Chapter_NN1 6_CRD 
THE_AT0 DEVELOPMENT_NN1 OF_PRF THE_AT0 AMERICAN_AJ0 ENLIGHTENMENT_NN1 
Now_AV0 let_VVB us_PNP turn_VVI to_PRP the_AT0 other_AJ0 side_NN1 of_PRF the_AT0 Atlantic_NP0 ._SENT As_CJS stated_VVN previously_AV0 ,_PUN the_AT0 French_AJ0 and_CJC American_AJ0 Revolutions_NN2 were_VBD both_DT0 part_NN1 of_PRF a_AT0 titanic_AJ0 wave_NN1 of_PRF change_NN1 that_CJT played_VVD out_AVP on_PRP two_CRD different_AJ0 continents_NN2 ._SENT An_AT0 in-depth_AJ0 examination_NN1 of_PRF the_AT0 views_NN2 of_PRF our_DPS Founders_NN2 will_VM0 reveal_VVI that_CJT ,_PUN as_CJS in_PRP France_NP0 ,_PUN the_AT0 American_AJ0 Revolution_NN1 was_VBD composed_VVN of_PRF two_CRD quite_AV0 divergent_AJ0 schools_NN2 of_PRF thought_NN1 that_CJT at_PRP times_NN2 came_VVD to_PRP consensus_NN1 but_CJC more_AV0 frequently_AV0 exhibited_VVN sharp_AJ0 irreconcilable_AJ0 differences_NN2 ._SENT Moreover_AV0 ,_PUN the_AT0 same_DT0 Moderate_AJ0 –_PUN Radical_AJ0 Enlightenment_NN1 categorization_NN1 becomes_VVZ apparent_AJ0 when_CJS exploring_VVG the_AT0 major_AJ0 distinctions_NN2 in_PRP thought_NN1 among_PRP our_DPS Founders_NN2 and_CJC thereby_AV0 serves_VVZ as_PRP a_AT0 useful_AJ0 framework_NN1 to_TO0 better_AV0 understand_VVI the_AT0 divergent_AJ0 impulses_NN2 of_PRF the_AT0 American_AJ0 Revolutionary_AJ0 Era_NN1 ._SENT Thus_AV0 ,_PUN both_AV0 the_AT0 French_AJ0 and_CJC American_AJ0 Revolutions_NN2 were_VBD essentially_AV0 battlefields_NN2 "_PUQ between_PRP rival_AJ0 democratic_AJ0 and_CJC aristocratic_AJ0 variants_NN2 of_PRF a_AT0 single_AJ0 Atlantic_NP0 revolution_NN1 ._SENT "_PUQ 
The_AT0 names_NN2 discussed_VVN in_PRP the_AT0 following_AJ0 will_VM0 be_VBI very_AV0 familiar_AJ0 to_PRP the_AT0 reader_NN1 ;_PUN we_PNP all_AV0 learned_VVD about_PRP these_DT0 historical_AJ0 figures_NN2 as_CJS early_AJ0 as_CJS first_ORD or_CJC second_ORD grade_NN1 ._SENT We_PNP most_AV0 likely_AV0 continued_VVN to_TO0 read_VVI or_CJC hear_VVI about_PRP them_PNP throughout_PRP the_AT0 formative_AJ0 years_NN2 of_PRF our_DPS education_NN1 and_CJC perhaps_AV0 even_AV0 well_AV0 into_PRP our_DPS adult_NN1 lives_NN2 ._SENT Yet_AV0 I_PNP hope_VVB that_CJT exploring_VVG these_DT0 familiar_AJ0 figures_NN2 through_PRP the_AT0 novel_AJ0 lens_NN1 of_PRF the_AT0 two_CRD opposing_AJ0 poles_NN2 of_PRF Enlightenment_NN1 thinking_NN1 will_VM0 provide_VVI an_AT0 illuminating_AJ0 ,_PUN clarifying_VVG ,_PUN and_CJC perhaps_AV0 even_AV0 surprising_AJ0 perspective_NN1 ._SENT 
One_CRD of_PRF the_AT0 fascinating_AJ0 aspects_NN2 of_PRF the_AT0 American_AJ0 Revolution_NN1 is_VBZ how_AVQ the_AT0 revolutionary_AJ0 undercurrent_NN1 oscillated_VVD back_AVP and_CJC forth_AV0 from_PRP Moderate_AJ0 to_PRP Radical_AJ0 and_CJC back_AVP to_PRP Moderate_AJ0 again_AV0 ,_PUN like_PRP a_AT0 pendulum_NN1 ._SENT In_PRP fact_NN1 ,_PUN the_AT0 tidal_AJ0 shifts_NN2 around_PRP our_DPS nation_NN1 's_POS birth_NN1 provide_VVB an_AT0 exemplary_AJ0 microcosm_NN1 of_PRF the_AT0 overall_AJ0 theme_NN1 of_PRF this_DT0 book_NN1 ._SENT As_CJS we_PNP will_VM0 explore_VVI ,_PUN the_AT0 fifteen-year_AJ0 period_NN1 between_PRP 1775_CRD and_CJC 1790_CRD provides_VVZ a_AT0 fascinating_AJ0 contextual_AJ0 backdrop_NN1 against_PRP which_DTQ the_AT0 tensions_NN2 ,_PUN impulses_NN2 ,_PUN and_CJC motivations_NN2 underlying_VVG the_AT0 two_CRD competing_AJ0 visions_NN2 for_PRP the_AT0 country_NN1 are_VBB richly_AV0 illustrated_VVN ._SENT 
In_PRP the_AT0 years_NN2 leading_VVG up_AVP to_PRP the_AT0 revolutionary_AJ0 conflict_NN1 ,_PUN despite_PRP an_AT0 outpouring_NN1 of_PRF protest_NN1 ,_PUN most_DT0 colonists_NN2 expected_VVD that_CJT their_DPS grievances_NN2 against_PRP the_AT0 Crown_NN1 would_VM0 ultimately_AV0 be_VBI addressed_VVN without_PRP needing_VVG to_TO0 resort_VVI to_PRP a_AT0 complete_AJ0 break_NN1 from_PRP England_NP0 ._SENT Some_DT0 of_PRF these_DT0 protests_NN2 ,_PUN mostly_AV0 boycotts_NN2 ,_PUN did_VDD grow_VVI increasingly_AV0 boisterous_AJ0 in_PRP response_NN1 to_PRP newly_AV0 imposed_VVN British_AJ0 burdens_NN2 like_PRP the_AT0 Stamp_NN1 Act_NN1 (_PUL 1765_CRD )_PUR ,_PUN which_DTQ required_VVD colonists_NN2 to_TO0 place_VVI government-issued_AJ0 stamps_NN2 on_PRP all_DT0 printed_AJ0 matter_NN1 as_PRP a_AT0 mechanism_NN1 to_TO0 levy_VVI duties_NN2 for_PRP the_AT0 Crown_NN1 ._SENT 
As_CJS described_VVN in_PRP Bernard_NP0 Bailyn_NP0 's_POS now_AV0 classic_AJ0 analysis_NN1 of_PRF the_AT0 American_AJ0 Revolution_NN1 ,_PUN The_AT0 Ideological_AJ0 Origins_NN2 of_PRF the_AT0 American_AJ0 Revolution_NN1 (_PUL 1967_CRD )_PUR ,_PUN the_AT0 colonists_NN2 developed_VVD a_AT0 "_PUQ logic_NN1 of_PRF rebellion_NN1 "_PUQ not_XX0 immediately_AV0 ,_PUN but_CJC gradually_AV0 ._SENT As_CJS the_AT0 effects_NN2 of_PRF British_AJ0 actions_NN2 accumulated_VVN (_PUL such_DT0 as_PRP Parliament_NN1 's_POS vengeful_AJ0 enactment_NN1 of_PRF the_AT0 coercive_AJ0 actions_NN2 of_PRF 1774_CRD )_PUR and_CJC progressively_AV0 demonstrated_VVN to_PRP the_AT0 colonists_NN2 the_AT0 reality_NN1 of_PRF what_DTQ was_VBD becoming_VVG a_AT0 methodical_AJ0 assault_NN1 on_PRP their_DPS liberties_NN2 ,_PUN support_NN1 for_PRP rebellion_NN1 grew_VVD ._SENT The_AT0 revolutionary_AJ0 leaders_NN2 increasingly_AV0 began_VVD to_TO0 suspect_VVI that_CJT a_AT0 deliberate_AJ0 conspiracy_NN1 was_VBD at_PRP play_NN1 to_TO0 eliminate_VVI colonial_AJ0 freedom_NN1 and_CJC force_VVB the_AT0 colonists_NN2 '_POS submission_NN1 to_PRP the_AT0 Crown_NN1 's_POS tyranny_NN1 ,_PUN in_PRP effect_NN1 "_PUQ enslaving_VVG the_AT0 colonies_NN2 ,_PUN or_CJC bringing_VVG them_PNP under_PRP arbitrary_AJ0 government_NN1 ._SENT "_PUQ 
Nevertheless_AV0 ,_PUN many_DT0 loyalists_NN2 proceeded_VVN with_PRP plans_NN2 for_PRP reconciliation_NN1 with_PRP the_AT0 Crown_NN1 ._SENT Radicals_NN2 like_PRP Benjamin_NP0 Franklin_NP0 were_VBD among_PRP the_AT0 first_ORD to_TO0 propose_VVI independence_NN1 in_PRP opposition_NN1 to_PRP their_DPS loyalist_AJ0 colleagues_NN2 ._SENT Franklin_NP0 wrote_VVD in_PRP 1775_CRD :_PUN 
When_CJS I_PNP consider_VVB the_AT0 extreme_AJ0 corruption_NN1 prevalent_AJ0 among_PRP all_DT0 orders_NN2 of_PRF men_NN2 in_PRP this_DT0 old_AJ0 rotten_AJ0 state_NN1 [_PUL Britain_NP0 ]_PUR ,_PUN and_CJC the_AT0 glorious_AJ0 public_AJ0 virtue_NN1 so_AV0 predominant_AJ0 in_PRP our_DPS rising_AJ0 country_NN1 ,_PUN I_PNP cannot_VVB but_CJC apprehend_VVB more_DT0 mischief_NN1 than_CJS benefit_NN1 from_PRP a_AT0 closer_AJC union_NN1 ._SENT I_PNP fear_VVB they_PNP will_VM0 drag_VVI us_PNP after_PRP them_PNP in_PRP all_DT0 the_AT0 plundering_AJ0 wars_NN2 which_DTQ their_DPS desperate_AJ0 circumstances_NN2 ,_PUN injustice_NN1 ,_PUN and_CJC rapacity_NN1 may_VM0 prompt_VVI them_PNP to_TO0 undertake_VVI ._SENT ._SENT ._SENT I_PNP apprehend_VVB ,_PUN therefore_AV0 ,_PUN that_DT0 to_TO0 unite_VVI us_PNP intimately_AV0 will_VM0 only_AV0 be_VBI to_PRP corrupt_AJ0 and_CJC poison_VVB us_PNP also_AV0 ._SENT 
Of_PRF course_NN1 ,_PUN from_PRP the_AT0 British_AJ0 perspective_NN1 ,_PUN the_AT0 situation_NN1 looked_VVD utterly_AV0 different_AJ0 ._SENT As_CJS the_AT0 world_NN1 's_POS leading_AJ0 hegemonic_AJ0 empire_NN1 solidified_VVD its_DPS power_NN1 ,_PUN Britain_NP0 's_POS costs_NN2 of_PRF administering_VVG and_CJC securing_VVG her_DPS spreading_AJ0 domain_NN1 increased_VVD markedly_AV0 ._SENT England_NP0 's_POS financial_AJ0 problems_NN2 were_VBD particularly_AV0 acute_AJ0 in_PRP the_AT0 aftermath_NN1 of_PRF the_AT0 Seven_CRD Years_NN2 '_POS War_NN1 ,_PUN a_AT0 global_AJ0 conflict_NN1 between_PRP the_AT0 British_AJ0 and_CJC French_AJ0 Empires_NN2 that_CJT played_VVD out_AVP across_PRP many_DT0 territories_NN2 ._SENT Although_CJS Britain_NP0 skirmished_VVD with_PRP the_AT0 French_NN1 on_PRP many_DT0 continents_NN2 and_CJC eventually_AV0 emerged_VVN as_PRP the_AT0 leading_AJ0 colonial_AJ0 power_NN1 ,_PUN the_AT0 massive_AJ0 accumulation_NN1 of_PRF wartime_NN1 debts_NN2 represented_VVD an_AT0 immense_AJ0 burden_NN1 for_PRP the_AT0 Crown_NN1 ._SENT Consequently_AV0 ,_PUN the_AT0 only_AV0 viable_AJ0 solution_NN1 for_PRP Britain_NP0 was_VBD to_TO0 extract_VVI greater_AJC financial_AJ0 returns_NN2 from_PRP her_DPS overseas_AJ0 assets_NN2 through_PRP the_AT0 imposition_NN1 of_PRF taxes_NN2 and_CJC duties_NN2 ._SENT 
As_CJS the_AT0 appeal_NN1 of_PRF revolt_NN1 amplified_VVN among_PRP the_AT0 colonists_NN2 ,_PUN the_AT0 revolutionary_AJ0 leaders_NN2 were_VBD put_VVN in_PRP a_AT0 delicate_AJ0 situation_NN1 because_CJS they_PNP faced_VVD homegrown_AJ0 peacekeeping_AJ0 challenges_NN2 in_PRP addition_NN1 to_PRP dealing_VVG with_PRP British_AJ0 tyranny_NN1 ._SENT True_AJ0 ,_PUN the_AT0 revolutionary_AJ0 leaders_NN2 '_POS primary_AJ0 focus_NN1 was_VBD developing_VVG and_CJC coordinating_VVG an_AT0 effective_AJ0 response_NN1 to_PRP the_AT0 Crown_NN1 's_POS aggressions_NN2 ;_PUN however_AV0 ,_PUN at_PRP the_AT0 same_DT0 time_NN1 ,_PUN colonial_AJ0 leaders_NN2 had_VHD to_TO0 maintain_VVI civic_AJ0 law_NN1 and_CJC order_NN1 within_PRP their_DPS own_DT0 territories_NN2 while_CJS sustaining_VVG their_DPS individual_AJ0 influential_AJ0 and_CJC powerful_AJ0 leadership_NN1 positions_NN2 ._SENT 
The_AT0 need_NN1 to_TO0 balance_VVI these_DT0 two_CRD loci_NN2 of_PRF activity_NN1 became_VVD particularly_AV0 grave_AJ0 after_PRP the_AT0 Stamp_NN1 Act_NN1 ,_PUN which_DTQ had_VHD a_AT0 broader_AJC and_CJC deeper_AJC reach_NN1 than_CJS previous_AJ0 duties_NN2 and_CJC consequently_AV0 provoked_VVD the_AT0 most_AV0 furious_AJ0 reaction_NN1 yet_AV0 seen_VVN ._SENT The_AT0 colonial_AJ0 leaders_NN2 were_VBD also_AV0 irate_AJ0 at_PRP this_DT0 hefty_AJ0 Crown_NN1 imposition_NN1 ,_PUN but_CJC at_PRP the_AT0 same_DT0 time_NN1 ,_PUN they_PNP had_VHD to_TO0 rein_VVI in_PRP the_AT0 public_AJ0 response_NN1 and_CJC keep_VVB it_PNP from_PRP turning_VVG into_PRP anarchy_NN1 ._SENT In_PRP Massachusetts_NP0 ,_PUN "_PUQ subversive_AJ0 local_AJ0 cliques_NN2 ._SENT ._SENT ._SENT like_PRP the_AT0 Sons_NN2 of_PRF Liberty_NN1 ,_PUN [_PUL started_VVN ]_PUR pillaging_VVG and_CJC wrecking_VVG "_PUQ property_NN1 ._SENT These_DT0 violent_AJ0 actions_NN2 concerned_VVD Massachusetts_NP0 '_POS ruling_AJ0 elite_NN1 ,_PUN like_PRP brewer_NN1 Sam_NP0 Adams_NP0 ,_PUN his_DPS cousin_NN1 John_NP0 Adams_NP0 ,_PUN and_CJC John_NP0 Hancock_NP0 ,_PUN a_AT0 leading_AJ0 merchant_NN1 and_CJC patriot_NN1 ._SENT 
Paradoxically_AV0 ,_PUN in_PRP many_DT0 ways_NN2 the_AT0 political_AJ0 structure_NN1 of_PRF the_AT0 Thirteen_CRD Colonies_NN2 closely_AV0 resembled_VVD the_AT0 aristocratic_AJ0 model_NN1 in_PRP place_NN1 in_PRP England_NP0 ._SENT Long-standing_AJ0 colonial_AJ0 governments_NN2 were_VBD controlled_VVN by_PRP powerful_AJ0 families_NN2 that_CJT had_VHD been_VBN ruling_AJ0 for_PRP decades_NN2 ._SENT In_PRP the_AT0 Virginia_NP0 Assembly_NN1 ,_PUN for_PRP example_NN1 ,_PUN since_CJS the_AT0 establishment_NN1 of_PRF the_AT0 colony_NN1 ,_PUN Benjamin_NP0 Harrison_NP0 I_CRD ,_PUN Benjamin_NP0 Harrison_NP0 II_CRD ,_PUN and_CJC Benjamin_NP0 Harrison_NP0 III_CRD ,_PUN IV_CRD ,_PUN and_CJC V_NP0 had_VHD all_AV0 served_VVN in_PRP governing_AJ0 positions_NN2 ._SENT "_PUQ These_DT0 were_VBD men_NN2 with_PRP a_AT0 century_NN1 of_PRF governing_VVG behind_PRP them_PNP ._SENT America_NP0 was_VBD already_AV0 old_AJ0 before_CJS she_PNP got_VVD a_AT0 chance_NN1 to_TO0 be_VBI '_PUQ born_VVN '_PUQ from_PRP an_AT0 idea_NN1 ._SENT "_PUQ 
One_CRD of_PRF the_AT0 resulting_AJ0 ironies_NN2 of_PRF this_DT0 established_AJ0 family-controlled_AJ0 rule_NN1 is_VBZ that_CJT the_AT0 same_DT0 colonial_AJ0 leaders_NN2 who_PNQ began_VVD to_TO0 coalesce_VVI around_AVP their_DPS grievances_NN2 against_PRP "_PUQ tyrannical_AJ0 treatment_NN1 "_PUQ from_PRP the_AT0 Crown_NN1 were_VBD hardly_AV0 egalitarian_AJ0 in_PRP the_AT0 administration_NN1 of_PRF their_DPS own_DT0 colonies_NN2 ._SENT As_CJS a_AT0 result_NN1 ,_PUN these_DT0 colonial_AJ0 ruling_NN1 "_PUQ aristocratic_AJ0 "_PUQ elites_NN2 had_VHD to_TO0 strike_VVI a_AT0 fine_AJ0 balance_NN1 between_PRP criticism_NN1 of_PRF authoritarian_AJ0 rule_NN1 by_PRP King_NP0 George_NP0 and_CJC the_AT0 maintenance_NN1 of_PRF law_NN1 ,_PUN order_NN1 ,_PUN and_CJC firm_AJ0 jurisdiction_NN1 in_PRP their_DPS own_DT0 backyards_NN2 ._SENT As_CJS we_PNP will_VM0 see_VVI ,_PUN this_DT0 tension_NN1 between_PRP the_AT0 elite_NN1 political_AJ0 leaders_NN2 in_PRP the_AT0 colonies_NN2 and_CJC the_AT0 common_AJ0 people_NN0 was_VBD in_PRP fact_NN1 an_AT0 antecedent_AJ0 to_PRP a_AT0 more_AV0 manifest_AJ0 and_CJC enduring_AJ0 political_AJ0 division_NN1 between_PRP the_AT0 moderate_AJ0 and_CJC radical_AJ0 revolutionary_AJ0 leaders_NN2 that_CJT would_VM0 follow_VVI ._SENT From_PRP the_AT0 perspective_NN1 of_PRF the_AT0 colonial_AJ0 leaders_NN2 ,_PUN the_AT0 need_NN1 to_TO0 balance_VVI their_DPS rebellious_AJ0 spirit_NN1 toward_PRP the_AT0 Crown_NN1 with_PRP the_AT0 more_AV0 conservative_AJ0 decorum_NN1 within_PRP their_DPS own_DT0 dominion_NN1 was_VBD quite_AV0 challenging_AJ0 ._SENT The_AT0 tension_NN1 inherent_AJ0 in_PRP this_DT0 balance_NN1 motivated_VVN many_DT0 of_PRF the_AT0 colonial_AJ0 aristocrats_NN2 to_PRP critique_NN1 with_PRP some_DT0 anxiety_NN1 the_AT0 more_AV0 populist_AJ0 ,_PUN antiaristocratic_AJ0 expressions_NN2 of_PRF the_AT0 soon-to-be_AJ0 Radicals_NN2 ._SENT 
In_PRP any_DT0 case_NN1 ,_PUN at_PRP the_AT0 start_NN1 of_PRF the_AT0 American_AJ0 Revolution_NN1 in_PRP 1774_CRD –_PUN 1775_CRD ,_PUN "_PUQ hardly_AV0 anyone_PNI intended_VVD to_TO0 replace_VVI the_AT0 highly_AV0 elitist_AJ0 political_AJ0 systems_NN2 in_PRP the_AT0 Thirteen_CRD Colonies_NN2 with_PRP more_AV0 democratic_AJ0 and_CJC representative_AJ0 legislatures_NN2 and_CJC constitutions_NN2 ._SENT "_PUQ The_AT0 objections_NN2 of_PRF the_AT0 colonists_NN2 ,_PUN as_CJS illustrated_VVN in_PRP the_AT0 writings_NN2 of_PRF John_NP0 Adams_NP0 ,_PUN were_VBD firmly_AV0 contextualized_VVN within_PRP the_AT0 existing_AJ0 British_AJ0 Parliamentary_AJ0 governing_AJ0 framework_NN1 ._SENT Ever_AV0 since_CJS England_NP0 's_POS Glorious_AJ0 Revolution_NN1 in_PRP the_AT0 late_AJ0 17th_ORD century_NN1 ,_PUN Britain_NP0 was_VBD transformed_VVN from_PRP a_AT0 near_AJ0 absolute_AJ0 monarchy_NN1 to_PRP a_AT0 more_AV0 progressive_AJ0 constitutional_AJ0 monarchy_NN1 ._SENT Accordingly_AV0 ,_PUN a_AT0 new_AJ0 British_AJ0 constitution_NN1 was_VBD adopted_VVN that_CJT established_AJ0 clear_AJ0 lines_NN2 of_PRF authority_NN1 preventing_VVG abuses_NN2 and_CJC limiting_VVG any_DT0 overreach_NN1 by_PRP the_AT0 monarch_NN1 without_PRP explicit_AJ0 approval_NN1 from_PRP the_AT0 aristocratic_AJ0 elite_NN1 (_PUL today_AV0 's_POS House_NN1 of_PRF Lords_NP0 )_PUR ._SENT 
English_AJ0 Enlightenment_NN1 thought_VVD underpinning_VVG the_AT0 new_AJ0 British_AJ0 constitution_NN1 had_VHD evolved_VVN all_AV0 through_PRP the_AT0 English_AJ0 Civil_AJ0 Wars_NN2 and_CJC Commonwealth_NN1 period_NN1 ._SENT For_PRP example_NN1 ,_PUN political_AJ0 writers_NN2 from_PRP the_AT0 early_AJ0 18th_ORD century_NN1 such_DT0 as_PRP John_NP0 Trenchard_NP0 (_PUL 1662_CRD –_PUN 1723_CRD )_PUR and_CJC Thomas_NP0 Gordon_NP0 (_PUL 1691_CRD –_PUN 1750_CRD )_PUR wrote_VVD searing_AJ0 critiques_NN2 of_PRF British_AJ0 politics_NN1 ,_PUN advocating_VVG libertarian_AJ0 ideals_NN2 ._SENT Many_DT0 of_PRF their_DPS works_NN0 had_VHD reached_VVN the_AT0 colonies_NN2 and_CJC were_VBD quite_AV0 widely_AV0 distributed_VVN ._SENT "_PUQ The_AT0 writings_NN2 of_PRF Trenchard_NP0 and_CJC Gordon_NP0 ranked_VVD with_PRP the_AT0 treatises_NN2 of_PRF Locke_NP0 as_PRP the_AT0 most_AV0 authoritative_AJ0 statement_NN1 of_PRF the_AT0 nature_NN1 of_PRF political_AJ0 liberty_NN1 ._SENT "_PUQ Many_DT0 of_PRF Trenchard_NP0 's_POS and_CJC Gordon_NP0 's_POS themes_NN2 ,_PUN such_DT0 as_PRP repudiation_NN1 of_PRF the_AT0 British_AJ0 monarch_NN1 's_POS use_NN1 of_PRF standing_VVG armies_NN2 to_TO0 intimidate_VVI the_AT0 populace_NN1 throughout_PRP the_AT0 British_AJ0 empire_NN1 ,_PUN undoubtedly_AV0 stuck_VVD a_AT0 chord_NN1 with_PRP the_AT0 colonists_NN2 as_PRP their_DPS own_DT0 conflict_NN1 with_PRP the_AT0 Crown_NN1 escalated_VVN ._SENT 
It_PNP was_VBD from_PRP this_DT0 point_NN1 of_PRF view_NN1 ,_PUN with_PRP deep_AJ0 knowledge_NN1 and_CJC appreciation_NN1 of_PRF the_AT0 multifaceted_AJ0 issues_NN2 underpinning_VVG the_AT0 development_NN1 of_PRF Britain_NP0 's_POS own_DT0 constitutional_AJ0 monarchy_NN1 ,_PUN that_CJT the_AT0 aristocratic_AJ0 leaders_NN2 of_PRF the_AT0 colonies_NN2 enumerated_VVD their_DPS grievances_NN2 in_PRP the_AT0 mid-1770s_CRD ._SENT The_AT0 major_AJ0 Enlightenment_NN1 thinkers_NN2 reviewed_VVN in_PRP the_AT0 previous_AJ0 chapters_NN2 provided_VVD the_AT0 colonial_AJ0 leaders_NN2 with_PRP philosophical_AJ0 and_CJC conceptual_AJ0 frameworks_NN2 for_PRP governing_AJ0 (_PUL along_AVP with_PRP the_AT0 classical_AJ0 Greek_AJ0 and_CJC Roman_AJ0 texts_NN2 with_PRP which_DTQ they_PNP were_VBD unarguably_AV0 familiar_AJ0 )_PUR ._SENT But_CJC also_AV0 ,_PUN the_AT0 prolific_AJ0 writings_NN2 on_PRP British_AJ0 historical_AJ0 events_NN2 in_PRP the_AT0 17th_ORD and_CJC early_AJ0 18th_ORD centuries_NN2 provided_VVD a_AT0 more_AV0 textured_AJ0 landscape_NN1 of_PRF practical_AJ0 considerations_NN2 upon_PRP which_DTQ John_NP0 Adams_NP0 and_CJC the_AT0 other_AJ0 leaders_NN2 were_VBD forced_VVN to_PRP maneuver_NN1 ._SENT The_AT0 consequence_NN1 of_PRF this_DT0 blend_NN1 of_PRF influences_NN2 was_VBD that_DT0 initial_AJ0 colonial_AJ0 complaints_NN2 were_VBD not_XX0 formulated_VVN with_PRP an_AT0 eye_NN1 toward_PRP independence_NN1 ,_PUN but_CJC instead_AV0 attempted_VVD to_TO0 redress_VVI specific_AJ0 injustices_NN2 resulting_VVG from_PRP Britain_NP0 not_XX0 abiding_AJ0 by_PRP the_AT0 spirit_NN1 of_PRF its_DPS own_DT0 mixed-government_AJ0 constitution_NN1 on_PRP the_AT0 colonial_AJ0 side_NN1 of_PRF the_AT0 Atlantic_NP0 ._SENT 
Thus_AV0 ,_PUN in_PRP the_AT0 mid-1770s_CRD ,_PUN while_CJS Adams_NP0 and_CJC many_DT0 other_AJ0 colonial_AJ0 leaders_NN2 were_VBD striving_VVG for_PRP a_AT0 higher_AJC level_NN1 of_PRF autonomy_NN1 for_PRP the_AT0 colonies_NN2 ,_PUN they_PNP were_VBD doing_VDG so_AV0 fully_AV0 under_PRP the_AT0 auspices_NN2 of_PRF this_DT0 existing_AJ0 British_AJ0 constitution_NN1 ,_PUN which_DTQ had_VHD well-defined_AJ0 provisions_NN2 for_PRP governing_VVG the_AT0 remote_AJ0 parts_NN2 of_PRF the_AT0 British_AJ0 Empire_NN1 ._SENT This_DT0 was_VBD the_AT0 colonial_AJ0 leaders_NN2 '_POS existing_AJ0 frame_NN1 of_PRF reference_NN1 ._SENT Interestingly_AV0 ,_PUN in_PRP interpreting_VVG the_AT0 writings_NN2 of_PRF John_NP0 Adams_NP0 ,_PUN many_DT0 modern_AJ0 readers_NN2 have_VHB confounded_VVN references_NN2 to_PRP "_PUQ violations_NN2 against_PRP the_AT0 Constitution_NN1 ,_PUN "_PUQ believing_VVG Adams_NP0 was_VBD referring_VVG to_PRP the_AT0 Constitution_NN1 of_PRF the_AT0 United_NP0 States_NP0 ,_PUN which_DTQ of_PRF course_NN1 had_VHD not_XX0 yet_AV0 been_VBN written_VVN ._SENT In_PRP fact_NN1 ,_PUN Adams_NP0 was_VBD referring_VVG to_PRP violations_NN2 against_PRP the_AT0 British_AJ0 constitution_NN1 that_CJT had_VHD been_VBN established_VVN after_PRP the_AT0 1688_CRD Glorious_AJ0 Revolution_NN1 ._SENT Similarly_AV0 ,_PUN in_PRP Adams_NP0 's_POS writings_NN2 ,_PUN many_DT0 mentions_VVZ of_PRF "_PUQ The_AT0 Revolution_NN1 "_PUQ referred_VVN to_PRP the_AT0 same_DT0 English_AJ0 Glorious_AJ0 Revolution_NN1 ,_PUN not_XX0 the_AT0 American_AJ0 Revolution_NN1 ,_PUN as_CJS many_DT0 modern-day_AJ0 readers_NN2 suppose_VVB ._SENT Therefore_AV0 ,_PUN since_CJS colonial_AJ0 leaders_NN2 had_VHD the_AT0 British_AJ0 mixed-government_NN1 model_NN1 as_PRP their_DPS frame_NN1 of_PRF reference_NN1 ,_PUN the_AT0 accusations_NN2 against_PRP the_AT0 Crown_NN1 for_PRP which_DTQ they_PNP demanded_VVD redress_NN1 emphasized_VVD a_AT0 failure_NN1 to_TO0 apply_VVI the_AT0 principles_NN2 of_PRF Britain_NP0 's_POS own_DT0 constitutional_AJ0 monarchy_NN1 to_PRP the_AT0 American_AJ0 colonies_NN2 ._SENT 
Adams_NP0 was_VBD also_AV0 patently_AV0 inspired_VVN by_PRP the_AT0 Enlightenment_NN1 writings_NN2 of_PRF Locke_NP0 and_CJC Montesquieu_NP0 ._SENT As_CJS the_AT0 American_AJ0 Revolution_NN1 progressed_VVD ,_PUN his_DPS vision_NN1 for_PRP what_DTQ needed_VVD fixing_NN1 was_VBD based_VVN on_PRP the_AT0 concept_NN1 that_CJT the_AT0 established_AJ0 elite_NN1 political_AJ0 leaders_NN2 in_PRP the_AT0 colonies_NN2 (_PUL a_AT0 group_NN1 of_PRF which_DTQ he_PNP was_VBD part_NN1 )_PUR could_VM0 self-govern_NN1 and_CJC replicate_VVB the_AT0 very_AV0 "_PUQ English_AJ0 gentry_NN0 republicanism_NN1 "_PUQ on_PRP the_AT0 other_AJ0 side_NN1 of_PRF the_AT0 ocean_NN1 ._SENT Many_DT0 of_PRF the_AT0 colony_NN1 leaders_NN2 ,_PUN Adams_NP0 's_POS peers_NN2 ,_PUN were_VBD of_PRF a_AT0 similar_AJ0 mindset_NN1 ,_PUN striving_VVG for_PRP more_DT0 autonomy_NN1 from_PRP Britain_NP0 with_PRP a_AT0 vision_NN1 of_PRF developing_VVG a_AT0 colonial_AJ0 mixed-government_NN1 model_NN1 with_PRP a_AT0 Montesquieuian_AJ0 separation_NN1 of_PRF powers_NN2 ._SENT 
While_CJS expressing_VVG their_DPS repugnance_NN1 at_PRP the_AT0 development_NN1 of_PRF Britain_NP0 's_POS stance_NN1 vis-à-vis_PRP the_AT0 colonies_NN2 ,_PUN the_AT0 elites_NN2 in_PRP this_DT0 colonial_AJ0 ruling_AJ0 class_NN1 were_VBD also_AV0 cognizant_AJ0 of_PRF their_DPS need_NN1 to_TO0 ensure_VVI that_CJT the_AT0 popular_AJ0 protests_NN2 associated_VVN with_PRP the_AT0 grievances_NN2 against_PRP British_AJ0 actions_NN2 (_PUL mainly_AV0 of_PRF the_AT0 agricultural_AJ0 and_CJC mercantile_AJ0 class_NN1 )_PUR did_VDD not_XX0 boil_VVI over_AVP into_PRP chaos_NN1 ._SENT Colonial_AJ0 leaders_NN2 were_VBD quite_AV0 concerned_AJ0 lest_CJS they_PNP replace_VVB the_AT0 tyranny_NN1 of_PRF a_AT0 man_NN1 (_PUL the_AT0 king_NN1 )_PUR with_PRP the_AT0 tyranny_NN1 of_PRF a_AT0 mob_NN1 ._SENT As_CJS the_AT0 great_AJ0 historian_NN1 Carl_NP0 Becker_NP0 has_VHZ written_VVN ,_PUN the_AT0 American_AJ0 Revolution_NN1 was_VBD as_AV0 much_DT0 about_PRP "_PUQ who_PNQ should_VM0 rule_VVI at_PRP home_NN1 "_PUQ as_CJS it_PNP was_VBD about_PRP "_PUQ home_NN1 rule_NN1 "_PUQ (_PUL independence_NN1 from_PRP Britain_NP0 )_PUR ._SENT 
However_AV0 ,_PUN this_DT0 more_AV0 moderate_AJ0 approach_NN1 for_PRP redress_NN1 within_PRP the_AT0 existing_AJ0 stability_NN1 of_PRF the_AT0 colonial_AJ0 structure_NN1 was_VBD about_AVP to_TO0 be_VBI considerably_AV0 challenged_VVN by_PRP voices_NN2 advocating_VVG for_PRP a_AT0 more_AV0 dramatic_AJ0 and_CJC expansive_AJ0 solution_NN1 ._SENT At_PRP this_DT0 same_DT0 point_NN1 in_PRP 1774_CRD –_PUN 1775_CRD ,_PUN three_CRD radical_AJ0 leaders_NN2 emerged_VVD and_CJC coalesced_VVD around_AVP a_AT0 much_AV0 more_AV0 sweeping_AJ0 and_CJC what_DTQ would_VM0 become_VVI consequential_AJ0 point_NN1 of_PRF view_NN1 ,_PUN forever_AV0 changing_VVG the_AT0 course_NN1 of_PRF world_NN1 history_NN1 ._SENT 
