s>
<time>128_00:05:41,280 --> 00:05:42,000</time>
<s>我们举几个例子</s>
<time>129_00:05:42,360 --> 00:05:45,240</time>
<s>我们看我们古代的人用什么样的诗词来描述长城呢</s>
<time>130_00:05:47,040 --> 00:05:49,200</time>
<s>男儿宁当格斗死何能郁筑长城</s>
<time>131_00:05:50,280 --> 00:05:51,360</time>
<s>它表现的是什么思想感情呢</s>
<time>132_00:05:52,080 --> 00:05:53,160</time>
<s>憨屈愤怒</s>
<time>133_00:05:54,240 --> 00:05:54,600</time>
<s>再比如说</s>
<time>134_00:05:54,960 --> 00:05:57,840</time>
<s>笛何须怨杨柳春风不度玉门关</s>
<time>135_00:05:58,560 --> 00:05:58,920</time>
<s>这个是什么呢</s>
<time>136_00:06:01,080 --> 00:06:04,320</time>
<s>再比如说塞上长城空自许镜中衰已先斑</s>
<time>137_00:06:07,920 --> 00:06:10,440</time>
<s>再比如说万里长城今犹在不见当年秦始皇</s>
<time>138_00:06:11,160 --> 00:06:12,600</time>
<s>它表现的是讽刺</s>
<time>139_00:06:13,680 --> 00:06:14,040</time>
<s>我们看</s>
<time>140_00:06:14,760 --> 00:06:16,560</time>
<s>古代人描写长城所有的诗句里面</s>
<time>141_00:06:16,920 --> 00:06:19,440</time>
<s>它所表达的思想感情也全部都是负面的</s>
<time>142_00:06:20,160 --> 00:06:21,600</time>
<s>唯独没有出现歌颂</s>
<time>143_00:06:22,680 --> 00:06:24,840</time>
<s>所以说不喜欢长城这个事情</s>
<time>144_00:06:25,560 --> 00:06:27,000</time>
<s>对于古代的中国人来讲</s>
<time>145_00:06:27,720 --> 00:06:29,520</time>
<s>无论是精英阶层还是劳动人民</s>
<time>146_00:06:29,880 --> 00:06:31,320</time>
<s>大家在这一点上是空前一致的</s>
<time>147_00:06:32,760 --> 00:06:33,840</time>
<s>好现在问题又来了</s>
<time>148_00:06:34,560 --> 00:06:37,440</time>
<s>为什么我们大家都非常讨厌的这样一个建筑</s>
<time>149_00:06:37,800 --> 00:06:39,600</time>
<s>它突然变成了中华民族的象征呢</s>
<time>150_00:06:40,680 --> 00:06:42,120</time>
<s>我想首先它肯定不是突然变成的</s>
<time>151_00:06:42,840 --> 00:06:43,920</time>
<s>它是有一个演变的过程</s>
<time>152_00:06:45,000 --> 00:06:47,160</time>
<s>我们现在就从一张地图来讲起</s>
<time>153_00:06:47,880 --> 00:06:49,680</time>
<s>我们看到这个画面中显示的地图</s>
<time>154_00:06:50,040 --> 00:06:51,480</time>
<s>是一张唐宋时代的作品</s>
<time>155_00:06:52,200 --> 00:06:53,640</time>
<s>它的名字叫做《华夷图》</s>
<time>156_00:06:54,720 --> 00:06:55,440</time>
<s>我们看这张地图</s>
<time>157_00:06:56,160 --> 00:06:58,680</time>
<s>在它的北方明显地画了一道长城</s>
<time>158_00:06:59,400 --> 00:07:01,200</time>
<s>这张地图它的重要性在哪呢</s>
<time>159_00:07:01,560 --> 00:07:03,360</time>
<s>就是说今为止我们发现的</s>
<time>160_00:07:03,720 --> 00:07:07,320</time>
<s>中国古代第一幅把长城标注在地图上的作品</s>
<time>161_00:07:08,040 --> 00:07:09,120</time>
<s>就是这个《华夷图》</s>
<time>162_00:07:10,200 --> 00:07:12,360</time>
<s>《华夷图》的创作时代是在唐宋时代</s>
<time>163_00:07:13,080 --> 00:07:15,240</time>
<s>但是很有意思的一个现象就是</s>
<time>164_00:07:15,600 --> 00:07:16,680</time>
<s>唐宋这两个朝代</s>
<time>165_00:07:17,040 --> 00:07:19,200</time>
<s>根据我们文献记载和考古研究</s>
<time>166_00:07:19,560 --> 00:07:21,360</time>
<s>它都没有大规模地修建过长城</s>
<time>167_00:07:22,440 --> 00:07:23,520</time>
<s>但是为什么偏偏是这个时代</s>
<time>168_00:07:23,880 --> 00:07:24,960</time>
<s>出现了长城的形象呢</s>
<time>169_00:07:26,040 --> 00:07:26,760</time>
<s>我们看唐朝的地图</s>
<time>170_00:07:27,120 --> 00:07:28,920</time>
<s>唐朝的疆域空前地广阔</s>
<time>171_00:07:29,640 --> 00:07:30,720</time>
<s>它的政治影响力也很强</s>
<time>172_00:07:31,800 --> 00:07:33,240</time>
<s>也就是说它根本不需要修长城</s>
<time>173_00:07:34,320 --> 00:07:35,040</time>
<s>再比如说宋代</s>
<time>174_00:07:35,400 --> 00:07:37,200</time>
<s>宋朝的时候的疆域</s>
<time>175_00:07:37,920 --> 00:07:40,440</time>
<s>北边根本就没有到达长城脚下</s>
<time>176_00:07:41,520 --> 00:07:42,600</time>
<s>为什么偏偏是这个时代</s>
<time>177_00:07:42,960 --> 00:07:45,120</time>
<s>我们在图上表现了长城的样子呢</s>
<time>178_00:07:46,560 --> 00:07:48,360</time>
<s>这个时候发生了一个什么事</s>
<time>179_00:07:48,720 --> 00:07:50,160</time>
<s>就是说我们中国人在观念中</s>
<time>180_00:07:51,240 --> 00:07:53,760</time>
<s>已经潜移默化地开始认为</s>
<time>181_00:07:54,480 --> 00:07:57,720</time>
<s>长城是我们中国的一个不可或缺的东西</s>
<time>182_00:07:58,440 --> 00:08:01,680</time>
<s>它已经变成了我们内心深处的一种文化认同</s>
<time>183_00:08:02,760 --> 00:08:05,280</time>
<s>虽然我们还是会写诗去咒骂它</s>
<time>184_00:08:05,640 --> 00:08:07,080</time>
<s>但实际上你不得不承认</s>
<time>185_00:08:07,440 --> 00:08:07,800</time>
<s>没有长城</s>
<time>186_00:08:08,520 --> 00:08:12,120</time>
<s>假如说我们面对北方的游牧民族的铁蹄的时候</s>
<time>187_00:08:12,480 --> 00:08:14,640</time>
<s>我们可能会付出更加惨重的代价</s>
<time>188_00:08:16,080 --> 00:08:16,800</time>
<s>说完了中国</s>
<time>189_00:08:17,160 --> 00:08:18,600</time>
<s>我们来讲一下西方</s>
<time>190_00:08:19,680 --> 00:08:20,400</time>
<s>刚才我们讲了半天</s>
<time>191_00:08:21,120 --> 00:08:22,560</time>
<s>都是说我们中国人不喜欢它</s>
<time>192_00:08:23,280 --> 00:08:25,440</time>
<s>包括我们可能在嘴上还不认同它</s>
<time>193_00:08:26,520 --> 00:08:27,960</time>
<s>那谁是第一个夸长城的人</s>
<time>194_00:08:29,400 --> 00:08:30,840</time>
<s>这个时候我们要讲到欧洲人了</s>
<time>195_00:08:31,920 --> 00:08:35,160</time>
<s>在十七十八世纪的时候欧洲发生了启蒙运动</s>
<time>196_00:08:36,240 --> 00:08:36,600</time>
<s>大家知道</s>
<time>197_00:08:36,960 --> 00:08:41,640</time>
<s>在经历了长时期的中世纪的神权压迫和黑暗统治之后</s>
<time>198_00:08:42,000 --> 00:08:44,160</time>
<s>欧洲人他们极度地渴望三样东西</s>
<time>199_00:08:44,880 --> 00:08:45,600</time>
<s>一个叫人性解放</s>
<time>200_00:08:46,680 --> 00:08:47,400</time>
<s>一个叫理性</s>
<time>201_00:08:48,120 --> 00:08:48,840</time>
<s>一个叫秩序</s>
<time>202_00:08:49,920 --> 00:08:52,800</time>
<s>他们惊地发现他们所梦寐以求的一些东西</s>
<time>203_00:08:53,160 --> 00:08:54,960</time>
<s>我们早在几千年前全部都实现了</s>
<time>204_00:08:56,400 --> 00:08:57,120</time>
<s>为什么这么说</s>
<time>205_00:08:57,480 --> 00:09:00,000</time>
<s>比如说我们中国实行的是政教分离的制度</s>
<time>206_00:09:00,720 --> 00:09:01,800</time>
<s>比如说我们有科举制度</s>
<time>207_00:09:02,160 --> 00:09:03,960</time>
<s>我们用考试的办法选拔官员</s>
<time>208_00:09:04,320 --> 00:09:05,760</time>
<s>所以我们的制度是理性的</s>
<time>209_00:09:06,480 --> 00:09:06,840</time>
<s>再比如说</s>
<time>210_00:09:07,200 --> 00:09:09,000</time>
<s>我们兴建了万里长城</s>
<time>211_00:09:09,360 --> 00:09:10,800</time>
<s>它隔绝开了野蛮和文明</s>
<time>212_00:09:11,160 --> 00:09:12,600</time>
<s>所以中国是有秩序的</s>
<time>213_00:09:13,680 --> 00:09:14,760</time>
<s>所以从这个时候开始</s>
<time>214_00:09:15,120 --> 00:09:18,000</time>
<s>我们在欧洲发现大量的关于中国描写的一些文献</s>
<time>215_00:09:18,720 --> 00:09:20,880</time>
<s>而且这些文献是充满了溢美之词</s>
<time>216_00:09:22,320 --> 00:09:24,120</time>
<s>比如说这一位大家都很熟悉</s>
<time>217_00:09:24,480 --> 00:09:25,920</time>
<s>著名的法国思想家伏尔泰</s>
<time>218_00:09:26,640 --> 00:09:28,800</time>
<s>他在他的《风俗论》中曾经有这样一段话</s>
<time>219_00:09:29,160 --> 00:09:31,680</time>
<s>他说如果说曾经有过一个国家</s>
<time>220_00:09:32,040 --> 00:09:35,280</time>
<s>在那里人们的生命名誉和财产受到法律的保护</s>
<time>221_00:09:35,640 --> 00:09:36,720</time>
<s>那就是中华帝国</s>
<time>222_00:09:38,160 --> 00:09:38,520</time>
<s>再比如说</s>
<time>223_00:09:38,880 --> 00:09:40,680</time>
<s>也是一个很著名的西方传教士</s>
<time>224_00:09:41,400 --> 00:09:42,480</time>
<s>比利时的南怀仁</s>
<time>225_00:09:43,200 --> 00:09:44,280</time>
<s>他在康熙年间来到中国</s>
<time>226_00:09:44,640 --> 00:09:46,440</time>
<s>并且长期在朝廷里面为官</s>
<time>227_00:09:47,160 --> 00:09:48,960</time>
<s>他曾经亲自见证过万里长城</s>
<time>228_00:09:49,320 --> 00:09:51,120</time>
<s>所以他对长城有这样一段评价</s>
<time>229_00:09:51,480 --> 00:09:53,280</time>
<s>他说世界七头奇迹加在一起</s>
<time>230_00:09:54,000 --> 00:09:55,440</time>
<s>也比不上中国的长城</s>
<time>231_00:09:56,880 --> 00:09:57,960</time>
<s>所以现在我们才发现</s>
<time>232_00:09:58,680 --> 00:10:01,200</time>
<s>原来第一批给长城打电话的全都是欧洲人</s>
<time>233_00:10:01,560 --> 00:10:02,280</time>
<s>不是中国人</s>
<time>234_00:10:03,000 --> 00:10:03,360</time>
<s>当然了</s>
<time>235_00:10:03,720 --> 00:10:05,160</time>
<s>这些欧洲人他们在形容长城的时候</s>
<time>236_00:10:05,880 --> 00:10:07,320</time>
<s>他们是有非常明确的政治目的的</s>
<time>237_00:10:08,040 --> 00:10:09,480</time>
<s>他们是为了社会改革</s>
<time>238_00:10:10,200 --> 00:10:12,360</time>
<s>他们是把长城当做一种政治工具</s>
<time>239_00:10:13,080 --> 00:10:14,880</time>
<s>但是纯朴的欧洲人民却相信了</s>
<time>240_00:10:16,320 --> 00:10:17,400</time>
<s>比如说我再举一个例子</s>
<time>241_00:10:18,120 --> 00:10:20,280</time>
<s>在同时代的欧洲有一位著名的古物学家</s>
<time>242_00:10:21,000 --> 00:10:21,720</time>
<s>叫做威廉·斯图科里</s>
<time>243_00:10:22,800 --> 00:10:23,880</time>
<s>在1754年的时候</s>
<time>244_00:10:24,600 --> 00:10:27,840</time>
<s>他给当时威尔士的一位奥古斯塔公主写过一封信</s>
<time>245_00:10:28,560 --> 00:10:30,000</time>
<s>这个信上出现了这样一句话</s>
<time>246_00:10:31,800 --> 00:10:34,320</time>
<s>他说长城是地球上的一个杰作</s>
<time>247_00:10:34,680 --> 00:10:35,760</time>
<s>从月球上都能看到它</s>
<time>248_00:10:37,200 --> 00:10:38,280</time>
<s>有意思吧</s>
<time>249_00:10:39,360 --> 00:10:40,440</time>
<s>这是哪一年呀</s>
<time>250_00:10:42,960 --> 00:10:47,280</time>
<s>第一次出现月球上能看见长城是1754年</s>
<time>251_00:10:48,000 --> 00:10:48,720</time>
<s>1754年是什么时候</s>
<time>252_00:10:49,800 --> 00:10:52,320</time>
<s>距离我们人类登上月球还有215年</s>
<time>253_00:10:53,760 --> 00:10:56,280</time>
<s>这个时候的人他怎么可能知道我们在月球上看到什么呢</s>
<time>254_00:10:57,720 --> 00:10:58,440</time>
<s>我们现在看一下</s>
<time>255_00:10:59,160 --> 00:11:00,240</time>
<s>这是我们在月球上看地球</s>
<time>256_00:11:00,960 --> 00:11:02,040</time>
<s>有没有谁能告诉我长城在哪</s>
<time>257_00:11:03,120 --> 00:11:04,560</time>
<s>这根本就是一个不可能的事情</s>
<time>258_00:11:05,280 --> 00:11:07,080</time>
<s>实际上威廉他写信</s>
<time>259_00:11:07,440 --> 00:11:09,240</time>
<s>实际上一个男的给一个女的写信</s>
<time>260_00:11:09,600 --> 00:11:10,320</time>
<s>你想一想</s>
<time>261_00:11:11,040 --> 00:11:11,760</time>
<s>它是一种甜言蜜语</s>
<time>262_00:11:12,120 --> 00:11:12,840</time>
<s>它是一种修辞</s>
<time>263_00:11:13,920 --> 00:11:15,360</time>
<s>但是很有意思</s>
<time>264_00:11:16,800 --> 00:11:17,880</time>
<s>包括欧洲人民在内</s>
<time>265_00:11:18,240 --> 00:11:19,680</time>
<s>全世界人民都被他忽悠了</s>
<time>266_00:11:20,400 --> 00:11:21,120</time>
<s>我们都相信了</s>
<time>267_00:11:22,200 --> 00:11:23,280</time>
<s>甚至于相信到了什么时候呢</s>
<time>268_00:11:24,720 --> 00:11:27,240</time>
<s>1987年长城列入了世界遗产名录</s>
<time>269_00:11:27,960 --> 00:11:31,920</time>
<s>我们会发现联合国教科文组织世界遗产委员会</s>
<time>270_00:11:32,280 --> 00:11:34,080</time>
<s>对长城的评价中有这么一句话</s>
<time>271_00:11:34,800 --> 00:11:37,320</time>
<s>作为从月球上能看到的唯一人工建造物</s>
<time>272_00:11:37,680 --> 00:11:39,120</time>
<s>长城分布于辽阔的大陆上</s>
<time>273_00:11:39,480 --> 00:11:41,280</time>
<s>是建筑融入景观的完美范例</s>
<time>274_00:11:43,440 --> 00:11:45,240</time>
<s>就是这么一个非常不靠谱的言论</s>
<time>275_00:11:46,320 --> 00:11:47,040</time>
<s>忽悠了全世界的人</s>
<time>276_00:11:47,400 --> 00:11:48,840</time>
<s>并且大家到现在都深信不疑</s>
<time>277_00:11:49,560 --> 00:11:51,360</time>
<s>可见我们对长城的这种狂热</s>
<time>278_00:11:51,720 --> 00:11:53,880</time>
<s>实际上到现在基本它是没有断的</s>
<time>279_00:11:55,680 --> 00:11:57,480</time>
<s>我们说欧洲一直在夸长城</s>
<time>280_00:11:58,200 --> 00:12:00,360</time>
<s>夸到什么时候我们中国人也开始夸长城了呢</s>
<time>281_00:12:00,720 --> 00:12:02,160</time>
<s>这个时候已经到了20世纪初</s>
<time>282_00:12:02,880 --> 00:12:05,040</time>
<s>我们知道这个时候的中国非常地辱弱</s>
<time>283_00:12:05,400 --> 00:12:06,840</time>
<s>我们的边疆危机非常地严重</s>
<time>284_00:12:07,560 --> 00:12:08,640</time>
<s>就是在这个背景下</s>
<time>285_00:12:09,000 --> 00:12:10,800</time>
<s>一批仁人志士开始关注国防</s>
<time>286_00:12:11,880 --> 00:12:14,040</time>
<s>关注国防的同时他就会关注到长城</s>
<time>287_00:12:14,400 --> 00:12:18,000</time>
<s>因为长城和古代国防关系是非常密切的</s>
<time>288_00:12:19,080 --> 00:12:21,960</time>
<s>孙中山先生在他的《建国方略》中也谈到了长城</s>
<time>289_00:12:22,680 --> 00:12:25,200</time>
<s>他说长城是世界独一之奇观</s>
<time>290_00:12:25,920 --> 00:12:26,640</time>
<s>伟大之建筑</s>
<time>291_00:12:27,360 --> 00:12:29,520</time>
<s>我不敢说他是第一个这么夸长城的中国人</s>
<time>292_00:12:29,880 --> 00:12:33,480</time>
<s>但是他肯定是第一批对长城有正面描述的中国人</s>
<time>293_00:12:34,560 --> 00:12:37,440</time>
<s>然而到了这个时候长城还并不是我们民族的象征</s>
<time>294_00:12:38,160 --> 00:12:41,760</time>
<s>真正到什么时候这个观念被我们的普通大众所接受呢</s>
<time>295_00:12:42,480 --> 00:12:43,920</time>
<s>这要说到了抗战期间了</s>
<time>296_00:12:45,000 --> 00:12:46,800</time>
<s>在1933年的时候长城沿线</s>
<time>297_00:12:47,160 --> 00:12:50,400</time>
<s>爆发了很多中国军队抵抗日本侵略者的战争</s>
<time>298_00:12:51,120 --> 00:12:54,000</time>
<s>最著名的就是1933年的3月到5月</s>
<time>299_00:12:54,360 --> 00:12:56,160</time>
<s>当时爆发的这一系列的战斗</s>
<time>300_00:12:56,520 --> 00:12:58,320</time>
<s>我们狭义地称它叫做长城抗战</s>
<time>301_00:12:59,040 --> 00:13:04,080</time>
<s>然而实际上整个抗战期间长城一直是抗日的战场</s>
<time>302_00:13:04,440 --> 00:13:05,880</time>
<s>也就是在这个背景下</s>
<time>303_00:13:06,600 --> 00:13:09,120</time>
<s>我们说终于中国人全都发现了</s>
<time>304_00:13:09,480 --> 00:13:10,560</time>
<s>长城它是伟大的</s>
<time>305_00:13:11,280 --> 00:13:12,360</time>
<s>它是可以凝聚我们民族的</s>
<time>306_00:13:13,440 --> 00:13:16,320</time>
<s>于是在1935年的时候著名的《义勇军进行曲》</s>
<time>307_00:13:17,040 --> 00:13:18,480</time>
<s>我们的国歌被创</s>
<time>308_00:13:19,560 --> 00:13:21,360</time>
<s>在救亡图存的这个历史背景下</s>
<time>309_00:13:21,720 --> 00:13:24,960</time>
<s>长城终于完成了从一个罪恶建筑</s>
<time>310_00:13:25,680 --> 00:13:27,120</time>
<s>向民族象征的华丽转身</s>
<time>311_00:13:28,200 --> 00:13:28,920</time>
<s>当然了我们说</s>
<time>312_00:13:29,640 --> 00:13:32,160</time>
<s>长城作为民族的象征它肯定不是一个坏事</s>
<time>313_00:13:32,880 --> 00:13:34,320</time>
<s>但是有些事情我们可能没有想到</s>
<time>314_00:13:34,680 --> 00:13:37,200</time>
<s>那就是说因为我们这样地崇拜长城</s>
<time>315_00:13:37,920 --> 00:13:41,160</time>
<s>它反而给长城的保护带来了一些我们意想不到的麻烦</s>
<time>316_00:13:42,600 --> 00:13:44,400</time>
<s>刚才我讲的很多都是</s>
<time>317_00:13:44,760 --> 00:13:47,640</time>
<s>关于长城的一些观念上的事情</s>
<time>318_00:13:48,360 --> 00:13:49,080</time>
<s>我们谈到了诗</s>
<time>319_00:13:49,440 --> 00:13:50,160</time>
<s>我们也谈到了远方</s>
<time>320_00:13:50,880 --> 00:13:51,240</time>
<s>不好意思</s>
<time>321_00:13:51,960 --> 00:13:54,120</time>
<s>下面我就要给大家讲一讲眼前的苟且</s>
<time>322_00:13:54,840 --> 00:13:55,560</time>
<s>为什么这么讲呢</s>
<time>323_00:13:56,640 --> 00:13:59,160</time>
<s>我们说长城很伟大长城很漂亮</s>
<time>324_00:13:59,880 --> 00:14:02,040</time>
<s>但是它作为一个耀眼的明星</s>
<time>325_00:14:02,400 --> 00:14:03,120</time>
<s>它光芒四射</s>
<time>326_00:14:03,480 --> 00:14:04,560</time>
<s>这个光芒太强了</s>
<time>327_00:14:05,280 --> 00:14:07,080</time>
<s>我们中国有一个俗语叫做灯下黑</s>
<time>328_00:14:08,520 --> 00:14:09,960</time>
<s>我们现在都觉得长城是一个明星</s>
<time>329_00:14:10,320 --> 00:14:11,040</time>
<s>是一个符号</s>
<time>330_00:14:11,760 --> 00:14:13,560</time>
<s>是一个承载了很多精神意义的东西</s>
<time>331_00:14:14,280 --> 00:14:16,440</time>
<s>但实际上长城它还有一个最基本的身份</s>
<time>332_00:14:16,800 --> 00:14:17,880</time>
<s>那就是文物</s>
<time>333_00:14:18,600 --> 00:14:19,680</time>
<s>既然长城是文物</s>
<time>334_00:14:20,040 --> 00:14:22,560</time>
<s>我们就要用文物保护的方法去保护它</s>
<time>335_00:14:22,920 --> 00:14:24,720</time>
<s>用研究文物的方法去研究它</s>
<time>336_00:14:25,800 --> 00:14:28,320</time>
<s>然而我们有太多的人去关注它的象征意义</s>
<time>337_00:14:29,040 --> 00:14:32,280</time>
<s>实在是有太少的人去关注长城本身</s>
<time>338_00:14:33,360 --> 00:14:34,080</time>
<s>比如说我再问一个问题</s>
<time>339_00:14:34,440 --> 00:14:35,160</time>
<s>长城到底有多长</s>
<time>340_00:14:36,600 --> 00:14:37,680</time>
<s>我相信大家第一时间</s>
<time>341_00:14:38,400 --> 00:14:40,200</time>
<s>肯定是不能给出我一个准确的答案的</s>
<time>342_00:14:41,280 --> 00:14:45,240</time>
<s>实际上这个答案一直到了21世纪我们才真正地知道</s>
<time>343_00:14:45,960 --> 00:14:49,920</time>
<s>13我在各种文献中找到了18些关于长城长度的说法</s>
<time>344_00:14:50,280 --> 00:14:51,360</time>
<s>13ChengDalin我们看从16世纪开始600</s>
<time>345_00:14:52,080 --> 00:14:56,400</time>
<s>全世界中外很多的人都曾经对长城的长度进行过推测</s>
<time>346_00:14:57,480 --> 00:14:59,640</time>
<s>其中最短的说长城只有几百公里</s>
<time>347_00:15:00,360 --> 00:15:01,080</time>
<s>最长的一种说法</s>
<time>348_00:15:01,440 --> 00:15:03,240</time>
<s>甚至于说长城达到了五万公里</s>
<time>349_00:15:03,960 --> 00:15:05,040</time>
<s>五万公里什么概念呢</s>
<time>350_00:15:05,400 --> 00:15:08,280</time>
<s>就是说比地球的赤道一圈还要再长一万公里</s>
<time>351_00:15:09,360 --> 00:15:10,440</time>
<s>这实在是有点夸张</s>
<time>352_00:15:11,160 --> 00:15:12,600</time>
<s>有很多人去推测长城的长度</s>
<time>353_00:15:12,960 --> 00:15:17,640</time>
<s>但实际上长城的全面的精确测量一直是没有人做的</s>
<time>354_00:15:18,360 --> 00:15:19,800</time>
<s>这些所有的数据都是不可信的</s>
<time>355_00:15:20,520 --> 00:15:21,240</time>
<s>都是一种推测</s>
<time>356_00:15:23,040 --> 00:15:25,200</time>
<s>但是我们就是在这样的一种情况下</s>
<time>357_00:15:25,560 --> 00:15:27,000</time>
<s>我们还不知道长城长什么样子</s>
<time>358_00:15:27,360 --> 00:15:28,800</time>
<s>我们还不知道长城有多长的情况下</s>
<time>359_00:15:29,520 --> 00:15:30,600</time>
<s>我们就已经开始修长城了</s>
<time>360_00:15:31,320 --> 00:15:33,120</time>
<s>这个题词我相信很多人都看到过</s>
<time>361_00:15:34,200 --> 00:15:36,000</time>
<s>1984年的时候我们有两位国家领导人</s>
<time>362_00:15:36,720 --> 00:15:39,240</time>
<s>先后地关于长城做过这样一个题词</s>
<time>363_00:15:39,600 --> 00:15:42,120</time>
<s>它的内容叫做爱我中华修我长城</s>
<time>364_00:15:43,200 --> 00:15:43,920</time>
<s>因为要爱我中华</s>
<time>365_00:15:44,640 --> 00:15:45,360</time>
<s>所以才要修我长城</s>
<time>366_00:15:45,720 --> 00:15:47,160</time>
<s>我们当时为什么修长城</s>
<time>367_00:15:47,880 --> 00:15:48,960</time>
<s>我们是要修一个纪念碑</s>
<time>368_00:15:50,040 --> 00:15:51,120</time>
<s>我们要修的是民族的象征</s>
<time>369_00:15:51,840 --> 00:15:52,920</time>
<s>我们不是去修文物</s>
<time>370_00:15:53,640 --> 00:15:55,080</time>
<s>我们说长城如果是民族象征</s>
<time>371_00:15:55,800 --> 00:15:57,600</time>
<s>这个东西它不能为中华民族代言</s>
<time>372_00:15:58,320 --> 00:16:00,120</time>
<s>那什么东西才能为中华民族代言呢</s>
<time>373_00:16:01,200 --> 00:16:02,280</time>
<s>只能是八达岭这样的长城</s>
<time>374_00:16:03,720 --> 00:16:04,440</time>
<s>刚才主持久介绍了</s>
<time>375_00:16:04,800 --> 00:16:08,400</time>
<s>这样的长城实际上在长城的总长度里面</s>
<time>376_00:16:08,760 --> 00:16:09,840</time>
<s>只占非常小的一部分</s>
<time>377_00:16:10,200 --> 00:16:10,920</time>
<s>只有几百公里</s>
<time>378_00:16:11,640 --> 00:16:13,800</time>
<s>但是因为它是中华民族的象征</s>
<time>379_00:16:14,520 --> 00:16:15,600</time>
<s>所以如果我们要修长城</s>
<time>380_00:16:16,320 --> 00:16:17,760</time>
<s>我们就要按照它这个样子来修</s>
<time>381_00:16:19,200 --> 00:16:23,160</time>
<s>所以从80年代开始我们进行了一系列长城维修保护工程</s>
<time>382_00:16:23,880 --> 00:16:25,320</time>
<s>比如说我们修了金山岭</s>
<time>383_00:16:25,680 --> 00:16:26,400</time>
<s>我们修了慕田峪</s>
<time>384_00:16:26,760 --> 00:16:28,200</time>
<s>我们修了司马台</s>
<time>385_00:16:29,280 --> 00:16:32,520</time>
<s>但是你说我们用八达岭的样本去修这些长城</s>
<time>386_00:16:32,880 --> 00:16:33,600</time>
<s>可能问题不是太大</s>
<time>387_00:16:33,960 --> 00:16:34,320</time>
<s>为什么呢</s>
<time>388_00:16:35,040 --> 00:16:36,480</time>
<s>因为它们确实就是同一类的建筑</s>
<time>389_00:16:37,200 --> 00:16:38,640</time>
<s>而且它们的保存状况可能不错</s>
<time>390_00:16:39,720 --> 00:16:40,800</time>
<s>我们知道它原来什么样子</s>
<time>391_00:16:41,160 --> 00:16:42,960</time>
<s>把它修复起来至少不会错</s>
<time>392_00:16:43,680 --> 00:16:45,840</time>
<s>但是如果我们用同样的方法</s>
<time>393_00:16:46,200 --> 00:16:48,000</time>
<s>比如说去修复山海关的老龙头</s>
<time>394_00:16:49,080 --> 00:16:50,160</time>
<s>这时候可能就会出问题</s>
<time>395_00:16:51,240 --> 00:16:53,760</time>
<s>我们看画面左边的这个是一张1908年的照片</s>
<time>396_00:16:54,480 --> 00:16:55,920</time>
<s>美国人威廉·盖尔拍摄的</s>
<time>397_00:16:56,640 --> 00:16:59,520</time>
<s>这个时候山海关老龙头已经完全塌了</s>
<time>398_00:17:00,240 --> 00:17:02,760</time>
<s>所以说实际上老龙头到底长什么样子我们是不知道的</s>
<time>399_00:17:04,560 --> 00:17:07,080</time>
<s>然而在80年代的时候我们还是把它修建起来了</s>
<time>400_00:17:07,800 --> 00:17:08,520</time>
<s>它的依据是什么呢</s>
<time>401_00:17:09,240 --> 00:17:09,600</time>
<s>就是八达岭</s>
<time>402_00:17:11,760 --> 00:17:13,200</time>
<s>虽然我们不知道它长什么样子</s>
<time>403_00:17:13,560 --> 00:17:16,080</time>
<s>但是山海关老龙头毕竟它是一段明长城</s>
<time>404_00:17:16,440 --> 00:17:17,880</time>
<s>我们按照明长城的样子去修它</s>
<time>405_00:17:18,240 --> 00:17:19,680</time>
<s>至少看起来还像那么一回事</s>
<time>406_00:17:20,760 --> 00:17:23,640</time>
<s>但是假如我们要按照八达岭的形象</s>
<time>407_00:17:24,360 --> 00:17:26,160</time>
<s>去修复战国秦汉的长城</s>
<time>408_00:17:26,880 --> 00:17:28,320</time>
<s>这个就太刺激了</s>
<time>409_00:17:29,040 --> 00:17:29,400</time>
<s>在很多地方</s>
<time>410_00:17:30,120 --> 00:17:33,000</time>
<s>早期长城实际上都是按照这种形象来修复的</s>
<time>411_00:17:34,440 --> 00:17:36,600</time>
<s>实际上我们并不知道战国的长城它原貌是什么</s>
<time>412_00:17:37,320 --> 00:17:38,040</time>
<s>但有一点可以肯定</s>
<time>413_00:17:38,400 --> 00:17:39,480</time>
<s>就是它肯定不长这样</s>
<time>414_00:17:40,560 --> 00:17:42,000</time>
<s>如果春秋战国时期有这样的长城</s>
<time>415_00:17:42,720 --> 00:17:43,440</time>
<s>那我吃一个篮球</s>
<time>416_00:17:46,680 --> 00:17:49,560</time>
<s>所以我们在不了解长城的情况下</s>
<time>417_00:17:50,280 --> 00:17:51,360</time>
<s>我们开展了很多很多的工作</s>
<time>418_00:17:52,080 --> 00:17:53,880</time>
<s>然而总有一天我们还是要了解它的</s>
<time>419_00:17:55,320 --> 00:17:56,040</time>
<s>既然长城是文物</s>
<time>420_00:17:56,400 --> 00:17:58,920</time>
<s>那么我们就要用文物的方法去研究它</s>
<time>421_00:17:59,280 --> 00:18:00,720</time>
<s>我们就离不开考古学</s>
<time>422_00:18:01,080 --> 00:18:03,240</time>
<s>但是为什么我们的研究很薄弱</s>
<time>423_00:18:03,600 --> 00:18:05,400</time>
<s>一方面首先它是民族象征</s>
<time>424_00:18:06,120 --> 00:18:08,280</time>
<s>真正研究长城本身的人很少</s>
<time>425_00:18:08,640 --> 00:18:09,360</time>
<s>我们容易忽略它</s>
<time>426_00:18:10,440 --> 00:18:12,240</time>
<s>到了2006年有了这么一个契机</s>
<time>427_00:18:12,600 --> 00:18:16,200</time>
<s>国家文物局组织了一次叫做长城资源调查的项目</s>
<time>428_00:18:16,920 --> 00:18:18,720</time>
<s>它是第一次在全国范围内</s>
<time>429_00:18:19,080 --> 00:18:22,320</time>
<s>对长城进行非常系统的考古调查与研究</s>
<time>430_00:18:23,040 --> 00:18:23,760</time>
<s>在这个调查的基础上</s>
<time>431_00:18:24,480 --> 00:18:28,800</time>
<s>我们绘制出了迄今为止最精确的一幅全国长城的分布图</s>
<time>432_00:18:29,520 --> 00:18:30,960</time>
<s>而且我们得到了长城的精确长度</s>
<time>433_00:18:32,400 --> 00:18:33,840</time>
<s>现在我就来公布一下这个数字</s>
<time>434_00:18:34,920 --> 00:18:40,320</time>
<s>中国境内历代长城总长度达到了21196.18千米</s>
<time>435_00:18:41,040 --> 00:18:45,360</time>
<s>它分布于我们北方15个省97个地市404个县</s>
<time>436_00:18:46,080 --> 00:18:48,960</time>
<s>沿途分布有墙体关城堡烽火台等等</s>
<time>437_00:18:49,320 --> 00:18:51,480</time>
<s>达到43721处</s>
<time>438_00:18:52,920 --> 00:18:53,640</time>
<s>这就是长城的总长度</s>
<time>439_00:18:54,360 --> 00:18:55,080</time>
<s>没有五万公里</s>
<time>440_00:18:55,440 --> 00:18:56,160</time>
<s>但是有两万公里</s>
<time>441_00:18:56,880 --> 00:18:57,960</time>
<s>两万公里是什么概念呢</s>
<time>442_00:18:58,320 --> 00:19:00,480</time>
<s>就是从北极到南极的距离</s>
<time>443_00:19:01,200 --> 00:19:02,280</time>
<s>随着我们的研究深入</s>
<time>444_00:19:03,000 --> 00:19:07,320</time>
<s>我们会得出一些具有颠覆性的结论</s>
<time>445_00:19:08,040 --> 00:19:11,640</time>
<s>比如说我们来看山海关和嘉峪关的位置</s>
<time>446_00:19:13,080 --> 00:19:14,880</time>
<s>过去我们常说长城是东起山海关</s>
<time>447_00:19:15,600 --> 00:19:15,960</time>
<s>西到嘉峪关</s>
<time>448_00:19:16,320 --> 00:19:17,760</time>
<s>这个概念现在显然是不对的</s>
<time>449_00:19:18,840 --> 00:19:21,360</time>
<s>我们说的山海关以东嘉峪关以西</s>
<time>450_00:19:21,720 --> 00:19:23,160</time>
<s>都有很多的长城段落分布</s>
<time>451_00:19:24,240 --> 00:19:26,760</time>
<s>为什么说长城东起山海关西到嘉峪关呢</s>
<time>452_00:19:27,120 --> 00:19:28,560</time>
<s>实际上它指的是明长城</s>
<time>453_00:19:29,640 --> 00:19:30,720</time>
<s>说它西到嘉峪关问题不大</s>
<time>454_00:19:31,080 --> 00:19:32,520</time>
<s>但是东到山海关可能也不对</s>
<time>455_00:19:32,880 --> 00:19:34,680</time>
<s>明长城在山海关（口误）以东</s>
<time>456_00:19:35,040 --> 00:19:35,760</time>
<s>在辽宁地区</s>
<time>457_00:19:36,120 --> 00:19:38,280</time>
<s>一直到鸭绿江西岸都有分布</s>
<time>458_00:19:39,000 --> 00:19:42,240</time>
<s>它的东端起点是在今天辽宁宽甸县的虎山</s>
<time>459_00:19:42,960 --> 00:19:44,400</time>
<s>大家可以记住这个地点虎山</s>
<time>460_00:19:45,480 --> 00:19:48,720</time>
<s>大家可以通过这个网站去看长城的电子地图</s>
<time>461_00:19:49,080 --> 00:19:50,160</time>
<s>这个是向大家公布的</s>
<time>462_00:19:50,880 --> 00:19:53,760</time>
<s>中国长城遗产网是国家文物局的长城研究的官网</s>
<time>463_00:19:55,560 --> 00:19:56,640</time>
<s>我们通过调查发现</s>
<time>464_00:19:57,000 --> 00:19:58,800</time>
<s>长城它有很多不同的样貌</s>
<time>465_00:19:59,160 --> 00:20:00,240</time>
<s>它有很多不同的材质</s>
<time>466_00:20:00,960 --> 00:20:02,400</time>
<s>比如说有夯士的长城</s>
<time>467_00:20:03,120 --> 00:20:04,560</time>
<s>有石砌的长城</s>
<time>468_00:20:05,280 --> 00:20:06,000</time>
<s>有一类长城很特殊</s>
<time>469_00:20:06,720 --> 00:20:08,160</time>
<s>在西北的沙漠戈壁地区</s>
<time>470_00:20:08,520 --> 00:20:09,600</time>
<s>这个是一段汉代长城</s>
<time>471_00:20:09,960 --> 00:20:10,680</time>
<s>它是什么做的呢</s>
<time>472_00:20:11,040 --> 00:20:12,840</time>
<s>它是由胡杨木梭梭木</s>
<time>473_00:20:13,200 --> 00:20:15,000</time>
<s>包括红柳枝等等</s>
<time>474_00:20:15,720 --> 00:20:16,800</time>
<s>这样搭砌起来的</s>
<time>475_00:20:17,520 --> 00:20:19,320</time>
<s>我们有一个学名叫做红柳夹砂</s>
<time>476_00:20:19,680 --> 00:20:20,760</time>
<s>形容的就是这一类的长城</s>
<time>477_00:20:21,840 --> 00:20:23,640</time>
<s>再比如说给大家看一个更奇葩的长城</s>
<time>478_00:20:24,720 --> 00:20:28,320</time>
<s>这一段是位于黑龙江和内蒙交界地区的一段长城</s>
<time>479_00:20:29,040 --> 00:20:31,200</time>
<s>它的学名叫做金界壕</s>
<time>480_00:20:31,920 --> 00:20:36,240</time>
<s>它是由金代的女真人在公元12-13世纪修建的</s>
<time>481_00:20:36,960 --> 00:20:37,680</time>
<s>为什么叫界壕呢</s>
<time>482_00:20:38,760 --> 00:20:40,560</time>
<s>它就是在边界的一道壕沟</s>
<time>483_00:20:41,640 --> 00:20:42,360</time>
<s>我们看里面的人</s>
<time>484_00:20:42,720 --> 00:20:44,160</time>
<s>人站在这个地方比例是这样子的</s>
<time>485_00:20:44,880 --> 00:20:47,040</time>
<s>所以说实际上这个沟是非常宽非常深的</s>
<time>486_00:20:47,760 --> 00:20:48,480</time>
<s>你在现场还是很震撼</s>
<time>487_00:20:49,560 --> 00:20:50,280</time>
<s>它为什么修沟呢</s>
<time>488_00:20:51,000 --> 00:20:53,880</time>
<s>因为金代的西北边疆是在草原上</s>
<time>489_00:20:54,240 --> 00:20:55,320</time>
<s>草原上是无险可守的</s>
<time>490_00:20:56,400 --> 00:20:57,840</time>
<s>这个时候修长城就很不划算</s>
<time>491_00:20:58,920 --> 00:21:00,720</time>
<s>其实我们只要通过挖掘一些很深的沟</s>
<time>492_00:21:01,440 --> 00:21:03,240</time>
<s>同样能够阻止蒙古骑兵的冲击</s>
<time>493_00:21:03,960 --> 00:21:05,400</time>
<s>所以他们的长城样式就是这样</s>
<time>494_00:21:06,120 --> 00:21:10,800</time>
<s>而且这一类长城在两万多公里长城中占到了将近1/5</s>
<time>495_00:21:11,160 --> 00:21:12,960</time>
<s>有4000多公里都是长的这个样子的</s>
<time>496_00:21:14,760 --> 00:21:17,640</time>
<s>刚才说完了各种各样的长城</s>
<time>497_00:21:18,360 --> 00:21:20,520</time>
<s>我们现在再来看我们最熟悉的八达岭长城</s>
<time>498_00:21:21,240 --> 00:21:23,400</time>
<s>八达岭长城最主要的特点就是包砖</s>
<time>499_00:21:24,480 --> 00:21:27,360</time>
<s>实际上包砖在明代之前是没有的</s>
<time>500_00:21:27,720 --> 00:21:30,240</time>
<s>明代之前的长城我们是不可能看到砖的</s>
<time>501_00:21:31,320 --> 00:21:33,480</time>
<s>另外它在长城上面会有一些这样的建筑</s>
<time>502_00:21:34,560 --> 00:21:37,080</time>
<s>这个建筑的学名叫做敌楼或者叫做敌台</s>
<time>503_00:21:37,800 --> 00:21:39,960</time>
<s>很多人会把这个东西和烽火台混淆</s>
<time>504_00:21:40,320 --> 00:21:41,760</time>
<s>实际上这个概念是不对的</s>
<time>505_00:21:42,480 --> 00:21:46,080</time>
<s>这个建筑在明代的文献里看到它的图像</s>
<time>506_00:21:47,160 --> 00:21:47,520</time>
<s>包括它的名字</s>
<time>507_00:21:48,240 --> 00:21:50,040</time>
<s>明朝人管这个东西叫做空心敌台</s>
<time>508_00:21:51,120 --> 00:21:51,840</time>
<s>一个标准的空心敌台</s>
<time>509_00:21:52,560 --> 00:21:53,640</time>
<s>它上面一定会有一个小房子</s>
<time>510_00:21:54,360 --> 00:21:54,720</time>
<s>如果是这样的话</s>
<time>511_00:21:55,080 --> 00:21:57,240</time>
<s>我们想象一下点烽火的时候点谁呢</s>
<time>512_00:21:57,960 --> 00:21:58,680</time>
<s>把自己点了对不对</s>
<time>513_00:22:00,120 --> 00:22:01,560</time>
<s>所以这个东西它不叫烽火台</s>
<time>514_00:22:02,280 --> 00:22:02,640</time>
<s>这个叫敌台</s>
<time>515_00:22:03,000 --> 00:22:04,440</time>
<s>它的作用就是战斗</s>
<time>516_00:22:04,800 --> 00:22:06,960</time>
<s>它的作用就是储藏兵器驻军</s>
<time>517_00:22:08,040 --> 00:22:09,840</time>
<s>下面我想重点介绍的一点是什么呢</s>
<time>518_00:22:10,560 --> 00:22:10,920</time>
<s>大家看到</s>
<time>519_00:22:11,280 --> 00:22:15,960</time>
<s>我现在给大家展示的是几个我们在河北地区的地名</s>
<time>520_00:22:16,680 --> 00:22:18,120</time>
<s>根据我的一个小研究</s>
<time>521_00:22:18,840 --> 00:22:21,000</time>
<s>我曾经把张家口地区的地图</s>
<time>522_00:22:21,360 --> 00:22:23,520</time>
<s>和明代的长城的地图做了一个对比</s>
<time>523_00:22:24,240 --> 00:22:25,680</time>
<s>最后我发现一个非常惊的事实</s>
<time>524_00:22:26,400 --> 00:22:28,200</time>
<s>就是在当代（张家口）地图上所有的地名</s>
<time>525_00:22:28,920 --> 00:22:30,000</time>
<s>我说的是所有的地名</s>
<time>526_00:22:30,720 --> 00:22:31,440</time>
<s>不但有城镇</s>
<time>527_00:22:31,800 --> 00:22:32,520</time>
<s>还有乡村</s>
<time>528_00:22:32,880 --> 00:22:35,040</time>
<s>只要是我们在当代地图上能看到的地名</s>
<time>529_00:22:35,400 --> 00:22:37,200</time>
<s>全部都是明代长城的城堡</s>
<time>530_00:22:38,280 --> 00:22:40,800</time>
<s>我们看这个是明代的个关手宣府镇的分布图</s>
<time>531_00:22:41,880 --> 00:22:43,680</time>
<s>我们在上面可以很明确地找到张家口</s>
<time>532_00:22:45,840 --> 00:22:46,920</time>
<s>再比如说宣府镇的镇城</s>
