1._CRD Introduction_NN1 :_PUN circulating_VVG Peru_NP0 's_POS underground_NN1 
On_PRP their_DPS journey_NN1 from_PRP Lima_NP0 to_PRP Paris_NP0 ,_PUN the_AT0 minerals_NN2 fared_VVD poorly_AV0 ._SENT These_DT0 were_VBD a_AT0 collection_NN1 of_PRF 652_CRD specimens_NN2 that_CJT the_AT0 Italian-born_AJ0 naturalist_NN1 Antonio_NP0 Raimondi_NP0 had_VHD prepared_VVN for_PRP display_NN1 at_PRP the_AT0 1878_CRD Paris_NP0 World_NN1 's_POS Fair_NN1 ,_PUN as_PRP part_NN1 of_PRF the_AT0 Peruvian_AJ0 exhibition_NN1 ._SENT Born_VVN in_PRP Milan_NP0 in_PRP 1824_CRD ,_PUN Raimondi_NP0 had_VHD arrived_VVN in_PRP Peru_NP0 in_PRP 1850_CRD ,_PUN with_PRP the_AT0 aim_NN1 of_PRF investigating_VVG the_AT0 country_NN1 's_POS natural_AJ0 history_NN1 (_PUL Bonfiglio_NP0 ,_PUN 2004_CRD ;_PUN Seiner_NN1 Lizárraga_NP0 ,_PUN 2003_CRD ;_PUN Villacorta_NP0 Ostolaza_NP0 ,_PUN 2012_CRD )_PUR ._SENT He_PNP quickly_AV0 became_VVD integrated_AJ0 into_PRP Peru_NP0 's_POS professional_AJ0 and_CJC scientific_AJ0 circles_NN2 ,_PUN and_CJC over_PRP subsequent_AJ0 decades_NN2 he_PNP carried_VVD out_AVP ,_PUN with_PRP the_AT0 support_NN1 or_CJC on_PRP behalf_NN1 of_PRF the_AT0 Peruvian_AJ0 state_NN1 ,_PUN "_PUQ the_AT0 most_AV0 extensive_AJ0 and_CJC exhaustive_AJ0 scientific_AJ0 exploration_NN1 of_PRF Peru_NP0 in_PRP the_AT0 nineteenth_ORD century_NN1 "_PUQ (_PUL Villacorta_NP0 Ostolaza_NP0 ,_PUN 2012_CRD ,_PUN p._NN0 173_CRD )_PUR ._SENT While_CJS over_PRP the_AT0 course_NN1 of_PRF his_DPS career_NN1 ,_PUN Raimondi_NP0 became_VVD recognized_VVN as_PRP an_AT0 authority_NN1 on_PRP various_AJ0 scientific_AJ0 matters_NN2 in_PRP Peru_NP0 ,_PUN chief_AJ0 among_PRP these_DT0 were_VBD the_AT0 country_NN1 's_POS minerals_NN2 (_PUL Bonfiglio_NP0 ,_PUN 2004_CRD ;_PUN Villacorta_NP0 Ostolaza_NP0 ,_PUN 2007_CRD )_PUR ._SENT And_CJC it_PNP was_VBD in_PRP his_DPS capacity_NN1 as_AV0 '_POS Geólogo_NP0 Consultor_NN1 del_NP0 Estado_NP0 '_POS (_PUL '_PUQ Consultant_AJ0 Geologist_NN1 to_PRP the_AT0 State_NN1 '_POS )_PUR that_CJT he_PNP had_VHD been_VBN tasked_VVN with_PRP preparing_VVG a_AT0 collection_NN1 of_PRF Peruvian_AJ0 minerals_NN2 to_TO0 be_VBI exhibited_VVN at_PRP the_AT0 1878_CRD World_NN1 's_POS Fair_NN1 (_PUL Bonfiglio_NP0 ,_PUN 2004_CRD )_PUR –_PUN a_AT0 charge_NN1 that_CJT Raimondi_NP0 considered_VVD a_AT0 way_NN1 "_PUQ to_TO0 make_VVI the_AT0 great_AJ0 natural_AJ0 riches_NN2 of_PRF Peru_NP0 known_VVN "_PUQ (_PUL Raimondi_NP0 ,_PUN 1878_CRD ,_PUN p._NN0 v_CRD )_PUR ._SENT 
When_CJS the_AT0 collection_NN1 arrived_VVD in_PRP Paris_NP0 ,_PUN however_AV0 ,_PUN Peru_NP0 's_POS representatives_NN2 to_PRP the_AT0 Fair_NN1 found_VVD it_PNP "_PUQ entirely_AV0 destroyed_VVN "_PUQ (_PUL Martinet_NP0 ,_PUN 1880_CRD ,_PUN p._NN0 28_CRD )_PUR ._SENT As_CJS Henri_NP0 Martinet_NP0 ,_PUN one_CRD of_PRF these_DT0 representatives_NN2 ,_PUN later_AV0 recounted_VVN ,_PUN officials_NN2 in_PRP Lima_NP0 had_VHD packed_VVN the_AT0 minerals_NN2 in_PRP glass_NN1 jars_NN2 or_CJC in_PRP wooden_AJ0 boxes_NN2 with_PRP glass_NN1 tops_NN2 ._SENT These_DT0 fragile_AJ0 vessels_NN2 were_VBD no_AT0 match_NN1 for_PRP the_AT0 journey_NN1 ._SENT As_CJS glass_NN1 shattered_VVD ,_PUN and_CJC minerals_NN2 escaped_VVD their_DPS containers_NN2 ,_PUN many_DT0 specimens_NN2 lost_VVD their_DPS labels_NN2 ._SENT Martinet_NP0 later_AV0 recalled_VVD ,_PUN in_PRP a_AT0 report_NN1 on_PRP Peru_NP0 's_VBZ showing_VVG at_PRP the_AT0 Fair_NN1 ,_PUN that_CJT this_DT0 made_VVD especially_AV0 daunting_AJ0 the_AT0 prospect_NN1 of_PRF identifying_VVG minerals_NN2 and_CJC reassembling_VVG the_AT0 collection_NN1 "_PUQ without_PRP running_VVG the_AT0 risk_NN1 of_PRF committing_VVG some_DT0 mineralogical_AJ0 heresies_NN2 "_PUQ (_PUL Martinet_NP0 ,_PUN 1880_CRD ,_PUN p._NN0 33_CRD )_PUR ._SENT 
Martinet_NN1 and_CJC the_AT0 Peruvian_AJ0 delegation_NN1 were_VBD ,_PUN nonetheless_AV0 ,_PUN up_AVP to_PRP the_AT0 task_NN1 ._SENT The_AT0 labor_NN1 of_PRF reorganizing_VVG Raimondi_NP0 's_POS collection_NN1 took_VVD 35_CRD days_NN2 and_CJC resulted_VVD in_PRP these_DT0 "_PUQ circulating_AJ0 references_NN2 "_PUQ (_PUL Latour_NP0 ,_PUN 1999_CRD )_PUR being_VBG displayed_VVN along_PRP one_CRD whole_AJ0 side_NN1 of_PRF Peru_NP0 's_POS exhibition_NN1 space_NN1 (_PUL Villacorta_NP0 Ostolaza_NP0 ,_PUN 2007_CRD )_PUR ._SENT Martinet_NP0 also_AV0 assumed_VVD the_AT0 task_NN1 of_PRF translating_VVG into_PRP French_AJ0 the_AT0 more-than-300-page_AJ0 catalogue_NN1 raisonné_NN1 ,_PUN entitled_AJ0 Minerales_NP0 del_NP0 Perú_NP0 (_PUL Minerals_NN2 of_PRF Peru_NP0 )_PUR ,_PUN that_CJT Raimondi_NP0 had_VHD prepared_VVN to_TO0 accompany_VVI his_DPS collection_NN1 ,_PUN and_CJC which_DTQ gave_VVD descriptions_NN2 (_PUL often_AV0 highly_AV0 detailed_AJ0 )_PUR of_PRF the_AT0 specimens_NN2 it_PNP contained_VVD ._SENT In_PRP the_AT0 end_NN1 ,_PUN 2000_CRD copies_NN2 of_PRF the_AT0 French_AJ0 edition_NN1 were_VBD printed_VVN and_CJC distributed_VVN ,_PUN and_CJC it_PNP was_VBD completed_VVN in_PRP time_NN1 for_PRP the_AT0 Fair_NN1 's_POS Awards_NN2 Jury_NN1 to_TO0 evaluate_VVI it_PNP alongside_PRP the_AT0 minerals_NN2 themselves_PNX ._SENT The_AT0 results_NN2 were_VBD excellent_AJ0 :_PUN Raimondi_NP0 's_POS collection_NN1 was_VBD awarded_VVN a_AT0 gold_NN1 medal_NN1 ,_PUN one_CRD of_PRF three_CRD received_VVN by_PRP Peruvian_AJ0 exhibitors_NN2 ._SENT Back_AVP in_PRP Peru_NP0 ,_PUN Raimondi_NP0 's_POS minerals_NN2 were_VBD also_AV0 celebrated_VVN ,_PUN with_PRP an_AT0 article_NN1 from_PRP the_AT0 leading_AJ0 newspaper_NN1 El_NP0 Comercio_NP0 deeming_VVG the_AT0 collection_NN1 to_TO0 be_VBI "_PUQ the_AT0 jewel_NN1 of_PRF the_AT0 Peruvian_AJ0 exposition_NN1 "_PUQ (_PUL quoted_VVN in_PRP Villacorta_NP0 Ostolaza_NP0 ,_PUN 2007_CRD ,_PUN p._NN0 47_CRD )_PUR ._SENT 
What_DTQ can_VM0 Raimondi_NP0 's_POS experience_NN1 at_PRP the_AT0 1878_CRD World_NN1 's_POS Fair_NN1 tell_VVB us_PNP about_PRP the_AT0 historical_AJ0 relations_NN2 among_PRP science_NN1 ,_PUN resources_NN2 ,_PUN and_CJC territory_NN1 in_PRP Peru_NP0 ?_SENT What_DTQ can_VM0 analysis_NN1 of_PRF the_AT0 knowledge_NN1 practices_NN2 underpinning_VVG and_CJC expressed_VVD through_PRP his_DPS mineral_NN1 collection_NN1 and_CJC catalog_NN1 reveal_VVB about_PRP the_AT0 involvement_NN1 of_PRF the_AT0 Earth_NN1 sciences_NN2 in_PRP the_AT0 processes_NN2 through_PRP which_DTQ Peru_NP0 's_POS subsurface_NN1 has_VHZ been_VBN ascribed_VVN meaning_NN1 and_CJC incorporated_VVN into_PRP political-economic_AJ0 life_NN1 ?_SENT This_DT0 paper_NN1 addresses_VVZ these_DT0 questions_NN2 ,_PUN using_VVG Raimondi_NP0 's_POS mineralogy_NN1 ,_PUN as_CJS exemplified_VVN in_PRP his_DPS Paris_NP0 collection_NN1 and_CJC catalog_NN1 ,_PUN to_TO0 probe_VVI the_AT0 historical_AJ0 role_NN1 of_PRF science_NN1 in_PRP the_AT0 making_NN1 of_PRF resources_NN2 and_CJC territory_NN1 in_PRP Peru_NP0 ._SENT 
In_PRP doing_VDG so_AV0 ,_PUN the_AT0 paper_NN1 engages_VVZ two_CRD main_AJ0 scholarly_AJ0 literatures_NN2 ._SENT The_AT0 first_ORD is_VBZ a_AT0 growing_AJ0 body_NN1 of_PRF work_NN1 on_PRP the_AT0 development_NN1 of_PRF scientific_AJ0 activities_NN2 in_PRP Peru_NP0 during_PRP the_AT0 nineteenth_ORD century_NN1 (_PUL e.g._AV0 ,_PUN Castro_NP0 Castro_NP0 et_NP0 al._NP0 ,_PUN 2017_CRD ;_PUN Contreras_NP0 &_NP0 Cueto_NP0 ,_PUN 2008_CRD ;_PUN Cueto_NP0 ,_PUN 1989_CRD ;_PUN Deustua_NP0 ,_PUN 2017_CRD ;_PUN López-Ocón_NP0 Cabrera_NP0 ,_PUN 1995_CRD ;_PUN Orlove_NP0 ,_PUN 1993_CRD ;_PUN Seiner_NN1 Lizárraga_NP0 ,_PUN 2003_CRD ;_PUN Villacorta_NP0 Ostolaza_NP0 ,_PUN 2012_CRD )_PUR ._SENT Much_DT0 of_PRF this_DT0 work_NN1 centers_NN2 on_PRP the_AT0 relations_NN2 of_PRF state-sponsored_AJ0 scientific_AJ0 exploration_NN1 to_PRP efforts_NN2 by_PRP Peruvian_AJ0 political_AJ0 and_CJC economic_AJ0 elites_NN2 to_TO0 stimulate_VVI resource_NN1 development_NN1 (_PUL e.g._AV0 ,_PUN mining_NN1 )_PUR and_CJC to_TO0 forge_VVI a_AT0 '_PUQ modern_AJ0 '_PUQ territorial_AJ0 nation-state_NN1 ._SENT However_AV0 ,_PUN the_AT0 concrete_AJ0 practices_NN2 (_PUL analytical_AJ0 procedures_NN2 ,_PUN representational_AJ0 techniques_NN2 ,_PUN etc._AV0 )_PUR that_CJT were_VBD employed_VVN to_TO0 '_PUQ know_VVI '_PUQ Peru_NP0 's_POS underground_AJ0 features_NN2 and_CJC to_TO0 attribute_VVI these_DT0 with_PRP particular_AJ0 meanings_NN2 –_PUN including_VVG as_PRP a_AT0 domain_NN1 of_PRF resource_NN1 exploitation_NN1 –_PUN remain_VVB underexplored_AJ0 ,_PUN a_AT0 lacuna_NN1 I_PNP address_VVB in_PRP this_DT0 paper_NN1 ._SENT 
The_AT0 second_ORD is_VBZ recent_AJ0 work_NN1 from_PRP geographers_NN2 and_CJC others_NN2 on_PRP the_AT0 political_AJ0 economies_NN2 of_PRF subterranean_AJ0 Earth_NN1 science_NN1 (_PUL e.g._AV0 ,_PUN Braun_NP0 ,_PUN 2000_CRD ;_PUN Bridge_NP0 ,_PUN 2013_CRD ;_PUN Ferry_NP0 ,_PUN 2010_CRD ,_PUN 2013a_NP0 ,_PUN 2013b_NP0 ;_PUN Frederiksen_NP0 ,_PUN 2013_CRD ;_PUN Kneas_NP0 ,_PUN 2018_CRD ;_PUN Marston_NP0 ,_PUN 2019_CRD ;_PUN Mendez_NP0 et_NP0 al._NP0 ,_PUN 2020_CRD ;_PUN Pérez_NP0 &_NP0 Melo_NP0 Zurita_NP0 ,_PUN 2020_CRD ;_PUN Simpson_NP0 ,_PUN 2019_CRD )_PUR ._SENT Scholars_NN2 have_VHB long_AV0 recognized_VVN the_AT0 scientific_AJ0 study_NN1 of_PRF the_AT0 Earth_NN1 's_POS interior_NN1 to_TO0 be_VBI entangled_VVN with_PRP political-economic_AJ0 agendas_NN2 ._SENT On_PRP a_AT0 basic_AJ0 level_NN1 ,_PUN this_DT0 is_VBZ seen_VVN in_PRP long_AJ0 histories_NN2 of_PRF government_NN1 support_NN1 for_PRP institutions_NN2 –_PUN e.g._AV0 ,_PUN mining_NN1 academies_NN2 ,_PUN geological_AJ0 surveys_NN2 –_PUN dedicated_VVN to_PRP generating_VVG and_CJC circulating_VVG knowledge_NN1 of_PRF the_AT0 Earth_NN1 's_POS interior_NN1 (_PUL David_NP0 &_NP0 Wright_NP0 ,_PUN 1997_CRD ;_PUN Laudan_NP0 ,_PUN 1987_CRD ;_PUN Oldroyd_NP0 ,_PUN 1996_CRD )_PUR ._SENT Recent_AJ0 critical_AJ0 work_NN1 is_VBZ notable_AJ0 for_PRP advancing_VVG a_AT0 constitutive_AJ0 understanding_NN1 of_PRF state-sponsored_AJ0 Earth_NN1 science_NN1 (_PUL e.g._AV0 ,_PUN Braun_NP0 ,_PUN 2000_CRD ;_PUN Frederiksen_NP0 ,_PUN 2013_CRD )_PUR ._SENT Rather_AV0 than_CJS approaching_VVG the_AT0 scientific_AJ0 study_NN1 of_PRF the_AT0 Earth_NN1 as_CJS merely_AV0 an_AT0 instrument_NN1 of_PRF statecraft_NN1 –_PUN e.g._AV0 ,_PUN as_CJS a_AT0 tool_NN1 for_PRP facilitating_VVG commercial_AJ0 resource_NN1 exploitation_NN1 –_PUN this_DT0 work_NN1 considers_VVZ such_DT0 scientific_AJ0 activities_NN2 to_TO0 be_VBI integral_AJ0 to_PRP the_AT0 complex_AJ0 and_CJC historically_AV0 and_CJC geographically_AV0 specific_AJ0 formative_AJ0 processes_NN2 through_PRP which_DTQ subterranean_AJ0 resources_NN2 and_CJC nation-states_NN2 "_PUQ come_VVB to_TO0 be_VBI "_PUQ (_PUL Bridge_NP0 ,_PUN 2014_CRD ,_PUN p._NN0 119_CRD )_PUR ._SENT 
In_PRP probing_VVG the_AT0 constitutive_AJ0 role_NN1 of_PRF Raimondi_NP0 's_POS mineralogy_NN1 in_PRP the_AT0 making_NN1 of_PRF resources_NN2 and_CJC territory_NN1 in_PRP Peru_NP0 ,_PUN I_PNP focus_VVB on_PRP two_CRD aspects_NN2 of_PRF his_DPS scientific_AJ0 practices_NN2 ._SENT The_AT0 first_ORD is_VBZ his_DPS use_NN1 of_PRF a_AT0 mix_NN1 of_PRF representational_AJ0 techniques_NN2 to_TO0 construct_VVI Peruvian_AJ0 national_AJ0 territory_NN1 as_CJS distinct_AJ0 from_PRP the_AT0 territories_NN2 of_PRF other_AJ0 nation-states_NN2 due_AJ0 to_PRP the_AT0 abundance_NN1 and_CJC diversity_NN1 of_PRF minerals_NN2 contained_VVN in_PRP its_DPS subsurface_NN1 ._SENT Said_VVN another_DT0 way_NN1 ,_PUN Raimondi_NP0 differentiates_VVZ Peru_NP0 in_PRP geo-political_AJ0 terms_NN2 based_VVN on_PRP what_DTQ he_PNP claims_VVZ to_TO0 be_VBI the_AT0 unique_AJ0 '_PUQ richness_NN1 '_PUQ of_PRF its_DPS subsurface_NN1 ._SENT The_AT0 second_ORD is_VBZ Raimondi_NP0 's_POS deployment_NN1 of_PRF a_AT0 specific_AJ0 repertoire_NN1 of_PRF primarily_AV0 laboratory-based_AJ0 analytical_AJ0 procedures_NN2 –_PUN those_DT0 of_PRF late-nineteenth-century_AJ0 chemical_AJ0 mineralogy_NN1 –_PUN to_TO0 render_VVI Peru_NP0 's_POS minerals_NN2 legible_AJ0 to_PRP international_AJ0 audiences_NN2 ._SENT Here_AV0 ,_PUN I_PNP highlight_VVB how_AVQ Raimondi_NP0 's_POS mineralogy_NN1 was_VBD undergirded_AJ0 not_XX0 by_PRP a_AT0 claim_NN1 of_PRF national_AJ0 uniqueness_NN1 ,_PUN but_CJC rather_AV0 by_PRP an_AT0 assumption_NN1 of_PRF ontological_AJ0 sameness_NN1 –_PUN that_DT0 is_VBZ ,_PUN by_PRP the_AT0 idea_NN1 that_CJT the_AT0 minerals_NN2 of_PRF Peru_NP0 were_VBD ontologically_AV0 equivalent_AJ0 to_PRP minerals_NN2 anywhere_AV0 else_AV0 and_CJC were_VBD thus_AV0 knowable_AJ0 through_PRP '_PUQ universal_AJ0 '_PUQ scientific_AJ0 knowledge_NN1 practices_NN2 (_PUL i.e._AV0 ,_PUN those_DT0 of_PRF '_PUQ modern_AJ0 '_PUQ chemical_AJ0 mineralogy_NN1 )_PUR ._SENT 
Both_DT0 aspects_NN2 of_PRF Raimondi_NP0 's_POS work_NN1 –_PUN the_AT0 geo-political_AJ0 differentiation_NN1 of_PRF Peruvian_AJ0 national_AJ0 territory_NN1 and_CJC the_AT0 ontological_AJ0 dedifferentiation_NN1 of_PRF the_AT0 minerals_NN2 contained_VVD therein_AV0 –_PUN reflected_VVD an_AT0 underlying_AJ0 political-economic_AJ0 aim_NN1 :_PUN stimulating_VVG the_AT0 '_PUQ rebirth_NN1 '_PUQ of_PRF Peruvian_AJ0 mining_NN1 ,_PUN an_AT0 activity_NN1 that_CJT Raimondi_NP0 ,_PUN like_PRP many_DT0 of_PRF his_DPS contemporaries_NN2 ,_PUN considered_VVN to_TO0 have_VHI been_VBN in_PRP a_AT0 state_NN1 of_PRF decline_NN1 since_PRP Peru_NP0 's_POS Independence_NN1 in_PRP the_AT0 1820s_CRD (_PUL Raimondi_NP0 ,_PUN 1873_CRD ,_PUN 1878_CRD ,_PUN 1902_CRD ;_PUN see_VVB also_AV0 Contreras_NP0 ,_PUN 1998_CRD ;_PUN Himley_NP0 ,_PUN 2020_CRD )_PUR ._SENT Yet_AV0 ,_PUN close_AJ0 analysis_NN1 of_PRF Raimondi_NP0 's_POS mineral_NN1 science_NN1 reveals_VVZ frictions_NN2 between_PRP his_DPS practices_NN2 for_PRP knowing_VVG and_CJC representing_VVG Peru_NP0 's_POS minerals_NN2 and_CJC his_DPS claims_NN2 regarding_PRP the_AT0 unique_AJ0 richness_NN1 of_PRF the_AT0 country_NN1 's_POS subsurface_NN1 ._SENT Here_AV0 ,_PUN I_PNP highlight_VVB ways_NN2 that_CJT Raimondi_NP0 's_POS mineralogy_NN1 was_VBD oriented_VVN more_AV0 towards_PRP revealing_AJ0 mineral_NN1 complexity_NN1 and_CJC diversity_NN1 than_CJS calculating_VVG abundance_NN1 ,_PUN and_CJC thus_AV0 how_AVQ his_DPS assertions_NN2 regarding_PRP the_AT0 unique_AJ0 mineral-resource_NN1 '_POS potentiality_NN1 '_PUQ (_PUL Weszkalnys_NP0 ,_PUN 2015_CRD )_PUR of_PRF Peru_NP0 were_VBD left_VVN largely_AV0 unsubstantiated_AJ0 ._SENT The_AT0 Peruvian_AJ0 underground_NN1 ,_PUN in_PRP other_AJ0 words_NN2 ,_PUN was_VBD not_XX0 fully_AV0 "_PUQ rendered_VVN available_AJ0 to_PRP political_AJ0 and_CJC economic_AJ0 calculation_NN1 "_PUQ (_PUL Mitchell_NP0 ,_PUN 1988_CRD ,_PUN p._NN0 33_CRD )_PUR through_PRP Raimondi_NP0 's_POS mineralogical_AJ0 work_NN1 ._SENT I_PNP nonetheless_AV0 suggest_VVB that_CJT this_DT0 work_NN1 has_VHZ played_VVN an_AT0 influential_AJ0 role_NN1 in_PRP the_AT0 history_NN1 of_PRF resource-making_NN1 in_PRP Peru_NP0 ,_PUN in_PRP particular_AJ0 serving_NN1 to_TO0 consolidate_VVI an_AT0 imaginary_AJ0 of_PRF national_AJ0 territory_NN1 as_PRP mineral-rich_AJ0 and_CJC underexploited_AJ0 –_PUN an_AT0 imaginary_AJ0 that_DT0 has_VHZ been_VBN recurrently_AV0 mobilized_VVN to_TO0 promote_VVI and_CJC naturalize_VVI the_AT0 commercial_AJ0 exploitation_NN1 of_PRF Peru_NP0 's_POS subsurface_NN1 ._SENT 
The_AT0 next_ORD section_NN1 places_VVZ Raimondi_NP0 's_POS mineral_NN1 collection_NN1 and_CJC catalog_NN1 –_PUN and_CJC Peru_NP0 's_POS exhibition_NN1 at_PRP the_AT0 1878_CRD World_NN1 's_POS Fair_NN1 more_AV0 broadly_AV0 –_PUN in_PRP relation_NN1 to_PRP a_AT0 specific_AJ0 set_NN1 of_PRF political-economic_AJ0 dynamics_NN0 and_CJC anxieties_NN2 in_PRP late-nineteenth-century_AJ0 Peru_NP0 ._SENT The_AT0 third_ORD section_NN1 details_VVZ the_AT0 representational_AJ0 techniques_NN2 Raimondi_NP0 used_VVD to_TO0 construct_VVI Peruvian_AJ0 territory_NN1 as_CJS '_PUQ full_AJ0 '_PUQ of_PRF minerals_NN2 ,_PUN while_CJS the_AT0 following_AJ0 section_NN1 focuses_VVZ on_PRP his_DPS analytical_AJ0 procedures_NN2 for_PRP rendering_VVG these_DT0 minerals_NN2 legible_AJ0 within_PRP international_AJ0 arenas_NN2 ._SENT The_AT0 penultimate_AJ0 section_NN1 highlights_VVZ ways_NN2 Raimondi_NP0 's_POS mineralogy_NN1 was_VBD limited_VVN in_PRP its_DPS utility_NN1 for_PRP political-economic_AJ0 decision-making_NN1 ,_PUN while_CJS also_AV0 underscoring_VVG the_AT0 long-term_AJ0 historical_AJ0 importance_NN1 of_PRF the_AT0 territorial_AJ0 imaginary_AJ0 this_DT0 work_NN1 helped_VVD to_TO0 consolidate_VVI ._SENT In_PRP conclusion_NN1 ,_PUN I_PNP reflect_VVB on_PRP the_AT0 paper_NN1 's_POS broader_AJC significance_NN1 ,_PUN calling_VVG attention_NN1 to_PRP the_AT0 need_NN1 for_PRP research_NN1 on_PRP the_AT0 political_AJ0 economies_NN2 of_PRF Earth_NN1 science_NN1 to_TO0 approach_VVI science_NN1 as_PRP an_AT0 historically_AV0 and_CJC geographically_AV0 situated_VVN practice_NN1 ,_PUN to_TO0 attend_VVI to_PRP the_AT0 multiple_AJ0 (_PUL e.g._AV0 ,_PUN calculative_AJ0 and_CJC symbolic_AJ0 )_PUR dimensions_NN2 of_PRF scientific_AJ0 activities_NN2 ,_PUN and_CJC to_TO0 be_VBI attentive_AJ0 to_PRP ways_NN2 in_PRP which_DTQ the_AT0 logics_NN2 and_CJC aims_NN2 of_PRF Earth_NN1 science_NN1 may_VM0 not_XX0 fully_AV0 intersect_VVI with_PRP those_DT0 of_PRF capital_NN1 and_CJC the_AT0 state_NN1 ._SENT 
2._CRD After_PRP guano_NN1 :_PUN mining_NN1 reborn_AJ0 ?_SENT 
As_CJS Timothy_NP0 Mitchell_NP0 notes_NN2 ,_PUN the_AT0 world_NN1 exhibitions_NN2 of_PRF the_AT0 second_ORD half_NN1 of_PRF the_AT0 nineteenth_ORD century_NN1 –_PUN with_PRP their_DPS systematically_AV0 classified_AJ0 and_CJC arranged_AJ0 collections_NN2 of_PRF art_NN1 ,_PUN merchandise_NN1 ,_PUN natural_AJ0 specimens_NN2 ,_PUN and_CJC the_AT0 like_AJ0 –_PUN encapsulated_VVD a_AT0 specific_AJ0 kind_NN1 of_PRF world-knowing_NN1 ,_PUN one_PNI that_CJT "_PUQ set_VVB up_AVP the_AT0 world_NN1 as_PRP a_AT0 picture_NN1 ..._PUN [_PUL ordering_VVG ]_PUR it_PNP up_AVP before_PRP an_AT0 audience_NN1 as_PRP an_AT0 object_NN1 on_PRP display_NN1 ,_PUN to_TO0 be_VBI viewed_VVN ,_PUN experienced_VVN and_CJC investigated_VVN "_PUQ (_PUL Mitchell_NP0 ,_PUN 1988_CRD ,_PUN p._NN0 6_CRD ;_PUN see_VVB also_AV0 Majluf_NP0 ,_PUN 1997_CRD )_PUR ._SENT Mitchell_NP0 further_AV0 contends_VVZ that_CJT this_DT0 mode_NN1 of_PRF world-knowing_NN1 was_VBD closely_AV0 linked_VVN to_PRP a_AT0 project_NN1 of_PRF political-economic_AJ0 change_NN1 :_PUN objects_NN2 displayed_VVN were_VBD meant_VVN to_TO0 represent_VVI and_CJC promote_VVI "_PUQ the_AT0 conversion_NN1 of_PRF the_AT0 world_NN1 to_PRP modern_AJ0 capitalist_AJ0 production_NN1 and_CJC exchange_NN1 "_PUQ (_PUL Mitchell_NP0 ,_PUN 1988_CRD ,_PUN p._NN0 16_CRD )_PUR ._SENT For_PRP the_AT0 political-economic_AJ0 elite_NN1 of_PRF a_AT0 country_NN1 ,_PUN like_PRP Peru_NP0 ,_PUN on_PRP the_AT0 periphery_NN1 of_PRF the_AT0 global_AJ0 capitalist_AJ0 economy_NN1 ,_PUN participation_NN1 in_PRP world_NN1 exhibitions_NN2 ,_PUN like_PRP the_AT0 1878_CRD World_NN1 's_POS Fair_NN1 ,_PUN thus_AV0 presented_VVN an_AT0 opportunity_NN1 ._SENT As_CJS Luis_NP0 Felipe_NP0 Villacorta_NP0 Ostolaza_NP0 (_PUL 2007_CRD ,_PUN p._NN0 21_CRD )_PUR puts_VVZ it_PNP ,_PUN this_DT0 was_VBD the_AT0 opportunity_NN1 to_TO0 "_PUQ engage_VVI [_PUL engancharse_NN1 ]_PUR in_PRP some_DT0 way_NN1 in_PRP the_AT0 chain_NN1 of_PRF progress_NN1 linked_VVN to_PRP Europe_NP0 's_POS increasing_AJ0 industrialization_NN1 ,_PUN "_PUQ in_PRP particular_AJ0 by_PRP attracting_VVG capital_NN1 to_TO0 exploit_VVI natural_AJ0 resources_NN2 on_PRP demand_NN1 in_PRP Europe_NP0 ,_PUN by_PRP identifying_VVG advanced_AJ0 technologies_NN2 for_PRP exploiting_VVG these_DT0 resources_NN2 ,_PUN and_CJC by_PRP contracting_AJ0 individuals_NN2 (_PUL professionals_NN2 ,_PUN workers_NN2 ,_PUN etc._AV0 )_PUR skilled_AJ0 in_PRP using_VVG these_DT0 technologies_NN2 (_PUL see_VVB also_AV0 Quiñones_NP0 Tinoco_NP0 ,_PUN 2007_CRD )_PUR ._SENT 
Such_DT0 ideas_NN2 indeed_AV0 seem_VVB to_TO0 have_VHI underlaid_VVN the_AT0 decision_NN1 by_PRP the_AT0 Peruvian_AJ0 delegation_NN1 to_PRP the_AT0 1878_CRD World_NN1 's_VBZ Fair_AJ0 to_TO0 reorganize_VVI Raimondi_NP0 's_POS mineral_NN1 collection_NN1 and_CJC prepare_VVB it_PNP for_PRP display_NN1 ._SENT As_CJS Martinet_NP0 (_PUL 1880_CRD )_PUR recounts_VVZ in_PRP his_DPS post-Fair_AJ0 report_NN1 :_PUN 
As_CJS for_PRP the_AT0 products_NN2 that_CJT Peru_NP0 needed_VVD to_TO0 present_VVI in_PRP order_NN1 to_TO0 directly_AV0 favor_VVI its_DPS interests_NN2 ,_PUN while_CJS illustrating_VVG to_PRP the_AT0 world_NN1 its_DPS true_AJ0 economic_AJ0 situation_NN1 and_CJC the_AT0 immense_AJ0 natural_AJ0 riches_NN2 contained_VVN in_PRP its_DPS fertile_AJ0 and_CJC almost_AV0 virgin_AJ0 soil_NN1 ,_PUN it_PNP is_VBZ easy_AJ0 to_TO0 guess_VVI :_PUN these_DT0 needed_VVD to_TO0 be_VBI the_AT0 products_NN2 of_PRF the_AT0 country_NN1 's_POS two_CRD main_AJ0 industries_NN2 ;_PUN the_AT0 two_CRD industries_NN2 to_PRP which_DTQ labor_NN1 ,_PUN intelligence_NN1 and_CJC capital_NN1 should_VM0 be_VBI preferentially_AV0 dedicated_VVN ;_PUN that_DT0 is_VBZ ,_PUN the_AT0 valuable_AJ0 products_NN2 of_PRF the_AT0 mining_NN1 industry_NN1 and_CJC the_AT0 countless_AJ0 products_NN2 of_PRF the_AT0 agricultural_AJ0 industry_NN1 ._SENT (_PUL p._NN0 23_CRD –_PUN 24_CRD )_PUR 
Yet_AV0 ,_PUN while_CJS mining_NN1 and_CJC agricultural_AJ0 products_NN2 are_VBB here_AV0 framed_VVN as_PRP the_AT0 obvious_AJ0 choices_NN2 to_TO0 display_VVI Peru_NP0 's_POS '_PUQ true_AJ0 economic_AJ0 situation_NN1 '_PUQ and_CJC '_PUQ immense_AJ0 natural_AJ0 riches_NN2 '_POS ,_PUN these_DT0 claims_NN2 must_VM0 be_VBI understood_VVN in_PRP relation_NN1 to_PRP a_AT0 specific_AJ0 set_NN1 of_PRF political-economic_AJ0 dynamics_NN0 ._SENT One_PNI was_VBD the_AT0 end_NN1 of_PRF the_AT0 Peruvian_AJ0 guano_NN1 boom_NN1 ._SENT During_PRP the_AT0 middle_AJ0 decades_NN2 of_PRF the_AT0 1800s_CRD ,_PUN Peru_NP0 experienced_VVD an_AT0 extraordinary_AJ0 period_NN1 of_PRF wealth_NN1 creation_NN1 based_VVN on_PRP seabird_NN1 excrement_NN1 (_PUL guano_NN1 )_PUR collected_VVN from_PRP coastal_AJ0 islands_NN2 and_CJC exported_VVN ,_PUN mainly_AV0 to_PRP Europe_NP0 ,_PUN as_PRP fertilizer_NN1 (_PUL Crabtree_NP0 &_NP0 Durand_NP0 ,_PUN 2017_CRD ;_PUN Cushman_NP0 ,_PUN 2013_CRD )_PUR ._SENT This_DT0 had_VHD generated_VVN a_AT0 spike_NN1 in_PRP state_NN1 revenues_NN2 and_CJC contributed_VVN to_PRP what_DTQ historian_NN1 Jorge_NP0 Basadre_NP0 termed_VVD the_AT0 era_NN1 of_PRF prosperidad_NP0 falaz_NP0 (_PUL fallacious_AJ0 prosperity_NN1 )_PUR ._SENT By_PRP the_AT0 1870s_CRD ,_PUN however_AV0 ,_PUN guano_NN1 production_NN1 was_VBD on_PRP the_AT0 decline_NN1 ,_PUN and_CJC Peru_NP0 's_POS leaders_NN2 were_VBD increasingly_AV0 preoccupied_AJ0 with_PRP the_AT0 need_NN1 to_TO0 diversify_VVI the_AT0 economy_NN1 and_CJC cultivate_VVB alternate_AJ0 streams_NN2 of_PRF state_NN1 revenue_NN1 ,_PUN a_AT0 task_NN1 made_VVD all_DT0 the_AT0 more_AV0 pressing_AJ0 by_PRP the_AT0 outsized_AJ0 foreign_AJ0 debt_NN1 Peru_NP0 had_VHD taken_VVN on_AVP during_PRP the_AT0 era_NN1 of_PRF guano_NN1 (_PUL Crabtree_NP0 &_NP0 Durand_NP0 ,_PUN 2017_CRD )_PUR ._SENT Gisa_NP0 Weszkalnys_NP0 (_PUL 2015_CRD ,_PUN p._NN0 621_CRD )_PUR contends_VVZ that_CJT "_PUQ speculation_NN1 about_PRP resource_NN1 potential_NN1 thrives_VVZ at_PRP historical_AJ0 junctures_NN2 characterized_VVN by_PRP the_AT0 foreclosing_VVG of_PRF previous_AJ0 material_NN1 possibilities_NN2 ._SENT "_PUQ The_AT0 decline_NN1 of_PRF guano_NN1 marked_VVN ,_PUN for_PRP Peru_NP0 ,_PUN just_AV0 such_DT0 a_AT0 juncture_NN1 ;_PUN this_DT0 was_VBD fertile_AJ0 ground_NN1 for_PRP invocations_NN2 ,_PUN like_PRP Martinet_NP0 's_POS ,_PUN of_PRF the_AT0 economic_AJ0 potential_NN1 of_PRF the_AT0 country_NN1 's_POS non-guano_NN1 '_POS natural_AJ0 riches_NN2 '_POS ._SENT 
Second_ORD was_VBD the_AT0 general_AJ0 sense_NN1 (_PUL noted_VVN above_AV0 )_PUR that_CJT since_CJS Peru_NP0 's_POS Independence_NN1 mining_NN1 had_VHD been_VBN in_PRP decline_NN1 ,_PUN with_PRP potentially_AV0 lucrative_AJ0 sites_NN2 abandoned_VVN or_CJC underworked_AJ0 (_PUL Contreras_NP0 ,_PUN 1998_CRD )_PUR ._SENT Raimondi_NP0 himself_PNX was_VBD a_AT0 purveyor_NN1 of_PRF this_DT0 idea_NN1 ._SENT In_PRP an_AT0 1861_CRD text_NN1 ,_PUN he_PNP avers_VVZ :_PUN "_PUQ Seeing_VVG the_AT0 almost_AV0 completely_AV0 abandoned_VVN mining_NN1 sites_NN2 ,_PUN it_PNP is_VBZ impossible_AJ0 to_TO0 believe_VVI that_CJT they_PNP were_VBD all_AV0 exhausted_VVN at_PRP one_CRD time_NN1 ;_PUN and_CJC reflecting_VVG on_PRP this_DT0 ,_PUN we_PNP must_VM0 believe_VVI that_CJT the_AT0 governments_NN2 that_CJT followed_VVD after_PRP [_PUL Independence_NN1 ]_PUR much_AV0 neglected_VVN the_AT0 field_NN1 of_PRF mining_NN1 "_PUQ (_PUL Raimondi_NP0 ,_PUN 1902_CRD ,_PUN p._NN0 514_CRD )_PUR ._SENT 
