DATA_NN0 
To_TO0 assess_VVI the_AT0 distribution_NN1 of_PRF book_NN1 authorship_NN1 by_PRP gender_NN1 ,_PUN we_PNP started_VVD with_PRP what_DTQ is_VBZ plausibly_AV0 the_AT0 universe_NN1 of_PRF book_NN1 publishers_NN2 in_PRP political_AJ0 science_NN1 :_PUN all_DT0 presses_NN2 that_CJT hosted_VVD a_AT0 booth_NN1 at_PRP the_AT0 2016_CRD APSA_NP0 Annual_AJ0 Meeting_NN1 ,_PUN plus_PRP any_DT0 other_AJ0 publisher_NN1 listed_VVN in_PRP Garand_NP0 and_CJC Giles_NP0 (_PUL Reference_VVB Garand_NP0 and_CJC Giles_NP0 2011_CRD )_PUR ._SENT We_PNP then_AV0 compiled_VVD lists_NN2 of_PRF books_NN2 that_CJT these_DT0 publishers_NN2 classified_VVN as_PRP "_PUQ political_AJ0 science_NN1 "_PUQ between_PRP 2004_CRD and_CJC 2015._CRD To_TO0 do_VDI so_AV0 ,_PUN we_PNP contacted_VVD each_DT0 publisher_NN1 and_CJC requested_VVD a_AT0 list_NN1 of_PRF said_VVN books_NN2 ._SENT If_CJS we_PNP did_VDD not_XX0 receive_VVI a_AT0 response_NN1 ,_PUN we_PNP compiled_VVD the_AT0 books_NN2 by_PRP scraping_VVG publishers_NN2 '_POS websites_NN2 ._SENT This_DT0 generated_VVD a_AT0 list_NN1 of_PRF 25_CRD ,_PUN 898_CRD books_NN2 from_PRP 34_CRD university_NN1 and_CJC 22_CRD commercial_AJ0 presses_NN2 ._SENT 
University_NN1 presses_NN2 published_VVN about_PRP 32_CRD %_NN0 (_PUL 8_CRD ,_PUN 250_CRD )_PUR of_PRF all_DT0 books_NN2 during_PRP this_DT0 period_NN1 and_CJC commercial_AJ0 presses_NN2 published_VVD the_AT0 remainder_NN1 (_PUL 17_CRD ,_PUN 648_CRD )_PUR ._SENT We_PNP assigned_VVD a_AT0 subfield_NN1 to_PRP each_DT0 title_NN1 —_PUN American_AJ0 politics_NN1 ,_PUN international_AJ0 relations_NN2 (_PUL IR_NN1 )_PUR ,_PUN comparative_AJ0 politics_NN1 ,_PUN political_AJ0 theory_NN1 ,_PUN or_CJC methodology_NN1 —_PUN by_PRP making_VVG educated_AJ0 guesses_NN2 using_VVG titles_NN2 ,_PUN abstracts_NN2 ,_PUN and_CJC /_PUN or_CJC information_NN1 that_CJT publishers_NN2 provided_VVN about_PRP the_AT0 content_NN1 of_PRF each_DT0 book_NN1 ._SENT Given_VVN the_AT0 volume_NN1 of_PRF books_NN2 ,_PUN we_PNP coded_VVD subfields_NN2 only_AV0 for_PRP university-press_AJ0 books_NN2 ._SENT 
We_PNP then_AV0 classified_VVN authors_NN2 '_POS gender_NN1 using_VVG the_AT0 "_PUQ Gender_NN1 Balance_NN1 Assessment_NN1 Tool_NN1 "_PUQ created_VVN by_PRP Jane_NP0 Lawrence_NP0 Sumner_NP0 at_PRP the_AT0 University_NN1 of_PRF Minnesota_NP0 (_PUL Sumner_NP0 Reference_NN1 Sumner_NP0 2018_CRD )_PUR ._SENT This_DT0 program_NN1 assigns_VVZ a_AT0 gender_NN1 to_PRP names_NN2 probabilistically_AV0 ._SENT Using_VVG online_AJ0 searches_NN2 of_PRF authors_NN2 '_POS websites_NN2 ,_PUN we_PNP manually_AV0 checked_VVD all_DT0 names_NN2 that_CJT the_AT0 program_NN1 gave_VVD lower_AJC than_CJS 90_CRD %_NN0 probability_NN1 and_CJC assigned_VVD the_AT0 likeliest_AJS gender_NN1 identity_NN1 using_VVG photographs_NN2 and_CJC gendered_AJ0 pronouns_NN2 in_PRP descriptions_NN2 of_PRF authors_NN2 '_POS work_NN1 ._SENT 
The_AT0 following_AJ0 discussion_NN1 reports_VVZ figures_NN2 for_PRP both_DT0 commercial_AJ0 and_CJC academic_AJ0 presses_NN2 ._SENT However_AV0 ,_PUN most_DT0 of_PRF this_DT0 article_NN1 focuses_VVZ on_PRP university-press_AJ0 books_NN2 ,_PUN which_DTQ are_VBB more_AV0 important_AJ0 for_PRP scholarly_AJ0 advancement_NN1 ._SENT Doing_VDG so_AV0 also_AV0 provides_VVZ a_AT0 reasonable_AJ0 "_PUQ apples-to-apples_NN2 "_PUQ comparison_NN1 to_PRP results_NN2 that_CJT Teele_NP0 and_CJC Thelen_NP0 (_PUL Reference_VVB Teele_NP0 and_CJC Thelen_NP0 2017_CRD )_PUR presented_VVD for_PRP journal_NN1 articles_NN2 :_PUN similar_AJ0 to_PRP articles_NN2 but_CJC unlike_PRP most_DT0 commercial-press_AJ0 books_NN2 ,_PUN university-press_AJ0 books_NN2 are_VBB peer_NN1 reviewed_VVN ._SENT 
RESULTS_NN2 :_PUN GENDER_NN1 PUBLICATION_NN1 GAPS_NN2 
Combining_VVG university_NN1 and_CJC commercial_AJ0 presses_NN2 ,_PUN books_NN2 with_PRP only_AJ0 male_AJ0 authors_NN2 comprise_VVB 69.1_CRD %_NN0 of_PRF the_AT0 total_NN1 ._SENT Books_NN2 with_PRP only_AJ0 women_NN2 among_PRP authors_NN2 comprise_VVB only_AV0 19.6_CRD %_NN0 ,_PUN and_CJC those_DT0 with_PRP mixed-gender_AJ0 author_NN1 teams_NN2 comprise_VVB 11.2_CRD %_NN0 ._SENT Table_NN1 1_CRD divides_VVZ the_AT0 data_NN0 into_PRP university_NN1 and_CJC commercial_AJ0 presses_NN2 ,_PUN according_VVG to_PRP one_CRD of_PRF five_CRD categories_NN2 :_PUN man_NN1 solo_NN1 author_NN1 ,_PUN woman_NN1 solo_NN1 author_NN1 ,_PUN all-men_NN2 coauthorship_NN1 ,_PUN all-women_NN2 coauthorship_NN1 ,_PUN and_CJC mixed-gender_AJ0 coauthorship_NN1 ._SENT Combining_VVG the_AT0 first_ORD two_CRD categories_NN2 ,_PUN we_PNP found_VVD little_DT0 difference_NN1 between_PRP commercial_AJ0 and_CJC university_NN1 presses_NN2 —_PUN one_CRD or_CJC more_DT0 men_NN2 write_VVB 68.5_CRD %_NN0 versus_PRP 70.6_CRD %_NN0 of_PRF all_DT0 books_NN2 ._SENT Women_NN2 are_VBB more_AV0 likely_AJ0 to_TO0 publish_VVI a_AT0 book_NN1 on_PRP their_DPS own_DT0 with_PRP a_AT0 university_NN1 press_NN1 than_CJS a_AT0 commercial_AJ0 press_NN1 (_PUL 20.7_CRD %_NN0 versus_PRP 15.8_CRD %_NN0 )_PUR but_CJC are_VBB less_AV0 likely_AJ0 to_TO0 publish_VVI a_AT0 book_NN1 written_VVN with_PRP another_DT0 woman_NN1 with_PRP a_AT0 university_NN1 press_NN1 (_PUL 1.5_CRD %_NN0 versus_PRP 2.7_CRD %_NN0 )_PUR ._SENT The_AT0 most_AV0 significant_AJ0 difference_NN1 appears_VVZ in_PRP the_AT0 last_ORD category_NN1 :_PUN women_NN2 are_VBB only_AV0 about_AV0 half_DT0 as_CJS likely_AJ0 to_TO0 write_VVI a_AT0 book_NN1 with_PRP at_PRP least_AV0 one_CRD man_NN1 at_PRP a_AT0 university_NN1 press_NN1 than_CJS at_PRP a_AT0 commercial_AJ0 press_NN1 ._SENT These_DT0 figures_NN2 suggest_VVB that_CJT women_NN2 are_VBB even_AV0 less_AV0 well_AV0 integrated_VVN into_PRP collaborative_AJ0 writing_NN1 networks_NN2 for_PRP university-press_AJ0 books_NN2 than_CJS they_PNP are_VBB for_PRP journal_NN1 articles_NN2 ,_PUN regardless_AV0 of_PRF whether_CJS they_PNP are_VBB working_VVG with_PRP other_AJ0 women_NN2 or_CJC with_PRP men_NN2 (_PUL Teele_NP0 and_CJC Thelen_NP0 Reference_VVB Teele_NP0 and_CJC Thelen_NP0 2017_CRD )_PUR ._SENT 
About_PRP 30_CRD %_NN0 of_PRF university-press_AJ0 books_NN2 published_VVN from_PRP 2004_CRD to_PRP 2015_CRD had_VHD at_PRP least_AV0 one_CRD woman_NN1 's_POS name_NN1 on_PRP the_AT0 byline_NN1 ._SENT Does_VDZ that_DT0 make_VVI women_NN2 underrepresented_AJ0 ?_SENT Determining_VVG a_AT0 benchmark_NN1 is_VBZ not_XX0 straightforward_AJ0 ._SENT On_PRP the_AT0 one_CRD hand_NN1 ,_PUN the_AT0 proportion_NN1 of_PRF women_NN2 among_PRP book_NN1 authors_NN2 is_VBZ higher_AJC than_CJS the_AT0 share_NN1 of_PRF articles_NN2 with_PRP women_NN2 as_PRP first_ORD authors_NN2 in_PRP 10_CRD top_AJ0 journals_NN2 between_PRP 2000_CRD and_CJC 2015_CRD (_PUL 26.7_CRD %_NN0 )_PUR ._SENT Yet_AV0 ,_PUN on_PRP the_AT0 other_AJ0 hand_NN1 ,_PUN the_AT0 proportion_NN1 is_VBZ still_AV0 significantly_AV0 lower_AJC than_CJS the_AT0 two_CRD benchmarks_NN2 that_CJT Teele_NP0 and_CJC Thelen_NP0 (_PUL Reference_VVB Teele_NP0 and_CJC Thelen_NP0 2017_CRD )_PUR suggested_VVD :_PUN women_NN2 's_POS share_NN1 of_PRF political_AJ0 science_NN1 PhDs_NN2 granted_VVN (_PUL 38_CRD %_NN0 in_PRP 2016_CRD )_PUR and_CJC women_NN2 's_POS share_NN1 of_PRF APSA_NP0 members_NN2 (_PUL 38_CRD %_NN0 in_PRP 2015_CRD )_PUR ._SENT 
It_PNP is_VBZ worth_PRP noting_VVG that_CJT the_AT0 gender_NN1 gap_NN1 in_PRP book_NN1 publishing_NN1 has_VHZ narrowed_VVN somewhat_AV0 over_PRP time_NN1 :_PUN overall_AJ0 ,_PUN the_AT0 total_AJ0 share_NN1 of_PRF women_NN2 among_PRP authors_NN2 rose_VVD by_PRP one_CRD third_ORD between_PRP 2004_CRD and_CJC 2015_CRD ,_PUN from_PRP 21_CRD %_NN0 to_PRP almost_AV0 28_CRD %_NN0 ._SENT However_AV0 ,_PUN this_DT0 is_VBZ still_AV0 less_AV0 than_CJS the_AT0 proportion_NN1 of_PRF women_NN2 in_PRP the_AT0 discipline_NN1 ._SENT Figure_NN1 1_CRD tracks_NN2 the_AT0 time_NN1 trends_NN2 of_PRF the_AT0 five_CRD authorship_NN1 categories_NN2 for_PRP university_NN1 presses_NN2 ._SENT In_PRP the_AT0 early_AJ0 2000s_CRD ,_PUN books_NN2 by_PRP one_CRD man_NN1 accounted_VVN for_PRP 63_CRD %_NN0 of_PRF the_AT0 total_NN1 ;_PUN however_AV0 ,_PUN by_PRP 2015_CRD ,_PUN that_DT0 proportion_NN1 had_VHD declined_VVN to_PRP 54_CRD %_NN0 ._SENT Most_DT0 of_PRF the_AT0 increase_NN1 in_PRP the_AT0 share_NN1 of_PRF women_NN2 among_PRP authors_NN2 came_VVD from_PRP growth_NN1 in_PRP the_AT0 proportion_NN1 of_PRF women_NN2 's_POS solo_NN1 publications_NN2 (_PUL 19_CRD %_NN0 to_PRP 23_CRD %_NN0 )_PUR and_CJC participation_NN1 in_PRP mixed-gender_AJ0 teams_NN2 (_PUL 5_CRD %_NN0 to_PRP 8_CRD %_NN0 )_PUR ._SENT 
This_DT0 minor_AJ0 increase_NN1 in_PRP the_AT0 proportion_NN1 of_PRF mixed-gender_AJ0 collaborations_NN2 is_VBZ the_AT0 only_AJ0 evidence_NN1 of_PRF an_AT0 increase_NN1 in_PRP women_NN2 's_POS coauthorship_NN1 of_PRF books_NN2 ._SENT Yet_AV0 ,_PUN in_PRP stark_AJ0 contrast_NN1 to_PRP patterns_NN2 for_PRP articles_NN2 described_VVN by_PRP Teele_NP0 and_CJC Thelen_NP0 (_PUL Reference_VVB Teele_NP0 and_CJC Thelen_NP0 2017_CRD )_PUR ,_PUN the_AT0 proportion_NN1 of_PRF books_NN2 coauthored_VVN by_PRP either_AV0 men-only_AJ0 or_CJC women-only_AJ0 teams_NN2 has_VHZ barely_AV0 increased_VVN in_PRP recent_AJ0 years_NN2 ._SENT Although_CJS the_AT0 proportion_NN1 of_PRF mixed-gender_AJ0 collaborations_NN2 has_VHZ increased_VVN to_PRP 8_CRD %_NN0 of_PRF the_AT0 total_NN1 ,_PUN it_PNP is_VBZ still_AV0 only_AV0 one_CRD third_ORD the_AT0 level_NN1 observed_VVN for_PRP mixed-gender_AJ0 coauthorship_NN1 in_PRP top_AJ0 journals_NN2 (_PUL 24.5_CRD %_NN0 )_PUR ._SENT In_PRP short_AJ0 ,_PUN as_CJS solo_NN1 book_NN1 authors_NN2 ,_PUN women_NN2 have_VHB made_VVN significant_AJ0 advances_NN2 on_PRP their_DPS own_DT0 (_PUL 20_CRD %_NN0 of_PRF the_AT0 book_NN1 total_NN1 versus_PRP only_AV0 15_CRD %_NN0 of_PRF the_AT0 journal-article_NN1 total_NN1 )_PUR ,_PUN but_CJC not_XX0 as_PRP collaborators_NN2 —_PUN either_AV0 with_PRP women_NN2 or_CJC with_PRP men_NN2 ._SENT 
..._PUN as_CJS solo_NN1 book_NN1 authors_NN2 ,_PUN women_NN2 have_VHB made_VVN significant_AJ0 advances_NN2 on_PRP their_DPS own_DT0 ,_PUN but_CJC not_XX0 as_PRP collaborators_NN2 —_PUN either_AV0 with_PRP women_NN2 or_CJC with_PRP men_NN2 ._SENT 
The_AT0 shrinking_AJ0 gender_NN1 publication_NN1 gap_NN1 over_PRP time_NN1 raises_VVZ the_AT0 question_NN1 of_PRF whether_CJS women_NN2 are_VBB more_AV0 or_CJC less_AV0 underrepresented_AJ0 in_PRP different_AJ0 ranks_NN2 ._SENT From_PRP the_AT0 5_CRD ,_PUN 631_CRD university-press_AJ0 books_NN2 published_VVN between_PRP 2004_CRD and_CJC 2012_CRD (_PUL i.e._AV0 ,_PUN six_CRD years_NN2 before_PRP our_DPS research_NN1 because_CJS we_PNP also_AV0 collected_VVD information_NN1 on_PRP citations_NN2 gaps_NN2 )_PUR ,_PUN we_PNP drew_VVD a_AT0 random_AJ0 sample_NN1 of_PRF 1_CRD ,_PUN 170_CRD titles_NN2 :_PUN 1_CRD ,_PUN 000_CRD from_PRP the_AT0 full_AJ0 dataset_NN1 ,_PUN balanced_VVN on_PRP authorship_NN1 pattern_NN1 and_CJC subfield_NN1 ,_PUN and_CJC an_AT0 additional_AJ0 170_CRD randomly_AV0 oversampled_AJ0 from_PRP coed_AJ0 and_CJC all-women_NN2 teams_NN2 ,_PUN which_DTQ have_VHB relatively_AV0 fewer_DT0 books_NN2 ._SENT This_DT0 provided_VVD a_AT0 sample_NN1 of_PRF 21_CRD %_NN0 of_PRF the_AT0 total_NN1 ._SENT We_PNP kept_VVD all_DT0 books_NN2 authored_VVN by_PRP academic_AJ0 political_AJ0 scientists_NN2 (_PUL about_PRP 6_CRD %_NN0 were_VBD not_XX0 )_PUR but_CJC eliminated_AJ0 reprints_NN2 ,_PUN including_PRP those_DT0 written_VVN by_PRP long-deceased_AJ0 scholars_NN2 (_PUL 137_CRD )_PUR and_CJC deleting_VVG paperback_NN1 editions_NN2 of_PRF previously_AV0 published_AJ0 books_NN2 (_PUL 65_CRD more_AV0 )_PUR ,_PUN resulting_VVG in_PRP 613_CRD books_NN2 ._SENT 
Using_VVG biographical_AJ0 information_NN1 on_PRP each_DT0 book_NN1 's_POS back_NN1 cover_NN1 (_PUL cross-checked_AJ0 with_PRP institutional_AJ0 or_CJC personal_AJ0 web_NN1 pages_NN2 )_PUR ,_PUN we_PNP collected_VVD information_NN1 on_PRP the_AT0 rank_NN1 of_PRF first_ORD authors_NN2 at_PRP the_AT0 time_NN1 of_PRF the_AT0 book_NN1 's_POS publication_NN1 ._SENT We_PNP found_VVD that_CJT the_AT0 gender_NN1 publication_NN1 gap_NN1 ,_PUN when_CJS compared_VVN with_PRP the_AT0 proportions_NN2 of_PRF women_NN2 at_PRP each_DT0 rank_NN1 ,_PUN is_VBZ wider_AJC in_PRP more_DT0 senior_AJ0 ranks_NN2 :_PUN at_PRP the_AT0 assistant-professor_NN1 level_NN1 ,_PUN women_NN2 are_VBB 38_CRD %_NN0 of_PRF first_ORD authors_NN2 and_CJC 43_CRD %_NN0 of_PRF APSA_NP0 members_NN2 ;_PUN at_PRP the_AT0 associate-professor_NN1 level_NN1 ,_PUN 35_CRD %_NN0 of_PRF first_ORD authors_NN2 and_CJC 40_CRD %_NN0 of_PRF APSA_NP0 members_NN2 ;_PUN and_CJC at_PRP the_AT0 full-professor_AJ0 level_NN1 ,_PUN only_AV0 16_CRD %_NN0 of_PRF first_ORD authors_NN2 and_CJC 28.6_CRD %_NN0 of_PRF APSA_NN1 members_NN2 ._SENT 
Subfield_NN1 Patterns_NN2 
Table_NN1 2_CRD addresses_VVZ the_AT0 question_NN1 of_PRF whether_CJS gender_NN1 publication_NN1 gaps_NN2 vary_VVB across_PRP subfields_NN2 ._SENT Baseline_NN1 information_NN1 on_PRP women_NN2 's_POS share_NN1 in_PRP subfields_NN2 is_VBZ from_PRP field-specific_AJ0 APSA_NN1 memberships_NN2 listed_VVN in_PRP Hardt_NP0 et_NP0 al._NP0 (_PUL Reference_VVB Hardt_NP0 ,_PUN Kim_NP0 ,_PUN Smith_NP0 and_CJC Meister_NP0 2019_CRD )_PUR ._SENT IR_NN1 has_VHZ the_AT0 smallest_AJS share_NN1 of_PRF women_NN2 among_PRP book_NN1 authors_NN2 (_PUL 21_CRD %_NN0 )_PUR ,_PUN whereas_CJS comparative_AJ0 politics_NN1 has_VHZ the_AT0 largest_AJS (_PUL 28_CRD %_NN0 )_PUR ._SENT Yet_AV0 ,_PUN in_PRP both_DT0 groups_NN2 ,_PUN there_EX0 is_VBZ an_AT0 approximate_AJ0 14-point_AJ0 gap_NN1 in_PRP women_NN2 's_POS book_NN1 publications_NN2 vis-à-vis_PRP their_DPS presence_NN1 in_PRP the_AT0 subfield_NN1 ._SENT There_EX0 are_VBB relatively_AV0 few_DT0 methodology_NN1 books_NN2 ;_PUN within_PRP that_DT0 subfield_NN1 ,_PUN women_NN2 authors_NN2 are_VBB 21_CRD %_NN0 of_PRF the_AT0 total_NN1 ._SENT This_DT0 means_VVZ that_CJT in_PRP methodology_NN1 ,_PUN women_NN2 comprise_VVB a_AT0 larger_AJC proportion_NN1 of_PRF book_NN1 authors_NN2 than_CJS APSA_NN1 members_NN2 in_PRP that_DT0 subfield_NN1 ;_PUN however_AV0 ,_PUN we_PNP should_VM0 not_XX0 overstate_VVI this_DT0 finding_NN1 given_VVN the_AT0 small_AJ0 number_NN1 of_PRF methods_NN2 books_NN2 ._SENT In_PRP all_DT0 other_AJ0 subfields_NN2 ,_PUN women_NN2 are_VBB underrepresented_AJ0 among_PRP authors_NN2 relative_AJ0 to_PRP their_DPS numbers_NN2 in_PRP those_DT0 fields_NN2 ._SENT 
Figure_NN1 2_CRD explores_VVZ the_AT0 proportion_NN1 of_PRF women_NN2 among_PRP authors_NN2 by_PRP subfield_NN1 over_PRP time_NN1 ._SENT We_PNP excluded_VVD methodology_NN1 because_CJS low_AJ0 numbers_NN2 mean_VVB that_CJT the_AT0 publication_NN1 of_PRF a_AT0 single_AJ0 book_NN1 by_PRP a_AT0 woman_NN1 in_PRP a_AT0 given_AJ0 year_NN1 throws_VVZ off_AVP the_AT0 proportions_NN2 ._SENT The_AT0 figure_NN1 shows_VVZ that_CJT in_PRP political_AJ0 theory_NN1 ,_PUN the_AT0 proportion_NN1 of_PRF women_NN2 among_PRP authors_NN2 has_VHZ remained_VVN constant_AJ0 ._SENT In_PRP contrast_NN1 ,_PUN the_AT0 proportion_NN1 of_PRF women_NN2 among_PRP authors_NN2 has_VHZ increased_VVN in_PRP American_AJ0 politics_NN1 (_PUL 20_CRD %_NN0 to_PRP 25_CRD %_NN0 )_PUR ,_PUN IR_NN1 (_PUL 18_CRD %_NN0 to_PRP 25_CRD %_NN0 )_PUR ,_PUN and_CJC —_PUN most_AV0 notably_AV0 —_PUN in_PRP comparative_AJ0 politics_NN1 (_PUL 22_CRD %_NN0 to_PRP 32_CRD %_NN0 )_PUR ._SENT However_AV0 ,_PUN despite_PRP these_DT0 gains_NN2 ,_PUN the_AT0 proportion_NN1 of_PRF women_NN2 among_PRP authors_NN2 remains_VVZ lower_AJC than_CJS the_AT0 contemporary_AJ0 proportion_NN1 of_PRF women_NN2 in_PRP each_DT0 subfield_NN1 ._SENT 
Explaining_VVG the_AT0 Gender_NN1 Book-Publication_NN1 Gap_NN1 
As_CJS in_PRP journal_NN1 articles_NN2 ,_PUN a_AT0 gender_NN1 gap_NN1 in_PRP book_NN1 publishing_NN1 exists_VVZ in_PRP political_AJ0 science_NN1 :_PUN women_NN2 publish_VVB relatively_AV0 fewer_DT0 books_NN2 than_CJS their_DPS numbers_NN2 in_PRP the_AT0 discipline_NN1 might_VM0 predict_VVI ._SENT Moreover_AV0 ,_PUN although_CJS the_AT0 gender_NN1 book-publication_NN1 gap_NN1 has_VHZ narrowed_VVN over_PRP time_NN1 ,_PUN it_PNP remains_VVZ larger_AJC than_CJS for_PRP articles_NN2 in_PRP top_AJ0 journals_NN2 by_PRP about_AV0 5_CRD %_NN0 ._SENT Most_DT0 of_PRF women_NN2 's_POS relative_AJ0 gains_NN2 have_VHB come_VVN as_PRP solo_NN1 authors_NN2 ,_PUN but_CJC they_PNP remain_VVB far_AV0 less_AV0 likely_AJ0 to_TO0 collaborate_VVI on_PRP books_NN2 than_CJS on_PRP articles_NN2 ._SENT Within_PRP subfields_NN2 ,_PUN the_AT0 gender_NN1 book-publication_NN1 gap_NN1 is_VBZ most_AV0 significant_AJ0 and_CJC has_VHZ remained_VVN unchanged_AJ0 in_PRP political_AJ0 theory_NN1 ._SENT It_PNP has_VHZ narrowed_VVN somewhat_AV0 over_PRP time_NN1 in_PRP IR_NN1 and_CJC American_AJ0 politics_NN1 and_CJC mostly_AV0 in_PRP comparative_AJ0 politics_NN1 ._SENT 
To_TO0 better_AV0 understand_VVI the_AT0 roots_NN2 of_PRF the_AT0 book-publication_NN1 gender_NN1 gap_NN1 ,_PUN we_PNP conducted_VVD informal_AJ0 telephone_NN1 and_CJC Internet_NN1 audio_AJ0 interviews_NN2 with_PRP political_AJ0 science_NN1 acquisitions_NN2 editors_NN2 from_PRP one_CRD commercial_AJ0 press_NN1 and_CJC seven_CRD university_NN1 presses_NN2 (_PUL three_CRD men_NN2 and_CJC five_CRD women_NN2 )_PUR ._SENT These_DT0 professionals_NN2 had_VHD at_PRP least_AV0 175_CRD combined_AJ0 years_NN2 of_PRF editorial_AJ0 experience_NN1 ._SENT Our_DPS discussions_NN2 with_PRP them_PNP suggested_VVD several_DT0 reasons_NN2 why_AVQ a_AT0 book_NN1 gender_NN1 gap_NN1 may_VM0 exist_VVI ._SENT 
First_ORD ,_PUN in_PRP contrast_NN1 to_PRP the_AT0 attention_NN1 focused_VVN on_PRP the_AT0 gender_NN1 balance_NN1 of_PRF article_NN1 publishing_NN1 in_PRP recent_AJ0 years_NN2 ,_PUN which_DTQ in_PRP turn_NN1 raised_VVN attention_NN1 among_PRP journal_NN1 editors_NN2 (_PUL Brown_NP0 and_CJC Samuels_NP0 Reference_VVB Brown_NP0 and_CJC Samuels_NP0 2018_CRD )_PUR ,_PUN our_DPS interviews_NN2 revealed_VVD that_CJT the_AT0 gender_NN1 balance_NN1 of_PRF book_NN1 authors_NN2 is_VBZ not_XX0 yet_AV0 a_AT0 topic_NN1 of_PRF wide_AJ0 concern_NN1 among_PRP book_NN1 editors_NN2 ._SENT One_CRD editor_NN1 affirmed_VVD that_CJT "_PUQ Nobody_PNI ever_AV0 raises_VVZ the_AT0 issue_NN1 ;_PUN I_PNP do_VDB n't_XX0 even_AV0 know_VVI who_PNQ I_PNP 'd_VM0 raise_VVI the_AT0 issue_NN1 with_PRP ._SENT We_PNP just_AV0 assume_VVB we_PNP are_VBB doing_VDG alright_AV0 ._SENT "_PUQ Another_DT0 stated_VVD that_CJT "_PUQ There_EX0 has_VHZ never_AV0 been_VBN a_AT0 discussion_NN1 in_PRP five_CRD years_NN2 at_PRP [_PUL our_DPS press_NN1 ]_PUR about_PRP finding_VVG more_DT0 women_NN2 ._SENT Maybe_AV0 we_PNP need_VVB to_TO0 do_VDI more_DT0 of_PRF that_DT0 ,_PUN be_VBI more_AV0 proactive_AJ0 ._SENT "_PUQ Even_AV0 at_PRP a_AT0 press_NN1 where_AVQ the_AT0 issue_NN1 of_PRF gender_NN1 balance_NN1 has_VHZ been_VBN discussed_VVN in_PRP recent_AJ0 years_NN2 ,_PUN the_AT0 editor_NN1 could_VM0 not_XX0 confirm_VVI that_CJT anything_PNI had_VHD actually_AV0 changed_VVN :_PUN "_PUQ I_PNP do_VDB n't_XX0 really_AV0 know_VVI —_PUN I_PNP think_VVB my_DPS author_NN1 list_NN1 is_VBZ pretty_AV0 balanced_VVN ..._PUN [_PUL but_CJC ]_PUR it_PNP 's_VBZ possible_AJ0 that_CJT there_EX0 are_VBB patterns_NN2 I_PNP just_AV0 do_VDB n't_XX0 pick_VVI up_AVP ._SENT "_PUQ 
Second_ORD ,_PUN even_AV0 for_PRP editors_NN2 who_PNQ stated_VVD that_CJT gender_NN1 balance_NN1 is_VBZ a_AT0 concern_NN1 at_PRP their_DPS press_NN1 ,_PUN book_NN1 editors_NN2 lack_VVB the_AT0 type_NN1 of_PRF information_NN1 that_CJT journal_NN1 editors_NN2 possess_VVB that_DT0 could_VM0 help_VVI identify_VVI a_AT0 gender_NN1 gap_NN1 ._SENT It_PNP is_VBZ not_XX0 only_AV0 that_CJT books_NN2 are_VBB submitted_VVN and_CJC evaluated_VVN differently_AV0 from_PRP journal_NN1 articles_NN2 ._SENT The_AT0 issue_NN1 is_VBZ that_CJT every_AT0 editor_NN1 we_PNP spoke_VVD to_PRP confirmed_VVN that_CJT presses_NN2 keep_VVB no_AT0 records_NN2 at_PRP all_DT0 of_PRF information_NN1 relevant_AJ0 to_PRP the_AT0 editorial_AJ0 process_NN1 —_PUN including_PRP the_AT0 number_NN1 of_PRF submissions_NN2 ,_PUN rejections_NN2 ,_PUN and_CJC acceptances_NN2 or_CJC any_DT0 type_NN1 of_PRF author-demographic_AJ0 information_NN1 ._SENT Given_VVN this_DT0 ,_PUN book_NN1 editors_NN2 could_VM0 provide_VVI only_AV0 rough_AJ0 estimates_NN2 of_PRF the_AT0 number_NN1 of_PRF submissions_NN2 per_PRP year_NN1 or_CJC the_AT0 gender_NN1 balance_NN1 of_PRF published_AJ0 books_NN2 ._SENT (_PUL Two_CRD had_VHD counted_VVN the_AT0 number_NN1 of_PRF books_NN2 they_PNP had_VHD published_VVN in_PRP the_AT0 previous_AJ0 year_NN1 and_CJC the_AT0 proportion_NN1 of_PRF women_NN2 authors_NN2 immediately_AV0 before_PRP the_AT0 interview_NN1 ._SENT )_PUR Given_VVN the_AT0 relative_AJ0 lack_NN1 of_PRF attention_NN1 to_PRP the_AT0 issue_NN1 and_CJC their_DPS lack_NN1 of_PRF information_NN1 ,_PUN editors_NN2 must_VM0 rely_VVI on_PRP guesswork_NN1 to_TO0 track_VVI the_AT0 balance_NN1 by_PRP gender_NN1 (_PUL or_CJC rank_NN1 or_CJC ethnicity_NN1 )_PUR of_PRF published_AJ0 books_NN2 —_PUN whether_CJS the_AT0 press_NN1 receives_VVZ a_AT0 few_DT0 dozen_CRD or_CJC several_DT0 hundred_CRD submissions_NN2 per_PRP year_NN1 ._SENT 
Third_ORD ,_PUN book_NN1 editors_NN2 '_POS professional_AJ0 incentives_NN2 also_AV0 may_VM0 slow_VVI responses_NN2 to_PRP demands_NN2 for_PRP attention_NN1 to_PRP a_AT0 gender_NN1 gap_NN1 in_PRP publishing_NN1 ._SENT The_AT0 editorial_AJ0 process_NN1 for_PRP book_NN1 publication_NN1 is_VBZ not_XX0 only_AV0 less_AV0 transparent_AJ0 than_CJS the_AT0 (_PUL already_AV0 opaque_AJ0 )_PUR article_NN1 publication_NN1 process_NN1 ;_PUN book_NN1 editors_NN2 also_AV0 face_VVB relatively_AV0 fewer_DT0 incentives_NN2 to_TO0 improve_VVI transparency_NN1 ._SENT They_PNP are_VBB not_XX0 nominated_VVN and_CJC hired_VVN by_PRP teams_NN2 of_PRF professional_AJ0 colleagues_NN2 as_CJS are_VBB many_DT0 journal_NN1 editors_NN2 ,_PUN they_PNP do_VDB not_XX0 have_VHI to_TO0 publish_VVI annual_AJ0 editors_NN2 '_POS reports_NN2 ,_PUN and_CJC they_PNP do_VDB not_XX0 answer_VVI to_PRP editorial_AJ0 boards_NN2 of_PRF professional_AJ0 colleagues_NN2 ._SENT Their_DPS professional_AJ0 incentives_NN2 also_AV0 differ_VVB from_PRP those_DT0 of_PRF journal_NN1 editors_NN2 ,_PUN who_PNQ typically_AV0 serve_VVB relatively_AV0 brief_AJ0 terms_NN2 and_CJC then_AV0 return_VVB to_PRP their_DPS academic_AJ0 positions_NN2 in_PRP which_DTQ they_PNP must_VM0 continue_VVI to_TO0 produce_VVI journal_NN1 articles_NN2 and_CJC book_NN1 manuscripts_NN2 ._SENT 
Fourth_ORD ,_PUN because_CJS they_PNP are_VBB not_XX0 colleagues_NN2 ,_PUN book_NN1 editors_NN2 do_VDB not_XX0 participate_VVI as_AV0 directly_AV0 in_PRP APSA_NP0 or_CJC other_AJ0 professional_AJ0 association_NN1 task_NN1 forces_NN2 or_CJC in_PRP other_AJ0 activities_NN2 focused_VVN on_PRP bringing_VVG attention_NN1 and_CJC conducting_VVG research_NN1 on_PRP issues_NN2 related_VVN to_PRP women_NN2 's_POS professional_AJ0 advancement_NN1 ._SENT 
Factors_NN2 specific_AJ0 to_PRP the_AT0 book-publishing_AJ0 process_NN1 also_AV0 may_VM0 contribute_VVI to_PRP the_AT0 gender_NN1 gap_NN1 in_PRP book_NN1 publications_NN2 in_PRP political_AJ0 science_NN1 ._SENT 
