7_CRD 
The_AT0 Legacy_NN1 of_PRF Greenwood_NP0 
While_CJS many_DT0 Tulsans_NN2 at_PRP the_AT0 time_NN1 would_VM0 have_VHI preferred_VVN that_CJT the_AT0 whole_AJ0 incident_NN1 be_VBI immediately_AV0 forgotten_VVN ,_PUN it_PNP was_VBD n't_XX0 —_PUN at_PRP least_AV0 not_XX0 at_PRP first_ORD ._SENT Dozens_CRD of_PRF newspapers_NN2 around_PRP the_AT0 country_NN1 reported_VVN on_PRP the_AT0 massacre_NN1 :_PUN The_AT0 New_AJ0 York_NP0 Times_NN2 ran_VVD a_AT0 front-page_AJ0 story_NN1 ,_PUN and_CJC the_AT0 appalling_AJ0 event_NN1 even_AV0 made_VVN international_AJ0 news_NN1 ,_PUN with_PRP a_AT0 headline_NN1 in_PRP the_AT0 Times_NN2 of_PRF London_NP0 ._SENT In_PRP the_AT0 United_NP0 States_NP0 ,_PUN citizens_NN2 from_PRP as_CJS far_AV0 as_CJS Philadelphia_NP0 and_CJC as_CJS near_AV0 as_CJS Kansas_NP0 were_VBD condemning_VVG Tulsa_NN1 for_PRP what_DTQ had_VHD taken_VVN place_NN1 ,_PUN calling_VVG the_AT0 massacre_NN1 a_AT0 "_PUQ horror_NN1 "_PUQ and_CJC a_AT0 "_PUQ disgrace_NN1 ._SENT "_PUQ 
Oklahomans_NP0 were_VBD split_VVN on_PRP the_AT0 national_AJ0 reaction_NN1 to_PRP the_AT0 event_NN1 ._SENT Some_DT0 white_AJ0 Tulsans_NN2 seemed_VVD proud_AJ0 of_PRF what_DTQ had_VHD happened_VVN ._SENT They_PNP bragged_VVD about_PRP their_DPS involvement_NN1 and_CJC passed_VVD around_AVP postcards_NN2 that_CJT displayed_VVD graphic_AJ0 photos_NN2 of_PRF massacre_NN1 victims_NN2 ,_PUN similar_AJ0 to_PRP the_AT0 postcards_NN2 and_CJC photographs_NN2 that_CJT were_VBD distributed_VVN around_PRP the_AT0 United_AJ0 States_NN2 after_PRP lynchings_NN2 of_PRF Black_AJ0 Americans_NN2 ._SENT More_AV0 than_CJS seventeen_CRD hundred_CRD members_NN2 of_PRF the_AT0 revamped_AJ0 Ku_NP0 Klux_NP0 Klan_NP0 continued_VVD to_TO0 terrorize_VVI Black_AJ0 Tulsans_NN2 over_PRP the_AT0 course_NN1 of_PRF the_AT0 following_AJ0 year_NN1 ._SENT In_PRP April_NP0 1922_CRD ,_PUN they_PNP paraded_VVD through_PRP downtown_AJ0 Tulsa_NP0 —_PUN under_PRP an_AT0 airplane_NN1 that_CJT was_VBD flying_VVG an_AT0 electrically_AV0 lit_VVN cross_NN1 ._SENT While_CJS it_PNP was_VBD never_AV0 determined_VVN if_CJS the_AT0 KKK_NP0 was_VBD officially_AV0 involved_VVN in_PRP the_AT0 massacre_NN1 ,_PUN a_AT0 number_NN1 of_PRF Klan_NP0 members_NN2 were_VBD elected_VVN to_PRP Tulsa_NP0 city_NN1 and_CJC county_NN1 office_NN1 in_PRP 1922._CRD 
Some_DT0 Black_AJ0 Tulsans_NN2 did_VDD not_XX0 want_VVI the_AT0 event_NN1 to_TO0 be_VBI forgotten_VVN ,_PUN for_PRP very_AV0 different_AJ0 reasons_NN2 ._SENT Mary_NP0 Elizabeth_NP0 Jones_NP0 Parrish_NP0 ,_PUN a_AT0 Black_AJ0 educator_NN1 and_CJC journalist_NN1 who_PNQ survived_VVD the_AT0 massacre_NN1 with_PRP her_DPS daughter_NN1 ,_PUN Florence_NP0 Mary_NP0 ,_PUN wrote_VVD about_PRP the_AT0 massacre_NN1 for_PRP the_AT0 Oklahoma_NP0 Interracial_AJ0 Commission_NN1 ,_PUN a_AT0 group_NN1 focused_VVN on_PRP preventing_VVG lynchings_NN2 ._SENT Parrish_NP0 recorded_VVD the_AT0 event_NN1 from_PRP her_DPS own_DT0 memories_NN2 ,_PUN and_CJC transcribed_AJ0 interviews_NN2 with_PRP witnesses_NN2 ,_PUN as_CJS well_AV0 as_CJS testimonies_NN2 of_PRF other_AJ0 survivors_NN2 ._SENT Along_AVP with_PRP photographs_NN2 detailing_VVG the_AT0 damage_NN1 that_CJT had_VHD been_VBN done_VDN ,_PUN Parrish_NP0 published_VVD her_DPS account_NN1 in_PRP her_DPS 1922_CRD book_NN1 ,_PUN Events_NN2 of_PRF the_AT0 Tulsa_NP0 Disaster_NN1 —_PUN the_AT0 first_ORD to_TO0 be_VBI published_VVN about_PRP the_AT0 massacre_NN1 ._SENT 
Mary_NP0 Elizabeth_NP0 Jones_NP0 Parrish_NP0 
However_AV0 ,_PUN it_PNP would_VM0 be_VBI a_AT0 long_AJ0 time_NN1 before_PRP anything_PNI else_AV0 recounting_VVG the_AT0 event_NN1 would_VM0 be_VBI printed_VVN ._SENT Many_DT0 people_NN0 ,_PUN including_PRP most_DT0 public_AJ0 officials_NN2 ,_PUN did_VDD n't_XX0 appreciate_VVI the_AT0 widespread_AJ0 national_AJ0 criticism_NN1 of_PRF their_DPS state_NN1 ._SENT Oklahoma_NP0 had_VHD been_VBN a_AT0 state_NN1 for_PRP only_AV0 fourteen_CRD years_NN2 at_PRP that_DT0 time_NN1 ._SENT It_PNP was_VBD still_AV0 trying_VVG to_TO0 establish_VVI itself_PNX in_PRP the_AT0 United_NP0 States_NP0 ,_PUN and_CJC a_AT0 shameful_AJ0 event_NN1 like_PRP the_AT0 Greenwood_NP0 massacre_NN1 would_VM0 only_AV0 make_VVI people_NN0 think_VVI that_CJT Tulsa_NP0 was_VBD an_AT0 unruly_AJ0 ,_PUN violent_AJ0 ,_PUN racist_AJ0 place_NN1 to_TO0 live_VVI ._SENT Political_AJ0 leaders_NN2 and_CJC business_NN1 owners_NN2 did_VDD n't_XX0 want_VVI the_AT0 story_NN1 of_PRF the_AT0 massacre_NN1 hanging_VVG over_PRP them_PNP ._SENT 
Thus_AV0 began_VVD a_AT0 concerted_AJ0 effort_NN1 to_TO0 erase_VVI it_PNP from_PRP Oklahoma_NP0 's_POS history_NN1 ._SENT 
A_AT0 prime_AJ0 example_NN1 can_VM0 be_VBI found_VVN in_PRP the_AT0 archives_NN2 of_PRF the_AT0 Tulsa_NP0 Tribune_NN1 ._SENT While_CJS the_AT0 paper_NN1 had_VHD been_VBN so_AV0 eager_AJ0 to_TO0 report_VVI on_PRP Dick_NP0 Rowland_NP0 's_POS alleged_AJ0 "_PUQ assault_NN1 ,_PUN "_PUQ the_AT0 subject_NN1 of_PRF the_AT0 ensuing_AJ0 massacre_NN1 was_VBD conspicuously_AV0 absent_AJ0 from_PRP future_AJ0 issues_NN2 commemorating_VVG past_AJ0 events_NN2 ._SENT In_PRP the_AT0 1930s_CRD ,_PUN the_AT0 paper_NN1 published_VVD an_AT0 editorial_AJ0 series_NN0 called_VVN "_PUQ Fifteen_CRD Years_NN2 Ago_AV0 "_PUQ that_CJT shone_VVD a_AT0 spotlight_NN1 on_PRP events_NN2 in_PRP Tulsa_NP0 's_POS past_NN1 from_PRP the_AT0 same_DT0 day_NN1 ._SENT The_AT0 June_NP0 1936_CRD issue_NN1 ,_PUN however_AV0 ,_PUN mentioned_VVD nothing_PNI about_PRP the_AT0 massacre_NN1 ;_PUN instead_AV0 ,_PUN it_PNP highlighted_VVD parties_NN2 from_PRP June_NP0 1921_CRD ,_PUN news_NN1 about_PRP people_NN0 who_PNQ had_VHD graduated_VVN from_PRP Tulsa_NP0 high_AJ0 schools_NN2 that_DT0 year_NN1 ,_PUN and_CJC the_AT0 goings-on_NN2 of_PRF Tulsa_NP0 residents_NN2 ,_PUN such_DT0 as_PRP who_PNQ was_VBD entertaining_VVG out-of-town_AJ0 visitors_NN2 and_CJC who_PNQ had_VHD gone_VVN on_PRP trips_NN2 themselves_PNX ._SENT While_CJS one_PNI could_VM0 assume_VVI that_CJT the_AT0 Tribune_NN1 believed_VVD it_PNP was_VBD too_AV0 soon_AV0 to_TO0 rehash_VVI the_AT0 massacre_NN1 ,_PUN ten_CRD years_NN2 later_AV0 ,_PUN in_PRP June_NP0 1946_CRD ,_PUN the_AT0 newspaper_NN1 once_AV0 again_AV0 ignored_VVN the_AT0 subject_NN1 in_PRP its_DPS "_PUQ Twenty-Five_CRD Years_NN2 Ago_AV0 "_PUQ feature_VVB ._SENT 
Unfortunately_AV0 ,_PUN the_AT0 Tribune_NN1 was_VBD n't_XX0 the_AT0 only_AJ0 publication_NN1 or_CJC entity_NN1 that_CJT tried_VVD to_TO0 bury_VVI the_AT0 truth_NN1 ._SENT The_AT0 Oklahoma_NP0 volume_NN1 of_PRF the_AT0 American_AJ0 Guide_NN1 Series_NN0 mentioned_VVD it_PNP in_PRP 1941_CRD but_CJC devoted_VVD only_AV0 one_CRD paragraph_NN1 to_PRP the_AT0 subject_NN1 ._SENT History_NN1 textbooks_NN2 completely_AV0 ignored_VVD the_AT0 event_NN1 —_PUN in_PRP fact_NN1 ,_PUN it_PNP was_VBD not_XX0 included_VVN as_PRP part_NN1 of_PRF the_AT0 state_NN1 's_POS public_AJ0 school_NN1 curricula_NN2 until_PRP 2000_CRD ,_PUN nearly_AV0 eighty_CRD years_NN2 after_PRP the_AT0 massacre_NN1 ._SENT This_DT0 resulted_VVD in_AVP near_PRP total_AJ0 erasure_NN1 of_PRF what_DTQ had_VHD happened_VVN in_PRP Greenwood_NP0 ,_PUN to_PRP the_AT0 point_NN1 that_CJT many_DT0 people_NN0 who_PNQ moved_VVD to_PRP Tulsa_NP0 after_PRP the_AT0 massacre_NN1 and_CJC even_AV0 some_DT0 born_VVN and_CJC raised_VVN there_AV0 in_PRP the_AT0 ensuing_AJ0 years_NN2 ,_PUN both_AV0 Black_AJ0 and_CJC white_AJ0 ,_PUN often_AV0 knew_VVD nothing_PNI about_PRP it_PNP ._SENT 
Educator_NN1 Nancy_NP0 Feldman_NP0 ,_PUN who_PNQ was_VBD white_AJ0 ,_PUN had_VHD n't_XX0 heard_VVN anything_PNI about_PRP the_AT0 Tulsa_NP0 Race_NN1 Riot_NN1 ,_PUN as_CJS it_PNP was_VBD known_VVN then_AV0 ,_PUN when_CJS she_PNP moved_VVD to_PRP Oklahoma_NP0 in_PRP 1946_CRD to_TO0 teach_VVI sociology_NN1 at_PRP the_AT0 University_NN1 of_PRF Tulsa_NP0 ._SENT Survivor_NN1 Robert_NP0 Fairchild_NP0 informed_VVD her_PNP of_PRF the_AT0 event_NN1 that_CJT had_VHD occurred_VVN twenty-five_CRD years_NN2 prior_AJ0 ,_PUN and_CJC ,_PUN deeply_AV0 disturbed_VVN by_PRP what_DTQ she_PNP 'd_VHD learned_VVN ,_PUN she_PNP brought_VVD up_AVP the_AT0 incident_NN1 with_PRP her_DPS college_NN1 students_NN2 ._SENT According_VVG to_PRP Feldman_NP0 ,_PUN several_DT0 of_PRF them_PNP "_PUQ stoutly_AV0 denied_VVD it_PNP and_CJC questioned_VVD my_DPS facts_NN2 ._SENT "_PUQ Even_AV0 after_CJS Fairchild_NP0 himself_PNX visited_VVD the_AT0 all-white_AJ0 class_NN1 ,_PUN they_PNP were_VBD not_XX0 convinced_AJ0 ;_PUN even_AV0 worse_AJC ,_PUN their_DPS parents_NN2 told_VVD them_PNP Fairchild_NP0 and_CJC Feldman_NP0 were_VBD lying_VVG ._SENT Feldman_NP0 was_VBD ordered_VVN by_PRP the_AT0 school_NN1 's_POS dean_NN1 to_TO0 "_PUQ drop_VVI the_AT0 whole_AJ0 subject_NN1 ._SENT "_PUQ She_PNP said_VVD her_DPS own_DT0 friends_NN2 were_VBD reluctant_AJ0 to_TO0 acknowledge_VVI what_DTQ had_VHD happened_VVN ,_PUN as_CJS well_AV0 :_PUN "_PUQ When_CJS I_PNP would_VM0 mention_VVI the_AT0 riot_NN1 to_PRP my_DPS white_AJ0 friends_NN2 ,_PUN few_DT0 would_VM0 talk_VVI about_PRP it_PNP ._SENT And_CJC they_PNP certainly_AV0 did_VDD n't_XX0 want_VVI to_PRP ._SENT "_PUQ 
Nancy_NP0 Dodson_NP0 ,_PUN an_AT0 instructor_NN1 at_PRP Tulsa_NP0 Junior_AJ0 College_NN1 ,_PUN was_VBD also_AV0 advised_VVN not_XX0 to_TO0 talk_VVI about_PRP the_AT0 massacre_NN1 "_PUQ almost_AV0 upon_PRP our_DPS arrival_NN1 ,_PUN "_PUQ she_PNP said_VVD ._SENT "_PUQ Because_CJS of_PRF shame_NN1 ,_PUN I_PNP thought_VVD ._SENT But_CJC the_AT0 explanation_NN1 was_VBD ,_PUN '_PUQ You_PNP do_VDB n't_XX0 want_VVI to_TO0 start_VVI another_DT0 ._SENT '_PUQ "_PUQ 
Of_PRF course_NN1 ,_PUN some_DT0 white_AJ0 people_NN0 were_VBD ashamed_AJ0 of_PRF what_DTQ had_VHD happened_VVN ,_PUN while_CJS Black_AJ0 survivors_NN2 were_VBD silent_AJ0 from_PRP fear_NN1 ,_PUN and_CJC likely_AV0 not_XX0 eager_AJ0 to_TO0 speak_VVI of_PRF such_DT0 a_AT0 sad_AJ0 moment_NN1 in_PRP their_DPS history_NN1 ._SENT Perhaps_AV0 some_DT0 of_PRF them_PNP —_PUN close_AJ0 descendants_NN2 of_PRF enslaved_AJ0 people_NN0 ,_PUN and_CJC some_DT0 maybe_AV0 even_AV0 formerly_AV0 enslaved_VVN themselves_PNX —_PUN did_VDD n't_XX0 want_VVI to_TO0 burden_VVI their_DPS children_NN2 with_PRP such_DT0 a_AT0 harrowing_AJ0 tale_NN1 about_PRP what_DTQ had_VHD happened_VVN in_PRP their_DPS own_DT0 town_NN1 ,_PUN and_CJC not_XX0 that_DT0 long_AV0 ago_AV0 ._SENT 
It_PNP 's_VBZ not_XX0 that_CJT the_AT0 massacre_NN1 was_VBD n't_XX0 discussed_VVN at_PRP all_DT0 ;_PUN it_PNP was_VBD ,_PUN privately_AV0 ._SENT But_CJC it_PNP had_VHD been_VBN made_VVN clear_AJ0 that_CJT public_AJ0 discussion_NN1 was_VBD taboo_AJ0 ,_PUN and_CJC most_DT0 of_PRF the_AT0 city_NN1 's_POS white_AJ0 residents_NN2 ,_PUN in_PRP particular_AJ0 ,_PUN adhered_VVN to_PRP this_DT0 collective_AJ0 oath_NN1 of_PRF silence_NN1 ._SENT Educational_AJ0 institutions_NN2 in_PRP particular_AJ0 did_VDD n't_XX0 seem_VVI to_TO0 want_VVI their_DPS faculty_NN1 to_TO0 speak_VVI out_AVP about_PRP the_AT0 massacre_NN1 ,_PUN even_AV0 as_CJS trying_VVG to_TO0 hide_VVI what_DTQ had_VHD occurred_VVN was_VBD denying_VVG their_DPS students_NN2 the_AT0 Tulsa_NP0 history_NN1 and_CJC education_NN1 they_PNP were_VBD paying_VVG for_PRP ,_PUN and_CJC deserved_VVD ._SENT 
Still_AV0 ,_PUN while_CJS University_NN1 of_PRF Tulsa_NP0 leaders_NN2 may_VM0 not_XX0 have_VHI wanted_VVN instructors_NN2 like_PRP Nancy_NP0 Feldman_NP0 to_TO0 speak_VVI about_PRP the_AT0 massacre_NN1 ,_PUN that_DT0 did_VDD n't_XX0 stop_VVI one_PNI of_PRF their_DPS students_NN2 from_PRP writing_VVG his_DPS graduate_NN1 thesis_NN1 on_PRP the_AT0 topic_NN1 in_PRP 1946._CRD Loren_NP0 L_NP0 ._SENT Gill_NP0 ,_PUN a_AT0 white_AJ0 veteran_NN1 of_PRF World_NN1 War_NN1 II_CRD ,_PUN was_VBD fascinated_VVN by_PRP the_AT0 massacre_NN1 and_CJC began_VVD conducting_VVG extensive_AJ0 research_NN1 and_CJC interviews_NN2 with_PRP locals_NN2 ,_PUN city_NN1 officials_NN2 ,_PUN and_CJC survivors_NN2 ._SENT Although_CJS his_DPS paper_NN1 is_VBZ considered_VVN by_PRP historians_NN2 to_TO0 be_VBI somewhat_AV0 reductive_AJ0 and_CJC inaccurate_AJ0 in_PRP its_DPS conclusions_NN2 ,_PUN Gill_NP0 's_POS efforts_NN2 to_TO0 record_VVI the_AT0 truth_NN1 of_PRF what_DTQ happened_VVD in_PRP 1921_CRD have_VHB been_VBN commended_VVN ._SENT 
Despite_PRP the_AT0 primarily_AV0 white_AJ0 teachers_NN2 and_CJC institutions_NN2 who_PNQ sought_VVD to_TO0 hide_VVI what_DTQ had_VHD happened_VVN ,_PUN there_EX0 are_VBB Black_AJ0 educators_NN2 who_PNQ tried_VVD their_DPS best_AJS to_TO0 pass_VVI down_AVP the_AT0 story_NN1 of_PRF Black_NP0 Wall_NP0 Street_NP0 and_CJC its_DPS demise_NN1 ._SENT Some_DT0 teachers_NN2 at_PRP Booker_NP0 T_NP0 ._SENT Washington_NP0 High_NP0 School_NN1 ensured_VVD their_DPS students_NN2 knew_VVD the_AT0 history_NN1 of_PRF Greenwood_NP0 in_PRP the_AT0 years_NN2 following_VVG ._SENT 
But_CJC other_AJ0 than_CJS these_DT0 few_DT0 instances_NN2 ,_PUN the_AT0 massacre_NN1 largely_AV0 remained_VVD lost_VVN to_PRP history_NN1 ._SENT 
Eventually_AV0 ,_PUN however_AV0 ,_PUN things_NN2 started_VVD to_TO0 change_VVI ._SENT 
A_AT0 few_DT0 months_NN2 before_PRP the_AT0 fiftieth_ORD anniversary_NN1 of_PRF the_AT0 massacre_NN1 ,_PUN the_AT0 head_NN1 of_PRF the_AT0 Tulsa_NP0 chamber_NN1 of_PRF commerce_NN1 magazine_NN1 decided_VVD to_TO0 cover_VVI the_AT0 event_NN1 ._SENT Ed_NP0 Wheeler_NP0 ,_PUN a_AT0 white_AJ0 man_NN1 who_PNQ hosted_VVD a_AT0 history_NN1 show_NN1 on_PRP a_AT0 local_AJ0 radio_NN1 station_NN1 ,_PUN was_VBD hired_VVN to_TO0 write_VVI the_AT0 article_NN1 and_CJC began_VVD interviewing_VVG survivors_NN2 and_CJC digging_VVG through_PRP local_AJ0 records_NN2 ._SENT Not_XX0 long_AV0 after_CJS he_PNP started_VVD his_DPS research_NN1 ,_PUN other_AJ0 white_AJ0 people_NN0 began_VVD trying_VVG to_TO0 intimidate_VVI him_PNP ;_PUN he_PNP received_VVD menacing_AJ0 phone_NN1 calls_NN2 ,_PUN and_CJC groups_NN2 of_PRF men_NN2 twice_AV0 approached_VVD him_PNP in_PRP person_NN1 ,_PUN plainly_AV0 saying_VVG ,_PUN "_PUQ Do_VDB n't_XX0 write_VVI that_DT0 story_NN1 ._SENT "_PUQ Wheeler_NP0 did_VDD n't_XX0 give_VVI in_AVP to_PRP their_DPS threats_NN2 ,_PUN however_AV0 ,_PUN and_CJC finished_VVD the_AT0 article_NN1 —_PUN only_AV0 for_PRP upper_AJ0 management_NN1 at_PRP the_AT0 chamber_NN1 of_PRF commerce_NN1 to_TO0 block_VVI its_DPS publication_NN1 ,_PUN a_AT0 decision_NN1 that_CJT was_VBD backed_VVN up_AVP by_PRP the_AT0 chamber_NN1 's_POS board_NN1 of_PRF directors_NN2 ._SENT 
Like_PRP graduate_NN1 student_NN1 Gill_NP0 ,_PUN Wheeler_NP0 was_VBD determined_VVN to_TO0 report_VVI the_AT0 truth_NN1 about_PRP what_DTQ had_VHD happened_VVN in_PRP 1921_CRD ,_PUN and_CJC after_PRP the_AT0 story_NN1 was_VBD also_AV0 rejected_VVN by_PRP Tulsa_NP0 's_POS two_CRD major_AJ0 newspapers_NN2 ,_PUN he_PNP ended_VVD up_AVP finding_VVG a_AT0 home_NN1 for_PRP it_PNP in_PRP a_AT0 new_AJ0 Black_AJ0 publication_NN1 called_VVN Impact_NN1 Magazine_NN1 ._SENT 
There_EX0 were_VBD also_AV0 photographs_NN2 taken_VVN of_PRF the_AT0 massacre_NN1 ,_PUN many_DT0 of_PRF which_DTQ were_VBD preserved_VVN and_CJC housed_VVN in_PRP a_AT0 collection_NN1 at_PRP the_AT0 Tulsa_NP0 Historical_AJ0 Society_NN1 ._SENT For_PRP this_DT0 ,_PUN we_PNP must_VM0 thank_VVI Mozella_NP0 Franklin_NP0 Jones_NP0 ,_PUN daughter_NN1 of_PRF B_ZZ0 ._SENT C_ZZ0 ._SENT Franklin_NP0 ,_PUN the_AT0 well-known_AJ0 Black_AJ0 attorney_NN1 in_PRP Tulsa_NP0 who_PNQ had_VHD survived_VVN the_AT0 massacre_NN1 and_CJC represented_VVD other_AJ0 survivors_NN2 and_CJC whose_DTQ work_NN1 also_AV0 helped_VVN overturn_VVI the_AT0 building_NN1 codes_NN2 that_CJT were_VBD implemented_VVN to_TO0 prevent_VVI residents_NN2 from_PRP rebuilding_VVG Greenwood_NP0 ._SENT 
Buck_NP0 Colbert_NP0 "_PUQ B.C._NP0 "_PUQ Franklin_NP0 
Also_AV0 in_PRP 1971_CRD ,_PUN Black_AJ0 survivors_NN2 came_VVD together_AV0 to_TO0 remember_VVI the_AT0 event_NN1 with_PRP a_AT0 special_AJ0 program_NN1 at_PRP Mount_NP0 Zion_NP0 Baptist_AJ0 Church_NN1 ,_PUN whose_DTQ original_AJ0 building_NN1 had_VHD been_VBN torched_VVN during_PRP the_AT0 massacre_NN1 only_AV0 a_AT0 few_DT0 weeks_NN2 after_CJS it_PNP was_VBD dedicated_VVN ._SENT The_AT0 fiftieth_ORD anniversary_NN1 program_NN1 was_VBD headed_VVN by_PRP W_NP0 ._SENT D_ZZ0 ._SENT Williams_NP0 ,_PUN known_VVN as_PRP Bill_NP0 when_CJS he_PNP was_VBD a_AT0 teenager_NN1 —_PUN the_AT0 son_NN1 of_PRF John_NP0 and_CJC Loula_NP0 ,_PUN who_PNQ had_VHD owned_VVN several_DT0 businesses_NN2 in_PRP Greenwood_NP0 ,_PUN including_PRP the_AT0 iconic_AJ0 Dreamland_NN1 Theatre_NN1 ._SENT The_AT0 Williams_NP0 family_NN1 had_VHD survived_VVN ,_PUN but_CJC their_DPS businesses_NN2 ,_PUN including_PRP the_AT0 auto_NN1 shop_NN1 and_CJC confectionery_NN1 ,_PUN were_VBD destroyed_VVN in_PRP the_AT0 massacre_NN1 ._SENT Williams_NP0 was_VBD one_CRD of_PRF the_AT0 teachers_NN2 at_PRP Booker_NP0 T_NP0 ._SENT Washington_NP0 High_AJ0 School_NN1 ,_PUN his_DPS alma_NN1 mater_NN1 ,_PUN who_PNQ had_VHD worked_VVN to_TO0 keep_VVI the_AT0 massacre_NN1 's_POS memory_NN1 alive_AJ0 ._SENT Some_DT0 white_AJ0 people_NN0 also_AV0 attended_VVD the_AT0 program_NN1 at_PRP Mount_NP0 Zion_NP0 ._SENT It_PNP was_VBD the_AT0 first_ORD time_NN1 Tulsans_NP0 had_VHD publicly_AV0 recognized_VVN the_AT0 massacre_NN1 in_PRP decades_NN2 ._SENT 
The_AT0 1970s_CRD were_VBD a_AT0 time_NN1 of_PRF change_NN1 ._SENT It_PNP was_VBD the_AT0 first_ORD decade_NN1 after_PRP the_AT0 passage_NN1 of_PRF the_AT0 landmark_NN1 Civil_AJ0 Rights_NN2 Act_NN1 of_PRF 1964_CRD and_CJC the_AT0 Fair_AJ0 Housing_NN1 Act_NN1 of_PRF 1968_CRD ,_PUN which_DTQ promised_VVD Black_AJ0 people_NN0 all_DT0 over_PRP the_AT0 country_NN1 equal_AJ0 treatment_NN1 by_PRP law_NN1 ._SENT Black_AJ0 culture_NN1 began_VVD to_TO0 gain_VVI popularity_NN1 around_PRP the_AT0 United_NP0 States_NP0 ,_PUN in_PRP the_AT0 form_NN1 of_PRF literature_NN1 ,_PUN television_NN1 ,_PUN and_CJC ,_PUN significantly_AV0 ,_PUN in_PRP education_NN1 ,_PUN as_CJS the_AT0 first_ORD programs_NN2 and_CJC departments_NN2 focused_VVN on_PRP Black_AJ0 studies_NN2 had_VHD recently_AV0 been_VBN established_VVN at_PRP select_AJ0 institutions_NN2 (_PUL though_CJS many_DT0 of_PRF these_DT0 programs_NN2 were_VBD often_AV0 underfunded_AJ0 )_PUR ._SENT And_CJC as_CJS education_NN1 transformed_VVD ,_PUN people_NN0 began_VVD to_TO0 talk_VVI and_CJC teach_VVI more_AV0 about_PRP what_DTQ had_VHD happened_VVN in_PRP Tulsa_NP0 fifty_CRD years_NN2 ago_AV0 ._SENT Books_NN2 about_PRP Oklahoma_NP0 began_VVD to_TO0 include_VVI accounts_NN2 of_PRF it_PNP ,_PUN too_AV0 ._SENT In_PRP 1975_CRD ,_PUN historian_NN1 Rudia_NP0 M_NP0 ._SENT Halliburton_NP0 Jr._NP0 published_VVD The_AT0 Tulsa_NP0 Race_NN1 War_NN1 of_PRF 1921_CRD ,_PUN the_AT0 first_ORD book_NN1 about_PRP the_AT0 massacre_NN1 since_PRP Mary_NP0 Elizabeth_NP0 Jones_NP0 Parrish_NP0 's_POS 1922_CRD account_NN1 ._SENT 
As_CJS remarkable_AJ0 —_PUN and_CJC long_AV0 overdue_AJ0 —_PUN as_CJS these_DT0 efforts_NN2 were_VBD ,_PUN they_PNP did_VDD not_XX0 overcome_VVI the_AT0 forces_NN2 of_PRF white_AJ0 supremacy_NN1 that_CJT kept_VVD the_AT0 stories_NN2 of_PRF Greenwood_NP0 hidden_AJ0 ,_PUN nor_CJC did_VDD they_PNP bring_VVI them_PNP to_TO0 light_VVI on_PRP a_AT0 national_AJ0 scale_NN1 ._SENT But_CJC they_PNP gave_VVD Tulsans_NP0 and_CJC future_AJ0 historians_NN2 a_AT0 way_NN1 to_PRP piece_NN1 things_NN2 together_AV0 ,_PUN little_DT0 by_PRP little_DT0 ,_PUN even_AV0 decades_NN2 later_AV0 ._SENT 
While_CJS everyone_PNI was_VBD trying_VVG to_TO0 decide_VVI how_AVQ and_CJC when_AVQ to_TO0 talk_VVI about_PRP the_AT0 massacre_NN1 ,_PUN what_DTQ happened_VVD to_PRP Greenwood_NP0 itself_PNX ?_SENT 
Only_AV0 a_AT0 few_DT0 buildings_NN2 in_PRP the_AT0 thirty-plus_AJ0 blocks_NN2 that_CJT were_VBD destroyed_VVN survived_VVD the_AT0 massacre_NN1 ,_PUN including_PRP Booker_NP0 T_NP0 ._SENT Washington_NP0 High_AJ0 School_NN1 and_CJC Vernon_NP0 African_AJ0 Methodist_AJ0 Episcopal_AJ0 Church_NN1 ._SENT The_AT0 high_AJ0 school_NN1 desegregated_AJ0 in_PRP 1973_CRD and_CJC began_VVD busing_VVG in_PRP white_AJ0 students_NN2 to_TO0 learn_VVI alongside_PRP local_AJ0 Black_AJ0 students_NN2 ._SENT Now_AV0 known_VVN as_PRP a_AT0 magnet_NN1 school_NN1 ,_PUN Booker_NP0 T_NP0 ._SENT Washington_NP0 has_VHZ changed_VVN locations_NN2 twice_AV0 since_CJS 1921_CRD ,_PUN but_CJC the_AT0 facade_NN1 of_PRF the_AT0 original_AJ0 building_NN1 was_VBD transported_VVN and_CJC used_VVN in_PRP construction_NN1 of_PRF the_AT0 current_AJ0 building_NN1 on_PRP East_NP0 Zion_NP0 Street_NP0 "_PUQ for_PRP its_DPS historical_AJ0 significance_NN1 ._SENT "_PUQ Vernon_NP0 A.M.E._NP0 Church_NN1 ,_PUN whose_DTQ basement_NN1 remained_VVD intact_AJ0 after_PRP the_AT0 massacre_NN1 ,_PUN was_VBD later_AV0 added_VVN to_PRP the_AT0 National_AJ0 Register_NN1 for_PRP Historic_AJ0 Places_NN2 in_PRP 2018._CRD 
The_AT0 Oklahoma_NP0 Eagle_NN1 Opens_VVZ Up_AVP Shop_NN1 
In_PRP June_NP0 1920_CRD ,_PUN Black_NP0 journalist_NN1 Theodore_NP0 Baughman_NP0 ,_PUN the_AT0 managing_AJ0 editor_NN1 of_PRF A_ZZ0 ._SENT J_NP0 ._SENT Smitherman_NP0 's_POS Tulsa_NP0 Star_NN1 ,_PUN left_VVD his_DPS job_NN1 and_CJC founded_VVD a_AT0 competing_AJ0 newspaper_NN1 ,_PUN the_AT0 Oklahoma_NP0 Sun_NN1 ._SENT However_AV0 ,_PUN just_AV0 a_AT0 year_NN1 later_AV0 ,_PUN the_AT0 Tulsa_NP0 Race_NN1 Massacre_NN1 destroyed_VVN businesses_NN2 in_PRP the_AT0 Greenwood_NP0 District_NN1 ,_PUN including_PRP the_AT0 offices_NN2 of_PRF both_DT0 the_AT0 Sun_NN1 and_CJC the_AT0 Star_NN1 ._SENT Smitherman_NP0 sold_VVD what_DTQ could_VM0 be_VBI salvaged_VVN of_PRF his_DPS equipment_NN1 to_PRP Baughman_NP0 and_CJC left_AJ0 town_NN1 ,_PUN making_VVG Baughman_NP0 's_POS publication_NN1 the_AT0 only_AV0 Black_AJ0 newspaper_NN1 in_PRP the_AT0 city_NN1 ._SENT Baughman_NP0 reportedly_AV0 put_VVD out_AVP a_AT0 trimmed-down_AJ0 daily_AJ0 paper_NN1 after_PRP the_AT0 massacre_NN1 ,_PUN printing_VVG the_AT0 names_NN2 of_PRF people_NN0 looking_VVG for_PRP family_NN1 and_CJC friends_NN2 ._SENT 
