No_ITJ U.S._NP0 president_NN1 resorted_VVN to_PRP economic_AJ0 sanctions_NN2 more_AV0 often_AV0 than_CJS did_VDD Donald_NP0 Trump_NP0 ,_PUN whose_DTQ administration_NN1 issued_VVN about_PRP 3_CRD ,_PUN 800_CRD new_AJ0 sanctions_NN2 "_PUQ designations_NN2 "_PUQ in_PRP a_AT0 single_AJ0 term_NN1 ._SENT There_EX0 were_VBD many_DT0 reasons_NN2 for_PRP this_DT0 ,_PUN including_PRP Mr._NP0 Trump_NP0 's_POS penchant_NN1 for_PRP targeting_VVG adversaries_NN2 such_DT0 as_PRP Iran_NP0 ,_PUN and_CJC for_PRP doing_VDG it_PNP unilaterally_AV0 as_CJS opposed_VVN to_PRP waiting_VVG for_PRP cooperation_NN1 with_PRP allies_NN2 ._SENT In_PRP a_AT0 broad_AJ0 sense_NN1 ,_PUN though_AV0 ,_PUN he_PNP was_VBD just_AV0 accelerating_VVG a_AT0 trend_NN1 that_CJT began_VVD with_PRP his_DPS predecessors_NN2 ,_PUN including_PRP President_NP0 Barack_NP0 Obama_NP0 ,_PUN who_PNQ made_VVD 2_CRD ,_PUN 350_CRD new_AJ0 designations_NN2 in_PRP his_DPS second_ORD term_NN1 (_PUL though_CJS he_PNP "_PUQ delisted_VVN "_PUQ targeted_AJ0 countries_NN2 ,_PUN individuals_NN2 and_CJC entities_NN2 more_AV0 often_AV0 than_CJS Mr._NP0 Trump_NP0 did_VDD )_PUR ._SENT As_CJS of_PRF Oct._NP0 1_CRD ,_PUN 2021_CRD ,_PUN there_EX0 were_VBD 9_CRD ,_PUN 421_CRD sanctions_NN2 designations_NN2 in_PRP effect_NN1 ,_PUN according_VVG to_PRP the_AT0 Treasury_NN1 Department_NN1 ,_PUN which_DTQ is_VBZ responsible_AJ0 for_PRP enforcing_VVG them_PNP ._SENT That_DT0 's_VBZ a_AT0 tenfold_AJ0 increase_NN1 since_PRP the_AT0 terrorist_NN1 attacks_NN2 of_PRF Sept._NP0 11_CRD ,_PUN 2001_CRD ,_PUN spawned_VVD a_AT0 new_AJ0 era_NN1 in_PRP the_AT0 use_NN1 of_PRF sanctions_NN2 ,_PUN aimed_VVN at_PRP defunding_AJ0 far-flung_AJ0 terrorist_NN1 networks_NN2 and_CJC other_AJ0 nonstate_AJ0 networks_NN2 as_CJS well_AV0 as_CJS traditional_AJ0 state_NN1 adversaries_NN2 ._SENT In_PRP addition_NN1 to_PRP counterterrorism_NN1 ,_PUN the_AT0 goals_NN2 include_VVB fighting_VVG nuclear_AJ0 proliferation_NN1 by_PRP Iran_NP0 and_CJC North_NP0 Korea_NP0 ;_PUN punishing_VVG human_AJ0 rights_NN2 violations_NN2 or_CJC corruption_NN1 ;_PUN and_CJC battling_VVG cybercrime_NN1 ._SENT And_CJC it_PNP 's_VBZ easy_AJ0 to_TO0 see_VVI why_AVQ the_AT0 United_NP0 States_NP0 resorts_VVZ so_AV0 often_AV0 to_PRP sanctions_NN2 :_PUN They_PNP promise_VVB the_AT0 achievement_NN1 of_PRF foreign_AJ0 policy_NN1 goals_NN2 without_PRP the_AT0 use_NN1 of_PRF armed_AJ0 force_NN1 ,_PUN by_PRP taking_VVG advantage_NN1 of_PRF the_AT0 United_NP0 States_NP0 '_POS pivotal_AJ0 role_NN1 in_PRP global_AJ0 finance_NN1 and_CJC trade_NN1 ._SENT The_AT0 question_NN1 ,_PUN though_AV0 ,_PUN is_VBZ whether_CJS sanctions_NN2 are_VBB yielding_VVG diminishing_AJ0 returns_NN2 ._SENT Then-Treasury_NP0 Secretary_NN1 Jack_NP0 Lew_NP0 raised_VVD that_CJT issue_NN1 in_PRP one_CRD of_PRF his_DPS last_ORD official_AJ0 speeches_NN2 —_PUN five_CRD years_NN2 ago_AV0 ._SENT In_PRP the_AT0 same_DT0 spirit_NN1 ,_PUN the_AT0 current_AJ0 secretary_NN1 ,_PUN Janet_NP0 L_NP0 ._SENT Yellen_NP0 ,_PUN promised_VVD the_AT0 Senate_NN1 at_PRP her_DPS confirmation_NN1 hearing_VVG that_CJT she_PNP would_VM0 conduct_VVI a_AT0 review_NN1 of_PRF all_DT0 existing_AJ0 sanctions_NN2 ._SENT Some_DT0 risks_NN2 —_PUN that_CJT a_AT0 given_AJ0 sanction_NN1 will_VM0 simply_AV0 fail_VVI to_TO0 achieve_VVI its_DPS goals_NN2 or_CJC will_VM0 create_VVI unfair_AJ0 difficulties_NN2 for_PRP U.S._NP0 businesses_NN2 and_CJC humanitarian_AJ0 aid_NN1 organizations_NN2 —_PUN are_VBB familiar_AJ0 ._SENT The_AT0 administration_NN1 has_VHZ already_AV0 taken_VVN steps_NN2 to_TO0 mitigate_VVI this_DT0 by_PRP issuing_VVG humanitarian_AJ0 relief_NN1 licenses_NN2 for_PRP Syria_NP0 ,_PUN Venezuela_NP0 and_CJC Iran_NP0 for_PRP covid-related_AJ0 aid_NN1 ,_PUN and_CJC a_AT0 more_AV0 general_AJ0 one_PNI for_PRP Afghanistan_NP0 ._SENT More_DT0 novel_NN1 is_VBZ concern_NN1 that_CJT the_AT0 heavy_AJ0 U.S._NP0 use_NN1 of_PRF so-called_AJ0 secondary_AJ0 sanctions_NN2 ,_PUN which_DTQ not_XX0 only_AV0 ban_VVI dealings_NN2 with_PRP certain_AJ0 individuals_NN2 ,_PUN companies_NN2 or_CJC governments_NN2 but_CJC also_AV0 stop_VVB third_ORD parties_NN2 from_PRP dealing_VVG with_PRP them_PNP ,_PUN may_VM0 alienate_VVI even_AV0 friendly_AJ0 countries_NN2 ._SENT In_PRP a_AT0 worst-case_AJ0 scenario_NN1 ,_PUN the_AT0 United_NP0 States_NP0 would_VM0 cause_VVI countries_NN2 to_TO0 find_VVI cryptocurrency_NN1 alternatives_NN2 to_PRP the_AT0 U.S._NP0 dollar_NN1 and_CJC U.S.-dominated_AJ0 financial_AJ0 transactions_NN2 systems_NN2 ._SENT 
