<time>1_00:00:10,080 --> 00:00:11,520</time>
<s>大家好我是梁希同</s>
<time>2_00:00:11,880 --> 00:00:13,680</time>
<s>现在在德国的马普所工作</s>
<time>3_00:00:14,040 --> 00:00:15,480</time>
<s>首先非常感谢一席的邀请</s>
<time>4_00:00:15,840 --> 00:00:17,640</time>
<s>很遗憾由于德国疫情的原因</s>
<time>5_00:00:18,000 --> 00:00:20,520</time>
<s>我暂时无法回国到现场和大家见面</s>
<time>6_00:00:21,240 --> 00:00:25,200</time>
<s>我所在的是德国马普所在法兰克福的脑研究分所</s>
<time>7_00:00:25,560 --> 00:00:27,000</time>
<s>在这里我们研究大脑的功能</s>
<time>8_00:00:27,360 --> 00:00:28,800</time>
<s>但不仅限于人类的大脑</s>
<time>9_00:00:29,160 --> 00:00:32,400</time>
<s>今天和大家分享一下我研究的神奇生物乌贼</s>
<time>10_00:00:39,240 --> 00:00:41,400</time>
<s>每当我跟人说起我研究乌贼的时候</s>
<time>11_00:00:41,760 --> 00:00:42,480</time>
<s>大家首先会问</s>
<time>12_00:00:43,200 --> 00:00:43,920</time>
<s>好吃吗</s>
<time>13_00:00:44,280 --> 00:00:47,880</time>
<s>和我们平常吃的章鱼鱿鱼都有什么区别</s>
<time>14_00:00:48,960 --> 00:00:51,840</time>
<s>章鱼和乌贼都属于软体动物里的头足类</s>
<time>15_00:00:52,560 --> 00:00:55,080</time>
<s>它们叫这个名字是因为它们的腿都长在头上</s>
<time>16_00:00:55,440 --> 00:00:56,520</time>
<s>那我们怎么区分它们呢</s>
<time>17_00:00:56,880 --> 00:00:59,040</time>
<s>我们可以根据它有多少条腿来区分</s>
<time>18_00:00:59,760 --> 00:01:01,560</time>
<s>首先这就是章鱼</s>
<time>19_00:01:02,280 --> 00:01:04,080</time>
<s>大家看它一共有8条腿</s>
<time>20_00:01:04,800 --> 00:01:06,600</time>
<s>章鱼它们平时喜欢独居</s>
<time>21_00:01:06,960 --> 00:01:08,400</time>
<s>生活在浅海的海底</s>
<time>22_00:01:09,120 --> 00:01:10,560</time>
<s>而这是乌贼</s>
<time>23_00:01:10,920 --> 00:01:11,280</time>
<s>大家看</s>
<time>24_00:01:11,640 --> 00:01:13,440</time>
<s>它除了有8条差不多一样长的腿之外</s>
<time>25_00:01:13,800 --> 00:01:15,240</time>
<s>它还有两条特别长的</s>
<time>26_00:01:15,600 --> 00:01:16,320</time>
<s>叫做触手</s>
<time>27_00:01:17,040 --> 00:01:19,560</time>
<s>这两条长触手平时是可以卷起来</s>
<time>28_00:01:19,920 --> 00:01:21,360</time>
<s>收在它们口袋里的</s>
<time>29_00:01:21,720 --> 00:01:22,800</time>
<s>所以你不一定能看到它们</s>
<time>30_00:01:23,160 --> 00:01:24,600</time>
<s>但是它们在捕食的时候</s>
<time>31_00:01:24,960 --> 00:01:28,560</time>
<s>可以快速地弹射出来抓住远处的猎物</s>
<time>32_00:01:29,280 --> 00:01:29,640</time>
<s>像这样</s>
<time>33_00:01:30,720 --> 00:01:33,960</time>
<s>我们常见的墨鱼鱿鱼都属于乌贼</s>
<time>34_00:01:34,680 --> 00:01:36,480</time>
<s>其中的墨鱼它和章鱼一样</s>
<time>35_00:01:36,840 --> 00:01:37,560</time>
<s>是独居动物</s>
<time>36_00:01:37,920 --> 00:01:39,000</time>
<s>生活在浅海的海底</s>
<time>37_00:01:39,360 --> 00:01:40,440</time>
<s>也就是珊瑚礁</s>
<time>38_00:01:40,800 --> 00:01:43,320</time>
<s>生活环境比较丰富复杂一些</s>
<time>39_00:01:46,200 --> 00:01:49,440</time>
<s>它们像鱼一样成群结队地在范范的大海里游泳</s>
<time>40_00:01:50,160 --> 00:01:52,320</time>
<s>但它们游泳的方向和鱼是反的</s>
<time>41_00:01:52,680 --> 00:01:55,200</time>
<s>它们是通过向后喷水的方式倒退着游</s>
<time>42_00:01:56,280 --> 00:01:58,440</time>
<s>为什么我们要强调它们生活环境不同呢</s>
<time>43_00:01:58,800 --> 00:02:00,240</time>
<s>这和我们今天的主题有关</s>
<time>44_00:02:00,600 --> 00:02:02,760</time>
<s>在后面我们还会再提到这个问题</s>
<time>45_00:02:03,480 --> 00:02:06,000</time>
<s>但是无论是章鱼墨鱼还是鱿鱼</s>
<time>46_00:02:06,720 --> 00:02:07,800</time>
<s>它们都是凶猛的捕食者</s>
<time>47_00:02:08,160 --> 00:02:11,040</time>
<s>它们会捕食一切比它们小的鱼虾蟹贝</s>
<time>48_00:02:11,760 --> 00:02:13,920</time>
<s>它们的一生都过着快节奏的生活</s>
<time>49_00:02:14,280 --> 00:02:16,440</time>
<s>吃的多长得快寿命短</s>
<time>50_00:02:17,160 --> 00:02:20,040</time>
<s>常见的章鱼和乌贼寿命只有一年左右</s>
<time>51_00:02:20,400 --> 00:02:22,560</time>
<s>所以需要在短短的几个月里快速地长大</s>
<time>52_00:02:24,000 --> 00:02:25,440</time>
<s>世界上最大的大王乌贼</s>
<time>53_00:02:25,800 --> 00:02:27,240</time>
<s>也只需要一两年的时间</s>
<time>54_00:02:27,600 --> 00:02:29,400</time>
<s>就可以长到一辆公共汽车那么长</s>
<time>55_00:02:29,760 --> 00:02:32,280</time>
<s>它的生长速度可以说是相当惊人的</s>
<time>56_00:02:33,000 --> 00:02:35,880</time>
<s>但我觉得章鱼和乌贼最神奇的地方是</s>
<time>57_00:02:36,240 --> 00:02:36,960</time>
<s>它们有一个共同的技能</s>
<time>58_00:02:37,320 --> 00:02:38,040</time>
<s>就是它们会变色</s>
<time>59_00:02:39,120 --> 00:02:40,200</time>
<s>这只原本是黑色的章鱼</s>
<time>60_00:02:40,560 --> 00:02:41,640</time>
<s>它可以瞬间地变色</s>
<time>61_00:02:42,000 --> 00:02:44,160</time>
<s>天衣无缝地和它背后的珊瑚礁融为一体</s>
<time>62_00:02:44,520 --> 00:02:45,960</time>
<s>而且更神奇的是</s>
<time>63_00:02:46,320 --> 00:02:48,120</time>
<s>这样的变色能力可以让同一只动物</s>
<time>64_00:02:48,480 --> 00:02:50,640</time>
<s>在不同的环境里变成不同的样子</s>
<time>65_00:02:51,360 --> 00:02:53,520</time>
<s>这里的每一张图片里都藏着一只章鱼</s>
<time>66_00:02:53,880 --> 00:02:54,960</time>
<s>大家能找到它在哪里吗</s>
<time>67_00:02:56,760 --> 00:02:58,920</time>
<s>我想即使我标出它们所在的位置</s>
<time>68_00:02:59,280 --> 00:03:01,800</time>
<s>你也很难把它和背景环境区分开来</s>
<time>69_00:03:02,520 --> 00:03:05,040</time>
<s>像这种以万变应万变的技能</s>
<time>70_00:03:05,400 --> 00:03:09,000</time>
<s>使得它们尤其能够适应这种丰富多彩的珊瑚礁环境</s>
<time>71_00:03:09,720 --> 00:03:11,160</time>
<s>同样生活在这样的环境里的</s>
<time>72_00:03:11,520 --> 00:03:12,240</time>
<s>像是墨鱼</s>
<time>73_00:03:12,600 --> 00:03:13,680</time>
<s>也是变色的高手</s>
<time>74_00:03:14,040 --> 00:03:16,200</time>
<s>再来考验一下大家的眼力</s>
<time>75_00:03:16,560 --> 00:03:18,000</time>
<s>你们能找到它在哪里吗</s>
<time>76_00:03:20,160 --> 00:03:20,520</time>
<s>它们在这里</s>
<time>77_00:03:20,880 --> 00:03:23,760</time>
<s>但是我想你们也很难区分它们和环境的区别</s>
<time>78_00:03:25,560 --> 00:03:27,000</time>
<s>乌贼的快速变色能力</s>
<time>79_00:03:27,360 --> 00:03:28,440</time>
<s>除了用来隐藏自己以外</s>
<time>80_00:03:28,800 --> 00:03:32,040</time>
<s>还可以通过在身上播放动画表情来和同类交流</s>
<time>81_00:03:32,760 --> 00:03:34,560</time>
<s>比如说作为爱情的信号</s>
<time>82_00:03:34,920 --> 00:03:37,800</time>
<s>雄性和雌性会变出不同的图案</s>
<time>83_00:03:38,160 --> 00:03:42,480</time>
<s>现在上面这只有鲜艳斑马花纹的是雄性的图案</s>
<time>84_00:03:42,840 --> 00:03:45,360</time>
<s>而下面比较斑驳的是雌性的图案</s>
<time>85_00:03:45,720 --> 00:03:46,800</time>
<s>当它们在约会的时候</s>
<time>86_00:03:47,160 --> 00:03:48,240</time>
<s>如果出现第三者</s>
<time>87_00:03:48,600 --> 00:03:51,120</time>
<s>另外一只有鲜艳斑马花纹的雄性</s>
<time>88_00:03:51,480 --> 00:03:53,280</time>
<s>一场恶战就在所难免</s>
<time>89_00:03:54,000 --> 00:03:56,160</time>
<s>但是有时候你会看到</s>
<time>90_00:03:56,520 --> 00:03:57,960</time>
<s>像中间这只乌贼那样</s>
<time>91_00:03:58,320 --> 00:03:59,760</time>
<s>看起来好像是人格分裂了</s>
<time>92_00:04:00,120 --> 00:04:04,440</time>
<s>它的左边身体变出了代表雄性气质的鲜艳斑马纹</s>
<time>93_00:04:04,800 --> 00:04:06,600</time>
<s>这是为了给左边的雌性看的</s>
<time>94_00:04:07,320 --> 00:04:12,360</time>
<s>但同时它的右半边身体伪装成雌性的花纹</s>
<time>95_00:04:13,080 --> 00:04:15,960</time>
<s>这样就可以使得在右边远处观望的雄性</s>
<time>96_00:04:16,320 --> 00:04:17,040</time>
<s>以为它是一个雌性</s>
<time>97_00:04:17,400 --> 00:04:18,840</time>
<s>就不会来跟它打架了</s>
<time>98_00:04:20,280 --> 00:04:21,720</time>
<s>除了和同类交流之外</s>
<time>99_00:04:22,080 --> 00:04:26,040</time>
<s>乌贼还会在捕猎的时候给猎物播放高速频闪动画</s>
<time>100_00:04:26,400 --> 00:04:27,120</time>
<s>来把猎物炫晕</s>
<time>101_00:04:27,840 --> 00:04:28,560</time>
<s>大家看这只乌贼</s>
<time>102_00:04:28,920 --> 00:04:30,000</time>
<s>在抓一只螃蟹</s>
<time>103_00:04:40,800 --> 00:04:44,040</time>
<s>它们还会通过变色来恐吓敌人</s>
<time>104_00:04:44,760 --> 00:04:49,080</time>
<s>这里它原本试图模仿背景里黑白的人造的背景</s>
<time>105_00:04:49,440 --> 00:04:51,600</time>
<s>但是当我的同事向它招手的时候</s>
<time>106_00:04:51,960 --> 00:04:54,120</time>
<s>它会突然先是变白</s>
<time>107_00:04:54,480 --> 00:04:57,720</time>
<s>然后再朝着手的那一侧变出一个黑色的眼点</s>
<time>108_00:04:58,440 --> 00:05:00,960</time>
<s>这个眼点就像很多蝴蝶翅膀上的眼睛一样</s>
<time>109_00:05:01,320 --> 00:05:02,040</time>
<s>都是用来吓人的</s>
<time>110_00:05:03,480 --> 00:05:07,440</time>
<s>乌贼和章鱼是怎么做到控制皮肤瞬间变色的呢</s>
<time>111_00:05:08,160 --> 00:05:09,600</time>
<s>这就是我正在研究的内容</s>
<time>112_00:05:10,320 --> 00:05:12,480</time>
<s>为什么我们想研究章鱼和乌贼</s>
<time>113_00:05:13,560 --> 00:05:16,080</time>
<s>这个世界上已知大概有150万种动物</s>
<time>114_00:05:16,800 --> 00:05:18,600</time>
<s>各自生活在各种各样的环境里</s>
<time>115_00:05:18,960 --> 00:05:21,840</time>
<s>有着干奇百怪的样子和生活方式</s>
<time>116_00:05:22,560 --> 00:05:24,000</time>
<s>在如此庞大的生物多样性里</s>
<time>117_00:05:24,360 --> 00:05:27,240</time>
<s>其中无脊椎动物占了96%的种类</s>
<time>118_00:05:27,600 --> 00:05:30,120</time>
<s>但是目前绝大部分的生物学研究</s>
<time>119_00:05:30,480 --> 00:05:32,640</time>
<s>都集中于以人类为中心的脊椎动物</s>
<time>120_00:05:33,000 --> 00:05:34,080</time>
<s>特别是哺乳动物里</s>
<time>121_00:05:34,440 --> 00:05:36,960</time>
<s>而这仅仅代表世界上干分之三的动物物种</s>
<time>122_00:05:38,040 --> 00:05:39,120</time>
<s>而无脊椎动物中</s>
<time>123_00:05:39,480 --> 00:05:42,000</time>
<s>被研究的稍微比较多的是果蝇</s>
<time>124_00:05:43,080 --> 00:05:45,600</time>
<s>这代表着物种最多的那个类群昆虫</s>
<time>125_00:05:45,960 --> 00:05:48,480</time>
<s>仅次于昆虫的第二大类群就是软体动物</s>
<time>126_00:05:48,840 --> 00:05:50,640</time>
<s>而与之相关的研究却很少很少</s>
<time>127_00:05:51,360 --> 00:05:53,520</time>
<s>我们研究的章鱼和乌贼就属于这一类</s>
<time>128_00:05:54,240 --> 00:05:56,040</time>
<s>我们想研究章鱼和乌贼</s>
<time>129_00:05:56,400 --> 00:06:00,000</time>
<s>是因为从它们的大脑和它们的行为的复杂程度来看</s>
<time>130_00:06:00,360 --> 00:06:02,160</time>
<s>它们无疑是最聪明的无脊椎动物</s>
<time>131_00:06:02,880 --> 00:06:05,760</time>
<s>它们所拥有的脑细胞和小猫差不多</s>
<time>132_00:06:06,120 --> 00:06:09,000</time>
<s>它们大脑占身体的比重接近于人类</s>
<time>133_00:06:09,360 --> 00:06:10,800</time>
<s>它们会学习新的技能</s>
<time>134_00:06:11,160 --> 00:06:12,960</time>
<s>会记住在迷宫里走过的路径</s>
<time>135_00:06:13,680 --> 00:06:14,400</time>
<s>会使用工具</s>
<time>136_00:06:15,120 --> 00:06:16,560</time>
<s>如果你把章鱼关在一个罐子里</s>
<time>137_00:06:16,920 --> 00:06:20,160</time>
<s>它会很快地找到办法从里面把这个罐子旋开</s>
<time>138_00:06:25,920 --> 00:06:30,600</time>
<s>而且它不但可以像这样通过自己探索来进行学习</s>
<time>139_00:06:30,960 --> 00:06:33,480</time>
<s>它还可以通过观察同类进行学习</s>
<time>140_00:06:34,560 --> 00:06:36,720</time>
<s>这个照片里正在和一个罐子里的章鱼</s>
<time>141_00:06:37,080 --> 00:06:39,240</time>
<s>抢夺一面镜子的人叫Graziano</s>
<time>142_00:06:39,600 --> 00:06:42,120</time>
<s>这是两年前他为我们上课的时候的照片</s>
<time>143_00:06:42,840 --> 00:06:45,000</time>
<s>在大概30年前他做过一个实验</s>
<time>144_00:06:46,080 --> 00:06:48,960</time>
<s>他现在教章鱼说这个蓝色的球代表有食物</s>
<time>145_00:06:49,680 --> 00:06:51,120</time>
<s>白色的球就代表没有食物</s>
<time>146_00:06:51,480 --> 00:06:54,360</time>
<s>章鱼试过几次之后它就学会了这个规则</s>
<time>147_00:06:54,720 --> 00:06:56,880</time>
<s>只要蓝色球出现的时候它就游过去吃</s>
<time>148_00:06:57,600 --> 00:06:58,320</time>
<s>更神奇的是</s>
<time>149_00:06:59,040 --> 00:07:01,920</time>
<s>与此同时在隔壁水缸的另外一只章鱼</s>
<time>150_00:07:02,280 --> 00:07:04,800</time>
<s>它仅仅隔着玻璃观察到这个场景</s>
<time>151_00:07:05,160 --> 00:07:06,240</time>
<s>它也理解了这个规则</s>
<time>152_00:07:06,960 --> 00:07:08,760</time>
<s>这就说明章鱼的智力水平</s>
<time>153_00:07:09,120 --> 00:07:11,280</time>
<s>不仅仅能通过自身体会来学习</s>
<time>154_00:07:11,640 --> 00:07:13,800</time>
<s>还可以通过观察同类进行学习</s>
<time>155_00:07:14,520 --> 00:07:18,120</time>
<s>这种可以理解同类并且从中学到规则的能力</s>
<time>156_00:07:18,480 --> 00:07:22,080</time>
<s>也是我们人类构建社会和文化的一个基础</s>
<time>157_00:07:22,800 --> 00:07:24,600</time>
<s>无论是果蝇还是章鱼</s>
<time>158_00:07:25,320 --> 00:07:28,200</time>
<s>它们和人大概在6亿年前就已经分开了</s>
<time>159_00:07:28,560 --> 00:07:31,800</time>
<s>那时我们的共同祖先是没有脑的蠕虫</s>
<time>160_00:07:32,520 --> 00:07:33,240</time>
<s>6亿年的时光</s>
<time>161_00:07:33,600 --> 00:07:37,560</time>
<s>脑的进化沿着这三条不同的道路各自发展到了极致</s>
<time>162_00:07:38,640 --> 00:07:42,600</time>
<s>所以通过比较这三种动物截然不同的三种大脑</s>
<time>163_00:07:43,320 --> 00:07:46,200</time>
<s>我们就可以了解复杂的大脑是如何进化出来的</s>
<time>164_00:07:46,920 --> 00:07:48,360</time>
<s>我们还可以了解除了人脑之外</s>
<time>165_00:07:48,720 --> 00:07:50,520</time>
<s>还有什么样的结构可以产生智能</s>
<time>166_00:07:51,600 --> 00:07:53,400</time>
<s>比较这三种截然不同的大脑</s>
<time>167_00:07:53,760 --> 00:07:56,280</time>
<s>我们可能会发现它们可能会采用</s>
<time>168_00:07:56,640 --> 00:07:58,440</time>
<s>完全一样的方式来实现同一个功能</s>
<time>169_00:07:58,800 --> 00:08:00,240</time>
<s>比如说实现生物钟</s>
<time>170_00:08:00,960 --> 00:08:02,760</time>
<s>我博士期间研究的是果蝇的生物钟</s>
<time>171_00:08:03,480 --> 00:08:06,360</time>
<s>如何控制它们每天的作息规律</s>
<time>172_00:08:06,720 --> 00:08:09,600</time>
<s>这一类其实是属于神经细胞最底层的架构</s>
<time>173_00:08:10,320 --> 00:08:12,480</time>
<s>是在6亿年前的蠕虫祖先就已经有的</s>
<time>174_00:08:13,200 --> 00:08:17,160</time>
<s>人们最先在果蝇里发现了控制生物钟的基因</s>
<time>175_00:08:17,520 --> 00:08:18,240</time>
<s>后来我们发现</s>
<time>176_00:08:18,600 --> 00:08:22,920</time>
<s>包括人在内的所有的动物都用这些基因控制生物钟</s>
<time>177_00:08:24,360 --> 00:08:25,800</time>
<s>而比较这三种截然不同的大脑</s>
<time>178_00:08:26,160 --> 00:08:28,680</time>
<s>我们可能会发现另外一种情况是</s>
<time>179_00:08:29,040 --> 00:08:31,920</time>
<s>它们会采用不一样的方式来实现同一个功能</s>
<time>180_00:08:32,280 --> 00:08:33,000</time>
<s>比如说实现视觉</s>
<time>181_00:08:34,080 --> 00:08:36,600</time>
<s>章鱼和人的共同祖先还没有进化出眼睛</s>
<time>182_00:08:37,320 --> 00:08:39,480</time>
<s>它们俩在没有互相借鉴的情况下</s>
<time>183_00:08:39,840 --> 00:08:42,000</time>
<s>各自从零开始发明出了眼睛</s>
<time>184_00:08:42,720 --> 00:08:45,240</time>
<s>如果你对比它们眼睛的结构我们会发现</s>
<time>185_00:08:45,600 --> 00:08:47,400</time>
<s>章鱼和人类眼睛的解部结构</s>
<time>186_00:08:47,760 --> 00:08:50,640</time>
<s>和它呈现的物理原理几乎是一模一样的</s>
<time>187_00:08:51,360 --> 00:08:53,160</time>
<s>但如果你再仔细看你会发现</s>
<time>188_00:08:53,520 --> 00:08:56,400</time>
<s>其实它的感光细胞和感光细胞背后的</s>
<time>189_00:08:56,760 --> 00:08:59,640</time>
<s>视神经纤维连接到大脑的走向</s>
<time>190_00:09:00,360 --> 00:09:02,520</time>
<s>在人和章鱼里其实是相反的</s>
<time>191_00:09:03,240 --> 00:09:05,760</time>
<s>这就说明它们其实是通过不同的途径</s>
<time>192_00:09:06,480 --> 00:09:08,640</time>
<s>来构建起这样相似的眼睛结构的</s>
<time>193_00:09:09,720 --> 00:09:12,240</time>
<s>所以章鱼和人的眼睛结构的殊途同归</s>
<time>194_00:09:12,600 --> 00:09:16,200</time>
<s>就说明这样的结构和原理可能是目前为止</s>
<time>195_00:09:16,560 --> 00:09:19,080</time>
<s>生物进化发现的用来实现视觉的最优解</s>
<time>196_00:09:20,880 --> 00:09:21,600</time>
<s>但与此同时</s>
<time>197_00:09:21,960 --> 00:09:24,840</time>
<s>要实现这一功能可能也不只有一个最优解</s>
<time>198_00:09:25,200 --> 00:09:28,080</time>
<s>比如说果蝇就采用不同的方式来构造眼睛</s>
<time>199_00:09:28,440 --> 00:09:32,400</time>
<s>果蝇的复眼会给每一组感光细胞都装上一个透镜</s>
<time>200_00:09:33,120 --> 00:09:33,840</time>
<s>相比于人和章鱼</s>
<time>201_00:09:34,560 --> 00:09:36,360</time>
<s>果蝇的眼睛的分辨率就会比较低</s>
<time>202_00:09:36,720 --> 00:09:37,800</time>
<s>但它灵敏度会更高</s>
<time>203_00:09:38,160 --> 00:09:39,600</time>
<s>它的视野也更广阔</s>
<time>204_00:09:39,960 --> 00:09:42,840</time>
<s>这可能也是更符合果蝇需求的一种设计思路</s>
<time>205_00:09:44,280 --> 00:09:45,720</time>
<s>所以说在有些情况下</s>
<time>206_00:09:46,080 --> 00:09:46,800</time>
<s>实现同一种功能</s>
<time>207_00:09:47,160 --> 00:09:49,320</time>
<s>不同的生物可能会采用不同的方式</s>
<time>208_00:09:49,680 --> 00:09:50,760</time>
<s>我们称之为趋同演化</s>
<time>209_00:09:52,200 --> 00:09:53,640</time>
<s>我们比较这三种不同的大脑</s>
<time>210_00:09:54,000 --> 00:09:55,440</time>
<s>我们可能还会遇到第三种情况</s>
<time>211_00:09:55,800 --> 00:09:59,400</time>
<s>就是它们可能各自会有一些别人没有的功能</s>
<time>212_00:10:00,120 --> 00:10:01,560</time>
<s>比如说章鱼的变色能力</s>
<time>213_00:10:02,640 --> 00:10:04,080</time>
<s>在开始研究章鱼和乌贼之前</s>
<time>214_00:10:04,800 --> 00:10:05,880</time>
<s>我曾养过一只变色龙</s>
<time>215_00:10:06,600 --> 00:10:09,840</time>
<s>但当我看到章鱼和乌贼变色的时候我才发现</s>
<time>216_00:10:10,200 --> 00:10:13,080</time>
<s>变色龙变色能力和它们比起来简直弱爆了</s>
<time>217_00:10:13,440 --> 00:10:16,320</time>
<s>所以我决定要研究章鱼和乌贼变色的能力</s>
<time>218_00:10:17,760 --> 00:10:21,000</time>
<s>目前我们实验室还没有办法大规模地养章鱼</s>
<time>219_00:10:21,720 --> 00:10:23,880</time>
<s>所以我们研究同样善于变色的一种墨鱼</s>
<time>220_00:10:24,600 --> 00:10:25,680</time>
<s>叫做欧洲普通乌贼</s>
<time>221_00:10:26,400 --> 00:10:28,560</time>
<s>我们实验室用的乌贼是从哪里来的呢</s>
<time>222_00:10:29,280 --> 00:10:31,440</time>
<s>我们请渔民在大海里收集它们的卵</s>
<time>223_00:10:32,160 --> 00:10:33,960</time>
<s>这些卵大概直径有一厘米</s>
<time>224_00:10:34,320 --> 00:10:36,120</time>
<s>在实验室里发育一个月之后</s>
<time>225_00:10:36,480 --> 00:10:38,280</time>
<s>你就可以透过透明的软壳看到</s>
<time>226_00:10:38,640 --> 00:10:40,800</time>
<s>还未出生的乌贼宝宝在里面翻滚</s>
<time>227_00:10:41,520 --> 00:10:44,760</time>
<s>出生之后还不足一厘米的乌贼宝宝就会变色了</s>
<time>228_00:10:46,200 --> 00:10:48,360</time>
<s>但其实乌贼也很难养</s>
<time>229_00:10:48,720 --> 00:10:51,960</time>
<s>它一言不合就会朝你喷水朝你吐墨</s>
<time>230_00:10:52,680 --> 00:10:54,120</time>
<s>它们只吃活的虾</s>
<time>231_00:10:54,480 --> 00:10:55,200</time>
<s>而且吃的特别多</s>
<time>232_00:10:56,280 --> 00:10:59,160</time>
<s>疫情期间我们为了持续供应它们吃活虾</s>
<time>233_00:10:59,520 --> 00:11:01,680</time>
<s>我们也是大下血本</s>
<time>234_00:11:02,400 --> 00:11:04,200</time>
<s>所以不要再问我它们好不好吃了</s>
<time>235_00:11:04,560 --> 00:11:05,640</time>
<s>我实在舍不得吃它们</s>
<time>236_00:11:06,360 --> 00:11:07,080</time>
<s>好不容易养大的</s>
<time>237_00:11:08,520 --> 00:11:09,240</time>
<s>它们吃的多</s>
<time>238_00:11:09,600 --> 00:11:09,960</time>
<s>长得也快</s>
<time>239_00:11:10,680 --> 00:11:12,480</time>
<s>出生一个月之后可以长大5倍</s>
<time>240_00:11:12,840 --> 00:11:15,000</time>
<s>再过5个月还可以再长大5倍</s>
<time>241_00:11:15,360 --> 00:11:17,520</time>
<s>而且它们因为会变色来隐藏自己</s>
<time>242_00:11:18,240 --> 00:11:20,040</time>
<s>所以其实我们一直无法确切地知道</s>
<time>243_00:11:20,400 --> 00:11:21,480</time>
<s>我们到底养了多少只</s>
<time>244_00:11:21,840 --> 00:11:22,920</time>
<s>因为总有几只藏得太好</s>
<time>245_00:11:23,280 --> 00:11:24,360</time>
<s>我们根本就找不到它们</s>
<time>246_00:11:25,080 --> 00:11:26,520</time>
<s>我们实验进行得顺不顺利</s>
<time>247_00:11:26,880 --> 00:11:27,600</time>
<s>其实得看乌贼的心情</s>
<time>248_00:11:27,960 --> 00:11:28,680</time>
<s>如果它们心情好</s>
<time>249_00:11:29,040 --> 00:11:30,120</time>
<s>配合我们工作的话</s>
<time>250_00:11:30,840 --> 00:11:33,000</time>
<s>我们会给乌贼看不同的环境的照片</s>
<time>251_00:11:33,360 --> 00:11:36,240</time>
<s>看它如何改变自己身体的整个颜色图案</s>
<time>252_00:11:36,960 --> 00:11:37,680</time>
<s>来隐蔽在这个环境里</s>
<time>253_00:11:38,400 --> 00:11:39,840</time>
<s>比如说给它看一张沙滩的照片</s>
<time>254_00:11:40,200 --> 00:11:43,080</time>
<s>它就会在身体上显示出像沙子一样的纹理</s>
<time>255_00:11:43,800 --> 00:11:45,240</time>
<s>如果你还没有找到它在哪里的话</s>
<time>256_00:11:45,600 --> 00:11:46,320</time>
<s>它在图片的右下角</s>
<time>257_00:11:47,400 --> 00:11:49,920</time>
<s>而如果你给它看一张有很多鹅卵石的照片</s>
<time>258_00:11:50,280 --> 00:11:52,800</time>
<s>它就会在身上变出像鹅卵石一样的图案</s>
<time>259_00:11:53,880 --> 00:11:56,400</time>
<s>但是如果背景里的鹅卵石比它自己还要大</s>
<time>260_00:11:56,760 --> 00:11:58,920</time>
<s>它就会把自己变成一块光滑的鹅卵石</s>
<time>261_00:12:00,360 --> 00:12:02,160</time>
<s>但其实我们在实验室里</s>
<time>262_00:12:02,520 --> 00:12:05,040</time>
<s>为了想要观察到乌贼变色的那个瞬间</s>
<time>263_00:12:05,760 --> 00:12:07,920</time>
<s>其实我们也是失败了好多年才找到办法的</s>
<time>264_00:12:09,000 --> 00:12:11,880</time>
<s>我们一开始是每次要做实验的时候</s>
<time>265_00:12:12,240 --> 00:12:14,760</time>
<s>才把乌贼请到一个专门用来录像的小水缸里</s>
<time>266_00:12:15,840 --> 00:12:18,720</time>
<s>但可能它觉得这个小水缸的环境太过于陌生了</s>
<time>267_00:12:19,080 --> 00:12:19,800</time>
<s>它没有安全感</s>
<time>268_00:12:20,160 --> 00:12:21,240</time>
<s>所以它不愿意在这里面变色</s>
<time>269_00:12:21,960 --> 00:12:25,200</time>
<s>于是后来我们专门建了一个有水循环系统的大水缸</s>
<time>270_00:12:25,920 --> 00:12:27,360</time>
<s>让它们可以在里面生活</s>
<time>271_00:12:27,720 --> 00:12:29,520</time>
<s>等到它把这里当成自己的家之后</s>
<time>272_00:12:29,880 --> 00:12:31,680</time>
<s>它就愿意在这个大水缸里变色了</s>
<time>273_00:12:32,400 --> 00:12:34,200</time>
<s>同时这个水缸上方我们安装了</s>
<time>274_00:12:34,560 --> 00:12:37,080</time>
<s>由25个高清摄像头组成的相机阵列</s>
<time>275_00:12:38,160 --> 00:12:40,680</time>
<s>这些相机是安装在一个电动轨道上的</s>
<time>276_00:12:41,040 --> 00:12:43,560</time>
<s>所以乌贼如果在它家里面游来游去的话</s>
<time>277_00:12:43,920 --> 00:12:45,720</time>
<s>我们的相机是可以追着它跑的</s>
<time>278_00:12:47,160 --> 00:12:48,960</time>
<s>为了诱导乌贼变色</s>
<time>279_00:12:49,320 --> 00:12:51,840</time>
<s>我们会试图去改变它这个水缸里的环境</s>
<time>280_00:12:52,200 --> 00:12:55,080</time>
<s>看看乌贼会不会通过变色来模拟新的环境</s>
<time>281_00:12:56,160 --> 00:12:57,600</time>
<s>我们一开始是想用投影仪</s>
<time>282_00:12:57,960 --> 00:13:01,200</time>
<s>从下方把图像投影到水缸的底部</s>
<time>283_00:13:02,280 --> 00:13:05,520</time>
<s>但乌贼好像觉得这个光应该从天上来</s>
<time>284_00:13:05,880 --> 00:13:07,320</time>
<s>而不应该从脚底下来</s>
<time>285_00:13:07,680 --> 00:13:09,120</time>
<s>所以它就识破了我们的计</s>
<time>286_00:13:09,480 --> 00:13:10,200</time>
<s>就不愿意变色了</s>
<time>287_00:13:10,920 --> 00:13:14,520</time>
<s>后来我们只能把不同的照片印在布上</s>
<time>288_00:13:14,880 --> 00:13:17,400</time>
<s>然后把这个布铺到水缸的底部</s>
<time>289_00:13:17,760 --> 00:13:19,200</time>
<s>这样我们可以通过一个滚轴</s>
<time>290_00:13:19,920 --> 00:13:24,600</time>
<s>然后像切换舞台布景一样改变水缸底部的图案</s>
<time>291_00:13:25,320 --> 00:13:27,480</time>
<s>终于这样乌贼肯配合我们变色了</s>
<time>292_00:13:27,840 --> 00:13:31,080</time>
<s>这是我们一个实验中记录到乌贼变色的过程</s>
<time>293_00:13:31,440 --> 00:13:34,320</time>
<s>当我们把布景换到一个沙滩的背景的时候</s>
<time>294_00:13:34,680 --> 00:13:36,840</time>
<s>你看它们会在身上变出沙子一样的纹理</s>
<time>295_00:13:37,920 --> 00:13:39,360</time>
<s>好不容易乌贼肯变色了</s>
<time>296_00:13:39,720 --> 00:13:41,160</time>
<s>我们又遇到了另外一个问题</s>
<time>297_00:13:41,520 --> 00:13:44,400</time>
<s>就是怎么把乌贼从录像里面找出来</s>
<time>298_00:13:45,120 --> 00:13:47,640</time>
<s>乌贼变色本来就是为了隐蔽在环境里</s>
<time>299_00:13:48,000 --> 00:13:49,440</time>
<s>所以其实很难找到它们</s>
<time>300_00:13:49,800 --> 00:13:53,040</time>
<s>我们训练了好几个AI来从录像里识别乌贼</s>
<time>301_00:13:53,400 --> 00:13:54,840</time>
<s>但乌贼实在是没有固定的样子</s>
<time>302_00:13:55,560 --> 00:13:56,280</time>
<s>它一天一个样</s>
<time>303_00:13:56,640 --> 00:13:57,720</time>
<s>你给它看不同的背景</s>
<time>304_00:13:58,080 --> 00:13:59,520</time>
<s>它总能变出一些新花样</s>
<time>305_00:14:00,240 --> 00:14:01,680</time>
<s>今天训练好的AI</s>
<time>306_00:14:02,040 --> 00:14:04,920</time>
<s>到明天可能就认不出明天的同一只乌贼了</s>
<time>307_00:14:05,640 --> 00:14:09,600</time>
<s>最后我们找到了Facebook目前最先进的图像识别Al席</s>
<time>308_00:14:09,960 --> 00:14:11,400</time>
<s>然后专门教它认乌贼</s>
<time>309_00:14:12,120 --> 00:14:13,920</time>
<s>终于这个AI表现还可以</s>
<time>310_00:14:14,280 --> 00:14:16,080</time>
<s>准确率可以达到95%左右</s>
<time>311_00:14:17,160 --> 00:14:18,240</time>
<s>但接下来的问题就是</s>
<time>312_00:14:18,600 --> 00:14:20,760</time>
<s>每只乌贼的相貌都干变万化的</s>
<time>313_00:14:21,120 --> 00:14:22,200</time>
<s>我们要怎么追踪它的变化</s>
<time>314_00:14:22,560 --> 00:14:25,800</time>
<s>我们怎么样比较它在不同时候不同的模样呢</s>
<time>315_00:14:27,240 --> 00:14:28,680</time>
<s>所以我们还是把这个问题交给AI</s>
<time>316_00:14:29,400 --> 00:14:32,280</time>
<s>让AI来给乌贼的外貌打一个分</s>
<time>317_00:14:33,360 --> 00:14:35,520</time>
<s>所以图右边展示的是我们的AI</s>
<time>318_00:14:35,880 --> 00:14:38,040</time>
<s>认为的三个最重要的打分维度</s>
<time>319_00:14:38,400 --> 00:14:39,120</time>
<s>然后我们看</s>
<time>320_00:14:39,480 --> 00:14:40,920</time>
<s>当乌贼变色的时候</s>
<time>321_00:14:41,280 --> 00:14:44,520</time>
<s>AI的打分在这三个维度里会发生什么样的变化</s>
<time>322_00:14:45,240 --> 00:14:48,120</time>
<s>在左边的录像里乌贼它变出了一个白色方格</s>
<time>323_00:14:48,480 --> 00:14:49,200</time>
<s>然后又消失</s>
<time>324_00:14:49,560 --> 00:14:51,360</time>
<s>同时你可以看到右边的打分轨迹</s>
<time>325_00:14:51,720 --> 00:14:53,880</time>
<s>它绕了一圈又回到了原点</s>
<time>326_00:14:54,600 --> 00:14:57,480</time>
<s>但是它去和回走的不是同一条路</s>
<time>327_00:14:58,200 --> 00:15:01,080</time>
<s>这就说明这个白色方格它消失的过程</s>
<time>328_00:15:01,440 --> 00:15:05,760</time>
<s>不是简单地把它出现的过程倒带回放一下就可以了</s>
<time>329_00:15:07,200 --> 00:15:10,080</time>
<s>它需要走一条不同而且更加崎岖的路径</s>
<time>330_00:15:10,800 --> 00:15:13,680</time>
<s>通过这样的轨迹分析</s>
<time>331_00:15:14,040 --> 00:15:16,920</time>
<s>我们可以发现很多人眼看不出来的细节</s>
<time>332_00:15:17,280 --> 00:15:18,720</time>
<s>比如说在这里你可以看到</s>
<time>333_00:15:19,440 --> 00:15:21,960</time>
<s>乌贼可以从图案1变到图案2</s>
<time>334_00:15:22,320 --> 00:15:24,480</time>
<s>也可以从图案1直接变到图案3</s>
<time>335_00:15:24,840 --> 00:15:25,560</time>
<s>但是</s>
<time>336_00:15:26,280 --> 00:15:27,360</time>
<s>有时候你会发现乌贼</s>
<time>337_00:15:27,720 --> 00:15:31,320</time>
<s>一开始它是奔着图案2的方向变去</s>
<time>338_00:15:31,680 --> 00:15:33,840</time>
<s>然后在中途它会突然改变主意</s>
<time>339_00:15:34,200 --> 00:15:36,360</time>
<s>然后转弯直接变到图案3去了</s>
<time>340_00:15:36,720 --> 00:15:37,800</time>
<s>但是相反的</s>
<time>341_00:15:38,160 --> 00:15:40,320</time>
<s>如果它是从图案3出发的话</s>
<time>342_00:15:40,680 --> 00:15:44,280</time>
<s>它一开始也可以直接变到图案1或者变到图案2</s>
<time>343_00:15:45,000 --> 00:15:49,680</time>
<s>但是如果它一开始是先朝着图案2的方向变去的话</s>
<time>344_00:15:50,400 --> 00:15:51,840</time>
<s>快到的时候它突然要改变主意</s>
<time>345_00:15:52,200 --> 00:15:52,920</time>
<s>想变去图案1</s>
<time>346_00:15:53,280 --> 00:15:55,080</time>
<s>这时候它就不能直接变过去了</s>
<time>347_00:15:55,440 --> 00:15:57,600</time>
<s>它必须先掉头回到图案3</s>
<time>348_00:15:57,960 --> 00:15:59,400</time>
<s>然后才能变到图案1</s>
<time>349_00:16:00,120 --> 00:16:03,360</time>
<s>这就说明乌贼的变色其实是有一些限制的</s>
<time>350_00:16:03,720 --> 00:16:04,800</time>
<s>不是它想怎么变就怎么变</s>
<time>351_00:16:05,520 --> 00:16:07,320</time>
<s>它会沿着一些比较固定的路径</s>
<time>352_00:16:08,040 --> 00:16:09,480</time>
<s>这也就向我们暗示了</s>
<time>353_00:16:09,840 --> 00:16:13,440</time>
<s>其实控制它形成不同图案背后的机制</s>
<time>354_00:16:13,800 --> 00:16:15,600</time>
<s>可能不会是极其极其复杂的</s>
<time>355_00:16:15,960 --> 00:16:19,920</time>
<s>我们在有生之年或许还有望解答其中的奥秘</s>
<time>356_00:16:20,640 --> 00:16:24,240</time>
<s>它是怎么在皮肤上形成这些图案的呢</s>
<time>357_00:16:25,320 --> 00:16:28,560</time>
<s>如果你把乌贼的皮肤放大再放大</s>
<time>358_00:16:30,360 --> 00:16:32,520</time>
<s>你可以看到它上面有很多很多的小点</s>
<time>359_00:16:33,240 --> 00:16:36,840</time>
<s>每个点是可以随意变大变小的色素细胞</s>
<time>360_00:16:37,560 --> 00:16:40,080</time>
<s>这是放大后的乌贼的后背</s>
<time>361_00:16:40,440 --> 00:16:45,120</time>
<s>你可以看到它中间的区域比周围的区域要白一些</s>
<time>362_00:16:45,480 --> 00:16:48,000</time>
<s>而且你可以看到明显的黑白的分界线</s>
<time>363_00:16:48,720 --> 00:16:50,520</time>
<s>这是因为中间的色素细胞</s>
<time>364_00:16:50,880 --> 00:16:53,040</time>
<s>会比周围的色素细胞要小一些</s>
<time>365_00:16:53,760 --> 00:16:55,560</time>
<s>但是当中间的这些色素细胞</s>
<time>366_00:16:55,920 --> 00:16:57,720</time>
<s>如果它们突然都变大了的话</s>
<time>367_00:16:58,080 --> 00:17:00,600</time>
<s>你会看到中间那个白色区域就消失了</s>
<time>368_00:17:01,320 --> 00:17:05,280</time>
<s>所以乌贼的皮肤它就像一个覆盖全身的显示器</s>
<time>369_00:17:05,640 --> 00:17:06,720</time>
<s>而每一个色素细胞</s>
<time>370_00:17:07,080 --> 00:17:09,240</time>
<s>就相当于这个显示器上的一个像素点</s>
<time>371_00:17:09,960 --> 00:17:12,480</time>
<s>它身上色素细胞的密度可以达到非常的高</s>
<time>372_00:17:12,840 --> 00:17:16,440</time>
<s>它的像素分辩率可以超过市面上所有的电视屏幕</s>
<time>373_00:17:17,160 --> 00:17:20,040</time>
<s>甚至高于iPhone所谓的视网膜屏幕</s>
<time>374_00:17:20,400 --> 00:17:23,640</time>
<s>所以我们的肉眼其实是看不到每一个色素细胞的</s>
<time>375_00:17:24,000 --> 00:17:26,160</time>
<s>只能看到由它们组成的连续的图案</s>
<time>376_00:17:27,600 --> 00:17:29,760</time>
<s>而且这些色素细胞还会有不同的颜色</s>
<time>377_00:17:30,120 --> 00:17:32,280</time>
<s>所以它们形成的图案也会有不同的颜色</s>
<time>378_00:17:33,360 --> 00:17:37,320</time>
<s>那么它这些色素细胞为什么可以随意地变大变小呢</s>
<time>379_00:17:37,680 --> 00:17:39,840</time>
<s>那是因为每一个色素细胞周围</s>
<time>380_00:17:40,200 --> 00:17:42,720</time>
<s>都被一圈辐射状的肌肉纤维所连接</s>
<time>381_00:17:43,440 --> 00:17:46,320</time>
<s>所以当这些辐射状的肌肉纤维收缩的时候</s>
<time>382_00:17:46,680 --> 00:17:48,120</time>
<s>它的色素细胞就会变大</s>
<time>383_00:17:48,840 --> 00:17:52,080</time>
<s>而乌贼的大脑就可以通过控制这些肌肉纤维</s>
<time>384_00:17:52,440 --> 00:17:54,960</time>
<s>来精确地控制每一个色素细胞的大小</s>
<time>385_00:17:57,120 --> 00:17:58,560</time>
<s>成年的乌贼体表可以有</s>
<time>386_00:17:58,920 --> 00:18:01,080</time>
<s>几十上百万个这样的色素细胞</s>
<time>387_00:18:01,440 --> 00:18:05,400</time>
<s>它的大脑是如何同时控制上百万个色素细胞的呢</s>
<time>388_00:18:05,760 --> 00:18:06,120</time>
<s>想象一下</s>
<time>389_00:18:06,480 --> 00:18:08,280</time>
<s>如果你要同时控制一百万根手指</s>
<time>390_00:18:09,000 --> 00:18:10,440</time>
<s>它们的大脑为什么不会忙死呢</s>
<time>391_00:18:11,520 --> 00:18:12,960</time>
<s>所以为了想要知道它是怎么做到的</s>
<time>392_00:18:13,680 --> 00:18:16,920</time>
<s>我们去测量它皮肤上每一个色素细胞大小的变化</s>
<time>393_00:18:18,000 --> 00:18:20,880</time>
<s>这个测量的困难之处在于乌贼它不是固定不动的</s>
<time>394_00:18:21,240 --> 00:18:22,320</time>
<s>它会游来游去</s>
<time>395_00:18:22,680 --> 00:18:23,400</time>
<s>它会呼吸</s>
<time>396_00:18:23,760 --> 00:18:25,200</time>
<s>它的身体其实也是软的</s>
<time>397_00:18:25,560 --> 00:18:27,360</time>
<s>所以它可以随意地扭曲变形</s>
<time>398_00:18:28,080 --> 00:18:29,160</time>
<s>所以我们的录像需要经过</s>
<time>399_00:18:29,520 --> 00:18:32,040</time>
<s>一系列复杂的计算机视觉的算法</s>
<time>400_00:18:32,400 --> 00:18:35,280</time>
<s>才能把每一个色素细胞的大小都读取出来</s>
<time>401_00:18:35,640 --> 00:18:37,440</time>
<s>然后通过整合好几个相机的图像</s>
<time>402_00:18:37,800 --> 00:18:40,680</time>
<s>我们现在可以同步地追踪一整只动物</s>
<time>403_00:18:41,040 --> 00:18:43,200</time>
<s>身上几十万个色素细胞大小的变化</s>
<time>404_00:18:44,280 --> 00:18:46,800</time>
<s>然后通过分析这几十万个色素细胞</s>
<time>405_00:18:47,160 --> 00:18:50,400</time>
<s>我们发现乌贼变色的过程一般其实不是匀速的</s>
<time>406_00:18:51,120 --> 00:18:53,640</time>
<s>它是走一步停一步走一步停一步</s>
<time>407_00:18:54,000 --> 00:18:57,240</time>
<s>比如说它的这个变化过程就是要分成五步来走</s>
<time>408_00:18:57,600 --> 00:19:01,200</time>
<s>而每一步会有不同几群色素细胞发生变化</s>
<time>409_00:19:01,920 --> 00:19:04,080</time>
<s>所以在这个过程中大脑就是要在</s>
<time>410_00:19:04,440 --> 00:19:07,320</time>
<s>不同的时刻给不同组的色素细胞发出命令</s>
<time>411_00:19:08,040 --> 00:19:09,840</time>
<s>那么它们大脑是怎么做的呢</s>
<time>412_00:19:10,920 --> 00:19:13,440</time>
<s>为此我们试图潜入乌贼的大脑</s>
<time>413_00:19:14,160 --> 00:19:17,040</time>
<s>首先我们找到了控制色素细胞变大变小的</s>
<time>414_00:19:17,400 --> 00:19:18,840</time>
<s>这些运动神经元</s>
<time>415_00:19:19,200 --> 00:19:22,440</time>
<s>它们主要集中在乌贼大脑后侧的这个区域</s>
<time>416_00:19:23,520 --> 00:19:26,400</time>
<s>然后我们试图去记录这些运动神经元的活动</s>
<time>417_00:19:27,120 --> 00:19:29,280</time>
<s>历史上有不少人尝试过都没有成功</s>
<time>418_00:19:30,360 --> 00:19:32,520</time>
<s>在我加入实验室之前</s>
<time>419_00:19:32,880 --> 00:19:36,120</time>
<s>曾经有一位师姐在这个问题上研究了两年而一无所获席</s>
<time>420_00:19:36,840 --> 00:19:37,560</time>
<s>正准确辞职</s>
<time>421_00:19:37,920 --> 00:19:39,720</time>
<s>走之前她曾经隐嗨地劝我说</s>
<time>422_00:19:40,080 --> 00:19:40,440</time>
<s>这是一个大坑</s>
<time>423_00:19:40,800 --> 00:19:41,520</time>
<s>不要往里跳</s>
<time>424_00:19:42,240 --> 00:19:43,680</time>
<s>但当时我被乌贼冲昏了头脑</s>
<time>425_00:19:44,400 --> 00:19:45,480</time>
<s>就前赴后继地跳进去了</s>
<time>426_00:19:46,560 --> 00:19:47,640</time>
<s>然后跳下去才发现</s>
<time>427_00:19:48,000 --> 00:19:48,720</time>
<s>这真是一个大坑</s>
<time>428_00:19:49,080 --> 00:19:49,800</time>
<s>师姐诚不我欺</s>
<time>429_00:19:50,160 --> 00:19:51,600</time>
<s>这坑底一片的漆黑</s>
<time>430_00:19:52,680 --> 00:19:53,760</time>
<s>这可能就是研究一种</s>
<time>431_00:19:54,120 --> 00:19:56,280</time>
<s>从来没有人研究过的生物所要面对的</s>
<time>432_00:19:56,640 --> 00:19:58,080</time>
<s>一切都要从零开始</s>
<time>433_00:19:58,800 --> 00:20:01,680</time>
<s>遇到问题和困难也没有人知道要怎么帮助你</s>
<time>434_00:20:02,760 --> 00:20:03,840</time>
<s>经过漫长的探索</s>
<time>435_00:20:04,200 --> 00:20:06,000</time>
<s>终于有一天我看到了这个</s>
<time>436_00:20:06,720 --> 00:20:07,440</time>
<s>这是我第一次</s>
<time>437_00:20:07,800 --> 00:20:09,960</time>
<s>也可能是人类第一次从乌贼的脑中</s>
<time>438_00:20:10,320 --> 00:20:12,120</time>
<s>记录到了第一个神经细胞的信号</s>
<time>439_00:20:13,200 --> 00:20:16,800</time>
<s>那一刻我就感觉我好像可以听到乌贼的心声一样</s>
<time>440_00:20:18,240 --> 00:20:22,200</time>
<s>这是后来我们用一种染料把神经活动转变成荧光</s>
<time>441_00:20:22,560 --> 00:20:23,640</time>
<s>这样你就可以同时</s>
<time>442_00:20:24,000 --> 00:20:26,880</time>
<s>看到几十上百个神经细胞在它脑海里闪烁</s>
<time>443_00:20:27,960 --> 00:20:29,760</time>
<s>我经常会町着这样的录像看</s>
<time>444_00:20:30,120 --> 00:20:32,280</time>
<s>我虽然在那个坑底一片的漆黑</s>
<time>445_00:20:32,640 --> 00:20:35,520</time>
<s>但我还可以抬头看到天上的星星在闪烁</s>
<time>446_00:20:36,240 --> 00:20:40,560</time>
<s>为什么我们这么想要了解这些运动神经元呢</s>
<time>447_00:20:41,280 --> 00:20:43,080</time>
<s>请大家来听一听下面这个故事</s>
<time>448_00:20:43,800 --> 00:20:45,960</time>
<s>其实我们实验室还养了另外一种乌贼</s>
<time>449_00:20:46,320 --> 00:20:47,760</time>
<s>叫做蜂鸟短尾乌贼</s>
<time>450_00:20:48,120 --> 00:20:49,560</time>
<s>它们个头比较小一点</s>
<time>451_00:20:49,920 --> 00:20:51,720</time>
<s>成年之后大概只有5厘米长</s>
<time>452_00:20:52,080 --> 00:20:52,800</time>
<s>它们圆滚滚的</s>
<time>453_00:20:53,160 --> 00:20:53,520</time>
<s>有一对小翅膀</s>
<time>454_00:20:54,240 --> 00:20:54,600</time>
<s>非常可爱</s>
<time>455_00:20:55,680 --> 00:20:57,480</time>
<s>它们其实是属于鱿鱼的一种</s>
<time>456_00:20:57,840 --> 00:20:59,280</time>
<s>大家可能还记得我刚开始说的</s>
<time>457_00:20:59,640 --> 00:21:03,240</time>
<s>鱿鱼的生活环境不像墨鱼那么丰富多彩</s>
<time>458_00:21:03,600 --> 00:21:05,040</time>
<s>所以其实它们不太会变色的</s>
<time>459_00:21:05,400 --> 00:21:07,920</time>
<s>它们用另外一种方式来隐藏自己</s>
<time>460_00:21:08,280 --> 00:21:10,440</time>
<s>就是它们会在身上裹上一层沙子</s>
<time>461_00:21:10,800 --> 00:21:11,880</time>
<s>然后待在水里不动</s>
<time>462_00:21:12,240 --> 00:21:13,320</time>
<s>像一个一个的糯米糍</s>
<time>463_00:21:13,680 --> 00:21:15,120</time>
<s>看起来很好吃的样子</s>
<time>464_00:21:15,840 --> 00:21:17,280</time>
<s>然后两只小手还会时不时地</s>
<time>465_00:21:17,640 --> 00:21:20,160</time>
<s>往身上扒拉沙子把自己埋的更好一些</s>
<time>466_00:21:21,240 --> 00:21:24,480</time>
<s>我们唯一见识过它的变色就是从黑色变成白色</s>
<time>467_00:21:24,840 --> 00:21:25,920</time>
<s>再从白色变成黑色</s>
<time>468_00:21:26,280 --> 00:21:26,640</time>
<s>仅此而已</s>
<time>469_00:21:27,000 --> 00:21:30,960</time>
<s>它们不会在身上变出像大乌贼那样的繁复的花纹</s>
<time>470_00:21:31,680 --> 00:21:32,760</time>
<s>所以我们就很好奇了</s>
<time>471_00:21:33,120 --> 00:21:34,200</time>
<s>同样是乌贼</s>
<time>472_00:21:34,560 --> 00:21:36,720</time>
<s>为什么小乌贼它就不变色了呢</s>
<time>473_00:21:37,440 --> 00:21:39,240</time>
<s>对比这两种乌贼我们发现</s>
<time>474_00:21:39,600 --> 00:21:43,920</time>
<s>第一这个大乌贼它身上的色素细胞比小乌贼多得多</s>
<time>475_00:21:45,000 --> 00:21:49,680</time>
<s>第二大乌贼的脑里控制变色的运动神经元</s>
<time>476_00:21:50,040 --> 00:21:52,200</time>
<s>甚至比它身上的色素细胞还要多</s>
<time>477_00:21:52,920 --> 00:21:53,640</time>
<s>而相反的</s>
<time>478_00:21:54,360 --> 00:21:56,880</time>
<s>小乌贼脑里的运动神经元就很少很少</s>
<time>479_00:21:57,600 --> 00:22:01,200</time>
<s>以至于每个运动神经元平均要控制好几个色素细胞</s>
<time>480_00:22:02,280 --> 00:22:04,080</time>
<s>而且当我用电极</s>
<time>481_00:22:04,800 --> 00:22:07,680</time>
<s>去刺激运动神经元所在的这个脑区不同的位置</s>
<time>482_00:22:08,040 --> 00:22:09,120</time>
<s>你就可以看到</s>
<time>483_00:22:09,480 --> 00:22:12,720</time>
<s>大乌贼的身体会有不同的区域变色</s>
<time>484_00:22:13,440 --> 00:22:17,400</time>
<s>这就说明这个大乌贼的脑中有一张自己身体的地图</s>
<time>485_00:22:18,120 --> 00:22:19,200</time>
<s>而小乌贼则不同</s>
<time>486_00:22:19,560 --> 00:22:21,360</time>
<s>刺激这个脑区的不同位置</s>
<time>487_00:22:21,720 --> 00:22:24,240</time>
<s>几乎看到的是一样的色素细胞的反应</s>
<time>488_00:22:24,960 --> 00:22:26,040</time>
<s>我们认为正是这样</s>
<time>489_00:22:26,400 --> 00:22:30,000</time>
<s>这种运动神经元对色素细胞控制的精细程度不同</s>
<time>490_00:22:30,360 --> 00:22:32,880</time>
<s>所以这两种乌贼有不同的变色能力</s>
<time>491_00:22:33,600 --> 00:22:36,480</time>
<s>这就好比是我们的大脑会给每一根手指</s>
<time>492_00:22:36,840 --> 00:22:39,360</time>
<s>都分配一个专属的区域来控制</s>
<time>493_00:22:39,720 --> 00:22:42,240</time>
<s>所以我们就可以控制不同的手指做不同的动作</s>
<time>494_00:22:42,960 --> 00:22:45,480</time>
<s>这就像大乌贼对色素细胞的控制方式</s>
<time>495_00:22:46,200 --> 00:22:49,440</time>
<s>但是我们的大脑没有专门给每一根脚趾</s>
<time>496_00:22:49,800 --> 00:22:51,960</time>
<s>都分配一个专属的区域控制</s>
<time>497_00:22:52,320 --> 00:22:54,840</time>
<s>所以我们的脚趾就远不如我们的手指灵活</s>
<time>498_00:22:55,560 --> 00:22:57,360</time>
<s>这就有点像小乌贼的控制方式</s>
<time>499_00:22:58,080 --> 00:22:59,160</time>
<s>通过这样的比较研究</s>
<time>500_00:22:59,520 --> 00:23:02,760</time>
<s>我们不但可以知道它们的大脑是如何控制变色的</s>
<time>501_00:23:03,120 --> 00:23:03,840</time>
<s>还可以进一步知道</s>
<time>502_00:23:04,560 --> 00:23:06,720</time>
<s>它们变色的技能是怎么进化出来的</s>
<time>503_00:23:07,440 --> 00:23:11,760</time>
<s>其实我们刚刚聊的乌贼的皮肤如何改变颜色和图案</s>
<time>504_00:23:12,840 --> 00:23:13,920</time>
<s>但是除此之外</s>
<time>505_00:23:14,280 --> 00:23:17,160</time>
<s>乌贼和章鱼的皮肤其实还能进行三维变换</s>
<time>506_00:23:18,240 --> 00:23:18,600</time>
<s>大家还记得吗</s>
<time>507_00:23:19,320 --> 00:23:20,400</time>
<s>这是我们刚刚看到的那只章鱼</s>
<time>508_00:23:20,760 --> 00:23:23,640</time>
<s>这是它从石头变回原形的过程</s>
<time>509_00:23:24,000 --> 00:23:25,800</time>
<s>如果你对比前后你会发现</s>
<time>510_00:23:26,160 --> 00:23:27,240</time>
<s>除了颜色不同之外</s>
<time>511_00:23:27,960 --> 00:23:30,840</time>
<s>左图里的章鱼的体表还长出很多刺来</s>
<time>512_00:23:31,200 --> 00:23:33,000</time>
<s>模拟背景里珊瑚的形状</s>
<time>513_00:23:34,440 --> 00:23:38,040</time>
<s>它们的体表是可以随意地控制皮肤上的突起的</s>
<time>514_00:23:38,760 --> 00:23:42,000</time>
<s>你看这只乌贼它可以在背上生出这样的突起</s>
<time>515_00:23:44,160 --> 00:23:46,320</time>
<s>此外它们的触手和它们的姿势</s>
<time>516_00:23:46,680 --> 00:23:48,120</time>
<s>也是它们伪装的一部分</s>
<time>517_00:23:48,480 --> 00:23:51,360</time>
<s>它们很喜欢把手弯成它旁边植物的样子</s>
<time>518_00:23:52,080 --> 00:23:54,240</time>
<s>还会根据背景里面条纹的角度</s>
<time>519_00:23:54,600 --> 00:23:56,400</time>
<s>来把手举到不同的高度</s>
<time>520_00:23:56,760 --> 00:23:57,120</time>
<s>特别好玩</s>
<time>521_00:23:57,840 --> 00:24:00,360</time>
<s>除了模仿背景里不会动的东西之外</s>
<time>522_00:24:00,720 --> 00:24:02,160</time>
<s>我觉得最最神奇的是</s>
<time>523_00:24:02,520 --> 00:24:05,040</time>
<s>它们还会乔装成别的动物的样子</s>
<time>524_00:24:05,400 --> 00:24:07,560</time>
<s>而且还会模仿别的动物的动作</s>
