Throughout_PRP its_DPS history_NN1 ,_PUN the_AT0 Lake_NP0 has_VHZ also_AV0 served_VVN as_PRP an_AT0 important_AJ0 way_NN1 station_NN1 for_PRP migrating_AJ0 birds_NN2 ._SENT When_CJS the_AT0 naturalist_NN1 Joseph_NP0 Grinnel_NP0 visited_VVD Owens_NP0 Lake_NP0 in_PRP 1917_CRD ,_PUN he_PNP saw_VVD "_PUQ large_AJ0 flocks_NN2 of_PRF shorebirds_NN2 in_PRP sight_NN1 over_PRP the_AT0 water_NN1 in_PRP the_AT0 distance_NN1 ,_PUN wheeling_VVG about_AVP ._SENT ._SENT ._SENT now_AV0 silvery_AJ0 ,_PUN now_AV0 dark_AJ0 ,_PUN against_PRP the_AT0 gray-blue_NN1 of_PRF the_AT0 water_NN1 ,_PUN "_PUQ estimating_VVG that_CJT "_PUQ there_EX0 must_VM0 literally_AV0 be_VBI thousands_CRD of_PRF birds_NN2 within_PRP sight_NN1 of_PRF this_DT0 spot_NN1 "_PUQ (_PUL Grinnel_NP0 ,_PUN 1917_CRD )_PUR ._SENT 
Such_DT0 abundance_NN1 was_VBD short-lived_AJ0 ._SENT After_PRP Los_NP0 Angeles_NP0 began_VVD diverting_VVG water_NN1 from_PRP Owens_NP0 Valley_NP0 's_POS rivers_NN2 and_CJC streams_NN2 in_PRP 1913_CRD ,_PUN the_AT0 lake_NN1 's_POS water_NN1 levels_NN2 —_PUN which_DTQ had_VHD been_VBN fed_VVN by_PRP those_DT0 same_DT0 waters_NN2 —_PUN dropped_VVD precipitously_AV0 ,_PUN as_CJS did_VDD the_AT0 number_NN1 of_PRF migratory_AJ0 birds_NN2 ._SENT By_PRP 1927_CRD ,_PUN Owens_NP0 Lake_NP0 was_VBD mostly_AV0 dead_AJ0 ._SENT Drained_VVN of_PRF water_NN1 ,_PUN the_AT0 lakebed_NN1 's_POS salt-rich_AJ0 dust_NN1 was_VBD easily_AV0 carried_VVN off_AVP by_PRP the_AT0 valley_NN1 's_POS frequent_AJ0 windstorms_NN2 ,_PUN obscuring_VVG the_AT0 mountains_NN2 ,_PUN coating_NN1 homes_NN2 and_CJC cars_NN2 ,_PUN and_CJC creating_VVG severe_AJ0 health_NN1 problems_NN2 for_PRP those_DT0 who_PNQ inhaled_VVD it_PNP (_PUL Piper_NP0 ,_PUN 2006_CRD )_PUR ._SENT By_PRP 1990_CRD ,_PUN the_AT0 lake_NN1 had_VHD become_VVN the_AT0 largest_AJS source_NN1 of_PRF toxic_AJ0 PM-10_AJ0 pollution_NN1 in_PRP the_AT0 United_NP0 States_NP0 (_PUL Reheis_NP0 ,_PUN 1997_CRD )_PUR (_PUL Figure_NN1 3_CRD )_PUR ._SENT 
Responsibility_NN1 for_PRP remedying_VVG the_AT0 situation_NN1 fell_VVD to_PRP California_NP0 's_POS Great_AJ0 Basin_NN1 Unified_AJ0 Air_NN1 Pollution_NN1 Control_NN1 District_NN1 (_PUL GBUAPCD_NP0 )_PUR ,_PUN which_DTQ is_VBZ the_AT0 state_NN1 agency_NN1 charged_VVN with_PRP administering_VVG the_AT0 Clean_AJ0 Air_NN1 Act_NN1 for_PRP the_AT0 Inyo_NN1 and_CJC Mono_NN1 Basins_NN2 ,_PUN including_PRP Owens_NP0 Valley_NN1 ._SENT In_PRP 1983_CRD ,_PUN GBUAPCD_NP0 identified_VVD the_AT0 Los_NP0 Angeles_NP0 Department_NN1 of_PRF Water_NN1 and_CJC Power_NN1 (_PUL LADWP_NP0 )_PUR as_PRP the_AT0 party_NN1 solely_AV0 responsible_AJ0 for_PRP managing_VVG the_AT0 dust_NN1 pollution_NN1 on_PRP Owens_NP0 Lake_NP0 ._SENT 
What_DTQ followed_VVD was_VBD more_AV0 than_CJS three_CRD decades_NN2 of_PRF disputes_NN2 over_PRP fees_NN2 imposed_VVN by_PRP GBUAPCD_NP0 against_PRP LADWP_NN1 for_PRP failure_NN1 to_TO0 comply_VVI with_PRP orders_NN2 to_TO0 control_VVI dust_NN1 emissions_NN2 ._SENT Owens_NP0 Lake_NP0 quickly_AV0 became_VVD ,_PUN as_CJS one_CRD long-time_AJ0 resident_NN1 quipped_VVD ,_PUN "_PUQ a_AT0 full_AJ0 employment_NN1 source_NN1 for_PRP attorneys_NN2 ._SENT "_PUQ After_CJS more_AV0 than_CJS three_CRD decades_NN2 of_PRF wrangling_NN1 with_PRP GBUPACD_NP0 ,_PUN Los_NP0 Angeles_NP0 had_VHD spent_VVN more_AV0 than_CJS a_AT0 billion_CRD dollars_NN2 in_PRP fees_NN2 and_CJC on_PRP remediation_NN1 efforts_NN2 (_PUL Siegler_NP0 ,_PUN 2013_CRD )_PUR ._SENT And_CJC because_CJS water_NN1 was_VBD the_AT0 fastest_AJS and_CJC most_AV0 effective_AJ0 way_NN1 to_TO0 mitigate_VVI dust_NN1 ,_PUN the_AT0 city_NN1 had_VHD used_VVN billions_CRD of_PRF gallons_NN2 of_PRF water_NN1 every_AT0 year_NN1 to_TO0 tamp_VVI down_AVP the_AT0 dust_NN1 on_PRP Owens_NP0 Lake_NP0 (_PUL Sahagun_NP0 ,_PUN 2013_CRD )_PUR ._SENT 
That_DT0 all_DT0 changed_VVN in_PRP 2014_CRD :_PUN GBUAPCD_NP0 and_CJC Los_NP0 Angeles_NP0 finally_AV0 agreed_VVD to_TO0 settle_VVI their_DPS disputes_NN2 over_PRP GBUAPCD_NP0 's_POS regulatory_AJ0 authority_NN1 ,_PUN and_CJC GBUAPCD_NP0 agreed_VVD to_TO0 allow_VVI Los_NP0 Angeles_NP0 to_TO0 implement_VVI new_AJ0 methods_NN2 of_PRF dust_NN1 control_NN1 that_CJT did_VDD not_XX0 require_VVI it_PNP to_TO0 flood_VVI the_AT0 lake_NN1 ._SENT According_VVG to_PRP some_DT0 observers_NN2 ,_PUN this_DT0 agreement_NN1 delivered_VVD a_AT0 long-awaited_AJ0 armistice_NN1 ._SENT Los_NP0 Angeles_NP0 Mayor_NP0 Eric_NP0 Garcetti_NP0 declared_VVD the_AT0 settlement_NN1 to_TO0 be_VBI a_AT0 "_PUQ significant_AJ0 win_NN1 for_PRP ratepayers_NN2 and_CJC our_DPS environment_NN1 in_PRP both_DT0 Los_NP0 Angeles_NP0 and_CJC the_AT0 Owens_NP0 Valley_NN1 "_PUQ (_PUL Little_NP0 ,_PUN 2014_CRD )_PUR ._SENT But_CJC others_NN2 saw_VVD the_AT0 agreement_NN1 as_PRP just_AV0 one_CRD more_DT0 milestone_NN1 in_PRP what_DTQ continued_VVD to_TO0 be_VBI a_AT0 battle_NN1 for_PRP control_NN1 over_PRP the_AT0 Owens_NP0 Valley_NN1 and_CJC its_DPS water_NN1 ._SENT As_CJS they_PNP pointed_VVD out_AVP ,_PUN and_CJC as_PRP ensuing_AJ0 events_NN2 would_VM0 soon_AV0 make_VVI clear_AJ0 ,_PUN there_AV0 still_AV0 remained_VVD many_DT0 unanswered_AJ0 questions_NN2 about_PRP how_AVQ ,_PUN exactly_AV0 ,_PUN Los_NP0 Angeles_NP0 would_VM0 fulfill_VVI its_DPS promise_NN1 to_TO0 remedy_VVI the_AT0 harm_NN1 done_VDN to_PRP the_AT0 lake_NN1 and_CJC its_DPS surroundings_NN2 (_PUL Owens_NP0 Valley_NN1 Committee_NN1 ,_PUN 2015_CRD )_PUR ._SENT For_PRP the_AT0 lake_NN1 in_PRP 2014_CRD was_VBD not_XX0 the_AT0 same_DT0 lake_NN1 that_CJT it_PNP was_VBD in_PRP the_AT0 1980s_CRD when_CJS dust_NN1 storms_NN2 raged_VVD ,_PUN or_CJC that_CJT it_PNP was_VBD in_PRP 1900_CRD before_PRP Los_NP0 Angeles_NP0 began_VVD exporting_VVG water_NN1 from_PRP the_AT0 Valley_NN1 ._SENT Which_DTQ lake_NN1 ,_PUN if_CJS any_DT0 of_PRF these_DT0 ,_PUN would_VM0 be_VBI restored_VVN ?_SENT 
For_PRP the_AT0 past_AJ0 six_CRD years_NN2 ,_PUN stakeholders_NN2 have_VHB been_VBN actively_AV0 engaged_VVN in_PRP efforts_NN2 to_TO0 work_VVI through_PRP that_DT0 question_NN1 ._SENT This_DT0 article_NN1 ,_PUN which_DTQ tracks_VVZ efforts_NN2 to_TO0 do_VDI so_AV0 between_PRP 2015_CRD and_CJC 2019_CRD ,_PUN emerges_VVZ from_PRP a_AT0 broader_AJC research_NN1 project_NN1 that_CJT sought_VVD to_TO0 analyze_VVI the_AT0 configuration_NN1 of_PRF law_NN1 ,_PUN environment_NN1 ,_PUN and_CJC governance_NN1 in_PRP the_AT0 Owens_NP0 Valley_NN1 ._SENT That_DT0 project_NN1 combined_VVD archival_AJ0 research_NN1 of_PRF legal_AJ0 and_CJC historical_AJ0 documents_NN2 with_PRP participant_NN1 observation_NN1 and_CJC semistructured_AJ0 interviews_NN2 with_PRP Owens_NP0 Valley_NN1 residents_NN2 and_CJC visitors_NN2 ,_PUN tribal_AJ0 members_NN2 and_CJC officers_NN2 living_VVG and_CJC working_VVG on_PRP reservations_NN2 in_PRP the_AT0 valley_NN1 ,_PUN and_CJC local_AJ0 ,_PUN state_NN1 ,_PUN and_CJC government_NN1 officials_NN2 ,_PUN including_PRP members_NN2 of_PRF the_AT0 Inyo_NP0 County_NN1 Council_NN1 and_CJC representatives_NN2 of_PRF state_NN1 and_CJC federal_AJ0 regulatory_AJ0 agencies_NN2 ._SENT Between_PRP May_NP0 2015_CRD and_CJC August_NP0 2016_CRD ,_PUN I_PNP lived_VVD in_PRP Independence_NN1 ,_PUN which_DTQ is_VBZ the_AT0 county_NN1 seat_NN1 and_CJC the_AT0 approximate_AJ0 geographical_AJ0 halfway_AJ0 point_NN1 between_PRP the_AT0 most_AV0 populous_AJ0 areas_NN2 of_PRF Inyo_NN1 County_NN1 ._SENT My_DPS immersion_NN1 in_PRP everyday_AJ0 experiences_NN2 and_CJC participation_NN1 in_PRP communal_AJ0 life_NN1 provided_CJS important_AJ0 context_NN1 for_PRP the_AT0 project_NN1 ,_PUN offering_VVG a_AT0 sense_NN1 of_PRF place_NN1 derived_VVN not_XX0 through_PRP platitudes_NN2 about_PRP the_AT0 "_PUQ other_AJ0 "_PUQ America_NP0 ,_PUN rural_AJ0 counties_NN2 ,_PUN or_CJC the_AT0 western_AJ0 United_NP0 States_NP0 ,_PUN but_CJC rather_AV0 through_PRP my_DPS own_DT0 embodied_VVN experiences_NN2 (_PUL see_VVB Casey_NP0 ,_PUN 1993_CRD ;_PUN Lee_NP0 &_NP0 Ingold_NP0 ,_PUN 2006_CRD )_PUR ._SENT 
In_PRP subsequent_AJ0 years_NN2 ,_PUN I_PNP have_VHB traveled_VVN to_PRP the_AT0 Valley_NN1 for_PRP a_AT0 few_DT0 days_NN2 or_CJC a_AT0 week_NN1 at_PRP a_AT0 time_NN1 ,_PUN and_CJC have_VHB continued_VVN to_TO0 follow_VVI Owens_NP0 Lake_NP0 stakeholder_NN1 meetings_NN2 via_PRP videoconference_NN1 ._SENT In_PRP what_DTQ follows_VVZ ,_PUN I_PNP foreground_NN1 the_AT0 scaling_NN1 processes_NN2 by_PRP which_DTQ stakeholders_NN2 and_CJC others_NN2 have_VHB constructed_VVN ,_PUN contested_AJ0 ,_PUN and_CJC effectuated_VVD the_AT0 baseline_NN1 ,_PUN demonstrating_VVG that_CJT even_AV0 a_AT0 "_PUQ technicality_NN1 "_PUQ such_DT0 as_CJS the_AT0 baseline_NN1 is_VBZ not_XX0 an_AT0 objective_NN1 ,_PUN consistent_AJ0 norm_NN1 but_CJC rather_AV0 a_AT0 cultural_AJ0 construct_NN1 that_CJT both_AV0 produces_VVZ and_CJC is_VBZ produced_VVN by_PRP conceptions_NN2 of_PRF how_AVQ the_AT0 world_NN1 is_VBZ and_CJC how_AVQ it_PNP ought_VM0 to_TO0 be_VBI (_PUL Ureta_NP0 et_NP0 al._NP0 ,_PUN 2020_CRD )_PUR ._SENT 
4_CRD SCALING_VVG THE_AT0 LAKE_NN1 
In_PRP Owens_NP0 Valley_NP0 ,_PUN where_AVQ overlapping_AJ0 local_AJ0 ,_PUN state_NN1 ,_PUN and_CJC federal_AJ0 entities_NN2 vie_VVB for_PRP control_NN1 over_PRP land_NN1 and_CJC resources_NN2 ,_PUN scale_NN1 frames_NN2 enable_VVB those_DT0 entities_NN2 to_TO0 identify_VVI ,_PUN construct_VVB ,_PUN and_CJC also_AV0 to_TO0 resist_VVI becoming_VVG subjects_NN2 of_PRF legal_AJ0 regulation_NN1 ._SENT Part_NN1 of_PRF the_AT0 work_NN1 of_PRF governing_VVG and_CJC being_VBG governed_VVN in_PRP the_AT0 Valley_NN1 has_VHZ been_VBN learning_VVG to_TO0 frame_VVI scale_NN1 and_CJC to_TO0 tie_VVI particular_AJ0 scales_NN2 to_PRP particular_AJ0 outcomes_NN2 ._SENT Of_PRF course_NN1 ,_PUN not_XX0 all_DT0 scales_NN2 make_VVB the_AT0 same_DT0 kind_NN1 of_PRF difference_NN1 ._SENT Consider_VVB Braverman_NP0 's_POS (_PUL 2020_CRD )_PUR research_NN1 into_PRP scientists_NN2 '_POS efforts_NN2 to_TO0 manage_VVI and_CJC restore_VVI coral_NN1 reefs_NN2 ._SENT As_CJS she_PNP explains_VVZ with_PRP regard_NN1 to_PRP these_DT0 efforts_NN2 ,_PUN research_NN1 and_CJC conservation_NN1 science_NN1 are_VBB not_XX0 driven_VVN by_PRP perceptions_NN2 of_PRF deterioration_NN1 and_CJC sustenance_NN1 ,_PUN but_CJC instead_AV0 by_PRP whether_CJS and_CJC how_AVQ scientists_NN2 embed_VVB those_DT0 observations_NN2 in_PRP conceptions_NN2 of_PRF either_AV0 static_AJ0 or_CJC dynamic_AJ0 systems_NN2 ._SENT Variable_AJ0 scalar_AJ0 emphases_NN2 are_VBB even_AV0 more_AV0 pronounced_VVN in_PRP times_NN2 of_PRF ecological_AJ0 crisis_NN1 ,_PUN as_CJS demonstrated_VVN by_PRP Chloe_NP0 Ahmann_NP0 's_POS (_PUL 2018_CRD )_PUR study_NN1 of_PRF a_AT0 protracted_AJ0 debate_NN1 concerning_PRP a_AT0 trash_NN1 incinerator_NN1 in_PRP the_AT0 highly_AV0 polluted_AJ0 neighborhood_NN1 of_PRF Curtis_NP0 Bay_NN1 ,_PUN Maryland_NP0 ._SENT Although_CJS noting_VVG that_CJT discussions_NN2 about_PRP permitting_VVG —_PUN about_PRP who_PNQ bears_VVZ the_AT0 burden_NN1 of_PRF pollution_NN1 and_CJC where_AVQ —_PUN often_AV0 mobilize_VVB spatial_AJ0 scales_NN2 ,_PUN Ahmann_NP0 depicts_VVZ a_AT0 dispute_NN1 shaped_VVN almost_AV0 entirely_AV0 by_PRP temporal_AJ0 sensibilities_NN2 about_PRP when_AVQ harms_NN2 happen_VVB and_CJC how_AVQ quickly_AV0 their_DPS effects_NN2 might_VM0 be_VBI felt_VVN ._SENT Those_DT0 temporal_AJ0 rhythms_NN2 and_CJC sensibilities_NN2 become_VVB even_AV0 more_AV0 pronounced_VVN in_PRP cases_NN2 like_PRP the_AT0 one_PNI described_VVN in_PRP Petryna_NP0 's_POS (_PUL 2018_CRD )_PUR study_NN1 of_PRF wildfire_NN1 management_NN1 ,_PUN where_AVQ scientists_NN2 must_VM0 constantly_AV0 strive_VVI to_TO0 apprehend_VVI and_CJC forestall_VVI ecological_AJ0 destruction_NN1 by_PRP transforming_VVG the_AT0 unknown_AJ0 future_NN1 into_PRP known_AJ0 and_CJC actionable_AJ0 data_NN0 ._SENT 
As_CJS in_PRP these_DT0 other_AJ0 contexts_NN2 ,_PUN stakeholders_NN2 on_PRP Owens_NP0 Lake_NP0 manifest_VVB an_AT0 awareness_NN1 of_PRF both_DT0 spatial_AJ0 and_CJC temporal_AJ0 scales_NN2 ,_PUN but_CJC they_PNP evince_VVB a_AT0 disproportionate_AJ0 emphasis_NN1 on_PRP one_CRD or_CJC the_AT0 other_NN1 ._SENT My_DPS efforts_NN2 to_TO0 track_VVI those_DT0 scale_NN1 frames_NN2 necessarily_AV0 begins_VVZ with_PRP efforts_NN2 to_PRP scale_NN1 Owens_NP0 Lake_NP0 ._SENT Although_CJS I_PNP have_VHB been_VBN referring_VVG here_AV0 to_PRP "_PUQ the_AT0 lake_NN1 ,_PUN "_PUQ it_PNP is_VBZ worth_PRP noting_VVG that_CJT this_DT0 nomenclature_NN1 was_VBD not_XX0 universally_AV0 embraced_VVN ._SENT For_PRP many_DT0 residents_NN2 of_PRF Owens_NP0 Valley_NP0 ,_PUN the_AT0 site_NN1 I_PNP call_VVB Owens_NP0 Lake_NP0 indeed_AV0 remained_VVD a_AT0 lake_NN1 ,_PUN which_DTQ they_PNP referred_VVD to_PRP as_CJS a_AT0 single_AJ0 unified_AJ0 feature_NN1 ._SENT There_EX0 were_VBD ,_PUN for_PRP example_NN1 ,_PUN descriptions_NN2 of_PRF "_PUQ the_AT0 dust_NN1 storms_NN2 that_CJT covered_VVD the_AT0 lake_NN1 ,_PUN "_PUQ references_NN2 to_PRP the_AT0 "_PUQ steamboats_NN2 that_CJT once_AV0 crossed_VVD the_AT0 lake_NN1 ,_PUN "_PUQ and_CJC annual_AJ0 bird_NN1 watching_VVG tours_NN2 advertised_VVN as_PRP taking_VVG place_NN1 "_PUQ on_PRP the_AT0 lake_NN1 ._SENT "_PUQ 
LADWP_NN1 and_CJC members_NN2 of_PRF working_AJ0 groups_NN2 that_CJT met_VVD to_TO0 discuss_VVI the_AT0 lake_NN1 also_AV0 discursively_AV0 assembled_VVN the_AT0 lake_NN1 into_PRP a_AT0 composite_AJ0 whole_NN1 ,_PUN especially_AV0 when_CJS there_EX0 was_VBD a_AT0 need_NN1 to_TO0 demarcate_VVI boundaries_NN2 of_PRF responsibility_NN1 ,_PUN which_DTQ generally_AV0 mapped_VVD onto_PRP the_AT0 lake_NN1 's_POS physical_AJ0 boundaries_NN2 ._SENT For_PRP instance_NN1 ,_PUN during_PRP a_AT0 driving_AJ0 tour_NN1 of_PRF Owens_NP0 Lake_NP0 with_PRP other_AJ0 residents_NN2 and_CJC Inyo_NN1 County_NN1 Supervisors_NN2 ,_PUN our_DPS guide_NN1 —_PUN an_AT0 LADWP_NN1 manager_NN1 —_PUN abruptly_AV0 stopped_VVD our_DPS van_NN1 ._SENT Pointing_VVG to_PRP a_AT0 group_NN1 of_PRF large_AJ0 sand_NN1 dunes_NN2 in_PRP the_AT0 distance_NN1 ,_PUN he_PNP described_VVD the_AT0 area_NN1 as_PRP "_PUQ the_AT0 Serengeti_NP0 "_PUQ —_PUN a_AT0 reference_NN1 to_PRP the_AT0 African_AJ0 ecosystem_NN1 renowned_AJ0 for_PRP its_DPS game_NN1 reserves_NN2 ._SENT The_AT0 manager_NN1 explained_VVD that_CJT this_DT0 was_VBD a_AT0 nickname_NN1 he_PNP had_VHD given_VVN to_PRP the_AT0 area_NN1 because_CJS ,_PUN like_PRP the_AT0 Serengeti_NP0 ,_PUN that_DT0 area_NN1 of_PRF the_AT0 Owens_NP0 Lake_NP0 ,_PUN too_AV0 ,_PUN remained_VVD untouched_AJ0 :_PUN LADWP_NN1 did_VDD not_XX0 have_VHI to_TO0 control_VVI the_AT0 dust_NN1 emitted_VVN from_PRP those_DT0 dunes_NN2 because_CJS they_PNP lay_VVD beyond_PRP the_AT0 lake_NN1 's_POS borders_NN2 ._SENT Delineating_VVG "_PUQ the_AT0 lake_NN1 "_PUQ from_PRP the_AT0 "_PUQ not-lake_NN1 "_PUQ was_VBD crucial_AJ0 ,_PUN he_PNP explained_VVD ,_PUN because_CJS ,_PUN "_PUQ We_PNP touch_VVB it_PNP ,_PUN we_PNP own_VVB it_PNP ._SENT And_CJC then_AV0 we_PNP 'd_VM0 also_AV0 have_VHI to_TO0 put_VVI in_PRP access_NN1 roads_NN2 ._SENT "_PUQ 
Yet_AV0 within_PRP the_AT0 working_AJ0 groups_NN2 ,_PUN I_PNP rarely_AV0 heard_VVD references_NN2 to_PRP "_PUQ the_AT0 lake_NN1 ._SENT "_PUQ Instead_AV0 ,_PUN people_NN0 spoke_VVD of_PRF localized_AJ0 "_PUQ DCAs_NN2 "_PUQ —_PUN shorthand_NN1 for_PRP Dust_NN1 Control_NN1 Areas_NN2 —_PUN which_DTQ were_VBD portions_NN2 of_PRF the_AT0 lake_NN1 variously_AV0 segregated_VVN by_PRP region_NN1 and_CJC experimental_AJ0 dust_NN1 control_NN1 procedures_NN2 (_PUL Figure_NN1 3_CRD )_PUR 
By_PRP subdividing_VVG the_AT0 lake_NN1 into_PRP DCAs_NP0 ,_PUN LADWP_NP0 could_VM0 stagger_VVI its_DPS mitigation_NN1 efforts_NN2 ,_PUN bringing_VVG each_DT0 DCA_NN1 into_PRP regulatory_AJ0 compliance_NN1 in_PRP phases_NN2 ,_PUN while_CJS also_AV0 experimenting_VVG with_PRP different_AJ0 means_NN0 of_PRF controlling_VVG the_AT0 dust_NN1 in_PRP smaller_AJC areas_NN2 ._SENT In_PRP some_DT0 sections_NN2 ,_PUN there_EX0 were_VBD massive_AJ0 gravel_NN1 pits_NN2 ;_PUN in_PRP others_NN2 ,_PUN there_EX0 were_VBD red-tinged_AJ0 brine_NN1 pools_NN2 ,_PUN furrowed_AJ0 ground_NN1 ,_PUN or_CJC long_AJ0 grasses_NN2 whose_DTQ roots_NN2 presumably_AV0 would_VM0 hold_VVI the_AT0 soil_NN1 down_AVP ._SENT Large_AJ0 trucks_NN2 ,_PUN heavy_AJ0 equipment_NN1 ,_PUN and_CJC men_NN2 in_PRP bright_AJ0 orange_AJ0 vests_NN2 and_CJC hard_AJ0 hats_NN2 fanned_VVD out_AVP across_PRP all_DT0 of_PRF these_DT0 areas_NN2 ._SENT Although_CJS the_AT0 area_NN1 was_VBD still_AV0 designated_VVN on_PRP maps_NN2 as_PRP Owens_NP0 Lake_NP0 ,_PUN it_PNP looked_VVD to_PRP me_PNP ,_PUN and_CJC to_PRP many_DT0 of_PRF those_DT0 living_NN1 in_PRP the_AT0 Owens_NP0 Valley_NN1 ,_PUN like_PRP a_AT0 massive_AJ0 industrial_AJ0 construction_NN1 site_NN1 (_PUL Figure_NN1 4_CRD )_PUR ._SENT 
LADWP_NN1 also_AV0 built_VVN mud_NN1 berms_NN2 that_CJT defined_VVD each_DT0 DCA_NN1 ,_PUN and_CJC driving_VVG around_PRP the_AT0 lake_NN1 for_PRP the_AT0 first_ORD time_NN1 in_PRP 2015_CRD ,_PUN I_PNP was_VBD surprised_AJ0 to_TO0 come_VVI across_PRP several_DT0 large_AJ0 wooden_AJ0 cows_NN2 standing_VVG atop_PRP signs_NN2 that_CJT read_VVD ,_PUN "_PUQ Sacred_AJ0 cow_NN1 ._SENT Keep_VVB off_AVP berm_NN1 ._SENT "_PUQ Later_AV0 I_PNP was_VBD told_VVN that_CJT the_AT0 signs_NN2 were_VBD an_AT0 inside_AJ0 joke_NN1 among_PRP LADWP_AJ0 workers_NN2 ._SENT Although_CJS the_AT0 punchline_NN1 of_PRF that_DT0 joke_NN1 still_AV0 eludes_VVZ me_PNP ,_PUN I_PNP came_VVD to_TO0 see_VVI those_DT0 oddly_AV0 humorous_AJ0 cows_NN2 as_PRP a_AT0 significant_AJ0 signpost_NN1 for_PRP my_DPS own_DT0 research_NN1 ,_PUN reminding_VVG me_PNP to_TO0 also_AV0 mind_VVI the_AT0 berm_NN1 —_PUN which_DTQ I_PNP took_VVD to_TO0 mean_VVI attending_VVG to_PRP the_AT0 myriad_NN1 ways_NN2 in_PRP which_DTQ even_AV0 a_AT0 large_AJ0 geographic_AJ0 feature_NN1 such_DT0 as_PRP a_AT0 lake_NN1 could_VM0 be_VBI deconstructed_VVN into_PRP smaller_AJC locales_NN2 ._SENT 
Moving_VVG away_AV0 from_PRP "_PUQ topographic_AJ0 views_NN2 "_PUQ of_PRF the_AT0 lake_NN1 generates_VVZ more_AV0 "_PUQ relational_AJ0 thinking_NN1 "_PUQ about_PRP the_AT0 dynamic_AJ0 interactions_NN2 that_CJT compose_VVB and_CJC sustain_VVB the_AT0 Lake_NP0 (_PUL Blomley_NP0 ,_PUN 2016_CRD ,_PUN p._NN0 2_CRD )_PUR ._SENT Yet_AV0 little_DT0 attention_NN1 was_VBD paid_VVN to_PRP relations_NN2 between_PRP DCAs_NN2 by_PRP those_DT0 working_VVG on_PRP the_AT0 lake_NN1 ._SENT Some_DT0 DCAs_NN2 remained_VVD actively_AV0 in_PRP focus_NN1 ,_PUN while_CJS others_NN2 were_VBD almost_AV0 entirely_AV0 ignored_VVN except_CJS when_CJS mentioned_VVN as_PRP "_PUQ future_AJ0 "_PUQ projects_NN2 —_PUN a_AT0 temporal_AJ0 segregation_NN1 reflecting_VVG stages_NN2 of_PRF planned_AJ0 compliance_NN1 with_PRP dust_NN1 control_NN1 requirements_NN2 ._SENT Nor_CJC was_VBD much_DT0 attention_NN1 given_VVN to_PRP how_AVQ the_AT0 DCAs_NN2 related_VVN to_PRP each_DT0 other_NN1 ,_PUN or_CJC how_AVQ water_NN1 ,_PUN dust_NN1 ,_PUN and_CJC habitat_NN1 might_VM0 integrate_VVI and_CJC intersect_VVI between_PRP them_PNP ._SENT I_PNP came_VVD to_TO0 realize_VVI that_CJT "_PUQ minding_VVG the_AT0 berm_NN1 "_PUQ was_VBD much_AV0 more_AV0 than_CJS a_AT0 physical_AJ0 directive_NN1 ;_PUN it_PNP also_AV0 represented_VVD a_AT0 distinct_AJ0 way_NN1 of_PRF thinking_VVG about_PRP the_AT0 lake_NN1 ._SENT Where_AVQ once_AV0 there_EX0 was_VBD a_AT0 topography_NN1 ,_PUN an_AT0 ecosystem_NN1 ,_PUN and_CJC a_AT0 water_NN1 source_NN1 ,_PUN there_EX0 now_AV0 were_VBD industrialized_AJ0 DCAs_NN2 ,_PUN which_DTQ stood_VVD temporally_AV0 and_CJC spatially_AV0 distinct_AJ0 from_PRP one_PNI another_DT0 ._SENT As_CJS consultants_NN2 hired_VVN by_PRP LADWP_NN1 to_TO0 advise_VVI on_PRP remediation_NN1 plans_NN2 suggested_VVN ,_PUN this_DT0 disaggregation_NN1 presented_VVD significant_AJ0 challenges_NN2 with_PRP respect_NN1 to_PRP managing_VVG a_AT0 habitat_NN1 "_PUQ that_DT0 is_VBZ more_DT0 than_CJS the_AT0 sum_NN1 of_PRF its_DPS parts_NN2 "_PUQ (_PUL Roberts_NP0 et_NP0 al._NP0 ,_PUN 2016_CRD ,_PUN p._NN0 68_CRD )_PUR ._SENT 
5_CRD SCALING_VVG THE_AT0 BASELINE_NN1 
That_DT0 tension_NN1 between_PRP part_NN1 and_CJC whole_NN1 manifested_VVN even_AV0 more_AV0 clearly_AV0 in_PRP efforts_NN2 to_TO0 establish_VVI a_AT0 baseline_NN1 for_PRP the_AT0 lake_NN1 ._SENT This_DT0 section_NN1 examines_VVZ those_DT0 efforts_NN2 in_PRP more_DT0 detail_NN1 ,_PUN focusing_VVG closely_AV0 on_PRP attempts_NN2 to_TO0 situate_VVI the_AT0 lake_NN1 within_PRP specific_AJ0 framings_NN2 of_PRF space_NN1 and_CJC time_NN1 and_CJC especially_AV0 on_PRP how_AVQ such_DT0 framings_NN2 worked_VVD together_AV0 to_TO0 generate_VVI a_AT0 norm_NN1 against_PRP which_DTQ future_AJ0 change_NN1 might_VM0 be_VBI assessed_VVN and_CJC (_PUL dis_AV0 )_PUR approved_VVD ._SENT The_AT0 first_ORD two_CRD framings_NN2 —_PUN stasis_NN1 and_CJC variability_NN1 —_PUN emphasize_VVB contrasting_AJ0 approaches_NN2 to_PRP characterizing_VVG the_AT0 spatiotemporal_AJ0 "_PUQ reality_NN1 "_PUQ of_PRF the_AT0 lake_NN1 as_CJS either_AV0 a_AT0 place_NN1 fixed_VVN in_PRP space_NN1 and_CJC time_NN1 or_CJC as_PRP a_AT0 chaotic_AJ0 and_CJC ever-changing_AJ0 system_NN1 ._SENT The_AT0 third_ORD ,_PUN futurology_NN1 ,_PUN examines_VVZ how_AVQ predictions_NN2 were_VBD justified_VVN or_CJC challenged_VVN through_PRP efforts_NN2 to_TO0 scale_VVI past_AJ0 ,_PUN present_AJ0 ,_PUN and_CJC future_NN1 in_PRP relation_NN1 to_PRP one_CRD another_DT0 ._SENT In_PRP all_DT0 three_CRD cases_NN2 ,_PUN the_AT0 baseline_NN1 emerges_VVZ as_PRP a_AT0 scalar_AJ0 construct_NN1 ,_PUN making_VVG clear_AJ0 that_CJT this_DT0 important_AJ0 legal_AJ0 benchmark_NN1 is_VBZ only_AV0 as_AV0 normative_AJ0 as_CJS the_AT0 norms_NN2 brought_VVD to_TO0 bear_VVI on_PRP it_PNP ._SENT 
5.1_CRD Stasis_NP0 
In_PRP effectuating_VVG a_AT0 critical_AJ0 analysis_NN1 of_PRF Environmental_AJ0 Impact_NN1 Assessments_NN2 ,_PUN Barandiarán_NP0 (_PUL 2020_CRD ,_PUN pp._NN2 1_CRD –_PUN 2_CRD )_PUR observed_VVD that_CJT generating_AJ0 baselines_NN2 for_PRP the_AT0 purpose_NN1 of_PRF evaluating_VVG industrial_AJ0 projects_NN2 and_CJC other_AJ0 interventions_NN2 with_PRP environmental_AJ0 consequences_NN2 is_VBZ "_PUQ like_PRP taking_VVG a_AT0 photograph_NN1 ,_PUN "_PUQ because_CJS baselines_NN2 necessarily_AV0 compress_VVB the_AT0 present_NN1 into_PRP the_AT0 past_NN1 and_CJC normalize_VVB already-deteriorated_AJ0 conditions_NN2 as_PRP those_DT0 to_TO0 be_VBI sustained_VVN ._SENT On_PRP Owens_NP0 Lake_NP0 ,_PUN that_DT0 sort_NN1 of_PRF freeze-frame_NN1 is_VBZ not_XX0 only_AV0 felt_VVN ,_PUN but_CJC also_AV0 explicitly_AV0 built_VVN into_PRP the_AT0 regulatory_AJ0 law_NN1 overshadowing_VVG the_AT0 entire_AJ0 process_NN1 :_PUN CEQA_NP0 ._SENT 
