Around_PRP 1440_CRD a_AT0 new_AJ0 invention_NN1 was_VBD developed_VVN that_CJT would_VM0 revolutionize_VVI the_AT0 way_NN1 that_CJT human_AJ0 beings_NN2 would_VM0 communicate_VVI and_CJC process_NN1 information_NN1 ._SENT By_PRP 1500_CRD movable_AJ0 type_NN1 and_CJC the_AT0 printing_NN1 press_NN1 would_VM0 be_VBI responsible_AJ0 for_PRP more_AV0 than_CJS 20_CRD million_CRD volumes_NN2 throughout_PRP Western_AJ0 Europe_NP0 and_CJC usher_VVB in_PRP an_AT0 age_NN1 of_PRF communication_NN1 unprecedented_AJ0 in_PRP human_AJ0 history_NN1 ._SENT For_PRP the_AT0 first_ORD time_NN1 human_AJ0 beings_NN2 had_VHD access_NN1 to_PRP information_NN1 that_CJT ,_PUN until_CJS then_AV0 ,_PUN had_VHD only_AV0 been_VBN passed_VVN down_AVP via_PRP manuscripts_NN2 or_CJC oral_AJ0 histories_NN2 ._SENT The_AT0 Gutenberg_NP0 Presswas_NP0 an_AT0 invention_NN1 that_CJT literallychanged_VVD the_AT0 world_NN1 ._SENT 
For_PRP the_AT0 first_ORD time_NN1 in_PRP history_NN1 men_NN2 had_VHD increasingly_AV0 more_DT0 access_NN1 to_PRP information_NN1 ,_PUN of_PRF all_DT0 kinds_NN2 ,_PUN that_DT0 had_VHD either_AV0 been_VBN denied_VVN to_PRP them_PNP ,_PUN or_CJC simply_AV0 never_AV0 had_VHD existed_VVN in_PRP prior_AJ0 eras_NN2 ._SENT In_PRP the_AT0 16th_ORD century_NN1 printing_NN1 spread_VVD further_AV0 ;_PUN its_DPS output_NN1 has_VHZ been_VBN estimated_VVN at_PRP about_PRP 150_CRD -_PUN 200_CRD million_CRD volumes_NN2 ._SENT In_PRP Renaissance_NN1 era_NN1 Europe_NP0 the_AT0 age_NN1 of_PRF mass_AJ0 communicationan_NP0 Fritz_NP0 Stern_NP0 once_AV0 reflected_VVD that_CJT why_AVQ historians_NN2 think_VVB as_CJS they_PNP do_VDB may_VM0 be_VBI just_AV0 as_CJS important_AJ0 as_CJS what_DTQ they_PNP think.2Why_AJ0 economists_NN2 think_VVB as_CJS they_PNP do_VDB matters_NN2 as_CJS well_AV0 ._SENT 
The_AT0 central_AJ0 argument_NN1 of_PRF this_DT0 book_NN1 is_VBZ that_CJT our_DPS ideas_NN2 about_PRP economics_NN1 and_CJC economic_AJ0 policy_NN1 have_VHB long-standing_AJ0 roots_NN2 in_PRP religiousthinking_NN1 ._SENT Most_DT0 of_PRF us_PNP are_VBB unaware_AJ0 of_PRF how_AVQ religious_AJ0 ideas_NN2 shape_VVB our_DPS economic_AJ0 thinking_NN1 ,_PUN and_CJC when_CJS such_DT0 links_NN2 are_VBB occasionally_AV0 suggested_VVN they_PNP are_VBB mostly_AV0 misunderstood_VVN ._SENT But_CJC religion_NN1 —_PUN not_XX0 just_AV0 the_AT0 daily_AJ0 or_CJC annual_AJ0 cycle_NN1 of_PRF ritual_AJ0 observances_NN2 ,_PUN but_CJC the_AT0 inner_AJ0 belief_NN1 structure_NN1 that_CJT forms_VVZ an_AT0 essential_AJ0 part_NN1 of_PRF people’s_AJ0 view_NN1 of_PRF the_AT0 world_NN1 in_PRP which_DTQ they_PNP live_VVB —_PUN has_VHZ shaped_VVN human_AJ0 thinking_NN1 since_CJS before_CJS there_EX0 were_VBD written_AJ0 words_NN2 to_TO0 record_VVI it.3In_NP0 this_DT0 book_NN1 I_PNP argue_VVB that_CJT the_AT0 influence_NN1 of_PRF religious_AJ0 beliefs_NN2 on_PRP modern_AJ0 Western_AJ0 economics_NN1 has_VHZ been_VBN profound_AJ0 ,_PUN and_CJC that_CJT it_PNP remains_VVZ important_AJ0 today_AV0 ._SENT Critics_NN2 of_PRF today’s_NP0 economics_NN1 sometimes_AV0 complain_VVB that_DT0 belief_NN1 in_PRP free_AJ0 markets_NN2 ,_PUN among_PRP economists_NN2 and_CJC many_DT0 ordinary_AJ0 citizens_NN2 too_AV0 ,_PUN is_VBZ itself_PNX a_AT0 form_NN1 of_PRF religion_NN1 ._SENT It_PNP turns_VVZ out_AVP that_CJT there_EX0 is_VBZ something_PNI to_PRP the_AT0 idea_NN1 :_PUN not_XX0 in_PRP the_AT0 way_NN1 the_AT0 critics_NN2 mean_VVB ,_PUN but_CJC in_PRP a_AT0 deeper_AJC ,_PUN more_AV0 historically_AV0 grounded_VVN sense_NN1 ._SENT 
But_CJC the_AT0 point_NN1 is_VBZ more_AV0 than_CJS just_AV0 a_AT0 matter_NN1 of_PRF the_AT0 history_NN1 of_PRF ideas_NN2 ._SENT The_AT0 influence_NN1 of_PRF religious_AJ0 thinking_NN1 also_AV0 bears_VVZ on_PRP how_AVQ Americans_NN2 today_AV0 ,_PUN along_AVP with_PRP citizens_NN2 of_PRF other_AJ0 Western_AJ0 countries_NN2 ,_PUN think_VVB about_PRP many_DT0 of_PRF the_AT0 most_AV0 highly_AV0 contested_AJ0 economic_AJ0 policy_NN1 issues_NN2 of_PRF our_DPS time_NN1 ._SENT This_DT0 connection_NN1 between_PRP people’s_NN2 economic_AJ0 views_NN2 and_CJC religious_AJ0 beliefs_NN2 —_PUN often_AV0 including_PRP religious_AJ0 beliefs_NN2 that_CJT they_PNP do_VDB not_XX0 personally_AV0 hold_VVI —_PUN stems_VVZ from_PRP before_CJS the_AT0 creation_NN1 of_PRF the_AT0 American_AJ0 republic_NN1 ,_PUN and_CJC it_PNP runs_VVZ to_PRP the_AT0 core_NN1 of_PRF how_AVQ economics_NN1 came_VVD to_TO0 be_VBI the_AT0 line_NN1 of_PRF thinking_NN1 we_PNP know_VVB today_AV0 ._SENT It_PNP also_AV0 helps_VVZ explain_VVI what_DTQ we_PNP often_AV0 view_VVB as_PRP the_AT0 puzzling_AJ0 behavior_NN1 of_PRF many_DT0 of_PRF our_DPS fellow_AJ0 citizens_NN2 whose_DTQ attitudes_NN2 toward_PRP questions_NN2 of_PRF economic_AJ0 policy_NN1 seem_VVB sharply_AV0 at_PRP odds_NN2 with_PRP what_DTQ would_VM0 be_VBI to_PRP their_DPS own_DT0 economic_AJ0 benefit_NN1 ._SENT 
The_AT0 foundational_AJ0 transition_NN1 in_PRP thinking_VVG about_PRP what_DTQ we_PNP now_AV0 call_VVB economics_NN1 —_PUN the_AT0 transition_NN1 that_CJT we_PNP rightly_AV0 associate_VVB with_PRP Adam_NP0 Smith_NP0 and_CJC his_DPS contemporaries_NN2 in_PRP the_AT0 eighteenth_ORD century_NN1 —_PUN was_VBD importantly_AV0 shaped_VVN by_PRP what_DTQ were_VBD then_AV0 new_AJ0 and_CJC vigorously_AV0 contended_VVD lines_NN2 of_PRF religious_AJ0 thought_NN1 within_PRP the_AT0 English-speaking_AJ0 Protestant_AJ0 world_NN1 ._SENT The_AT0 resulting_AJ0 influence_NN1 of_PRF religious_AJ0 thinking_NN1 on_PRP modern_AJ0 economic_AJ0 thinking_NN1 ,_PUN right_AV0 from_PRP its_DPS origins_NN2 ,_PUN established_AJ0 resonances_NN2 that_CJT then_AV0 persisted_VVD ,_PUN albeit_CJS in_PRP evolving_AJ0 form_NN1 as_PRP the_AT0 economic_AJ0 context_NN1 changed_VVN ,_PUN the_AT0 questions_NN2 economists_NN2 asked_VVD shifted_VVN ,_PUN and_CJC the_AT0 analytical_AJ0 tools_NN2 at_PRP their_DPS disposal_NN1 expanded_VVD ,_PUN right_AV0 through_PRP the_AT0 twentieth_ORD century_NN1 ._SENT Although_CJS for_PRP the_AT0 most_DT0 part_NN1 we_PNP are_VBB not_XX0 consciously_AV0 aware_AJ0 of_PRF them_PNP —_PUN this_DT0 is_VBZ why_AVQ their_DPS consequences_NN2 seem_VVB puzzling_VVG whenever_AVQ we_PNP stumble_VVB across_PRP them_PNP —_PUN especially_AV0 in_PRP America_NP0 these_DT0 lasting_AJ0 resonances_NN2 with_PRP religious_AJ0 thinking_NN1 continue_VVB to_TO0 shape_VVI our_DPS current-day_AJ0 discussion_NN1 of_PRF economic_AJ0 issues_NN2 and_CJC our_DPS public_AJ0 debate_NN1 over_PRP questions_NN2 of_PRF economic_AJ0 policy_NN1 ._SENT 
I_PNP am_VBB well_AV0 aware_AJ0 that_CJT the_AT0 idea_NN1 of_PRF a_AT0 central_AJ0 influence_NN1 of_PRF religion_NN1 on_PRP Adam_NP0 Smith’s_NP0 thinking_NN1 ,_PUN or_CJC on_PRP that_DT0 of_PRF many_DT0 of_PRF his_DPS contemporaries_NN2 ,_PUN will_VM0 initially_AV0 strike_VVI many_DT0 knowledgeable_AJ0 readers_NN2 as_CJS implausible_AJ0 on_PRP its_DPS face_NN1 ._SENT Smith’s_NP0 great_AJ0 friend_NN1 David_NP0 Hume_NP0 ,_PUN who_PNQ also_AV0 played_VVD a_AT0 key_AJ0 role_NN1 in_PRP the_AT0 creation_NN1 of_PRF modern_AJ0 economics_NN1 ,_PUN was_VBD an_AT0 avowed_AJ0 skeptic_NN1 and_CJC an_AT0 outspoken_AJ0 opponent_NN1 of_PRF organized_AJ0 religion_NN1 ;_PUN Hume_NP0 notoriously_AV0 referred_VVN to_PRP Church_NN1 of_PRF England_NP0 bishops_NN2 as_PRP “_AJ0 Retainers_NN2 to_PRP Superstition_NN1 ._SENT ”_NP0 Smith_NP0 ,_PUN as_CJS far_AV0 as_CJS we_PNP can_VM0 tell_VVI ,_PUN was_VBD at_PRP best_AJS a_AT0 deist_NN1 of_PRF the_AT0 kind_NN1 Americans_NN2 identify_VVB with_PRP Thomas_NP0 Jefferson_NP0 ._SENT There_EX0 is_VBZ little_DT0 evidence_NN1 of_PRF Smith’s_NP0 active_AJ0 religious_AJ0 participation_NN1 ,_PUN much_AV0 less_AV0 religious_AJ0 enthusiasm_NN1 ._SENT My_DPS argument_NN1 is_VBZ most_AV0 certainly_AV0 notthat_AV0 these_DT0 were_VBD religiously_AV0 dedicated_AJ0 men_NN2 who_PNQ self-consciously_AV0 brought_VVD their_DPS theological_AJ0 commitments_NN2 to_TO0 bear_VVI on_PRP their_DPS economic_AJ0 thinking_NN1 ._SENT 
Rather_AV0 ,_PUN the_AT0 creators_NN2 of_PRF modern_AJ0 economics_NN1 lived_VVN at_PRP a_AT0 time_NN1 when_AVQ religion_NN1 was_VBD both_AV0 more_AV0 pervasive_AJ0 and_CJC more_AV0 central_AJ0 than_CJS anything_PNI we_PNP know_VVB in_PRP today’s_NP0 Western_AJ0 world_NN1 ._SENT And_CJC ,_PUN crucially_AV0 ,_PUN intellectual_AJ0 life_NN1 was_VBD more_AV0 integrated_VVN then_AV0 ._SENT Not_XX0 only_AV0 were_VBD the_AT0 sciences_NN2 and_CJC humanities_NN2 (_PUL to_TO0 use_VVI today’s_NP0 vocabulary_NN1 )_PUR normally_AV0 discussed_VVN in_PRP the_AT0 same_DT0 circles_NN2 ,_PUN and_CJC mostly_AV0 by_PRP the_AT0 same_DT0 individuals_NN2 ,_PUN but_CJC theology_NN1 too_AV0 was_VBD part_NN1 of_PRF the_AT0 ongoing_AJ0 discussion_NN1 ._SENT Part_NN1 of_PRF what_DTQ Smith_NP0 taught_VVD ,_PUN as_CJS a_AT0 professor_NN1 of_PRF moral_AJ0 philosophy_NN1 at_PRP the_AT0 University_NN1 of_PRF Glasgow_NP0 ,_PUN was_VBD natural_AJ0 theology_NN1 ._SENT He_PNP and_CJC his_DPS colleagues_NN2 and_CJC friends_NN2 were_VBD continually_AV0 exposed_VVN to_PRP what_DTQ were_VBD then_AV0 fresh_AJ0 debates_NN2 about_PRP new_AJ0 lines_NN2 of_PRF theological_AJ0 thinking_NN1 ._SENT I_PNP argue_VVB that_CJT what_DTQ they_PNP heard_VVD and_CJC read_VVD and_CJC discussed_VVD influenced_VVN the_AT0 economics_NN1 they_PNP produced_VVD ,_PUN just_AV0 as_CJS the_AT0 ideas_NN2 of_PRF today’s_NN2 economists_NN2 are_VBB visibly_AV0 shaped_VVN by_PRP what_DTQ we_PNP learn_VVB from_PRP physics_NN1 ,_PUN or_CJC biology_NN1 ,_PUN or_CJC demography_NN1 ._SENT 
This_DT0 idea_NN1 importantly_AV0 changes_VVZ our_DPS view_NN1 of_PRF the_AT0 historical_AJ0 process_NN1 by_PRP which_DTQ the_AT0 Western_AJ0 world_NN1 arrived_VVD at_PRP today’s_NP0 economics_NN1 ._SENT The_AT0 conventional_AJ0 account_NN1 is_VBZ that_CJT the_AT0 line_NN1 of_PRF thinking_NN1 we_PNP know_VVB today_AV0 as_CJS economics_NN1 was_VBD a_AT0 product_NN1 of_PRF the_AT0 Enlightenment_NN1 :_PUN more_AV0 specifically_AV0 ,_PUN that_CJT the_AT0 Smithian_AJ0 revolution_NN1 and_CJC the_AT0 subsequent_AJ0 development_NN1 of_PRF economics_NN1 as_PRP an_AT0 intellectual_AJ0 discipline_NN1 were_VBD part_NN1 of_PRF the_AT0 process_NN1 of_PRF secular_AJ0 modernization_NN1 in_PRP the_AT0 sense_NN1 of_PRF a_AT0 historic_AJ0 turn_NN1 from_PRP thinking_VVG in_PRP terms_NN2 of_PRF a_AT0 God-centered_AJ0 universe_NN1 toward_PRP what_DTQ we_PNP now_AV0 broadly_AV0 call_VVB humanism_NN1 ._SENT Nicholas_NP0 Phillipson_NP0 ,_PUN in_PRP his_DPS prize-winning_AJ0 biography_NN1 of_PRF Adam_NP0 Smith_NP0 ,_PUN referred_VVN to_PRP one_CRD statement_NN1 of_PRF Smith’s_NP0 as_PRP a_AT0 reminder_NN1 that_CJT not_XX0 just_AV0 TheWealth_NN1 of_PRF Nationsbut_NP0 Smith’s_NP0 entire_AJ0 project_NN1 for_PRP a_AT0 modern_AJ0 science_NN1 of_PRF man_NN1 was_VBD “_NN1 built_VVN on_PRP the_AT0 foundations_NN2 of_PRF the_AT0 Enlightenment’s_NP0 quintessential_AJ0 assault_NN1 on_PRP religion_NN1 ._SENT ”_NP0 4Phillipson_NP0 was_VBD merely_AV0 stating_VVG the_AT0 commonly_AV0 accepted_AJ0 view_NN1 ._SENT As_CJS a_AT0 matter_NN1 of_PRF what_DTQ Smith_NP0 and_CJC his_DPS contemporaries_NN2 consciously_AV0 intended_VVN ,_PUN it_PNP is_VBZ accurate_AJ0 enough_AV0 ._SENT But_CJC explanations_NN2 of_PRF important_AJ0 developments_NN2 that_CJT rely_VVB simply_AV0 on_PRP the_AT0 conscious_AJ0 intentions_NN2 of_PRF the_AT0 actors_NN2 involved_VVN are_VBB necessarily_AV0 limited_AJ0 ._SENT As_CJS the_AT0 American_AJ0 historian_NN1 Gordon_NP0 Wood_NP0 put_VVD it_PNP ,_PUN people_NN0 are_VBB often_AV0 not_XX0 so_AV0 much_DT0 the_AT0 manipulators_NN2 but_CJC the_AT0 victims_NN2 of_PRF their_DPS ideas.5Even_AJ0 cultural_AJ0 influences_NN2 that_CJT seem_VVB obvious_AJ0 from_PRP the_AT0 perspective_NN1 of_PRF decades_NN2 or_CJC ,_PUN better_AV0 yet_AV0 ,_PUN centuries_NN2 later_AV0 were_VBD often_AV0 invisible_AJ0 to_PRP those_DT0 whose_DTQ ideas_NN2 they_PNP crucially_AV0 shaped_AJ0 ._SENT 
Realizing_VVG that_CJT the_AT0 Smithian_AJ0 revolution_NN1 partly_AV0 grew_VVD out_AVP of_PRF new_AJ0 ideas_NN2 in_PRP theology_NN1 ,_PUN and_CJC that_CJT the_AT0 religious_AJ0 debates_NN2 of_PRF that_DT0 day_NN1 shaped_VVD it_PNP —_PUN not_XX0 because_CJS that_DT0 is_VBZ what_DTQ Smith_NP0 and_CJC the_AT0 other_AJ0 creators_NN2 of_PRF modern_AJ0 economics_NN1 intended_VVN ,_PUN but_CJC because_CJS the_AT0 theological_AJ0 debates_NN2 of_PRF their_DPS time_NN1 fundamentally_AV0 altered_VVN how_AVQ they_PNP thought_VVD about_PRP human_AJ0 nature_NN1 and_CJC the_AT0 underpinnings_NN2 of_PRF everyday_AJ0 human_AJ0 interaction_NN1 —_PUN puts_VVZ a_AT0 different_AJ0 gloss_NN1 on_PRP the_AT0 matter_NN1 ._SENT So_AV0 does_VDZ understanding_NN1 the_AT0 ways_NN2 in_PRP which_DTQ the_AT0 evolution_NN1 of_PRF economic_AJ0 thinking_NN1 during_PRP the_AT0 two-plus_AJ0 centuries_NN2 since_CJS has_VHZ continued_VVN to_TO0 reflect_VVI this_DT0 initial_AJ0 religious_AJ0 influence_NN1 ._SENT So_AV0 too_AV0 does_VDZ recognizing_VVG the_AT0 consequences_NN2 of_PRF this_DT0 deep_AJ0 intellectual_AJ0 connection_NN1 for_PRP our_DPS current-day_AJ0 policy_NN1 debate_NN1 ._SENT 
Taking_VVG account_NN1 of_PRF this_DT0 from-the-bottom-up_AJ0 connection_NN1 between_PRP economic_AJ0 thinking_NN1 and_CJC key_AJ0 strands_NN2 of_PRF religious_AJ0 thinking_NN1 —_PUN the_AT0 theological_AJ0 questions_NN2 under_PRP so_AV0 much_DT0 dispute_NN1 during_PRP Smith’s_NP0 time_NN1 —_PUN helps_VVZ explain_VVI a_AT0 wide_AJ0 variety_NN1 of_PRF puzzling_AJ0 phenomena_NN2 ,_PUN now_AV0 and_CJC in_PRP the_AT0 past_NN1 :_PUN Why_AVQ do_VDB so_AV0 many_DT0 Americans_NN2 who_PNQ have_VHB only_AV0 the_AT0 remotest_AJS prospect_NN1 of_PRF ever_AV0 making_VVG their_DPS way_NN1 into_PRP the_AT0 top_AJ0 income_NN1 tax_NN1 bracket_NN1 nonetheless_AV0 favor_VVB keeping_VVG the_AT0 tax_NN1 rate_NN1 on_PRP top-bracket_AJ0 incomes_NN2 low_AJ0 ?_SENT More_AV0 startling_AJ0 yet_AV0 ,_PUN why_AVQ do_VDB so_AV0 many_DT0 Americans_NN2 who_PNQ have_VHB no_AT0 chance_NN1 whatever_DTQ of_PRF inheriting_VVG money_NN1 from_PRP a_AT0 taxable_AJ0 estate_NN1 passionately_AV0 advocate_VVB abolishing_VVG “_AJ0 death_NN1 taxes_NN2 ”_NN1 ?_SENT And_CJC is_VBZ it_PNP merely_AV0 a_AT0 coincidence_NN1 that_CJT these_DT0 antitax_NN1 crusaders_NN2 ,_PUN along_AVP with_PRP opponents_NN2 of_PRF government_NN1 regulation_NN1 of_PRF business_NN1 ,_PUN and_CJC the_AT0 countless_AJ0 lower-income_AJ0 supporters_NN2 of_PRF benefits_NN2 for_PRP corporations_NN2 for_PRP which_DTQ they_PNP do_VDB not_XX0 work_VVI (_PUL and_CJC whose_DTQ stock_NN1 they_PNP do_VDB not_XX0 own_VVI )_PUR ,_PUN disproportionately_AV0 belong_VVB to_PRP the_AT0 nation’s_NN2 increasingly_AV0 influential_AJ0 evangelical_AJ0 churches_NN2 ?_SENT Nor_CJC is_VBZ the_AT0 present-day_AJ0 relevance_NN1 of_PRF this_DT0 historical_AJ0 influence_NN1 of_PRF religious_AJ0 thinking_NN1 on_PRP economic_AJ0 thinking_NN1 limited_VVN to_PRP the_AT0 United_NP0 States_NP0 :_PUN Why_AVQ is_VBZ there_EX0 ,_PUN today_AV0 ,_PUN an_AT0 “_AJ0 Anglo-Saxon_AJ0 model_NN1 ”_NN1 of_PRF how_AVQ to_TO0 organize_VVI an_AT0 economy_NN1 and_CJC run_VVB a_AT0 country’s_AJ0 economic_AJ0 policy_NN1 ?_SENT And_CJC why_AVQ do_VDB so_AV0 many_DT0 people_NN0 ,_PUN in_PRP countries_NN2 otherwise_AV0 very_AV0 similar_AJ0 to_PRP ours_PNP ,_PUN reject_VVB it_PNP ?_SENT 
Nearly_AV0 a_AT0 hundred_CRD years_NN2 ago_AV0 the_AT0 English_AJ0 historian_NN1 R_ZZ0 ._SENT H_ZZ0 ._SENT Tawney_NP0 published_VVD a_AT0 book_NN1 with_PRP the_AT0 same_DT0 title_NN1 as_PRP this_DT0 one.6Both_NN1 the_AT0 setting_NN1 and_CJC the_AT0 argument_NN1 were_VBD different_AJ0 ._SENT Tawney’s_NP0 book_NN1 was_VBD a_AT0 response_NN1 ,_PUN in_PRP part_NN1 a_AT0 rebuttal_NN1 ,_PUN to_PRP Max_NP0 Weber’s_NP0 classic_AJ0 work_NN1 ,_PUN The_AT0 Protestant_AJ0 Ethic_NN1 and_CJC the_AT0 Spirit_NN1 of_PRF replaced-dns_NN2 had_VHD claimed_VVN that_CJT Calvinist_AJ0 religion_NN1 —_PUN specifically_AV0 ,_PUN the_AT0 belief_NN1 that_CJT whether_CJS or_CJC not_XX0 individual_AJ0 men_NN2 and_CJC women_NN2 are_VBB saved_VVN is_VBZ a_AT0 matter_NN1 determined_VVN before_CJS they_PNP are_VBB even_AV0 born_VVN ,_PUN and_CJC over_PRP which_DTQ they_PNP have_VHB no_AT0 control_NN1 —_PUN was_VBD historically_AV0 a_AT0 spur_NN1 to_PRP forms_NN2 of_PRF personal_AJ0 behavior_NN1 that_CJT gave_VVD rise_NN1 to_PRP modern_AJ0 capitalism_NN1 ._SENT Moreover_AV0 ,_PUN Weber_NP0 argued_VVD ,_PUN this_DT0 influence_NN1 of_PRF belief_NN1 in_PRP predestination_NN1 persisted_VVD long_AV0 after_PRP most_DT0 people_NN0 had_VHD ceased_VVN to_TO0 hold_VVI it_PNP :_PUN indeed_AV0 ,_PUN long_AV0 enough_AV0 for_PRP most_DT0 people_NN0 to_TO0 forget_VVI that_CJT such_DT0 a_AT0 belief_NN1 had_VHD ever_AV0 influenced_VVN their_DPS parents’_NN1 or_CJC grandparents’_NN1 behavior_NN1 in_PRP the_AT0 first_ORD place_NN1 ._SENT 
My_DPS argument_NN1 in_PRP this_DT0 book_NN1 shares_VVZ some_DT0 strands_NN2 of_PRF that_DT0 long-ago_AJ0 controversy_NN1 —_PUN the_AT0 powerful_AJ0 influence_NN1 of_PRF religion_NN1 ,_PUN and_CJC the_AT0 continuing_AJ0 force_NN1 of_PRF this_DT0 influence_NN1 even_AV0 after_PRP the_AT0 driving_AJ0 religious_AJ0 beliefs_NN2 have_VHB faded_VVN —_PUN but_CJC in_PRP substance_NN1 it_PNP is_VBZ more_AV0 nearly_AV0 Weber_NP0 upside_NN1 down_AVP ._SENT The_AT0 primary_AJ0 focus_NN1 here_AV0 is_VBZ not_XX0 on_PRP economic_AJ0 behavior_NN1 ,_PUN but_CJC thinkingabout_NN1 economics_NN1 ._SENT Even_AV0 more_AV0 different_AJ0 ,_PUN the_AT0 creators_NN2 of_PRF modern_AJ0 economics_NN1 lived_VVD not_XX0 during_PRP the_AT0 time_NN1 Weber_NP0 emphasized_VVD (_PUL whether_CJS his_DPS view_NN1 of_PRF the_AT0 matter_NN1 was_VBD right_AJ0 or_CJC wrong_AJ0 )_PUR ,_PUN but_CJC a_AT0 century_NN1 and_CJC more_AV0 later_AV0 when_CJS belief_NN1 in_PRP predestination_NN1 was_VBD in_PRP retreat_NN1 among_PRP English-speaking_AJ0 Protestants_NN2 ._SENT I_PNP argue_VVB that_CJT what_DTQ opened_VVD the_AT0 way_NN1 for_PRP the_AT0 early_AJ0 economists’_NN1 insight_NN1 into_PRP the_AT0 beneficial_AJ0 consequences_NN2 of_PRF individually_AV0 motivated_AJ0 initiative_NN1 carried_VVD out_AVP in_PRP competitive_AJ0 markets_NN2 was_VBD the_AT0 expanded_AJ0 vision_NN1 of_PRF the_AT0 human_AJ0 character_NN1 and_CJC its_DPS possibilities_NN2 that_CJT the_AT0 movement_NN1 away_AV0 frompredestinarian_AJ0 Calvinism_NN1 fostered_VVN ._SENT Further_AV0 ,_PUN this_DT0 benign_AJ0 sense_NN1 of_PRF our_DPS human_AJ0 potential_NN1 ,_PUN enabled_VVN by_PRP the_AT0 historic_AJ0 transition_NN1 in_PRP religious_AJ0 thinking_NN1 that_CJT first_ORD preceded_VVD and_CJC then_AV0 accompanied_VVN it_PNP ,_PUN has_VHZ continued_VVN to_TO0 influence_VVI the_AT0 trajectory_NN1 of_PRF modern_AJ0 Western_AJ0 economic_AJ0 thinking_NN1 ever_AV0 since_AV0 ._SENT 
Just_AV0 as_CJS Max_NP0 Weber_NP0 looked_VVD to_PRP America_NP0 as_PRP the_AT0 prime_AJ0 example_NN1 illustrating_VVG his_DPS idea_NN1 about_PRP the_AT0 influence_NN1 of_PRF religion_NN1 on_PRP economic_AJ0 development_NN1 ,_PUN here_AV0 too_AV0 ,_PUN in_PRP charting_VVG the_AT0 historical_AJ0 influence_NN1 of_PRF religion_NN1 on_PRP economic_AJ0 thinking_NN1 ,_PUN after_PRP Adam_NP0 Smith’s_NP0 death_NN1 (_PUL in_PRP 1790_CRD )_PUR the_AT0 focus_NN1 shifts_VVZ to_PRP the_AT0 United_NP0 States_NP0 ._SENT The_AT0 reason_NN1 is_VBZ certainly_AV0 not_XX0 that_CJT I_PNP regard_VVB the_AT0 American_AJ0 economists_NN2 of_PRF the_AT0 nineteenth_ORD century_NN1 as_PRP the_AT0 new_AJ0 discipline’s_NN2 leading_VVG thinkers_NN2 of_PRF their_DPS time_NN1 ._SENT That_DT0 distinction_NN1 goes_VVZ mostly_AV0 to_PRP the_AT0 great_AJ0 English_AJ0 economists_NN2 ,_PUN including_PRP David_NP0 Ricardo_NP0 ,_PUN John_NP0 Stuart_NP0 Mill_NP0 ,_PUN Stanley_NP0 Jevons_NP0 ,_PUN and_CJC Alfred_NP0 Marshall_NP0 ._SENT But_CJC a_AT0 key_AJ0 part_NN1 of_PRF my_DPS purpose_NN1 here_AV0 is_VBZ also_AV0 to_TO0 illuminate_VVI the_AT0 bearing_NN1 of_PRF this_DT0 religious_AJ0 influence_NN1 on_PRP our_DPS public_AJ0 conversation_NN1 about_PRP economics_NN1 and_CJC our_DPS ongoing_AJ0 debate_NN1 over_PRP economic_AJ0 policy_NN1 questions_NN2 today_AV0 ,_PUN and_CJC nowhere_AV0 is_VBZ that_DT0 influence_NN1 more_AV0 powerfully_AV0 at_PRP work_NN1 ,_PUN yet_AV0 more_AV0 perplexing_AJ0 without_PRP understanding_VVG its_DPS origins_NN2 ,_PUN than_CJS in_PRP the_AT0 United_NP0 States_NP0 ._SENT 
Understanding_VVG the_AT0 historical_AJ0 connection_NN1 between_PRP religious_AJ0 thinking_NN1 and_CJC the_AT0 economic_AJ0 thinking_NN1 that_DT0 is_VBZ ours_PNP ,_PUN and_CJC that_DT0 shapes_NN2 the_AT0 world_NN1 in_PRP which_DTQ we_PNP live_VVB today_AV0 ,_PUN helps_VVZ to_TO0 explain_VVI not_XX0 only_AV0 how_AVQ economics_NN1 came_VVD to_TO0 be_VBI what_DTQ it_PNP is_VBZ but_CJC also_AV0 aspects_NN2 of_PRF our_DPS current_AJ0 economic_AJ0 policy_NN1 debate_NN1 that_CJT are_VBB otherwise_AV0 difficult_AJ0 to_TO0 fathom_VVI ,_PUN including_PRP especially_AV0 questions_NN2 that_CJT revolve_VVB around_PRP the_AT0 efficacy_NN1 and_CJC appropriate_AJ0 role_NN1 of_PRF markets_NN2 and_CJC ,_PUN in_PRP parallel_NN1 ,_PUN the_AT0 appropriate_AJ0 role_NN1 of_PRF government_NN1 in_PRP our_DPS society_NN1 ._SENT We_PNP may_VM0 not_XX0 be_VBI aware_AJ0 of_PRF the_AT0 religious_AJ0 influences_NN2 that_CJT mold_VVB our_DPS economic_AJ0 views_NN2 —_PUN part_NN1 of_PRF my_DPS point_NN1 is_VBZ precisely_AV0 that_CJT we_PNP are_VBB not_XX0 —_PUN but_CJC they_PNP are_VBB at_PRP work_NN1 nonetheless_AV0 ,_PUN and_CJC our_DPS future_AJ0 economic_AJ0 trajectory_NN1 depends_VVZ on_PRP them_PNP ._SENT 
