Calvin’s_NP0 ideas_NN2 of_PRF depravity_NN1 ,_PUN predestination_NN1 ,_PUN and_CJC the_AT0 purpose_NN1 of_PRF human_AJ0 existence_NN1 spread_VVD rapidly_AV0 within_PRP the_AT0 expanding_AJ0 Protestant_AJ0 world_NN1 ,_PUN and_CJC after_PRP his_DPS death_NN1 in_PRP 1564_CRD followers_NN2 like_PRP Theodore_NP0 Beza_NP0 in_PRP Geneva_NP0 and_CJC William_NP0 Perkins_NP0 in_PRP Cambridge_NP0 continued_VVD to_TO0 elaborate_VVI these_DT0 doctrines_NN2 and_CJC further_AV0 their_DPS command_NN1 over_PRP churchgoers’_NN1 belief_NN1 ._SENT In_PRP time_NN1 ,_PUN however_AV0 ,_PUN questions_NN2 arose_VVD even_AV0 among_PRP the_AT0 committed_AJ0 faithful_AJ0 ._SENT Not_XX0 surprisingly_AV0 ,_PUN the_AT0 doctrine_NN1 of_PRF predestination_NN1 —_PUN intended_VVN by_PRP Calvin_NP0 as_PRP a_AT0 source_NN1 of_PRF comfort_NN1 but_CJC ,_PUN to_PRP many_DT0 of_PRF those_DT0 faithful_AJ0 ,_PUN ground_NN1 for_PRP profound_AJ0 anxiety_NN1 and_CJC even_AJ0 despair_NN1 —_PUN was_VBD a_AT0 particular_AJ0 focus_NN1 of_PRF concern_NN1 ._SENT 
Almost_AV0 by_PRP accident_NN1 ,_PUN a_AT0 Dutch_AJ0 theologian_NN1 ,_PUN Jacob_NP0 Arminius_NP0 ,_PUN became_VVD the_AT0 fulcrum_NN1 of_PRF the_AT0 dispute_NN1 ._SENT Born_VVN in_PRP 1560_CRD ,_PUN Arminius_NP0 had_VHD been_VBN a_AT0 student_NN1 first_ORD at_PRP Leiden_NP0 and_CJC then_AV0 at_PRP Geneva_NP0 under_PRP Calvin’s_NP0 successor_NN1 Beza_NP0 ._SENT He_PNP then_AV0 returned_VVD to_PRP Holland_NP0 ,_PUN where_AVQ he_PNP served_VVD as_PRP a_AT0 minister_NN1 in_PRP the_AT0 Reformed_AJ0 Church_NN1 in_PRP Amsterdam_NP0 ._SENT In_PRP 1589_CRD a_AT0 colleague_NN1 asked_VVD him_PNP to_TO0 refute_VVI the_AT0 ideas_NN2 put_VVB forth_AV0 by_PRP two_CRD ministers_NN2 in_PRP Delft_NP0 who_PNQ had_VHD refused_VVN to_TO0 endorse_VVI Beza’s_NP0 view_NN1 ,_PUN following_VVG Augustine_NP0 and_CJC Calvin_NP0 ,_PUN that_CJT the_AT0 elect_NN1 who_PNQ were_VBD to_TO0 be_VBI saved_VVN were_VBD chosen_VVN before_PRP the_AT0 Fall_NN1 of_PRF Adam_NP0 and_CJC Eve_NP0 ._SENT At_PRP about_AV0 the_AT0 same_DT0 time_NN1 ,_PUN the_AT0 Amsterdam_NP0 consistory_NN1 (_PUL the_AT0 governing_AJ0 body_NN1 of_PRF the_AT0 local_AJ0 Reformed_AJ0 Church_NN1 )_PUR asked_VVD Arminius_NP0 to_TO0 refute_VVI the_AT0 views_NN2 of_PRF another_DT0 Dutch_AJ0 theologian_NN1 who_PNQ was_VBD critical_AJ0 of_PRF Calvinist_AJ0 doctrine_NN1 more_AV0 broadly_AV0 ._SENT Especially_AV0 in_PRP the_AT0 latter_DT0 dispute_NN1 ,_PUN two_CRD aspects_NN2 of_PRF predestination_NN1 were_VBD particularly_AV0 at_PRP issue_NN1 :_PUN Did_VDD those_DT0 who_PNQ were_VBD among_PRP the_AT0 elect_NN1 have_VHB to_TO0 do_VDI anything_PNI ,_PUN or_CJC even_AV0 merely_AV0 have_VHI to_TO0 will_VM0 something_PNI ,_PUN to_TO0 receive_VVI God’s_NP0 grace_NN1 once_CJS it_PNP was_VBD given_VVN ?_SENT Or_CJC were_VBD their_DPS actions_NN2 and_CJC their_DPS will_NN1 beside_PRP the_AT0 point_NN1 for_PRP this_DT0 purpose_NN1 ?_SENT And_CJC once_CJS someone_PNI received_VVD God’s_NP0 grace_NN1 ,_PUN could_VM0 he_PNP fall_VVI away_AV0 from_PRP it_PNP ?_SENT If_CJS so_AV0 ,_PUN how_AVQ ?_SENT On_PRP each_DT0 set_NN1 of_PRF issues_NN2 ,_PUN the_AT0 question_NN1 in_PRP short_AJ0 was_VBD whether_CJS human_AJ0 agency_NN1 —_PUN choice_NN1 or_CJC action_NN1 ,_PUN or_CJC both_AV0 —_PUN mattered_VVN for_PRP an_AT0 individual’s_NP0 salvation_NN1 ._SENT 
With_PRP Arminius’s_NP0 credentials_NN2 as_PRP a_AT0 former_DT0 student_NN1 of_PRF Theodore_NP0 Beza_NP0 ,_PUN the_AT0 presumption_NN1 was_VBD that_CJT he_PNP would_VM0 reaffirm_VVI the_AT0 orthodox_AJ0 Calvinist_AJ0 doctrine_NN1 ._SENT But_CJC despite_PRP his_DPS Calvinist_AJ0 pedigree_NN1 ,_PUN after_PRP study_NN1 and_CJC reflection_NN1 his_DPS answers_NN2 to_PRP the_AT0 questions_NN2 given_VVN him_PNP took_VVD a_AT0 different_AJ0 direction_NN1 ._SENT Yes_ITJ ,_PUN he_PNP concluded_VVD ,_PUN an_AT0 act_NN1 of_PRF human_AJ0 will_NN1 is_VBZ involved_VVN in_PRP receiving_VVG God’s_NP0 grace_NN1 :_PUN God_NP0 “_NP0 foreknew_VVB ”_NP0 who_PNQ would_VM0 accept_VVI faith_NN1 and_CJC who_PNQ wouldn’t_VVD ,_PUN and_CJC extended_VVD his_DPS grace_NN1 not_XX0 arbitrarily_AV0 but_CJC to_PRP those_DT0 who_PNQ he_PNP knew_VVD in_PRP advance_NN1 would_VM0 choose_VVI in_PRP this_DT0 way_NN1 ._SENT While_CJS grace_NN1 alone_AV0 was_VBD still_AV0 what_DTQ mattered_VVD for_PRP salvation_NN1 ,_PUN the_AT0 giving_NN1 of_PRF grace_NN1 was_VBD not_XX0 unconditional_AJ0 but_CJC rather_AV0 in_PRP foreknowledge_NN1 of_PRF who_PNQ would_VM0 choose_VVI faith_NN1 ._SENT Grace_NP0 ,_PUN therefore_AV0 ,_PUN can_VM0 be_VBI resisted_VVN ._SENT 
Further_AV0 ,_PUN Arminius_NP0 concluded_VVD ,_PUN individual_AJ0 humans_NN2 can_VM0 fall_VVI from_PRP grace_NN1 after_PRP receiving_VVG it_PNP ._SENT True_AJ0 ,_PUN those_DT0 who_PNQ have_VHB received_VVN this_DT0 “_AJ0 life-giving_AJ0 Spirit_NN1 ”_NN1 thereby_AV0 have_VHB “_AJ0 sufficient_AJ0 powers_NN2 to_TO0 fight_VVI against_PRP Satan_NP0 ,_PUN sin_NN1 ,_PUN the_AT0 world_NN1 and_CJC their_DPS own_DT0 flesh_NN1 ,_PUN and_CJC to_TO0 gain_VVI the_AT0 victory_NN1 over_PRP these_DT0 enemies_NN2 ._SENT ”_NP0 But_CJC this_DT0 strength_NN1 is_VBZ not_XX0 theirs_PNP unconditionally_AV0 ._SENT Only_AV0 if_CJS they_PNP “_VVB stand_VVB prepared_VVN for_PRP the_AT0 battle_NN1 ,_PUN implore_VVB his_DPS help_NN1 ,_PUN and_CJC be_VBB not_XX0 wanting_VVG to_PRP themselves_PNX ,_PUN ”_NP0 will_VM0 God_NP0 preserve_VVI them_PNP from_PRP falling_VVG ._SENT Arminius’s_NP0 answer_NN1 to_PRP each_DT0 question_NN1 put_VVD to_PRP him_PNP ,_PUN therefore_AV0 ,_PUN was_VBD —_PUN in_PRP part_NN1 —_PUN that_DT0 human_AJ0 choice_NN1 and_CJC agency_NN1 matter_NN1 ._SENT 
Arminius_NP0 made_VVD no_AT0 attempt_NN1 to_TO0 publish_VVI his_DPS unexpected_AJ0 conclusions_NN2 ,_PUN and_CJC he_PNP was_VBD circumspect_AJ0 even_AV0 in_PRP what_DTQ he_PNP wrote_VVD but_CJC did_VDD not_XX0 publish_VVI ._SENT After_PRP stating_VVG his_DPS view_NN1 of_PRF the_AT0 need_NN1 for_PRP the_AT0 saints_NN2 to_TO0 stand_VVI ready_AJ0 for_PRP battle_NN1 and_CJC implore_VVB God’s_NP0 help_NN1 ,_PUN for_PRP example_NN1 ,_PUN he_PNP modestly_AV0 opined_VVD that_CJT it_PNP would_VM0 be_VBI useful_AJ0 for_PRP a_AT0 church_NN1 synod_NN1 (_PUL a_AT0 formal_AJ0 church_NN1 gathering_NN1 )_PUR “_VVB to_TO0 institute_VVI a_AT0 diligent_AJ0 inquiry_NN1 from_PRP the_AT0 Scriptures_NN2 ,_PUN whether_CJS it_PNP is_VBZ not_XX0 possible_AJ0 for_PRP some_DT0 individuals_NN2 through_PRP negligence_NN1 ..._PUN to_TO0 decline_VVI from_PRP the_AT0 sound_NN1 doctrine_NN1 which_DTQ was_VBD once_AV0 delivered_VVN to_PRP them_PNP ,_PUN ”_NP0 and_CJC thereby_AV0 cause_VVB the_AT0 divine_AJ0 grace_NN1 they_PNP have_VHB received_VVN to_TO0 be_VBI ineffectual_AJ0 ._SENT Even_AV0 more_AV0 cautiously_AV0 ,_PUN “_AJ0 Though_CJS I_PNP here_AV0 openly_AV0 and_CJC ingenuously_AV0 affirm_VVB ,_PUN that_CJT I_PNP never_AV0 taught_VVD that_CJT a_AT0 true_AJ0 believer_NN1 can_VM0 either_AV0 totally_AV0 or_CJC finally_AV0 fall_VVB away_AV0 from_PRP the_AT0 faith_NN1 ,_PUN and_CJC perish_VVB ;_PUN yet_AV0 I_PNP will_VM0 not_XX0 conceal_VVI ,_PUN that_CJT there_EX0 are_VBB passages_NN2 of_PRF Scripture_NN1 which_DTQ seem_VVB to_PRP me_PNP to_TO0 wear_VVI this_DT0 aspect_NN1 ._SENT ”_NP0 
These_DT0 departures_NN2 from_PRP Calvinist_AJ0 orthodoxy_NN1 had_VHD begun_VVN to_TO0 influence_VVI Arminius’s_NP0 sermons_NN2 ,_PUN however_AV0 ,_PUN and_CJC in_PRP 1591_CRD one_CRD of_PRF his_DPS senior_AJ0 colleagues_NN2 in_PRP the_AT0 Amsterdam_NP0 ministry_NN1 complained_VVD to_PRP the_AT0 local_AJ0 consistory_NN1 ._SENT Arminius_NP0 managed_VVD to_TO0 satisfy_VVI the_AT0 consistory_NN1 that_CJT he_PNP was_VBD preaching_VVG nothing_PNI improper_AJ0 ,_PUN and_CJC the_AT0 matter_NN1 remained_VVD quiet_AJ0 for_PRP more_DT0 than_CJS a_AT0 decade_NN1 ._SENT But_CJC in_PRP 1603_CRD he_PNP was_VBD appointed_VVN professor_NN1 of_PRF theology_NN1 at_PRP the_AT0 university_NN1 in_PRP Leiden_NP0 and_CJC at_PRP this_DT0 point_NN1 the_AT0 controversy_NN1 became_VVD acute_AJ0 ._SENT Rival_AJ0 theologians_NN2 ,_PUN including_PRP Arminius’s_NP0 earlier_AJC accuser_NN1 ,_PUN publicly_AV0 objected_VVN to_PRP university_NN1 proceedings_NN2 involving_VVG Arminius_NP0 and_CJC others_NN2 holding_VVG like_PRP views_NN2 ,_PUN and_CJC opposed_VVD the_AT0 dissertations_NN2 of_PRF their_DPS opponents’_NN1 students_NN2 ._SENT The_AT0 dispute_NN1 soon_AV0 came_VVD also_AV0 to_TO0 involve_VVI matters_NN2 of_PRF church_NN1 authority_NN1 and_CJC governance_NN1 —_PUN in_PRP this_DT0 case_NN1 ,_PUN whether_CJS only_AV0 religious_AJ0 bodies_NN2 or_CJC the_AT0 civil_AJ0 authorities_NN2 as_CJS well_AV0 could_VM0 remove_VVI an_AT0 unorthodox_AJ0 minister_NN1 or_CJC professor_NN1 ,_PUN or_CJC convene_VVB a_AT0 national-level_AJ0 synod_NN1 ._SENT 
Arminius_NP0 died_VVD in_PRP 1609_CRD but_CJC the_AT0 publication_NN1 of_PRF his_DPS writings_NN2 ,_PUN beginning_VVG soon_AV0 after_PRP his_DPS death_NN1 ,_PUN kept_VVD the_AT0 controversy_NN1 alive_AJ0 ._SENT Less_AV0 than_CJS a_AT0 year_NN1 later_AV0 ,_PUN his_DPS followers_NN2 presented_VVD an_AT0 official_AJ0 petition_NN1 to_PRP the_AT0 States-General_NN1 of_PRF Holland_NP0 ,_PUN the_AT0 highest_AJS Dutch_AJ0 civil_AJ0 authority_NN1 ,_PUN raising_VVG five_CRD specific_AJ0 points_NN2 of_PRF disagreement_NN1 with_PRP the_AT0 prevailing_AJ0 Calvinist_AJ0 orthodoxy_NN1 ._SENT Even_AV0 though_CJS Arminius_NP0 was_VBD no_AV0 longer_AV0 there_AV0 to_TO0 argue_VVI his_DPS views_NN2 ,_PUN his_DPS followers_NN2 did_VDD so_AV0 in_PRP his_DPS name_NN1 and_CJC the_AT0 position_NN1 they_PNP advanced_VVD quickly_AV0 acquired_VVN the_AT0 label_NN1 “_NN1 Arminian_NN1 ._SENT ”_NN1 In_PRP time_NN1 ,_PUN for_PRP faithful_AJ0 Calvinists_NN2 ,_PUN Arminian_NN1 became_VVD an_AT0 all-purpose_AJ0 epithet_NN1 referring_VVG not_XX0 just_AV0 to_TO0 dissent_VVI concerning_PRP these_DT0 specific_AJ0 aspects_NN2 of_PRF predestination_NN1 but_CJC to_PRP any_DT0 form_NN1 of_PRF disagreement_NN1 with_PRP orthodox_AJ0 Calvinist_AJ0 doctrine_NN1 ._SENT (_PUL Arminius_NP0 was_VBD never_AV0 as_AV0 important_AJ0 for_PRP the_AT0 Arminians_NN2 as_CJS Calvin_NP0 was_VBD for_PRP the_AT0 Calvinists_NN2 ._SENT )_PUR 
In_PRP response_NN1 to_PRP the_AT0 Arminians’_NP0 petition_NN1 ,_PUN those_DT0 committed_VVN to_PRP the_AT0 predestinarian_AJ0 view_NN1 as_CJS laid_VVN out_AVP by_PRP Calvin_NP0 and_CJC Beza_NP0 responded_VVD with_PRP a_AT0 counterpetition_NN1 of_PRF their_DPS own_DT0 ,_PUN reaffirming_VVG the_AT0 unconditional_AJ0 nature_NN1 of_PRF God’s_NP0 grace_NN1 and_CJC the_AT0 impossibility_NN1 of_PRF falling_VVG from_PRP it_PNP ._SENT As_CJS was_VBD typical_AJ0 of_PRF such_DT0 doctrinal_AJ0 disagreements_NN2 ,_PUN each_DT0 side_NN1 claimed_VVD authority_NN1 in_PRP the_AT0 line_NN1 of_PRF Paul_NP0 and_CJC then_AV0 Augustine_NP0 ._SENT The_AT0 dispute_NN1 simmered_VVN for_PRP the_AT0 better_AJC part_NN1 of_PRF a_AT0 decade_NN1 until_CJS ,_PUN in_PRP 1618_CRD ,_PUN the_AT0 Dutch_AJ0 Reformed_AJ0 Church_NN1 convened_VVD a_AT0 synod_NN1 to_TO0 settle_VVI the_AT0 debate_NN1 ._SENT Held_VVN in_PRP the_AT0 southern_AJ0 Dutch_AJ0 city_NN1 of_PRF Dordrecht_NP0 —_PUN commonly_AV0 ,_PUN Dort_NP0 —_PUN the_AT0 gathering_NN1 included_VVD representatives_NN2 of_PRF the_AT0 Dutch_AJ0 church’s_NN2 provincial_AJ0 synods_NN2 and_CJC of_PRF the_AT0 Dutch_AJ0 universities_NN2 ._SENT Representatives_NN2 of_PRF the_AT0 Reformed_AJ0 churches_NN2 in_PRP Switzerland_NP0 ,_PUN Britain_NP0 ,_PUN and_CJC Germany_NP0 came_VVD as_AV0 well_AV0 ._SENT Throughout_AV0 ,_PUN the_AT0 meeting_NN1 was_VBD instigated_VVN ,_PUN organized_AJ0 ,_PUN and_CJC dominated_VVN by_PRP the_AT0 orthodox_AJ0 Calvinist_AJ0 forces_NN2 ._SENT 
After_PRP six_CRD months_NN2 of_PRF debate_NN1 ,_PUN the_AT0 Dort_NN1 Synod_NN1 predictably_AV0 rejected_VVD Arminius’s_NP0 views_NN2 and_CJC reaffirmed_VVD the_AT0 orthodox_AJ0 doctrine_NN1 ._SENT The_AT0 synod’s_NN2 official_AJ0 concluding_AJ0 statement_NN1 ,_PUN affirmed_VVN in_PRP April_NP0 1619_CRD and_CJC issued_VVN in_PRP May_NP0 ,_PUN organized_VVD this_DT0 accepted_AJ0 belief_NN1 around_PRP five_CRD “_NN1 points_NN2 ”_VVB that_CJT directly_AV0 responded_VVD to_PRP the_AT0 challenges_NN2 raised_VVN by_PRP the_AT0 Arminians_NN2 ,_PUN and_CJC that_CJT then_AV0 formed_VVD the_AT0 basis_NN1 of_PRF orthodox_AJ0 Calvinism_NN1 ._SENT In_PRP time_NN1 ,_PUN at_PRP least_AV0 among_PRP English-speaking_AJ0 Calvinists_NN2 ,_PUN it_PNP became_VVD popular_AJ0 to_TO0 order_VVI these_DT0 five_CRD points_NN2 according_VVG to_PRP the_AT0 convenient_AJ0 mnemonic_NN1 TULIP_NP0 :_PUN 8_CRD Total_AJ0 Depravity_NN1 ,_PUN in_PRP the_AT0 sense_NN1 of_PRF extreme_AJ0 corruption_NN1 and_CJC sinfulness_NN1 of_PRF human_AJ0 nature_NN1 following_VVG the_AT0 Fall_NN1 ,_PUN so_AV0 that_CJT humans_NN2 cannot_VVB ,_PUN without_PRP assistance_NN1 ,_PUN choose_VVB to_TO0 have_VHI faith_NN1 ._SENT Unconditional_AJ0 Election_NN1 ,_PUN so_AV0 that_CJT God’s_NP0 choice_NN1 of_PRF whom_PNQ to_TO0 save_VVI is_VBZ by_PRP his_DPS will_NN1 alone_AV0 ,_PUN not_XX0 in_PRP respect_NN1 of_PRF any_DT0 decision_NN1 or_CJC action_NN1 ,_PUN or_CJC any_DT0 other_AJ0 merit_NN1 ,_PUN of_PRF those_DT0 who_PNQ are_VBB chosen_VVN —_PUN hence_AV0 implying_VVG also_AV0 the_AT0 unlimited_AJ0 sovereignty_NN1 of_PRF God_NP0 in_PRP making_VVG this_DT0 election_NN1 ,_PUN and_CJC in_PRP parallel_AV0 the_AT0 absence_NN1 of_PRF any_DT0 role_NN1 in_PRP it_PNP for_PRP human_AJ0 choice_NN1 or_CJC action_NN1 other_AJ0 than_CJS that_DT0 consequent_AJ0 on_PRP receiving_VVG God’s_NP0 grace_NN1 ._SENT Limited_AJ0 Atonement_NN1 ,_PUN meaning_VVG that_CJT although_CJS Jesus’s_NP0 suffering_NN1 and_CJC death_NN1 were_VBD sufficient_AJ0 to_TO0 atone_VVI for_PRP the_AT0 sins_NN2 of_PRF all_DT0 humanity_NN1 ,_PUN they_PNP are_VBB nonetheless_AV0 efficacious_AJ0 only_AV0 for_PRP the_AT0 elect_NN1 ._SENT Irresistible_AJ0 Grace_NP0 ,_PUN so_AV0 that_CJT —_PUN contrary_AJ0 to_PRP the_AT0 Arminians_NN2 (_PUL and_CJC perhaps_AV0 to_PRP Arminius_NP0 himself_PNX ,_PUN depending_VVG on_AVP which_DTQ of_PRF his_DPS statements_NN2 one_PNI chooses_VVZ )_PUR —_PUN the_AT0 elect_NN1 inevitably_AV0 turn_VVB to_PRP faith_NN1 ,_PUN and_CJC do_VDB so_AV0 only_AV0 once_AV0 ,_PUN and_CJC no_AT0 one_PNI who_PNQ is_VBZ chosen_VVN can_VM0 resist_VVI either_DT0 God’s_NP0 grace_NN1 or_CJC the_AT0 salvation_NN1 it_PNP brings_VVZ ._SENT And_CJC Perseverance_NN1 of_PRF the_AT0 Saints_NN2 ,_PUN meaning_NN1 —_PUN again_AV0 contrary_AJ0 to_PRP the_AT0 Arminians_NN2 —_PUN that_CJT the_AT0 elect_AJ0 cannot_NN1 fall_VVB away_AV0 from_PRP faith_NN1 (_PUL and_CJC anyone_PNI who_PNQ appears_VVZ to_TO0 do_VDI so_AV0 never_AV0 really_AV0 had_VHD faith_NN1 to_TO0 begin_VVI with_PRP )_PUR ._SENT 
The_AT0 States-General_NN1 accepted_VVD the_AT0 Dort_NP0 Synod’s_NP0 statement_NN1 ,_PUN and_CJC to_TO0 enforce_VVI its_DPS content_NN1 within_PRP the_AT0 church_NN1 sent_VVD it_PNP on_AVP to_PRP each_DT0 of_PRF the_AT0 country’s_AJ0 provincial_AJ0 synods_NN2 ._SENT Ministers_NN2 who_PNQ refused_VVD to_TO0 sign_VVI it_PNP —_PUN roughly_AV0 two_CRD hundred_CRD of_PRF them_PNP —_PUN were_VBD removed_VVN from_PRP office_NN1 ._SENT Those_DT0 who_PNQ continued_VVD to_TO0 speak_VVI out_AVP against_PRP the_AT0 Dort_NN1 principles_NN2 were_VBD banished_VVN from_PRP the_AT0 country_NN1 ._SENT It_PNP was_VBD ,_PUN for_PRP the_AT0 time_NN1 being_VBG ,_PUN a_AT0 total_AJ0 victory_NN1 for_PRP the_AT0 orthodox_AJ0 side_NN1 ._SENT 
Total_AJ0 depravity_NN1 ,_PUN unconditional_AJ0 election_NN1 ,_PUN limited_AJ0 atonement_NN1 ,_PUN irresistible_AJ0 grace_NN1 ,_PUN and_CJC perseverance_NN1 of_PRF the_AT0 saints_NN2 continued_VVD to_TO0 frame_VVI the_AT0 central_AJ0 doctrine_NN1 of_PRF orthodox_AJ0 Calvinist_AJ0 belief_NN1 for_PRP at_PRP least_AV0 the_AT0 next_ORD three_CRD centuries_NN2 ,_PUN and_CJC in_PRP some_DT0 quarters_NN2 they_PNP still_AV0 do_VDB today_AV0 ._SENT (_PUL The_AT0 phrase_NN1 “_NN1 five-point_AJ0 Calvinist_AJ0 ”_NN1 —_PUN or_CJC sometimes_AV0 even_AV0 TULIP_NP0 Calvinist_AJ0 —_PUN still_AV0 often_AV0 refers_VVZ to_PRP a_AT0 believer_NN1 in_PRP Reformed_AJ0 doctrine_NN1 as_CJS laid_VVN down_AVP at_PRP Dort_NP0 ._SENT )_PUR But_CJC the_AT0 discomfort_NN1 that_CJT these_DT0 ideas_NN2 caused_VVN among_PRP many_DT0 of_PRF the_AT0 would-be_AJ0 faithful_AJ0 did_VDD not_XX0 disappear_VVI ,_PUN nor_CJC did_VDD the_AT0 debate_NN1 that_CJT Arminius_NP0 and_CJC his_DPS followers_NN2 had_VHD initiated_VVN ._SENT By_PRP the_AT0 time_NN1 of_PRF Adam_NP0 Smith_NP0 and_CJC his_DPS contemporaries_NN2 ,_PUN more_AV0 than_CJS a_AT0 century_NN1 after_PRP the_AT0 Dort_NN1 Synod_NN1 ,_PUN that_DT0 debate_NN1 remained_VVD intense_AJ0 within_PRP Protestant_AJ0 church_NN1 circles_NN2 ,_PUN especially_AV0 in_PRP Scotland_NP0 ._SENT In_PRP the_AT0 meanwhile_AV0 ,_PUN contention_NN1 over_PRP religion_NN1 ,_PUN among_PRP other_AJ0 issues_NN2 ,_PUN had_VHD led_VVN to_PRP a_AT0 civil_AJ0 war_NN1 and_CJC a_AT0 revolution_NN1 ._SENT 
In_PRP 1534_CRD ,_PUN following_VVG his_DPS excommunication_NN1 the_AT0 year_NN1 before_AV0 ,_PUN Henry_NP0 VIII_CRD proclaimed_VVD himself_PNX head_NN1 of_PRF the_AT0 newly_AV0 independent_AJ0 Church_NN1 of_PRF England_NP0 ,_PUN and_CJC for_PRP the_AT0 remaining_AJ0 thirteen_CRD years_NN2 of_PRF his_DPS lifetime_NN1 the_AT0 English_AJ0 church_NN1 was_VBD anti-Rome_AJ0 politically_AV0 albeit_CJS not_XX0 yet_AV0 clearly_AV0 Protestant_AJ0 in_PRP its_DPS theology_NN1 ._SENT (_PUL Henry_NP0 himself_PNX was_VBD firmly_AV0 anti-Protestant_AJ0 ._SENT )_PUR But_CJC Henry’s_NP0 death_NN1 led_VVD to_PRP a_AT0 dozen_CRD years_NN2 of_PRF turmoil_NN1 ._SENT His_DPS nine-year-old_AJ0 son_NN1 ,_PUN who_PNQ assumed_VVD the_AT0 throne_NN1 as_PRP Edward_NP0 VI_CRD ,_PUN never_AV0 attained_VVN sufficient_AJ0 age_NN1 or_CJC stature_NN1 to_TO0 be_VBI a_AT0 governing_AJ0 force_NN1 in_PRP his_DPS own_DT0 right_NN1 ,_PUN and_CJC so_AV0 others_NN2 —_PUN often_AV0 pursuing_VVG their_DPS own_DT0 objectives_NN2 —_PUN ruled_VVD ,_PUN and_CJC disagreed_VVD ,_PUN in_PRP his_DPS name_NN1 ._SENT After_PRP just_AV0 six_CRD years_NN2 Edward_NP0 died_VVD ,_PUN succeeded_VVN by_PRP his_DPS older_AJC half-sister_NN1 ,_PUN Mary_NP0 ._SENT Mary_NP0 was_VBD Henry’s_NP0 daughter_NN1 by_PRP his_DPS first_ORD wife_NN1 ,_PUN the_AT0 Spanish_AJ0 Catherine_NP0 ._SENT Like_PRP her_DPS mother_NN1 ,_PUN she_PNP was_VBD a_AT0 staunch_AJ0 Catholic_NN1 ,_PUN and_CJC within_PRP a_AT0 year_NN1 of_PRF assuming_VVG the_AT0 throne_NN1 she_PNP married_VVD the_AT0 Catholic_AJ0 prince_NN1 Philip_NP0 of_PRF Spain_NP0 ,_PUN son_NN1 of_PRF the_AT0 Holy_AJ0 Roman_AJ0 Emperor_NN1 Charles_NP0 V_NP0 who_PNQ had_VHD spent_VVN years_NN2 fighting_VVG the_AT0 Protestants_NN2 on_PRP the_AT0 continent_NN1 ._SENT She_PNP quickly_AV0 sought_VVD to_TO0 return_VVI England_NP0 to_PRP the_AT0 Roman_AJ0 Church_NN1 ._SENT But_CJC by_PRP then_AV0 (_PUL Mary_NP0 came_VVD to_PRP the_AT0 throne_NN1 twenty_CRD years_NN2 after_PRP the_AT0 initial_AJ0 separation_NN1 under_PRP her_DPS father_NN1 )_PUR ,_PUN increasing_AJ0 numbers_NN2 of_PRF Englishmen_NN2 were_VBD becoming_VVG accustomed_AJ0 to_PRP Protestantism_NN1 and_CJC many_DT0 had_VHD become_VVN committed_AJ0 Protestants_NN2 ._SENT Her_DPS effort_NN1 to_TO0 root_VVI them_PNP out_AVP ,_PUN involving_VVG not_XX0 just_AV0 dismissals_NN2 of_PRF clergymen_NN2 from_PRP their_DPS posts_NN2 but_CJC outright_AJ0 persecutions_NN2 including_PRP public_AJ0 burnings_NN2 —_PUN more_AV0 than_CJS three_CRD hundred_CRD were_VBD killed_VVN —_PUN earned_VVD her_PNP the_AT0 lasting_AJ0 sobriquet_NN1 Bloody_AJ0 Mary_NP0 ._SENT John_NP0 Foxe’s_NP0 Book_NN1 of_PRF Martyrs_NN2 ,_PUN recording_VVG many_DT0 of_PRF these_DT0 events_NN2 ,_PUN became_VVD England’s_NP0 most_AV0 widely_AV0 read_VVN book_NN1 after_PRP the_AT0 Bible_NN1 ._SENT 
Martyrdom_NN1 of_PRF George_NP0 Marsh_NP0 and_CJC William_NP0 Flower_NP0 ,_PUN 1555._CRD 
The_AT0 execution_NN1 of_PRF hundreds_CRD of_PRF committed_AJ0 Protestants_NN2 ,_PUN often_AV0 enacted_VVN as_PRP a_AT0 public_AJ0 spectacle_NN1 ,_PUN during_PRP “_NP0 Bloody_AJ0 ”_NP0 Mary’s_NP0 brief_AJ0 reign_NN1 reinforced_VVD popular_AJ0 antipathy_NN1 toward_PRP Catholicism_NN1 in_PRP England_NP0 ._SENT 
Mary_NP0 died_VVD in_PRP 1558_CRD ,_PUN having_VHG reigned_VVN for_PRP only_AV0 five_CRD years_NN2 ._SENT Her_DPS younger_AJC half-sister_NN1 ,_PUN Elizabeth_NP0 ,_PUN was_VBD Henry’s_NP0 daughter_NN1 by_PRP Anne_NP0 Boleyn_NP0 ,_PUN his_DPS first_ORD wife_NN1 after_PRP the_AT0 break_NN1 with_PRP Rome_NP0 enabled_VVD him_PNP to_TO0 remarry_VVI ._SENT Unlike_PRP Mary_NP0 ,_PUN Elizabeth_NP0 had_VHD been_VBN reared_VVN as_PRP a_AT0 Protestant_NN1 ._SENT Moreover_AV0 ,_PUN the_AT0 chief_AJ0 foreign_AJ0 threat_NN1 that_CJT England_NP0 faced_VVD during_PRP her_DPS forty-five-year_AJ0 reign_NN1 was_VBD from_PRP Catholic_AJ0 Spain_NP0 ._SENT Once_CJS she_PNP succeeded_VVD to_PRP the_AT0 throne_NN1 ,_PUN Elizabeth_NP0 was_VBD determined_VVN to_TO0 maintain_VVI her_DPS kingdom’s_NN1 independence_NN1 and_CJC with_PRP it_PNP that_DT0 of_PRF the_AT0 English_AJ0 church_NN1 ,_PUN beginning_VVG the_AT0 very_AV0 next_ORD year_NN1 with_PRP an_AT0 Act_NN1 of_PRF Uniformity_NN1 that_CJT reconfirmed_VVD her_DPS control_NN1 over_PRP all_DT0 church_NN1 matters_NN2 —_PUN including_PRP requiring_VVG all_DT0 English_AJ0 persons_NN2 to_TO0 attend_VVI church_NN1 weekly_AJ0 ._SENT The_AT0 Thirty-Nine_CRD Articles_NN2 ,_PUN laying_VVG out_AVP the_AT0 basic_AJ0 tenets_NN2 of_PRF Anglican_AJ0 belief_NN1 ,_PUN were_VBD likewise_AV0 a_AT0 product_NN1 of_PRF the_AT0 effort_NN1 to_TO0 consolidate_VVI England’s_NP0 Protestant_AJ0 settlement_NN1 ._SENT The_AT0 queen_NN1 officially_AV0 sanctioned_VVN the_AT0 Latin_AJ0 version_NN1 of_PRF the_AT0 new_AJ0 confession_NN1 in_PRP 1563_CRD ;_PUN the_AT0 English_AJ0 translation_NN1 in_PRP use_NN1 today_AV0 ,_PUN including_PRP some_DT0 minor_AJ0 changes_NN2 ,_PUN appeared_VVD eight_CRD years_NN2 later_AV0 ._SENT With_PRP the_AT0 Articles’_NP0 publication_NN1 in_PRP English_NN1 ,_PUN an_AT0 oath_NN1 of_PRF conformity_NN1 was_VBD required_VVN for_PRP all_DT0 ordained_AJ0 clergy_NN2 ._SENT Increasingly_AV0 ,_PUN predestinarian_AJ0 theology_NN1 prevailed_VVN within_PRP the_AT0 Church_NN1 of_PRF England_NP0 ._SENT 
