EXECUTIVE_AJ0 SUMMARY_NN1 
The_AT0 Democratic_AJ0 People_NN0 's_POS Republic_NN1 of_PRF Korea_NP0 (_PUL DPRK_NP0 or_CJC North_NP0 Korea_NP0 )_PUR is_VBZ an_AT0 authoritarian_AJ0 state_NN1 led_VVN by_PRP the_AT0 Kim_NP0 family_NN1 since_PRP 1949._CRD Shortly_AV0 after_PRP Kim_NP0 Jong_NP0 Il_NP0 's_POS death_NN1 in_PRP 2011_CRD ,_PUN his_DPS son_NN1 Kim_NP0 Jong_NP0 Un_NP0 was_VBD named_VVN marshal_NN1 of_PRF the_AT0 country_NN1 and_CJC supreme_AJ0 commander_NN1 of_PRF the_AT0 Korean_AJ0 People_NN0 's_POS Army_NN1 ._SENT His_DPS titles_NN2 also_AV0 include_VVB chairman_NN1 of_PRF the_AT0 Central_AJ0 Military_AJ0 Commission_NN1 of_PRF the_AT0 Worker_NN1 's_POS Party_NN1 of_PRF Korea_NP0 ,_PUN chairman_NN1 of_PRF the_AT0 State_NN1 Affairs_NN2 Commission_NN1 ,_PUN and_CJC supreme_AJ0 representative_NN1 of_PRF the_AT0 Korean_AJ0 People_NN0 ._SENT Kim_NP0 Jong_NP0 Un_NP0 's_POS grandfather_NN1 ,_PUN the_AT0 late_AJ0 Kim_NP0 Il_NP0 Sung_NP0 ,_PUN remains_VVZ "_PUQ eternal_AJ0 president_NN1 ._SENT "_PUQ The_AT0 most_AV0 recent_AJ0 national_AJ0 elections_NN2 ,_PUN held_VVN in_PRP March_NP0 2019_CRD ,_PUN were_VBD neither_AV0 free_AJ0 nor_CJC fair_AJ0 ._SENT 
The_AT0 internal_AJ0 security_NN1 apparatus_NN1 includes_VVZ the_AT0 Ministries_NN2 of_PRF Social_AJ0 Security_NN1 and_CJC State_NN1 Security_NN1 and_CJC the_AT0 Military_AJ0 Security_NN1 Command_NN1 ._SENT A_AT0 systematic_AJ0 and_CJC intentional_AJ0 overlap_NN1 of_PRF powers_NN2 and_CJC responsibilities_NN2 existed_VVN between_PRP these_DT0 organizations_NN2 to_TO0 prevent_VVI any_DT0 potential_AJ0 subordinate_AJ0 consolidation_NN1 of_PRF power_NN1 and_CJC assure_VVB that_CJT each_DT0 unit_NN1 provides_VVZ a_AT0 check_NN1 and_CJC balance_NN1 on_PRP the_AT0 other_NN1 ._SENT Authorities_NN2 maintained_VVD effective_AJ0 control_NN1 over_PRP the_AT0 security_NN1 forces_NN2 ._SENT Members_NN2 of_PRF the_AT0 security_NN1 forces_NN2 committed_VVN numerous_AJ0 abuses_NN2 ._SENT 
Significant_AJ0 human_AJ0 rights_NN2 issues_NN2 included_VVD :_PUN unlawful_AJ0 or_CJC arbitrary_AJ0 killings_NN2 by_PRP the_AT0 government_NN1 ;_PUN forced_VVD disappearances_NN2 by_PRP the_AT0 government_NN1 ;_PUN torture_NN1 and_CJC cruel_AJ0 ,_PUN inhuman_AJ0 ,_PUN and_CJC degrading_AJ0 treatment_NN1 and_CJC punishment_NN1 by_PRP government_NN1 authorities_NN2 ;_PUN harsh_AJ0 and_CJC life-threatening_AJ0 prison_NN1 conditions_NN2 ,_PUN including_VVG in_PRP political_AJ0 prison_NN1 camps_NN2 ;_PUN arbitrary_AJ0 arrests_NN2 and_CJC detentions_NN2 ;_PUN political_AJ0 prisoners_NN2 and_CJC detainees_NN2 ;_PUN politically_AV0 motivated_VVN reprisals_NN2 against_PRP individuals_NN2 located_VVN outside_PRP the_AT0 country_NN1 ;_PUN no_AT0 judicial_AJ0 independence_NN1 ;_PUN arbitrary_AJ0 or_CJC unlawful_AJ0 interference_NN1 with_PRP privacy_NN1 ;_PUN serious_AJ0 restrictions_NN2 on_PRP free_AJ0 expression_NN1 ,_PUN the_AT0 press_NN1 ,_PUN and_CJC the_AT0 internet_NN1 ,_PUN including_PRP violence_NN1 ,_PUN threats_NN2 of_PRF violence_NN1 ,_PUN or_CJC unjustified_AJ0 arrests_NN2 and_CJC prosecutions_NN2 against_PRP journalists_NN2 ,_PUN censorship_NN1 ,_PUN and_CJC site_NN1 blocking_NN1 ;_PUN substantial_AJ0 interference_NN1 with_PRP freedom_NN1 of_PRF peaceful_AJ0 assembly_NN1 and_CJC freedom_NN1 of_PRF association_NN1 ;_PUN severe_AJ0 restrictions_NN2 of_PRF religious_AJ0 freedom_NN1 ;_PUN serious_AJ0 restrictions_NN2 on_PRP freedom_NN1 of_PRF movement_NN1 ;_PUN inability_NN1 of_PRF citizens_NN2 to_TO0 change_VVI their_DPS government_NN1 peacefully_AV0 through_PRP free_AJ0 and_CJC fair_AJ0 elections_NN2 ;_PUN severe_AJ0 restrictions_NN2 on_PRP political_AJ0 participation_NN1 ;_PUN widespread_AJ0 corruption_NN1 ;_PUN lack_NN1 of_PRF investigation_NN1 of_PRF and_CJC accountability_NN1 for_PRP violence_NN1 against_PRP women_NN2 ;_PUN coerced_AJ0 abortion_NN1 and_CJC forced_AJ0 sterilization_NN1 ;_PUN trafficking_VVG in_PRP persons_NN2 ;_PUN the_AT0 outlawing_NN1 of_PRF independent_AJ0 trade_NN1 unions_NN2 ;_PUN the_AT0 worst_AJS forms_NN2 of_PRF child_NN1 labor_NN1 ;_PUN the_AT0 use_NN1 of_PRF domestic_AJ0 forced_AJ0 labor_NN1 through_PRP mass_AJ0 mobilizations_NN2 and_CJC as_PRP a_AT0 part_NN1 of_PRF the_AT0 re-education_NN1 system_NN1 ;_PUN and_CJC the_AT0 imposition_NN1 of_PRF forced_AJ0 labor_NN1 conditions_NN2 on_PRP overseas_AJ0 contract_NN1 workers_NN2 ._SENT 
The_AT0 government_NN1 took_VVD no_AT0 credible_AJ0 steps_NN2 to_TO0 prosecute_VVI officials_NN2 who_PNQ committed_VVD human_AJ0 rights_NN2 abuses_NN2 ._SENT Furthermore_AV0 ,_PUN the_AT0 special_AJ0 rapporteur_NN1 on_PRP the_AT0 situation_NN1 of_PRF human_AJ0 rights_NN2 in_PRP the_AT0 country_NN1 reported_VVD that_CJT COVID-19_AJ0 preventive_AJ0 measures_NN2 limited_AJ0 international_AJ0 presence_NN1 in_PRP the_AT0 country_NN1 and_CJC reduced_AJ0 escapee_NN1 arrivals_NN2 ._SENT As_CJS of_PRF year_NN1 's_POS end_NN1 ,_PUN the_AT0 government_NN1 had_VHD not_XX0 accounted_VVN for_PRP the_AT0 circumstances_NN2 that_CJT led_VVD to_PRP the_AT0 death_NN1 of_PRF Otto_NP0 Warmbier_NP0 ,_PUN who_PNQ had_VHD been_VBN held_VVN in_PRP unjust_AJ0 and_CJC unwarranted_AJ0 detention_NN1 by_PRP authorities_NN2 ,_PUN and_CJC who_PNQ died_VVD soon_AV0 after_PRP his_DPS release_NN1 in_PRP 2017._CRD Impunity_NN1 continued_VVD to_TO0 be_VBI a_AT0 widespread_AJ0 problem_NN1 ._SENT 
Section_NN1 1._CRD Respect_NN1 for_PRP the_AT0 Integrity_NN1 of_PRF the_AT0 Person_NN1 ,_PUN Including_PRP Freedom_NN1 from_PRP :_PUN 
A_ZZ0 ._SENT ARBITRARY_AJ0 DEPRIVATION_NN1 OF_PRF LIFE_NN1 AND_CJC OTHER_AJ0 UNLAWFUL_AJ0 OR_CJC POLITICALLY_AV0 MOTIVATED_AJ0 KILLINGS_NN2 
There_EX0 were_VBD numerous_AJ0 reports_NN2 that_CJT the_AT0 government_NN1 or_CJC its_DPS agents_NN2 committed_VVD arbitrary_AJ0 and_CJC unlawful_AJ0 killings_NN2 ._SENT The_AT0 government_NN1 had_VHD no_AT0 functioning_AJ0 investigative_AJ0 mechanism_NN1 ._SENT 
Defector_NN1 reports_NN2 noted_VVD instances_NN2 in_PRP which_DTQ the_AT0 government_NN1 executed_VVD political_AJ0 prisoners_NN2 ,_PUN opponents_NN2 of_PRF the_AT0 government_NN1 ,_PUN forcibly_AV0 returned_VVN asylum_NN1 seekers_NN2 ,_PUN government_NN1 officials_NN2 ,_PUN and_CJC others_NN2 accused_VVN of_PRF crimes_NN2 ._SENT The_AT0 law_NN1 prescribes_VVZ the_AT0 death_NN1 penalty_NN1 upon_PRP conviction_NN1 for_PRP the_AT0 most_AV0 "_PUQ serious_AJ0 "_PUQ cases_NN2 of_PRF "_PUQ antistate_NN1 "_PUQ or_CJC "_PUQ antination_NN1 "_PUQ crimes_NN2 ._SENT These_DT0 terms_NN2 are_VBB broadly_AV0 interpreted_VVN to_TO0 include_VVI :_PUN participation_NN1 in_PRP a_AT0 coup_NN1 or_CJC plotting_VVG to_TO0 overthrow_VVI the_AT0 state_NN1 ;_PUN acts_NN2 of_PRF terrorism_NN1 for_PRP an_AT0 antistate_AJ0 purpose_NN1 ;_PUN treason_NN1 ,_PUN which_DTQ includes_VVZ defection_NN1 or_CJC handing_VVG over_PRP state_NN1 secrets_NN2 ;_PUN providing_VVG information_NN1 regarding_PRP economic_AJ0 ,_PUN social_AJ0 ,_PUN and_CJC political_AJ0 developments_NN2 routinely_AV0 published_VVN elsewhere_AV0 ;_PUN and_CJC "_PUQ treacherous_AJ0 destruction_NN1 ._SENT "_PUQ Additionally_AV0 ,_PUN the_AT0 law_NN1 allows_VVZ for_PRP capital_NN1 punishment_NN1 in_PRP less_DT0 serious_AJ0 crimes_NN2 such_DT0 as_PRP theft_NN1 ,_PUN destruction_NN1 of_PRF military_AJ0 facilities_NN2 and_CJC national_AJ0 assets_NN2 ,_PUN distribution_NN1 of_PRF narcotics_NN2 ,_PUN counterfeiting_VVG ,_PUN fraud_NN1 ,_PUN kidnapping_NN1 ,_PUN distribution_NN1 of_PRF pornography_NN1 ,_PUN and_CJC trafficking_NN1 in_PRP persons_NN2 ._SENT Defectors_NN2 and_CJC media_NN0 also_AV0 reported_VVN that_CJT the_AT0 government_NN1 carried_VVD out_AVP infanticide_NN1 or_CJC required_AJ0 mothers_NN2 to_TO0 commit_VVI infanticide_NN1 if_CJS they_PNP were_VBD political_AJ0 prisoners_NN2 ,_PUN persons_NN2 with_PRP disabilities_NN2 ,_PUN raped_VVN by_PRP government_NN1 officials_NN2 or_CJC prison_NN1 guards_NN2 ,_PUN or_CJC forcibly_AV0 repatriated_VVN from_PRP the_AT0 People_NN0 's_POS Republic_NN1 of_PRF China_NP0 ._SENT 
Nongovernmental_AJ0 organizations_NN2 (_PUL NGOs_NP0 )_PUR and_CJC press_NN1 reports_NN2 indicated_VVD that_CJT those_DT0 attempting_VVG to_TO0 leave_VVI the_AT0 country_NN1 without_PRP permission_NN1 could_VM0 be_VBI killed_VVN on_PRP the_AT0 spot_NN1 or_CJC publicly_AV0 executed_VVN ,_PUN and_CJC guards_NN2 at_PRP political_AJ0 prison_NN1 camps_NN2 were_VBD under_PRP orders_NN2 to_TO0 shoot_VVI to_TO0 kill_VVI those_DT0 attempting_VVG to_TO0 escape_VVI ._SENT 
The_AT0 state_NN1 also_AV0 subjected_VVN private_AJ0 citizens_NN2 to_PRP public_AJ0 executions_NN2 ._SENT A_AT0 2016_CRD survey_NN1 found_VVD that_CJT 64_CRD percent_NN0 of_PRF defectors_NN2 had_VHD witnessed_VVN public_AJ0 executions_NN2 ._SENT Defectors_NN2 reported_VVD going_VVG to_PRP public_AJ0 executions_NN2 on_PRP school_NN1 field_NN1 trips_NN2 ._SENT The_AT0 2019_CRD edition_NN1 of_PRF the_AT0 White_AJ0 Paper_NN1 on_PRP Human_AJ0 Rights_NN2 in_PRP North_NP0 Korea_NP0 ,_PUN a_AT0 report_NN1 based_VVN on_PRP interviews_NN2 with_PRP recent_AJ0 escapees_NN2 and_CJC published_VVD annually_AV0 by_PRP the_AT0 Korea_NP0 Institute_NN1 for_PRP National_AJ0 Unification_NN1 (_PUL KINU_NP0 )_PUR ,_PUN a_AT0 South_NP0 Korean_AJ0 government-affiliated_AJ0 think_NN1 tank_NN1 ,_PUN reported_VVD that_CJT testimonies_NN2 recounted_VVD continued_AJ0 public_AJ0 and_CJC secret_AJ0 executions_NN2 ._SENT Escapees_NN2 declared_VVD the_AT0 purpose_NN1 of_PRF the_AT0 executions_NN2 was_VBD to_TO0 punish_VVI offenses_NN2 including_PRP drug_NN1 dealing_VVG ,_PUN watching_VVG and_CJC disseminating_VVG South_NP0 Korean_AJ0 videos_NN2 ,_PUN and_CJC violent_AJ0 crimes_NN2 such_DT0 as_PRP murder_NN1 and_CJC rape_NN1 ._SENT One_CRD defector_NN1 said_VVD he_PNP witnessed_VVD the_AT0 public_AJ0 execution_NN1 of_PRF a_AT0 man_NN1 who_PNQ shared_VVD South_NP0 Korean_AJ0 movies_NN2 in_PRP Hyesan_NP0 ,_PUN Ryanggang_NP0 Province_NP0 ,_PUN in_PRP 2014._CRD Two_CRD others_NN2 said_VVD they_PNP saw_VVD the_AT0 execution_NN1 of_PRF another_DT0 Hyesan_AJ0 man_NN1 on_PRP the_AT0 same_DT0 charges_NN2 and_CJC the_AT0 killing_NN1 of_PRF an_AT0 estimated_AJ0 20_CRD South_NP0 Hwanghae_NP0 Province_NN1 residents_NN2 for_PRP drug_NN1 dealing_VVG and_CJC distributing_VVG South_NP0 Korean_AJ0 videos_NN2 in_PRP 2017._CRD Testimonies_NN2 also_AV0 stated_VVD executions_NN2 were_VBD carried_VVN out_AVP for_PRP possession_NN1 of_PRF Bibles_NN2 ,_PUN circulating_VVG antiregime_AJ0 propaganda_NN1 material_NN1 ,_PUN and_CJC superstitious_AJ0 activities_NN2 ._SENT KINU_NP0 noted_VVD ,_PUN however_AV0 ,_PUN that_DT0 public_AJ0 executions_NN2 might_VM0 have_VHI become_VVN less_AV0 frequent_AJ0 in_PRP recent_AJ0 years_NN2 ._SENT 
In_PRP March_NP0 2019_CRD the_AT0 Malaysian_AJ0 prosecutor_NN1 dropped_VVD charges_NN2 against_PRP one_CRD woman_NN1 accused_AJ0 of_PRF assassinating_VVG Kim_NP0 Jong_NP0 Nam_NP0 ,_PUN Kim_NP0 Jong_NP0 Un_NP0 's_POS half-brother_NN1 ,_PUN at_PRP the_AT0 Kuala_NP0 Lumpur_NP0 International_AJ0 Airport_NN1 in_PRP 2017._CRD Later_AV0 that_DT0 month_NN1 a_AT0 second_ORD woman_NN1 charged_VVN in_PRP the_AT0 case_NN1 accepted_VVD a_AT0 plea_NN1 deal_NN1 and_CJC received_VVD early_AJ0 release_NN1 in_PRP Malaysia_NP0 ._SENT Four_CRD government_NN1 agents_NN2 ,_PUN including_PRP Ri_NP0 Ji_NP0 U_NP0 and_CJC Hong_NP0 Song_NN1 Hac_NP0 ,_PUN returned_VVN to_PRP the_AT0 country_NN1 from_PRP Malaysia_NP0 immediately_AV0 following_VVG the_AT0 attack_NN1 without_PRP standing_VVG trial_NN1 ._SENT 
As_CJS of_PRF year_NN1 's_POS end_NN1 ,_PUN the_AT0 government_NN1 still_AV0 had_VHD not_XX0 accounted_VVN for_PRP the_AT0 circumstances_NN2 that_CJT led_VVD to_PRP the_AT0 death_NN1 of_PRF Otto_NP0 Warmbier_NP0 ,_PUN who_PNQ had_VHD been_VBN held_VVN in_PRP unjust_AJ0 and_CJC unwarranted_AJ0 detention_NN1 by_PRP authorities_NN2 ,_PUN and_CJC who_PNQ died_VVD soon_AV0 after_PRP his_DPS release_NN1 in_PRP 2017._CRD 
Killings_NN2 by_PRP security_NN1 forces_NN2 did_VDD not_XX0 appear_VVI to_TO0 vary_VVI depending_VVG on_PRP race_NN1 or_CJC ethnicity_NN1 ._SENT 
B_ZZ0 ._SENT DISAPPEARANCE_NN1 
NGO_NP0 ,_PUN think_VVB tank_NN1 ,_PUN and_CJC press_NN1 reports_NN2 indicated_VVD the_AT0 government_NN1 was_VBD responsible_AJ0 for_PRP disappearances_NN2 ._SENT 
South_NP0 Korean_AJ0 media_NN0 reported_VVD the_AT0 government_NN1 dispatched_VVN Ministry_NN1 of_PRF State_NN1 Security_NN1 agents_NN2 to_PRP cities_NN2 in_PRP China_NP0 near_PRP the_AT0 country_NN1 's_POS border_NN1 to_TO0 kidnap_VVI and_CJC forcibly_AV0 return_AJ0 refugees_NN2 ._SENT According_VVG to_PRP international_AJ0 press_NN1 reports_NN2 ,_PUN the_AT0 government_NN1 may_VM0 have_VHI also_AV0 kidnapped_VVN defectors_NN2 traveling_VVG in_PRP China_NP0 after_PRP relocating_VVG to_PRP South_NP0 Korea_NP0 ._SENT In_PRP some_DT0 cases_NN2 the_AT0 government_NN1 reportedly_AV0 forced_VVN these_DT0 defectors_NN2 '_POS family_NN1 members_NN2 to_TO0 encourage_VVI the_AT0 defectors_NN2 to_TO0 travel_VVI to_PRP China_NP0 in_PRP order_NN1 to_TO0 capture_VVI them_PNP ._SENT According_VVG to_PRP the_AT0 Committee_NN1 for_PRP Human_AJ0 Rights_NN2 Committee_NN1 in_PRP North_NP0 Korea_NP0 (_PUL HRNK_NP0 )_PUR ,_PUN as_CJS political_AJ0 prison_NN1 camps_NN2 in_PRP border_NN1 areas_NN2 near_PRP China_NP0 closed_VVD ,_PUN thousands_CRD of_PRF inmates_NN2 reportedly_AV0 disappeared_VVN in_PRP the_AT0 process_NN1 of_PRF their_DPS transfer_NN1 to_PRP inland_AJ0 facilities_NN2 ,_PUN amounting_VVG to_PRP enforced_AJ0 disappearance_NN1 ._SENT 
During_PRP the_AT0 year_NN1 there_EX0 was_VBD no_AT0 progress_NN1 in_PRP the_AT0 investigation_NN1 into_PRP the_AT0 whereabouts_NN2 of_PRF 12_CRD Japanese_AJ0 citizens_NN2 believed_VVD to_TO0 have_VHI been_VBN abducted_VVN by_PRP the_AT0 government_NN1 in_PRP the_AT0 1970s_CRD and_CJC 1980s_CRD ._SENT 
South_NP0 Korean_AJ0 government_NN1 and_CJC media_NN0 reports_NN2 noted_VVD the_AT0 government_NN1 also_AV0 kidnapped_VVN other_AJ0 foreign_AJ0 nationals_NN2 from_PRP locations_NN2 abroad_AV0 in_PRP the_AT0 1970s_CRD and_CJC 1980s_CRD ._SENT The_AT0 government_NN1 continued_VVD to_TO0 deny_VVI its_DPS involvement_NN1 in_PRP the_AT0 kidnappings_NN2 ._SENT The_AT0 UN_NP0 special_AJ0 rapporteur_NN1 on_PRP the_AT0 situation_NN1 of_PRF human_AJ0 rights_NN2 in_PRP the_AT0 country_NN1 reported_VVN South_NP0 Korea_NP0 officially_AV0 recognized_VVD 516_CRD South_NN1 Korean_AJ0 civilians_NN2 abducted_VVN by_PRP regime_NN1 authorities_NN2 since_PRP the_AT0 end_NN1 of_PRF the_AT0 Korean_AJ0 War_NN1 with_PRP thousands_CRD more_AV0 unaccounted_AJ0 for_PRP ._SENT South_NP0 Korean_AJ0 NGOs_NP0 estimated_VVD that_CJT 20_CRD ,_PUN 000_CRD civilians_NN2 abducted_VVN by_PRP the_AT0 government_NN1 during_PRP the_AT0 Korean_AJ0 War_NN1 remained_VVD in_PRP the_AT0 country_NN1 or_CJC had_VHD died_VVN ._SENT 
Authorities_NN2 took_VVD no_AT0 steps_NN2 to_TO0 ensure_VVI accountability_NN1 for_PRP disappearances_NN2 ._SENT 
C_ZZ0 ._SENT TORTURE_NN1 AND_CJC OTHER_AJ0 CRUEL_AJ0 ,_PUN INHUMAN_AJ0 ,_PUN OR_CJC DEGRADING_AJ0 TREATMENT_NN1 OR_CJC PUNISHMENT_NN1 
The_AT0 penal_AJ0 code_NN1 prohibits_VVZ torture_NN1 or_CJC inhuman_AJ0 treatment_NN1 ,_PUN but_CJC many_DT0 sources_NN2 reported_VVD these_DT0 practices_NN2 continued_VVD ._SENT Numerous_AJ0 defector_NN1 accounts_NN2 and_CJC NGO_NP0 reports_NN2 described_VVD the_AT0 use_NN1 of_PRF torture_NN1 by_PRP authorities_NN2 in_PRP several_DT0 detention_NN1 facilities_NN2 ._SENT Methods_NN2 of_PRF torture_NN1 and_CJC other_AJ0 abuse_NN1 reportedly_AV0 included_VVD severe_AJ0 beatings_NN2 ;_PUN electric_AJ0 shock_NN1 ;_PUN prolonged_AJ0 periods_NN2 of_PRF exposure_NN1 to_PRP the_AT0 elements_NN2 ;_PUN humiliations_NN2 such_DT0 as_PRP public_AJ0 nakedness_NN1 ;_PUN confinement_NN1 for_PRP up_AVP to_PRP several_DT0 weeks_NN2 in_PRP small_AJ0 "_PUQ punishment_NN1 cells_NN2 "_PUQ in_PRP which_DTQ prisoners_NN2 were_VBD unable_AJ0 to_TO0 stand_VVI upright_AV0 or_CJC lie_VVB down_AVP ;_PUN being_VBG forced_VVN to_TO0 kneel_VVI or_CJC sit_VVI immobilized_VVN for_PRP long_AJ0 periods_NN2 ;_PUN being_VBG hung_VVN by_PRP the_AT0 wrists_NN2 ;_PUN water_NN1 torture_NN1 ;_PUN and_CJC being_VBG forced_VVN to_TO0 stand_VVI up_AVP and_CJC sit_VVB down_AVP to_PRP the_AT0 point_NN1 of_PRF collapse_NN1 ,_PUN including_PRP "_PUQ pumps_NN2 ,_PUN "_PUQ or_CJC being_VBG forced_VVN to_TO0 repeatedly_AV0 squat_VVI and_CJC stand_VVI up_AVP with_PRP their_DPS hands_NN2 behind_PRP their_DPS back_NN1 ._SENT 
Defectors_NN2 continued_VVD to_TO0 report_VVI many_DT0 prisoners_NN2 died_VVD from_PRP torture_NN1 ,_PUN disease_NN1 ,_PUN starvation_NN1 ,_PUN exposure_NN1 to_PRP the_AT0 elements_NN2 ,_PUN or_CJC a_AT0 combination_NN1 of_PRF these_DT0 causes_NN2 ._SENT Detainees_NN2 in_PRP re-education_NN1 through_PRP labor_NN1 camps_NN2 reported_VVD the_AT0 state_NN1 forced_VVD them_PNP to_TO0 perform_VVI difficult_AJ0 physical_AJ0 labor_NN1 under_PRP harsh_AJ0 conditions_NN2 (_PUL see_VVB section_NN1 7.b_CRD ._SENT )_PUR ._SENT 
A_AT0 report_NN1 released_VVN on_PRP July_NP0 28_CRD from_PRP the_AT0 Office_NN1 of_PRF the_AT0 UN_NP0 High_AJ0 Commissioner_NN1 for_PRP Human_AJ0 Rights_NN2 (_PUL OHCHR_NP0 )_PUR catalogued_VVD numerous_AJ0 allegations_NN2 of_PRF beatings_NN2 ,_PUN torture_NN1 ,_PUN and_CJC sexual_AJ0 violations_NN2 against_PRP women_NN2 who_PNQ were_VBD forcibly_AV0 repatriated_VVN after_PRP seeking_VVG to_TO0 flee_VVI the_AT0 country_NN1 to_TO0 find_VVI work_NN1 ,_PUN usually_AV0 in_PRP neighboring_AJ0 China_NP0 ._SENT KINU_NP0 's_POS white_AJ0 paper_NN1 for_PRP 2019_CRD reported_VVD that_CJT children_NN2 repatriated_VVN from_PRP China_NP0 underwent_VVD torture_NN1 ,_PUN verbal_AJ0 abuse_NN1 ,_PUN and_CJC violence_NN1 including_PRP beatings_NN2 ,_PUN hard_AJ0 labor_NN1 ,_PUN and_CJC hunger_NN1 ._SENT 
Impunity_NN1 for_PRP acts_NN2 of_PRF torture_NN1 and_CJC cruel_AJ0 ,_PUN inhuman_AJ0 ,_PUN or_CJC degrading_AJ0 treatment_NN1 or_CJC punishment_NN1 by_PRP members_NN2 of_PRF the_AT0 security_NN1 forces_NN2 was_VBD endemic_AJ0 ._SENT 
PRISON_NN1 AND_CJC DETENTION_NN1 CENTER_NN1 CONDITIONS_NN2 
Prison_NN1 conditions_NN2 were_VBD harsh_AJ0 and_CJC life_NN1 threatening_VVG due_AJ0 to_PRP food_NN1 shortages_NN2 ,_PUN gross_AJ0 overcrowding_NN1 ,_PUN physical_AJ0 abuse_NN1 ,_PUN and_CJC inadequate_AJ0 sanitary_AJ0 conditions_NN2 and_CJC medical_AJ0 care_NN1 ._SENT NGO_NP0 ,_PUN defector_NN1 ,_PUN and_CJC press_NN1 reports_NN2 noted_VVD the_AT0 government_NN1 operated_VVD several_DT0 types_NN2 of_PRF prisons_NN2 ,_PUN detention_NN1 centers_NN2 ,_PUN and_CJC camps_NN2 ,_PUN including_PRP forced_AJ0 labor_NN1 camps_NN2 and_CJC camps_NN2 for_PRP political_AJ0 prisoners_NN2 ._SENT NGO_NP0 reports_NN2 documented_VVN six_CRD types_NN2 of_PRF detention_NN1 facilities_NN2 :_PUN kwanliso_NP0 (_PUL political_AJ0 penal-labor_NN1 camps_NN2 )_PUR ,_PUN kyohwaso_NP0 (_PUL correctional_AJ0 or_CJC re-education_NN1 centers_NN2 )_PUR ,_PUN kyoyangso_NP0 (_PUL labor-reform_AJ0 centers_NN2 )_PUR ,_PUN jipkyulso_NN1 (_PUL collection_NN1 centers_NN2 for_PRP low-level_AJ0 criminals_NN2 )_PUR ,_PUN rodong_NN1 danryeondae_NN2 (_PUL labor-training_AJ0 centers_NN2 )_PUR ,_PUN and_CJC kuryujang_NN1 or_CJC kamok_NN1 (_PUL interrogation_NN1 facilities_NN2 or_CJC jails_NN2 )_PUR ._SENT According_VVG to_PRP KINU_NP0 's_POS white_AJ0 paper_NN1 for_PRP 2019_CRD ,_PUN the_AT0 Ministry_NN1 of_PRF State_NN1 Security_NN1 administered_VVN kwanliso_NN1 camps_NN2 ,_PUN and_CJC either_AV0 it_PNP or_CJC the_AT0 Ministry_NN1 of_PRF Social_AJ0 Security_NN1 administered_VVD the_AT0 other_AJ0 detention_NN1 centers_NN2 ._SENT 
According_VVG to_PRP a_AT0 March_NP0 report_NN1 by_PRP the_AT0 HRNK_NN1 ,_PUN the_AT0 government_NN1 operated_VVN six_CRD kwanliso_NP0 –_PUN Camps_NP0 14_CRD ,_PUN 15_CRD ,_PUN 16_CRD ,_PUN 18_CRD ,_PUN and_CJC 25_CRD ,_PUN as_CJS well_AV0 as_CJS Choma-bong_NP0 Restricted_AJ0 Area_NN1 ._SENT According_VVG to_PRP KINU_NP0 's_POS most_AV0 recent_AJ0 estimate_NN1 in_PRP 2013_CRD ,_PUN there_EX0 were_VBD between_PRP 80_CRD ,_PUN 000_CRD and_CJC 120_CRD ,_PUN 000_CRD prisoners_NN2 in_PRP the_AT0 kwanliso_NN1 ._SENT Defectors_NN2 claimed_VVD the_AT0 kwanliso_NN1 camps_NN2 contained_VVD unmarked_AJ0 graves_NN2 ,_PUN barracks_NN0 ,_PUN worksites_NN2 ,_PUN and_CJC other_AJ0 prison_NN1 facilities_NN2 ._SENT KINU_NP0 identified_VVD the_AT0 five_CRD kwanliso_NN1 facilities_NN2 as_PRP Gaecheon_NP0 (_PUL Camp_NP0 14_CRD )_PUR ,_PUN Yodok_NP0 (_PUL Camp_NP0 15_CRD )_PUR ,_PUN Hwaseong_NP0 /_PUN Myeonggan_NP0 (_PUL Camp_NP0 16_CRD )_PUR ,_PUN Gaechon_NP0 (_PUL Camp_NP0 18_CRD )_PUR ,_PUN and_CJC Cheongjin_NP0 (_PUL Camp_NP0 25_CRD )_PUR ._SENT In_PRP addition_NN1 the_AT0 HRNK_NN1 reported_VVD that_CJT the_AT0 Choma-bong_NP0 Restricted_AJ0 Area_NN1 ,_PUN constructed_VVN between_PRP 2013_CRD and_CJC 2014_CRD ,_PUN had_VHD not_XX0 been_VBN confirmed_VVN by_PRP eyewitness_NN1 reports_NN2 ,_PUN but_CJC it_PNP appeared_VVD to_TO0 be_VBI operational_AJ0 and_CJC bore_VVB all_DT0 the_AT0 characteristics_NN2 of_PRF a_AT0 kwanliso_NN1 ._SENT 
Kwanliso_NP0 camps_NN2 consist_VVB of_PRF total-control_AJ0 zones_NN2 ,_PUN where_AVQ incarceration_NN1 is_VBZ for_PRP life_NN1 ,_PUN and_CJC may_VM0 include_VVI "_PUQ revolutionary_AJ0 "_PUQ or_CJC re-education_NN1 zones_NN2 from_PRP which_DTQ prisoners_NN2 may_VM0 be_VBI released_VVN ._SENT Those_DT0 whom_PNQ the_AT0 state_NN1 considered_VVD hostile_AJ0 to_PRP the_AT0 government_NN1 or_CJC who_PNQ committed_VVD political_AJ0 crimes_NN2 reportedly_AV0 received_VVD indefinite_AJ0 sentencing_AJ0 terms_NN2 in_PRP political_AJ0 prison_NN1 camps_NN2 ._SENT In_PRP many_DT0 cases_NN2 the_AT0 state_NN1 also_AV0 detained_VVN all_DT0 family_NN1 members_NN2 if_CJS one_CRD member_NN1 was_VBD accused_VVN or_CJC arrested_VVN ._SENT According_VVG to_PRP KINU_NP0 's_POS white_AJ0 paper_NN1 for_PRP 2019_CRD ,_PUN children_NN2 were_VBD allowed_VVN to_TO0 leave_VVI the_AT0 camp_NN1 after_PRP rising_AJ0 numbers_NN2 of_PRF defectors_NN2 made_VVD it_PNP difficult_AJ0 to_TO0 send_VVI entire_AJ0 defector_NN1 families_NN2 to_PRP political_AJ0 prison_NN1 camps_NN2 ._SENT The_AT0 government_NN1 continued_VVD to_TO0 deny_VVI the_AT0 existence_NN1 of_PRF political_AJ0 prison_NN1 camps_NN2 ._SENT 
Reports_NN2 indicated_VVD the_AT0 state_NN1 typically_AV0 sent_VVN those_DT0 sentenced_VVN to_PRP prison_NN1 for_PRP nonpolitical_AJ0 crimes_NN2 to_PRP re-education_NN1 prisons_NN2 ,_PUN where_AVQ authorities_NN2 subjected_VVD prisoners_NN2 to_PRP intense_AJ0 forced_AJ0 labor_NN1 ._SENT 
Defectors_NN2 noted_VVD they_PNP did_VDD not_XX0 expect_VVI many_DT0 prisoners_NN2 in_PRP political_AJ0 prison_NN1 camps_NN2 and_CJC the_AT0 detention_NN1 system_NN1 to_TO0 survive_VVI ._SENT Detainees_NN2 and_CJC prisoners_NN2 consistently_AV0 reported_VVN violence_NN1 and_CJC torture_NN1 ._SENT Defectors_NN2 described_VVD witnessing_VVG public_AJ0 executions_NN2 in_PRP political_AJ0 prison_NN1 camps_NN2 ._SENT According_VVG to_PRP defectors_NN2 ,_PUN prisoners_NN2 received_VVD little_AV0 to_PRP no_AT0 food_NN1 or_CJC medical_AJ0 care_NN1 in_PRP some_DT0 places_NN2 of_PRF detention_NN1 ._SENT Sanitation_NN1 was_VBD poor_AJ0 ,_PUN and_CJC former_DT0 labor_NN1 camp_NN1 inmates_NN2 reported_VVD they_PNP had_VHD no_AT0 changes_NN2 of_PRF clothing_NN1 during_PRP their_DPS incarceration_NN1 and_CJC were_VBD rarely_AV0 able_AJ0 to_TO0 bathe_VVI or_CJC wash_VVI their_DPS clothing_NN1 ._SENT The_AT0 South_NN1 Korean_AJ0 and_CJC international_AJ0 press_NN1 reported_VVD that_CJT the_AT0 kyohwaso_NN1 re-education_NN1 through_PRP labor_NN1 camps_NN2 held_VVD populations_NN2 of_PRF up_AVP to_PRP thousands_CRD of_PRF political_AJ0 prisoners_NN2 ,_PUN economic_AJ0 criminals_NN2 ,_PUN and_CJC ordinary_AJ0 criminals_NN2 ._SENT A_AT0 March_NP0 HRNK_NN1 report_NN1 entitled_VVN North_NP0 Korea_NP0 's_POS Long-Term_AJ0 Prison_NN1 Labor_NN1 Facility_NN1 Kyohwaso_NP0 Number_NN1 1_CRD ,_PUN Kaechon_NP0 postulated_VVD that_CJT the_AT0 government_NN1 may_VM0 have_VHI operated_VVN more_AV0 than_CJS 20_CRD kyohwaso_NN1 ._SENT 
