As_CJS global_AJ0 unaccompanied_AJ0 minor_AJ0 migration_NN1 persists_VVZ ,_PUN existing_AJ0 studies_NN2 on_PRP unaccompanied_AJ0 minors_NN2 arriving_VVG to_PRP the_AT0 United_NP0 States_NP0 and_CJC Europe_NP0 largely_AV0 focus_VVB on_PRP apprehended_AJ0 youth_NN1 in_PRP formal_AJ0 institutional_AJ0 settings_NN2 (_PUL see_VVB Menjívar_NP0 and_CJC Perreira_NP0 2019_CRD )_PUR ._SENT In_PRP the_AT0 United_NP0 States_NP0 ,_PUN where_AVQ this_DT0 research_NN1 was_VBD conducted_VVN ,_PUN the_AT0 term_NN1 "_PUQ unaccompanied_AJ0 youth_NN1 "_PUQ refers_VVZ to_PRP minors_NN2 (_PUL aged_VVN under_PRP 18_CRD )_PUR who_PNQ migrate_VVB without_PRP a_AT0 parent_NN1 or_CJC guardian_NN1 and_CJC are_VBB apprehended_VVN by_PRP Customs_NN2 and_CJC Border_NN1 Protection_NN1 ,_PUN including_PRP minors_NN2 separated_VVN from_PRP family_NN1 units_NN2 (_PUL Human_AJ0 Rights_NN2 Watch_VVB 2019_CRD )_PUR ._SENT Accordingly_AV0 ,_PUN researchers_NN2 tend_VVB to_TO0 trace_VVI and_CJC analyze_VVI the_AT0 experiences_NN2 of_PRF children_NN2 moving_VVG through_PRP formal_AJ0 resettlement_NN1 channels_NN2 (_PUL e.g._AV0 ,_PUN from_PRP federal_AJ0 custody_NN1 to_PRP unification_NN1 with_PRP a_AT0 caregivers_NN2 )_PUR and_CJC their_DPS integration_NN1 into_PRP K-12_CRD schools_NN2 (_PUL Pierce_NP0 2015_CRD )_PUR ._SENT Unaccompanied_AJ0 youth_NN1 resettled_VVN with_PRP adult_NN1 caregivers_NN2 might_VM0 follow_VVI the_AT0 social_AJ0 incorporation_NN1 pathways_NN2 identified_VVN in_PRP previous_AJ0 research_NN1 with_PRP immigrant_AJ0 youth_NN1 between_PRP the_AT0 first_ORD and_CJC second_ORD generation_NN1 ._SENT This_DT0 pathway_NN1 typically_AV0 consists_VVZ of_PRF entry_NN1 into_PRP K-12_CRD schools_NN2 (_PUL Bajaj_NP0 and_CJC Suresh_NP0 2018_CRD )_PUR ,_PUN the_AT0 pursuit_NN1 of_PRF legal_AJ0 protection_NN1 (_PUL Galli_NP0 2020_CRD )_PUR ,_PUN and_CJC an_AT0 eventual_AJ0 entry_NN1 into_PRP formal_AJ0 work_NN1 (_PUL Gonzales_NP0 and_CJC Chavez_NP0 2012_CRD )_PUR alongside_PRP caregivers_NN2 and_CJC significant_AJ0 others_NN2 ._SENT Invisible_AJ0 to_PRP the_AT0 state_NN1 ,_PUN and_CJC still_AV0 largely_AV0 understudied_AJ0 by_PRP academics_NN2 ,_PUN are_VBB undocumented_AJ0 immigrant_AJ0 youth_NN1 who_PNQ are_VBB never_AV0 apprehended_VVN or_CJC reunited_VVN with_PRP families_NN2 in_PRP the_AT0 United_NP0 States_NP0 and_CJC therefore_AV0 grow_VVB up_AVP distinctly_AV0 unaccompanied_AJ0 ._SENT 
The_AT0 growing_VVG up_AVP experiences_NN2 of_PRF undocumented_AJ0 migrant_NN1 youth_NN1 who_PNQ leave_VVB their_DPS family_NN1 members_NN2 behind_PRP and_CJC live_VVB independently_AV0 from_PRP parents_NN2 in_PRP the_AT0 United_NP0 States_NP0 and_CJC other_AJ0 adult_NN1 caregivers_NN2 are_VBB distinct_AJ0 ._SENT Upon_PRP arrival_NN1 in_PRP the_AT0 United_NP0 States_NP0 ,_PUN they_PNP must_VM0 navigate_VVI institutions_NN2 and_CJC adopt_VVB adult-like_AJ0 responsibilities_NN2 to_TO0 support_VVI themselves_PNX and_CJC left-behind_AJ0 families_NN2 through_PRP remittances_NN2 ._SENT Among_PRP these_DT0 youth_NN1 are_VBB unaccompanied_AJ0 young_AJ0 people_NN0 from_PRP Indigenous_AJ0 communities_NN2 in_PRP Latin_AJ0 America_NP0 ,_PUN such_DT0 as_PRP the_AT0 Guatemalan_AJ0 Maya_NP0 youth_NN1 in_PRP this_DT0 research_NN1 ,_PUN that_CJT are_VBB typically_AV0 identified_VVN by_PRP shorter_AJC stature_NN1 ,_PUN darker_AJC complexion_NN1 ,_PUN and_CJC their_DPS Indigenous_AJ0 language_NN1 (_PUL s_ZZ0 )_PUR and_CJC cultural_AJ0 practice_NN1 ._SENT Thus_AV0 ,_PUN they_PNP often_AV0 faced_VVD discrimination_NN1 in_PRP other_AJ0 home_NN1 countries_NN2 and_CJC experience_VVB additional_AJ0 discrimination_NN1 and_CJC precarity_NN1 in_PRP the_AT0 United_NP0 States_NP0 (_PUL Blackwell_NP0 2017_CRD )_PUR ._SENT This_DT0 paper_NN1 advances_VVZ our_DPS understanding_NN1 of_PRF immigrant_AJ0 youth_NN1 ,_PUN and_CJC unaccompanied_AJ0 Latinx_NN1 youth_NN1 specifically_AV0 ,_PUN by_PRP exploring_VVG how_AVQ institutional_AJ0 context_NN1 ,_PUN familial_AJ0 obligations_NN2 across_PRP borders_NN2 ,_PUN and_CJC limited_AJ0 ethnic_AJ0 networks_NN2 shape_NN1 youth_NN1 's_POS social_AJ0 incorporation_NN1 as_CJS they_PNP come_VVB of_PRF age_NN1 in_PRP the_AT0 United_NP0 States_NP0 ._SENT 
Research_VVB on_PRP Latin_AJ0 American_AJ0 labor_NN1 migration_NN1 to_PRP the_AT0 United_NP0 States_NP0 has_VHZ largely_AV0 focused_VVN on_PRP adults_NN2 and_CJC builds_VVZ from_PRP the_AT0 case_NN1 of_PRF Mexican_AJ0 laborers_NN2 ,_PUN demonstrating_VVG that_CJT migration_NN1 is_VBZ strategically_AV0 deployed_VVN to_TO0 overcome_VVI local_AJ0 labor_NN1 market_NN1 inefficiencies_NN2 and_CJC recoup_VVB economic_AJ0 opportunities_NN2 lost_VVN during_PRP periods_NN2 of_PRF economic_AJ0 restructuring_NN1 and_CJC instability_NN1 (_PUL Massey_NP0 ,_PUN Durand_NP0 ,_PUN and_CJC Pren_NP0 2016_CRD )_PUR ._SENT Typically_AV0 ,_PUN adult_NN1 parents_NN2 navigate_VVB institutions_NN2 and_CJC endure_VVB life_NN1 in_PRP the_AT0 host_NN1 country_NN1 on_PRP behalf_NN1 of_PRF their_DPS left-behind_AJ0 families_NN2 (_PUL Abrego_NP0 2014_CRD ;_PUN Schmalzbauer_NP0 2005_CRD )_PUR or_CJC school-going_AJ0 children_NN2 ._SENT Despite_PRP the_AT0 common_AJ0 portrayal_NN1 of_PRF adults_NN2 as_PRP workers_NN2 and_CJC children_NN2 as_PRP students_NN2 ,_PUN history_NN1 reveals_VVZ that_CJT Latinx_NN1 youth_NN1 have_VHB migrated_VVN in_PRP pursuit_NN1 of_PRF work_NN1 for_PRP several_DT0 decades_NN2 (_PUL Rosas_NP0 2014_CRD )_PUR and_CJC in_PRP some_DT0 cases_NN2 ,_PUN without_PRP parents_NN2 ._SENT Youth_NN1 who_PNQ migrate_VVB between_PRP 13_CRD and_CJC 17_CRD —_PUN working_VVG age_NN1 in_PRP many_DT0 Latin_AJ0 American_AJ0 countries_NN2 (_PUL International_AJ0 Labour_AJ0 Organization_NN1 2002_CRD )_PUR and_CJC 84_CRD %_NN0 of_PRF the_AT0 apprehended_AJ0 unaccompanied_AJ0 minors_NN2 in_PRP 2020_CRD (_PUL ACF_NN1 2021_CRD )_PUR —_PUN face_NN1 tension_NN1 between_PRP financial_AJ0 obligations_NN2 and_CJC urgency_NN1 of_PRF work_NN1 and_CJC school_NN1 enrollment_NN1 in_PRP the_AT0 United_NP0 States_NP0 (_PUL Canizales_NP0 2019_CRD ;_PUN Diaz-Strong_NP0 2020_CRD ;_PUN Martinez_NP0 2019_CRD )_PUR ._SENT This_DT0 suggests_VVZ that_CJT a_AT0 significant_AJ0 proportion_NN1 of_PRF unaccompanied_AJ0 ,_PUN undocumented_AJ0 Latinx_NN1 youth_NN1 migrants_NN2 can_VM0 grow_VVI up_AVP out_AVP of_PRF schools_NN2 ._SENT Though_CJS youth_NN1 's_POS workplace_NN1 entry_NN1 is_VBZ not_XX0 new_AJ0 or_CJC unexpected_AJ0 to_TO0 study_VVI participants_NN2 ,_PUN it_PNP is_VBZ an_AT0 aberration_NN1 from_PRP our_DPS scholarly_AJ0 conceptualization_NN1 and_CJC Western_AJ0 normative_AJ0 ,_PUN middle-class_AJ0 expectation_NN1 that_CJT children_NN2 in_PRP the_AT0 United_NP0 States_NP0 come_VVB of_PRF age_NN1 in_PRP schools_NN2 ._SENT This_DT0 is_VBZ evinced_VVN in_PRP that_DT0 much_DT0 of_PRF the_AT0 research_NN1 on_PRP undocumented_AJ0 immigrant_AJ0 youth_NN1 incorporation_NN1 in_PRP the_AT0 United_NP0 States_NP0 tends_VVZ to_TO0 rest_VVI on_PRP the_AT0 1.7_CRD million_CRD young_AJ0 people_NN0 who_PNQ qualify_VVB for_PRP protective_AJ0 programs_NN2 ,_PUN such_DT0 as_PRP Deferred_AJ0 Action_NN1 for_PRP Childhood_NN1 Arrivals_NN2 (_PUL DACA_NP0 )_PUR 1_CRD that_DT0 rely_VVB on_PRP age-at-arrival_AJ0 and_CJC educational_AJ0 status_NN1 as_PRP markers_NN2 for_PRP qualification_NN1 (_PUL Canizales_NP0 and_CJC Diaz-Strong_NP0 2021_CRD )_PUR ._SENT This_DT0 paper_NN1 advances_VVZ existing_AJ0 frameworks_NN2 of_PRF immigrant_AJ0 incorporation_NN1 by_PRP centering_VVG youth_NN1 's_POS labor_NN1 institutional_AJ0 context_NN1 ,_PUN family_NN1 dynamics_NN0 ,_PUN and_CJC social_AJ0 networks_NN2 within_PRP the_AT0 secondary_AJ0 labor_NN1 market_NN1 and_CJC community_NN1 as_PRP understudied_AJ0 facets_NN2 of_PRF their_DPS undocumented_AJ0 youth_NN1 's_POS coming-of-age_AJ0 trajectories_NN2 ._SENT 
To_TO0 theorize_VVI the_AT0 social_AJ0 incorporation_NN1 of_PRF unaccompanied_AJ0 ,_PUN undocumented_AJ0 youth_NN1 ,_PUN I_PNP draw_VVB on_PRP data_NN0 from_PRP 70_CRD in-depth_AJ0 interviews_NN2 collected_VVN across_PRP 4_CRD years_NN2 (_PUL 2012_CRD –_PUN 2016_CRD )_PUR with_PRP young_AJ0 adults_NN2 (_PUL ages_NN2 18_CRD –_PUN 31_CRD )_PUR who_PNQ migrated_VVD from_PRP Central_AJ0 America_NP0 and_CJC Mexico_NP0 as_PRP unaccompanied_AJ0 minors_NN2 (_PUL ages_NN2 11_CRD –_PUN 17_CRD )_PUR between_PRP 2007_CRD and_CJC 2013_CRD and_CJC came_VVD of_PRF age_NN1 as_PRP workers_NN2 in_PRP Los_NP0 Angeles_NP0 ,_PUN California_NP0 ,_PUN thereafter_AV0 ._SENT The_AT0 data_NN0 reveal_VVB that_CJT the_AT0 pressures_NN2 of_PRF economic_AJ0 obligations_NN2 to_PRP families_NN2 in_PRP the_AT0 home_NN1 country_NN1 and_CJC to_PRP themselves_PNX with_PRP limited_AJ0 social_AJ0 and_CJC financial_AJ0 resources_NN2 in_PRP the_AT0 host_NN1 country_NN1 ,_PUN together_AV0 with_PRP their_DPS position_NN1 in_PRP low-wage_AJ0 work_NN1 ,_PUN operate_VVB as_PRP distinct_AJ0 forces_NN2 that_CJT maintain_VVB the_AT0 primacy_NN1 of_PRF work_NN1 in_PRP youth_NN1 's_POS everyday_AJ0 lives_NN2 as_CJS they_PNP transition_NN1 into_PRP young_AJ0 adulthood_NN1 ._SENT Work_NN1 primacy_NN1 results_NN2 in_PRP a_AT0 qualitatively_AV0 different_AJ0 social_AJ0 incorporation_NN1 experience_NN1 for_PRP undocumented_AJ0 youth_NN1 coming_VVG of_PRF age_NN1 in_PRP the_AT0 United_NP0 States_NP0 ,_PUN as_CJS their_DPS motivations_NN2 and_CJC responsibilities_NN2 ,_PUN patterns_NN2 of_PRF participation_NN1 and_CJC community_NN1 embeddedness_NN1 ,_PUN and_CJC their_DPS relationships_NN2 to_PRP family_NN1 are_VBB shaped_VVN by_PRP their_DPS labor_NN1 institutional_AJ0 context_NN1 and_CJC role_NN1 as_PRP workers_NN2 at_PRP young_AJ0 ages_NN2 ._SENT Though_CJS not_XX0 exclusive_AJ0 to_PRP this_DT0 group_NN1 ,_PUN this_DT0 study_NN1 demonstrates_VVZ how_AVQ work_NN1 primacy_NN1 shapes_NN2 unaccompanied_AJ0 ,_PUN undocumented_AJ0 youth_NN1 's_POS ability_NN1 to_TO0 access_VVI resources_NN2 for_PRP mobility_NN1 and_CJC establish_VVB and_CJC maintain_VVB social_AJ0 networks_NN2 with_PRP consequences_NN2 for_PRP their_DPS social_AJ0 incorporation_NN1 prospects_NN2 as_CJS they_PNP come_VVB of_PRF age_NN1 ._SENT 
The_AT0 ongoing_AJ0 trends_NN2 of_PRF unaccompanied_AJ0 Latinx_NN1 youth_NN1 migration_NN1 to_PRP the_AT0 United_NP0 States_NP0 (_PUL U.S._NP0 CBP_NP0 2019_CRD )_PUR prompt_VVB the_AT0 question_NN1 of_PRF how_AVQ early_AJ0 exposure_NN1 to_TO0 work_VVI primacy_NN1 can_VM0 affect_VVI the_AT0 social_AJ0 incorporation_NN1 trajectories_NN2 of_PRF newcomer_NN1 youth_NN1 as_CJS they_PNP come_VVB of_PRF age_NN1 ._SENT Work_NN1 primacy_NN1 underscores_VVZ the_AT0 sociostructural_AJ0 forces_NN2 that_CJT can_VM0 produce_VVI and_CJC sustain_VVI social_AJ0 immobility_NN1 among_PRP unaccompanied_AJ0 youth_NN1 as_CJS they_PNP come_VVB of_PRF age_NN1 in_PRP the_AT0 United_NP0 States_NP0 ,_PUN effectively_AV0 disqualifying_VVG them_PNP for_PRP immigrant_AJ0 incorporation_NN1 policies_NN2 geared_VVN toward_PRP high-achieving_AJ0 and_CJC school-going_AJ0 youth_NN1 ,_PUN such_DT0 as_PRP DACA_NP0 ._SENT The_AT0 salience_NN1 of_PRF these_DT0 forces_NN2 increases_VVZ as_PRP globalized_AJ0 neoliberal_AJ0 markets_NN2 continue_VVB to_TO0 destabilize_VVI Latin_AJ0 American_AJ0 nations_NN2 '_POS political_AJ0 ,_PUN social_AJ0 ,_PUN and_CJC economic_AJ0 structures_NN2 ,_PUN causing_VVG a_AT0 diversification_NN1 of_PRF global_AJ0 migration_NN1 flows_NN2 ,_PUN including_PRP labor_NN1 ,_PUN refugee_NN1 ,_PUN and_CJC unaccompanied_AJ0 minor_AJ0 migration_NN1 ._SENT 
Immigrant_AJ0 Youth_NN1 in_PRP the_AT0 Secondary_AJ0 Labor_NN1 Market_NN1 
Immigrants_NN2 '_POS incorporation_NN1 outcomes_NN2 differ_VVB based_VVN on_PRP age_NN1 and_CJC life_NN1 stage_NN1 at_PRP arrival_NN1 (_PUL Oropesa_NP0 and_CJC Landale_NP0 1997_CRD ;_PUN Rumbaut_NP0 2004_CRD )_PUR and_CJC institutional_AJ0 context_NN1 (_PUL Gleeson_NP0 and_CJC Gonzales_NP0 2012_CRD )_PUR ,_PUN among_PRP other_AJ0 characteristics_NN2 ._SENT Though_CJS immigrant_AJ0 youth_NN1 incorporation_NN1 research_NN1 typically_AV0 investigates_VVZ youth_NN1 's_POS educational_AJ0 experiences_NN2 ,_PUN transitions_NN2 from_PRP school_NN1 to_PRP work_NN1 (_PUL Perreira_NP0 ,_PUN Harris_NP0 and_CJC Lee_NP0 2007_CRD ;_PUN Staff_NN0 and_CJC Mortimer_NP0 2003_CRD )_PUR ,_PUN and_CJC experiences_NN2 in_PRP balancing_VVG these_DT0 in_PRP teenage_AJ0 years_NN2 (_PUL Gonzales_NP0 and_CJC Chavez_NP0 2012_CRD )_PUR ,_PUN the_AT0 school-to-work_NN1 trajectory_NN1 is_VBZ unavailable_AJ0 to_PRP those_DT0 who_PNQ migrate_VVB at_PRP young_AJ0 ages_NN2 ,_PUN without_PRP families_NN2 ,_PUN and_CJC may_VM0 therefore_AV0 never_AV0 enroll_VVI in_PRP K-12_CRD schools_NN2 (_PUL Canizales_NP0 2021_CRD )_PUR ._SENT Immigrant_AJ0 youth_NN1 workers_NN2 may_VM0 lack_VVI the_AT0 human_AJ0 and_CJC social_AJ0 capital_NN1 shared_VVN by_PRP parents_NN2 ,_PUN extended_AJ0 family_NN1 members_NN2 ,_PUN and_CJC community_NN1 ties_NN2 (_PUL Kasinitz_NP0 et_NP0 al._NP0 2008_CRD ;_PUN Zhou_NP0 and_CJC Bankston_NP0 1997_CRD )_PUR while_CJS also_AV0 being_VBG disconnected_VVN from_PRP K-12_CRD education_NN1 and_CJC supportive_AJ0 school-based_AJ0 figures_NN2 (_PUL Gonzales_NP0 2015_CRD )_PUR ._SENT Those_DT0 who_PNQ arrive_VVB in_PRP the_AT0 United_NP0 States_NP0 in_PRP their_DPS teen_NN1 years_NN2 —_PUN members_NN2 of_PRF the_AT0 1.25_CRD generation_NN1 —_PUN are_VBB among_PRP the_AT0 most_AV0 likely_AJ0 to_TO0 experience_VVI direct_AJ0 entry_NN1 into_PRP the_AT0 workplace_NN1 rather_AV0 than_CJS schools_NN2 and_CJC thus_AV0 have_VHB a_AT0 "_PUQ comparatively_AV0 more_AV0 problematic_AJ0 adaptation_NN1 "_PUQ relative_NN1 to_PRP their_DPS younger_AJC immigrant_AJ0 counterparts_NN2 (_PUL Rumbaut_NP0 2004_CRD )_PUR ._SENT 
The_AT0 frames_NN2 of_PRF adult_NN1 and_CJC family_NN1 migration_NN1 have_VHB buttressed_VVN important_AJ0 immigrant_AJ0 incorporation_NN1 research_NN1 that_CJT focuses_VVZ on_PRP adults_NN2 as_PRP workers_NN2 whose_DTQ lives_NN2 are_VBB organized_VVN by_PRP the_AT0 workplace_NN1 and_CJC children_NN2 as_PRP students_NN2 whose_DTQ lives_NN2 are_VBB organized_VVN by_PRP school_NN1 (_PUL Gleeson_NP0 and_CJC Gonzales_NP0 2012_CRD )_PUR ._SENT The_AT0 secondary_AJ0 labor_NN1 market_NN1 —_PUN the_AT0 segment_NN1 of_PRF the_AT0 dual_AJ0 US_NP0 labor_NN1 market_NN1 associated_VVN with_PRP low_AJ0 wages_NN2 ,_PUN job_NN1 instability_NN1 ,_PUN and_CJC poor_AJ0 work_NN1 conditions_NN2 —_PUN has_VHZ historically_AV0 employed_VVN first-time_AJ0 ,_PUN unmarried_AJ0 ,_PUN young_AJ0 adult_NN1 male_AJ0 Latinx_NN1 migrants_NN2 as_PRP seasonal_AJ0 farm_NN1 workers_NN2 and_CJC later_AV0 expanded_VVN to_TO0 include_VVI jobs_NN2 in_PRP construction_NN1 ,_PUN food_NN1 processing_NN1 ,_PUN and_CJC textile_NN1 manufacturing_NN1 ,_PUN among_PRP others_NN2 ._SENT Men_NN2 's_POS labor_NN1 migration_NN1 was_VBD followed_VVN by_PRP the_AT0 feminization_NN1 of_PRF migration_NN1 and_CJC migration_NN1 as_PRP a_AT0 family_NN1 reunification_NN1 strategy_NN1 (_PUL Hondagneu-Sotelo_NP0 1994_CRD )_PUR ._SENT In_PRP the_AT0 1980s_CRD and_CJC 1990s_CRD ,_PUN with_PRP tightening_VVG immigration_NN1 policy_NN1 and_CJC political_AJ0 ,_PUN economic_AJ0 ,_PUN and_CJC social_AJ0 insecurity_NN1 in_PRP Central_AJ0 America_NP0 and_CJC Mexico_NP0 ,_PUN families_NN2 became_VVD more_AV0 likely_AJ0 to_TO0 migrate_VVI together_AV0 ._SENT Today_AV0 ,_PUN unaccompanied_AJ0 ,_PUN undocumented_AJ0 youth_NN1 workers_NN2 arrive_VVB to_PRP the_AT0 United_NP0 States_NP0 at_PRP young_AJ0 ages_NN2 ,_PUN without_PRP their_DPS families_NN2 ,_PUN and_CJC in_PRP an_AT0 era_NN1 of_PRF border_NN1 enforcement_NN1 that_CJT denies_VVZ the_AT0 ability_NN1 of_PRF return_NN1 (_PUL Massey_NP0 ,_PUN Durand_NP0 and_CJC Pren_NP0 2016_CRD )_PUR ._SENT 
The_AT0 effects_NN2 of_PRF secondary_AJ0 labor_NN1 market_NN1 entry_NN1 for_PRP newcomer_NN1 migrants_NN2 '_POS long-term_AJ0 incorporation_NN1 are_VBB debated_VVN ._SENT Some_DT0 scholars_NN2 adopt_VVB a_AT0 comparative_AJ0 frame_NN1 to_TO0 argue_VVI that_CJT low-wage_AJ0 labor_NN1 in_PRP the_AT0 United_NP0 States_NP0 offers_VVZ opportunities_NN2 for_PRP those_DT0 with_PRP low_AJ0 English-language_AJ0 proficiency_NN1 and_CJC knowledge_NN1 about_PRP the_AT0 United_NP0 States_NP0 to_TO0 find_VVI work_NN1 otherwise_AV0 unavailable_AJ0 to_PRP them_PNP (_PUL Hondagneu-Sotelo_NP0 1994_CRD )_PUR ._SENT Through_PRP their_DPS social_AJ0 networks_NN2 ,_PUN immigrants_NN2 find_VVB housing_NN1 ,_PUN jobs_NN2 ,_PUN and_CJC learn_VVB skills_NN2 to_TO0 advance_VVI to_PRP better_AJC jobs_NN2 (_PUL Hagan_NP0 ,_PUN Hernandez-Leon_NP0 and_CJC Demonsant_NP0 2015_CRD ;_PUN Hamilton_NP0 and_CJC Chinchilla_NP0 2001_CRD )_PUR and_CJC the_AT0 accumulation_NN1 of_PRF capital_NN1 that_CJT prompts_VVZ mobility_NN1 for_PRP subsequent_AJ0 generations_NN2 (_PUL Agius_NP0 Vallejo_NP0 2012_CRD )_PUR ._SENT Others_NN2 argue_VVB that_CJT the_AT0 characteristics_NN2 that_CJT enable_VVB employability_NN1 in_PRP the_AT0 secondary_AJ0 labor_NN1 market_NN1 ,_PUN such_DT0 as_PRP lack_NN1 of_PRF English-language_AJ0 fluency_NN1 ,_PUN undocumented_AJ0 status_NN1 ,_PUN limited_AJ0 knowledge_NN1 about_PRP work_NN1 opportunities_NN2 ,_PUN and_CJC exploitative_AJ0 work_NN1 conditions_NN2 ,_PUN can_VM0 represent_VVI major_AJ0 occupational_AJ0 mobility_NN1 barriers_NN2 in_PRP the_AT0 United_NP0 States_NP0 (_PUL Feliciano_NP0 2005_CRD ;_PUN Menjívar_NP0 2013_CRD ;_PUN Waldinger_NP0 2001_CRD )_PUR ._SENT As_CJS employers_NN2 '_POS monopolistic_AJ0 power_NN1 over_PRP immigrant_AJ0 employees_NN2 reduces_VVZ their_DPS bargaining_NN1 power_NN1 ,_PUN undocumented_AJ0 workers_NN2 endure_VVB lost_AJ0 wages_NN2 ,_PUN worse_AJC conditions_NN2 ,_PUN and_CJC fewer_DT0 benefits_NN2 relative_AJ0 to_PRP their_DPS counterparts_NN2 with_PRP work_NN1 authorization_NN1 (_PUL Gleeson_NP0 2012_CRD )_PUR ._SENT Disillusionment_NN1 with_PRP mobility_NN1 prospects_NN2 requires_VVZ low-wage_AJ0 migrant_NN1 laborers_NN2 work_VVB multiple_AJ0 jobs_NN2 for_PRP longer_AJC hours_NN2 to_TO0 meet_VVI their_DPS own_DT0 needs_NN2 as_CJS well_AV0 as_CJS those_DT0 of_PRF their_DPS transnational_AJ0 families_NN2 (_PUL Mahler_NP0 1995_CRD ,_PUN 98_CRD )_PUR ._SENT Relegation_NN1 to_PRP the_AT0 low-wage_AJ0 labor_NN1 market_NN1 breeds_VVZ isolation_NN1 or_CJC ethnic_AJ0 community_NN1 fragmentation_NN1 as_CJS impoverishment_NN1 contributes_VVZ to_PRP coethnic_AJ0 opportunism_NN1 and_CJC exploitation_NN1 ._SENT Indigenous_AJ0 workers_NN2 and_CJC women_NN2 may_VM0 experience_VVI intersectional_AJ0 ethnoracial_NN1 (_PUL Hagan_NP0 1994_CRD )_PUR and_CJC gendered_AJ0 (_PUL Hondagneu-Sotelo_NP0 2001_CRD ;_PUN Menjívar_NP0 2001_CRD )_PUR disadvantages_NN2 within_PRP their_DPS coethnic_AJ0 community_NN1 and_CJC society_NN1 at_PRP large_AJ0 (_PUL Canizales_NP0 2019_CRD ;_PUN Rosales_NP0 2020_CRD )_PUR ._SENT These_DT0 conditions_NN2 are_VBB shared_VVN by_PRP undocumented_AJ0 youth_NN1 workers_NN2 in_PRP the_AT0 United_NP0 States_NP0 but_CJC exacerbated_VVN when_CJS compounded_VVN by_PRP their_DPS status_NN1 as_CJS unaccompanied_AJ0 with_PRP few_DT0 ,_PUN if_CJS any_DT0 ,_PUN social_AJ0 ties_NN2 in_PRP the_AT0 United_NP0 States_NP0 and_CJC little_AJ0 human_AJ0 capital_NN1 ._SENT 
Central_AJ0 American_AJ0 and_CJC Mexican_AJ0 minors_NN2 migrate_VVB to_PRP the_AT0 United_NP0 States_NP0 alone_AV0 to_TO0 pursue_VVI employment_NN1 ,_PUN opportunity_NN1 ,_PUN and_CJC adventure_NN1 ,_PUN as_CJS well_AV0 as_CJS to_TO0 flee_VVI war_NN1 ,_PUN famine_NN1 ,_PUN natural_AJ0 disasters_NN2 ,_PUN and_CJC separation_NN1 from_PRP family_NN1 members_NN2 (_PUL Hernández-León_NP0 1999_CRD ;_PUN Ressler_NP0 ,_PUN ,_PUN Boothby_NP0 and_CJC Steinbock_NP0 1988_CRD )_PUR ._SENT These_DT0 young_AJ0 people_NN0 arrive_VVB with_PRP prior_AJ0 work_NN1 experiences_NN2 after_PRP having_VHG worked_VVN alone_AV0 or_CJC alongside_PRP their_DPS parents_NN2 or_CJC adult_NN1 caretakers_NN2 in_PRP their_DPS home_NN1 country_NN1 and_CJC thus_AV0 anticipate_VVB entering_VVG full-time_AJ0 employment_NN1 (_PUL Woodhead_NP0 1998_CRD )_PUR in_PRP manufacturing_NN1 and_CJC service_NN1 occupations_NN2 (_PUL Canizales_NP0 2015_CRD )_PUR ._SENT Their_DPS growing_VVG up_AVP as_PRP workers_NN2 contrasts_VVZ Western_AJ0 notions_NN2 of_PRF childhood_NN1 that_CJT are_VBB idealized_AJ0 in_PRP the_AT0 United_NP0 States_NP0 ,_PUN such_DT0 as_CJS school-going_AJ0 ,_PUN delayed_AJ0 workplace_NN1 entry_NN1 ,_PUN and_CJC dependence_NN1 on_PRP an_AT0 adult_NN1 caregiver_NN1 alongside_PRP sentimentalization_NN1 in_PRP the_AT0 family_NN1 and_CJC community_NN1 (_PUL Zelizer_NP0 1985_CRD )_PUR ._SENT Youth_NN1 's_POS work_NN1 is_VBZ motivated_VVN by_PRP empathy_NN1 for_PRP parents_NN2 '_POS sacrifices_NN2 and_CJC a_AT0 sense_NN1 of_PRF responsibility_NN1 (_PUL Estrada_NP0 2019_CRD )_PUR that_DT0 continues_VVZ in_PRP adulthood_NN1 (_PUL Agius_NP0 Vallejo_NP0 2012_CRD )_PUR ._SENT Unlike_PRP immigrant_AJ0 youth_NN1 portrayed_VVN in_PRP existing_AJ0 literature_NN1 as_CJS working_VVG under_PRP adult_NN1 supervision_NN1 to_TO0 supplement_VVI parents_NN2 '_POS earnings_NN2 or_CJC for_PRP spending_NN1 money_NN1 (_PUL Orellana_NP0 2009_CRD )_PUR ,_PUN unaccompanied_AJ0 ,_PUN undocumented_AJ0 youth_NN1 must_VM0 also_AV0 work_VVI to_TO0 secure_VVI their_DPS "_PUQ sobrevivencia_NN1 (_PUL survival_NN1 )_PUR "_PUQ (_PUL Canizales_NP0 2021_CRD )_PUR ._SENT 
Unaccompanied_AJ0 ,_PUN Undocumented_AJ0 Youth_NN1 Coming_VVG of_PRF Age_NN1 through_PRP Work_NN1 
In_PRP this_DT0 study_NN1 ,_PUN youth_NN1 are_VBB conceptualized_VVN as_PRP agentic_AJ0 economic_AJ0 actors_NN2 and_CJC labor_NN1 migrants_NN2 who_PNQ act_VVB on_PRP their_DPS personal_AJ0 and_CJC familial_AJ0 best_AJS interest_NN1 ._SENT Labor_NN1 migration_NN1 can_VM0 be_VBI motivated_VVN by_PRP ideas_NN2 of_PRF individualism_NN1 and_CJC self-responsibility_NN1 (_PUL Portes_NP0 1992_CRD )_PUR ,_PUN which_DTQ are_VBB reinforced_VVN in_PRP the_AT0 United_NP0 States_NP0 as_PRP abstract_AJ0 liberalism_NN1 superimposes_VVZ notions_NN2 of_PRF meritocracy_NN1 on_PRP an_AT0 unequal_AJ0 and_CJC racist_AJ0 society_NN1 (_PUL Bonilla-Silva_NP0 2005_CRD )_PUR that_DT0 stratify_VVI access_NN1 to_PRP opportunity_NN1 and_CJC mobility_NN1 ._SENT Labor_NN1 migration_NN1 may_VM0 also_AV0 be_VBI motivated_VVN by_PRP familism_NN1 ,_PUN or_CJC familial_AJ0 loyalty_NN1 and_CJC reciprocity_NN1 ,_PUN and_CJC collectivism_NN1 (_PUL Burawoy_NP0 1976_CRD )_PUR ._SENT Cultural_AJ0 sociologists_NN2 show_VVB that_CJT individualism_NN1 and_CJC collectivism_NN1 are_VBB not_XX0 contradictory_AJ0 ideologies_NN2 (_PUL Lichterman_NP0 1995_CRD )_PUR but_CJC can_VM0 work_VVI together_AV0 to_TO0 motivate_VVI self-responsibility_AJ0 and_CJC greater_AJC community_NN1 good_NN1 (_PUL Canizales_NP0 2015_CRD )_PUR ._SENT Labor_NN1 migration_NN1 may_VM0 alleviate_VVI financial_AJ0 pressures_NN2 on_PRP left-behind_AJ0 parents_NN2 who_PNQ struggle_VVB to_TO0 provide_VVI for_PRP other_AJ0 family_NN1 members_NN2 ._SENT Youth_NN1 's_VBZ individual_AJ0 and_CJC familial_AJ0 obligations_NN2 and_CJC the_AT0 urgency_NN1 of_PRF their_DPS financial_AJ0 need_NN1 not_XX0 only_AV0 prompt_VVI their_DPS labor_NN1 migration_NN1 but_CJC also_AV0 their_DPS entry_NN1 into_PRP and_CJC relegation_NN1 to_PRP the_AT0 exploitative_AJ0 occupations_NN2 that_CJT make_VVB up_AVP the_AT0 secondary_AJ0 labor_NN1 market_NN1 ._SENT These_DT0 forces_NN2 shape_VVB unaccompanied_AJ0 ,_PUN undocumented_AJ0 youth_NN1 workers_NN2 '_POS social_AJ0 incorporation_NN1 as_CJS they_PNP navigate_VVB competing_VVG financial_AJ0 pressures_NN2 in_PRP the_AT0 home_NN1 and_CJC host_NN1 countries_NN2 within_PRP the_AT0 structural_AJ0 constraints_NN2 to_PRP mobility_NN1 imposed_VVN by_PRP the_AT0 secondary_AJ0 labor_NN1 market_NN1 and_CJC their_DPS minoritized_AJ0 and_CJC precarious_AJ0 statuses_NN2 within_PRP institutions_NN2 and_CJC society_NN1 at_PRP large_AJ0 ._SENT The_AT0 outcome_NN1 of_PRF these_DT0 pressures_NN2 is_VBZ what_DTQ I_PNP term_VVB work_NN1 primacy_NN1 ._SENT 
Work_NN1 primacy_NN1 refers_VVZ to_PRP the_AT0 centrality_NN1 of_PRF work_NN1 in_PRP the_AT0 economic_AJ0 and_CJC noneconomic_AJ0 lives_NN2 of_PRF undocumented_AJ0 immigrant_AJ0 youth_NN1 who_PNQ are_VBB employed_VVN by_AVP and_CJC come_VVI of_PRF age_NN1 within_PRP the_AT0 secondary_AJ0 labor_NN1 market_NN1 ._SENT 
