<time>530_00:23:45,600 --> 00:23:48,840</time>
<s>当时的吃瓜群众里边就有一个13岁的小童</s>
<time>531_00:23:49,560 --> 00:23:50,280</time>
<s>名字唤作董直机</s>
<time>532_00:23:51,360 --> 00:23:52,800</time>
<s>小士。</s><s>他是从旁边的泰顺过来走亲戚的</s>
<time>533_00:23:53,520 --> 00:23:56,400</time>
<s>小士，他来了之后就非常地聪明伶俐</s>
<time>534_00:24:00,360 --> 00:24:02,160</time>
<s>小士口吴大清看了他之后就特别喜欢</s>
<time>535_00:24:02,880 --> 00:24:05,760</time>
<s>小士所以在现场就半开玩笑地把他收为徒弟</s>
<time>536_00:24:06,840 --> 00:24:08,280</time>
<s>然后教了他一些造桥的技术</s>
<time>537_00:24:09,000 --> 00:24:10,080</time>
<s>董直机他也真的很聪明</s>
<time>538_00:24:10,440 --> 00:24:11,880</time>
<s>他就在这仔细地观察</s>
<time>539_00:24:12,240 --> 00:24:14,760</time>
<s>把他所看到的东西牢牢地记在了脑子里</s>
<time>540_00:24:15,840 --> 00:24:17,280</time>
<s>杨梅洲桥项目完成之后</s>
<time>541_00:24:18,000 --> 00:24:20,160</time>
<s>十，这名义上的师徒二人就分开了一</s>
<time>542_00:24:20,880 --> 00:24:22,320</time>
<s>十口六这一辈子再也没有见面</s>
<time>543_00:24:23,400 --> 00:24:25,560</time>
<s>小十六一董直机在4年之后17岁的时候</s>
<time>544_00:24:30,600 --> 00:24:30,960</time>
<s>士广</s>
<time>545_00:24:31,320 --> 00:24:32,040</time>
<s>小十六都没有造过桥</s>
<time>546_00:24:34,560 --> 00:24:36,720</time>
<s>士。</s><s>，因为当地的木拱桥被政府重视了</s>
<time>547_00:24:37,440 --> 00:24:39,960</time>
<s>在当地的文物工作者寻找造桥匠人的时候</s>
<time>548_00:24:40,320 --> 00:24:41,400</time>
<s>把他挖掘了出来</s>
<time>549_00:24:41,760 --> 00:24:42,840</time>
<s>所以2004年</s>
<time>550_00:24:43,200 --> 00:24:45,360</time>
<s>董直机老人以将近80岁的高龄</s>
<time>551_00:24:45,720 --> 00:24:47,880</time>
<s>建造了他人生当中的第一座木拱桥</s>
<time>552_00:24:48,600 --> 00:24:50,400</time>
<s>2006年的时候建造了第二座</s>
<time>553_00:24:50,760 --> 00:24:53,280</time>
<s>2009年评为国家级的非物质文化遗产传承人</s>
<time>554_00:24:54,000 --> 00:24:55,440</time>
<s>2016年老人家去世</s>
<time>555_00:24:56,160 --> 00:25:00,120</time>
<s>20142015年我曾经两次去对老人家做过采访</s>
<time>556_00:25:00,480 --> 00:25:03,360</time>
<s>当时他的口齿都已经不是很清楚了</s>
<time>557_00:25:03,720 --> 00:25:06,600</time>
<s>但是头脑思维仍然非常地清晰敏捷</s>
<time>558_00:25:06,960 --> 00:25:10,560</time>
<s>所以对杨梅洲桥民国时期的这个项目</s>
<time>559_00:25:10,920 --> 00:25:12,360</time>
<s>除了题在桥上的墨字之外</s>
<time>560_00:25:13,080 --> 00:25:14,160</time>
<s>我还有三个信息来源</s>
<time>561_00:25:14,520 --> 00:25:15,240</time>
<s>一个就是董直机</s>
<time>562_00:25:15,960 --> 00:25:17,040</time>
<s>他是工程的亲历者</s>
<time>563_00:25:17,400 --> 00:25:19,200</time>
<s>而且也是吴大清名以上的徒弟</s>
<time>564_00:25:19,920 --> 00:25:22,080</time>
<s>一个是我刚才提到的吴大根师傅</s>
<time>565_00:25:22,440 --> 00:25:23,160</time>
<s>你看名字就知道了</s>
<time>566_00:25:23,880 --> 00:25:24,960</time>
<s>这两个人是同宗的兄弟</s>
<time>567_00:25:25,320 --> 00:25:28,200</time>
<s>大根师傅从小就经常缠着大清师傅</s>
<time>568_00:25:28,560 --> 00:25:30,000</time>
<s>让他讲当年造桥是怎么回事</s>
<time>569_00:25:30,720 --> 00:25:35,400</time>
<s>第三个就是下荐的张氏师傅的后人</s>
<time>570_00:25:36,120 --> 00:25:37,560</time>
<s>我在德国造这个桥的时候</s>
<time>571_00:25:37,920 --> 00:25:40,080</time>
<s>就是跟着这位张昌智师傅来一起造的</s>
<time>572_00:25:40,800 --> 00:25:43,680</time>
<s>所以他的技术代表了他的家族传承</s>
<time>573_00:25:44,400 --> 00:25:48,000</time>
<s>这三支匠人的口述所幸并没有形成罗生门</s>
<time>574_00:25:48,360 --> 00:25:51,240</time>
<s>而是共同地为我拼成了一幅完整的拼图</s>
<time>575_00:25:51,600 --> 00:25:53,400</time>
<s>来了解当时建造的情景</s>
<time>576_00:25:54,120 --> 00:25:58,440</time>
<s>当张学昶师傅来到杨梅洲的时候他不是一个人来的</s>
<time>577_00:25:58,800 --> 00:26:01,680</time>
<s>他当时已经是一个白发苍苍的老人60多岁了</s>
<time>578_00:26:02,400 --> 00:26:05,280</time>
<s>他过来的时候带来了浩浩荡荡的一大支队伍</s>
<time>579_00:26:06,000 --> 00:26:06,720</time>
<s>分成三拨人马</s>
<time>580_00:26:07,440 --> 00:26:09,240</time>
<s>一队专门下水叫水兵</s>
<time>581_00:26:09,600 --> 00:26:10,680</time>
<s>一队专门爬高上架</s>
<time>582_00:26:11,400 --> 00:26:12,480</time>
<s>还有一队是在岸上</s>
<time>583_00:26:13,560 --> 00:26:15,360</time>
<s>其中爬高的这个匠人是最厉害的</s>
<time>584_00:26:16,080 --> 00:26:19,320</time>
<s>第一他要胆子大不怕高能爬上去</s>
<time>585_00:26:20,040 --> 00:26:21,120</time>
<s>他水性也要很好</s>
<time>586_00:26:21,480 --> 00:26:22,560</time>
<s>万一造桥过程中掉下去了</s>
<time>587_00:26:22,920 --> 00:26:24,000</time>
<s>他游上来要接着干</s>
<time>588_00:26:29,400 --> 00:26:30,480</time>
<s>他们这个家族最厉害的</s>
<time>589_00:26:30,840 --> 00:26:33,000</time>
<s>为什么只有他们可以建这种惊险的大桥呢</s>
<time>590_00:26:33,360 --> 00:26:35,880</time>
<s>就是在他这个所谓的水柱架的技术</s>
<time>591_00:26:36,600 --> 00:26:37,680</time>
<s>按董直机的话说叫作样井</s>
<time>592_00:26:38,400 --> 00:26:39,120</time>
<s>因为呈一个“井"字形</s>
<time>593_00:26:39,480 --> 00:26:43,080</time>
<s>其实就靠四根巨大的脚手架的支柱</s>
<time>594_00:26:43,440 --> 00:26:48,480</time>
<s>每根柱子都是两三根杉木头尾拼接在一起</s>
<time>595_00:26:49,200 --> 00:26:50,640</time>
<s>就靠这四根脚手架</s>
<time>596_00:26:51,360 --> 00:26:52,800</time>
<s>当然辅助一些额外的支撑</s>
<time>597_00:26:53,520 --> 00:26:58,200</time>
<s>它们既作为支持着结构的构件</s>
<time>598_00:26:58,560 --> 00:26:59,640</time>
<s>同时又作为起重机</s>
<time>599_00:27:00,360 --> 00:27:03,600</time>
<s>用所谓的“水车”放下麻绳</s>
<time>600_00:27:03,960 --> 00:27:07,920</time>
<s>很多个构件要从河里边拽过来之后再吊到上面去</s>
<time>601_00:27:09,000 --> 00:27:10,440</time>
<s>在上架的时候</s>
<time>602_00:27:10,800 --> 00:27:13,680</time>
<s>有六七个匠人专门做上架的事情</s>
<time>603_00:27:14,040 --> 00:27:17,640</time>
<s>东家就在旁边的岸边准备好烧酒红包</s>
<time>604_00:27:18,000 --> 00:27:19,080</time>
<s>一个红包里边两块银元</s>
<time>605_00:27:19,800 --> 00:27:20,160</time>
<s>谁去上架</s>
<time>606_00:27:20,520 --> 00:27:21,960</time>
<s>拿两块银元喝两口烧酒</s>
<time>607_00:27:22,680 --> 00:27:25,920</time>
<s>今天不可能再有任何的匠人</s>
<time>608_00:27:26,280 --> 00:27:29,520</time>
<s>用这种方式来建造危险的桥梁了</s>
<time>609_00:27:29,880 --> 00:27:32,040</time>
<s>太不人道了也太危险了</s>
<time>610_00:27:32,760 --> 00:27:37,800</time>
<s>所以要想复原杨梅洲桥当时的建造情景</s>
<time>611_00:27:38,520 --> 00:27:41,400</time>
<s>就是我们开篇的时候已经看过的视频</s>
<time>612_00:27:42,480 --> 00:27:43,200</time>
<s>我们再来看一遍</s>
<time>613_00:27:44,280 --> 00:27:47,880</time>
<s>所以在最开始的时候水柱架是拼好之后用竹筏放到水面上</s>
<time>614_00:27:48,240 --> 00:27:50,400</time>
<s>然后柱底绑上石块沉到水里</s>
<time>615_00:27:50,760 --> 00:27:52,560</time>
<s>它们扶起来之后固定好</s>
<time>616_00:27:52,920 --> 00:27:53,640</time>
<s>用绳索作支撑</s>
<time>617_00:27:54,360 --> 00:27:57,240</time>
<s>把最上面重要的构件用滑轨放到上面去</s>
<time>618_00:27:58,320 --> 00:28:01,560</time>
<s>第一个折边拱的斜苗是从两边起吊过来的</s>
<time>619_00:28:03,720 --> 00:28:05,880</time>
<s>可以从水里边往上起吊</s>
<time>620_00:28:06,240 --> 00:28:09,120</time>
<s>如果岸上相对平缓的话也可以从岸上起吊过来</s>
<time>621_00:28:09,840 --> 00:28:11,640</time>
<s>然后把这个横木支撑到上面去之后</s>
<time>622_00:28:12,000 --> 00:28:13,800</time>
<s>中间这个平苗仍然是要靠起吊</s>
<time>623_00:28:14,160 --> 00:28:15,600</time>
<s>从河中心吊到上面去</s>
<time>624_00:28:16,320 --> 00:28:20,640</time>
<s>然后旁边这两排架子是连接拱架跟上面廊屋的部分</s>
<time>625_00:28:21,720 --> 00:28:22,440</time>
<s>第二个系统</s>
<time>626_00:28:22,800 --> 00:28:23,880</time>
<s>下边这个部分相对简单一点</s>
<time>627_00:28:26,040 --> 00:28:26,760</time>
<s>把它固定好之后</s>
<time>628_00:28:27,120 --> 00:28:27,840</time>
<s>这个是最关键的</s>
<time>629_00:28:28,200 --> 00:28:30,360</time>
<s>就是真正起到编织作用的那部分</s>
<time>630_00:28:30,720 --> 00:28:32,160</time>
<s>大家仔细看这有一个特写</s>
<time>631_00:28:32,880 --> 00:28:34,680</time>
<s>就是要把这个非常紧地推进去</s>
<time>632_00:28:35,040 --> 00:28:36,840</time>
<s>推的时候这个拱架就会起来</s>
<time>633_00:28:37,560 --> 00:28:40,440</time>
<s>推到位之后拱架本身就会脱离脚手架</s>
<time>634_00:28:41,160 --> 00:28:41,880</time>
<s>它就会自己站起来</s>
<time>635_00:28:42,240 --> 00:28:44,760</time>
<s>这样的话这个脚手架就可以摆脱掉就可以拆掉了</s>
<time>636_00:28:45,840 --> 00:28:48,360</time>
<s>最后再放上中间其他的斜撑</s>
<time>637_00:28:50,160 --> 00:28:51,240</time>
<s>再把桥板铺上</s>
<time>638_00:28:52,680 --> 00:28:54,480</time>
<s>最后再把房子盖上去就好了</s>
<time>639_00:28:55,920 --> 00:28:58,440</time>
<s>张学昶老人家带着他的那支队伍</s>
<time>640_00:28:58,800 --> 00:28:59,880</time>
<s>在做完下面的拱架之后</s>
<time>641_00:29:00,240 --> 00:29:01,320</time>
<s>他就打道回府了</s>
<time>642_00:29:02,040 --> 00:29:04,560</time>
<s>剩下的廊屋工作由吴大清继续完成</s>
<time>643_00:29:05,280 --> 00:29:08,520</time>
<s>所以我们今天在桥上的墨书上面</s>
<time>644_00:29:08,880 --> 00:29:12,120</time>
<s>很特殊地看到两排主墨的名字并立写着</s>
<time>645_00:29:12,840 --> 00:29:15,000</time>
<s>写在尊位的这个位置宁德县</s>
<time>646_00:29:15,360 --> 00:29:17,520</time>
<s>应该是秀坑村张学昶</s>
<time>647_00:29:18,240 --> 00:29:20,400</time>
<s>籍贯跟名字都写错字了</s>
<time>648_00:29:21,120 --> 00:29:24,000</time>
<s>旁边是吴大清的名字放在这里</s>
<time>649_00:29:24,720 --> 00:29:26,520</time>
<s>所以闽浙木拱桥</s>
<time>650_00:29:26,880 --> 00:29:28,680</time>
<s>尤其是张氏家族这个技艺</s>
<time>651_00:29:29,040 --> 00:29:33,720</time>
<s>真正最高超的技术其实就是这个水柱架的技术</s>
<time>652_00:29:34,440 --> 00:29:38,400</time>
<s>它其实就是用最原始的方法最粗陋的工具</s>
<time>653_00:29:39,120 --> 00:29:41,280</time>
<s>然后在最惊险的条件之下</s>
<time>654_00:29:42,000 --> 00:29:43,440</time>
<s>完成这个missionimpossible</s>
<time>655_00:29:44,160 --> 00:29:49,200</time>
<s>实际上闽浙地区为什么会产生木拱桥这种特殊的技艺</s>
<time>656_00:29:49,560 --> 00:29:51,720</time>
<s>它其实也是被这样的环境逼出来的</s>
<time>657_00:29:52,440 --> 00:29:57,480</time>
<s>因为它山高地远经济不发达文化也欠发展</s>
<time>658_00:29:58,200 --> 00:29:58,920</time>
<s>但是在这个地方</s>
<time>659_00:29:59,640 --> 00:30:02,160</time>
<s>它要解决民生的问题要解决交通的问题</s>
<time>660_00:30:02,880 --> 00:30:05,040</time>
<s>它就需要在惊险当中去求生存</s>
<time>661_00:30:05,760 --> 00:30:07,200</time>
<s>听众肯定就要问了</s>
<time>662_00:30:07,560 --> 00:30:10,800</time>
<s>我们在前面已经说到过那么多的编木拱桥</s>
<time>663_00:30:11,160 --> 00:30:12,240</time>
<s>为什么在其他的地方</s>
<time>664_00:30:12,600 --> 00:30:15,840</time>
<s>没有产生这种成熟的木拱桥技术呢</s>
<time>665_00:30:17,640 --> 00:30:19,080</time>
<s>就拿欧洲来说</s>
<time>666_00:30:20,880 --> 00:30:24,120</time>
<s>其他的文明走上了各自不同的技术发展道路</s>
<time>667_00:30:24,840 --> 00:30:28,440</time>
<s>在欧洲从古罗马时期就开始发展一种叫作桁架的技术</s>
<time>668_00:30:28,800 --> 00:30:30,240</time>
<s>而桁架其实在技术上</s>
<time>669_00:30:30,600 --> 00:30:34,200</time>
<s>是一种更加高效经济有效能力更强的技术</s>
<time>670_00:30:34,560 --> 00:30:37,800</time>
<s>它也在后来和现代的结构科学产生了无缝对接</s>
<time>671_00:30:38,520 --> 00:30:39,960</time>
<s>所以在他们那样的技术条件之下</s>
<time>672_00:30:40,320 --> 00:30:42,840</time>
<s>它即便产生了编木拱的这种想法</s>
<time>673_00:30:43,200 --> 00:30:44,280</time>
<s>他就是玩一玩就可以了</s>
<time>674_00:30:44,640 --> 00:30:47,160</time>
<s>他没有把这种东西转化成实际需要的需求</s>
<time>675_00:30:47,880 --> 00:30:49,680</time>
<s>当然也可能会有观众继续要追问</s>
<time>676_00:30:50,400 --> 00:30:52,200</time>
<s>在中国为什么没有产生桁架技术</s>
<time>677_00:30:52,560 --> 00:30:56,160</time>
<s>这里边就有一个很复杂的文化选择文化追求</s>
<time>678_00:30:56,520 --> 00:30:58,680</time>
<s>以及文化对思维的制约等等问题</s>
<time>679_00:30:59,400 --> 00:31:00,840</time>
<s>就不是今天能够展开的了</s>
<time>680_00:31:01,200 --> 00:31:03,720</time>
<s>最后再放一张我最喜欢的片子</s>
<time>681_00:31:04,440 --> 00:31:06,240</time>
<s>这座桥在浙江省的龙泉县</s>
<time>682_00:31:07,320 --> 00:31:09,480</time>
<s>一个非常优美而偏僻的小山村</s>
<time>683_00:31:09,840 --> 00:31:12,000</time>
<s>这个桥也是刚才的张氏家族的作品</s>
<time>684_00:31:12,360 --> 00:31:14,880</time>
<s>我们可以看到这个结构非常地干净</s>
<time>685_00:31:15,600 --> 00:31:16,680</time>
<s>而且最奇特的</s>
<time>686_00:31:17,040 --> 00:31:23,880</time>
<s>是它故意地使用了一排天然的崎坳曲的木料</s>
<time>687_00:31:24,240 --> 00:31:27,120</time>
<s>然后用它来组织编织的部分</s>
<time>688_00:31:27,840 --> 00:31:31,800</time>
<s>他把这些木料组织得如此地服服帖帖严丝合缝</s>
<time>689_00:31:32,520 --> 00:31:36,480</time>
<s>这其实是中国匠人另外的一个技术高峰</s>
<time>690_00:31:37,920 --> 00:31:39,360</time>
<s>他把这个复杂的构造问题</s>
<time>691_00:31:39,720 --> 00:31:41,520</time>
<s>转化成为一种真正的视觉艺术</s>
<time>692_00:31:41,880 --> 00:31:45,840</time>
<s>把它作为一种真正的艺术作品构造的美学</s>
<time>693_00:31:46,560 --> 00:31:48,720</time>
<s>die Baukunst the Art of Construction</s>
<time>694_00:31:49,440 --> 00:31:49,800</time>
<s>谢谢</s>
