BLACK_AJ0 POWER_NN1 AND_CJC "_PUQ THE_AT0 NEW_AJ0 BLACK_AJ0 POLITICS_NN1 "_PUQ :_PUN SEVERAL_DT0 TRENDS_NN2 IN_PRP BLACK_AJ0 POWER_NN1 MOVEMENT_NN1 INHERITANCES_NN2 
Iton_NP0 (_PUL 2008_CRD ,_PUN p._NN0 82_CRD )_PUR took_VVD particular_AJ0 note_NN1 of_PRF the_AT0 "_PUQ Rustinian_AJ0 conceptions_NN2 of_PRF black_AJ0 politics_NN1 [_PUL that_DT0 ]_PUR became_VVD hegemonic_AJ0 in_PRP the_AT0 immediate_AJ0 post_NN1 civil_AJ0 rights_NN2 era_NN1 ._SENT "_PUQ Political_AJ0 science_NN1 focused_VVN on_PRP the_AT0 move_NN1 ,_PUN encouraged_VVN by_PRP Rustin_NP0 ,_PUN "_PUQ from_PRP protest_NN1 to_PRP politics_NN1 ._SENT "_PUQ 9_CRD The_AT0 1965_CRD Voting_NN1 Rights_NN2 Act_NN1 increased_VVD the_AT0 number_NN1 of_PRF BEOs_NP0 by_PRP 121_CRD %_NN0 between_PRP 1969_CRD and_CJC 1973_CRD ,_PUN when_AVQ the_AT0 total_NN1 was_VBD 2_CRD ,_PUN 621_CRD according_VVG to_PRP the_AT0 1973_CRD National_AJ0 Roster_NN1 of_PRF Black_AJ0 Elected_AJ0 Officials_NN2 ._SENT By_PRP 1983_CRD ,_PUN there_EX0 were_VBD 5_CRD ,_PUN 000_CRD BEOs_NN2 in_PRP the_AT0 United_NP0 States_NP0 ._SENT Interest_NN1 in_PRP electoral_AJ0 ,_PUN bureaucratic_AJ0 ,_PUN and_CJC appointed_VVD political_AJ0 leaders_NN2 and_CJC processes_NN2 grew_VVD in_PRP the_AT0 subsequent_AJ0 period_NN1 of_PRF black_AJ0 politics_NN1 ,_PUN and_CJC political_AJ0 science_NN1 interest_NN1 in_PRP black_AJ0 politics_NN1 reached_VVD its_DPS highest_AJS level_NN1 of_PRF scholarly_AJ0 engagement_NN1 up_AVP to_PRP that_DT0 time_NN1 (_PUL Joint_AJ0 Cent_NN1 ._SENT Political_AJ0 Econ_NP0 ._SENT Stud_NN1 ._SENT 1973_CRD ,_PUN pp._NN2 iii_CRD ,_PUN v_CRD )_PUR ._SENT Students_NN2 of_PRF black_AJ0 politics_NN1 who_PNQ entered_VVD the_AT0 academy_NN1 in_PRP the_AT0 1980s_CRD encountered_VVD the_AT0 contemporary_AJ0 works_NN0 of_PRF political_AJ0 scientists_NN2 Hanes_NP0 Walton_NP0 ,_PUN Ronald_NP0 Walters_NP0 ,_PUN Mack_NP0 Jones_NP0 ,_PUN Robert_NP0 Smith_NP0 ,_PUN Michael_NP0 B_NP0 ._SENT Preston_NP0 ,_PUN Adolph_NP0 Reed_NP0 ,_PUN Jr._NP0 ,_PUN Georgia_NP0 Persons_NN2 ,_PUN and_CJC James_NP0 Jennings_NP0 ,_PUN among_PRP important_AJ0 others_NN2 ._SENT Their_DPS research_NN1 centered_VVD political_AJ0 and_CJC intellectual_AJ0 theorizing_NN1 on_PRP the_AT0 outcomes_NN2 of_PRF the_AT0 Civil_AJ0 Rights_NN2 Movement_NN1 and_CJC BPM_NP0 ,_PUN often_AV0 more_AV0 than_CJS the_AT0 politics_NN1 orienting_VVG their_DPS practices_NN2 ._SENT The_AT0 latter_DT0 ,_PUN again_AV0 ,_PUN was_VBD often_AV0 left_VVN to_PRP historians_NN2 and_CJC sociologists_NN2 as_PRP political_AJ0 scientists_NN2 aimed_VVN to_TO0 discern_VVI the_AT0 prospects_NN2 of_PRF the_AT0 apparently_AV0 greater_AJC electoral_AJ0 efficacy_NN1 of_PRF black_AJ0 voters_NN2 and_CJC the_AT0 prospects_NN2 for_PRP greater_AJC descriptive_AJ0 and_CJC substantive_AJ0 representation_NN1 of_PRF black_AJ0 voters_NN2 among_PRP local_AJ0 and_CJC national_AJ0 representatives.10_NN1 
Overall_AV0 ,_PUN the_AT0 emphasis_NN1 in_PRP black_AJ0 politics_NN1 in_PRP the_AT0 1980s_CRD continued_VVD to_TO0 reflect_VVI the_AT0 pattern_NN1 of_PRF inattention_NN1 to_PRP Black_AJ0 Power_NN1 theoretically_AV0 ,_PUN and_CJC to_PRP a_AT0 lesser_AJ0 extent_NN1 ,_PUN BPM_NP0 organizations_NN2 (_PUL see_VVB also_AV0 Smith_NP0 1981_CRD ,_PUN Tate_NP0 1993_CRD )_PUR ._SENT Black_AJ0 Power_NN1 informed_VVD the_AT0 premises_NN2 and_CJC postulates_NN2 of_PRF the_AT0 literature_NN1 of_PRF the_AT0 New_AJ0 Black_AJ0 Politics_NN1 mainly_AV0 tangentially_AV0 as_CJS studies_NN2 focused_VVD more_AV0 on_PRP formal_AJ0 and_CJC institutional_AJ0 politics_NN1 (_PUL Preston_NP0 et_NP0 al._NP0 1987_CRD ,_PUN Johnson_NP0 2007_CRD )_PUR ._SENT 
First_ORD ,_PUN Smith_NP0 's_POS We_PNP Have_VHB No_AT0 Leaders_NN2 :_PUN African_AJ0 Americans_NN2 in_PRP the_AT0 Post_NN1 –_PUN Civil_AJ0 Rights_NN2 Era_NN1 (_PUL 1996_CRD )_PUR provided_VVD a_AT0 fresh_AJ0 analysis_NN1 of_PRF the_AT0 BPM_NP0 and_CJC its_DPS aftermath_NN1 in_PRP both_DT0 the_AT0 grassroots_NN2 movement_NN1 and_CJC electoral_AJ0 politics_NN1 domains_NN2 ._SENT Smith_NP0 sees_VVZ the_AT0 BPM_NP0 's_POS impact_NN1 much_AV0 more_AV0 expansively_AV0 than_CJS did_VDD previous_AJ0 studies_NN2 of_PRF the_AT0 era_NN1 and_CJC relates_VVZ it_PNP to_PRP both_DT0 Jesse_NP0 Jackson_NP0 campaigns_NN2 and_CJC the_AT0 first_ORD administration_NN1 of_PRF Bill_NP0 Clinton_NP0 ._SENT Smith_NP0 's_POS study_NN1 takes_VVZ state_NN1 violence_NN1 and_CJC police_NN2 repression_NN1 seriously_AV0 as_PRP part_NN1 of_PRF an_AT0 explanation_NN1 for_PRP understanding_VVG the_AT0 BPM_NP0 's_POS internal_AJ0 and_CJC external_AJ0 deficiencies_NN2 ,_PUN and_CJC Smith_NP0 presciently_AV0 recognizes_VVZ its_DPS continued_AJ0 relevance_NN1 as_PRP a_AT0 focus_NN1 of_PRF black_AJ0 political_AJ0 mobilization_NN1 decades_NN2 into_PRP the_AT0 post_NN1 –_PUN Civil_AJ0 Rights_NN2 era_NN1 ._SENT A_AT0 key_AJ0 lesson_NN1 from_PRP BPM_NP0 organizing_AJ0 is_VBZ that_CJT "_PUQ the_AT0 black_AJ0 community_NN1 is_VBZ too_AV0 ideologically_AV0 diverse_AJ0 to_TO0 operate_VVI for_PRP long_AV0 in_PRP a_AT0 single_AJ0 ,_PUN all-inclusive_AJ0 organization_NN1 capable_AJ0 of_PRF representing_VVG the_AT0 interests_NN2 of_PRF the_AT0 race_NN1 in_PRP its_DPS relationship_NN1 to_PRP whites_NN2 or_CJC the_AT0 larger_AJC political_AJ0 order_NN1 "_PUQ (_PUL Smith_NP0 1996_CRD ,_PUN pp._NN2 74_CRD –_PUN 75_CRD )_PUR ,_PUN such_DT0 as_PRP a_AT0 black_AJ0 political_AJ0 party_NN1 ._SENT The_AT0 importance_NN1 of_PRF Smith_NP0 's_POS study_NN1 to_PRP subsequent_AJ0 scholarship_NN1 in_PRP early_AJ0 twenty-first-century_AJ0 black_AJ0 politics_NN1 lies_VVZ in_PRP its_DPS call_NN1 for_PRP greater_AJC ,_PUN not_XX0 less_AV0 ,_PUN commitment_NN1 to_PRP black_AJ0 nationalist_AJ0 projects_NN2 and_CJC has_VHZ become_VVN increasingly_AV0 evident_AJ0 since_CJS its_DPS publication_NN1 ._SENT Students_NN2 of_PRF black_AJ0 politics_NN1 focused_VVN increasingly_AV0 on_PRP Black_AJ0 Power_NN1 ideologies_NN2 and_CJC the_AT0 BPM_NP0 in_PRP the_AT0 1990s_CRD and_CJC after_AV0 ._SENT 
Second_ORD ,_PUN Dawson_NP0 's_POS corpus_NN1 has_VHZ contributed_VVN significantly_AV0 to_PRP black_AJ0 political_AJ0 science_NN1 knowledge_NN1 through_PRP study_NN1 of_PRF political_AJ0 attitudes_NN2 and_CJC public_AJ0 opinion_NN1 research_NN1 ._SENT Dawson_NP0 (_PUL 2013_CRD ,_PUN p._NN0 ix_CRD )_PUR observes_VVZ "_PUQ a_AT0 stunning_AJ0 absence_NN1 of_PRF analysis_NN1 of_PRF black_AJ0 activism_NN1 and_CJC the_AT0 political_AJ0 thought_NN1 generated_VVN in_PRP the_AT0 context_NN1 of_PRF black_AJ0 struggles_NN2 for_PRP freedom_NN1 ,_PUN equality_NN1 ,_PUN and_CJC justice_NN1 "_PUQ in_PRP the_AT0 study_NN1 of_PRF social_AJ0 movements_NN2 in_PRP the_AT0 United_NP0 States_NP0 ,_PUN "_PUQ but_CJC also_AV0 a_AT0 more_AV0 general_AJ0 absence_NN1 of_PRF taking_VVG race_NN1 seriously_AV0 as_CJS a_AT0 historical_AJ0 phenomenon_NN1 that_CJT has_VHZ profoundly_AV0 shaped_VVN American_AJ0 institutions_NN2 ,_PUN politics_NN1 and_CJC civil_AJ0 society_NN1 ._SENT "_PUQ Noticeably_AV0 absent_AJ0 in_PRP Dawson_NP0 's_POS summary_NN1 of_PRF studies_NN2 and_CJC analyses_NN2 of_PRF black_AJ0 radicalism_NN1 are_VBB political_AJ0 scientists_NN2 ._SENT At_PRP the_AT0 end_NN1 of_PRF the_AT0 new_AJ0 Black_AJ0 politics_NN1 phase_NN1 of_PRF black_AJ0 political_AJ0 science_NN1 in_PRP the_AT0 1990s_CRD ,_PUN and_CJC following_VVG his_DPS more_AV0 influential_AJ0 Behind_PRP the_AT0 Mule_NN1 :_PUN Race_NN1 and_CJC Class_NN1 in_PRP African_AJ0 American_AJ0 Politics_NN1 (_PUL 1994_CRD )_PUR ,_PUN Dawson_NP0 (_PUL 2001_CRD )_PUR explored_VVD a_AT0 wide_AJ0 spectrum_NN1 of_PRF black_AJ0 political_AJ0 ideologies_NN2 ,_PUN including_PRP the_AT0 black_AJ0 nationalism_NN1 of_PRF the_AT0 BPM_NP0 ._SENT Dawson_NP0 's_POS studies_NN2 significantly_AV0 advanced_AJ0 understanding_NN1 of_PRF the_AT0 range_NN1 of_PRF ideological_AJ0 orientations_NN2 ,_PUN attitudes_NN2 ,_PUN and_CJC class_NN1 differences_NN2 among_PRP US_NP0 blacks_NN2 ._SENT Blacks_NN2 In_PRP and_CJC Out_AVP of_PRF the_AT0 Left_NN1 (_PUL 2013_CRD )_PUR is_VBZ perhaps_AV0 Dawson_NP0 's_POS most_AV0 serious_AJ0 engagement_NN1 with_PRP Black_AJ0 Power_NN1 and_CJC the_AT0 BPM_NP0 ._SENT His_DPS scholarly_AJ0 corpus_NN1 did_VDD not_XX0 produce_VVI a_AT0 book-length_AJ0 study_NN1 of_PRF black_AJ0 nationalism_NN1 or_CJC the_AT0 BPM_NP0 ._SENT 
Smith_NP0 (_PUL 2008_CRD )_PUR points_VVZ to_PRP the_AT0 political_AJ0 science_NN1 corpus_NN1 of_PRF Adolph_NP0 Reed_NP0 ,_PUN Jr._NP0 ,_PUN which_DTQ represented_VVD a_AT0 third_ORD influence_NN1 in_PRP political_AJ0 science_NN1 study_NN1 of_PRF Black_AJ0 Power_NN1 and_CJC the_AT0 BPM11_NN1 and_CJC gained_VVD wide_AJ0 interdisciplinary_AJ0 attention_NN1 after_PRP the_AT0 1984_CRD Jesse_NP0 Jackson_NP0 campaign_NN1 and_CJC political_AJ0 developments_NN2 in_PRP black_AJ0 politics_NN1 and_CJC culture_NN1 during_PRP the_AT0 1990s_CRD ,_PUN when_AVQ black_AJ0 nationalist_AJ0 sentiment_NN1 experienced_VVD a_AT0 post_NN1 –_PUN Black_AJ0 Power_NN1 period_NN1 of_PRF saliency_NN1 (_PUL Tate_NP0 1993_CRD ,_PUN Taylor_NP0 2014_CRD )_PUR ._SENT Reed_NP0 ,_PUN a_AT0 labor-oriented_AJ0 Marxist_AJ0 and_CJC veteran_AJ0 activist_NN1 of_PRF movement_NN1 organizing_VVG in_PRP the_AT0 1960s_CRD and_CJC 1970s_CRD ,_PUN is_VBZ perhaps_AV0 the_AT0 most_AV0 well-known_AJ0 male_AJ0 student_NN1 of_PRF black_AJ0 politics_NN1 in_PRP the_AT0 United_NP0 States_NP0 ,_PUN certainly_AV0 in_PRP elite_NN1 white_AJ0 intellectual_AJ0 ,_PUN academic_AJ0 ,_PUN and_CJC left_VVD journalistic_AJ0 circles_NN2 (_PUL e.g._AV0 ,_PUN Mackaman_NP0 2019_CRD )_PUR ._SENT Reed_NP0 's_VHZ engaged_VVN left_AJ0 critical_AJ0 pursuit_NN1 of_PRF the_AT0 interracial_AJ0 working-class_AJ0 popular_AJ0 front_NN1 anti-capitalism_NN1 has_VHZ ruthlessly_AV0 criticized_VVN most_DT0 major_AJ0 developments_NN2 in_PRP black_AJ0 politics_NN1 —_PUN from_PRP Booker_NP0 T_NP0 ._SENT Washington_NP0 's_POS emergence_NN1 from_PRP slavery_NN1 to_PRP the_AT0 New_AJ0 York_NP0 Times_NN2 '_POS 1619_CRD Project_NN1 controversies_NN2 and_CJC the_AT0 present-day_AJ0 antiracist_NN1 movements_NN2 (_PUL Reed_NP0 2020_CRD ,_PUN p._NN0 40_CRD ;_PUN Mackaman_NP0 2019_CRD )_PUR ._SENT In_PRP the_AT0 Holden_NP0 and_CJC Rustinian_NP0 mode_NN1 ,_PUN Reed_NP0 is_VBZ the_AT0 leading_AJ0 black_AJ0 political_AJ0 science_NN1 opponent_NN1 of_PRF solidarities_NN2 based_VVN on_PRP race_NN1 (_PUL especially_AV0 black_AJ0 nationalist_AJ0 formulations_NN2 )_PUR ,_PUN gender_NN1 ,_PUN or_CJC other_AJ0 identities_NN2 ,_PUN in_PRP deference_NN1 to_PRP labor-oriented_AJ0 ,_PUN class-based_AJ0 organizing_NN1 or_CJC mobilization_NN1 (_PUL Reed_NP0 2012_CRD )_PUR ._SENT Behind_PRP racial_AJ0 solidarities_NN2 are_VBB elite_NN1 cooptations_NN2 ._SENT Just_AV0 as_CJS readily_AV0 ,_PUN Reed_NP0 's_POS materialist_AJ0 perspective_NN1 rejects_VVZ prerogatives_NN2 of_PRF "_PUQ the_AT0 very_AV0 important_AJ0 ways_NN2 in_PRP which_DTQ class_NN1 relations_NN2 are_VBB constructed_VVN through_PRP and_CJC in_PRP conjunction_NN1 with_PRP gender_NN1 and_CJC race_NN1 relations_NN2 ._SENT Understanding_VVG the_AT0 roles_NN2 of_PRF gender_NN1 ,_PUN race_NN1 ,_PUN and_CJC other_AJ0 non-class_NN0 based_VVN social_AJ0 divisions_NN2 within_PRP the_AT0 labor_NN1 force_NN1 is_VBZ particularly_AV0 important_AJ0 in_PRP contemporary_AJ0 rounds_NN2 of_PRF economic_AJ0 restructuring_NN1 ,_PUN which_DTQ is_VBZ segmenting_VVG the_AT0 labor_NN1 force_NN1 in_PRP new_AJ0 and_CJC ever_AV0 more_AV0 complex_AJ0 ways_NN2 "_PUQ (_PUL Staeheli_NP0 &_NP0 Clarke_NP0 1995_CRD ,_PUN p._NN0 3_CRD )_PUR ._SENT 
Drawing_VVG on_PRP frontline_NN1 experience_NN1 ,_PUN generational_AJ0 perspective_NN1 ,_PUN singular_AJ0 compass_NN1 of_PRF mind_NN1 ,_PUN systematic_AJ0 criticism_NN1 ,_PUN and_CJC political_AJ0 writing_NN1 from_PRP a_AT0 Marxist_AJ0 perspective_NN1 ,_PUN Reed_NP0 largely_AV0 set_VVD the_AT0 terms_NN2 of_PRF the_AT0 critical_AJ0 reception_NN1 of_PRF Black_AJ0 Power_NN1 and_CJC the_AT0 BPM_NP0 in_PRP political_AJ0 science_NN1 in_PRP the_AT0 post-BPM_AJ0 era_NN1 and_CJC their_DPS characterization_NN1 in_PRP scholarship_NN1 ,_PUN typically_AV0 without_PRP a_AT0 scholarly_AJ0 counterpoint_NN1 or_CJC answer_NN1 ._SENT Apart_AV0 from_PRP Smith_NP0 's_POS We_PNP Have_VHB No_AT0 Leaders_NN2 (_PUL 1996_CRD )_PUR ,_PUN no_AT0 major_AJ0 book-length_AJ0 analysis_NN1 of_PRF Black_AJ0 Power_NN1 and_CJC the_AT0 BPM_NP0 in_PRP political_AJ0 science_NN1 existed_VVD ,_PUN alongside_PRP the_AT0 wide-ranging_AJ0 ,_PUN excursive_AJ0 interventions_NN2 that_CJT mark_VVB Reed_NP0 's_POS work_NN1 ._SENT Although_CJS Reed_NP0 referred_VVD to_PRP Smith_NP0 's_POS work_NN1 in_PRP footnotes_NN2 (_PUL Reed_NP0 1999a_CRD ,_PUN p._NN0 227_CRD ,_PUN fn_NP0 ._SENT 7_CRD ;_PUN p._NN0 276_CRD ,_PUN fn_NP0 ._SENT 36_CRD )_PUR ,_PUN Reed_NP0 opted_VVD not_XX0 to_TO0 contest_VVI it_PNP ,_PUN nor_CJC the_AT0 work_NN1 of_PRF anti-Marxist_AJ0 Robinson_NP0 (_PUL 1983_CRD )_PUR ,_PUN despite_PRP well-known_AJ0 criticisms_NN2 of_PRF other_AJ0 contemporaries_NN2 (_PUL Reed_NP0 1986a_CRD ;_PUN 1999a_CRD ,_PUN pp._NN2 38_CRD –_PUN 49_CRD ;_PUN 2000_CRD )_PUR ._SENT Smith_NP0 ,_PUN of_PRF the_AT0 Howard_NP0 University_NN1 school_NN1 (_PUL and_CJC one_CRD significant_AJ0 student_NN1 of_PRF Walters_NP0 '_POS to_TO0 develop_VVI the_AT0 nationalist_AJ0 line_NN1 )_PUR ,_PUN and_CJC Reed_NP0 ,_PUN of_PRF the_AT0 Atlanta_NP0 University_NN1 school_NN1 ,_PUN indeed_AV0 share_VVB much_AV0 in_PRP their_DPS criticisms_NN2 of_PRF Black_AJ0 Power_NN1 radicalism_NN1 and_CJC its_DPS fateful_AJ0 turns_NN2 following_VVG the_AT0 protests_NN2 ,_PUN arts_NN2 ,_PUN black_AJ0 conventions_NN2 ,_PUN and_CJC emergent_AJ0 BEOs_NN2 of_PRF the_AT0 1970s_CRD ._SENT But_CJC they_PNP sharply_AV0 part_VVI ideologically_AV0 on_PRP the_AT0 appropriate_AJ0 organizing_AJ0 principles_NN2 for_PRP black_AJ0 political_AJ0 mobilization_NN1 ,_PUN informed_VVN by_PRP Black_AJ0 Power_NN1 's_POS intervention_NN1 ,_PUN and_CJC in_PRP their_DPS conceptualizations_NN2 of_PRF the_AT0 black_AJ0 community_NN1 as_PRP a_AT0 political_AJ0 reality_NN1 (_PUL Smith_NP0 2008_CRD )_PUR ._SENT 
Reed_NP0 's_POS Race_NN1 ,_PUN Politics_NN1 ,_PUN and_CJC Culture_NN1 (_PUL 1986a_CRD )_PUR ,_PUN The_AT0 Jesse_NP0 Jackson_NP0 Phenomenon_NN1 (_PUL 1986b_CRD )_PUR ,_PUN Stirrings_NN2 in_PRP the_AT0 Jug_NN1 (_PUL 1999a_CRD )_PUR ,_PUN and_CJC Class_NN1 Notes_NN2 (_PUL 2000_CRD )_PUR excoriated_VVD Black_AJ0 Power_NN1 radicalism_NN1 ,_PUN BPM_NP0 organizations_NN2 ,_PUN black_AJ0 protest_NN1 and_CJC new_AJ0 urban_AJ0 political_AJ0 leadership_NN1 ,_PUN and_CJC black_AJ0 nationalism_NN1 in_PRP case_NN1 studies_NN2 and_CJC partial_AJ0 treatments_NN2 ,_PUN through_PRP polemicizing_AJ0 black_AJ0 power_NN1 politics_NN1 and_CJC performing_VVG an_AT0 often_AV0 one-dimensional_AJ0 ,_PUN purist_AJ0 quest_NN1 in_PRP the_AT0 study_NN1 of_PRF Black_AJ0 Power_NN1 in_PRP political_AJ0 science_NN1 and_CJC black_AJ0 politics_NN1 ._SENT Like_PRP other_AJ0 prominent_AJ0 black_AJ0 Marxist_AJ0 intellectuals_NN2 (_PUL e.g._AV0 ,_PUN Cornel_NP0 West_NP0 ,_PUN Barbara_NP0 Ransby_NP0 ,_PUN Angela_NP0 Davis_NP0 ,_PUN Cedric_NP0 Johnson_NP0 ,_PUN and_CJC the_AT0 late_AJ0 Manning_NP0 Marable_AJ0 among_PRP many_DT0 others_NN2 )_PUR ,_PUN Reed_NP0 's_POS genre_NN1 of_PRF polemical_AJ0 political_AJ0 science_NN1 is_VBZ properly_AV0 characterized_VVN as_CJS anti_AJ0 –_PUN black_AJ0 nationalist_NN1 —_PUN and_CJC unreservedly_AV0 anti-antiracist_AJ0 (_PUL Reed_NP0 2020_CRD )_PUR ._SENT 
Reed_NP0 's_POS corpus_NN1 ,_PUN which_DTQ is_VBZ deeply_AV0 grounded_VVN in_PRP high_AJ0 historical_AJ0 and_CJC materialist_AJ0 criticism_NN1 of_PRF black_AJ0 American_AJ0 political_AJ0 and_CJC urban_AJ0 development_NN1 ,_PUN does_VDZ not_XX0 amount_VVI to_PRP systematic_AJ0 study_NN1 of_PRF black_AJ0 nationalism_NN1 ,_PUN even_AV0 in_PRP book_NN1 chapter_NN1 –_PUN and_CJC journal_NN1 article_NN1 –_PUN length_NN1 criticisms_NN2 of_PRF Black_AJ0 Power_NN1 (_PUL 1999a_CRD ,_PUN 2000_CRD )_PUR ._SENT Where_CJS Smith_NP0 (_PUL 1996_CRD ,_PUN p._NN0 75_CRD )_PUR ,_PUN for_PRP instance_NN1 ,_PUN argued_VVD that_CJT the_AT0 mid-nineteenth-century_AJ0 Negro_NN1 Conventions_NN2 forecast_VVB the_AT0 ideological_AJ0 implosions_NN2 and_CJC diffusion_NN1 of_PRF the_AT0 1970s_CRD movements_NN2 ,_PUN Reed_NP0 's_POS point_NN1 of_PRF entry_NN1 begins_VVZ and_CJC ends_VVZ with_PRP Booker_NP0 T_NP0 ._SENT Washington_NP0 (_PUL and_CJC Du_NP0 Bois_NP0 )_PUR ._SENT The_AT0 genealogy_NN1 of_PRF Black_AJ0 Power_NN1 ,_PUN the_AT0 1965_CRD Voting_NN1 Rights_NN2 Act_NN1 ,_PUN black_AJ0 elected_AJ0 leadership_NN1 ,_PUN the_AT0 1984_CRD Jackson_NP0 campaign_NN1 (_PUL Reed_NP0 1986b_CRD ,_PUN pp._NN2 31_CRD ,_PUN 128_CRD )_PUR ,_PUN public_AJ0 intellectual_AJ0 peers_NN2 in_PRP the_AT0 1990s_CRD ,_PUN black_AJ0 urban_AJ0 regimes_NN2 (_PUL Bennett_NP0 2016_CRD )_PUR ,_PUN and_CJC opposition_NN1 to_PRP the_AT0 2016_CRD Bernie_NP0 Sanders_NP0 campaign_NN1 are_VBB attributed_VVN to_PRP the_AT0 bourgeois_AJ0 class_NN1 leadership_NN1 strata_NN2 forged_VVN in_PRP the_AT0 uplift_NN1 assumptions_NN2 of_PRF Washington_NP0 ,_PUN Du_NP0 Bois_NP0 ,_PUN and_CJC others_NN2 (_PUL Reed_NP0 2018_CRD ,_PUN pp._NN2 111_CRD –_PUN 12_CRD )_PUR ._SENT One_CRD of_PRF the_AT0 consistent_AJ0 stultifying_AJ0 charges_NN2 made_VVN toward_PRP black_AJ0 nationalist_AJ0 thought_NN1 and_CJC politics_NN1 is_VBZ of_PRF the_AT0 transhistorical_AJ0 nature_NN1 of_PRF many_DT0 accounts_NN2 (_PUL Robinson_NP0 2001_CRD ,_PUN Johnson_NP0 2007_CRD )_PUR ;_PUN it_PNP has_VHZ largely_AV0 replaced_VVN "_PUQ essentialism_NN1 "_PUQ as_PRP the_AT0 slander_NN1 on_PRP black_AJ0 solidarity_NN1 ._SENT Reed_NP0 both_AV0 rejects_VVZ and_CJC employs_VVZ ,_PUN without_PRP qualification_NN1 ,_PUN "_PUQ the_AT0 black_AJ0 community_NN1 "_PUQ in_PRP different_AJ0 and_CJC sometimes_AV0 the_AT0 same_DT0 writings_NN2 (_PUL 1979_CRD ,_PUN pp._NN2 73_CRD –_PUN 74_CRD )_PUR ._SENT Where_CJS Reed_NP0 surveys_VVZ what_DTQ he_PNP terms_VVZ "_PUQ vindicationist_AJ0 "_PUQ scholarship_NN1 concerning_PRP its_DPS conceptions_NN2 of_PRF Du_NP0 Bois_NP0 's_POS "_PUQ double_AJ0 consciousness_NN1 "_PUQ idea_NN1 (_PUL Reed_NP0 1999b_CRD ,_PUN ch._NN1 7_CRD )_PUR ,_PUN Cruse_NP0 's_POS penetrating_AJ0 critique_NN1 of_PRF the_AT0 double-minded_AJ0 device_NN1 concluded_VVD ,_PUN "_PUQ It_PNP 's_VBZ meaningless_AJ0 ._SENT It_PNP 's_VBZ an_AT0 extension_NN1 of_PRF Du_NP0 Bois_NP0 's_POS egotistical_AJ0 idealism_NN1 ._SENT In_PRP reality_NN1 he_PNP was_VBD trying_VVG to_TO0 refashion_VVI the_AT0 whole_AJ0 Negro_NN1 race_NN1 in_PRP his_DPS own_DT0 image_NN1 ._SENT That_DT0 is_VBZ what_DTQ he_PNP was_VBD trying_VVG to_TO0 do_VDI and_CJC it_PNP does_VDZ n't_XX0 fit_VVI ._SENT The_AT0 double_AJ0 consciousness_NN1 thing_NN1 is_VBZ philosophical_AJ0 romantic_AJ0 crap_NN1 ._SENT It_PNP 's_VHZ been_VBN handed_VVN down_AVP as_PRP a_AT0 verity_NN1 ,_PUN and_CJC it_PNP 's_VBZ not_XX0 ._SENT It_PNP had_VHD nothing_PNI to_TO0 do_VDI with_PRP those_DT0 blacks_NN2 he_PNP met_VVD when_CJS he_PNP was_VBD at_PRP Fisk_NP0 University_NN1 ._SENT They_PNP had_VHD no_AT0 goddamn_AJ0 double_AJ0 consciousness_NN1 ,_PUN they_PNP knew_VVD who_PNQ they_PNP were_VBD "_PUQ (_PUL interview_NN1 in_PRP Cobb_NP0 2002_CRD ,_PUN p._NN0 297_CRD )_PUR ._SENT Cruse_NP0 's_POS extensive_AJ0 scholarship_NN1 on_PRP the_AT0 BPM_NP0 in_PRP general_AJ0 is_VBZ footnoted_AJ0 or_CJC all_AV0 but_CJC ignored_VVD in_PRP Reed_NP0 's_POS black_AJ0 Marxist_AJ0 politics_NN1 ._SENT Moreover_AV0 ,_PUN in_PRP W.E.B._NP0 Du_NP0 Bois_NP0 and_CJC American_AJ0 Political_AJ0 Thought_NN1 (_PUL Reed_NP0 1999b_CRD )_PUR ,_PUN rival_NN1 Garvey_NP0 is_VBZ mentioned_VVN within_PRP the_AT0 first_ORD two_CRD pages_NN2 ,_PUN scarcely_AV0 to_TO0 be_VBI referenced_VVN again_AV0 in_PRP the_AT0 text_NN1 ._SENT Garvey_NP0 is_VBZ evident_AJ0 neither_AV0 in_PRP analyses_NN2 of_PRF contemporary_AJ0 elites_NN2 (_PUL ch._NN1 5_CRD )_PUR nor_CJC in_PRP competition_NN1 with_PRP NAACP_NP0 liberalism_NN1 and_CJC integrationism_NN1 ,_PUN nor_CJC related_VVN to_PRP leadership_NN1 recruitment_NN1 and_CJC organizational_AJ0 competition_NN1 in_PRP Harlem_NP0 ;_PUN he_PNP is_VBZ mentioned_VVN summarily_AV0 in_PRP an_AT0 analysis_NN1 of_PRF Du_NP0 Bois_NP0 's_POS "_PUQ cultural_AJ0 nationalism_NN1 "_PUQ during_PRP the_AT0 1920s_CRD New_AJ0 Negro_NN1 era_NN1 (_PUL Reed_NP0 1999b_CRD ,_PUN pp._NN2 76_CRD ,_PUN 82_CRD )_PUR and_CJC omitted_VVN from_PRP discussion_NN1 of_PRF the_AT0 "_PUQ Three_CRD Confusions_NN2 of_PRF Du_NP0 Bois_NP0 "_PUQ (_PUL racial_AJ0 pluralism_NN1 ,_PUN pan-Africanism_NN1 ,_PUN and_CJC socialism_NN1 )_PUR (_PUL Reed_NP0 1999b_CRD ,_PUN p._NN0 89_CRD )_PUR ._SENT Wilson_NP0 's_POS thesis_NN1 of_PRF neglect_NN1 ,_PUN again_AV0 ,_PUN directly_AV0 highlights_VVZ Garvey_NP0 's_POS UNIA_NP0 and_CJC suggests_VVZ black_AJ0 politics_NN1 knowledge_NN1 is_VBZ incomplete_AJ0 with_PRP such_DT0 inattention_NN1 in_PRP political_AJ0 science_NN1 study_NN1 ._SENT 
Reed_NP0 's_POS discursive_AJ0 and_CJC ambulatory_AJ0 approach_NN1 to_PRP contemporary_AJ0 black_AJ0 political_AJ0 development_NN1 is_VBZ not_XX0 without_PRP other_AJ0 contradictions_NN2 ._SENT Reed_NP0 emanates_VVZ from_PRP an_AT0 Ivy_NP0 League_NN1 institution_NN1 and_CJC is_VBZ a_AT0 foremost_AJS public_AJ0 intellectual_NN1 ,_PUN who_PNQ loudly_AV0 criticized_VVD fellow_AJ0 academic_AJ0 and_CJC public_AJ0 intellectuals_NN2 for_PRP speaking_VVG ,_PUN like_PRP the_AT0 "_PUQ drums_NN2 "_PUQ of_PRF Booker_NP0 T_NP0 ._SENT Washington_NP0 ,_PUN to_PRP an_AT0 essential_AJ0 ,_PUN white_AJ0 audience_NN1 ;_PUN he_PNP uses_VVZ "_PUQ the_AT0 Jug_NN1 "_PUQ and_CJC "_PUQ class_NN1 notes_NN2 "_PUQ for_PRP analogies_NN2 (_PUL Reed_NP0 2018_CRD )_PUR but_CJC harps_NN2 on_PRP Alexander_NP0 's_POS poorly_AV0 titled_VVN "_PUQ New_NP0 Jim_NP0 Crow_NP0 "_PUQ (_PUL Reed_NP0 2020_CRD ,_PUN pp._NN2 36_CRD ,_PUN 38_CRD )_PUR in_PRP criticism_NN1 of_PRF antiracist_NN1 claims_NN2 ._SENT Early_AV0 on_AVP ,_PUN Reed_NP0 claimed_VVD that_CJT his_DPS move_NN1 from_PRP organizing_VVG to_PRP the_AT0 academy_NN1 was_VBD driven_VVN by_PRP contemplation_NN1 of_PRF questions_NN2 seeking_VVG account_NN1 for_PRP the_AT0 failure_NN1 of_PRF left-critical_AJ0 black_AJ0 radicalism_NN1 in_PRP the_AT0 1960s_CRD (_PUL Reed_NP0 1999a_CRD ,_PUN p._NN0 2_CRD )_PUR ._SENT Much_DT0 of_PRF his_DPS corpus_NN1 explains_VVZ the_AT0 internal_AJ0 contradictions_NN2 of_PRF the_AT0 movement_NN1 's_POS "_PUQ race_NN1 "_PUQ dimensions_NN2 ,_PUN but_CJC Reed_NP0 's_POS scholarship_NN1 deemphasizes_NN2 racism_NN1 ,_PUN or_CJC the_AT0 "_PUQ aristocracy_NN1 of_PRF American_AJ0 [_PUL white_AJ0 ]_PUR labor_NN1 "_PUQ (_PUL see_VVB Barbalet_NN1 1987_CRD )_PUR ._SENT 
Reed_NP0 troubles_VVZ race_NN1 consciousness_NN1 and_CJC encourages_VVZ class_NN1 consciousness_NN1 ,_PUN without_PRP accounting_NN1 for_PRP racial_AJ0 discrimination_NN1 in_PRP labor_NN1 or_CJC the_AT0 New_AJ0 Left_NN1 ._SENT Like_PRP Rustin_NP0 (_PUL 1965_CRD )_PUR and_CJC Holden_NP0 (_PUL 1973_CRD )_PUR ,_PUN Reed_NP0 is_VBZ hard_AJ0 on_PRP black_AJ0 nationalism_NN1 and_CJC politics_NN1 and_CJC soft_AJ0 on_PRP the_AT0 racism_NN1 of_PRF whites_NN2 in_PRP left_AJ0 radical_AJ0 circles_NN2 ._SENT Untheorized_AJ0 in_PRP much_DT0 of_PRF his_DPS corpus_NN1 is_VBZ recognition_NN1 of_PRF how_AVQ the_AT0 major_AJ0 labor_NN1 mobilizations_NN2 of_PRF the_AT0 twentieth_ORD century_NN1 ,_PUN save_VVB Debs_NP0 and_CJC the_AT0 Congress_NN1 of_PRF Industrial_AJ0 Organizations_NN2 ,_PUN mobilized_VVD antiblack_AJ0 racism_NN1 among_PRP white_AJ0 labor_NN1 ,_PUN while_CJS in_PRP the_AT0 United_NP0 States_NP0 ,_PUN black_AJ0 racial_AJ0 politics_NN1 advanced_VVD the_AT0 democratic_AJ0 project_NN1 for_PRP all_DT0 groups_NN2 ._SENT As_CJS Marxist_AJ0 historian_NN1 Herbert_NP0 Aptheker_NP0 notes_VVZ ,_PUN "_PUQ The_AT0 Negro_NN1 people_NN0 have_VHB fought_VVN like_PRP tigers_NN2 for_PRP freedom_NN1 ;_PUN and_CJC in_PRP doing_VDG so_AV0 have_VHB advanced_VVN the_AT0 freedom_NN1 struggle_NN1 of_PRF all_DT0 other_AJ0 peoples_NN2 "_PUQ (_PUL quoted_VVN in_PRP Smith_NP0 2008_CRD ,_PUN p._NN0 19_CRD )_PUR ._SENT 
