The_AT0 difference_NN1 between_PRP a_AT0 time-_AJ0 and_CJC volume-based_AJ0 system_NN1 ,_PUN therefore_AV0 ,_PUN is_VBZ not_XX0 just_AV0 the_AT0 adoption_NN1 of_PRF a_AT0 different_AJ0 unit_NN1 or_CJC method_NN1 of_PRF measuring_VVG but_CJC also_AV0 the_AT0 reconceptualization_NN1 of_PRF the_AT0 social_AJ0 relations_NN2 that_CJT surround_VVB a_AT0 water_NN1 source_NN1 ._SENT Measuring_VVG water_NN1 in_PRP time_NN1 allows_VVZ users_NN2 to_TO0 take_VVI into_PRP account_NN1 the_AT0 natural_AJ0 properties_NN2 of_PRF water_NN1 —_PUN that_CJT it_PNP is_VBZ neither_AV0 constant_AJ0 nor_CJC infinite_AJ0 —_PUN and_CJC frames_VVZ water_NN1 as_PRP a_AT0 collective_AJ0 resource_NN1 of_PRF the_AT0 community_NN1 ._SENT When_CJS measuring_VVG water_NN1 by_PRP time_NN1 ,_PUN each_DT0 user_NN1 receives_VVZ his_DPS share_NN1 ,_PUN regardless_AV0 of_PRF the_AT0 volume_NN1 or_CJC amount_NN1 available_AJ0 ._SENT Measuring_VVG by_PRP volume_NN1 ,_PUN on_PRP the_AT0 other_AJ0 hand_NN1 ,_PUN obscures_VVZ water_NN1 's_POS natural_AJ0 properties_NN2 and_CJC constraints_NN2 ,_PUN privileging_VVG the_AT0 claims_NN2 of_PRF the_AT0 individual_NN1 over_PRP the_AT0 needs_NN2 of_PRF the_AT0 group_NN1 ._SENT This_DT0 is_VBZ not_XX0 to_TO0 say_VVI that_CJT a_AT0 time-based_AJ0 system_NN1 is_VBZ always_AV0 fairer_AJC or_CJC more_AV0 equitable_AJ0 in_PRP practice_NN1 ._SENT Shares_NN2 may_VM0 still_AV0 become_VVI the_AT0 object_NN1 of_PRF dispute_NN1 (_PUL Nader_NP0 Reference_NN1 Nader_NP0 and_CJC Mayer_NP0 )_PUR ._SENT Those_DT0 with_PRP more_DT0 resources_NN2 can_VM0 buy_VVI up_AVP or_CJC appropriate_VVI more_DT0 shares_NN2 ,_PUN meaning_VVG that_CJT social_AJ0 hierarchies_NN2 are_VBB reflected_VVN in_PRP inequitable_AJ0 proportions_NN2 of_PRF water_NN1 (_PUL Attia_NP0 Reference_NN1 Attia_NP0 and_CJC Mayer_NP0 ;_PUN Hammoudi_NP0 Reference_NN1 Hammoudi_NP0 and_CJC Mayer_NP0 )_PUR ._SENT Certain_AJ0 turns_NN2 might_VM0 also_AV0 be_VBI less_AV0 desirable_AJ0 than_CJS others_NN2 ,_PUN such_DT0 as_PRP those_DT0 at_PRP night_NN1 or_CJC during_PRP weekly_AJ0 days_NN2 of_PRF rest_NN1 (_PUL Hammoudi_NP0 Reference_NN1 Hammoudi_NP0 and_CJC Mayer_NP0 )_PUR ._SENT 
What_DTQ such_DT0 possibilities_NN2 illustrate_VVB is_VBZ that_CJT a_AT0 time-based_AJ0 distribution_NN1 system_NN1 is_VBZ not_XX0 simply_AV0 a_AT0 form_NN1 of_PRF private_AJ0 property_NN1 that_CJT creates_VVZ a_AT0 relationship_NN1 between_PRP a_AT0 person_NN1 and_CJC a_AT0 thing_NN1 ._SENT It_PNP places_VVZ the_AT0 water_NN1 user_NN1 into_PRP a_AT0 network_NN1 of_PRF social_AJ0 relationships_NN2 ,_PUN and_CJC the_AT0 nature_NN1 of_PRF those_DT0 relationships_NN2 is_VBZ both_AV0 embedded_VVN in_PRP ,_PUN and_CJC reflected_VVD by_AVP ,_PUN the_AT0 distribution_NN1 of_PRF water_NN1 (_PUL Hammoudi_NP0 Reference_NN1 Hammoudi_NP0 and_CJC Mayer_NP0 ;_PUN Nader_NP0 Reference_NN1 Nader_NP0 and_CJC Mayer_NP0 )_PUR ._SENT Laura_NP0 Nader_NP0 (_PUL Reference_VVB Nader_NP0 and_CJC Mayer_NP0 ,_PUN 4_CRD )_PUR notes_VVZ that_CJT ,_PUN in_PRP the_AT0 context_NN1 of_PRF a_AT0 time-based_AJ0 water-sharing_NN1 system_NN1 in_PRP the_AT0 Ḍrā_AJ0 Valley_NN1 in_PRP Morocco_NP0 ,_PUN that_CJT "_PUQ [_PUL p_ZZ0 ]_PUR atterns_NN2 of_PRF individual_AJ0 rights_NN2 and_CJC collective_AJ0 obligation_NN1 must_VM0 be_VBI identified_VVN in_PRP order_NN1 to_TO0 understand_VVI water_NN1 distribution_NN1 ._SENT Water_NN1 received_VVN is_VBZ one_CRD person_NN1 's_POS property_NN1 ,_PUN but_CJC at_PRP the_AT0 same_DT0 time_NN1 it_PNP forms_VVZ part_NN1 of_PRF a_AT0 network_NN1 of_PRF collective_AJ0 rules_NN2 and_CJC obligations_NN2 ._SENT "_PUQ An_AT0 incoming_AJ0 settler_NN1 population_NN1 is_VBZ naturally_AV0 going_VVG to_TO0 disrupt_VVI such_DT0 a_AT0 network_NN1 ._SENT Settlers_NN2 have_VHB two_CRD options_NN2 in_PRP such_DT0 a_AT0 situation_NN1 ._SENT They_PNP can_VM0 assimilate_VVI into_PRP a_AT0 preexisting_AJ0 network_NN1 by_PRP buying_VVG up_AVP time_NN1 shares_NN2 of_PRF a_AT0 water_NN1 source_NN1 ,_PUN requiring_VVG them_PNP to_TO0 embed_VVI themselves_PNX in_PRP a_AT0 web_NN1 of_PRF social_AJ0 relationships_NN2 ._SENT Or_CJC ,_PUN conversely_AV0 ,_PUN they_PNP can_VM0 find_VVI some_DT0 other_AJ0 way_NN1 of_PRF appropriating_AJ0 water_NN1 ._SENT In_PRP the_AT0 case_NN1 of_PRF Mandate_NN1 Palestine_NP0 ,_PUN this_DT0 was_VBD by_PRP drilling_VVG and_CJC pumping_VVG groundwater_NN1 and_CJC using_VVG volume-based_AJ0 measurements_NN2 to_TO0 delineate_VVI a_AT0 new_AJ0 ,_PUN exclusive_AJ0 set_NN1 of_PRF water_NN1 rights_NN2 ._SENT 
WATER_NN1 INVESTMENT_NN1 AND_CJC SPECULATION_NN1 
Differing_AJ0 ways_NN2 of_PRF measuring_VVG water_NN1 rights_NN2 were_VBD but_CJC one_CRD piece_NN1 of_PRF a_AT0 larger_AJC picture_NN1 ._SENT Because_CJS securing_VVG and_CJC developing_VVG water_NN1 resources_NN2 was_VBD seen_VVN as_CJS crucial_AJ0 to_PRP the_AT0 Zionist_AJ0 project_NN1 ,_PUN there_EX0 arose_VVD a_AT0 high_AJ0 volume_NN1 of_PRF traffic_NN1 in_PRP water_NN1 rights_NN2 and_CJC a_AT0 speculative_AJ0 water_NN1 market_NN1 ._SENT In_PRP this_DT0 climate_NN1 ,_PUN time-based_AJ0 water_NN1 rights_NN2 became_VVD an_AT0 obstacle_NN1 to_PRP outside_AJ0 investment_NN1 ,_PUN frustrating_VVG both_AV0 the_AT0 British_AJ0 government_NN1 and_CJC Jewish_AJ0 settlers_NN2 ._SENT Because_CJS time-based_AJ0 water_NN1 rights_NN2 are_VBB embedded_VVN in_PRP a_AT0 network_NN1 of_PRF social_AJ0 relations_NN2 ,_PUN they_PNP obstruct_VVB potential_AJ0 outside_PRP investment_NN1 from_PRP someone_PNI not_XX0 already_AV0 in_PRP that_DT0 community_NN1 ._SENT If_CJS a_AT0 group_NN1 of_PRF farmers_NN2 sharing_VVG a_AT0 spring_NN1 all_DT0 define_VVB their_DPS usage_NN1 based_VVN on_PRP time_NN1 ,_PUN there_EX0 is_VBZ no_AT0 problem_NN1 with_PRP collectively_AV0 investing_VVG in_PRP an_AT0 upgrade_NN1 ._SENT They_PNP will_VM0 each_DT0 have_VHI the_AT0 same_DT0 time_NN1 allotment_NN1 before_PRP and_CJC after_PRP the_AT0 upgrade_NN1 ,_PUN and_CJC everyone_PNI 's_POS output_NN1 will_VM0 increase_VVI equally_AV0 ._SENT However_AV0 ,_PUN if_CJS an_AT0 outside_AJ0 investor_NN1 wants_VVZ to_TO0 upgrade_VVI the_AT0 spring_NN1 in_PRP order_NN1 to_TO0 increase_VVI the_AT0 output_NN1 and_CJC exploit_VVB the_AT0 surplus_NN1 ,_PUN he_PNP cannot_VVB put_VVB money_NN1 into_PRP the_AT0 spring_NN1 unless_CJS there_EX0 is_VBZ a_AT0 guaranteed_AJ0 surplus_NN1 of_PRF water_NN1 that_CJT will_VM0 come_VVI from_PRP that_DT0 investment_NN1 ._SENT Only_AV0 a_AT0 standardized_AJ0 ,_PUN volume-based_AJ0 unit_NN1 can_VM0 denote_VVI a_AT0 guaranteed_AJ0 amount_NN1 of_PRF surplus_AJ0 water_NN1 and_CJC ,_PUN hence_AV0 ,_PUN guarantee_VVB a_AT0 return_NN1 ._SENT For_PRP example_NN1 ,_PUN in_PRP 1943_CRD ,_PUN the_AT0 British_AJ0 administration_NN1 wanted_VVD to_TO0 construct_VVI a_AT0 masonry_NN1 channel_NN1 in_PRP Wadi_NP0 Fari_NP0 ,_PUN but_CJC it_PNP could_VM0 not_XX0 do_VDI so_AV0 because_CJS it_PNP would_VM0 not_XX0 be_VBI able_AJ0 to_TO0 claim_VVI the_AT0 new_AJ0 surplus_NN1 supplied_VVN by_PRP the_AT0 channel_NN1 ._SENT Preexisting_AJ0 users_NN2 who_PNQ held_VVD rights_NN2 to_PRP the_AT0 water_NN1 each_DT0 held_VVD a_AT0 period_NN1 of_PRF time_NN1 and_CJC would_VM0 be_VBI able_AJ0 to_TO0 claim_VVI any_DT0 new_AJ0 surplus_NN1 during_PRP their_DPS turn_NN1 at_PRP the_AT0 spring_NN1 ._SENT 
In_PRP addition_NN1 to_PRP often_AV0 necessitating_VVG volume-based_AJ0 measurements_NN2 ,_PUN loans_NN2 for_PRP water_NN1 infrastructure_NN1 sometimes_AV0 decided_VVD de_NP0 facto_NN1 rights_NN2 in_PRP place_NN1 of_PRF disputed_AJ0 water_NN1 ownership_NN1 ._SENT It_PNP was_VBD not_XX0 always_AV0 clear_AJ0 if_CJS a_AT0 loan_NN1 applicant_NN1 held_VVD rights_NN2 to_PRP the_AT0 sources_NN2 that_CJT they_PNP wanted_VVD to_TO0 develop_VVI ._SENT This_DT0 was_VBD often_AV0 the_AT0 case_NN1 when_CJS Jewish_AJ0 settlements_NN2 applied_VVN for_PRP credit_NN1 ._SENT The_AT0 loan_NN1 officer_NN1 acted_VVN as_PRP a_AT0 water_NN1 arbiter_NN1 because_CJS "_PUQ [_PUL t_ZZ0 ]_PUR o_ZZ0 approve_VVB loans_NN2 in_PRP the_AT0 absence_NN1 of_PRF such_DT0 settlement_NN1 [_PUL of_PRF water_NN1 rights_NN2 ]_PUR entails_VVZ the_AT0 tacit_AJ0 recognitions_NN2 by_PRP Government_NN1 of_PRF rights_NN2 in_PRP water_NN1 for_PRP the_AT0 utilisation_NN1 of_PRF which_DTQ the_AT0 loan_NN1 is_VBZ granted_VVN ._SENT "_PUQ Getting_VVG a_AT0 loan_NN1 ,_PUN therefore_AV0 ,_PUN determined_AJ0 water_NN1 rights_NN2 simply_AV0 by_PRP enabling_VVG one_CRD party_NN1 to_TO0 build_VVI the_AT0 infrastructure_NN1 to_TO0 exploit_VVI the_AT0 water_NN1 in_PRP question_NN1 ._SENT Settlements_NN2 were_VBD able_AJ0 to_TO0 take_VVI over_AVP water_NN1 sources_NN2 simply_AV0 because_CJS they_PNP had_VHD access_NN1 to_TO0 credit_VVI ._SENT 
Creating_VVG yet_AV0 further_AJC confusion_NN1 was_VBD the_AT0 rise_NN1 of_PRF a_AT0 speculative_AJ0 market_NN1 for_PRP water_NN1 rights_NN2 ,_PUN which_DTQ the_AT0 director_NN1 of_PRF development_NN1 ,_PUN Lewis_NP0 French_NP0 ,_PUN attributed_VVN to_PRP the_AT0 shift_NN1 to_PRP intensive_AJ0 agriculture_NN1 ._SENT In_PRP 1935_CRD ,_PUN the_AT0 British_AJ0 attorney_NN1 general_NN1 wrote_VVD in_PRP a_AT0 memorandum_NN1 :_PUN 
Water_NN1 rights_NN2 are_VBB a_AT0 frequent_AJ0 subject_NN1 of_PRF commercial_AJ0 transactions_NN2 ;_PUN a_AT0 man_NN1 may_VM0 sell_VVI half_DT0 his_DPS land_NN1 and_CJC the_AT0 whole_NN1 of_PRF his_DPS water_NN1 rights_NN2 or_CJC he_PNP may_VM0 retain_VVI the_AT0 whole_NN1 of_PRF his_DPS land_NN1 and_CJC sell_VVB half_DT0 his_DPS water_NN1 rights_NN2 ._SENT It_PNP is_VBZ ,_PUN moreover_AV0 ,_PUN not_XX0 uncommon_AJ0 for_PRP speculators_NN2 ,_PUN who_PNQ own_VVB no_AT0 land_NN1 at_PRP all_DT0 ,_PUN to_TO0 purchase_VVI the_AT0 water_NN1 rights_NN2 in_PRP an_AT0 area_NN1 and_CJC to_TO0 farm_VVI out_AVP the_AT0 water_NN1 thus_AV0 required_VVN to_PRP the_AT0 highest_AJS bidders_NN2 ._SENT 
According_VVG to_PRP British_AJ0 officials_NN2 ,_PUN both_DT0 speculation_NN1 and_CJC partitioning_NN1 communally_AV0 held_VVN land_NN1 disadvantaged_AJ0 users_NN2 with_PRP fewer_DT0 water_NN1 rights_NN2 and_CJC disorganized_VVD the_AT0 time-based_AJ0 method_NN1 of_PRF water_NN1 sharing_NN1 ._SENT As_CJS speculation_NN1 continued_VVD ,_PUN a_AT0 man_NN1 who_PNQ could_VM0 not_XX0 afford_VVI to_TO0 develop_VVI his_DPS water_NN1 was_VBD often_AV0 forced_VVN to_TO0 "_PUQ sell_VVI his_DPS holding_NN1 to_PRP a_AT0 capitalist_NN1 who_PNQ can_VM0 develop_VVI it_PNP ._SENT "_PUQ 
Water_NN1 was_VBD in_PRP such_DT0 high_AJ0 demand_NN1 that_CJT in_PRP 1920_CRD the_AT0 Jewish_AJ0 Agency_NN1 even_AV0 hired_VVD a_AT0 sorcerer_NN1 who_PNQ was_VBD famed_AJ0 for_PRP finding_VVG underground_AJ0 petroleum_NN1 ,_PUN water_NN1 ,_PUN and_CJC mineral_NN1 deposits_NN2 to_TO0 survey_VVI Palestine_NP0 in_PRP search_NN1 of_PRF groundwater_NN1 ._SENT By_PRP the_AT0 1930s_CRD ,_PUN Zionist_AJ0 organizations_NN2 began_VVD deep_AV0 well_AV0 boring_AJ0 —_PUN a_AT0 process_NN1 that_CJT requires_VVZ expensive_AJ0 equipment_NN1 ,_PUN such_DT0 as_PRP mechanical_AJ0 drills_NN2 (_PUL Survey_NN1 of_PRF Palestine_NP0 1946_CRD ;_PUN Nadan_NP0 Reference_NN1 Nadan_NP0 )_PUR ._SENT Because_CJS underground_AJ0 water_NN1 sources_NN2 feed_VVB into_PRP springs_NN2 and_CJC shallower_AJC wells_NN2 ,_PUN deep_AV0 well_AV0 boring_AJ0 often_AV0 diminishes_VVZ the_AT0 supplies_NN2 of_PRF neighboring_AJ0 water_NN1 sources_NN2 ,_PUN leading_VVG effectively_AV0 to_PRP appropriation_NN1 ._SENT Infrastructure_NN1 ,_PUN such_DT0 as_PRP a_AT0 mechanical_AJ0 drill_NN1 or_CJC pump_NN1 ,_PUN was_VBD therefore_AV0 not_XX0 only_AV0 a_AT0 way_NN1 to_TO0 secure_VVI water_NN1 but_CJC also_AV0 to_TO0 take_VVI it_PNP from_PRP others_NN2 ._SENT Those_DT0 unable_AJ0 to_TO0 invest_VVI in_PRP such_DT0 infrastructure_NN1 —_PUN typically_AV0 ,_PUN the_AT0 fellaheen_NN1 (_PUL peasant_NN1 farmers_NN2 )_PUR —_PUN were_VBD the_AT0 most_AV0 disadvantaged_AJ0 ._SENT Varying_AJ0 regimes_NN2 of_PRF property_NN1 rights_NN2 were_VBD thus_AV0 one_CRD complicating_AJ0 factor_NN1 in_PRP a_AT0 larger_AJC ,_PUN chaotic_AJ0 environment_NN1 ._SENT 
GRANTING_VVG THE_AT0 CONCESSIONS_NN2 
In_PRP 1921_CRD ,_PUN before_PRP the_AT0 Palestine_NP0 Mandate_NN1 had_VHD been_VBN ratified_VVN ,_PUN the_AT0 high_AJ0 commissioner_NN1 for_PRP Palestine_NP0 granted_VVD Pinhas_NP0 Rutenberg_NP0 ,_PUN a_AT0 Russian_AJ0 Jewish_AJ0 immigrant_NN1 ,_PUN two_CRD concessions_NN2 for_PRP the_AT0 generation_NN1 and_CJC supply_NN1 of_PRF electricity_NN1 in_PRP Palestine_NP0 and_CJC Transjordan_NP0 ._SENT The_AT0 concessionaire_NN1 was_VBD to_TO0 generate_VVI hydropower_NN1 from_PRP three_CRD rivers_NN2 —_PUN the_AT0 '_PUQ Auja_NP0 ,_PUN Jordan_NP0 ,_PUN and_CJC Yarmuk_NP0 —_PUN as_CJS well_AV0 as_CJS supply_NN1 irrigation_NN1 from_PRP the_AT0 '_PUQ Auja_NN1 ._SENT Significantly_AV0 ,_PUN the_AT0 concessions_NN2 gave_VVD Rutenberg_NP0 rights_NN2 of_PRF expropriation_NN1 and_CJC forbade_VVD preexisting_AJ0 users_NN2 of_PRF these_DT0 rivers_NN2 from_PRP increasing_VVG their_DPS water_NN1 usage_NN1 ._SENT Rutenberg_NP0 was_VBD thus_AV0 given_VVN the_AT0 unique_AJ0 authority_NN1 early_AV0 on_AVP in_PRP the_AT0 Mandate_NN1 to_TO0 expropriate_VVI ,_PUN destroy_VVB ,_PUN and_CJC lay_VVD significant_AJ0 infrastructure_NN1 over_PRP a_AT0 large_AJ0 territorial_AJ0 area_NN1 ._SENT The_AT0 PEC_NN1 eventually_AV0 took_VVD over_AVP both_DT0 of_PRF these_DT0 grants_NN2 ,_PUN vesting_VVG these_DT0 powers_NN2 in_PRP the_AT0 corporation_NN1 itself_PNX (_PUL Shamir_NP0 Reference_NN1 Shamir_NP0 )_PUR ._SENT 
These_DT0 concessions_NN2 were_VBD important_AJ0 from_PRP the_AT0 outset_NN1 ,_PUN not_XX0 only_AV0 because_CJS the_AT0 electric_AJ0 supply_NN1 they_PNP were_VBD to_TO0 generate_VVI had_VHD the_AT0 potential_NN1 to_TO0 transform_VVI the_AT0 region_NN1 's_POS economy_NN1 ,_PUN but_CJC also_AV0 because_CJS they_PNP granted_VVD broad_AJ0 control_NN1 over_PRP three_CRD of_PRF Palestine_NP0 's_POS major_AJ0 rivers_NN2 ._SENT It_PNP is_VBZ for_PRP this_DT0 reason_NN1 that_CJT the_AT0 issue_NN1 of_PRF water_NN1 use_NN1 during_PRP the_AT0 Mandate_NN1 cannot_NN1 be_VBI understood_VVN separately_AV0 from_PRP that_DT0 of_PRF electricity_NN1 ._SENT As_CJS such_DT0 ,_PUN the_AT0 concessions_NN2 generated_VVD a_AT0 significant_AJ0 amount_NN1 of_PRF controversy_NN1 ._SENT While_CJS the_AT0 significance_NN1 of_PRF granting_VVG control_NN1 over_PRP these_DT0 rivers_NN2 was_VBD not_XX0 fully_AV0 grasped_VVN from_PRP the_AT0 outset_NN1 ,_PUN the_AT0 ramifications_NN2 would_VM0 become_VVI clearer_AJC over_PRP time_NN1 ._SENT They_PNP were_VBD understood_VVN from_PRP the_AT0 start_NN1 ,_PUN however_AV0 ,_PUN by_PRP at_PRP least_AV0 some_DT0 Palestinians_NN2 as_PRP blatant_AJ0 Zionist_AJ0 favoritism_NN1 that_CJT excluded_VVD them_PNP from_PRP the_AT0 economic_AJ0 life_NN1 of_PRF the_AT0 country_NN1 ._SENT 
During_PRP a_AT0 1922_CRD debate_NN1 in_PRP the_AT0 House_NN1 of_PRF Commons_NP0 ,_PUN some_DT0 opposed_VVD the_AT0 concessions_NN2 ,_PUN while_CJS others_NN2 championed_VVD them_PNP as_PRP economic_AJ0 progress_NN1 ,_PUN a_AT0 source_NN1 of_PRF job_NN1 creation_NN1 ,_PUN and_CJC an_AT0 affirmation_NN1 of_PRF the_AT0 Balfour_NP0 Declaration_NN1 ._SENT Winston_NP0 Churchill_NP0 ,_PUN then_AV0 secretary_NN1 of_PRF state_NN1 for_PRP the_AT0 colonies_NN2 ,_PUN described_VVD the_AT0 concessions_NN2 as_PRP creating_VVG a_AT0 "_PUQ new_AJ0 Palestinian_AJ0 world_NN1 ..._PUN a_AT0 good_AJ0 gift_NN1 which_DTQ the_AT0 Zionists_NN2 could_VM0 bring_VVI with_PRP them_PNP ._SENT Left_VVN to_PRP themselves_PNX ,_PUN the_AT0 Arabs_NN2 of_PRF Palestine_NP0 would_VM0 not_XX0 have_VHI in_PRP a_AT0 thousand_CRD years_NN2 have_VHB taken_VVN effective_AJ0 steps_NN2 towards_PRP the_AT0 irrigation_NN1 and_CJC electrification_NN1 of_PRF Palestine_NP0 ._SENT "_PUQ The_AT0 "_PUQ gift_NN1 "_PUQ of_PRF electricity_NN1 and_CJC irrigation_NN1 ,_PUN therefore_AV0 ,_PUN was_VBD part_NN1 of_PRF colonial_AJ0 tutelage_NN1 and_CJC the_AT0 task_NN1 of_PRF civilizing_VVG a_AT0 backward_AJ0 population_NN1 ._SENT Yet_AV0 the_AT0 concessions_NN2 also_AV0 solved_VVN a_AT0 more_AV0 pragmatic_AJ0 issue_NN1 —_PUN funding_NN1 ._SENT Churchill_NP0 emphasized_VVD that_CJT the_AT0 concessions_NN2 would_VM0 alleviate_VVI the_AT0 British_AJ0 government_NN1 's_POS burden_NN1 of_PRF financing_VVG public_AJ0 works_NN0 in_PRP Palestine_NP0 ._SENT Any_DT0 British_AJ0 development_NN1 project_NN1 would_VM0 have_VHI to_TO0 be_VBI funded_VVN by_PRP a_AT0 loan_NN1 ,_PUN but_CJC electrification_NN1 did_VDD not_XX0 promise_VVI profit_NN1 or_CJC the_AT0 ability_NN1 to_TO0 repay_VVI such_DT0 a_AT0 loan_NN1 (_PUL Shamir_NP0 Reference_NN1 Shamir_NP0 )_PUR ._SENT Churchill_NP0 argued_VVD that_CJT Rutenberg_NP0 could_VM0 raise_VVI the_AT0 capital_NN1 ,_PUN and_CJC Baron_NP0 Edmond_NP0 de_NP0 Rothschild_NP0 would_VM0 fund_VVI him_PNP on_PRP non-commercial_AJ0 terms_NN2 ._SENT 
Arabs_NN2 protested_VVD the_AT0 concessions_NN2 through_PRP official_AJ0 and_CJC informal_AJ0 channels_NN2 ._SENT Despite_PRP contemporary_AJ0 stereotypes_NN2 of_PRF Palestine_NP0 as_PRP a_AT0 feudal_AJ0 ,_PUN uncultivated_AJ0 desert_NN1 ,_PUN Sherene_NP0 Seikaly_NP0 (_PUL Reference_VVB Seikaly_NP0 )_PUR has_VHZ shown_VVN that_CJT the_AT0 area_NN1 was_VBD ,_PUN during_PRP the_AT0 Mandate_NN1 period_NN1 ,_PUN experiencing_VVG an_AT0 economic_AJ0 nahda_NN1 (_PUL renaissance_NN1 )_PUR of_PRF cultural_AJ0 and_CJC economic_AJ0 thought_NN1 ._SENT This_DT0 is_VBZ reflected_VVN in_PRP some_DT0 of_PRF the_AT0 arguments_NN2 against_PRP the_AT0 concessions_NN2 ._SENT The_AT0 Palestine_NP0 Arab_AJ0 delegation_NN1 communicated_VVN in_PRP writing_VVG to_PRP the_AT0 Colonial_AJ0 Office_NN1 in_PRP 1922_CRD their_DPS upset_NN1 at_PRP the_AT0 granting_NN1 of_PRF monopolistic_AJ0 rights_NN2 to_PRP public_AJ0 works_NN0 :_PUN "_PUQ The_AT0 Zionists_NN2 ,_PUN through_PRP Mr._NP0 Rutenberg_NP0 ,_PUN are_VBB aiming_VVG at_PRP getting_VVG a_AT0 stranglehold_NN1 on_PRP the_AT0 economics_NN1 of_PRF Palestine_NP0 ,_PUN and_CJC once_CJS these_DT0 are_VBB in_PRP their_DPS hands_NN2 they_PNP become_VVB virtual_AJ0 masters_NN2 of_PRF the_AT0 country_NN1 ._SENT The_AT0 delegation_NN1 further_AV0 argued_VVD that_CJT the_AT0 concessions_NN2 should_VM0 have_VHI at_PRP least_AV0 been_VBN put_VVN to_PRP public_AJ0 tender_NN1 ,_PUN allowing_VVG for_PRP basic_AJ0 competition_NN1 ._SENT What_DTQ else_AV0 are_VBB economic_AJ0 and_CJC social_AJ0 matters_NN2 like_PRP financing_VVG public_AJ0 works_NN0 ,_PUN they_PNP queried_VVD ,_PUN if_CJS not_XX0 "_PUQ the_AT0 entire_AJ0 life_NN1 of_PRF the_AT0 country_NN1 ?_SENT "_PUQ 
Arabs_NN2 in_PRP Palestine_NP0 and_CJC Transjordan_NP0 also_AV0 protested_VVD in_PRP more_DT0 informal_AJ0 ways_NN2 ,_PUN such_DT0 as_CJS through_PRP boycotts_NN2 ._SENT Many_DT0 refused_VVD to_TO0 hook_VVI up_AVP to_PRP the_AT0 grid_NN1 ,_PUN and_CJC Transjordan_NP0 went_VVD for_PRP years_NN2 without_PRP electricity_NN1 or_CJC industrial_AJ0 development_NN1 as_PRP a_AT0 result_NN1 (_PUL Konikoff_NP0 Reference_NN1 Konikoff_NP0 )_PUR ._SENT In_PRP 1923_CRD ,_PUN in_PRP Palestine_NP0 ,_PUN residents_NN2 of_PRF Jaffa_NP0 and_CJC the_AT0 surrounding_AJ0 orange_AJ0 groves_NN2 similarly_AV0 boycotted_VVD the_AT0 power_NN1 (_PUL Shamir_NP0 Reference_NN1 Shamir_NP0 )_PUR ._SENT In_PRP fact_NN1 ,_PUN in_PRP the_AT0 early_AJ0 1920s_CRD ,_PUN hardly_AV0 any_DT0 demand_NN1 for_PRP electricity_NN1 existed_VVN beyond_PRP Tel_NP0 Aviv_NP0 ,_PUN and_CJC the_AT0 idea_NN1 of_PRF building_VVG another_DT0 powerhouse_NN1 on_PRP the_AT0 Jordan_NP0 ,_PUN which_DTQ the_AT0 concessions_NN2 had_VHD authorized_VVN ,_PUN appeared_VVD absurd_AJ0 ._SENT While_CJS Jaffa_NP0 ultimately_AV0 connected_VVN ,_PUN many_DT0 continued_VVD to_TO0 oppose_VVI the_AT0 scheme_NN1 ._SENT 
Given_VVN the_AT0 protests_NN2 from_PRP the_AT0 Palestine_NP0 Arab_AJ0 delegation_NN1 ,_PUN granting_VVG the_AT0 concessions_NN2 cannot_NN1 be_VBI fully_AV0 understood_VVN simply_AV0 as_PRP a_AT0 benign_AJ0 peace_NN1 offering_VVG or_CJC "_PUQ good_AJ0 gift_NN1 "_PUQ to_PRP the_AT0 Palestinians_NN2 ._SENT In_PRP more_DT0 honest_AJ0 terms_NN2 ,_PUN the_AT0 chief_AJ0 secretary_NN1 to_PRP the_AT0 high_AJ0 commissioner_NN1 for_PRP Palestine_NP0 wrote_VVD in_PRP 1921_CRD that_CJT the_AT0 "_PUQ Rutenberg_NP0 Concession_NN1 is_VBZ as_PRP much_DT0 a_AT0 part_NN1 of_PRF the_AT0 Mandate_NN1 as_CJS if_CJS it_PNP had_VHD actually_AV0 been_VBN included_VVN in_PRP it_PNP ._SENT There_EX0 has_VHZ never_AV0 been_VBN any_DT0 doubt_NN1 in_PRP my_DPS mind_NN1 that_CJT the_AT0 Rutenberg_NP0 Concession_NN1 must_VM0 go_VVI through_AVP ,_PUN and_CJC that_CJT it_PNP must_VM0 go_VVI through_AVP whether_CJS the_AT0 people_NN0 of_PRF Palestine_NP0 agree_VVB with_PRP it_PNP or_CJC not_XX0 ._SENT "_PUQ British_AJ0 officials_NN2 knew_VVD that_CJT they_PNP were_VBD going_VVG against_PRP the_AT0 wishes_NN2 of_PRF at_PRP least_AV0 some_DT0 part_NN1 of_PRF the_AT0 population_NN1 ._SENT The_AT0 concessions_NN2 ,_PUN therefore_AV0 ,_PUN were_VBD not_XX0 merely_AV0 a_AT0 well-intentioned_AJ0 scheme_NN1 of_PRF good_AJ0 governance_NN1 or_CJC pacification_NN1 ._SENT 
CORPORATE_AJ0 VOTING_NN1 RIGHTS_NN2 
On_PRP its_DPS surface_NN1 ,_PUN the_AT0 Rutenberg_NP0 concessions_NN2 may_VM0 seem_VVI like_PRP a_AT0 rather_AV0 benign_AJ0 form_NN1 of_PRF favoritism_NN1 ._SENT After_PRP all_DT0 ,_PUN the_AT0 PEC_NN1 did_VDD employ_VVI and_CJC provide_VVI electricity_NN1 to_PRP Jewish_AJ0 settlers_NN2 and_CJC Palestinians_NN2 alike_AV0 ._SENT The_AT0 catch_NN1 ,_PUN however_AV0 ,_PUN was_VBD that_CJT Rutenberg_NP0 and_CJC other_AJ0 initial_AJ0 investors_NN2 designed_VVD the_AT0 PEC_NN1 's_POS corporate_AJ0 structure_NN1 to_TO0 keep_VVI management_NN1 of_PRF the_AT0 company_NN1 in_PRP Zionist_AJ0 hands_NN2 ._SENT The_AT0 corporate_AJ0 form_NN1 thus_AV0 functioned_VVN as_PRP a_AT0 vehicle_NN1 of_PRF exclusion_NN1 ,_PUN delineating_VVG who_PNQ could_VM0 and_CJC could_VM0 not_XX0 exercise_VVI control_NN1 over_PRP electric_AJ0 production_NN1 and_CJC ,_PUN by_PRP extension_NN1 ,_PUN rivers_NN2 ,_PUN in_PRP Palestine_NP0 ._SENT This_DT0 can_VM0 be_VBI understood_VVN ,_PUN at_PRP least_AV0 in_PRP part_NN1 ,_PUN in_PRP the_AT0 context_NN1 of_PRF Rutenberg_NP0 's_POS own_DT0 personal_AJ0 Zionist_AJ0 orientation_NN1 ,_PUN which_DTQ differed_VVD from_PRP Labor_NN1 Zionism_NN1 ,_PUN the_AT0 branch_NN1 that_CJT would_VM0 become_VVI the_AT0 most_AV0 mainstream_AJ0 ._SENT 
