<time>2_00:00:17,640 --> 00:00:18,360</time>
<s>大家好</s>
<time>3_00:00:18,720 --> 00:00:19,440</time>
<s>我是黄晓丹</s>
<time>4_00:00:20,880 --> 00:00:23,040</time>
<s>我是一个大学老师</s>
<time>5_00:00:23,400 --> 00:00:25,920</time>
<s>在大学里面教中国古代文学课</s>
<time>6_00:00:27,000 --> 00:00:29,520</time>
<s>今年的暑假我出版了一本书</s>
<time>7_00:00:29,880 --> 00:00:31,320</time>
<s>叫做《诗人十四个》</s>
<time>8_00:00:32,760 --> 00:00:34,560</time>
<s>这本书出版之后我每天都很志</s>
<time>9_00:00:35,280 --> 00:00:36,720</time>
<s>因为我很怕我的同事发现</s>
<time>10_00:00:37,440 --> 00:00:39,960</time>
<s>我写了这样一本不伦不类的书</s>
<time>11_00:00:41,040 --> 00:00:44,640</time>
<s>因为这本书虽然是写中国古代的十四个诗人</s>
<time>12_00:00:45,360 --> 00:00:47,160</time>
<s>可是在这个书里面</s>
<time>13_00:00:47,880 --> 00:00:52,200</time>
<s>从梵高到《魔戒》的作者托尔金</s>
<time>14_00:00:52,920 --> 00:00:55,080</time>
<s>到我们家的小狗黄发财</s>
<time>15_00:00:55,440 --> 00:00:56,160</time>
<s>都出现了一遍</s>
<time>16_00:00:57,240 --> 00:00:59,400</time>
<s>我觉得这个不能够完全怪我</s>
<time>17_00:00:59,760 --> 00:01:01,920</time>
<s>因为我们大学上古代文学课</s>
<time>18_00:01:02,280 --> 00:01:04,440</time>
<s>是从先秦讲到清朝</s>
<time>19_00:01:04,800 --> 00:01:06,960</time>
<s>然后我们讲时代背景</s>
<time>20_00:01:07,320 --> 00:01:08,400</time>
<s>社会思潮</s>
<time>21_00:01:08,760 --> 00:01:10,200</time>
<s>诗人诗作</s>
<time>22_00:01:10,560 --> 00:01:11,280</time>
<s>文学史贡献</s>
<time>23_00:01:12,360 --> 00:01:15,240</time>
<s>可是一般的读者并不关心这样的问题</s>
<time>24_00:01:15,600 --> 00:01:17,040</time>
<s>一般的读者想知道</s>
<time>25_00:01:17,400 --> 00:01:20,280</time>
<s>我们在现实生活中遇到的那些问题</s>
<time>26_00:01:21,000 --> 00:01:22,080</time>
<s>古人有没有遇到过</s>
<time>27_00:01:22,440 --> 00:01:23,880</time>
<s>他们是怎么样想的</s>
<time>28_00:01:25,680 --> 00:01:28,920</time>
<s>为什么有一些文学作品在几千年之后</s>
<time>29_00:01:29,280 --> 00:01:31,440</time>
<s>我们都还在阅读欣赏</s>
<time>30_00:01:32,160 --> 00:01:33,600</time>
<s>那是因为这些作品写作的</s>
<time>31_00:01:33,960 --> 00:01:36,480</time>
<s>不是那些有关一时一地的事物</s>
<time>32_00:01:37,200 --> 00:01:39,720</time>
<s>而是关于人类的永恒的事物</s>
<time>33_00:01:41,160 --> 00:01:41,880</time>
<s>时代在变</s>
<time>34_00:01:42,240 --> 00:01:42,960</time>
<s>社会在变</s>
<time>35_00:01:43,320 --> 00:01:44,040</time>
<s>科技在变</s>
<time>36_00:01:44,400 --> 00:01:47,280</time>
<s>但是有一些基本的问题没有变</s>
<time>37_00:01:47,640 --> 00:01:50,160</time>
<s>这些问题就被叫做终极问题</s>
<time>38_00:01:51,240 --> 00:01:53,040</time>
<s>终极问题的意思不是说</s>
<time>39_00:01:53,400 --> 00:01:54,840</time>
<s>我们平时不需要考虑</s>
<time>40_00:01:55,560 --> 00:01:57,000</time>
<s>到生命的最后一刻</s>
<time>41_00:01:57,360 --> 00:01:58,800</time>
<s>躺在病床上才要想的</s>
<time>42_00:01:59,160 --> 00:02:00,600</time>
<s>那些像要不要插管</s>
<time>43_00:02:00,960 --> 00:02:03,840</time>
<s>要不要用心脏起搏器那样的问题</s>
<time>44_00:02:04,560 --> 00:02:07,080</time>
<s>而是那些我们平时不需要想起</s>
<time>45_00:02:07,440 --> 00:02:10,320</time>
<s>但是它作为生命的背景存在的问题</s>
<time>46_00:02:11,400 --> 00:02:14,640</time>
<s>美国的存在主义心理学家欧文·亚隆</s>
<time>47_00:02:15,000 --> 00:02:17,160</time>
<s>一生接诊了很多的来访者</s>
<time>48_00:02:17,520 --> 00:02:18,960</time>
<s>他把这么多的人</s>
<time>49_00:02:19,320 --> 00:02:21,840</time>
<s>向他倾诉的各种不同的烦恼</s>
<time>50_00:02:22,560 --> 00:02:24,360</time>
<s>总结成四个问题就是</s>
<time>51_00:02:25,080 --> 00:02:27,600</time>
<s>死亡孤独自由和无意义</s>
<time>52_00:02:29,400 --> 00:02:30,480</time>
<s>其中关于孤独</s>
<time>53_00:02:30,840 --> 00:02:33,000</time>
<s>我在书中间有专门的一章</s>
<time>54_00:02:33,360 --> 00:02:35,880</time>
<s>用陈子昂和张九龄两位诗人</s>
<time>55_00:02:36,240 --> 00:02:37,680</time>
<s>来写两种不一样的孤独</s>
<time>56_00:02:38,040 --> 00:02:41,280</time>
<s>一种是枯稿的孤独</s>
<time>57_00:02:42,360 --> 00:02:45,600</time>
<s>欧丽娟老师在一席也对孤独有精彩的演讲</s>
<time>58_00:02:46,320 --> 00:02:47,400</time>
<s>所以我们今天不讲孤独</s>
<time>59_00:02:48,120 --> 00:02:51,000</time>
<s>我们把时间用来讲其他的三个问题</s>
<time>60_00:02:52,440 --> 00:02:55,680</time>
<s>有一年开学第一天上课点名</s>
<time>61_00:02:56,400 --> 00:02:57,480</time>
<s>点到一个学生的名字</s>
<time>62_00:02:57,840 --> 00:02:58,560</time>
<s>没有人回答</s>
<time>63_00:02:59,640 --> 00:03:00,000</time>
<s>过了很久</s>
<time>64_00:03:00,360 --> 00:03:02,520</time>
<s>在教室的角落里面有一个声音说</s>
<time>65_00:03:03,240 --> 00:03:04,320</time>
<s>老师她死了</s>
<time>66_00:03:05,040 --> 00:03:06,480</time>
<s>那个时候我非常地震惊</s>
<time>67_00:03:06,840 --> 00:03:09,360</time>
<s>因为觉得这个学生死得这么突然</s>
<time>68_00:03:10,440 --> 00:03:13,680</time>
<s>连她的名字都没有来得及在点名表上面删除掉</s>
<time>69_00:03:14,040 --> 00:03:15,840</time>
<s>我们就开始开学了</s>
<time>70_00:03:16,560 --> 00:03:19,440</time>
<s>这个时候整个教室都处于一片肃穆之中</s>
<time>71_00:03:19,800 --> 00:03:20,880</time>
<s>因为我们忽然间发现</s>
<time>72_00:03:21,600 --> 00:03:22,680</time>
<s>死亡离我们如此之近</s>
<time>73_00:03:23,760 --> 00:03:25,920</time>
<s>除了这些生活中的事件之外</s>
<time>74_00:03:26,280 --> 00:03:28,800</time>
<s>另外一个帮助我们思考死亡的</s>
<time>75_00:03:29,160 --> 00:03:30,240</time>
<s>就是文学作品</s>
<time>76_00:03:31,320 --> 00:03:34,560</time>
<s>在中国古代的诗人中我非常喜欢陶渊明</s>
<time>77_00:03:35,280 --> 00:03:39,600</time>
<s>陶渊明可能是最喜欢思考死亡问题的作者之一</s>
<time>78_00:03:40,680 --> 00:03:41,760</time>
<s>他在自己活着的时候</s>
<time>79_00:03:42,480 --> 00:03:45,000</time>
<s>就为自己写了三首《拟挽歌词》</s>
<time>80_00:03:46,080 --> 00:03:47,160</time>
<s>那什么叫做挽歌词呢</s>
<time>81_00:03:47,520 --> 00:03:51,120</time>
<s>我们就要讲到汉魏时代的丧葬习俗</s>
<time>82_00:03:52,200 --> 00:03:54,000</time>
<s>在那个时候如果一个人死了</s>
<time>83_00:03:54,360 --> 00:03:57,960</time>
<s>在他的葬礼上人们会为他来唱挽歌</s>
<time>84_00:03:58,680 --> 00:04:01,560</time>
<s>而这个挽歌跟我们现在农村的哭丧不一样</s>
<time>85_00:04:02,280 --> 00:04:04,440</time>
<s>它不是那样情绪很激烈的</s>
<time>86_00:04:04,800 --> 00:04:07,680</time>
<s>絮絮叻叻地把这个人一生做过什么好事</s>
<time>87_00:04:08,040 --> 00:04:09,480</time>
<s>受过什么苦都说一遍</s>
<time>88_00:04:10,200 --> 00:04:12,720</time>
<s>它是用一种比较平静的语调</s>
<time>89_00:04:13,080 --> 00:04:14,520</time>
<s>来问你一个问题</s>
<time>90_00:04:14,880 --> 00:04:15,600</time>
<s>这个问题就是</s>
<time>91_00:04:16,320 --> 00:04:18,480</time>
<s>人死了之后生命去哪里</s>
<time>92_00:04:19,560 --> 00:04:21,720</time>
<s>汉代最有名的两首挽歌</s>
<time>93_00:04:22,080 --> 00:04:24,600</time>
<s>一首叫《露》</s>
<time>94_00:04:25,680 --> 00:04:26,400</time>
<s>《露》中间说</s>
<time>95_00:04:27,120 --> 00:04:28,920</time>
<s>上露何易晞</s>
<time>96_00:04:29,640 --> 00:04:31,440</time>
<s>露晞明朝更复落</s>
<time>97_00:04:32,160 --> 00:04:33,600</time>
<s>人死一去何时归</s>
<time>98_00:04:34,680 --> 00:04:37,200</time>
<s>意思是说草叶上的露水</s>
<time>99_00:04:37,560 --> 00:04:39,720</time>
<s>太阳一出来就会被晒干</s>
<time>100_00:04:40,080 --> 00:04:42,600</time>
<s>可是晒干了这颗露水</s>
<time>101_00:04:43,320 --> 00:04:45,120</time>
<s>晚上会有新的露水落下</s>
<time>102_00:04:45,480 --> 00:04:46,920</time>
<s>但是为什么我们人</s>
<time>103_00:04:47,280 --> 00:04:49,800</time>
<s>一死之后就再也不会回来了</s>
<time>104_00:04:50,880 --> 00:04:52,320</time>
<s>《露》是汉代的时候</s>
<time>105_00:04:52,680 --> 00:04:55,560</time>
<s>专门为王公大臣送葬的时候</s>
<time>106_00:04:55,920 --> 00:04:57,720</time>
<s>所写作的挽歌</s>
<time>107_00:04:58,080 --> 00:05:02,040</time>
<s>可见当时的人认为哪怕是王公大臣的生命</s>
<time>108_00:05:02,760 --> 00:05:04,920</time>
<s>也都比不上草叶上的一滴露水</s>
<time>109_00:05:05,640 --> 00:05:06,720</time>
<s>为什么这样说呢</s>
<time>110_00:05:07,080 --> 00:05:11,400</time>
<s>因为大概从东汉到陶渊明生活的东晋时期</s>
<time>111_00:05:12,120 --> 00:05:14,640</time>
<s>是中国历史上最混乱的一个时期</s>
<time>112_00:05:15,360 --> 00:05:18,600</time>
<s>在那个时代人们的平均年龄只有三十多岁</s>
<time>113_00:05:18,960 --> 00:05:20,400</time>
<s>因为各种各样的原因死亡</s>
<time>114_00:05:21,120 --> 00:05:21,840</time>
<s>因为战争</s>
<time>115_00:05:22,200 --> 00:05:22,560</time>
<s>因为瘟疫</s>
<time>116_00:05:22,920 --> 00:05:24,000</time>
<s>因为水灾旱灾</s>
<time>117_00:05:24,720 --> 00:05:26,160</time>
<s>如果是王公大臣的话</s>
<time>118_00:05:26,880 --> 00:05:28,320</time>
<s>还有另外一种死亡的原因</s>
<time>119_00:05:28,680 --> 00:05:32,280</time>
<s>就是在权力的倾轧中间而死</s>
<time>120_00:05:34,800 --> 00:05:37,680</time>
<s>当时的人面对这种大规模的死亡</s>
<time>121_00:05:38,040 --> 00:05:39,120</time>
<s>他们如何来应对</s>
<time>122_00:05:39,480 --> 00:05:40,920</time>
<s>基本上是三种方式</s>
<time>123_00:05:41,640 --> 00:05:43,080</time>
<s>一种方式就是及时行乐</s>
<time>124_00:05:43,800 --> 00:05:46,320</time>
<s>第二种方式就是求仙问道</s>
<time>125_00:05:47,040 --> 00:05:48,120</time>
<s>第三种方式</s>
<time>126_00:05:48,480 --> 00:05:49,560</time>
<s>生育很多的小孩</s>
<time>127_00:05:50,280 --> 00:05:51,720</time>
<s>希望子孙后代记得</s>
<time>128_00:05:52,440 --> 00:05:54,600</time>
<s>可是陶渊明觉得这三种方式</s>
<time>129_00:05:54,960 --> 00:05:57,840</time>
<s>大概都是不能真正告慰生命的</s>
<time>130_00:05:58,560 --> 00:06:00,360</time>
<s>所以他在活着的时候</s>
<time>131_00:06:00,720 --> 00:06:03,240</time>
<s>为自己写了三首《拟挽歌词》</s>
<time>132_00:06:04,320 --> 00:06:06,120</time>
<s>其中的第三首他说</s>
<time>133_00:06:06,480 --> 00:06:09,720</time>
<s>荒草何茫茫白杨亦萧萧</s>
<time>134_00:06:10,440 --> 00:06:12,960</time>
<s>严霜九月中送我出远郊</s>
<time>135_00:06:14,040 --> 00:06:17,640</time>
<s>他假设自己的死亡发生在秋天的时候</s>
<time>136_00:06:18,000 --> 00:06:20,160</time>
<s>万物肃杀的环境里面</s>
<time>137_00:06:20,520 --> 00:06:21,600</time>
<s>大家都很沉痛席人文·科技·白日梦</s>
<time>138_00:06:21,960 --> 00:06:24,120</time>
<s>把他的户体送到城外</s>
<time>139_00:06:24,480 --> 00:06:25,560</time>
<s>到郊区去埋葬席人文·科技·白日梦</s>
<time>140_00:06:25,920 --> 00:06:26,640</time>
<s>到郊区去埋葬</s>
<time>141_00:06:27,360 --> 00:06:29,160</time>
<s>可是陶渊明是一个很有幽默感的人</s>
<time>142_00:06:29,520 --> 00:06:30,600</time>
<s>所以他想象</s>
<time>143_00:06:31,320 --> 00:06:33,840</time>
<s>我死了之后死后的生活是什么样的</s>
<time>144_00:06:34,560 --> 00:06:35,280</time>
<s>他就想象是</s>
<time>145_00:06:36,000 --> 00:06:38,880</time>
<s>幽室一已闭千年不复朝</s>
<time>146_00:06:39,600 --> 00:06:42,120</time>
<s>干年不复朝贤达无奈何</s>
<time>147_00:06:42,840 --> 00:06:46,440</time>
<s>就是说前来送殡的队伍祭拜完之后</s>
<time>148_00:06:46,800 --> 00:06:48,960</time>
<s>大家把最后一块墓砖合上</s>
<time>149_00:06:49,680 --> 00:06:52,200</time>
<s>这个墓室里面就开始了一个永恒的黑暗</s>
<time>150_00:06:52,920 --> 00:06:55,800</time>
<s>他再也不会看到第二天早上的朝阳</s>
<time>151_00:06:56,520 --> 00:06:58,320</time>
<s>不管是一千年还是一万年</s>
<time>152_00:06:59,040 --> 00:06:59,760</time>
<s>都是如此席人文·科技·白日梦</s>
<time>153_00:07:00,120 --> 00:07:00,480</time>
<s>席人文·科技白日梦</s>
<time>154_00:07:00,840 --> 00:07:03,720</time>
<s>那么那些前来送殡的人他们去了哪里呢</s>
<time>155_00:07:04,440 --> 00:07:05,160</time>
<s>陶渊明说</s>
<time>156_00:07:05,520 --> 00:07:08,760</time>
<s>向来相送人各自还其家</s>
<time>157_00:07:09,480 --> 00:07:11,640</time>
<s>亲戚或余悲他人亦已歌</s>
<time>158_00:07:12,360 --> 00:07:14,880</time>
<s>我觉得陶渊明说得非常地准确</s>
<time>159_00:07:15,600 --> 00:07:18,480</time>
<s>前几年我有一个姨公去世</s>
<time>160_00:07:19,200 --> 00:07:21,360</time>
<s>我们无锡的丧葬习俗是</s>
<time>161_00:07:22,080 --> 00:07:24,600</time>
<s>送殡要从天亮前开始</s>
<time>162_00:07:25,320 --> 00:07:26,400</time>
<s>当太阳升起来的时候</s>
<time>163_00:07:27,120 --> 00:07:27,840</time>
<s>人已经被烧掉了</s>
<time>164_00:07:28,560 --> 00:07:31,800</time>
<s>大家就坐在租来的大巴上往回开</s>
<time>165_00:07:32,160 --> 00:07:34,320</time>
<s>大巴会把大家送到一个宾馆</s>
<time>166_00:07:35,040 --> 00:07:37,200</time>
<s>去吃一顿很丰盛的中饭</s>
<time>167_00:07:37,920 --> 00:07:40,080</time>
<s>在这个回去的大巴上</s>
<time>168_00:07:40,440 --> 00:07:41,880</time>
<s>我忽然间发现</s>
<time>169_00:07:43,320 --> 00:07:45,480</time>
<s>殡仪公司的军乐队所吹奏的音乐</s>
<time>170_00:07:45,840 --> 00:07:48,720</time>
<s>已经变成了《喜洋洋》《今天是个好日子》</s>
<time>171_00:07:49,800 --> 00:07:52,680</time>
<s>那些老年人他们早上起得很早</s>
<time>172_00:07:53,040 --> 00:07:54,120</time>
<s>这个时候他们已经很困了</s>
<time>173_00:07:54,840 --> 00:07:55,200</time>
<s>在打睡</s>
<time>174_00:07:55,920 --> 00:07:56,640</time>
<s>年轻人平时很忙</s>
<time>175_00:07:57,360 --> 00:07:58,440</time>
<s>没有那么多机会见面</s>
<time>176_00:07:59,160 --> 00:08:01,320</time>
<s>忽然间发现这是一个社交的好机会</s>
<time>177_00:08:01,680 --> 00:08:02,760</time>
<s>然后大家就开始聊天</s>
<time>178_00:08:03,120 --> 00:08:03,840</time>
<s>开始寒喧</s>
<time>179_00:08:04,200 --> 00:08:06,720</time>
<s>开始商量下午去你家玩还是去我家玩</s>
<time>180_00:08:07,080 --> 00:08:08,520</time>
<s>我们去打个麻将还是去K个歌</s>
<time>181_00:08:09,600 --> 00:08:10,680</time>
<s>那时候我忽然间觉得</s>
<time>182_00:08:11,040 --> 00:08:12,480</time>
<s>这不就是陶渊明说的</s>
<time>183_00:08:13,200 --> 00:08:15,360</time>
<s>“亲戚或余悲他人亦已歌”吗</s>
<time>184_00:08:16,080 --> 00:08:18,960</time>
<s>你的直系亲属可能还有一点点余留的悲伤</s>
<time>185_00:08:19,320 --> 00:08:21,840</time>
<s>可是其他的人真的是已经唱着歌</s>
<time>186_00:08:22,200 --> 00:08:24,000</time>
<s>奔向他们各自的生活了</s>
<time>187_00:08:24,360 --> 00:08:24,720</time>
<s>席人文·科技白日梦</s>
<time>188_00:08:25,080 --> 00:08:26,160</time>
<s>所以陶渊明觉得</s>
<time>189_00:08:26,880 --> 00:08:29,400</time>
<s>既然这些都不能告慰我们的生命</s>
<time>190_00:08:29,760 --> 00:08:32,280</time>
<s>那我们应当如何来面对死亡呢</s>
<time>191_00:08:33,000 --> 00:08:36,240</time>
<s>他认为我们在活着的时候就应当有一种意识</s>
<time>192_00:08:36,960 --> 00:08:37,680</time>
<s>这个意识就是</s>
<time>193_00:08:38,040 --> 00:08:40,560</time>
<s>死去何所道托体同山阿</s>
<time>194_00:08:40,920 --> 00:08:41,280</time>
<s>席人文·科技白日梦</s>
<time>195_00:08:41,640 --> 00:08:42,360</time>
<s>意思是说席人文·科技·白日梦</s>
<time>196_00:08:42,720 --> 00:08:45,240</time>
<s>我们在活着的时候得有一种觉悟</s>
<time>197_00:08:45,600 --> 00:08:49,560</time>
<s>就是发现自然的生命流转生生不息</s>
<time>198_00:08:50,280 --> 00:08:50,640</time>
<s>这样一来席人文·科技·白日梦</s>
<time>199_00:08:51,000 --> 00:08:53,160</time>
<s>当我们想象死后的生活时</s>
<time>200_00:08:53,880 --> 00:08:55,680</time>
<s>我们能够把自己想象成</s>
<time>201_00:08:56,040 --> 00:08:57,840</time>
<s>变成了另外的一种形态</s>
<time>202_00:08:58,560 --> 00:09:00,000</time>
<s>但是依然存在着</s>
<time>203_00:09:00,360 --> 00:09:02,160</time>
<s>我们只是归入了生命的洪流</s>
<time>204_00:09:02,880 --> 00:09:03,240</time>
<s>那这样一来</s>
<time>205_00:09:03,960 --> 00:09:05,040</time>
<s>我们就和山川一样</s>
<time>206_00:09:05,760 --> 00:09:07,200</time>
<s>看起来无言无语</s>
<time>207_00:09:07,560 --> 00:09:09,360</time>
<s>但是和山川一样永恒</s>
<time>208_00:09:10,080 --> 00:09:11,160</time>
<s>和山川一样仁立</s>
<time>209_00:09:12,240 --> 00:09:13,320</time>
<s>阅读陶渊明的诗</s>
<time>210_00:09:13,680 --> 00:09:17,280</time>
<s>是可以很好地安慰人的死亡焦虑的</s>
<time>211_00:09:18,000 --> 00:09:21,240</time>
<s>因为在他的笔下一草一木都有情</s>
<time>212_00:09:21,600 --> 00:09:22,680</time>
<s>一草一木都有人性</s>
<time>213_00:09:24,120 --> 00:09:25,200</time>
<s>他笔下的人是</s>
<time>214_00:09:25,560 --> 00:09:28,080</time>
<s>有生必有死早终非命促</s>
<time>215_00:09:28,800 --> 00:09:31,680</time>
<s>昨暮同为人今旦在鬼录</s>
<time>216_00:09:32,400 --> 00:09:34,200</time>
<s>可是他笔下的自然是什么样子的</s>
<time>217_00:09:34,560 --> 00:09:34,920</time>
<s>他说</s>
<time>218_00:09:35,640 --> 00:09:38,520</time>
<s>那是天地长不没山川无改时</s>
<time>219_00:09:39,240 --> 00:09:41,040</time>
<s>等到春天到来的时候</s>
<time>220_00:09:41,400 --> 00:09:43,200</time>
<s>那些蛰伏的小虫子</s>
<time>221_00:09:43,560 --> 00:09:44,640</time>
<s>它们听到雷声</s>
<time>222_00:09:45,000 --> 00:09:45,720</time>
<s>它们吓了一跳</s>
<time>223_00:09:46,080 --> 00:09:46,440</time>
<s>醒过来</s>
<time>224_00:09:47,160 --> 00:09:50,040</time>
<s>那些草木也像刚刚睡醒的小朋友一样</s>
<time>225_00:09:50,400 --> 00:09:52,560</time>
<s>开始横七竖八地伸懒腰</s>
<time>226_00:09:53,280 --> 00:09:57,600</time>
<s>春天的时候的小鸟就是翩翩飞鸟息我庭柯</s>
<time>227_00:09:57,960 --> 00:10:00,120</time>
<s>它们收拢起自己的翅膀</s>
<time>228_00:10:00,840 --> 00:10:03,000</time>
<s>站在树枝上面愉快地歌唱</s>
<time>229_00:10:04,440 --> 00:10:07,680</time>
<s>回到我们刚才讲的那个女孩子的故事</s>
<time>230_00:10:08,400 --> 00:10:09,480</time>
<s>那个女孩子是自杀的</s>
<time>231_00:10:09,840 --> 00:10:12,360</time>
<s>我们所有的人都不知道她为什么要自杀</s>
<time>232_00:10:12,720 --> 00:10:14,520</time>
<s>她那么优秀那么漂亮</s>
<time>233_00:10:14,880 --> 00:10:18,840</time>
<s>也没有任何显而易见的创伤或者挫折</s>
<time>234_00:10:19,920 --> 00:10:23,160</time>
<s>因此她的死对于她的老师家长同学</s>
<time>235_00:10:23,520 --> 00:10:25,320</time>
<s>都是一个创伤</s>
<time>236_00:10:25,680 --> 00:10:26,760</time>
<s>我们都不知道答案</s>
<time>237_00:10:27,480 --> 00:10:29,640</time>
<s>但是在那一年春天上课的时候</s>
<time>238_00:10:31,080 --> 00:10:32,520</time>
<s>忽然间有一只小鸟</s>
<time>239_00:10:32,880 --> 00:10:35,400</time>
<s>飞到窗子外面停在树枝上</s>
<time>240_00:10:36,480 --> 00:10:37,560</time>
<s>在那一个瞬间我走神了</s>
<time>241_00:10:37,920 --> 00:10:38,640</time>
<s>我就想</s>
<time>242_00:10:39,000 --> 00:10:42,240</time>
<s>也许那个女孩子的生命变成了那一只小鸟</s>
<time>243_00:10:42,600 --> 00:10:44,400</time>
<s>她在窗边唱歌</s>
<time>244_00:10:45,120 --> 00:10:48,000</time>
<s>这样看来她只是换了一种生命形态</s>
<time>245_00:10:48,360 --> 00:10:50,160</time>
<s>她并没有真正地离开我们</s>
<time>246_00:10:51,240 --> 00:10:52,320</time>
<s>讲到这里的时候</s>
<time>247_00:10:53,040 --> 00:10:54,120</time>
<s>我忽然想到一件事</s>
<time>248_00:10:54,840 --> 00:10:58,440</time>
<s>就是前两天我开车经过一个小区</s>
<time>249_00:10:58,800 --> 00:11:00,600</time>
<s>在我们无锡出城的地方</s>
<time>250_00:11:00,960 --> 00:11:01,680</time>
<s>靠近太湖</s>
<time>251_00:11:02,400 --> 00:11:03,480</time>
<s>风景非常地优美</s>
<time>252_00:11:03,840 --> 00:11:04,920</time>
<s>是一个别墅的小区</s>
<time>253_00:11:05,280 --> 00:11:06,720</time>
<s>可是卖得很便宜</s>
<time>254_00:11:07,440 --> 00:11:08,880</time>
<s>因为小区的对面有一座山</s>
<time>255_00:11:09,240 --> 00:11:10,320</time>
<s>叫做青龙山</s>
<time>256_00:11:11,040 --> 00:11:12,840</time>
<s>它是无锡的公墓所在地</s>
<time>257_00:11:13,560 --> 00:11:14,640</time>
<s>我外公就埋在那里</s>
<time>258_00:11:15,360 --> 00:11:16,080</time>
<s>因为我外公年纪很大了</s>
<time>259_00:11:16,440 --> 00:11:17,880</time>
<s>所以他的朋友分成两种</s>
<time>260_00:11:18,240 --> 00:11:19,680</time>
<s>一种是已经埋在那里的</s>
<time>261_00:11:20,040 --> 00:11:21,840</time>
<s>还有一种是即将埋在那里的</s>
<time>262_00:11:22,560 --> 00:11:25,080</time>
<s>那一天我想到了唐代沈全期的这首诗</s>
<time>263_00:11:25,800 --> 00:11:26,160</time>
<s>《北邨山》</s>
<time>264_00:11:26,880 --> 00:11:30,480</time>
<s>《北邱山》讲的是洛阳城外的墓地所在地</s>
<time>265_00:11:31,560 --> 00:11:31,920</time>
<s>沈全期说</s>
<time>266_00:11:32,640 --> 00:11:34,800</time>
<s>北邱山上列坟莹</s>
<time>267_00:11:35,160 --> 00:11:36,960</time>
<s>万古干秋对洛城</s>
<time>268_00:11:38,040 --> 00:11:39,840</time>
<s>城中日夕歌钟起</s>
<time>269_00:11:40,200 --> 00:11:41,640</time>
<s>山上唯闻松柏声</s>
<time>270_00:11:42,720 --> 00:11:45,240</time>
<s>文学史的书上是这样来讲这首诗的</s>
<time>271_00:11:45,600 --> 00:11:48,120</time>
<s>它说这首诗是说我们的人生短暂</s>
<time>272_00:11:48,840 --> 00:11:51,720</time>
<s>因此当你傍晚的时候要嗨起来</s>
<time>273_00:11:52,080 --> 00:11:53,880</time>
<s>决定去酒吧喝一杯酒的时候</s>
<time>274_00:11:54,240 --> 00:11:55,680</time>
<s>你要想到百年之后</s>
<time>275_00:11:56,040 --> 00:11:58,920</time>
<s>你会埋在北邱山下的松柏之下</s>
<time>276_00:11:59,640 --> 00:12:01,080</time>
<s>听着那个松柏的声音</s>
<time>277_00:12:01,800 --> 00:12:03,600</time>
<s>可是我那天经过的时候</s>
<time>278_00:12:03,960 --> 00:12:05,400</time>
<s>因为想着今天的演讲</s>
<time>279_00:12:05,760 --> 00:12:07,200</time>
<s>我忽然间就觉得</s>
<time>280_00:12:07,920 --> 00:12:11,880</time>
<s>如果那个山上埋葬的是我们很爱的那些人</s>
<time>281_00:12:12,240 --> 00:12:12,960</time>
<s>我的外公</s>
<time>282_00:12:13,320 --> 00:12:14,040</time>
<s>我外公的朋友</s>
<time>283_00:12:14,760 --> 00:12:15,480</time>
<s>那个漂亮的女孩子</s>
<time>284_00:12:16,560 --> 00:12:18,720</time>
<s>那么说不定在月明星稀的时候</s>
<time>285_00:12:19,080 --> 00:12:21,960</time>
<s>他们的灵魂从各自的坟墓中间爬出来</s>
<time>286_00:12:22,320 --> 00:12:23,760</time>
<s>坐在自己的墓碑上</s>
<time>287_00:12:24,120 --> 00:12:25,200</time>
<s>然后抽一抽烟</s>
<time>288_00:12:25,560 --> 00:12:25,920</time>
<s>聊一聊天</s>
<time>289_00:12:26,280 --> 00:12:29,160</time>
<s>看着山下的万家灯火还要点评一下</s>
<time>290_00:12:29,520 --> 00:12:32,400</time>
<s>你的孙女比较有出息</s>
<time>291_00:12:33,120 --> 00:12:33,840</time>
<s>那不是很好吗</s>
<time>292_00:12:34,200 --> 00:12:36,720</time>
<s>我们如果就住在山下的那个小区里面</s>
<time>293_00:12:37,080 --> 00:12:38,520</time>
<s>不是在他们的看顾之下</s>
<time>294_00:12:38,880 --> 00:12:41,040</time>
<s>那样很安全很幸福吗</s>
<time>295_00:12:41,400 --> 00:12:42,840</time>
<s>所以那时候我忽然间觉得</s>
<time>296_00:12:43,200 --> 00:12:44,280</time>
<s>如果有一天我很有钱了</s>
<time>297_00:12:44,640 --> 00:12:46,440</time>
<s>我可能可以去那个地方买一个别墅</s>
<time>298_00:12:46,800 --> 00:12:48,600</time>
<s>然后在每个傍晚</s>
<time>299_00:12:48,960 --> 00:12:51,120</time>
<s>一只耳朵听着人世间的欢乐</s>
<time>300_00:12:51,480 --> 00:12:54,000</time>
<s>一只耳朵听着山上的松柏声</s>
<time>301_00:12:55,440 --> 00:12:56,880</time>
<s>其实在西方</s>
<time>302_00:12:57,240 --> 00:13:00,840</time>
<s>人们并不介意和坟墓比邻而居</s>
<time>303_00:13:01,560 --> 00:13:03,000</time>
<s>我在国外留学的时候</s>
<time>304_00:13:03,360 --> 00:13:05,520</time>
<s>我住的地方旁边就是一个坟墓</s>
<time>305_00:13:06,240 --> 00:13:06,960</time>
<s>在每个磅晚</s>
<time>306_00:13:07,680 --> 00:13:10,920</time>
<s>每个墓碑前面都有一支蜡烛会燃起</s>
<time>307_00:13:11,640 --> 00:13:13,800</time>
<s>这个时候人们就会自然而然地觉得</s>
<time>308_00:13:14,160 --> 00:13:15,600</time>
<s>要停下手里面的工作</s>
<time>309_00:13:15,960 --> 00:13:17,760</time>
<s>到那个墓地里面去散散步</s>
<time>310_00:13:18,480 --> 00:13:20,640</time>
<s>但是你一旦去那个墓地里面散步</s>
<time>311_00:13:21,360 --> 00:13:23,880</time>
<s>你就会觉得你白天操心的那些事情</s>
<time>312_00:13:24,240 --> 00:13:25,320</time>
<s>它就离得很远了</s>
<time>313_00:13:25,680 --> 00:13:28,200</time>
<s>你就自然会想人生的意义到底是什么</s>
<time>314_00:13:28,920 --> 00:13:32,880</time>
<s>但是如果我们站在人生的终点上来思考意义</s>
<time>315_00:13:33,600 --> 00:13:34,320</time>
<s>我们就会发现</s>
<time>316_00:13:34,680 --> 00:13:37,200</time>
<s>所有那些我们习以为常的意义</s>
<time>317_00:13:37,560 --> 00:13:38,640</time>
<s>好像都不是那么可靠</s>
<time>318_00:13:39,720 --> 00:13:42,600</time>
<s>所以我们来看那些最经典的文学作品</s>
<time>319_00:13:42,960 --> 00:13:44,760</time>
<s>它们怎么来讲人生的意义</s>
<time>320_00:13:46,200 --> 00:13:47,640</time>
<s>《红楼梦》的最后一句叫做</s>
<time>321_00:13:48,360 --> 00:13:50,880</time>
<s>落了片白范范大地真干净</s>
<time>322_00:13:51,960 --> 00:13:54,840</time>
<s>这当然是一个一切虚无的象征</s>
<time>323_00:13:55,920 --> 00:13:57,360</time>
<s>在《红楼梦》差不多的时代</s>
<time>324_00:13:57,720 --> 00:14:00,600</time>
<s>清代最有名的一部戏曲叫做《桃花扇》</s>
<time>325_00:14:01,680 --> 00:14:04,920</time>
<s>《桃花扇》里面有一支点明主旨的曲子</s>
<time>326_00:14:05,280 --> 00:14:06,000</time>
<s>叫做《离亭宴》</s>
<time>327_00:14:06,720 --> 00:14:11,040</time>
<s>《离亭宴》说俺曾见金陵玉殿莺啼晓</s>
<time>328_00:14:11,760 --> 00:14:13,560</time>
<s>秦淮水榭花开早</s>
<time>329_00:14:14,280 --> 00:14:16,080</time>
<s>谁知道容易冰消</s>
<time>330_00:14:16,800 --> 00:14:17,880</time>
<s>眼看他起朱楼</s>
<time>331_00:14:18,600 --> 00:14:19,680</time>
<s>眼看他宴宾客</s>
<time>332_00:14:20,400 --> 00:14:21,840</time>
<s>眼看他楼塌了</s>
<time>333_00:14:22,920 --> 00:14:24,000</time>
<s>《桃花扇》说的是什么</s>
<time>334_00:14:24,720 --> 00:14:26,160</time>
<s>它说在明亡之后</s>
<time>335_00:14:26,880 --> 00:14:29,400</time>
<s>那些曾经斗争过阉党</s>
<time>336_00:14:29,760 --> 00:14:32,640</time>
<s>曾经为明代努力过的文人士大夫</s>
<time>337_00:14:33,000 --> 00:14:34,440</time>
<s>他们重新回到南京</s>
<time>338_00:14:35,160 --> 00:14:38,040</time>
<s>发现已经是国破家亡山河易代</s>
<time>339_00:14:38,760 --> 00:14:41,280</time>
<s>南京已经变成了断壁残垣</s>
<time>340_00:14:42,360 --> 00:14:45,240</time>
<s>所以《红楼梦》说的是人生虚无</s>
<time>341_00:14:45,600 --> 00:14:49,200</time>
<s>说的是把人生的意义寄托在家族的命运上</s>
<time>342_00:14:49,560 --> 00:14:51,360</time>
<s>或者寄托在男女情爱上</s>
<time>343_00:14:51,720 --> 00:14:52,440</time>
<s>是没有意义的</s>
<time>344_00:14:53,160 --> 00:14:53,880</time>
<s>《桃花扇》更夸张</s>
<time>345_00:14:54,240 --> 00:14:55,320</time>
<s>《桃花扇》告诉你说</s>
<time>346_00:14:55,680 --> 00:14:58,200</time>
<s>我们把人生的意义寄托在社会进步上</s>
<time>347_00:14:58,920 --> 00:14:59,640</time>
<s>也是没有意义的</s>
<time>348_00:15:00,360 --> 00:15:01,080</time>
<s>既然这样的话</s>
<time>349_00:15:01,800 --> 00:15:02,880</time>
<s>人生的意义到底在哪里</s>
<time>350_00:15:03,960 --> 00:15:07,200</time>
<s>这反倒要生活在最糟糕的时代的作者</s>
<time>351_00:15:07,560 --> 00:15:07,920</time>
<s>陶渊明</s>
<time>352_00:15:08,280 --> 00:15:09,360</time>
<s>来给我们一个答案</s>
<time>353_00:15:09,720 --> 00:15:12,600</time>
<s>陶渊明有一首诗叫做《荣木》</s>
<time>354_00:15:13,320 --> 00:15:14,400</time>
<s>荣木指的是一种花</s>
<time>355_00:15:15,480 --> 00:15:16,560</time>
<s>就是这个木槿花</s>
<time>356_00:15:17,640 --> 00:15:21,600</time>
<s>木槿花中国古人认为它朝开夕落</s>
<time>357_00:15:22,320 --> 00:15:24,480</time>
<s>它的生命只有一天之久</s>
<time>358_00:15:25,200 --> 00:15:27,360</time>
<s>所以它有一个名字叫做舜华</s>
<time>359_00:15:28,080 --> 00:15:28,800</time>
<s>《诗经》里面也说</s>
<time>360_00:15:29,520 --> 00:15:32,040</time>
<s>有女同车颜如舜华</s>
<time>361_00:15:33,480 --> 00:15:36,360</time>
<s>因为木槿花的生命如此之短暂</s>
<time>362_00:15:36,720 --> 00:15:37,800</time>
<s>所以陶渊明就想</s>
<time>363_00:15:38,160 --> 00:15:40,680</time>
<s>如果把木槿花作为我们人生的隐喻的话</s>
<time>364_00:15:41,040 --> 00:15:45,000</time>
<s>我们的人生如此之脆弱短暂渺小</s>
<time>365_00:15:45,360 --> 00:15:46,440</time>
<s>它的意义在哪里</s>
<time>366_00:15:47,160 --> 00:15:48,960</time>
<s>可是陶渊明的神奇之处在于</s>
<time>367_00:15:49,320 --> 00:15:52,560</time>
<s>第一他不添加任何其他的东西</s>
<time>368_00:15:53,280 --> 00:15:55,800</time>
<s>他只是用两种不同的叙述方法</s>
<time>369_00:15:56,520 --> 00:15:58,320</time>
<s>把木槿花的生命说了两遍</s>
<time>370_00:15:58,680 --> 00:16:00,120</time>
<s>就展现出两种可能</s>
<time>371_00:16:00,480 --> 00:16:02,640</time>
<s>一种是没有意义的</s>
<time>372_00:16:03,360 --> 00:16:05,160</time>
<s>所以在《荣木》的第一章他说</s>
<time>373_00:16:05,880 --> 00:16:07,680</time>
<s>采采荣木结根于兹</s>
<time>374_00:16:08,400 --> 00:16:10,200</time>
<s>晨耀其华夕已丧之</s>
<time>375_00:16:10,920 --> 00:16:13,080</time>
<s>他说这个荣木在早上开放的时候</s>
<time>376_00:16:13,800 --> 00:16:15,240</time>
<s>它炫耀它的青春和美貌</s>
<time>377_00:16:15,960 --> 00:16:18,840</time>
<s>它完全不知道这个青春和美貌是短暂的</s>
<time>378_00:16:19,560 --> 00:16:21,000</time>
<s>因此到了晚上它凋落的时候</s>
<time>379_00:16:21,720 --> 00:16:22,440</time>
<s>它忽然间发现</s>
<time>380_00:16:22,800 --> 00:16:24,600</time>
<s>它的一生就好像是一个欺骗</s>
<time>381_00:16:24,960 --> 00:16:25,680</time>
<s>好像是一个笑话</s>
<time>382_00:16:26,760 --> 00:16:28,560</time>
<s>所以陶渊明在第二节重新说一遍</s>
<time>383_00:16:29,280 --> 00:16:31,800</time>
<s>他说采采荣木于兹托根</s>
<time>384_00:16:32,520 --> 00:16:34,320</time>
<s>繁华朝起慨暮不存</s>
<time>385_00:16:35,400 --> 00:16:37,560</time>
<s>他说这个荣木在早上开放的时候</s>
<time>386_00:16:37,920 --> 00:16:38,640</time>
<s>它就有一个叹息</s>
<time>387_00:16:39,360 --> 00:16:40,080</time>
<s>就有一个感概</s>
<time>388_00:16:40,440 --> 00:16:41,160</time>
<s>就有一个思索</s>
<time>389_00:16:41,880 --> 00:16:42,960</time>
<s>这个荣木思索的是</s>
<time>390_00:16:43,680 --> 00:16:46,200</time>
<s>我知道我到傍晚的时候就会凋落</s>
<time>391_00:16:46,920 --> 00:16:50,160</time>
<s>那么我拿我这个一天的生命来做什么</s>
<time>392_00:16:50,880 --> 00:16:54,120</time>
<s>正因为有了这样一种对于死亡的觉知的渗入</s>
<time>393_00:16:54,840 --> 00:16:57,720</time>
<s>人反而能够可以来思考自己的人生意义</s>
<time>394_00:16:58,440 --> 00:17:00,600</time>
<s>因此在第二章陶渊明就给了一个答案</s>
<time>395_00:17:01,320 --> 00:17:04,200</time>
<s>叫做匪道益依匪善奚敦</s>
<time>396_00:17:04,560 --> 00:17:05,280</time>
<s>这个荣木说</s>
<time>397_00:17:05,640 --> 00:17:07,440</time>
<s>既然我的生命是不长久的</s>
<time>398_00:17:08,160 --> 00:17:10,320</time>
<s>既然一切都是不能够把握的</s>
<time>399_00:17:10,680 --> 00:17:14,280</time>
<s>那么我就干脆去追求我认为正确的那些事情</s>
<time>400_00:17:14,640 --> 00:17:15,000</time>
<s>就是善和道</s>
<time>401_00:17:15,720 --> 00:17:17,880</time>
<s>这是陶渊明的第二点神奇的地方</s>
<time>402_00:17:18,240 --> 00:17:19,680</time>
<s>就是他跟别人的逻辑不一样</s>
<time>403_00:17:20,040 --> 00:17:21,120</time>
<s>其他的人的逻辑是</s>
<time>404_00:17:21,840 --> 00:17:22,920</time>
<s>我之所以要做好事</s>
<time>405_00:17:23,280 --> 00:17:24,360</time>
<s>是因为好人有好报</s>
<time>406_00:17:24,720 --> 00:17:26,160</time>
<s>但陶渊明的逻辑是</s>
<time>407_00:17:26,520 --> 00:17:27,960</time>
<s>我之所以要去做好事</s>
<time>408_00:17:28,320 --> 00:17:30,120</time>
<s>是因为我需要去做它</s>
<time>409_00:17:30,840 --> 00:17:33,360</time>
<s>这个话用民间故事的说法</s>
<time>410_00:17:33,720 --> 00:17:35,520</time>
<s>叫做但做好事莫问前程</s>
<time>411_00:17:36,240 --> 00:17:38,400</time>
<s>用我的老师叶嘉莹先生的说法</s>
<time>412_00:17:38,760 --> 00:17:42,000</time>
<s>叫做以无生之觉悟为有生之事业</s>
<time>413_00:17:42,720 --> 00:17:44,880</time>
<s>我觉得这三句话是同一个意思</s>
<time>414_00:17:45,240 --> 00:17:48,840</time>
<s>只不过它们的表述和它们的深度稍有一点不同</s>
<time>415_00:17:49,920 --> 00:17:52,440</time>
<s>陶渊明是用道德承担</s>
<time>416_00:17:52,800 --> 00:17:55,320</time>
<s>来为无意义的生命提供意义</s>
<time>417_00:17:56,040 --> 00:17:57,840</time>
<s>王维提供了另一种可能</s>
<time>418_00:17:58,560 --> 00:18:01,440</time>
<s>就是用审美创造来为生命赋予意义</s>
<time>419_00:18:02,160 --> 00:18:03,240</time>
<s>王维大家都知道</s>
<time>420_00:18:04,320 --> 00:18:05,040</time>
<s>少年得志</s>
<time>421_00:18:05,760 --> 00:18:07,200</time>
<s>很年轻就中了状元</s>
<time>422_00:18:07,560 --> 00:18:07,920</time>
<s>官运亨通</s>
<time>423_00:18:09,000 --> 00:18:10,080</time>
<s>他在中年的时候</s>
<time>424_00:18:10,440 --> 00:18:13,680</time>
<s>就在陕西蓝田买下了很大的一块地</s>
<time>425_00:18:14,040 --> 00:18:16,560</time>
<s>为自己修建辋川别墅</s>
<time>426_00:18:17,280 --> 00:18:19,800</time>
<s>这是我的学生今年暑假</s>
<time>427_00:18:20,520 --> 00:18:21,960</time>
<s>拍摄的辋川的一部分</s>
<time>428_00:18:23,040 --> 00:18:24,840</time>
<s>古时候的人对于别墅的概念</s>
<time>429_00:18:25,200 --> 00:18:26,280</time>
<s>和我们现在不一样</s>
<time>430_00:18:26,640 --> 00:18:27,720</time>
<s>王维的辋川别墅</s>
<time>431_00:18:28,440 --> 00:18:30,600</time>
<s>包括一条河一个湖</s>
<time>432_00:18:30,960 --> 00:18:32,040</time>
<s>湖两边的山</s>
<time>433_00:18:32,400 --> 00:18:33,480</time>
<s>还有山下的农田</s>
<time>434_00:18:34,200 --> 00:18:35,280</time>
<s>王维在这个地方</s>
<time>435_00:18:35,640 --> 00:18:38,160</time>
<s>写下了他著名的作品《辋川集》</s>
<time>436_00:18:38,880 --> 00:18:40,680</time>
<s>《辋川集》的第一首他说</s>
<time>437_00:18:41,400 --> 00:18:44,280</time>
<s>新家孟城口古木余衰柳</s>
<time>438_00:18:44,640 --> 00:18:47,520</time>
<s>来者复为谁空悲昔人有</s>
<time>439_00:18:48,600 --> 00:18:48,960</time>
<s>意思是说</s>
<time>440_00:18:50,040 --> 00:18:54,000</time>
<s>我在这个地方为我自己修建新宅的时候</s>
<time>441_00:18:54,720 --> 00:18:55,440</time>
<s>我就有一个认识</s>
<time>442_00:18:56,160 --> 00:18:56,880</time>
<s>这个认识是</s>
<time>443_00:18:57,600 --> 00:19:00,840</time>
<s>这块地方原先是初唐的著名诗人</s>
<time>444_00:19:01,200 --> 00:19:02,640</time>
<s>宋之问的宅邸</s>
<time>445_00:19:03,360 --> 00:19:05,880</time>
<s>可是宋之问死去才三十年</s>
<time>446_00:19:06,240 --> 00:19:08,760</time>
<s>这块地方已经变成了古木衰柳了</s>
<time>447_00:19:09,480 --> 00:19:13,080</time>
<s>因此当我今天要在这里为自己修建产业的时候</s>
<time>448_00:19:13,440 --> 00:19:14,880</time>
<s>我也需要知道</s>
<time>449_00:19:15,240 --> 00:19:16,320</time>
<s>一切都是不长久的</s>
<time>450_00:19:17,040 --> 00:19:21,000</time>
<s>在几十年之后就会有另外一个人站在这里</s>
<time>451_00:19:21,360 --> 00:19:23,520</time>
<s>哀悼那个已经逝去了的王维</s>
<time>452_00:19:24,600 --> 00:19:27,120</time>
<s>《辋川集》的第一首写得这样的悲观</s>
<time>453_00:19:27,480 --> 00:19:28,920</time>
<s>写得这样的彻底</s>
<time>454_00:19:30,000 --> 00:19:33,240</time>
<s>反倒在《辋川集》后面的十九首中间</s>
<time>455_00:19:33,600 --> 00:19:36,120</time>
<s>展现出了一个充满生机的世界</s>
<time>456_00:19:36,840 --> 00:19:40,080</time>
<s>大家最熟悉的就是其中的这首《辛夷坞》</s>
<time>457_00:19:40,800 --> 00:19:43,320</time>
<s>木末芙蓉花山中发红萼</s>
<time>458_00:19:44,040 --> 00:19:46,560</time>
<s>涧户寂无人纷纷开且落</s>
<time>459_00:19:47,280 --> 00:19:50,880</time>
<s>这个芙蓉花“开且落”就是“落且开”</s>
<time>460_00:19:51,240 --> 00:19:53,040</time>
<s>所以在花开花落之间</s>
<time>461_00:19:53,760 --> 00:19:55,560</time>
<s>好像春天永远不会过去</s>
<time>462_00:19:55,920 --> 00:19:58,440</time>
<s>好像生命永远不会止息</s>
<time>463_00:19:59,520 --> 00:20:01,320</time>
<s>王维正因为有了一个认识</s>
<time>464_00:20:01,680 --> 00:20:05,640</time>
<s>认识到我对这片土地的占有是暂时的</s>
<time>465_00:20:06,000 --> 00:20:08,880</time>
<s>我对我自己的生命的占有也是暂时的</s>
<time>466_00:20:09,600 --> 00:20:11,040</time>
<s>所以他就把他的生命</s>
<time>467_00:20:11,400 --> 00:20:13,200</time>
<s>和把他所拥有的那块土地</s>
<time>468_00:20:13,560 --> 00:20:15,360</time>
<s>投入到对于自然的欣赏</s>
<time>469_00:20:16,080 --> 00:20:17,880</time>
<s>和对于艺术的创造上来</s>
<time>470_00:20:18,240 --> 00:20:21,840</time>
<s>所以王维反倒运用他在辋川生活的经验</s>
<time>471_00:20:22,200 --> 00:20:24,000</time>
<s>创造了第一流的诗歌</s>
<time>472_00:20:24,360 --> 00:20:25,080</time>
<s>就是《辋川集》</s>
<time>473_00:20:25,440 --> 00:20:26,520</time>
<s>画出了第一流的画</s>
<time>474_00:20:27,240 --> 00:20:27,960</time>
<s>就是《辋川图》</s>
<time>475_00:20:29,040 --> 00:20:31,200</time>
<s>后来王维在完成了这一切之后</s>
<time>476_00:20:31,560 --> 00:20:33,360</time>
<s>就在他还活着的时候</s>
<time>477_00:20:33,720 --> 00:20:36,960</time>
<s>把整个的辋川全部捐献给了寺院</s>
<time>478_00:20:37,320 --> 00:20:38,760</time>
<s>作为寺院的庙产</s>
<time>479_00:20:39,120 --> 00:20:41,640</time>
<s>正是因为认识到了生命的无意义</s>
<time>480_00:20:42,000 --> 00:20:43,800</time>
<s>反而通过审美创造</s>
<time>481_00:20:44,160 --> 00:20:47,760</time>
<s>在其中创造出意义的“无中生有”的例证</s>
<time>482_00:20:50,280 --> 00:20:51,360</time>
<s>我们刚才讲到</s>
<time>483_00:20:52,080 --> 00:20:54,240</time>
<s>要在一个短暂的生命中</s>
<time>484_00:20:54,600 --> 00:20:57,840</time>
<s>要在生命的范范的虚无中创造出意义</s>
<time>485_00:20:58,560 --> 00:21:01,440</time>
<s>那其中最关键的那个要素就是自由</s>
<time>486_00:21:02,160 --> 00:21:03,960</time>
<s>下面我们会讲到三种自由</s>
<time>487_00:21:05,040 --> 00:21:06,840</time>
<s>我们先看第一首诗</s>
<time>488_00:21:07,200 --> 00:21:08,280</time>
<s>叫做《夏日山中》</s>
<time>489_00:21:09,720 --> 00:21:12,960</time>
<s>懒摇白羽扇裸体青林中</s>
<time>490_00:21:13,680 --> 00:21:16,920</time>
<s>脱巾挂石壁露顶洒松风</s>
<time>491_00:21:17,640 --> 00:21:20,520</time>
<s>大家觉得这首诗最可能是哪个诗人写的</s>
<time>492_00:21:22,680 --> 00:21:24,120</time>
<s>这首诗其实是李白写的</s>
<time>493_00:21:24,840 --> 00:21:26,280</time>
<s>非常像李白的风格</s>
<time>494_00:21:27,000 --> 00:21:28,080</time>
<s>李白是什么意思呢</s>
<time>495_00:21:28,800 --> 00:21:30,600</time>
<s>他说夏天的时候</s>
<time>496_00:21:31,680 --> 00:21:35,280</time>
<s>那些官员他们还需要裹着官服</s>
<time>497_00:21:35,640 --> 00:21:37,440</time>
<s>满头大汗在处理公文</s>
<time>498_00:21:38,160 --> 00:21:38,880</time>
<s>可是我不需要</s>
<time>499_00:21:39,240 --> 00:21:40,680</time>
<s>我可以在树林里面脱光光</s>
<time>500_00:21:41,760 --> 00:21:43,200</time>
<s>而且我不但脱光光</s>
<time>501_00:21:43,560 --> 00:21:46,800</time>
<s>你们不是觉得诸葛亮摇着白羽扇很潇洒吗</s>
<time>502_00:21:47,160 --> 00:21:48,240</time>
<s>我比他还要潇酒</s>
<time>503_00:21:48,960 --> 00:21:50,040</time>
<s>我连扇子都不用摇</s>
<time>504_00:21:50,400 --> 00:21:52,200</time>
<s>因为我既然在树林中了</s>
<time>505_00:21:52,560 --> 00:21:54,360</time>
<s>那些树总是会动一动的吧</s>
<time>506_00:21:54,720 --> 00:21:55,800</time>
<s>那树动一动的时候</s>
<time>507_00:21:56,160 --> 00:21:57,960</time>
<s>就当它是在替我扇扇子了</s>
<time>508_00:21:59,040 --> 00:22:00,120</time>
<s>所以李白讲的是</s>
<time>509_00:22:00,480 --> 00:22:03,360</time>
<s>不但对于功名利禄不在乎</s>
<time>510_00:22:04,080 --> 00:22:05,880</time>
<s>而且是对于人们的眼光</s>
<time>511_00:22:06,240 --> 00:22:06,960</time>
<s>人们的评价</s>
<time>512_00:22:07,320 --> 00:22:07,680</time>
<s>也不在乎</s>
<time>513_00:22:08,400 --> 00:22:10,560</time>
<s>所以这是我们最能够理解的一种自由</s>
<time>514_00:22:11,280 --> 00:22:12,720</time>
<s>就是无拘无束的自由</s>
<time>515_00:22:13,440 --> 00:22:14,880</time>
<s>小朋友都喜欢这样的自由</s>
<time>516_00:22:15,240 --> 00:22:17,040</time>
<s>因此他们的老师就骗他们说</s>
<time>517_00:22:17,760 --> 00:22:19,560</time>
<s>你们参加完高考然后就自由了</s>
<time>518_00:22:19,920 --> 00:22:20,640</time>
<s>小朋友就相信了</s>
<time>519_00:22:21,360 --> 00:22:23,160</time>
<s>所以他们参加完高考就去裸奔了</s>
<time>520_00:22:24,600 --> 00:22:26,040</time>
<s>大人也喜欢这样的自由</s>
<time>521_00:22:26,400 --> 00:22:27,840</time>
<s>所以传销组织就说</s>
<time>522_00:22:28,200 --> 00:22:29,280</time>
<s>你把你的钱都给我们</s>
<time>523_00:22:29,640 --> 00:22:31,080</time>
<s>然后你就财务自由了</s>
<time>524_00:22:32,880 --> 00:22:35,400</time>
<s>可是我们生活到一定的阶段就会发现</s>
<time>525_00:22:35,760 --> 00:22:37,920</time>
<s>完全的无拘无束是不可能的</s>
<time>526_00:22:38,280 --> 00:22:41,520</time>
<s>这时候就会去追求第二种自由</s>
<time>527_00:22:42,240 --> 00:22:45,840</time>
<s>这种自由就是去追寻自己之所爱</s>
<time>528_00:22:46,200 --> 00:22:48,000</time>
<s>追寻自己的理想的自由</s>
<time>529_00:22:49,440 --> 00:22:50,880</time>
<s>我们来看李商隐的一首诗</s>
<time>530_00:22:53,040 --> 00:22:57,720</time>
<s>不辞體妒年芳但惜流尘暗烛房</s>
<time>531_00:22:58,440 --> 00:23:02,400</time>
<s>昨夜西池凉露满桂花吹断月中香</s>
<time>532_00:23:03,480 --> 00:23:04,200</time>
<s>是杜鹃鸟</s>
<time>533_00:23:06,000 --> 00:23:08,520</time>
<s>中国的古人认为古代的皇帝杜宇</s>
<time>534_00:23:09,240 --> 00:23:10,320</time>
<s>他是蜀国的皇帝</s>
<time>535_00:23:11,040 --> 00:23:12,120</time>
<s>失去了自己的国家</s>
<time>536_00:23:12,480 --> 00:23:13,920</time>
<s>就变成了一只杜鹃鸟</s>
<time>537_00:23:14,640 --> 00:23:15,360</time>
<s>日夜蹄叫</s>
<time>538_00:23:15,720 --> 00:23:17,160</time>
<s>当他蹄叫的时候</s>
<time>539_00:23:17,520 --> 00:23:19,320</time>
<s>他的血从喉咙里面涌出来</s>
<time>540_00:23:20,040 --> 00:23:20,400</time>
<s>落在地上</s>
<time>541_00:23:20,760 --> 00:23:21,840</time>
<s>就变成了杜鹃花</s>
<time>542_00:23:22,920 --> 00:23:24,360</time>
<s>可是杜鹃花的花期很短</s>
<time>543_00:23:24,720 --> 00:23:26,160</time>
<s>只有两三个星期</s>
<time>544_00:23:26,880 --> 00:23:27,960</time>
<s>因此杜鹃鸟一叫</s>
<time>545_00:23:28,680 --> 00:23:29,400</time>
<s>杜鹃花一开</s>
<time>546_00:23:29,760 --> 00:23:31,920</time>
<s>人们就知道春天快要结束了</s>
<time>547_00:23:32,640 --> 00:23:34,800</time>
<s>所以屈原在《离骚》里面说</s>
<time>548_00:23:35,160 --> 00:23:37,680</time>
<s>我害怕杜鹃鸟过早地蹄叫</s>
